Surface preparation of metal surfaces for thermal coatings

Abstract: A method of preparing metal surfaces for thermally applied coatings by electrical discharge, which method controllably provides greater roughness for increased mechanical coating adhesion, avoids carbon deposits and is more economical to use. The method comprises melting and rapidly solidifying globules (25) of the metal surface by spark erosion, the spark erosion occurring by incidence of an electrical discharge between an electrode (14,15,16) and the metal surface closely spaced thereto, the spacing having an electrolyte (21) with plasma forming capabilities, the discharge resulting from application of an electrical current to the electrode with a DC voltage in the range of 60-85 volts and amperage in the range of 50-110 amps, the current being pulsed on for periods of 150-300 micro seconds per spark.

Description: This invention relates to a method of surface preparation of metal surfaces for wear resistant and high temperature thermal spray coatings, and more particularly to electrical discharge sparking for preparing such surfaces. The prior art (see for example EP-A 0568315) has essentially used three types of techniques for preparing surfaces for thermally applied coatings, namely, grit blasting, water jetting, and high frequency magnetic field agitation. Surface preparation, prior to coating deposition, is necessary to ensure adequate coating adhesion; this occurs principally through a mechanical interlocking when the molten spray coating impacts the surface, solidifies and conforms to the surface topography of the component being coated. Grit blasting requires that the fluidised supply of grit particles be impacted against the target surface with fluid pressures which are relatively high, greater than 0.345 MPa [50 psi]. The grit mediums for such surface preparation usually consist of silica sand, aluminium oxide, chilled iron or garnet particles to produce the roughened surface. Unfortunately, with grit blasting the surface must be cleaned of any foreign surface contaminants, residual grit and dust before the thermal spray coating is applied. Moreover, grit blasting is not suitable for high-volume on-line manufacturing of thermal spray coated components for several reasons: (i) grit contamination of components and process equipment is a problem in high volume manufacturing environments, (ii) on-line collection and containment of the grit medium is difficult, it is not an environmentally clean process, (iii) the techniques for grit blasted surfaces do not allow for accurate dimensional control, (iv) grit blasting is a line of sight process making surface preparation of complex components extremely difficult, with poor reproducibility. Water jetting has been utilised to clean cylinder wall surfaces of an aluminium engine block by a blast of high pressure water. The water is directed against the cylinder wall surface by a rotating water spray nozzle axis which is lowered and raised along the axis of each cylinder. The disadvantage of water jetting is that it abrades small shallow pits in non-ferrous metals, such as cast aluminium alloy, roughening only to a degree of about 50 micro meters. The cost for water jetting is extremely high and requires expensive high pressure water pumps. High frequency electric current agitation has been applied to metal, particularly sheets, at extremely high levels between 50,000 and 600,000 volts at a frequency between 25-400 Hz to clean and activate the metal surface for improving the adherence of inks, paints and plastics. The process is more akin to ultrasonic cleaning in that it disrupts the tenacious native oxide layer on the surface of metals to allow a better coating adhesion, but does not erode or affect the metal surface itself. Electrical discharge devices have been used heretofore to machine or cut metal surfaces to produce as smooth or satin-like surface as can be obtained. High voltages at low amperages for considerably long "on" periods have been used to produce a cut surface changed little in hardness. The technique simply removes metal from the work surface in a smooth, satin-like manner. It is an object of this invention to provide an improved method of preparing metal surfaces for thermal spray coatings by electrical discharge, which method controllably provides greater roughness for increased mechanical coating adhesion, avoids carbon deposits in the case of water dielectric fluids, and is more economical to use. The method of this invention for preparing a metal surface to receive thermal spray coatings that meets such object, comprises: melting and rapidly solidifying globules of the metal surface by spark erosion, the spark erosion occurring by incidence of an electrical discharge between an electrode and the metal surface closely spaced thereto, the spacing having an electrolyte with plasma forming capabilities, the discharge resulting from application of an electrical current to the electrode with a D.C. voltage in the range of 60-85 volts and amperage in the range of 50-110 amps, the current being pulsed on for periods of 150-300 micro seconds per spark. The invention will now be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of an electrical discharge sparking machine (embodying the principles of this invention) for roughening the internal bore surfaces of an aluminium engine block; Figure 2 is an enlarged sectional view of a portion of a cylinder bore of such engine block, showing the sparking electrode in place; Figures 3A-3H are a series of schematic conceptual views of the physical phenomenon of spark erosion according to this invention; Figure 4 is a highly enlarged schematic of the physical phenomenon of spark discharge roughening; Figures 7 and 5 are comparative simulations of scanning electron micrographs of roughened aluminium metal bore surfaces, Figure 7 being for a grit blasted surface and Figure 5 for an electrical discharge roughened surface according to this invention; and Figures 8 and 6 are comparative cross sections scanning electron micrographs of the above surfaces demonstrating thermal spray coating adhesion to roughened surfaces. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the electrical discharge roughening method of this invention can be used to prepare the internal cylinder surfaces of bores 11 of an aluminium engine block 12. The same technology can be used to prepare other light weight metal components, i.e. magnesium and aluminium, prior to coating deposition. A bank 13 of 3 electrodes (14, 15, 16) shaped complimentary to the bores 11, except for a circumferential spacing 17 therebetween of about 40 micrometers. The bank of electrodes 13 is carried or manipulated on a robot arm 18 controlled from a panel 19. A suitable power supply 20 in the panel feeds electrical current to the bank 13 of electrodes according to a programmed scheme. Electrolyte medium 21 fills the circumferential gap existing between the electrodes and the metal wall of each bore 11 to be eroded; the electrolyte is introduced into such gap when the electrodes and block are immersed in tank 22. The necessary components for an electrical discharge to occur across a spark gap, for purposes of this method, requires applications of a DC voltage to a cathode barrel electrode 13, making the block 12 an anode immersed in a dielectric fluid of deionised water with a typical conductivity of about 15 micro-siemens; the deionised water contains ultra fine solid impurities, such as cations of hydrogen, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, and anions such as hydroxides, chlorides, bicarbonates, carbonates, sulphates, nitrates and phosphates. Turning to Figures 3A-3H, there is at first no electric current flowing between the anodic cylindrical surface of the cylinder bore 11 and the cathodic electrode 13 because they are insulated by the water dielectric 21. Within a few microseconds, the electric field 26 causes the micron impurity particles 27 to be suspended (Fig. 3A) and form a bridge 23 across the gap (Fig. 3B), which then results in the breakdown of the dielectric at 28 (Fig. 3C). The voltage will fall to a lower level and the current will increase to a constant value by the operator. Due to the emission of negative particles (spark discharge), the plasma channel 29 grows during the pulse "on" time (Fig. 3D). A vapour bubble 24 will then form around the plasma channel 29 (Fig. 3E) and the surrounding dense water 30 dielectric, restricts the plasma growth (Fig. 3F), concentrating the input energy to a very small volume. The plasma temperatures will reach to very high levels such as 40,000 K and the plasma pressure can rise to as much as 3 kbar. There will be an explosion-like melting-reshaping of metal globules at a reduced heat input after drop in current. As the current flow halts, the bubble 24 implodes (Fig. 3G) thereby distorting the molten globules 25 (Fig. 3H) without freeing them into the gap 17. The dielectric fluid solidifies this molten material (metal particles, carbon and gas) by its temperature differential before such material can be carried away. The cycle is then repeated during a subsequent on time. Because of bombardment by fast moving electrons at the start of the pulse, the surface to be roughened has globules of radius 31 (see Figure 4) which will melt rapidly first but then begin to resolidify after a few microseconds. This is believed to be due to the expansion of the plasma radius 32 at the surface to be roughened, causing a decrease in the local heat flux 34 at the work surface. It is important to realise that no machining takes place, that is, metal material is not taken away, only dislodged and reformed. The high speed electrical discharge roughening process herein creates a modified dimpled surface 35 structured by melting and rapidly solidifying globules 25 of the metal surface during the spark erosion time. To achieve this, the electrical discharge must be run at very low voltages (approximately 60 to 85 volts) with current amperage at a high level (50 to 110 amps) and relatively long on-off spark erosion times (on the order of 150-300 microseconds per spark). Figures 5-6 illustrate the topography of an aluminium cylinder bore (319 Al) roughened by electrical discharge. Figures 7-8 illustrate an aluminium cylinder bore (319 Al) that has been roughened by use of iron grit blasting. Comparing uncoated sections of the two differently prepared surfaces (Figures 5 and 7) shows a smeared smooth metal surface of the grit blasted surface (Fig. 7 (25 x magnification)) and the irregular contours of the electrical discharge roughened surface (Fig. 5). The surface topography of Figure 8 (55 x magnification) shows grit blasting creates a relatively smooth surface 40; such smoothness is apparent from the gradual undulations 41 in the surface of the aluminium bore 42 which fail to lock the thermal spray coating 43 applied thereover. There is no undercuts or jaggedness about the grit blasted surface 40. As shown in Figure 6, electrical spark erosions creates a non-uniform surface topography of the surface 44 of bore 49; the contours 45 of the surface have greater spacing and the jagged peaks 46, undercuts 47 and overlapped reliefs 48 are quite apparent. The irregular re-entrant surface topography of the spark eroded surface of this invention is ideally suited for thermal spray coating adhesion. For example, the surface adhesion results obtained in a coating bond pull test showed the following. The EDM prepared surface averaged about 18.96 MPa [2750 psi] with a surface roughness of about 17.8 micrometers (Ra). Grit blasted surfaces have an average coating bond strength of about 14.97 MPa [2200 psi] and a surface roughness of about 12.4 micrometers (Ra). Thus the method of this invention produces a surface roughness comparable to or better than that obtained by conventional grit blasting and thus enhances coating/substrate mechanical interlocking. The method has also demonstrated that electrical discharge roughening produces a chemically modified surface layer particularly for aluminium alloys containing silicon. Silicon is redistributed as observed in the surfaces of the bore. This modified layer prevents the formation of coating/substrate interfacial microcracks. In addition, it has been noticed that the surface layer after modification by the electron discharge roughening, is harder than the bulk substrate metal but generally softer than most thermal spray metal coatings. This graded hardness produces a favourable stress distribution at the coating/substrate interface. For example, the bulk aluminium 319 substrate hardness is about 44.5, while the surface layer of the electrical discharge roughened surface is about 70, and the thermal spray coating itself will have a hardness level of about 198 or greater. These hardness numbers were obtained in a comparative HK (Knoop) hardness test (25g load).

Claims: A method of preparing metal surfaces for receiving thermal sprayed coatings, comprising: melting and rapidly solidifying globules (25) of said metal surface by spark erosion, said spark erosion occurring by incidence of an electrical discharge between an electrode (14,15,16) and the metal surface closely spaced thereto, the spacing between the electrode (14,15,16) and the metal surface containing an electrolyte (21) with plasma forming capabilities, said discharge resulting from application of an electrical current to said electrode having a DC voltage in the range of 60-85 volts and an amperage of 50-110 amps, said current being pulsed on for periods of 150-300 microseconds per spark. A method as claimed in Claim 1, in which said electrode is moved systematically across said surface to effect a continuous roughening of said surface. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, in which said surface is an aluminium based material. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 3, in which said surface is an internal cylindrical bore of an engine block comprised of an aluminium silicon alloy. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, in which said solidification of said globules occurs rapidly within a time period of 1 microsecond after melting. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, in which said surface is spaced closely to said electrode by a gap of about 40 micro meters. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, in which said electrolyte is deionised water containing some impurities.

Inventors: POPOOLA OLUDELE OLUSEGUN, REATHERFORD LARRY, ROSE THOMAS WILLIAM, ZALUZEC MATTHEW JOHN, POPOOLA, OLUDELE OLUSEGUN, REATHERFORD, LARRY, ROSE, THOMAS WILLIAM, ZALUZEC, MATTHEW JOHN
Applicants: FORD FRANCE, FORD MOTOR CO, FORD WERKE AG, FORD FRANCE S. A., FORD MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, FORD-WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
Application year: 1995
Main classification: B23H9
IPC codes: B23H9, C23C4