COMPRESSOR STALL AND SURGE CONTROL USING AIRFLOW ASYMMETRY MEASUREMENT

Abstract: A technique for controlling compressor stall and surge is disclosed. In a gas turbine engine, static pressure asymmetry is sensed at a plurality of locations along the circumference of the compressor inlet. Time rate of change of the mass flow in the compressor is also estimated using pressure measurements in the compressor. A signal processor uses these signals to modulate a compressor bleed valve responsive to the level of flow property asymmetry, the time rate of change of the annulus average flow to enhance operability of the compressor.

Description: COMPRESSOR STALL AND SURGE CONTROL USING AIRFLOW ASYMMETRY MEASUREMENT Technical Field This invention relates to techniques for detecting and controlling dynamic compressor stall and surge, for instance in gas turbine engines. Background of the Invention In a dynamic compressor operating under normal, stable flow conditions, the flow through the compressor is essentially uniform around the annulus, i.e. it is axisymmetric, and the annulus-averaged flow rate is steady. Generally, if the compressor is operated too close to the peak pressure rise on the compressor pressure rise versus mass flow, constant speed performance map, disturbances acting on the compressor may cause it to encounter a region on the performance map in which fluid dynamic instabilities, known as rotating stall and/or surge, develop. This region is bounded on the compressor performance map by the surge/stall line. The instabilities degrade the performance ofthe compressor and may lead to permanent damage, and are thus to be avoided. Rotating stall can be viewed as a two-dimensional phenomena that results in a localized region of reduced or reversed flow through the compressor which rotates around the annulus ofthe flow path. The region is termed "stall cell" and typically extends axially through the compressor. Rotating stall results in reduced output (as measured in annulus- averaged pressure rise and mass flow) from the compressor. In addition, as the stall cell rotates around the annulus it loads and unloads the compressor blades and may induce fatigue failure. Surge is a one-dimensional phenomena defined by oscillations in the annulus-averaged flow through the compressor. Under severe surge conditions, reversal ofthe flow through the compressor may occur. Both types of instabilities should be avoided, particularly in aircraft applications. In practical applications, the closer the operating point is to the peak pressure rise, the less the compression system can tolerate a given disturbance level without entering I rotating stall and/or surge. Triggering rotating stall results in a sudden jump (within 1 -3 rotor revolutions) from a state of high pressure rise, efficient, axisymmetπc operation to a reduced pressure rise, inefficient, non-axisymmetric operation. Returning the compressor to axisymmetric operation (i.e., eliminating the rotating stall region) requires lowering the operating line on the compressor performance map to a point well below the point at which the stall occurred. In practical applications, the compressor may have to be shut down and restarted to eliminate (or recover from) the stall. This is referred to as stall hysteresis. Triggering surge results in a similar degradation of performance and operability. As a result ofthe potential instabilities, compressors are typically operated with a "stall margin". Stall margin is a measure ofthe ratio between peak pressure rise, i.e. pressure rise at stall, and the pressure ratio on the operating line ofthe compressor for the current flow rate. In theory, the greater the stall margin, the larger the disturbance that the compression system can tolerate before entering stall and/or surge. Thus, the design objective is to incorporate enough stall margin to avoid operating in a condition in which an expected disturbance is likely to trigger stall and/or surge. In gas turbine engines used to power aircraft, stall margins of fifteen to thirty percent are common. Since operating the compressor at less than peak pressure rise carries with it a reduction in operating efficiency and performance, there is a trade-off between stall margin and performance. Disclosure of the Invention An object ofthe present invention is to control stall and surge in a compressor. According to the present invention, the change in the level of circumferential flow asymmetry is detected along with the time rate of change ofthe inlet (annulus) average flow to control compressor bleed flow, thereby modulating total compressor flow. According to the invention, a circumferential spatial pattern or other measure of asymmetry ofthe compressor flow is determined from a plurality of compressor inlet sensors, and the pattern is resolved into a first term representative ofa level of asymmetiy in the flow properties that is summed with a second term that represents the time rate of change in the average compressor flow. According to one aspect ofthe invention the first term is proportional to the first spatial Fourier coefficient | SFCI I , indicative ofthe level of asymmetry ofthe circumferential gas flow properties. According to another aspect ofthe invention, the first term is proportional to the square ofthe first spatial Fourier coefficient I SFCI I . The second term is proportional to the time rate of change of total compressor flow, determined, for example, from pressure sensors in the compressor flow path. The two signals are scaled and summed to produce a bleed control signal Ac,, , as expressed by kict + k∑δ, where Ace is the area, α is I SFCI 1 2 and δ is the time rate of change ofthe annulus averaged mass flow. According to one aspect ofthe invention, an integral term is added to the sum ofthe two terms which represents the temporal integral ofthe difference between the instantaneous level of asymmetry and a maximum desired level for the compressor. According to another aspect of present invention, the magnitude ofthe integral term will range between two limiting values (min/max). A feature, ofa particular embodiment ofthe present invention, is the use of arrays of pressure sensors to sense the flow properties within the flow path, rather than making direct flow measurements. Direct flow measurement devices are generally less reliable than pressure measurement devices, and much more difficult to implement in a real world application. Pressure sensors are more easily incorporated into a control system that must operate in a harsh environment. The stall and surge controller ofthe present invention has application to any compression (pumping) system that includes a compressor subject to the risk of rotating stall and/or surge. Examples include gas turbine engines and cooling systems, such as some air conditioning systems or refrigeration systems. The invention has application to a variety of types of compressors, including axial flow compressors, industrial fans, centrifugal compressors, centrifugal chillers, and blowers. Another feature ofthe present invention, is that the bleed system responds to both the asymmetric flow properties and flow properties representative ofthe time rate of change ofthe annulus averaged flow, thus combining the characteristics of rotating stall and surge phenomena as inputs to the controller. The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages ofthe present invention become more apparent in light ofthe following detailed description ofthe exemplary embodiments thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig 1 is a functional block diagram showing a motor driven dynamic compressor with a stall control system embodying the present invention. Figs. 2 A and 2B are diagrams showing circumferential variation of axial velocity in an axial compressor under both normal and rotating stall conditions. Fig. 3 A is a map of gas static pressure versus compressor inlet circumferential position during a rotating stall. Figs. 3B, 3C show the first and second harmonic waveforms used with which the spatial Fourier coefficients are computed which represent the general spatial distribution shown in Fig. 3 A. Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the static pressure offset to indicate circumferential position versus compressor revolutions during the development ofa rotating stall at eight different circumferential positions in a compressor inlet or annulus. Fig. 5 is diagram showing the level of pressure asymmetry (indicated by the value of the first Fourier coefficient) as a function of flow restriction in a compressor without a stall control system. Fig. 6 is a diagram ofthe same compressor system used in Fig. 5, but for a compressor that bleeds compressor flow as a function of I SFCI 1 and the annulus averaged time rate of change of compressor flow. Fig. 7 is a diagram ofthe same compressor system used in Fig. 6, but for a compressor that bleeds compressor flow as a function of I SFCI 1 2 , the time rate of change mass flow, and the difference between actual | SFCI | and a design value for | SFCI | , according to different embodiments ofthe invention. Fig. 8 is a functional block diagram showing a modern high bypass gas turbine engine having a stall/surge control system embodying the present invention. Fig. 9 is a section along line 9-9 in Fig. 8 and shows a plurality of static pressure sensors in the engine inlet before the compressor. Fig. 10 shows the transfer functions for one embodiment ofthe present invention. Figs. 11 A, 1 IB, 11C show the magnitudes ofthe first, second and third spatial Fourier coefficients as a function of time (measured in compressor revolutions) as the compressor transitions from axisymmetric flow into fully developed rotating stall. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Fig. 1 illustrates a simple test system capable of varying outlet flow from a flow restricting valve 10. It should be appreciated, that this system has relevant compression system dynamics comparable to a gas turbine engine. The plenum 12 receives the compressed flow from the axial compressor blades 16, which are rotated by a motor 20. A servo controlled bleed valve 24, also allows flow from the plenum, but its flow area is controlled by a signal processor 26 which commands a position control signal Aon. The signal processor 26 receives a plurality of pressure signals from one or more total pressure sensors 28 and/or static pressure sensors 29, as described below. According to the present invention, the signal processor 26 operates according to the control law: wherein α= instantaneous level asymmetry in flow properties, δ= the time rate of change of annulus average mass flow, and Ki, K 2 = gain constants. Thus, the signal processor 26 calculates the control area Ace ofthe bleed valve 24 as the sum ofthe two terms reflective ofthe instantaneous asymmetry ofthe gas flow and the time rate of change ofthe annulus average mass flow. The asymmetry function may be determined by a variety of methods and means, most of which require a plurality of circumferentially disposed sensors in the gas flow and capable of measuring gas flow properties indicative of flow asymmetry. In some cases, it may be possible to discern the level of asymmetry from a single sensor, given sufficient familiarity with the system. According to one embodiment ofthe present invention, α is determined by an array of static pressure sensors 29 disposed about the circumference ofthe compressor inlet, as shown in Fig. 1. The outputs ofthe static sensors, Sal -San are used to calculate a first spatial Fourier coefficient, SFCI, which provides an mathematical representation ofthe flow asymmetry. Other representations of this asymmetry may be calculated, for example, by spatially averaging the sensor inputs and determining a spatial root mean square (RMS) ofthe variation ofthe sensor outputs around the annulus, or by other methods that may provide a useful valuation of flow asymmetry. In this embodiment ofthe invention, it has been found preferable to set α equal to the amplitude of SFCI 2 . The second term is proportional to the time rate of change ofthe annulus average mass flow, δ. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 1, δ is calculated by the signal processor 26 from a plurality of total pressure signals ST 1 -STN taken by the pressure sensor 29 and the processor 26 determines the time rate of change ofthe annulus average flow. It should be appreciated that one probe may be used to provide a signal indicative of average mass flow if the compressor flow characteristics are suitable. The actual sensor arrangement/method of measuring the gas flow characteristics in the compressor may be any ofa number of methods that may occur to one of ordinary skill in the art of flow measurement, including, but not limited to, hot wire anemometers, axially spaced differential static pressure taps, etc. The signal processor 26 sums the terms K-.α and K 2 δ, to determine A eon , the desired bleed valve open area. The gain constants Ki, K 2 are selected based on the particular physical and mathematical relationship ofthe compressor and control signals, according to known control practice. It should be appreciated that K 2 may be negative while Ki will always be positive. During normal compressor operations, gas flow asymmetry is comparatively low, and the annular average mass flow is relatively constant, thus both α and δ are very small and the bleed valve control signal Aeon commands an essential shut bleed valve. As the compressor is operated beyond the stall line without stall control, the flow asymmetry value α will increase to performance-limiting levels. With stall control signal processor 26 will thus command the bleed valve 24 to open, increasing overall compressor gas flow and, effectively, maintaining compressor operability. Signal processor 26 will also receive signals indicating an increased fluctuation in the annulus average mass flow. These fluctuations, represented by δ in the above control law, will also drive the bleed valve to open, or shut, thereby modulating total compressor flow to maintain compressor stability. The effect ofthe signal processor-bleed valve operating according to the two-term control law (equation 1) is apparent by the comparison of Figs. 5 and 6. Fig 5 shows the response of an uncontrolled compression system in which a variable outlet flow restriction is used. As the flow restriction is shut, thus driving the compressor toward stall conditions, the calculated flow asymmetry, shown here as SFCI, jumps from the normal operating level near 0, shown on line 34, to a high value C from the onset of stall at A. Furthermore, significant hysteresis is exhibited, which must be overcome in order to restore normal engine operation. Fig. 6 shows the operation ofa similar compressor having a bleed valve controller using a signal processor 26 according the embodiment ofthe invention described above. At the onset of stall, at A, the action ofthe control is shown to have greatly reduced the increase in flow asymmetry and removed the hysteresis exhibited in Fig. 5. It is clear that the normal engine operation will be immediately and predictably restored by opening the restriction to its value at point A. In actual operation of an axial flow compressor in a gas turbine engine, a bleed control system operating according to the two-term control law will respond quickly to the first development ofa stall or surge pattern in the compressor section, opening the bleed valve accordingly to control the growth of instability and maintain stable engine operation. A third term may be added to the above two-term control law, which acts to open the bleed valve 24 in response to compressor operation under conditions of asymmetry flow in excess ofa predetermined threshold value. This additional integral term is represented by the control law as, AJ 3 J (ca. - where ctk equals a predetermined threshold of flow asymmetry and α- equals the instantaneous flow asymmetry and K3 equals a gain constant and a m i x equals a maximum bleed valve open area. As written, this additional integral term is limited in magnitude between a lower value of zero, and a maximum value of a, ™ . Thus, if α is greater than cti, the value ofthe integral term will be not less than zero. If Xi is greater than ot i the integral term will never achieve a value greater than a, ™ . In the illustrated embodiment ofthe present invention this limit is implemented using well known "anti-windup" control logic. This third integral term recognizes the existence ofa small amount of flow asymmetry that is constantly present and monotosly increasing as stall is approached, in a properly operating compressor. By means ofthe difference between ctk and α_, this term provides a correcting signal only in the event the instantaneous flow asymmetry rises above a threshold value ct k , selected as being indicative of minimally desired stall margin. As stated above, flow asymmetry may be evaluated by a variety of methods, one of which is the SFCI calculation described above. The full control law for this embodiment ofthe invention, using the integral term, is written as: Aeon = - . ϋζ"" (2) where cti = the instantaneous flow asymmetry, δ= the time rate of change ofthe annulus average mass flow, Kl, K2 and K3 are gain constants, ctk equals a predetermined threshold of flow asymmetry, and a„uχ is a maximum bleed valve area. In operation, the three terms ofthe control law operate to effectively reduce the occurrence of stall and surge in a compressor, even when operated under extreme conditions likely to cause stall. The combination ofthe first and second terms, responsive to the instantaneous flow conditions in the compressor, and the third integral term, responsive to the period of time during which the compressor has operated under a reduced stall margin condition (i.e. above the threshold level of asymmetry), greatly enhances operability and stability ofthe compressor shown in Fig. 7, by restricting compressor operation to points with asymmetry levels at, or below, the threshold level ctk. Thus the controller assures a minimum level of remaining stall margin. Since this controller prohibits operation beyond the uncontrolled stall line, the controller according to the embodiment ofthe present invention is able to enhance compression system operability with significantly reduced actuator bandwith requirements as compared to the two-term embodiment disclosed above. As shown in Fig. 7, with the three-term controller the level of asymmetry does not exceed the specified level ct k , regardless ofthe outlet flow restriction or disturbance level, as indicated by line 36'. A compressor operating with a controller according to this three term control law embodiment ofthe invention is thus, in theory, virtually stall proof in a test system as shown in Fig. 1. Observing Figs. 2A and 2B, illustrates two conditions at the inlet to an axial compressor, where the compressor is depicted schematically as a disk 30. Fig. 2 A shows a condition in which there is a small amount of non-performance limiting asymmetry in the axial flow. Fig. 2B shows a similar compressor experiencing performance limiting rotating stall. This is associated with a stall, which when mapped at an instant in time, would appear as shown in Fig. 3 A. This pattem rotates around the axis, creating an uneven spatially periodic pressure pattem. Fig. 4 shows a map ofthe unsteady component of static pressure at eight different circumferential locations for static sensors 29 during a rotating stall from -4 to + 6 compressor revolutions offset to show circumferential position during a typical rotating stall inception. The periodic nature of each line 32 should also be noted along with the phase difference ofthe pressures recorded at each circumferential location indicating a rotating pattem. It should further be noted that the compressor transitions from axisymmetric flow to fully developed stall within a few rotor revolutions. In the system in Fig. 1 the flow restricting valve 10 may be closed to push the system toward a rotating stall condition. It can be assumed that Fig. 3 A is a map of static pressure around the annulus from the n static pressure sensors 29 during the rotating stall. This spatial pattem can be resolved into several Fourier coefficients, which identify the amplitudes of components associated with the sine θ and cosine θ pattems of n harmonic waveforms. It is well known that any periodic pattem can easily be resolved into its Fourier components. Fig. 3B and 3C show the waveforms associated with the first and second Fourier spatial harmonics respectively. Figs. 11 A-C show typical values for the magnitudes ofthe first, second and third harmonics (SFCI, SFC2 and SFC3) for a typical transition into rotating stall. The preferred embodiment ofthe present invention uses the square ofthe amplitude ofthe first harmonic, shown in Fig. 11 A, where it should be observed that I SFCI j reaches its maximum value within a few compressor revolutions (RENS) without the control. Because any ofthe embodiments ofthe invention described above respond to the magnitude of signal in Fig. 11 A, the magnitude of asymmetry with the stall controller operating is always substantially less, heuristically meaning that a performance limiting rotating stall cannot appear because the control will open the bleed valve sufficiently to reject the flow disturbance before there are enough revolutions to allow the stall cell to build. Referring to Fig. 8, a modem high bypass gas turbine aero engine 40 is shown in which the invention can be used. The engine is typically controlled by Full Authority Digital Electronic Control (FADEC) 42. The FADEC controls fuel flow to the engine in a quantity that is a function of Power Lever Advance (PLA) and other engine operating conditions such Νl, the speed ofthe fan 44 and the compressor speed Ν2. Other parameters such as inlet temperature and ambient pressure may be used to regulate the fuel flow. The engine has a compressor bleed valve 48. It may have several of these valves at different compressor stages. These valves are used for many purposes. In this particular, application, the engine contains a plurality of static pressure sensors 50 at two axially spaced locations immediately in front ofthe high compressor. Fig. 9 illustrates a possible layout for these sensors. There 52 identifies the upstream static pressure sensors; 53 identifies the downstream static pressure sensors. The compressor blades (only one rotor blade is shown) are shown as number 54 and are attached to a disk 56. The sensors 28, 29 provide the signals Sal -San and Sbl-Sbn to a signal processor(SP) 49 , which produces the bleed control area signal Aeon, which controls the servo controlled bleed valve 48. The signal processor is assumed to contain a computer and associated memory and input/output devices for carrying out control steps shown in Fig. 10, explained below. It was explained above that the bleed valve opening or area is determined from the magnitude of α ( | SFCI 1 2 ) and a value for the annulus average time rate of change of compressor flow δ and that, depending on the desired control stability, an additional integral term can be added the control function (Ace = Kict + K-∑δ ). For instance, Fig. 10 shows an overall block diagram for generating the first two terms as values as NI, N2, from the static pressure arrays and that includes the described integration ofthe difference between actual and a preselected I SFCI I and limiting the integration value to a min or max level. The Annulus Average Static Pressures are a function ofthe outputs Sal -San and Sbl-Sbn are bandpass filtered at 52. Preferably the range of this filter is on the order of 0.01 to 1 times rotor rotational frequency. The summed output is an indication or manifestation ofthe time rate of change of mass flow (total flow). To produce the value N2, the above sum is multiplied by the scaling factor K2 at block 53. The static pressure signals Sbl-Sbn are used in the SFC Computation block 58 to produce real and imaginary values of SFCI. The SFC value (spatial Fourier coefficient) is computed using well known mathematical techniques to resolve the pressure pattem (e.g. P(θ) in Fig. 3 A) into its harmonic components, though only the first harmonic component SFCI is used in this embodiment. The real and imaginary components for SFCI are applied to a filter 57 to resolve the real Rl and imaginary II signals are used to define | SFCI I . The computation at block 59 determines the value of I SFCI I which is applied to the summing junction 60. | SFCI | is summed with the "design" (des) value at block 60 and then summed with a feedback value from K4 at block 62 and then integrated at block 64. The result from the integration at 64 is applied to a min/max limiter 66. The difference between N4 and N5 is determined at summer 67, the resultant error or difference being applied back after scaling K4 (block 63) to the summer 62, where it reduces the input to the integrator 64, thereby reducing the magnitude of V4 so that the actual value for N4 does not exceed the limit values. This effects the anti-windup function discussed above. The value N5 is scaled by K3 at block 69 to produce the value N6. The third value NI that is used to produce the commanded bleed area, is computed from | SFCI | by squaring that value at function block 68 and scaling it with coefficient K2 at block 70. VI, V2 and V6 are summed at 73 to produce actuator signal Aon for driving the bleed valve 48. // Although the invention has been shown and described with respect to exemplary embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, additions and combinations ofthe features, components and functions disclosed herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

Claims: Claims: 1. A controller for a compressor, characterized by: first means for sensing fluid flow properties in a fluid flow path around a compressor flow axis to produce first signals that manifest circumferential asymmetry of said fluid flow; second means for providing a second signal that manifests the time rate of change of the mass flow of said fluid in the flow path; signal processing means comprising means for a providing a first processor signal from said first signals with a value that manifests the magnitude of said circumferential asymmetry; and for adding said first processing signal with said second signal to produce a control signal; and third means for modifying said fluid flow as function ofthe magnitude of said control signal. 2. The controller described in claim 1, further characterized in that said first processor signal manifests the first spatial Fourier coefficient for said circumferential asymmetry. 3. The controller described in claim 2, further characterized in that said first processor signal manifests the square ofthe first spatial Fourier coefficient for said circumferential asymmetry. 4. The controller described in claim 2, further characterized in that said first means comprises a plurality of static pressure sensors located along the circumference of said flow path. 5 The controller described in claim 3, further characterized in that said second means comprises a total pressure sensor located in said flow path. 6. The controller described in claim 1, further characterized in that said signal processor comprises means for producing a second processor signal that manifests the integral of said first processor signal and for adding said first processor signal, said second processor signal and said second signal to produce said control signal. 7. The controller described in claim 1, further characterized in that said signal processor comprises means for producing a second processor signal that manifests the integral ofthe difference between said first processor signal and a stored value for said first processor signal and for adding said first processor signal, said second processor signal and said second signal to produce said control signal. 8. The controller described in claim 7, further characterized in that said signal processor comprises means for producing said second processor signal at a constant minimum value greater than or equal to zero when said integral is less than a first range of values and a constant first maximum value when said integral is greater than said first range of values. 9. The controller described in claim 6, further characterized in that said first processor signal manifests the first spatial Fourier coefficient for said circumferential asymmetry. 10. The controller described in claim 1, further characterized in that said value of said first signal manifests the square ofa value for said circumferential asymmetry and said signal processing means comprises means for providing a second processor signal that manifests the integral ofthe difference between said value for said circumferential asymmetry and stored value for said circumferential asymmetry, and for adding said first processor signal, said second processor signal and said second signal to produce said control signal. 11. The controller described in claim 10, further characterized in that said first processor signal is the first spatial Fourier coefficient for said circumferential asymmetry. 12. The controller described in claim 11, further characterized in that said first means comprises a plurality of static pressure sensors located along the circumference of the flow path. 13. The controller described in claim 12, further characterized in that said second means comprises a total pressure sensor located in the flow path. 14. A controller for a compressor, characterized by: a plurality of first probe means each for producing one ofa plurality a first flow signals that manifests static pressure at an individual circumferential locations around compressor flow axis; second probe means for providing a second flow signal that manifests the time rate of change of the mass flow of said liquid in the flow path; signal processing means comprising means for providing an asymmetry signal from said first flow signals with a value that manifests the magnitude of circumferential asymmetry around said compressor flow axis; for a providing a first processor signal that manifests the square of said value; and for producing a control signal that manifests the sum of said first processor signal and said second signal; and means for reducing the value of said first asymmetry signal by altering the magnitude of mass flow in the compressor as function ofthe magnitude of said control signal. 15. The controller described in claim 14, further characterized in that said signal processing means comprises means for storing a first value that manifests a desired magnitude for said asymmetry signal; for providing a processor error signal that manifests the difference between the value of said asymmetry signal and said first value; for providing an integration signal by integrating said processor error signal; and for providing said control signal with a magnitude that manifests the sum of said first processor signal, said second signal and said integration signal. 16. The controller described in claim 15, further characterized in that said signal processing means comprises means for providing said integration signal by integrating said processor error signal to provide a second processor signal and selecting one of two stored values based on the magnitude of said second processor signal. 17. The controller described in claim 16, further characterized in that said asymmetry signal manifests the amplitude ofthe first spatial Fourier coefficient. 18. A gas turbine engine, characterized by; first means for sensing airflow in a flow path around a compressor flow axis in the inlet to a compressor stage ofthe engine to produce a plurality of static pressure signals for different circumferential locations around the airflow path; second means for providing a second signal that manifests a rate of change of the mass flow of said airflow; signal processing means comprising means for providing an asymmetry signal from said static pressure signals, said asymmetry signal having a value manifesting the magnitude of circumferential asymmetry of said airflow around said axis; for providing a first processor signal that manifests the square of said asymmetry signal; and for adding said first processor signal with said second signal to produce a control signal; and third means for modifying said mass flow as function ofthe magnitude of said control signal to reduce the value of said asymmetry signal. 19. The gas turbine engine described in claim 18, further characterized in that said signal processing means comprises means for producing a second processor signal that manifests the integral ofthe difference between the value of said asymmetry signal and a stored value for said asymmetry signal; for producing said control signal with a value that manifests the sum of said first processor signal, said second processor signal and said second signal and for storing said stored value. 20. The gas turbine engine described in claim 19, further characterized in that said second signal processor signal has a first value when said integral signal is below a threshold value and a second value when said integral signal is above said threshold value. 21. A gas turbine engine having a rotary compressor with a compressor inlet and an engine control, characterized by: a plurality of static pressure sensors located around the circumference ofthe compressor inlet each providing a static pressure signal for its location; a total pressure sensor for providing a total pressure signal manifesting average total flow in the compressor; said engine control comprising a signal processor for receiving each static pressure signal and said total pressure and for providing a flow asymmetry signal that manifests the first Fourier spatial coefficient for the flow asymmetry manifested by said static pressure signals; for providing a first processor signal that manifests the square of said asymmetry signal; for providing a time rate of change signal manifesting the time rate of change of said total pressure signal; and for providing a control signal that manifests the sum of said first processor signal and said time rate of change signal; and a compressor bleed valve for discharging compressor flow as function ofthe magnitude of said control signal to reduce the magnitude of said first signal. 22. A gas turbine engine having a rotary compressor with a compressor inlet and an engine control, characterized by: a plurality of static pressure sensors located around the circumference ofthe compressor inlet each providing a static pressure signal for its location; a total pressure sensor for providing a total pressure signal manifesting average total flow in the compressor; said engine control comprising a signal processor for receiving each static pressure signal and said total pressure and for providing a flow asymmetry signal that manifests the first Fourier spatial coefficient for the flow asymmetry manifested by said static pressure signals; for storing a first value representing a desired magnitude for said flow asymmetry signal; for providing a first processor signal that manifests the square of said asymmetry signal; for providing a second processor signal that manifests the difference between said asymmetry signal and said first value; for providing a derivative signal manifesting the time rate of change of said total pressure signal; for integrating said second processor signal to produce an integration signal; for providing a control signal that manifests the sum of said first processor signal, said derivative signal and said integration signal; and a compressor bleed valve for discharging compressor flow as function ofthe magnitude of said control signal to reduce the magnitude of said first signal 23. A method of controlling compressor fluid flow in a rotary compressor characterized by: sensing compressor fluid flow static pressure at locations along the circumference ofthe fluid flow to produce first flow signals; sensing axial mass flow to produce a second flow signal that manifests a time rate of change of the mass flow of said fluid in the flow path; providing a first processor signal from said first signals with a value that manifests the magnitude of circumferential asymmetry of said fluid flow around said axis; adding said first processor signal with said second signal to produce a control signal; and reducing the value of said first processor signal by altering the magnitude of said mass flow as function ofthe magnitude of said control signal. 24. The method described in claim 23, further characterized in that said first processor signal manifests the square of said magnitude of circumferential asymmetry. 25. The method described in claim 24, further characterized in that said magnitude of circumferential asymmetry is the first spatial Fourier coefficient. 26. The method described in claim 23, further characterized by producing a second processor signal that manifests the integral of said first processor signal and adding said first processor signal, said second processor signal and said second signal to produce said control signal. 27. The method described in claim 26, further characterized by providing said second processor signal by limiting said integral to a constant of zero or greater when said integral is less than a first range of values and to a constant maximum constant value when said integral is greater than said first range of values. 28. A stall and surge controller for a compression system, the compression system including a compressor with a flow path disposed about a flow axis, the controller including: means for monitoring the flow through the compressor comprising: means for sensing circumferential asymmetry ofthe fluid flowing within the flow path ofthe compressor to produce a parameter a that corresponds to the amount of asymmetry; and means for sensing perturbations in the time rate of change of mass flow throughout the flow path ofthe compressor to produce a parameter d that corresponds to the size of the perturbation; and actuation means for modifying the flow field within the flow path ofthe compressor responsive to the sum ofa and d according to the control law comprising: where A corresponds to the amount of flow disruption produced by the actuation system, ki is a predetermined gain for the asymmetry parameter α, and k 2 is a predetermined gain for the time rate of change of mass flow perturbation parameter δ. 29. The controller according to Claim 28, wherein the asymmetry parameter a is the square ofthe amplitude ofthe first spatial Fourier coefficient ( I SFCI | ) ofthe circumferential asymmetry ofthe flow properties within the flow path ofthe compressor. 30. The controller described in claim 28, wherein said control law is A=kιct + k^+ k 3 J(αk-α)dt, αk being a stored value for ctand k 3 is a predetermined gain. 31. The controller described in claim 28, wherein said term A is summed with an integral term k 3 J(ctk-α)dt, αk being a stored value for α and k 3 is a predetermined gain, and said integral term having a preset minimum value and a preset maximum value. 32. The controller described in claim 31, wherein the value of α is adjusted to reduce the difference between the integral term and said preset maximum value.

Inventors: EVEKER KEVIN M, GYSLING DANIEL L, NETT CARL N, WANG HUA O, EVEKER, KEVIN, M., GYSLING, DANIEL, L., NETT, CARL, N., WANG, HUA, O.
Applicants: EVEKER KEVIN M, GYSLING DANIEL L, NETT CARL N, UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORP, WANG HUA O, EVEKER, KEVIN, M., GYSLING, DANIEL, L., NETT, CARL, N., UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION, WANG, HUA, O.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: F04D27
IPC codes: F02C7, F02K3, F04D27