High oleic polyol esters, compositions and lubricants functional fluids and greases containing the same

Abstract: A polyol ester is described which is derived from: (A) an aliphatic or alicyclic polyol: and (B) an aliphatic monocarboxylic mixture derived from a natural vegetable oil, said acid mixture comprising at least about 72% by weight of oleic acid. The invention also relates to compositions comprising the polyol esters and at least one antioxidant, and lubricating oil compositions comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity and the polyol esters of the invention. Lubricating oil compositions comprising polyol esters of the invention, at least one antioxidant, and an oil of lubricating viscosity also are described and are particularly useful.

Description: The invention relates to compositions comprising polyol esters, and more particularly, polyol esters derived from polyols and aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixtures derived from natural vegetable oils wherein the acid mixtures comprise 75% to 95 % by weight of oleic acid, together with at least one antioxidant. The compositions are useful in a variety of applications including lubricants, functional fluids and greases. Synthetic esters are commonly used as lubricating base fluids. Many of the synthetic esters are polyol esters. Polyol esters are produced by the reaction of polyols such as pentaerythritol and trimethylolpropane (TMP) with various fatty acids such as the fatty acids obtained by the saponification of animal oils such as beef tallow, lard, mutton tallow; fatty acids produced from vegetable oils such as sunflower, rapeseed oil, castor oil, olive oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, etc.; and straight chain fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid and olefinic fatty acids such as oleic acid. Esters useful as synthetic oils include those made from fatty acids and polyols such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, and polyol ethers such as dipentaerythritol, ditrimethylol propane, etc. Trimethylolpropanoyl trioleate is a commonly used synthetic ester of the polyol type which is sold by various manufacturers. The commercial TMP trioleate has good low temperature properties but has poor oxidative stability. The present invention is concerned primarily with compositions containing synthetic esters derived from aliphatic or alicyclic polyols and aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixtures derived from natural vegetable oils, and, in particular, those natural vegetable oils which are high in oleic acid content. Vegetable oils such as sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, soybean oil and corn oil comprise a mixture of fatty acids including oleic, linoleic and linolenic. For example, sunflower oil is comprised primarily of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids. In recent years, an increase in the oleic acid content, based on the total fatty acid content of various vegetable oils has been obtained by modifying the plants through breeding (hybridization), mutation or various genetic modifications. A history of the development of sunflower hybrids is found in U.S. Patent 4,743,402 (Fick). The Fick patent also describes and claims a sunflower seed which has an oleic acid content of about 80% or greater, relative to the total fatty acid content of the seed. Oleic acid contents of up to about 94% are reported. DE-A-2 231 162 describes polyol esters derived from polyols containing 2 to 6 hydroxy groups and 2 to 10 carbon atoms and a fatty acid mixture containing 3 to 50% by weight of mono-unsaturated C 20 to C 22 fatty acids and 97 to 50% by weight of substantially mono- or poly-unsaturated C 12 to C 18 fatty acids, with a maximum of 15% by weight of saturated C 12 to C 18 fatty acids. In one aspect, the invention provides a composition comprising a polyol ester derived from: (A) an aliphatic polyol containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and from 2 to 10 hydroxyl groups or an alicyclic polyol containing from 5 to 10 carbon atoms and 5 to 10 hydroxyl groups; and (B) an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture derived from a natural vegetable oil, said acid mixture comprising from 75% to 95% by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.20; together with at least one antioxidant selected from phenolics, aromatic amines, and tocopherols. The invention also relates to compositions in the form of lubricating oil compositions comprising an oil of lubricating viscosity, the polyol esters and at least one antioxidant. Various preferred features and embodiments of the invention will hereinafter be described by way of non-limiting illustration. In order to provide an understanding of a number of terms and phrases used in this specification and claims, the following definitions are provided. The term "oleic acid" refers to cis-9,10-octadecenoic acid. The term "natural vegetable oils" refers to vegetable oils obtained from the seeds and/or fruits of plants which are grown naturally although the plants have been modified through breeding (hybridization), mutation or various genetic modifications. In particular the plants have been modified to produce seeds wherein the oil obtained from the seeds contains oleic acid in an amount of at least 72% by weight of the acids recovered from the oil. The oil may be recovered from the seeds and/or fruits by techniques known to those skilled in the art. The content of the various fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic, contained in the mixtures of fatty acids derived from the natural vegetable oils is commonly expressed as a percentage of the total fatty acid fraction of the oil. Dimensionless ratios of either linoleic acid or linolenic acid to oleic acid in the monocarboxylic acid mixtures derived from natural vegetable oils are calculated by dividing the weight or the percentage of either the linoleic acid or the linoleic acid by the weight or percentage of oleic acid present in the mixture, as applicable. The term "hydrocarbyl" includes hydrocarbon, as well as substantially hydrocarbon, groups. Substantially hydrocarbon describes groups which contain non-hydrocarbon substituents which do not alter the predominately hydrocarbon nature of the group. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include the following: (1) hydrocarbon substituents, that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, aromatic-, aliphatic- and alicyclic-substituted aromatic substituents and the like as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (that is, for example, any two indicated substituents may together form an alicyclic radical); (2) substituted hydrocarbon substituents, that is, those substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon substituent; those skilled in the art will be aware of such groups (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, keto, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, sulfoxy, etc.); (3) hetero substituents, that is, substituents which will, while having a predominantly hydrocarbon character within the context of this invention, contain other than carbon present in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art and include, for example, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and such substituents as, e.g., pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, etc. In general, no more than about 2, preferably no more than one, non-hydrocarbon substituent will be present for every 10 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group. Often, there will be no such non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbyl group, and the hydrocarbyl group is purely a hydrocarbon group. Throughout the specification and claims, all references to parts and percentages are to be understood as being by weight, temperatures are in degrees Centigrade and pressure is at or near atmospheric pressure unless otherwise indicated. Polyol Esters. The polyol esters for use in compositions of the present invention are derived from (A) an aliphatic or alicyclic polyol; and (B) an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture derived from a natural vegetable oil, said acid mixture comprising 75% to 95% by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.20. (A) Polyol . The aliphatic polyols which may be utilized in the preparation of the polyol esters of the present invention are aliphatic polyols containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and from 2 to 10 hydroxyl groups. In one embodiment, the aliphatic polyol may be characterized by the formula R(OH) n wherein R is a hydrocarbyl group and n is at least 2. The hydrocarbyl group also may contain one or more nitrogen or oxygen atoms. The polyol may contain one or more oxyalkylene groups, and, thus, the polyhydroxy compounds include compounds such as polyether polyols. In another embodiment, the polyols used in the invention may be characterized by the formula wherein each X independently is hydrogen, a hydroxyhydrocarbyl or a hydroxyhydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group, R, R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, hydroxyhydrocarbyl or alkoxyhydrocarbyl groups, a and b are each independently integers from 0 to 6, and Y is hydrogen or hydroxyl, or b is 1 and Y is As noted, X is hydrogen, a hydroxyhydrocarbyl group or a hydroxyhydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group. The hydroxyhydrocarbyl groups may be derived from the hydroxy group (X is hydrogen) by reaction of an alkylene oxide. Examples of alkylene oxides include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, etc. X also may be a hydroxyhydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group and such groups are obtained by reacting a hydroxyl group with at least one equivalent of an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, etc. The R, R 1 and R 2 groups in the polyol of Formula I are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, hydroxyhydrocarbyl or alkoxyhydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl, hydroxyhydrocarbyl and alkoxyhydrocarbyl groups may contain from about 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In Formula I, a and b are each independently integers of from 0 to 6, and in one preferred embodiment, a and b are each independently 0 or 1. In another embodiment, R and R 2 are hydrogen, R 1 is hydrogen or an alkyl group, X is hydrogen, Y is a hydroxyl group and a is 0. In a further embodiment, R and R 2 are each independently hydrogen or alkyl groups and b is 0. In another embodiment, X is independently hydrogen, hydroxyhydrocarbyl or a hydroxyhydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group, R, R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, hydroxyhydrocarbyl or alkoxyhydrocarbyl groups, a is an integer of from 0 to 6, b is 1 and Y is Specific examples of polyols which are represented by Formula I include, ethylene glycol; diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol; glycerol; 1,2-propanediol; 1,3-propanediol; 1,2-butanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 1,4-butenediol; 2,3-butanediol; 2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol; 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol; neopentylglycol; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol; trimethylolpropane; pentaerythritol; ditrimethyolpropane; dipentaerythritol; sorbitol; hexaglycerol; etc. In the polyols of Formula I, X may be hydroxyhydrocarbyl or hydroxyhydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl groups, and these compounds can be obtained, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula I where X = H, with one or more moles of an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, or mixtures of the two oxides. A number of such polyols are commercially available from Perstop Polyols. For example, Perstop Polyol TP 30 is an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane (TMP) with a molar ratio of 1:3 (TMP:ethylene oxide). All of the hydroxyl groups are reported to be primary. Perstop Polyol PP 30 is an ethoxylated pentaerythritol with a molar ratio of 1:3 (pentaerythritol:ethylene oxide). The hydroxy groups are all primary. Perstop Polyol TS 30 is a propoxylated TMP and Perstop Polyol PS 50 is a propoxylated pentaerythritol. In another embodiment, the polyol (A) is an aliphatic polyol characterized by the formula wherein R 3 is an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a hydroxymethyl group, Y is hydrogen or and n is an integer of from 0 to 6. In one embodiment, n is 0 and in another embodiment, R 3 is an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and n is 0. Examples of such alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, secondary butyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, etc. In another embodiment, R 3 is an ethyl group or a hydroxymethyl group and n is 0. Specific examples of polyols represented by Formula II include trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane and dipentaerythritol. The polyol (A) used to form the polyesters of the present invention also may be an alicyclic polyol. The alicyclic polyols contain from 5 to 10 carbon atoms and from 5 to 10 hydroxyl groups. Examples of useful alicyclic polyols include 1,2-cyclohexanediol; 1,4-cyclohexanediol; and inositol. Other natural polyols such as glucose, galactose, mannose, sorbose and talose can also be used. (B) Aliphatic Monocarboxylic Acid Mixtures. The polyol esters of the present invention are obtained by reacting an aliphatic or alicyclic polyol as described above with (B) an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture derived from a natural vegetable oil, said acid mixture comprising 75% to 95% by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.20. The aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture may be derived from any natural vegetable oil provided that the acid mixture thus obtained comprises 75 % to 95 % by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.20.. Examples of such oils include sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, olive oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil and soybean oil. Canola oil is a variety of rapeseed oil containing less than 1% erucic acid. Sunflower oil is a particularly preferred oil from which the desired aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixtures can be obtained. As mentioned, the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixtures obtained from such natural vegetable oils should contain 75% to 95% by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.20. In other embodiments, the acid mixtures comprise at least 78% or at least 85% or at least 90% by weight of oleic acid. To the extent possible, the amount of linoleic and linolenic acids present in aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixtures should be at a minimum, and as the oleic acid content of the acid increases, the content of the linoleic and linolenic acids decreases. The preferred weight ratios of linoleic to oleic acid in the carboxylic acid mixtures useful in the present invention are summarized in the following Table I. Oleic Acid Content (%w) Linoleic/Oleic Ratio 75 <0.20 78 <0.18 80 <0.16 85 <0.12 90 <0.08 The amount of linolenic acid present in the carboxylic acid mixtures should generally be less than 5% by weight of the acid mixture. Thus, the acid mixture used to prepare polyol esters useful in the present invention comprise 75% to 95% by weight of oleic acid, less than 5% by weight of linolenic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.20. More preferred are carboxylic acid mixtures containing less than 4% and even less than 3% by weight of linolenic acid. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,627,192 and 4,743,402 describe procedures for preparing high oleic sunflower oils. Other vegetable oils which can be utilized in the invention are high oleic safflower oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic corn oil, high oleic rapeseed oil, canola oil, high oleic soybean oil, high oleic cottonseed oil, high oleic lesquerella oil, and high oleic palm oil provided that the fatty acid mixtures recovered from these oils contain the desired amount of oleic acid. A preferred high oleic vegetable oil is high oleic sunflower oil obtained from Helianthus sp . This product is available from SVO Enterprises, Eastlake, Ohio as Sunyl® high oleic sunflower oil. Sunyl® 80 oil is a high oleic triglyceride wherein the acid moieties comprise from about 77% to about 81% of oleic acid. Sunyl® 90 oil is another high oleic triglyceride wherein the acid moieties comprise from about 86% to 92% oleic acid. Another useful high oleic vegetable oil is high oleic rapeseed oil obtained from Brassica campestris or Brassica napus , also available from SVO Enterprises as RS high oleic rapeseed oil. RS 80 signifies a rapeseed oil wherein the acid moieties comprise about 80% of oleic acid. The high oleic acid mixtures can be recovered from the high oleic triglyceride oils described above by techniques well known to those skilled in the art according to the following reactions. RC(O)ONa + HCl → RCOOH + NaCl In the above formula, RC(O)OH represents an acid mixture in which the oleic acid content is in the desired range. The acid mixture also can be recovered directly from the high oleic triglyceride oils by steam splitting in autoclaves at medium or low pressures, generally with catalysts such as zinc, magnesium or calcium oxides. High oleic acid mixtures can also be derived from high oleic glyceride oils by fat splitting through the use of lipolytic enzymes. Procedures for steam splitting and enzymatic splitting are described in more detail in Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products, Daniel Swern, Editor, Vol. 2, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1979), pp. 107-111. The polyol esters for use in the compositions of the present invention are prepared by reaction of any of the above-described aliphatic or alicyclic polyols with the above-described aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixtures derived from natural vegetable oil wherein the acid mixture comprises 75% to 95% by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.20. Since it is generally preferred that all of the hydroxy groups of the aliphatic or alicyclic polyol are esterified with the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture, a sufficient amount of the acid mixture must be utilized in the reaction to effect esterification of the hydroxyl groups. Thus, for example, one equivalent of ethylene glycol is reacted with at least about two equivalents of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixtures described above; one equivalent of trimethylolpropane is reacted with at least about three equivalents of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixtures; one equivalent of ditrimethylolpropane is reacted with at least about five equivalents of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture; one equivalent of pentaerythritol is reacted with at least about four equivalents of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture; etc. The reaction can be effected utilizing a Bronstead or Lewis acid catalyst at temperatures in the vicinity of 75°C to 200°C, and more often in the vicinity of about 150°C. The reaction can also be effected in the absence of a catalyst at temperatures above about 200°C. The formation of esters by reaction of a polyol and monocarboxylic acids is a reversible process which can be made to proceed to completion by removing water from the reaction mixture as the water is formed. If the polyol ester is to be formed by transesterification of a lower molecular weight carboxylic acid ester, the reaction can be forced to completion by removal of water, or the low molecular weight alcohol or acid formed as a result of the transesterification reaction. The esterification reaction can be catalyzed by either organic acids or inorganic acids. Examples of inorganic acids include sulfuric acid and acidified clays. A variety of organic acids can be utilized including methane sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, and acidic resins such as Amberlyst 15, etc. The reaction is completed when water or low molecular weight alcohol or acid is no longer formed, and such completion is indicated when water, or low molecular weight alcohol or acid can no longer be removed by distillation. Completion of the reaction can also be followed by determination of the acid number of the reaction mixture. Generally, the reaction is complete in about 5 to about 15 or more hours, and more often the reaction is essentially complete after about 5 to 10 hours of heating at 150°C. Although not required, the reaction may be conducted in the presence of a solvent. Examples of solvents include aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as xylene, toluene, naphtha, mineral oil, and the like. When the reaction is complete, the reaction product can be refined by treating with sodium hydroxide with stirring. This procedure is exothermic and the temperature is allowed to rise to about 60°C. The mixture is then centrifuged, and the supernatant liquid is decanted and recovered as the product. The product can then be washed with water, and the aqueous layer which forms is discarded. The washed product may then be bleached with an acidic material such as an acidified clay (e.g., Super Filtrol, a sulfuric acid treated diatomaceous earth) and filtered. The filtrate is the desired product. The following examples illustrate the preparation of polyol esters for use in accordance with the present invention. Example 1 A mixture of 445.3 grams (1.58 moles) of a carboxylic acid mixture derived from Sunyl® 80 oil, 67 grams (0.5 mole) of trimethylol propane and 500 ml. of xylene is prepared with stirring, and 1.28 grams of methane sulfonic acid are added. The mixture is heated under a blanket of nitrogen pressure for a total of 14 hours. Initially, the temperature is maintained at about 100°C as 25 ml. of water are removed during the first 5.5 hours. After about 7 hours, the temperature begins to rise to about 150°C, and additional water is removed. After 14 hours of heating, the xylene is removed from the reaction mixture under reduced pressure. The residue is a dark, orange-brown liquid. This residue is refined by treatment with 145 ml. of 20° Baume sodium hydroxide. The mixture is centrifuged, and the product (420 grams) is recovered by decantation. This product is washed with 90 ml. of water at 60°C for 15 minutes and centrifuged. The product is then bleached by treatment with Filtrol grade F160 at 90°C and filtered under vacuum. The filtrate is the desired product. Example 2 A mixture of 1734 grams (6.15 moles) of an oleic acid mixture obtained from Sunyl 90 oil and 268 grams (2.0 moles) of trimethylolpropane is prepared with stirring, and 2 grams of methanesulfonic acid are added. The mixture is heated to a temperature of 155°C to 160°C, and water is removed from the reaction mixture. About 78 ml. of water are collected in about six hours. Heating is continued for an additional five hours. A total of 90 ml of water is collected. The product of the reaction is refined with 70 ml. of 20° Baume sodium hydroxide and centrifuged. The supernatant liquid is separated, washed with water and thereafter bleached with Filtrol grade 105 at 90°C under 2.5 Torr Hg. A yield of 1610 grams of the desired triester is obtained representing about a 92% yield. The product is a clear, light-yellow fluid having a kinematic viscosity (ASTM D 2270) at 40°C of 46.95 cSt, and at 100°C of 9.51 cSt, and a viscosity index of 194. Example 3 A mixture of 804 grams (6 moles) of trimethylolpropane and 5343.6 (18.94 moles) grams of an oleic acid mixture containing 80% oleic acid is prepared, and 6 grams of methanesulfonic acid are added with stirring. The mixture is heated to 150°C with nitrogen bubbling and water is collected and removed from the reaction mixture. The reaction is about 96-97% complete after eight hours based upon the amount of recovered water. Heating is continued for a total of 14 hours. After cooling, 201 ml. of 20° Baume sodium hydroxide are added to refine the product. The supernatant liquid is removed, washed with water and stripped by heating at 60°C and 2 mm. Hg. The product is then bleached with Filtrol grade 105 at 80°C for 30 minutes under 2 mm. Hg. The mixture is filtered, and the filtrate is the desired product obtained in about 85% yield. The triester prepared in this manner is characterized as having a kinematic viscosity at 40°C of 48.4 cSt, and at 100°C of 10.04 cSt, and a viscosity index of 201. Example 4 A mixture of 580 grams (2.056 moles) of an oleic acid mixture derived from sunflower oil and containing 87% by weight of oleic acid, 68 grams (0.5 mole) of pentaerythritol and 500 ml. of xylene is prepared, and 2.74 grams of methane sulfonic acid are added to the mixture with stirring. The mixture is then heated to about 160°C and maintained at this temperature while removing water from the reaction mixture. Most of the water is collected within three hours, and additional water is collected in the next three hours. After standing overnight, the mixture is refined by adding 44 ml. of 20° Baume sodium hydroxide. The mixture is stirred for 15 minutes as the temperature reaches 60°C. The mixture is centrifuged and the top layer is removed and washed with water and heated to 60°C and again centrifuged. The water is removed, and the product is bleached by mixing with 2% by weight of bleaching clay and heating to 80°C for 45 minutes under vacuum. Before addition of the clay, any residual water was removed by distillation. The mixture of product and bleaching clay is then filtered, and the filtrate is the desired product and characterized as having a kinematic viscosity (D 2270) at 40°C of 60 cSt and at 100°C of 12.24 cSt. The tetraester has a viscosity index of 191 and is obtained in 77.4% yield. Example 5 The general procedure of Example 1 is repeated except that the trimethylolpropane is replaced by an equivalent molar amount of ethylene glycol, and the ethylene glycol is esterified with 2 moles of the oleic acid per mole of ethylene glycol. The polyol esters for use in accordance with the present invention exhibit significantly improved oxidation stability when combined with at least one antioxidant. The improvement in oxidative stability of polyol esters prepared from oleic acid mixtures containing less than 72% by weight of oleic acid is significantly less than the improvement obtained with the polyol esters used in compositions of the present invention. Antioxidants . A wide variety of antioxidant compositions can be used in combination with the polyol esters in accordance with the invention. More particularly, the antioxidants useful in the present invention may be selected from phenolics, aromatic amines and tocopherols. Small amounts of antioxidants interact with the polyol esters of the present invention to provide highly stable polyol esters. Generally, the polyol esters can be stabilized with up to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the polyester, of one or more antioxidant, and more often, amounts of 3% or less of an antioxidant or mixture of antioxidants is effective in significantly improving the stability of the polyol esters. The antioxidant may be an alkylated aromatic amine. Alkylated aromatic amines include compounds represented by the formula wherein Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently mononuclear or polynuclear, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups; and R is hydrogen, halogen, OH, NH 2 , SH, NO 2 or a hydrocarbyl group of from 1 to 50 carbon atoms. Ar 1 and Ar 2 may be any of the above-described aromatic groups. When Ar 1 and/or Ar 2 are substituted aromatic groups, the number of substituents on Ar 1 and/or Ar 2 range independently up to the number of positions available on Ar 1 and/or Ar 2 for substitution. These substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen (e.g., chlorine, bromine, etc.), OH, NH 2 , SH, NO 2 or hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to 50 carbon atoms. In a preferred embodiment, the aromatic amine is represented by the formula wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably hydrocarbyl groups of from 4 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of aromatic amines include p,p'-dioctyldiphenylamine; octylphenyl-beta-naphthylamine; octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine, phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; phenyl-beta-naphthylamine; p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine and 4-octylphenyl-1-octyl-beta-naphthylamine and di(nonylphenyl)amine, with di(nonylphenyl)amine preferred. U.S. Patents 2,558,285; 3,601,632; 3,368,975; and 3,505,225 disclose diarylamines useful in this invention. The antioxidants used in the present invention may contain one or more of several types of phenolic compounds which may be metal-free phenolic compounds. In one embodiment, the antioxidant of the present invention includes at least one metal-free hindered phenol. Alkylene coupled derivatives of said hindered phenols also can be used. Hindered phenols are defined (in the specification and claims) as those containing a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds wherein the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other. The metal-free hindered phenols may be represented by the following Formulae V-VII. wherein each R 9 is independently an alkyl group containing from 1 to 9 carbon atoms, each R 10 is hydrogen or an alkyl or alkoxy group, R 11 is hydrogen or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 9 carbon atoms, and each R 12 is independently hydrogen or a methyl group. In one preferred embodiment, the phenol is characterized by Formula V wherein R 10 is hydrogen and R 9 and R 11 are alkyl groups containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, R 10 is an alkyl group containing from 3 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 20, more preferably from 6 to 12. Examples of such groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tripropenyl, tetrapropenyl, etc. Examples of R 9 , R 10 and R 11 groups include propyl, isopropyl, butyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl, heptyl, octyl, and nonyl. Preferably, each R 9 and R 11 are tertiary groups such as tertiary butyl, tertiary amyl, etc. The phenolic compounds of the type represented by Formula V may be prepared by various techniques, and in one embodiment, such phenols are prepared in stepwise manner by first preparing the para-substituted alkylphenol, and thereafter alkylating the para-substituted phenol in the 2- and/or 6-position as desired. When it is desired to prepare coupled phenols of the type represented by Formulae VI and VII, the second step alkylation is conducted under conditions which result in the alkylation of only one of the positions ortho to the hydroxyl group. Examples of useful phenolic materials of the type represented by Formula V include: 2-t-butyl- 4-heptylphenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octylphenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-butylphenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol; 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-t-butylphenol; 2,6-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 4-t-butylcatechol; 2,4-di-t-butyl-p-cresol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol; and 2-methyl-6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol. These types of hindered phenols are available commercially from a variety of sources as pure compounds or mixtures. For example, Isonox® 103 is 99% min. 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, and Isonox® 133 is 75% min 2,6-di-t-butylphenol. The Isonox® products are available from Schnectady International Chemical Division, Schnectady, New York. Examples of the ortho coupled phenols of the type represented by Formula VI include: 2,2'-bis(6-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol); 2,2'-bis(6-t-butyl-4-octylphenol); 2,6-bis-(1'-methylcyclohexyl)-4-methylphenol; and 2,2'-bis(6-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol). Alkylene-coupled phenolic compounds of the type represented by Formula VII can be prepared from the phenols represented by Formula V wherein R 11 is hydrogen by reaction of the phenolic compound with an aldehyde such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, etc. or a ketone such as acetone. Procedures for coupling of phenolic compounds with aldehydes and ketones are well known in the art, and the procedures do not need to be described in detail herein. To illustrate the process, the phenolic compound of the type represented by Formula V wherein R 11 is hydrogen is heated with a base in a diluent such as toluene or xylene, and this mixture is then contacted with the aldehyde or ketone while heating the mixture to reflux and removing water as the reaction progresses. Examples of phenolic compounds of the type represented by Formula VII include 2,2'-methylene-bis(6-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol); 2,2'-methylene-bis(6-t-butyl-4-octylphenol); 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-dodecyl-6-t-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis-(4-octyl-6-t-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-octylphenol); 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-dodecylphenol); 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-heptylphenol); 2,2'-methylene-bis(6-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol); 2,2'-methylene-bis(6-t-butyl-4-tetrapropenylphenol); and 2,2'-methylene-bis(6-t-butyl-4-butylphenol). The alkylene-coupled phenols may be obtained by reacting a phenol (2 equivalents) with 1 equivalent of an aldehyde or ketone. Lower molecular weight aldehydes are preferred and particularly preferred examples of useful aldehydes include formaldehyde, a reversible polymer thereof such as paraformaldehyde, trioxane, acetaldehyde, etc. As used in this specification and claims, the word "formaldehyde" shall be deemed to include such reversible polymers. The alkylene-coupled phenols can be derived from phenol or substituted alkylphenols, and substituted alkylphenols are preferred. The phenol must have an ortho or para position available for reaction with the aldehyde. In one embodiment, the phenol will contain one or more alkyl groups which may or may not result in a sterically hindered hydroxyl group. Examples of hindered phenols which can be used in the formation of the alkylene-coupled phenols include: 2,4-dimethylphenol; 2,4-di-t-butylphenol; 2,6-di-t-butylphenol; 4-octyl-6-t-butylphenol; etc. In one preferred embodiment, the phenol from which the alkylene-coupled phenols are prepared are phenols substituted in the para position with aliphatic groups containing at least 6 carbon atoms as described above. Generally, the alkyl groups contain from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Preferred alkyl groups are derived from polymers of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene and isobutene, preferably propylene tetramer or trimer. The reaction between the phenol and the aldehyde, polymer thereof or ketone is usually carried out between room temperature and about 150°C, preferably about 50-125°C. The reaction preferably is carried out in the presence of an acidic or basic material such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The relative amounts of the reagents used are not critical, but it is generally convenient to use about 0.3 to about 2.0 moles of phenol per equivalent of formaldehyde or other aldehyde. The following examples illustrate the preparation of phenolic compounds of the type represented by Formulae V and VII. Example AO-1 A reaction vessel is charged with 3192 parts (12 moles) of a 4-tetrapropenylphenol. The phenol is heated to 80°C in 30 minutes and 21 parts (0.2 mole) of a 93% sulfuric acid solution is added to the vessel. The mixture is heated to 85°C and 1344 parts (24 moles) of isobutylene is added over 6 hours. The temperature is maintained between 85-91°C. After introduction of isobutylene, the reaction is blown with nitrogen at 2 standard cubic feet per hour for 30 minutes at 85°C. Calcium hydroxide (6 parts, 0.08 mole) along with 12 parts of water is added to the reaction vessel. The mixture is heated to 130°C under nitrogen for 1.5 hours. The reaction is vacuum stripped at 130°C and 20 millimeters of mercury for 30 minutes. The residue is cooled to 90°C and the residue is filtered through diatomaceous earth to give the desired product. The desired product has a specific gravity of 0.901 and a percent hydroxyl (Grignard) equals 4.25 (theoretical 4.49). Example AO-2 A reaction vessel is charged with 798 parts (3 moles) of 4-tetrapropenylphenol. The phenol is heated to 95-100°C where 5 parts of a 93% solution of sulfuric acid is added to the vessel. 168 parts (3 moles) of isobutylene is added to the vessel over 1.7 hours at 100°C. After introduction of the isobutylene the reaction is blown with nitrogen at 2 standard cubic feet per hour for one-half hour at 100°C. 890 parts of the above-described phenol (2.98 moles) is added to a reaction vessel and heated to 34-40°C. A 37% aqueous formaldehyde solution (137 grams, 1.7 moles) is added to the vessel. The mixture is heated to 135°C with removal of water. Nitrogen blowing at 1.5 SCFH begins at 105-110°C. The reaction is held at 120°C for 3 hours under nitrogen. The reaction is cooled to 83°C where 4 parts (0.05 mole) of a 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is added to the vessel. The reaction is heated to 135°C under nitrogen. The reaction is vacuum stripped to 135°C and 20 millimeters of mercury for 10 minutes. The reaction is cooled to 95°C and the residue is filtered through diatomaceous earth. The product has a percent hydroxyl (Grignard) of 5.47 (theoretical 5.5) and a molecular weight (vapor phase osmometry) of 682 (theoretical 667). Example AO-3 The general procedure of Example AO-1 is repeated except that the 4-tetrapropenylphenol is replaced by an equivalent amount of tri-propylene phenol. The substituted phenol obtained in this manner contains 5.94% hydroxyl. The antioxidants useful in the compositions of the present invention may also be tocopherols. Tocopherols are a member of the family of chroman compounds, and various tocopherols are known and are described in the Merck Index, 11th Edition (1989). The tocopherols described therein include alpha tocopherol, beta tocopherol, delta tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, omega tocopherol, epsilon tocopherol, etc. It is also possible in the present invention to use synthetic tocopherol compounds. The synthetic tocopherol compounds are typically obtained by alkylating the ring structure to synthetically form a chroman compound. The primary difference between synthetic and natural tocopherols is that natural tocopherols have a substantial degree of optical rotation. The synthetic tocopherols due to their formation are optically balanced in both the dextro and levo forms. Thus, the synthetic tocopherols do not exhibit optical rotation. Mixtures of tocopherols may also be used as antioxidants in the compositions of the present invention. Other Performance Additives. The compositions of this invention, and particularly, the lubricating oils, functional fluids, greases and aqueous compositions of the invention may contain other performance additives such as detergents, dispersants, metal deactivators, antiwear agents, extreme-pressure agents, viscosity index modifiers, pour point depressants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, friction-modifiers, and corrosion-inhibitors. Some of the antioxidants described above also function as antiwear agents, extreme-pressure agents, or corrosion-inhibitors, but supplemental antiwear agents, extreme-pressure agents and corrosion-inhibitors often are desirable in the compositions of the invention. The metal deactivators which may be included in the composition of the present invention generally are triazole-containing compounds and more particularly, benzotriazole and substituted benzotriazoles. A wide variety of aromatic triazoles are known, many of which are described in detail in "Benzotriazole: A Novel Synthetic Auxiliary," Katritzky, Rachwal and Hitchings, Tetrahedron, Vol. 27, No. 16/17, pp. 2683-2732, 1991 (Pergamon Press plc), along with methods for their preparation. It is preferred that the triazole be a substituted benzotriazole, in order that the solubility of the material in lubricating oil be sufficient to provide easy preparation, storage, and use of the composition. Thus it is preferred that the triazole contain a hydrocarbyl substituent. The location of the substitution is not critical. In one embodiment the substitution is on the benzene ring. In this case there may be 1 through 4 hydrocarbyl substituents, but most commonly there will be a single hydrocarbyl substituent. It is preferred that the hydrocarbyl substituent be an alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl substituent, and most commonly it will be an alkyl group. Alkyl groups include groups from methyl up to long chain alkyl groups such as alkyl oligomers or polymers, including ethyl, propyl, butyl, amyl, hexyl, and octyl groups, both normal and branched, as well as longer carbon chains such as C 12 to C 24 , including C 18 , which may be saturated or unsaturated. Examples of suitable aromatic triazoles are benzotriazole, alkyl-substituted benzotriazole (e.g., tolyltriazole, ethylbenzotriazole, hexylbenzotriazole, octylbenzotriazole, etc.), and alkylaryl- or arylalkyl-substituted benzotriazole and substituted benzotriazoles where the substituent may be hydroxy, alkoxy, halo (especially chloro), nitro, carboxy and carboxyalkoxy. Preferably, the triazole is a benzotriazole or an alkylbenzotriazole in which the alkyl group contains 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Benzotriazole and tolyltriazole are particularly preferred. In another embodiment there is substitution on at least one of the nitrogen atoms of the triazole group. One such type of substitution is the formation of a salt, preferably a salt of a benzotriazole anion and a quaternary ammonium cation. It is preferred, in order to impart additional hydrocarbon solubility to such a salt, that the quaternary ammonium cation be derived from an amine which contains at least one hydrocarbyl group as described above, preferably at least one alkyl group of at least 6 carbon atoms. Di-2-ethylhexylamine is a suitable amine for forming such a cation. Alternatively, the substitution on one of the nitrogen atoms of the triazole can be accomplished by reacting a benzotriazole with an aldehyde and a primary or secondary amine or an alcohol. Numerous examples of such substituted triazoles are disclosed in the Katritzky reference mentioned above. The aldehyde used in preparing this embodiment can be alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl containing 1 to 12 or more carbon atoms. Included are benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and 2-ethylhexanal. If it is desired that the aldehyde moiety itself be used to impart hydrocarbon solubility to the triazole, then the aldehyde should be selected to have a suitable large number of carbon atoms, such as at least 4 or preferably at least 6. However, it is also possible that the primary or secondary amine or alcohol reactant will impart a large portion of the hydrocarbon solubility to the molecule. In that case lower molecular weight aldehydes can be conveniently used. Formaldehyde and paraformaldehyde are preferred. The amine used in the preparation of this type of triazole derivative can be one or more mono- or polyamines. These monoamines and polyamines can be primary amines or preferably secondary amines. (It is believed that tertiary amines may also be used if the desired product is a quaternary salt rather than a covalent structure.) The monoamines generally contain from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with 1 to 12 carbon atoms being preferred, and with 1 to 6 being more preferred. Examples of monoamines useful in the present invention include methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, octylamine, and dodecylamine. Examples of secondary amines include dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine, methylbutylamine, ethylhexylamine, etc. The polyamines may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic or aromatic. Examples of the polyamines include alkylene polyamines and heterocyclic polyamines. Alkylene polyamines are represented by the formula wherein n has an average value between about 1 and 10, preferably 2 to 7 and the "Alkylene" group has from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 6. R 4 is independently hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, but preferably an aliphatic or hydroxy-substituted aliphatic group of up to 30 carbon atoms. Such alkylene polyamines include methylene polyamines, ethylene polyamines, butylene polyamines, propylene polyamines, pentylene polyamines, etc. The higher homologs and related heterocyclic amines such as piperazines and N-amino alkyl-substituted piperazines are also included. Specific examples of such polyamines are ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine (DETA), triethylene tetramine (TETA), tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, propylene diamine, trimethylene diamine, tripropylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA), hexaethylene heptamine, pentaethylenehexamine, etc. Higher homologs obtained by condensing two or more of the above-noted alkylene amines are similarly useful as are mixtures of two or more of the aforedescribed polyamines. Ethylene polyamines, such as some of those mentioned above, are useful. Such polyamines are described in detail under the heading "Diamine and Higher Amines, Aliphatic" in Kirk Othmer's "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," 4th Edition, Vol. 8, pages 74-108, Wiley Interscience Publishers, New York (1993). Such polyamines are most conveniently prepared by the reaction of ethylene dichloride with ammonia or by reaction of an ethylene imine with a ring opening reagent such as water, ammonia, etc. These reactions result in the production of a complex mixture of polyalkylene polyamines including cyclic condensation products such as piperazines. Ethylene polyamine mixtures are useful. The amine may also be a heterocyclic polyamine. Among the heterocyclic polyamines are aziridines, azetidines, azolidines, tetra- and dihydropyridines, pyrroles, indoles, piperidines, imidazoles, di- and tetrahydroimidazoles, piperazines, isoindoles, purines, morpholines, thiomorpholines, N-aminoalkylmorpholines, N-aminoalkylthiomorpholines, N-aminoalkylpiperazines, N,N'-diaminoalkylpiperazines, azepines, azocines, azonines, azecines and tetra-, di- and perhydro derivatives of each of the above and mixtures of two or more of these heterocyclic amines. Preferred heterocyclic amines are the saturated 5- and 6-membered heterocyclic amines containing only nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur in the hetero ring, especially the piperidines, piperazines, thiomorpholines, morpholines, pyrrolidines, and the like. Piperidine, aminoalkyl-substituted piperidines, piperazine, aminoalkyl-substituted piperazines, morpholine, aminoalkyl-substituted morpholines, pyrrolidine, and aminoalkyl-substituted pyrrolidines, are especially preferred. Usually the aminoalkyl substituents are substituted on a nitrogen atom forming part of the hetero ring. Specific examples of such heterocyclic amines include N-aminopropylmorpholine, N-aminoethylpiperazine, and N,N'-diaminoethylpiperazine. Other useful types of polyamine mixtures are those resulting from stripping of the above-described polyamine mixtures to leave as residue what is often termed "polyamine bottoms." In general, alkylene polyamine bottoms can be characterized as having less than 2%, usually less than 1% by weight material boiling below about 200°C. A typical sample of such ethylene polyamine bottoms obtained from the Dow Chemical Company of Freeport, Texas designated "E-100" has a specific gravity at 15.6°C of 1.0168, a percent nitrogen by weight of 33.15 and a viscosity at 40°C of 121 centistokes. Gas chromatography analysis of such a sample contains about 0.93% "Light Ends" (most probably DETA), 0.72% TETA. 21.74% tetraethylene pentamine and 76.61% pentaethylene hexamine and higher by weight. These alkylene polyamine bottoms include cyclic condensation products such as piperazine and higher analogs of diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine and the like. Another useful polyamine is a condensation reaction product of at least one hydroxy compound with at least one polyamine reactant containing at least one primary or secondary amino group. The hydroxy compounds are preferably polyhydric alcohols containing from 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 6, preferably 2 to 4 hydroxyl groups and up to 40 aliphatic carbon atoms, preferably from 2 to 30, more preferably 2 to 10. The polyhydric alcohols include ethylene glycols, propylene glycols, glycerol, butanediol, hexanediol, sorbitol, arabitol, mannitol, sucrose, fructose, glucose, cyclohexanediol, erythritol, and pentaerythritols. Preferably the hydroxyamine compounds are polyhydric amines, which include any of the above-described monoamines reacted with an alkylene oxide. Examples of polyhydric amines include tri-(hydroxypropyl)amine, tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, N,N,N'N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine, and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylene-diamine, preferably tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (THAM). Suitable polyamine reactants include triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), and mixtures of polyamines such as the above-described "amine bottoms." Likewise, in place of an amine, an alcohol can be used to form the reaction product with the triazole and the aldehyde. Suitable alcohols include straight chain and branched alcohols and may include alkyl carbon chains and carbon chains which including aromatic rings or heteratoms such as oxygen or nitrogen. Preferred alcohols are those containing from 3 or especially 4 to 24 carbon atoms, including propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, hexyl alcohols such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol, octyl alcohols such as 2-ethylhexanol, and decyl alcohols. Use of alcohols of 6 or more carbon atoms is particularly preferred because such materials impart superior oil solubility to the substituted triazole. Primary alcohols are the most reactive and thus the most suitable for preparation of such products; secondary and tertiary alcohols would be expected to be comparatively unreactive. A preferred triazole is represented by the formula In this formula R 1 is a hydrocarbyl group, and n is 0 to 4, provided that if n is greater than 1 not all such hydrocarbyl groups need be identical. Most preferably n=1 and R 1 is methyl. In the above formula R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen or alkyl, provided that R 2 and R 3 are not both hydrogen. That is, the NR 2 R 3 group represents a primary or secondary amine residue, but not ammonia. In a preferred embodiment R 2 and R 3 are both 2-ethylhexyl, that is, the amine is di-2-ethylhexylamine. In the above formula R 4 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The CHR 4 group corresponds to an aldehyde residue which can be used in the preparation of the preferred material by a condensation process, described below. It is preferred that the aldehyde is formaldehyde or an equivalent form thereof, in which case the CHR 4 group is CH 2 . The above adduct is prepared by mixing the triazole and the amine in a suitable inert solvent and optionally water, and cooling the mixture in an ice bath. The aldehyde is conveniently added as an aqueous solution in a dropwise manner into the cooled mixture. The mole ratio of triazole:aldehyde:amine is generally 1:1:1. It is generally preferable to use a slight stoichiometric excess (usually about 10% to 20% excess) of the aldehyde and the amine. The reaction is very thermodynamically favorable, particularly when the aldehyde is formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde, and can be run at room temperature or less. However, heating to about 100°C or higher can be desirable for removal of water of reaction. Adducts of triazoles, aldehydes and amines are available commercially. For example, the adduct of tolyltriazole:formaldehyde:di-2-ethylhexylamine (1:1:1m) is available under the designation Irgamet 39 (Ciba-Geigy Corporation). The detergents are exemplified by oil-soluble neutral and basic salts (i.e. overbased salts) of alkali, alkaline earth, or transition metals with sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, including hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acylating agents, phenols or organic phosphorus acids. The hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acylating agents include agents which have a hydrocarbyl group derived from a polyalkene, such as polybutene. The polyalkenes include homopolymers and interpolymers derived from one or more of the above olefins. The polyalkene is generally characterized as containing from about 8 up to about 300, or from about 30 up to about 200, or from about 35 up to 100 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the polyalkene is characterized by an n (number average molecular weight) from about 500 to about 5000, or from about 800 to about 2500. In another embodiment n varies between about 500 to about 1200 or about 1300. In another embodiment, the hydrocarbyl group is derived from polyalkenes having an n of at least about 1300 up to about 5000, and w/n is from about 1.5 to about 4, preferably from about 1.8 to about 3.6, or from about 2.5 to about 3.2. The phosphorus acids include those prepared by the treatment of a polyalkene with a phosphorizing agent, such as phosphorus pentasulfide. The most commonly used metals are sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium. The term "basic salt" is used to designate metal salts wherein the metal is present in stoichiometrically larger amounts than the organic acid radical. The overbased salts and borated overbased salts are prepared by means known to those in the art. Patents describing overbased salts, methods of making the salts and components for making the same include U.S. Patents 2,501,731; 2,616,911; 2,777,874; 3,384,585; 3,320,162; 3,488,284 and 3,629,109. The compositions of the invention may also include a dispersant. The dispersants are known in the art. The following are illustrative. (1) "Carboxylic dispersants" are the reaction products of carboxylic acids (or derivatives thereof) containing at least about 12 carbon atoms, preferably at least about 34 and more preferably at least about 54 carbon atoms and nitrogen containing compounds (such as amine), organic hydroxy compounds (such as phenols and alcohols), and/or basic inorganic materials. These reaction products include imide, amide, and ester reaction products of carboxylic acylating agents. The carboxylic dispersants are generally prepared by reacting one or more of the above described hydrocarbyl substituted carboxylic acylating agent with an amine or hydroxy containing compound, such as an alcohol. Examples of these materials include succinimide dispersants and carboxylic ester dispersants. Examples of these "carboxylic dispersants" are described in British Patent 1,306,529 and in many U.S. Patents including the following: 3,219,666; 3,316,177; 3,340,281; 3,351,552; 3,381,022; 3,433,744; 3,444,170; 3,467,668; 3,501,405; 3,542,680; 3,576,743; 3,632,511; 4,234,435; and Re 26,433. (2) "Amine dispersants" are the reaction products of relatively high molecular weight aliphatic or alicyclic halides and amines, preferably polyalkylene polyamines. These dispersants are described above as polyalkene-substituted amines. Examples thereof are described for example, in the following U.S. Patents: 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; and 3,565,804. (3) "Mannich dispersants" are the reaction products of alkylphenols and aldehydes (especially formaldehyde) and amines (especially amine condensates and polyalkylenepolyamines). The materials described in the following U.S. Patents are illustrative: 3,036,003; 3,236,770; 3,414,347; 3,448,047; 3,461,172; 3,539,633; 3,586,629; 3,591,598; 3,634,515; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; and 3,980,569. (4) "Post-treated dispersants" are the products obtained by post-treating the carboxylic, amine or Mannich dispersants with reagents such as urea, thiourea, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbon-substituted succinic anhydrides, nitriles, epoxides, boron compounds, phosphorus compounds or the like. Exemplary materials of this kind are described in the following U.S. Patents: 3,200,107; 3,282,955; 3,367,943; 3,513,093; 3,639,242; 3,649,659; 3,442,808; 3,455,832; 3,579,450; 3,600,372; 3,702,757; and 3,708,422. (5) "Polymeric dispersants" are interpolymers of oil-solubilizing monomers such as decyl methacrylate, vinyl decyl ether and high molecular weight olefins with monomers containing polar substituents, e.g., aminoalkyl acrylates or acrylamides and poly-(oxyethylene)-substituted acrylates. Polymeric dispersants include esters of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers. Examples thereof are disclosed in the following U.S. Patents: 3,329,658; 3,449,250; 3,519,656; 3,666,730; 3,687,849; and 3,702,300. Other antiwear, extreme-pressure, friction modifiers and corrosion-inhibiting agents include chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorinated wax; alkyl-substituted succinic acids or anhydrides reacted with alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide; sulfurized alkylphenols; phosphosulfurized hydrocarbons, such as the reaction product of a phosphorus sulfide with turpentine or methyl oleate; phosphorus esters including principally dihydrocarbon and trihydrocarbon phosphites such as dibutyl phosphite, diheptyl phosphite, dicyclohexyl phosphite, pentyl phenyl phosphite, dipentyl phenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, distearyl phosphite, dimethyl naphthyl phosphite, oleyl 4-pentylphenyl phosphite, polypropylene (molecular weight 500)-substituted phenyl phosphite, diisobutyl-substituted phenyl phosphite; boron-containing compounds including borate esters; dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives; amino-mercaptothiadiazole derivatives; and molybdenum compounds. Many of the above-mentioned antioxidants also serve as extreme-pressure agents and corrosion-inhibitors. Pour point depressants are an additive often included in the lubricating oils described herein. Examples of useful pour point depressants are polymethacrylates; polyacrylates; polyacrylamides; condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds; vinyl carboxylate polymers; styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters; and polymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and alkyl vinyl ethers. Pour point depressants useful for the purposes of this invention, techniques for their preparation and their uses are described in U.S. Patents 2,387,501; 2,015,748; 2,655,479; 1,815,022; 2,191,498; 2,666,746; 2,721,877; 2,721,878; and 3,250,715. Antifoam agents are used to reduce or prevent the formation of stable foam. Typical antifoam agents include silicones or organic polymers. Additional antifoam compositions are described in "Foam Control Agents", by Henry T. Kerner (Noyes Data Corporation, 1976), pages 125-162. Viscosity-improvers include but are not limited to polyisobutenes, polymethacrylate acid esters, polyacrylate acid esters, diene polymers, polyalkyl styrenes, alkenyl aryl conjugated diene copolymers (preferably styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer esters), polyolefins, hydrogenated isoprenoids and multi-functional viscosity improvers. The following examples illustrate some of the compositions of this invention. Example A %/wt Polyol ester of Example 1 98 2,6-di-t-butylphenol (DTBP) 2 Example B Polyol ester of Example 2 98 2,6-di-t-butylphenol 2 Example C Polyol ester of Example 1 97.95 2,6-di-t-butylphenol 2 Irgamet 39 0.05 Example D Polyol ester of Example 2 97.95 2,6-di-t-butylphenol 2 Irgamet 39 0.05 Example E Polyol ester of Example 4 97.9 2,2'-bis(6-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol) 2 Tolyltriazole 0.1 Example F Polyol ester of Example 5 98 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptylphenol 2 The compositions of the present invention comprising the polyol esters described above and at least one antioxidant (e.g., Examples A, B and F), and the compositions comprising the polyol esters described above, at least one antioxidant and at least one metal deactivator (e.g., Examples C, D and E) exhibit improved oxidative stability. The oxidative stability of the compositions of the invention are determined in the "Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test" (RBOT; ASTM D-2272). For comparison, a commercial trimethylolpropanoyl trioleate (Emery® 2964) in which the trioleate is prepared from an acid mixture containing 65.75% of oleic acid also is subjected to the Rotary Bomb Oxidation Test. Typical results of these tests are summarized in Table II. RBOT Results Time (min) for a 25-Ib pressure loss Emergy 2964 (A) 10 Polyol ester of Example 1 (B) 11 Polyol ester of Example 2 (C) 15 ---- A + 2% DTBP 100 B + 2% DTBP 172 C + 2% DTBP 318 ---- A + 2% DTBP + Irgamet 39 113 B + 2% DTBP + Irgamet 39 348 C + 2% DTBP + Irgamet 39 559 As can be seen from the results in Table II, mixtures of the TMP trioleates of the invention with antioxidant have significantly better oxidative stability than a mixture Emery 2964 and the same antioxidant. The mixtures of TMP trioleates of the invention with antioxidant and metal deactivator have an even greater oxidative stability than Emery 2964 with the same antioxidant and metal deactivator. The compositions of the present invention which comprise (A) a polyol ester as described above; (B) at least one antioxidant may comprise from 95% to 99.9% by weight of the polyester polyol and from 0.1% to 5% by weight of the antioxidant. When the compositions of the present invention also contain at least one of the performance additive compositions (C) described above, the compositions generally comprise (A) from 75% by weight to 99.89% by weight of the polyester polyol (A); (B) from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight of the antioxidant; and (C) from 0.01% by weight to 20% by weight of at least one of the performance additive compositions described above. Lubricants . As previously indicated, the compositions of the present invention are useful in preparing lubricants, particularly lubricants based on synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof. The compositions of the invention can be employed in a variety of lubricants based on diverse oils of lubricating viscosity, including natural and other synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof. These lubricants include crankcase lubricating oils for spark-ignited and compression-ignited internal combustion engines, including automobile and truck engines, two-cycle engines, aviation piston engines, marine and railroad diesel engines, and the like. The lubricants can also be used in natural gas engines, stationary power engines and turbines and the like. Automatic or manual transmission fluids, transaxle lubricants, gear lubricants, both for open and enclosed systems, tractor lubricants, metal-working lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other lubricating oil and grease compositions also can be prepared with the compositions of the present invention. The polyester polyols may also be used in lubricants for wirerope, walking cam, slideway, rock drill, chain and conveyor belt, worm gear, bearing, and rail and flange applications. The lubricating oil compositions of the present invention may comprise a polyol ester (A) as described above and at least one other oil of lubricating viscosity which is different from the ester (A). Such lubricating oil compositions may comprise from 10% to 95% or more by weight of the polyol ester (A) and from 0.5% to 90% by weight of an oil of lubricating viscosity other than the ester (A). Such lubricating oil compositions also will contain at least one antioxidant and other performance additives as described above. The amount of the antioxidant and other performance additives included in the lubricating oil composition may each be in the range of from 0.01% to 10%, more often from 0.1% to 7% or 8%. The amount of the antioxidant in other performance additives included in the lubricating oil compositions will depend upon the use for which the lubricant is designed, and such amounts can be readily determined by those skilled in the art. In another embodiment, the lubricating oil compositions of the present invention comprise (A) from 1% by weight to 98.89% by weight of the polyol ester (A); (B) from 0.01% by weight to 5% by weight of at least one antioxidant; (C) from 1% to 74% by weight of an oil of lubricating viscosity other than the polyol ester of (A); and (D) from 0.1% to 20% of at least one additive composition selected from the group consisting of detergents, dispersants, metal deactivators, antiwear agents, extreme-pressure agents, viscosity-index improvers, pour point depressants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, friction modifiers, and corrosion-inhibitors. The lubricating compositions and methods of this invention employ an oil of lubricating viscosity other than the polyol esters (A) described above, and such oils include natural or synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof. Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (including high oleic vegetable oils), products derived from vegetable oils, (e.g., rapeseed oil reacted with methanol in the presence of a catalyst forms a rapeseed methyl ester), mineral lubricating oils, solvent or acid treated mineral oils, hydro-refined mineral oil and hydro-cracked mineral oils. Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils (poly-alpha-olefins), halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils, alkylene oxide polymers, esters of mono- and dicarboxylic acids and polyols, esters of phosphorus-containing acids, polymeric tetrahydrofurans and silicon-based oils. Unrefined, refined, and rerefined oils, either natural or synthetic, may be used in the compositions of the present invention. A description of oils of lubricating viscosity occurs in U.S. Patent 4,582,618 (column 2, line 37 through column 3, line 63, inclusive). The oil of lubricating viscosity also may comprise high oleic vegetable oils such as the oils described above which may be used as sources of high oleic acid mixtures. Examples of high oleic vegetable oils useful as the oil of lubricating viscosity include high oleic safflower oil, high oleic peanut oil, high oleic corn oil, high oleic olive oil, high oleic rapeseed oil, canola oil, high oleic soybean oil, high oleic cottonseed oil, high oleic lesquerella oil, and high oleic palm oil. A preferred high oleic vegetable oil is high oleic sunflower oil obtained from Helianthus sp . This product is available from SVO Enterprises, Eastlake, Ohio as Sunyl® high oleic sunflower oil. Sunyl® 80 oil is a high oleic triglyceride wherein the acid moieties comprise from about 77% to about 81% of oleic acid. Sunyl® 90 oil is another high oleic triglyceride wherein the acid moieties comprise from about 86% to 92% oleic acid. Another useful high oleic vegetable oil is high oleic rapeseed oil obtained from Brassica campestris or Brassica napus , also available from SVO Enterprises as RS high oleic rapeseed oil. RS 80 signifies a rapeseed oil wherein the acid moieties comprise about 80% of oleic acid. In one embodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity or a mixture of oils of lubricating viscosity are selected to provide lubricating compositions with a kinematic viscosity of at least about 1.8 cSt, or at least about 4.0 cSt at 100°C. In one embodiment, the lubricating compositions have an SAE gear viscosity number of at least about SAE 65, more preferably at least about SAE 75. The lubricating composition may also have a so-called multigrade rating such as SAE 75W-80, 75W-90, or 80W-90. Multigrade lubricants may include a viscosity improver which is formulated with the oil of lubricating viscosity to provide the above lubricant grades. Useful viscosity improvers include but are not limited to polyolefins, such as ethylene-propylene copolymers, or polybutylene rubbers, including hydrogenated rubbers, such as styrenebutadiene or styrene-isoprene rubbers; or polyacrylates, including polymethacrylates. Preferably the viscosity improver is a polyolefin or polymethacrylate, more preferably polymethacrylate. Viscosity improvers available commercially include Acryloid™ viscosity improvers available from Rohm & Haas; Shellvis™ rubbers available from Shell Chemical; hydrogenated polyisoprenoids from Kurary Co.; and Lubrizol 3174 available from The Lubrizol Corporation. In another embodiment, the oil of lubricating viscosity is selected to provide lubricating compositions for crankcase applications, such as for gasoline and diesel engines. Typically, the lubricating compositions are selected to provide an SAE crankcase viscosity number of 10W, 20W, or 30W lubricants. The lubricating composition may also have a so called multi-grade rating such as SAE 5W-30, 10W-30, 10W-40, 20W-50, etc. As described above, multi-grade lubricants include a viscosity improver which is formulated with the oil of lubricating viscosity to provide the above lubricant grades. The following examples relate to lubricating compositions containing the polyol esters of the present invention. Example L-1 A lubricant is prepared by incorporating 2% by weight of 2,6-di-t-butyl phenol into 98 % by weight of the polyol ester of Example 1. Examples L-2 to L-7 Examples L-2 to L-7 are examples of lubricants of the invention useful as hydraulic fluids. The formulations for these fluids are summarized in the following Table III. Hydraulic Fluids L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 L-7 Polyol ester of Example 1 96 -- -- 98.75 -- -- Polyol ester of Example 2 -- -- 38 -- -- 79 Polyol ester of Example 4 -- 96 -- -- 98.75 -- Sunyl® 80 -- -- 58 -- -- 19.75 2,6-di-t-butylphenol 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.32 0.32 0.32 Dinonyldiphenylamine 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.32 0.32 0.32 Reaction product of dialkylphosphorodithioic acid with methyl acrylate and an alkylene oxide 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.42 0.42 0.42 Alkylsuccinic anhydride reacted with PrO 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.06 Tolyltriazole 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 Ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.006 0.006 0.006 Maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer ester; pour point depressant 2 2 2 -- -- -- Mineral oil 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.094 0.094 0.094 Examples L-8 to L-10 These examples illustrate lubricants of the invention useful as two-cycle oils. The formulations are summarized in the following Table IV. Two Cycle Oils L-8 L-9 L-10 Polyol ester of Example 1 28 -- 41.5 Polyol ester of Example 2 -- 27 -- Sunyl® 80 55 25 41.5 4-polybutenyl-2-aminophenol 10.95 9.49 7.5 Polybutenyl succinic anhydride reacted with tetraethylene pentamine 2.55 2.21 -- Isostearic acid reacted with tetraethylene pentamine 1.28 1.11 7.5 Dinonyldiphenylamine 0.22 0.19 -- Maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer ester; pour point depressant 2 1 2 Biodegradable mineral oil -- 34 -- Examples L-11 and L-12 These examples illustrate lubricants of the present invention which are useful in ATF applications. ATF L-11 L-12 Polyol ester of Example 1 91 -- Polyol ester of Example 2 -- 51.5 Sunyl® 80 -- 40.0 Maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer ester; pour point depressant 3.0 2.5 Reaction product of polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride with TEPA and post-treated with CS 2 2.0 2.0 Polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride reacted with TEPA and boric acid 1.0 1.0 Hydroxythioether of t-dodecyl mercaptan and propylene oxide 0.5 0.5 Dinonyldiphenylamine 0.5 0.5 Ethoxylated tallow amine 0.05 0.05 Dibutyl phosphite 0.06 0.06 Zinc oleate 0.08 0.08 Sulfurized soybean oil 0.27 0.27 Basic calcium sulfonate 0.97 0.97 Phosphoric acid (85%) 0.03 0.03 Polydimethylsiloxane 0.002 0.002 Mineral oil 0.54 0.54 When the lubricant is to be used in the form of a grease, various quantities of thickeners and other additive components are incorporated into the lubricant to provide desirable properties. A wide variety of thickeners can be used in the preparation of the greases of this invention. The thickener is employed in an amount from about 0.5 to about 30 percent, and preferably from 3 to about 15 percent by weight of the total grease composition. Including among the thickeners are alkali and alkaline earth metal soaps of fatty acids and fatty materials having from about 12 to about 30 carbon atoms. The metals are typified by sodium, lithium, calcium and barium. Examples of fatty materials include stearic acid, hydroxystearic acid, stearin, oleic acid, palmitic acid, myristic acid, cottonseed oil acids, and hydrogenated fish oils. Other thickeners include salt and salt-soap complexes, such as calcium stearate-acetate (U.S. Patent 2,197,263), barium stearate-acetate (U.S. Patent 2,564,561), calcium stearate-caprylate-acetate complexes (U.S. Patent 2,999,066), calcium salts and soaps of low-intermediate and high-molecular weight acids and of nut oil acids, aluminum stearate, and aluminum complex thickeners. Useful thickeners include hydrophilic clays which are treated with an ammonium compound to render them hydrophobic. Typical ammonium compounds are tetraalkyl ammonium chlorides. These clays are generally crystalline complex silicates. These clays include bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, illite, saponite, sepiolite, biotite, vermiculite, zeolite clays and the like.

Claims: A composition comprising a polyol ester derived from: (A) an aliphatic polyol containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and from 2 to 10 hydroxyl groups or an alicyclic polyol containing from 5 to 10 carbon atoms and 5 to 10 hydroxyl groups; and (B) an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid mixture derived from a natural vegetable oil, said acid mixture comprising from 75% to 95% by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.20; together with at least one antioxidant selected from phenolics, aromatic amines, and tocopherols. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyol (A) is an aliphatic polyol and is characterized by the formula wherein each X independently is hydrogen, a hydroxyhydrocarbyl or a hydroxyhydrocarbyloxyhydrocarbyl group, R, R 1 and R 2 are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, hydroxyhydrocarbyl or alkoxyhydrocarbyl groups, and a and b are each independently integers from 0 to 6, Y is hydrogen or hydroxyl, or b is 1 and Y is The composition of claim 2 wherein the polyol (A) is selected from 1,3-propanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol and sorbitol. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyol (A) is an aliphatic polyol characterized by the formula wherein R 3 is an alkyl group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a hydroxymethyl group, Y is hydrogen or and n is an integer of from 0 to 6. The composition of claim 4 wherein R 3 is an ethyl group, Y is H, and n=0. The composition of claim 4 wherein R 3 is a hydroxymethyl group, Y is H, and n=0. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyol (A) is inositol. The composition of any preceding claim wherein the acid mixture of (B) comprises at least 85% by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.12. The composition of any preceding claim wherein the acid mixture of (B) comprises at least 90% by weight of oleic acid and the weight ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the mixture is less than 0.08. The composition of any preceding claim wherein the acid mixture is derived from rapeseed oil, canola oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, sunflower oil, corn oil or soybean oil. The composition of any preceding claim wherein the antioxidant has the formula or wherein each R 9 is independently an alkyl group containing from 1 to 9 carbon atoms, each R 10 is hydrogen or an alkyl group, R 11 is hyrodgen or an alkyl group containing from 1 to 9 carbon atoms, and each R 12 is independently hydrogen or a methyl group. The composition of any preceding claim wherein the antioxidant has the formula wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to 50 carbon atoms. The composition of any preceding claim also containing: (C) at least one additive composition selected from detergents, dispersants, metal deactivators, antiwear agents, extreme pressure agents, viscosity index modifiers, pour point depressants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, friction modifiers and corrosion inhibitors. The composition of claim 13 comprising: from 75% by weight to 99.89% by weight of the polyol ester; from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight of the antioxidant; and from 0.01% by weight to 20% by weight of at least one of the additive compositions (C). A composition according to claim 13 containing at least one antioxidant selected from phenols and, aromatic amines,and (C) at least one metal deactivator selected from benzotriazole and benzotriazole derivatives. The composition of claim 15 wherein the antioxidant is 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, dinonyldiphenylamine, or mixtures thereof, and the metal deactivator (C) is tolyltriazole or nonylbenzotriazole. A composition according to claim 13 in the form of a lubricating oil composition comprising: (A) from 1% by weight to 98.89% by weight of a polyol ester as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10; (B) from 0.01% by weight to 5% by weight of at least one antioxidant as defined in claim 1; and (C) from 0.1% to 20% of at least one additive composition selected from detergents, dispersants, metal deactivators, antiwear agents, extreme pressure agents, viscosity index modifiers, pour point depressants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, friction modifiers and corrosion inhibitors; and (D) from 1% by weight to 74% by weight of an oil of lubricating viscosity other than the polyol ester of (A) wherein the oil of lubricating viscosity (D) is mineral oil, vegetable oil, products derived from vegetable oil, or a synthetic oil.

Inventors: LAL KASTURI, LAWATE SAURABH SHRIPAD, LAL, KASTURI, LAWATE, SAURABH SHRIPAD
Applicants: LUBRIZOL CORP, THE LUBRIZOL CORPORATION
Application year: 1995
Main classification: C07C69
IPC codes: C10M105, C10M169, C07C69, C10N30, F02B75