Cable for detecting a misalignment of adjacent airfoils

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus (10) for detecting and signaling a misalignment of adjacent auxiliary airfoil elements comprising a cable (12) that is guided through the airfoil elements (1-6) and means for detecting an excessive movement of the cable and generating an error signal in response thereto. The apparatus further comprises a spring system (58) consisting of dual concentric compression springs attached to the cable for tensioning thereof. The means for detecting an excessive movement of the cable comprises a proximity sensor system attached to a housing of the spring system. The apparatus also comprises a latch means for locking the spring system with respect to the housing when a predetermined cable loading is reached. automatically moves the spring system away from said proximity sensor system (26) and locks said spring system against movement.

Description: This invention generally relates to a system and apparatus for detecting and signaling the presence of an undesired misalignment of one or more of several aligned elements, and more particularly, to a system for monitoring the alignment of a series of adjacent slats or flaps on an aircraft wing. Modern commercial passenger aircraft utilize auxiliary airfoils which are extended from the leading and trailing edges of the aircraft wing to increase lift during takeoff and landing of the aircraft. Such auxiliary airfoils are known in the industry as "flaps", that usually extend from the trailing edge of the wing, and "slats" which extend from the leading edge of the wing. When extended from the wing, these auxiliary airfoils increase the size and the effective curvature or camber of the wing and also increase the effective chord of the wing over which the airflow passes to create lift. Accordingly, aircraft lift is increased when slats and/or flaps are extended from the wing leading or trailing edges. Such auxiliary airfoils are segmented, and each segment is individually positioned by separate but coordinated drive mechanisms in order to maintain the desired configuration for the wing during extension of the auxiliary airfoils. Accordingly, it is desired to monitor the position and alignment of individual slat segments with respect tot the other slat segments at all times during use of the auxiliary airfoils. For example, if a significant misalignment or skewing of one ore more of the slat segments occurs, this may indicate that an undesired or unsafe condition exists, in which case the drive mechanism should be automatically shut down to prevent further misalignment or skewing of the auxiliary airfoil system. A problem in designing such a system is that there will always be normal relatively small spurious movements caused by the wing structural deflections, dynamics of the aircraft, or temperature changes that could confuse such a detection system, and cause it to respond to minor misalignments that do not present problems for the aircraft. U.S. patent 3,935,754 relates to the detection and indication of the failure or loss of the primary drive train of a flap actuator system having both primary and secondary drive trains. An alarm signal is transmitted when the secondary drive train takes over. It is not intended to detect differences in the position of individual flap segments on a single side of the wing. U.S. patent 4,181,276 relates to a system for monitoring synchronized motion of slats on the port and starboard wings. The system does not monitor differences of positions between flap segments on the same wing. Another prior art detection and actuation system known to applicants uses a grounded extension spring attached to a monitoring cable and a hook attached to a micro switch. The hook is positioned to attach to the extension spring when it extends a predetermined amount in response to increased load in the monitoring cable. The hook will then actuate a microswitch which provides a signal indicating a misaligned condition. Finally, from FR-A-684 487 an apparatus is known for detecting a deformation of airfoil elements comprising a cable that is guided through said airfoil and means for detecting and displaying a movement of said cable. This known apparatus further includes a spring system attached to said cable for tensioning thereof. This very old apparatus, which dates back to 1929, is intended for providing a pilot with a measure of the deformation of his aircraft, especially during night flights, when this deformation is not readily visible. The known apparatus is neither intended nor suited for detecting and signaling a misalignment of adjacent individually positioned airfoil elements. Accordingly, it is an objective of this invention to provide improved apparatus to detect a serious displacement, or misalignment, of one or more adjacent auxiliary airfoil segments during their extension or retraction, while ignoring smaller spurious deflections that cannot be avoided and do not cause problems in the extension or retraction of the airfoil segments. To this end, the invention provides an apparatus for detecting and signaling a misalignment of adjacent individually positioned auxiliary airfoil elements comprising a cable that is guided through each airfoil element and means for detecting an excessive movement of the cable and generating an error signal in response thereto. The apparatus may include a spring system attached to the cable for tensioning the cable. In that case, the spring system preferably comprises dual concentric compression springs. In a further preferred embodiment, the means for detecting an excessive movement of said cable may comprise a proximity sensor system attached to a housing of said spring system. The apparatus may then further preferably comprise a latch means for locking the spring system with respect to the housing, wherein the spring system responds to loadings in the cable and controls movement of the cable toward and away from the housing until a predetermined cable loading is reached, at which time the latch means automatically moves the spring system away from the proximity sensor system and locks the spring system against movement. Furthermore, the dual concentric compression spring system preferably comprises a first spring means having a relatively low spring rate and a second spring means having a substantially higher spring rate. Thus, the apparatus of this invention monitors and detects relative displacement or misalignment of segments of auxiliary airfoils such as slats or flaps. The dual spring system is rigged to maintain tension in the cable by maintaining compression in the first spring during normal structural and temperature deflections that do not indicate abnormal slat alignments. If abnormal slat skewing or misalignment occurs, the increased cable tension and load delivered to the spring system will compress both of the springs and the latch means will lock the spring system in a position moved away form the proximity sensor system that will then send error signals to a Flaps/Slats Electronics Unit, resulting in an automatic shut-down of the slat drive system and a adjustment of other flight control parameters to compensate for the current slat position. The invention further relates to an aircraft having a pair of wings, each wing comprising individually movable auxiliary airfoil elements and including an apparatus for detecting and signaling a misalignment of said auxiliary airfoil elements as described above. The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages may be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: figure 1 is a schematic plan view of a slat system incorporating this invention on one wing of an aircraft; figure 2 is a schematic plan view of a group of slat segments showing a misalignment of slat segment 4; figure 3 is an isometric cutaway view showing an actuator and cable system of this invention, mounted inside slat segment 2; figure 4 is an isometric view of a detector and actuator device according to this invention; figure 5 is a plan cross-section view showing details of the double spring loaded actuator of this invention; figure 6 provides an elevation cross-section view of the actuator in its "rigged" or monitoring mode; and figures 7A, 7B and 7C show, respectively, in elevation view cross-section, a cable slack condition, a piston engaging sleeve condition, and a fully latched condition for the detector and actuator of this invention. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing elements of a slat drive system on an aircraft wing and the slat misalignment detection system of this invention. A detector and actuator 10 of this invention is secured in slat #2. A wire rope or cable 12 attaches to actuator 10, extends under tension through a series of cable guides 14, and is secured or anchored at 16 in slat #6. As will become more apparent in the discussion of the figures that follow, if a serious skewing or misalignment of an individual slat occurs, dual redundant signals will be transmitted from the detector and actuator 10 to the Flap/Slat Electronics Unit 18 which will turn off the control valve 20 and shut down the hydraulic motor 22. When this happens, the movement of the slats will stop and they will no longer be driven by the torque tube 24. The Unit 18 will also automatically make adjustments in certain flight control systems. For example, the stick shaker will respond to a new stall speed computed by Unit 18 for the appropriate degree of slat extension. Figure 2 is a schematic plan view illustrating a slat skewing problem with slat #4. The detector and actuator 10 comprises a dual redundant proximity switch system 26, which is sensitive to the proximity of magnetic targets contained in the detector and actuator 10. When slat #4 becomes skewed beyond the limits established for normal structural and thermal misalignments, it will apply a much larger load to cable 12 and will extend a spring biased piston 28 of the detector and actuator 10. Figure 3 is an isometric cutaway view showing detector and actuator 10 mounted inside of slat #2. The wire rope or cable 12 has an adjustable turnbuckle 30. Cable 12 is attached to piston 28, and passes through cable guides 34 and 36 through the slat ribs 38 and 40. Cable 12 continues through cable guide 42 and exits from slat #2 at cable guide 44. Figure 4 is an isometric view of the detector and actuator device 10 of this invention. The dual redundant proximity switch system 26 includes a pair of inductive coil proximity sensors 46 aimed at a pair of magnetic targets 48 that are secured within a target assembly 50. Two attachment lugs 52 are provided on each side of the detector and actuator device 10 to secure it to structure within slat #2. Figure 5 is a cross-section plan view through the actuator device 10 showing the details and positions of its elements in an "at rest" position before it is rigged to perform its function as a lost motion detector and actuator for signaling a skewed or misaligned condition of one or more of the leading edge slats being monitored. Figures 4 and 5 show the pair of proximity sensors 46 to be aligned and aimed at the two target magnets 48. As mentioned, the housing 54 is rigidly attached to slat structure by means of four attachment lugs 52. Housing 54 can also be seen to be rigidly connected to the proximity switch system 26 and the spring biased pivoting latches 56. As shown in Figure 4, latches 56 are urged by torsion springs 57 to rotate radially inward with respect to the target face. Referring again to Figure 5, the piston 28 is acted upon by a first spring means 58 that resists outward motion of the piston 28 by acting in compression between the piston 28 and a sleeve 60. A second spring means 62 acts to resist outward motion of both the piston 28 and the sleeve 60 by acting in compression between the moveable sleeve 60 and the stationary housing 54. Figure 6 shows the detector and actuator 10 in a "rigged" configuration ready for use in detecting and signaling slat misalignment. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the rigged gap, at 64, can be of the order of about 2,5 to 5 cm (one to two inches). This rigged gap will be obtained by adjustment of the cable turnbuckle 30 while the airplane is on the ground. This gap needs to be sufficient to prevent any impact between the piston 28 and the target assembly 50, under normal flight conditions where the cable becomes slightly slack. Accordingly, the gap distance at 66 should exceed the gap distance at 64 to prevent damage to the target assembly 50 if the cable becomes grossly slack, or disconnected. The sensor target gap, at 67, needs to be established according to specifications pertaining to the magnets 48 and the sensor 46. The magnets will establish a magnetic field around the sensors 46. Changes in the distance or proximity between each sensor and its magnet will cause changes in the inductance values of a coil internal to the sensor. Accordingly, such a device may be used as a proximity switch. It will be calibrated to provide to the FSEU computer 18 a signal indicating if and when the gap becomes large enough to indicate that a slat skewing condition has occurred. Figure 7A, 7B and 7C show, respectively, in plan view and cross-section, a cable slack condition, a piston engaging sleeve condition, and a fully latched condition. Figure 7A shows a fully forward position for the piston 28, similar to Figure 5 except the cross-section is taken 90° from that of Figure 5. Figure 7A shows the torsion spring biased pivoting latches 56 with their tip ends in pressing engagement with the sleeve 60. Figure 7B illustrates the position of the elements as they are just beyond the lost motion established by the first spring means 58 and midway through the target actuation motion established by the second spring means 62. Together, the dual concentric compression springs provide a means for establishing a sequential double-action: "lost motion", followed by switch actuation. The first spring means 58 have a relatively low spring rate to allow lost motion for the most minor increases or decreases of load in the cable 12. The second spring means has a spring rate of about twice that of the first spring means (62), and is preloaded to resist compression until after the first spring means becomes almost fully compressed. This will occur when the first spring means is compressed by the piston 28 until the piston engages a stop at 70 on the sleeve 60. Figure 7C shows the detector and actuator 10 in a locked position. Assuming that a serious skewing condition has developed, the increasing load on the piston 28 from the cable 12 will first cause the first spring means 58 to nearly fully compress, next cause near full compression of second spring means 62, then the movable sleeve 60 will be pulled by further large loads on the piston 28 such that the sleeve will move with respect to the latch 56 until the nose 63 of the latch 56 begins to move up the ramp on sleeve 60. When the torsion spring latch 56 moves over and just past the lip 68 of the sleeve 60, it will snap down and lock the target assembly 50 and detector and actuator 10 in a position well removed from the detection range of the sensor 46. In this position the proximity sensors will send "target far" signals to the Unit 18. The powered drive of the slats will then be stopped and new flight control parameters computed and used to compensate for the skewed slat condition. The invention is not to be limited to the details of the illustrated embodiment. For instance, the magnetic proximity sensors might be replaced by another type of proximity sensor, e.g. an optical sensor, or by switch means which are mechanically actuated when the movement of the cable exceeds a given treshold value. Also, in stead of the double acting compression springs other means for keeping the cable tensioned and compensating spurious movements thereof might be contemplated, such as e.g. pneumatic or hydraulic dampers or other types of mechanical springs. Thus, the coverage is to be determined by the claims which follow, construed in accordance with the rules of patent claim construction, including use of the doctrine of equivalents.

Claims: Apparatus (10) for detecting and signaling a misalignment of adjacent individually positioned auxiliary airfoil elements comprising a cable (12) that is guided through each said airfoil element and means for detecting an excessive movement of said cable (12) and generating an error signal in response thereto. The apparatus (10) of claim 1, including a spring system attached to said cable (12) for tensioning thereof, characterized in that said spring system comprises dual concentric compression springs (58, 62). The apparatus (10) of claim 2, characterized in that said means for detecting an excessive movement of said cable (12) comprises a proximity sensor system (26) attached to a housing (54) of said spring system. The apparatus (10) of claim 3, characterized by a latch means (56) for locking said spring system with respect to said housing (54); wherein said spring system responds to loadings in said cable (12), and said spring system controls movement of said cable (12) toward and away from said housing (54) until a predetermined cable loading is reached, at which time said latch means (56) automatically moves the spring system away from said proximity sensor system (26) and locks said spring system against movement. The apparatus (10) of any one of the claims 2-4, characterized in that said dual concentric compression spring system comprises a first spring means (58) having a relatively low spring rate and a second spring means (62) having a substantially higher spring rate. The apparatus (10) of claim 5, characterized in that said first spring means (58) is arranged between said cable (12) and a movable member (60) and said second spring means (62) is arranged between said movable member (60) and said housing (54), and said second spring means (62) is preloaded such that said second spring means (62) only responds to said cable loading when said first spring means (58) is substantially fully tensioned. The apparatus (10) of claim 6, characterized in that said proximity sensor system (26) is responsive to movement of said movable member (60). The apparatus (10) of claim 7, characterized in that said movable member (60) is an internal sleeve carrying a pair of magnetic targets (48) and said proximity sensor system (26) includes dual redundant inductive coil sensors (46). Aircraft having a pair of wings, each wing comprising movable auxiliary airfoil elements and including an apparatus (10) for detecting and signaling a misalignment of said auxiliary airfoil elements as claimed in any one of the preceding claims.

Inventors: CAFERRO JOSEPH S, TOMASSI HECTOR V, CAFERRO, JOSEPH S., TOMASSI, HECTOR V.
Applicants: BOEING CO, THE BOEING COMPANY
Application year: 1995
Main classification: B64D45
IPC codes: B64D45, B64C9