CHIMERIC GENES COMPRISING A FUNGUS-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT

Abstract: Improved fungus-responsive chimeric genes are provided for the production of transgenic plants which have plant cells surronding the site of fungal infection that become capable of killing, disabling or repelling the fungus or that are themselves killed or rendered unsuitable for the fungus to feed upon, thereby preventing the spread of the fungus infection.

Description: Chirneri c genes compri si ng a fungus-responsive el ement This invention relates to the use in a transgenic plant, of newly-identified fungus-responsive elements of the DΓD . 1 -1 promoter (fungus-responsive prp1-1 elements) to induce, in response to a fungus infection of the plant, the expression of a DNA fragment substantially selectively in cells of the plant around the site of the fungal infection The use of the fungus-responsive £rp1 -1 elements of this invention is especially valuable in transgenic plants for controlling a foreign DNA fragment that is to be expressed selectively in the cells of the plant which immediately surround the fungal infection site This invention further relates to a first or fungus-responsive chimeπc gene that can be used to transform a plant and that comprises a first foreign DNA that a) encodes a product which, when expressed in cells of the plant immediately surrounding a fungal infection site, can either i) kill or at least disable the plant cells immediately surrounding the fungal infection site or it) kill, disable or repel one or more fungi in the fungal infection site, and b) is under the control of a promoter comprising at least one fungus- responsive prrj1-1 element This invention further relates to a cell of a plant the genome of which is transformed to contain the first chimeπc gene and optionally a second or restorer chimeπc gene, the second chirneric gene contains a second promoter that controls a second foreign DNA encoding a product which allows the inhibition or mactivation of the first foreign DNA or its encoded product at least in cells of the plant other than those immediately surrounding a fungal infection site, particularly when the first foreign DNA encodes a product that can kill or adversely disturb such other plant cells This invention yet further relates to a) the fungus-resistant transgenic plant, such as a Solanaceae (e g , tomato or potato) or Brassicaceae (e g , oilseed rape) plant, which is regenerated from the plant cell of this invention transformed with the first and optionally the second chirneric gene of this invention, b) fungus- resistant transgenic plants derived from the regenerated transgenic plant and seeds of such plants, and c) plant cell cultures comprising the transformed plant cells of this invention The plants of this invention are characterized by the fungus-responsive expression of the first chimeπc gene of this invention in plant cells surrounding, preferably immediately surrounding, the fungal infection site and either a) the substantial, preferably complete, absence of expression of the first chirneric gene in all other plant cells, or b) the substantial absence and preferably the complete absence, e g , by expression of the second chirneric gene of this invention, of the effects of any expression of the first chirneric gene in all other plant cells - thereby rendering the plants resistant to fungal infections Background of the Invention The fungi are a very old group of microorganisms Harmful fungi cause diseases of man, other animals, and especially plants About 8000 species of fungi can cause plant diseases, and all plants are attacked by some kind of fungi Some plant-pathogenic fungi can attack many plant species, others attack only one In general, fungal plant diseases can be classified into two types those caused by soilborn fungi and those caused by airborn fungi Soilborn fungi cause some of the most widespread and serious plant diseases, such as root and stem rot caused by Fusaπum spp and root rot caused by Phvtophthora spp Since airborn fungi can be spread long distances by wind, they can cause devastating losses, particularly in crops which are grown over large regions A number of these pathogens have caused widespread epidemics in a variety of SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 2«) crops Important diseases caused by airborn fungi are stem rust (Puccinia oraminis) on wheat, corn smut (Ustilaαo mavdis) on corn, and late blight disease (Phytophthora infestans) on potato and tomato Most of these fungal diseases are difficult to combat, and farmers and growers must use a combination of practices, such as sanitary measures, resistant cultivars, and effective fungicides, against such diseases Hundreds of million dollars are spent annually for chemical control of plant-pathogenic fungi As a result, there is today a real need for new more effective and safe means to control plant-pathogenic fungi It is known that plants possess defense mechanisms against fungal diseases When a plant recognizes a fungal attack it can respond by inducing several reactions in its cells immediately surrounding the fungal infection site Resistance mechanisms are activated by the initial infection, so as to limit the spread of the invading fungal pathogen (Ward et al, 1991 ) The resistance mechanisms include a localized cell death known as a hypersensitive response, the accumulation of phytoalexms, and lignification (De Wit, 1987) The specificity of these responses, which can be very effective in limiting the spread of a fungal infection depends on the genetic make-up of the host and the pathogen Characterization of the genetic components which control cultivar/race specific host/pathogen interactions is a goal of current molecular plant pathology research Transcπptional activation of defense-related genes is part of the complex defense system which enables plants to deal with contacts with potential pathogens (Colhnge and Slusarenko, 1987 Hahlbrock and Scheel, 1989 Bowles, 1990) The identification of cis-actmg elements regulating the expression of defense-related genes has been sought in order to elucidate the process by which signal transduction chains connect the initial recognition of a pathogen by a plant host with its induction of defense reactions (Lamb et al, 1989) As found for several other host/pathogen systems (van Loon, 1985, Hahlbrock and Scheel, 1989), infection of potato with the fungus Phytophthora infestans, which is the causal agent of late blight disease, leads to transcπptional activation of genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid metabolism and PR-proteins (Fritzemeier et al, 1987 Kombπnk et al, 1988, Taylor et al, 1990) Transcription of these genes is induced with similar kinetics in compatible and incompatible interactions of different potato cultivars with different Phytophthora infestans races The nucleotide and deduced ammo acid sequences of one of the "pathogenesis related" (or "PR")-proteιn genes in potato, i e , orp.1-1 , which is a member of the large ρrp.1 gene family (with 10-15 very similar copies per haploid genome), shows striking similarity to the corresponding sequences of a gene encoding the HSP26 heat-shock protein in soybean (Taylor et al, 1990) ]n situ hybridization experiments showed that the PRP1 -1 transcript accumulates around the site of fungal penetration, but the function of this protein in the defense strategy of potato is not yet clear The homologous soybean HSP26 protein represents a unique member within a group of low molecular weight heat- shock proteins of plants, appearing in an unusually high relative concentration under a broad variety of stress conditions (Czarnecka et al, 1984, Vier ng, 1991 ) but also having no known role in cell metabolism No sequence similarity has been found between the protein encoded by the prχj1-1 gene and several known PR-proteins from other Solanaceous species (Taylor et al, 1990) In PCT patent publication WO 93/19188 and Martini et al (1993), which are both incorporated herein by reference, a 273 basepairs (bp) fragment of the DJTJI -1 promoter was found to still induce local expression of a DNA sequence upon fungal infection but, in contrast to the native prp.1 -1 promoter, this promoter element was found not to be induced by heavy metal salts Most plant genes encoding proteins related to pathogen defense, analyzed to date on the level of cis-acting elements, are also activated by several other stress stimuli like mechanical wounding, light and/or elevated concentrations of heavy metals (Oshima et al, 1990, Schmid et al, 1990, Stermer et al, 1990, Douglas et al, 1991 , Joos and Hahlbrock, 1992) In a plant-nematode interaction, a part of the tobacco RB7 promoter was found to confer selective and local expression in the nematode feeding structures induced in the roots upon infection by certain nematodes (Opperman et al , 1994) Recent reports show that certain levels of resistance towards fungal pathogens can be obtained by expressing antifungal proteins in transgenic plants Examples include the expression of a chitinase either alone (Benhamou et al , 1993) or in combination with a glucanase (Zhu et al , 1994), the expression of osmotin (Liu et al , 1994), or the expression of certain PR proteins (Alexander et al , 1993) Summary of the Invention In accordance with this invention are provided portions of the prp1 -1 promoter region, which can still induce expression of a chirneric gene upon fungal infection but have a substantial lower expression in roots and/or are significantly less induced by phytohormone application when compared to the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 , preferably portions of the __T 1 -1 promoter region, which can still induce expression of a chirneric gene upon fungal infection but which have substantially lost their expression in roots and have a significantly lower responsiveness to phytohormone application Further in accordance with this invention are provided fungus-responsive prp1-1 elements, derived directly or indirectly from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 , but lacking the nucleotides from positions 1 to 100 in SEQ ID No 1 , or lacking the nucleotides from positions 239 to 273 in SEQ ID No 1 , or fungus- responsive DJJJ1 -1 elements, derived directly or indirectly from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No L and a) comprising a nucleotide sequence from a position between nucleotide position 100 and 176 to nucleotide position 273 of SEQ ID No 1 , provided that said fungus-responsive element is not the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 , or b) comprising the DNA sequence of nucleotide position 1 to a position between nucleotide positions 153 and 239 in SEQ ID No 1 , provided that said fungus-responsive element is not the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 Most preferred fungus-responsive DJJ I -1 elements are those selected from the group of: the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 from nucleotide position 1 to 239, the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No.1 from nucleotide position 1 to 153, the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 from nucleotide position 100 to 273, the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from nucleotide position 140 to 273 and the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from nucleotide position 176 to 273, as well as any fungus-responsive element with substantially the same nucleotide sequence, so that the DNA sequence has essentially the same promoter activity Also provided herein is a fungus-responsive promoter, comprising any of the newly identified fungus-responsive DΓΓJI -I elements, provided this fungus- responsive promoter does not comprise the DNA sequence of Fig 1 Further encompassed in this invention are fungus-responsive chirneric genes, which comprise, besides the fungus-responsive promoter of this invention, a first foreign DNA that encodes a first RNA and/or protein or polypeptide which, when produced or overproduced in the cells of the plant which surround, preferably immediately surround, said fungus-infection site, a) kills, disables or repels said fungus, or b) kills, or at least disturbs significantly the metabolism, functioning and/or development of the plant cells surrounding, preferably immediately surrounding, said fungus-infection site, so as to limit further spread of said fungus; and suitable 3' transcription termination signals for expressing said first foreign DNA in the cells of the plant which surround, preferably immediately surround, said fungus infection site Also in accordance with this invention is provided a cell of a plant, in which the nuclear genome has been transformed to contain the first chirneric gene of this invention and optionally - especially when the first foreign DNA is of type b) above - to contain also the second or restorer chirneric gene, preferably in the same genetic locus; the second chirneric gene comprises the following, operabiy linked, DNA sequences: 1 ) a second promoter, such as a fungus-repressed promoter, which can direct transcription of a foreign DNA in at least cells of the plant other than those surrounding, preferably other than those immediately surrounding, the fungus infection site, 2) a second foreign DNA that encodes a second RNA and/or protein or polypeptide which, when produced or overproduced in at least such other cells of the plant, inhibits or inactivates the first foreign DNA or the first RNA or protein or polypeptide in at least said other cells of the plant; and 3) suitable 3' transcription termination signals for expressing the second foreign DNA in at least such other cells of the plant Further in accordance with this invention are provided: the fungus-resistant plant regenerated from the transformed plant cell of this invention, fungus- resistant plants and seeds derived therefrom, and plant cell cultures, each of which comprises the transformed plant cells of this invention. Still further in accordance with this invention is provided a process for rendering a plant resistant to one or more fungi, particularly plant-pathogenic fungi such as Phytophthora (e.g , P_ infestans) and Cladosporium (e g , Cladospoπum fulvum). Pythium spp, Fusarium spp, Sclerotinia spp, Puccinia spp, Ustilaqo spp, Alternana spp, Helminthosponum spp , Septoria spp, Pyrenophora spp, Botrytis spp, Erysiphe spp., as well as Pyrenoperiza brassicae. Cylindrospohum concentricum, Phoma linαam. Leptosphaeria maculans. Sclerotinia sclerotoirum, Botrytis cinerea. Erysiphe cruciferorum, Peronospora parasitica. Plasmodiophora brassicae, and Pseudocercosporella capsella, comprising the step of transforming the plant's nuclear genome with the first or fungus-responsive chirneric genes of the invention and optionally with the second chirneric gene of this invention. Detailed Description of the Invention Throughout this Description and the Claims, the following definitions apply "Fungus-infected plant", as used herein, is a plant which is infected by at least one fungus species, particularly a plant-pathogenic fungus species, such as Phytophthora spp, Cladosponum spp Pythium spp, Fusaπum spp, Sclerotinia spp, Puccinia spp, Ustilaqo spp, Alternana spp, Helminthospoπum spp , Septoria spp, Pyrenophora spp, Ustilaqo spp, Botrytis spp, Erysiphe spp , as well as Pyrenopeπza brassicae Cylindrospoπum concentncum, Phoma linqam, Leptosphaeπa maculans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Erysiphe cruciferorum, Peronospora parasitica Plasmodiophora brassicae and Pseudocercosporella caosella and the like "Promoter", as used herein, refers to a DNA sequence which is recognized and bound (directly or indirectly) by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during initiation of transcription A promoter includes the transcription initiation site, and binding sites for transcription initiation factors and RNA polymerase, and can comprise various other sites at which gene regulatory proteins may bind The "prpl-1 promoter", as used herein, refers to the native promoter sequence of the prp1-1 gene, also suggested to be named qst1 (Hahn & Stπttmatter, 1994), characterized by the partial sequence described in Fig 3 of Martini et al (1993) The "273 bp ρrp.1-1 promoter", as used herein, refers to the 273 bp fragment of the Djr->1-1 promoter, described by Martini et al (1993) as being sufficient for rapid and strictly localized transcπptional activation at fungal infection sites This 273 bp DJJJI -1 promoter is represented in SEQ ID No 1 "Fungus-responsive promoter", as used herein, refers to a promoter, whose action in controlling transcription of a DNA sequence in a plant 1 ) is induced (i e , stimulated) by infection of the plant by a fungus, particularly a plant-pathogenic fungus, and 2) occurs substantially selectively, preferably exclusively, in plant cells around the fungal infection site, preferably in plant cells immediately surrounding the fungal infection site "Fungus-repressed promoter", as used herein, refers to a promoter, whose action in controlling transcription of a DNA sequence (e g , a gene) in a plant is locally repressed (i e partially or fully inhibited) upon infection of the plant by a plant-pathogenic fungus, and this repression occurs substantially selectively, preferably exclusively, in those plant cells around the fungal infection site, particularly in those plant cells immediately surrounding the fungal infection site Preferably, this promoter is otherwise constitutively expressed throughout the plant but locally repressed at the site of fungal infection "Plant promoter" or "plant-expressible promoter", as used herein, refers to a promoter sequence capable of driving transcription in a plant cell This includes any promoter of plant origin, as well as any promoters foreign to plants but also allowing transcription in plant cells, i e , certain promoters from viral or bacterial origin such as the T-DNA and 35S or 19S promoters "Fungus-responsive element", as used herein in relation to a fungus- responsive promoter, is that element or part of a promoter that is responsible for the fungus-responsiveness of the promoter A promoter can have several fungus-responsive elements, besides a minimal promoter element and enhancer regions Preferred fungus-responsive elements, in accordance with this invention, are the fungus-responsive prj 1-1 elements of Example 1 , as represented in Figure 1 "Artificial hypersensitive cell death" refers to a plant defense mechanism which is conferred by a first chirneric gene of this invention on a plant transformed therewith and which involves necrosis of plant cells at a pathogen infection site, thereby limiting further spread of the pathogen This mechanism is analogous to a natural hypersensitive cell death occurring in incompatible plant/pathogen interactions "Foreign" with regard to a DNA sequence, such as a first or second foreign DNA of this invention, means that such a DNA is not in the same genomic environment (e g , not operabiy linked to the same promoter and/or 3' end) in a plant cell, transformed with such a DNA in accordance with this invention, as is such a DNA when it is naturally found in a cell of the plant, bacterium, animal, fungus, or in a virus or the like, from which such a DNA originates Foreign DNA, in accordance with this invention, thus includes DNA that is originally found in a plant genome, but which has been inserted in a different genomic locus or site compared to the endogenous DNA (see also the definition on page 5 of European patent publication (EP) 0 344 029 in this respect) "Fungus-resistant plant", as used herein refers to a plant displaying increased tolerance to infection with a fungal pathogen, as can be determined by routine fungal infection analysis, e g , the method described in WO 93/19188 A fungus-resistant plant typically has better agronomical performance, e g , yield, under conditions of fungal attack when compared to the wild-type plants "Selective expression", as used herein in relation to the fungus-responsive prp1-1 elements of this invention, means expression with high specificity in the plant cells surrounding, preferably immediately surrounding, the fungal infection site The term selective expression, as used herein, does not exclude that some expression can occur in other cells of a plant during a certain developmental stage (e g , in non-essential plant cells), nor does this definition require that the promoter portions have to be exclusively induced by a fungal pathogen "Cells immediately surrounding the fungal infection site", as used herein, refers to those cells that are located in the close vicinity of the fungus Preferably, the cells immediately surrounding the fungal infection site are those cells that, when killed or negatively affected by the local expression of a first chirneric gene of this invention, (directly or indirectly) prevent the further growth and spread of the fungus "Essential plant cells", as used herein, refers to those cells of a plant that negatively affect the yield or value of a plant as an agricultural crop when they would be destroyed or when their function would be inhibited Indeed, some cells in a plant are not essential to the economic value of the plant, such as the cells in a potato flower in a European potato tuber production field, or the pollen cells in the anthers of plants sold as cut flowers, or some cells in a tissue whose death or disfuπctioning does not affect the functioning of this tissue In accordance with this invention, portions of the 273 bp DJJJI -1 promoter have been identified that are more selectively induced by fungal pathogens, i e , that have substantially lost the root expression and/or are significantly less induced by phytohormone application, while still conferring local induction of expression upon fungal infection The term "fungus-responsive prp1-1 elements", as used herein, refers to the newly identified fungus-responsive promoter elements, being portions of the 273 bp prp . 1-1 promoter of WO 93/18199 (represented in SEQ ID No 1 ) that retain significant fungus- responsiveness but have improved characteristics such as a loss of non-target expression and/or a lower responsiveness to phytohormone application Included in this definition of fungus-responsive βrp1-1 elements is any portιon(s) of the 273 bp prp . 1-1 DNA of SEQ ID No 1 , provided that the transcription from a promoter, comprising this portion, is significantly less induced upon phytohormone application and/or is substantially lower in roots, when compared to the 273 bp βrgl-1 promoter Preferably these fungus-responsive prp1-1 elements retain less than about 5 %, more preferably less than about 2 to 4 % of the phytohormone responsiveness of the 273 bp Djp1-1 DNA of SEQ ID No 1 , and preferably have a histochemically non-detectable expression in roots, as identified by GUS-linked marker gene analyses as shown in Example 2 Deletion analyses of the 273 bp prjDl-1 promoter showed that the root expression of the 273 bp pχρl-1 promoter resides in the portion of nucleotide 239 to 273 of the partial DΓΓJ1-1 DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 Concomitantly, fungus-responsive promoters can be devised that are obtained from the prp1-1 promoter but that lack significant expression in roots by deletion, substitution or alteration of this part This deletion analyses has also shown that a fungus- responsive prjDl -1 element still induced by fungal infection but significantly less induced by phytohormones such as salicylate and indole acetate is situated between nucleotide positions 176 and 273 in SEQ ID No 1 Thus, preferred fungus-responsive prχj1-1 elements of this invention are promoter elements derived directly (i e , by applying routine molecular biological techniques to the DNA sequence represented in SEQ ID No 1 ) or indirectly (i e , obtainable from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 , for example, in vitro DNA synthesis) from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 , but lacking the nucleotides from positions 1 to 100 in SEQ ID No 1 , preferably promoter elements obtained or derived directly or indirectly from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 but lacking the nucleotides from positions 239 to 273 in SEQ ID No 1 Alternatively, the DNA sequence between nucleotide position 1 to 100 or between nucleotides 239 to 273 in SEQ ID No 1 can be rendered non-functional by deletion, addition or replacement of nucleotides (e g , site-directed mutagenesis) to obtain a preferred fungus-responsive prjj1 -1 element derived from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 in accordance with this invention Preferred fungus-responsive ρjp.1 -1 elements, in accordance with this invention, are those which comprise the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from a nucleotide position between nucleotide positions 100 and 176 to nucleotide position 273, or which comprise the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from nucleotide position 1 to a position between nucleotide positions 153 and 239 in SEQ ID No 1 as their fungus-responsive element, provided that these fungus- responsive promoters do not comprise the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 as its fungus-responsive element or have a significantly lower phytohormone- responsiveness and or a substantially lower expression in roots when compared to the 273 bp DΓP.1 -1 promoter Particularly preferred fungus-responsive prrjl -1 elements of this invention are those termed delB34 (nucleotide positions 140 to 273 in SEQ ID No 1 ), delB35 (nucleotide positions 100 to 273 in SEQ ID No 1 ), and delB51 (nucleotide positions 176 to 273 in SEQ ID No 1 ), that are significantly less responsive to salicylic acid and indolyl acetate application (2- to 3-fold lower induction) when compared to the 273 bp pjjj1-1 promoter, even more preferred fungus-responsive prp1-1 elements of this invention are those termed delX4 (nucleotide positions 1 to 239 in SEQ ID No 1 ) and delX5 (nucleotide positions 1 to 153 in SEQ ID No 1 ), since these portions have substantially (i e , drastically) lost the expression observed in root tips with the 273 bp prp 1 promoter (WO 93/19188, e g , no histochemically detectable GUS protein by a delX4- or delX5-GUS chirneric gene in roots), as well as being significantly less responsive to salicylic acid and indole acetate application (a 30- to 40-fold lower induction) when compared to the 273 bp prjDl-1 promoter, while still retaining a significant fungal responsiveness Also included in this definition are natural or artificial promoter elements with a DNA sequence that is substantially similar to any of the delX4, delX5, delB34, delB35, and delB51 DNA sequences defined above, i e , having some nucleotides deleted, replaced or added provided substantially the same promoter characteristics are retained In accordance with this invention, a fungus-resistant plant can be produced from a single cell of a plant by transforming the plant cell in a known manner to stably insert, into its nuclear genome, the first chirneric gene of this invention which comprises at least one first foreign DNA that is under the control of a fungus-responsive promoter comprising at least one fungus-responsive prp1 -1 element of this invention, wherein said fungus-responsive promoter does not contain the 273 bp DΓΓJI -1 promoter element described in WO 93/19188 or wherein this fungus-responsive promoter has a significantly lower transcription activation in roots and/or upon phytohormone application than the 273 bp prp1 -1 promoter of WO 93/19188, and fused at its downstream (i e , 3') end (or fused downstream of a 3' non-translated trailer sequence) to suitable transcription termination (or regulation) signals, including a polyadenylation signal Preferably, in the first chirneric gene, a fungus-responsive ρrp.1-1 element is used, in combination with a minimal promoter element such as the 35S minimal promoter Thereby, the first RNA and/or protein or polypeptide is produced or overproduced predominantly in those plant cells around, preferably immediately surrounding, a fungal infection site One or more of these fungus-responsive prp1 -1 elements can be present in a promoter, with an endogenous or foreign TATA box, as well as enhancer regions or other pathogen-responsive promoter elements, e.g., the nematode-responsive element described by Opperman et al (1994). Also, a fungus-responsive pj l -l element of this invention can also be incorporated in any promoter sequence so as to confer to this promoter the capacity to respond to pathogen, e.g , fungal, infection For instance, the same or different fungus-responsive prjj1 -1 elements of this invention can also be linked in multiple consecutive copies to constitute a promoter comprising several fungus-responsive ρrp1 -1 elements of this invention (Benfey et al , 1990) Optionally, the plant cell genome can also be stably transformed with a second chirneric gene comprising at least one second foreign DNA that is: under the control of the second promoter which is capable of directing expression of the second foreign DNA at least in cells of the plant where the first foreign DNA is expressed, but preferably is repressed in the cells surrounding, more preferably immediately surrounding, the fungal infection site Alternatively, the second promoter is capable of directing expression of the second foreign DNA substantially selectively in plant cells where expression of the first foreign DNA would result in damage to cells not around, preferably not immediately sur¬ rounding, the fungal infection site. The second chimeπc gene further comprises suitable transcription termination signals, including a polyadenylation signal The second chimeπc gene is preferably in the same genetic locus as the first chirneric gene, so as to guarantee with a high degree of certainty the joint segregation of both the first and second chirneric genes into offspring of the plant regenerated from the transformed plant cell However in some cases, such joint segregation is not always desirable, and the second chirneric gene could be in a different genetic locus from the first chirneric gene When the first foreign DNA, RNA or protein affects plant cell viability (e.g., when the first foreign DNA encodes a bamase protein), even when the fungus-responsive promoter is shown to be selectively or exclusively induced in plant cells immediately surrounding the fungal infection site, it is still preferred that a second DNA, RNA or protein is also expressed in all essential plant cells (e g , the second DNA will encode the barstar protein when the first foreign DNA encodes the barnase protein), preferably in all plant cells other than those cells surrounding the fungal infection site, so as to prevent any expression of the promoter to negatively affect cells not surrounding the fungal infection site at any moment during plant development In the second chirneric gene, the second foreign DNA can also be under the control of a minimal promoter, such as the 35S minimal promoter "Minimal promoter", as used herein, is a DNA sequence capable of driving a basal level of expression of a coding region, so that some RNA protein or polypeptide is produced, and comprising at least a TATA-box region, preferably the 35S minimal promoter from nucleotide position -48 to +8 of the 35S gene (Benfey et al , 1990) Typically, a minimal promoter is a DNA sequence recognized by RNA polymerase II, e g , a TATA-box, but can be any cis-acting DNA sequence allowing minor expression of an RNA in the plant genome Such a minimal promoter can even be located in plant genomic DNA surrounding the inserted gene, in this case the second chirneric gene even need not contain a plant- expressible promoter In accordance with this invention, the first foreign DNA in the first chirneric gene is a DNA fragment that encodes a first RNA and/or protein or polypeptide which, when produced or overproduced in the plant cells surrounding, preferably immediately surrounding, a site of a fungus infection, either a) kills such surrounding plant cells or at least disturbs significantly their metabolism, functioning and/or development so as to induce an artificial hypersensitive cell death in order to limit the further spread of the invading fungus, and/or b) kills, disables or repels the fungus when it further infects such surrounding plant cells First foreign DNAs preferably encode, for example, the following which can kill the surrounding plant cells or at least disturb significantly their metabolism, functioning and/or development RNases such as barnase, RNase T1 , RNase SA SUBSTITUTE SHΞET (RULE 26) (SARNase), or binase, toxic proteins such as the Diphteπa A toxin (e g , Palmiter et al , 1987), πcin, or botulin Potential first foreign DNAs further include DNases such as endonucleases (e g , EcoRI), proteases such as a papain enzymes which catalyze the synthesis of phytohormones, such as isopentenyl transferase or the gene products of gene 1 and gene 2 of the T-DNA of Aqrobacterium, glucanases, lipases, lipid peroxidases, plant cell wall inhibitors, nbosome- inactivating proteins (e g , Stirpe et al , 1992) and πbozymes Other preferred examples of such first foreign DNAs are antisense DNAs encoding RNAs complementary to genes encoding products essential for the metabolism, functioning and/or development of the surrounding plant cells Such an antisense RNA could be complementary to the endogenous pjp1 -1 RNA and thus inhibit the action of the produced gluthathione-S-transferase (Hahn and Stπttmatter, 1994) at the site of fungal infection In a different strategy, wherein the pathogen is more directly killed or negatively affected, the first foreign DNAs encode, for example, the following first polypeptides or proteins which can kill, repel or disable fungi lytic enzymes, such as chitinases and β-1 ,3 glucanases, that catalyze the hydrolysis of fungal cell walls, protease inhibitors (Ryan, 1990), fungus-inhibiting πbonucleases (WO 94/18335), and lectins (Broekaert et al, 1989), as well as other plant proteins with antifungal activity, such as the small basic peptide, CMIII, isolated from corn (EP 465 009) and the osmotin-like proteins (EP 460 753 and WO 94/0810), as well as the antifungal peptides from Amaranthus caudatus seeds described by Broekaert et al (1992), the antifungal peptides from Mirabi s lalapa seeds described by Cammue et al (1992), the antifungal P14 proteins described in PCT publication WO 92/20800, the antifungal proteins described in PCT publication WO 94/15961 , the antifungal peptides from Asperqillus giqanteus described in PCT publication WO 91/19738, the basic peptide CMIII from maize seed described in EP 465 009, the Rs-AFP proteins obtained from radish described in PCT patent publication WO 93/05153 and by Terras et al (1992), and genes encoding phytoalexins (Ham et ai , 1993) The first foreign DNA can also be a DNA sequence encoding an avirulence gene RNA (e g , the ayr9 gene) and/or the SUBSTITUTE SHΞET (RULE 26) corresponding resistance gene RNA (e.g., the Cf_9 gene) as described in PCT patent publication WO 91/15585. In this strategy, a DNA sequence encoding the Cf9 gene product (Jones et al., 1994) can be placed under the control of a fungus-responsive ρrp.1 -1 element, such as delX4 of Example 1 , and the ayr9 coding region (Van Den Ackerveken et al., 1992) can be placed under the control of a fungus-responsive prjj1-1 element, or under the control of a wound-induced or a constitutive promoter. In a Cf9-tomato plant, the ayr9 coding region could be linked to a promoter comprising the deIX4 fungus-responsive element, thus resulting in local necrosis at the fungal infection site Promoters comprising the newly identified fungus-responsive PΓJD1 -1 elements can also drive transcription of an element of another plant-pathogen virulence/avirulence gene combination, or can be applied in any other method for obtaining fungal resistance in plants, e.g , those communicated on the 7th International Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, University of Edinburgh (see e.g., The Plant Cell, October 1994, pp 1332-1341 ) First foreign DNAs can be naturally occurring or can be fully or partially man-made (e.g., synthetic), provided the same protein as originally encoded by the DNA sequence or a protein with substantially the same activity, is encoded Indeed, since it is known that DNA or RNA sequences can vary significantly without altering the sequence of the encoded protein, it logically follows that DNA or RNA sequences can differ in several nucleotides, without changing significantly the activity or function of that DNA or RNA beyond their normally observed spectrum of biological activity Also, when high expression of a foreign DNA sequence is desired, certain nucleotides in the DNA may be altered so as to prevent inefficient transcription or translation of that DNA sequence in the foreign host cell. For some selected plant-pathogen interactions, the fungus-responsive prp1-1 elements of this invention can also drive selective transcription of a DNA encoding an RNA, protein or polypeptide inhibiting a toxin formed by a pathogenic fungus, if the fungal pathogenicity is largely depending on such toxin production. In certain plant-fungus interactions, the production of such fungal toxins is an essential element in pathogenesis (Schafer, 1994) Similarly, SUBSTil UTE SHEET (RULE 26) inhibitors of fungal enzymes, detoxifying natural plant antifungal toxins, can be selectively expressed at the site of infection in accordance with this invention A pathogenic variety of Gaeumannomyces qraminis, is known to detoxify plant avenacms by means of one fungal enzyme (Schafer, 1994). Similarly, inhibitors of such a fungal enzyme can be produced or secreted selectively by plant cells to confer resistance to a fungal pathogen Particularly interesting is the phomalide toxin produced by Leptosphaeria maculans (the asexual stage of Pho a nqam) on canola plants (Soledade et al , 1993) Strategies could be devised inhibiting toxic action of this pentadepsipeptide selectively at the site of fungal infection Alternatively, anti-fungal antibodies can be selectively expressed at the site of fungal infection by the fungus-responsive prp.1 -1 elements of this invention Plants transformed with a first foreign DNA in a first chirneric gene of this invention will be resistant to fungal infection either because of the plants' fungus- responsive breakdown, in a substantially selective manner, of the plant cells which surround, preferably immediately surround, the fungal infection site, thereby providing a hypersensitive response, or because fungi will be killed, repelled or disabled by, for example, a fungal toxin produced in situ substantially selectively by the plant cells surrounding, preferably immediately surrounding, the fungal infection site A preferred fungus-responsive promoter of this invention comprises the delX4 or deIX5 fungus-responsive pjp1-1 elements of Fig 1 , more preferably the delX4 fungus-responsive ρrp/M element It is believed that fungus-responsive elements with substantial sequence homology to the fungus-responsive prpl -1 elements of this invention can be identified in the genomic DNA of other plants (e.g , rapeseed, corn, etc ) using the promoter fragments described in Example 1 (and Figure 1 ) as hybridization probes in a conventional manner. The increased specificity of the deletion fragments delX4 and delX5 upon fungal infection appears to make these improved promoter portions, as well as similar portions of other members of the PJJ 1 gene family, suitable candidates for providing cιs-actιng elements which can provide improved specificity of local transcπptional activation in plants upon fungal infection Examples of suitable plant-expressible second promoters are the strong constitutive 35S promoters of the cauliflower mosaic virus of isolates CM 1841 (Gardner et al, 1981 ) CabbB-S (Franck et al 1980) and CabbB-JI (Hull and Howell, 1987), the relatively weaker constitutive nos promoter (De Picker et al, 1982), and wound-inducible promoters, such as the TR1' and TR2' promoters which drive the expression of the 1 ' and 2' genes, respectively, of the T-DNA (Velten et al, 1984) Alternatively, a second promoter can be utilized which is specific for one or more plant tissues or organs (such as leaves), particularly specific tissues or organs (such as roots) not infected by a fungus where the first foreign DNA is nevertheless expressed, whereby the second chirneric gene is expressed only in such specific plant tissues or organs Another alternative is to use a promoter whose expression is inducible (e g , by temperature or chemical factors) The second promoter, as used herein, is a promoter that is always directing transcription at a level which is lower than the fungus-responsive or first promoter of this invention in those plant cells around, preferably immediately surrounding, the fungal infection site, upon fungal infection, so that the first foreign DNA is not fully inhibited or inactivated at the site of fungal infection In another embodiment of the invention, the second promoter is a fungus- repressed promoter, e g , an otherwise constitutive plant promoter whose action in controlling transcription is down-regulated or inhibited upon fungal infection in the cells surrounding the fungal infection site, preferably in the cells immediately surrounding the fungal infection site An example of such a fungus-repressed promoter is the 35S promoter in plants infected with Botrytis cinerea (Oral presentation of Dr R Ham at the 4th International Congress of Plant Molecular Biology, Amsterdam, June 19-24, 1994) In accordance with this invention, the second foreign DNA in the second chirneric gene is a DNA fragment that encodes a second RNA and/or protein or polypeptide which, when produced or overproduced in cells of a plant, inhibits or preferably inactivates the first foreign DNA or any first RNA, protein or polypeptide expressed in such cells, particularly where the first RNA, protein or polypeptide would kill or adversely disturb significantly the metabolism, functioning or development of such cells Second foreign DNAs preferably encode, for example the following barstar which neutralizes the activity of barnase (which degrades RNA molecules by hydrolyzing the bond after any guanine residue), binstar which neutralizes the activity of binase, sarstar which neutralizes the activity of sarnase, EcgRI methylase which prevents the activity of the endonuclease EcoRI, or a protease inhibitor which neutralizes the activity of a protease, such as a papain (e g , papain zymogen and papaiπ active protein), or even an antibody or antibody fragment specifically inactivating a first foreign protein Another preferred example of a second foreign DNA encodes a strand of an antisense second RNA (as described, for example, in EP 223 399) which would be complementary to a strand of a sense first RNA, such as an antisense RNA inhibiting the activity of a Diphteπa, πcin or botulin RNA In the first and second chirneric genes of this invention, the 3' transcription termination signals or 3' ends can be selected from amongst those which are capable of providing correct transcription termination and polyadenylation of mRNA in plant cells The transcription termination signals can be the natural ones of the first and second foreign DNAs, to be transcribed, or can be foreign Examples of foreign 3' transcription termination signals are those of the octopme synthase gene (Gielen et al, 1984, Ingelbrecht, 1989), the 35S gene (Sanfacon et al, 1991 ) and of the T-DNA gene 7 (Velten and Schell, 1985) Also, the chirneric genes of this invention can comprise a native or a foreign intron Plant mtrons have been described to increase expression of transgenes, particularly in monocots (Callis et al, 1987) Introns can also be very useful since they prevent proper expression of a gene during the bacterial cloning steps The genome of a cell of a plant, particularly a plant capable of being infected with Aqrobacterium, can be transformed using a vector that is a disarmed Ti- plasmid containing the first chirneric gene and optionally the second chirneric gene of this invention and carried by Aqrobacterium This transformation can be carried out using the procedures described, for example, in EP 116718, EP 270822, EP 604662 and Gould et al (1991 ) Preferred Ti-plasmid vectors contain the first and second chirneric genes between the border sequences, or at least located to the left of the right border sequence, of the T-DNA of the Ti-plasmid Of course, other types of vectors can be used to transform the plant cell, using procedures such as direct gene transfer (as described, for example, in EP 233,247), pollen mediated transformation (as described, for example, in EP 270,356, PCT publication WO 85/01856, and US patent 4,684,61 1 ), plant RNA virus-mediated transformation (as described, for example, in EP 67,553 and US patent 4,407,956) and liposome-mediated transformation (as described, for example, in US patent 4,536,475) In case the plant to be transformed is corn, it is preferred that more recently developed methods be used such as, for example, the recent method described in EP 604662 and the method described for certain lines of corn by Fromm et al (1990) and Gordon-Kamm et al (1990) and the method for cereals described in PCT patent publication WO 92/09696 The resulting transformed plant cell can then be used to regenerate a transformed plant in a conventional manner It is preferred that the first and second chirneric genes of this invention be inserted in the same genetic locus in a plant genome, preferably in a configuration where interference is minimized between cis-actmg elements of the fungus-responsive and second promoters Preferably, the first and second chirneric genes are each inserted into a plant cell genome in the same genetic locus as a conventional chirneric marker gene The choice of the marker DNA is not critical (see e g , Plant Molecular Biology Labfax (1993) for a list of known marker genes) A marker DNA can also encode a protein that provides a distinguishable color to transformed plant cells, such as the A1 gene encoding dιhydroquercetιn-4-reductase (Meyer et al, 1987) The resulting transformed plant can be used in a conventional breeding scheme to produce more transformed plants with the same characteristics or to introduce the first chirneric gene and optionally the second chirneric gene in other varieties of the same or related plant species or in hybrid plants resulting from a cross with at least one transformed plant of the present invention Seeds obtained from the transformed plants contain the chirneric gene(s) of this invention as a stable genomic insert. In another embodiment of this invention, plants transformed with chirneric genes comprising the fungus-responsive prp.1-1 elements and driving expression of a selectable or screenable marker DNA, RNA or protein, such as the GUS marker protein (see Examples), can be used to screen for molecules selectively inducing the fungus-responsive prr_>1-1 elements, as is detected by marker gene expression. These molecules can serve as potential enhancers of the natural resistance to pathogens (Doerner et al., 1990; Kessmann et al., 1994) The following Examples describe the isolation and characterization of the fungus-responsive pjjjl-l elements of this invention and the use of such promoter-effective portions for conferring fungus-resistance to plants Unless stated otherwise in the Examples, all nucleic acid manipulations are done by the standard procedures described in Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, NY (1989) and in volumes 1 and 2 of Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Current Protocols, USA (1994). Standard materials and methods for plant molecular work are described in Plant Molecular Biology Labfax by R.R.D Croy, jointly published by BIOS Scientific Publications Limited (UK) and Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK (1993). In the following Examples, reference is made to the following Figure and Sequence Listing: Figure 1 Schematical overview of the deletion fragments of the 273 bp prp1-1 promoter The nucleotide positions indicated refer to the positions in the 273 bp promoter, corresponding to positions -402 to -130 of the native prp1 -1 promoter of Martini et al (1993). Seguence Listing SEQ ID no. 1 shows the 273 bp DNA sequence of the prp.1-1 promoter. The first and last nucleotide of this sequence correspond to positions -402 and - 130 of the 273 bp prpl -1 promoter, respectively (Martini et al , 1993) Examples Example 1 • Construction of prp1-1 promoter deletion fragments Plasmid pBS27-1 , which has been described in Martini et al (1993), contains the promoter sequence of the potato prp1 -1 gene covering positions -402 to -130 (presented in SEQ ID No. 1 ), inserted into the vector pBS(+) (purchased from Stratagene, La Jolla, USA) via BamHI and Xbal restriction sites (the 5'-termιnus of the ρrrj1-1 sequence represents a Sau3A site which was ligated with the BamHI site of the vector, the Xbal site was added to the pro.1 -1 sequence with the help of an Xbal linker, so that the 3' terminus of the prp1 -1 sequence could be ligated with the Xbal site of the vector) This plasmid was used as starting material to create deletions of the prp.1 -1 sequence by treatment with exonuclease III (Double-Stranded Nested Deletion Kit, purchased from Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden): for generation of 3' end-terminal deletions, plasmid pBS27-1 was digested with Xbal and afterwards treated with exonuclease III, yielding prp.1-1 promoter regions which covers positions 1 to 239 of SEQ ID No. 1 (delX4) and 1 to 153 of SEQ ID No 1 (delX5) (see Fig 1 ); after addition of Xbal linkers, the DNAs were recirculaπzed producing plasmids pBS27-1/delX4 and pBS27-1/delX5; for generation of 5'-terminal deletions, plasmid pBS27-1 was cut with BamHI and afterwards treated with exonuclease III treatment, yielding pπo1-1 promoter regions covering positions 100 to 273 (delB35), 140 to 273 (delB34) and 176 to 273 (delB51 ) (Fig 1 ); after addition of BamHI linkers DNAs were recirculaπzed resulting in plasmids pBS27-1/delB35, pBS27-1/delB34 and pBS27-1/delB51 The length of the prp1 -1 inserts in all plasmids was determined by sequencing (Sanger et al , 1977) Then, the prp1 -1 promoter regions were isolated from the plasmids by cutting with EcoRI and Xbal , and inserting into vector pETλ/gus (Martini et al , 1993) digested with EcoRI and Xbal, thereby the pr .1 -1 promoter sequences were located 5' terminal of the CaMV35S TATA-box region (-48 to +8), the coding region of the b-glucuronidase (GUS) gene from E coli and the polyadenylation signal of the pea rbsS-3C gene (Benfey and Chua, 1990), giving plasmids pETNgus27-1/delB35, pETNgus27- 1/delB34, pETNgus27-1/delB51 , pETNgus27-1/delX4 and pETNgus27-1/delX5 These piasmids were mobilized from E coli strain S17-1 to Agrobacterium tumefaαens C58C1 -GV3101 harboring helper plasmid pMP90RK (Koncz et al , 1989) Transformation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L ) cultivar Desiree was done according to the leaf disc technique outlined by De Block (1988) Appropriately transformed plants were identified by PCR analysis with oligonucleotide primers specific for the GUS gene Primary regenerants were used to produce tubers, and 4 to 6 weeks old cuttings of tuber grown plants were finally applied in expression studies Transgenic plants were designated based on the chirneric constructs integrated into the plant genome DelX4, DelX5, DelB34, DelB35 and DELB51 The length of these fragments and their relative position in the prp1-1 promoter is indicated in Figure 1 Example 2 Expression of marker gene/prp1 -1 deletion constructs in transgenic potato plants Leaves from transgenic potato plants (2 to 7 independent lines per construct) were infected with Phytophthora infestans race 1-11 as previously described (Martini et al , 1993), as a control, leaves were treated with water For stimulation with phytohormones, discs of 0 5 cm diameter were punched out from transgenic leaves with a corkborer and incubated in an aqueous solution containing 1 mM ιndole-3-acetιc acid (IAA) or 10 mM Νa-Salicylate (SA), under constant white light at 18 °C, as a control, leaf discs were incubated in water Leaf material was harvested three days after inoculation with fungal spores or 24 hours after initiation of treatment with phytohormones The transcπptional activation mediated by the various prjj1-1 promoter fragments was determined by measuring b-glucuronidase activity in total protein extracts from this leaf material, according to Jefferson (1987) Constitutive expression of the chirneric constructs in non-infected roots was assayed by histochemical GUS staining of axenically grown root material from the transgenic lines Detached roots were vacuum infiltrated with a solution consisting of 100 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7 0) and 0 5 mg/ml X-gluc (5- bromo-4-chloro-3-ιndolyl b-D-glucuronide) The enzymatic reaction was then allowed to proceed for 16 h at 37 °C, afterwards roots were transferred to 70% (v/v) ethanol and evaluated under the microscope The induction rates of GUS enzyme activity (measured according to Jefferson, 1987) comparing fungus-infected and water-treated detached leaves, or phytohormone-treated and water-treated leaf discs are listed in Table 1 Additionally, detection of constitutive GUS activity in non-infected roots is indicated in this table Control constructs comprising only the 35S minimal promoter (lacking a fungus-responsive element), fused to the GUS coding region of this invention, did not produce any detectable amount of GUS enzyme in several tests, either upon infection with Phytophthora infestans or phytohormone application Neither was there found any detectable amount of GUS enzyme in roots From Table 1 , the most interesting line can be chosen, e g , DelX4-4 or -3, that have a combination of a high fungus-response and a low responsiveness to phytohormone application in combination with no detectable root expression Line DeIB34-8 is probably defective, since all values are very low Example 3 Construction of plant transformation vectors As described in detail below, the identified fungus-responsive prp1-1 fragments are used to construct first chirneric genes of this invention which are then used, e.g , with second chirneric genes of this invention, to construct plant transformation vectors A preferred promoter comprises the prpl-1 promoter fragments delX4 or delX5 of Example 1 (Figure 1 ), operabiy linked to a CaMV 35S minimal promoter fragment from nucleotide -48 to nucleotide +8 of the CaMV 35S promoter (Benfey et al , 1990) Each of the promoter fragments is upstream of, and in the same transcπptional unit as, a first foreign DNA encoding barnase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Hartley et al , 1988) Downstream of the first foreign DNA is the 3' untranslated end of the nopal e synthase gene ("3'nos") which is isolated as a 260 bp Taql fragment from the nopalme synthase gene (Gielen et al, 1984) This results in a chirneric gene construct that is designated "delX4/35S-barnase-3'nos" and "delX5/35S-barnase-3' nos" These first chirneric genes are introduced between the T-DNA border repeats of the vector pGV941 (Deblaere et al , 1987) as described in PCT publication WO 93/19188 This vector contains a chirneric marker gene containing the nopalme synthase promoter ("pnos", Depicker et al, 1982), the neo coding region from Tn5 (Beck et al, 1982) and the 3' untranslated end of the octopme synthase gene ("3'ocs"), corresponding to the 706 bp Pvull fragment from the octopme synthase gene (Gielen et al, 1984) The construction of this chirneric "pnos-neo-3'ocs" gene is described by Ham et ai (1985) and in EP 359 617 In order to construct T-DNA plant transformation vectors carrying also second chirneric genes of this invention, a DNA fragment containing a Pnos-barstar-3'g7 gene construct is introduced in the above described plant vectors, as described in WO 93/19188 Using the procedure described above, a plant transformation vector is also constructed containing a first chirneric gene, designated "deIX4/35S-Rs_AFP2- 3'35S", using the DNA coding sequence of the anti-fungal Rs_AFP2 protein described in PCT patent publication WO 93/05153 as first foreign DNA (without "inhibiting" foreign DNA) Furthermore, following the above outlined procedures, a plant transformation vector, carrying the coding regions of the rice basic chitmase and the b-1 ,3- glucanase gene of Zhu et al (1994), each under the control of the delX4/35S promoter construct described above and flanked by the 3' polyadenytation and transcript termination region of the CaMV 35S gene, is also constructed Example 4 Transformation of potato and oilseed rape with Agrobactenum tumefaciens strains carrying the plant transformation vectors of Example 3 To obtain transformation of, and major expression in, potato and oilseed rape (Brassica napus), the plant transformation vectors of Example 3 are each mobilized into the Aqrobacterium tumefaciens strain CδδCI Rif carrying the avirulent Ti plasmid pGV2260 as described by Deblaere et al (1985) The transconjugants are analyzed by Southern blotting The respective Aqrobacterium strains are used to transform potato plants (Solanum tuberosum cvs Bmtje and Desire) by means of tuber disc infection as described by De Block et al (1987) and oilseed rape using the method described by De Block et al (1989) Transformed calli are selected on medium containing 100mg/ml kanamycin, and resistant calli are regenerated into plants For each transformation experiment, about 10 individual traπsformants are regenerated and analyzed by Southern blotting for gene integration patterns Potato and oilseed rape plants transformed with a first chirneric gene comprising a first foreign DNA sequence encoding barnase under the control of the fungus-responsive delX4/35S of deIX5/35S promoter of Example 3, and a second chirneric gene comprising a second foreign DNA sequence encoding barstar under the control of the nos promoter show a significantly higher degree of resistance to fungus infection, particularly Phytophthora infestans (potato) and Leptosphaena maculans (oilseed rape) infection, than do non-transformed control plants As a result, the transformed plants have significantly lower yield losses than do the control plants upon statistical analysis of small scale field trials, infected with fungal pathogen When compared to control plants, fungal sporulation is significantly inhibited even 7 days after infection Sporulation is followed by examination under the stereoscope, after fungal infection, by applying 20 ml droplets (when using either 2x10 6 to 5x10 5 spores/ml) to the bottom side of the potato leaf After maintenance of the leaves in water, the fungal growth and sporulation can be followed by visual inspection under a stereoscope The disease resistance phenotype of the transformed plants is confirmed by molecular analysis based on RNA quantification and evaluation of the phenotype in the segregating progeny Similar significant reduction of fungal growth is observed on the potato and oilseed rape plants, transformed with the chirneric genes of Example 3, encoding the antifungal chitmase and glucanase or the antifungal Rs/AFP2 protein Needless to say, the use of the fungus-responsive fungus-responsive prp1-1 elements and chirneric genes of this invention is not limited to the transformation of any specific plant(s) Such promoters and chirneric genes can be useful in transforming any crop, such as alfalfa, corn, cotton sugar beet, brassica vegetables, tomato, soybean, wheat or tobacco, where the promoters can control gene expression, preferably where such expression is to occur abundantly in plant cells which immediately surround fungal infection sites without major induction by wounding IAA, SA and without significant expression in root tissue Also, the use of the improved fungus-responsive promoters of this invention is not limited to the control of particular first foreign DNAs but can be used to control expression of any DNA fragment in a plant Furthermore, this invention is not limited to the specific improved fungus-responsive prp.1 -1 promoter fragments described in the foregoing Examples Rather, this invention encompasses promoter fragments, equivalent to those of the Examples, such as equivalent promoter fragments of other prpl genes, which can be used to control the expression of a structural gene, such as a first foreign DNA, at least substantially selectively in plant cells which SUBST I TUTE SHEET (PULE 26) immediately surround a fungal infection site Indeed, it is believed that the DNA sequences of the pr .1 -1 promoter and promoter fragments of the Examples can be modified by replacing some of their nucleotides with other nucleotides, provided that such modifications do not substantially alter the ability of polymerase complexes, including transcription activators, of plant cells, which immediately surround the fungal infection site, to recognize the promoters Such equivalent fungus-responsive prp.1-1 elements preferably have 85 %, more preferably 90 %, particularly 95 % nucleotide sequence similarity with the sequences of the fungus-responsive elements derived from SEQ ID No 1 , such as delX4 and delX5 Nor is this invention limited to the use of the fungus-responsive chirneric genes of this invention for protecting plants against a Phytophthora fungus such as P infestans Such chirneric genes can be used to protect plants against plant-pathogenic fungi, generally, particularly against Phytophthora spp, Pythium spp, Fusanum spp, Sclerotinia spp, Puccinia spp, Ustilago spp, Alternaπa spp, Helminthospoπum spp, Sclerotinia sclerotoxiorum, Pyrebioenza brassicae, Cylindrospoπum concentπcum, Phoma linoam and Leptosphaeπa maculans All published documents and patent publications referred to herein are hereby incorporated by reference, i e the contents of these documents referred to should be considered as physically incorporated into the above description and examples Table 1 Expression pattern of chirneric prpl-l/GUS constructs The fold- induction of GUS enzyme activity comparing water-treated and stimulated leaves is presented for various independent transgenic lines, values represent averages of three to four independent experiments GUS enzyme activity in non-infected roots is indicated by "+" Potato line EG2706 harboring the 273-bp prp/l -l promoter portion 5' -terminal of the CaMV 35S TATA-box region (-48 to +8) and the GUS coding region (Martini et al , 1993) was used as a positive control (Pi 1-11 Phytophthora infestans race 1 -11 , IAA 1 mM ιndole-3-acetιc acid, SA 10 mM sodium sa cylate, nt not tested) REFERENCES - ALEXANDER et al (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 7327-7331 - BECK et al (1982) Gene 19, 327-336 - BENFEY & CHUA (1990) Science 250, 959-966 - BENFEY et al (1990) The EMBO Journal 9, 1677-1684 - BENHAMOU et al (1993) The Plant Journal 4, 295-305 -BOWLES, DJ (1990) Annu Rev Biochem 59,873-907 -BROEKAERT, W et al (1989) Science 245, 1100-1102 -BROEKAERT, W etal (1992) Biochemistry 314308-4314 -CALLISetal (1987) Genes & Development 1, 1183-1200 - CAMMUE et al (1992) J Biol Chem 267, 228-2233 -COLLINGE, DB and SLUSARENKO, A J (1987) Plant Mol Biol 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(1991 ) Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 579-620 - WARD, E.R. et al. (1991 ) The Plant Cell 3, 1085-1094 - ZHU et al. (1994) Bio/Technology 12, 807-812 SEQUENCE LISTING (1 ) GENERAL INFORMATION (I) APPLICANT (A) NAME MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FORDERING DER WISSEN- SCHAFTEN E V (B) STREET Hofgartenstrasse 2 (C) CITY Munchen (E) COUNTRY GERMANY (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP) D-80539 (it) TITLE OF INVENTION IMPROVED FUNGUS-RESPONSIVE CHIMAERIC GENE (in) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES 1 (iv) COMPUTER READABLE FORM (A) MEDIUM TYPE Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE Patentln Release #1 0 Version #1 30 (EPO) (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO 1 (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS (A) LENGTH 273 base pairs (B) TYPE nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS double (D) TOPOLOGY linear (n) MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic) (ix) FEATURE (A) NAME/KEY misc feature (B) LOCATION 1 273 (D) OTHER INFORMATION /note= "273 bp p_r_β1-1 fragment, corresponding to position -402 to -130 of the prp1-1 promoter (Martini et al 1993)" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION SEQ ID NO 1 GATCCAAAAT CTAACAATTT AAAAGGTTTT AAATTTTTGT GC I I I I I I I I AAATTAAAAA 60 TATGTCAAAT ATATTAAAAT ATATTTTTTA AATTTTATAC TAAAAAACAT GTCACATGAA 120 TATTTGAAAT TATAAAATTA TCAAAAATAA AAAAAGAATA TTTCTTTAAC AAATTAAAAT 180 TGAAAATATG ATAAATAAAT TAAACTATTC TATCATTGAT TTTTCTAGCC ACCAGATTTG 240 ACCAAACAGT GGGTGACATG AGCACATAAG TCA 273 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (PULE 26)

Claims: CLAIMS 1 A fungus-responsive prp.1 -1 element, comprising a portion of the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 having a substantial lower expression in roots and/or being significantly less induced upon phytohormone application when compared to the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 2 A fungus-responsive prp_1 -1 element, derived directly or indirectly from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 , but lacking the nucleotides from positions 1 to 100 in SEQ ID No 1 , or lacking the nucleotides from positions 239 to 273 in SEQ ID No 1 3 A fungus-responsive pro.1 -1 element, derived directly or indirectly from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 and comprising a nucleotide sequence from a position between nucleotide position 100 and 176 to nucleotide position 273 of SEQ ID No 1 , provided that said fungus- responsive element is not the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 4 A fungus-responsive prpl -l element, derived directly or indirectly from the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 and comprising the DNA sequence of nucleotide position 1 to a position between nucleotide positions 153 and 239 in SEQ ID No 1 , provided that said element is not the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 5 A fungus-responsive pj .1 -1 element, which is selected from the group of the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from nucleotide position 1 to 239, the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from nucleotide position 1 to 153, the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from nucleotide position 100 to 273, the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from nucleotide position 140 to 273 and the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No 1 from nucleotide position 176 to 273, as well as any fungus-responsive element with substantially the same nucleotide sequence 26) 6 A fungus-responsive promoter, comprising any of the fungus- responsive prp.1 -1 elements of claim 1 to 5, provided that said fungus- responsive promoter does not comprise the DNA sequence of SEQ ID No. 1 as fungus-responsive element 7 The fungus-responsive promoter of claim 6, wherein said fungus-responsive promoter further comprises a minimal promoter element, such as a 35S minimal promoter. 8 A fungus-responsive chirneric gene, comprising the fungus- responsive promoter of claim 6 or 7, further comprising a first foreign DNA that encodes a first RNA and/or protein or polypeptide which, when produced or overproduced in the cells of the plant which surround, preferably immediately surround, said fungus-infection site, kills, or at least disturbs significantly the metabolism, functioning and/or development of the plant cells surrounding, preferably immediately surrounding, said fungus-infection site, so as to limit further spread of said fungus, and suitable 3' transcription termination signals for expressing said first foreign DNA in the cells of the plant which surround, preferably immediately surround, said fungus infection site. 9 A fungus-responsive chirneric gene comprising the fungus- responsive promoter of claim 6 or 7, further comprising a first foreign DNA that encodes a first RNA and/or protein or polypeptide which, when produced or overproduced in the cells of the plant which surround, preferably immediately surround, said fungus-infection site, kills, disables or repels said fungus, and suitable 3' transcription termination signals for expressing said first foreign DNA in the cells of the plant which surround, preferably immediately surround, said fungus infection site 10. A plant cell or plant cell culture stably transformed with the fungus-responsive chirneric gene of claim 8 or 9 1 1 A plant or a seed comprising the plant cells of claim 10 12 A plant cell comprising the chirneric gene of claim 8, which also comprises a second chirneric gene, preferably in the same genetic locus as the fungus-responsive chirneric gene, said second chirneric gene having the following, operabiy linked, DNA sequences a) a second promoter, such as a fungus-repressed promoter, which can direct transcription of a foreign DNA in all essential plant cells other than those surrounding, preferably other than those immediately surrounding, said fungus infection site, b) a second foreign DNA that encodes a second RNA and/or protein or polypeptide which, when produced or overproduced in at least said other cells of the plant, inhibits or inactivates the first foreign DNA or the first RNA or protein or polypeptide in at least said other cells of the plant, and c) suitable 3' transcription termination signals for expressing said second foreign DNA in at least said other cells of the plant 13 The plant of claim 12, wherein said promoter is a fungus- repressed promoter 14 A cell of the plant of claim 13 or a cell culture comprising those cells 15 The genome of the plant of claims 1 1 or 12 16 A process for rendering a plant resistant to fungi, particularly a plant-pathogenic fungus such as Phytophthora spp, Cladosponum spp Pythium spp, Fusanum spp, Sclerotinia spp, Puccinia spp, Ustilago spp, Alternana spp, Helminthospoπum spp , Septoria spp, Pyrenophora spp, Ustilago spp, Botrytis spp, Erysiphe spp , as well as Pyrenopeπza brassicae, Cylindrosporium concentπcum, Phoma linqam, Leptosphaeria maculans, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea. Erysiphe cruciferorum, Peronospora parasitica, Plasmodiophora brassicae. and Pseudocercosporella capsella.; said process comprising the step of transforming the plant's nuclear genome with a chimeric gene of claim 8 or 9 17 A process for combatting plant fungal pathogens, comprising stably transforming a plant cell with the chimeric gene of claim 8 or 9 and regenerating a plant from this cell

Inventors: STRITTMATTER GUENTER, STRITTMATTER, GUENTER
Applicants: MAX PLANCK GESELLSCHAFT, STRITTMATTER GUENTER, MAX-PLANCK-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER WISSENSC, STRITTMATTER, GUENTER
Application year: 1995
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A01H5, C07K14, C12N5, C12N15