Urea-surfactant clathrates and their use in bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils and water

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides novel compounds comprising an adduct of urea with a non-ionic surfactant. Another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a composition suitable for enhancing the bioremediation of contaminated soils and water which comprises at least one adduct of urea with a non-ionic surfactant, preferably in combination with a phosphorous source.

Description: This invention relates to the use of urea-surfactant clathrates to enhance the microbial degradation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils and water. As is well-known there are several microbial species found in soil and water that are capable of assimilating petroleum hydrocarbons. Unfortunately, the rate of microbial assimilation of petroleum hydrocarbons is relatively slow. It is necessary therefore to stimulate the microbial assimilation of petroleum hydrocarbons if bioremediation is to be utilized in removing such pollutants from soils and water. In general, the rate and extent of microbial utilization of petroleum hydrocarbons is limited by the concentration of microbial nutrients and microflora available at the hydrocarbon water interface. Therefore, microbial nutrients, especially nitrogen containing nutrients like urea, have been added to contaminated soil or water as a method for enhancing the biodegradation of the petroleum contaminants. Because these nitrogen containing microbial nutrients are generally water soluble, and because the petroleum hydrocarbons are hydrophobic several different techniques have been used for delivering the nutrients to the hydrocarbon-water interface. For example, one technique employed is to coat the nutrients with a material such as petrolatum in an attempt to keep the nutrient at the hydrocarbon water interface. Another technique that has been employed is to deliver the nutrients in an aqueous solution along with a surfactant which aids in delivering the microbial nutrients to the hydrocarbon-water interface. There are, of course, many other facets to the treatment of contaminated soils and water and many researchers have worked toward discovering more successful processes for improving biodegradation of contaminated soils and water. In the prior art, e.g. GB-A-697 315 and GB-A-748877, adducts of urea with some non-ionic surfactants such as e.g. polyoxyalkylene glycol monoethers and ether esters are described. However, these references do not disclose the use of these compounds especially for enhancing the biodegradation of hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon contaminated soils. It has now been found that these and other compounds have the ability to degrade hydrocarbons. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method of enhancing the biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil, water or sludge comprising applying to the soil, water or sludge an effective amount of a composition comprising at least one adduct of urea with a surfactant which is either (i) a non-ionic surfactant selected from diethylene glycol monoalkyl ether, polyoxyethylene glycol monoalkylether, a phosphate ester of a polyoxyethylene glycol monoalkyl ether, N-di(polyoxyethylene glycol monoxide)propanolamine undecyl ether, a sorbitan mono-oleate, polyoxyethylene glycol mono(sorbitan mono-oleate)ether and their cyclic ethers, a sorbitan dodecanoate, or, (ii) an ammonium salicylate salt of N-di(polyoxyethyleneglycol monoxide)propanolamine undecyl ether. Compounds used in the present method are adducts or inclusion complexes of urea with a non-ionic surfactant, in which urea is the "host" and the surfactant is the "guest". In general, weight ratio of urea to surfactant in the adduct will be in the range from 98:2 to 75:25, and preferably in the range from 80:20 to 76:24. The surfactant suitable in forming the compounds used in the present invention are those surfactants which are capable of forming clathrates with urea. These may be non-ionic or ionic salts. Non-limiting examples of such non-ionic surfactants are monoalkylether of a diethylene glycol monooleyl ether, or poly(8)oxyethylene glycol monooleyl ether, a tri{poly(8)oxyethylene glycol monododecyl ether}phosphate [ alkylethoxylated phosphates ], N-di {poly(x,y)oxyethylene glycol monoxide}propanolamine undecyl ether [ alkylethoxylated amines ], a sorbitan mono-oleate, a sorbitan dodecanoate, poly(10)oxyalkylene glycol mono(sorbitan mono-oleate)ether [ alkylethoxylated sugars, alkylethoxylated polyhydric alcohols ] and their cyclic ethers, or, an ionic salt such as an ammonium salicylate salt ofN-di{poly(x,y)oxyalkyleneglycol monoxide}propanolamine undecyl ether [ alkylethoxylated ammonium salt ]", in which the alkyl groups will have from 8 to 22 carbon atoms and in which the ethylene oxide groups will range from 2 to 50 and may be monodispersed or polydispersed. The adducts used in the present invention can be readily synthesized by cocrystallizing urea and the surfactant from an appropriate solvent. Typical solvents in preparing the urea-surfactant adducts include alcohols such as methanol and mixed solvents such as methanol/isopropyl alcohol in volume ratios of 80 to 20. Typically, the urea and surfactant are dissolved in the solvent at elevated temperatures, e.g., at 50°C, and thereafter the solvent is allowed to evaporate slowly with the concomitant formation of crystals of the adduct. Not wishing to be bound by any theory or mechanism it is believed that the novel surfactant-urea adducts of the present invention when contacted with water disassociate in such a fashion that at least some of the urea molecules stay associated with the head group of the surfactant thereby enhancing the delivery of the urea to the hydrocarbon-water interface where it is most needed for stimulating microbial growth and assimilation of hydrocarbon contaminants. In any event, compositions for enhancing the biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils and water comprise at least one adduct of urea and a surfactant. Preferably, the surfactant will be selected from those surfactants described above. Preferably the urea-surfactant adduct is combined with a phosphorus source. It is particularly preferred, however, that the urea-surfactant clathrate be combined with the phosphorus source or other microbial nutrients to obtain a composition having a N:P ratio in the range of 10:2 to 10:0.5 and preferably in the range 10:1. Such other microbial nutrients that can be added to the clathrate include ammonium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate, and the like. In some instances, more than one adduct of urea and surfactant can be successfully combined. In addition to the urea surfactant adduct and phosphorus source, optionally, the compositions may include other components such as salicylates to stimulate aromatic degradation and micro nutrients typically used in bioremediation processes. Non-limiting examples of various compositions are given in Table 1 which follows. In each of the formulations the weight ratio of urea to surfactant was 83:17. Formulation Urea Surfactant/Wt.% Phosphorous Source/Wt.% 1 Urea-Oleyl-2-ethyoxylate/44% NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /12% Urea-trilaurethphosphate/44% 2 Urea-tetradecylammonium salicylate/44% NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /12% Urea-trilaurephosphate/44% 3 Urea-trilaureth phosphate/83.4% HN 4 H 2 PO 4 /10.6% Sodium Salicylate/6% In treating contaminated soil and water in accordance with the present invention, the urea surfactant composition is applied to the soil or water by broadcasting in an amount sufficient to enhance the rate of biodegradation of the contaminated soil and water. The amount applied can vary broadly and typically will depend upon the weight percent of hydrocarbon contaminant on the soil or water. Preferably, the amount of the urea-surfactant formulation will be applied in an amount sufficient to provide a C:N:P ratio of from 100:10:1 to 100:1:0.1. When treating contaminated soil with compositions of the present invention, it is generally preferred to attempt to maintain the moisture content of the hydrocarbon contaminated soil at from 10 wt.% to 35 wt.%. The following examples will more fully illustrate the invention. Examples 1-10 These examples demonstrate the preparation of the urea surfactant adducts used in the present invention. To 20 gm. of methanol was added 5 gm. of urea and 1 gm. of the surfactant shown in Table 2. The mixture was heated until the urea and surfactant both dissolved. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was allowed to evaporate very slowly and the urea-surfactant clathrate crystals formed were separated by filtration, washed with cold methanol and dried. The weight ratio of urea to surfactant for each composition prepared is given in Table 2. Examples 11-12 In these two examples, Formulations 1 and 2 of Table 1 were prepared and tested in the biodegradation of refinery soil. The N:P ratio of the formulations were 10:1 The tests were conducted as follows. A refinery soil having weathered hydrocarbon contaminants was used which had approximately one weight percent contaminant as determined by EPA Method 418.1. To three separate polypropylene pans, 30 cm (12 inches) long, by 20 cm (8 inches) wide and 7,5 cm (3 inches) deep, 2,000 gms of the hydrocarbon contained contaminated soil were added. Two of the pans were treated by uniformly broadcasting the urea-surfactant formulation onto the soil surface to provide a C:N:P of 100:10:1. The soil in the pans were watered and hand-tilled weekly. The amount of water applied was sufficient to provide a moisture content of about 17 wt.%. After 8 weeks, the percent petroleum hydrocarbon biodegraded was determined for each of the samples using the EPA Method 418.1 with the following modifications. 1) The soil sample size was increased to 30 grams. 2) The acidification step specified in the test was eliminated. 3) The drying agent used was magnesium sulfate. 4) The amount of drying agent required by the test was increased to assure effective drying. 5) A four hour time period for soxhlet extraction was employed. 6) The amount of silica gel used in the final filtration step was increased. The microbial population was determined on the soil samples 2 weeks after treatment. The standard most probable number (MPN) microbioloy method was employed and a two week incubation period was allowed. The results of these tests are shown in Table 3. Additionally, one pan, a control pan, containing untreated soil was watered, hand tilled and subjected to the same tests outlined above. In this instance the control is labeled Comparative Example 1 and the results for it are also given in Table 3. Example Formulation % Hydrocarbon Biodegraded In 8 Weeks Microbial Population MPN Heterotrophs 11 1 22 7.5 E + 04 12 2 20 8.6 E + 04 Comparative 1 - 2 1.7 E + 02 The formulations 1-3 listed in Table 1 were also tested using a refinery landfarm soil sludge. In these tests, three kilograms of a refinery landfarm sludge sieved to contain soil particles less than 2mm in size was added to an oily refinery sludge so that the effective hydrocarbon contaminate on the soil was 2.5 wt.%. Five polypropylene pans with the same dimensions as outlined in Examples 11 to 12, each containing 3 kilograms of soil were set up and treated with the formulations as shown in the Table 4. To three of the pans the solid formulations were broadcast onto the surface with periodic tilling and mixing of the soil sludge. The fourth pan was treated with granular urea and sodium phosphate (combined to provide a C:N:P ratio of 100:10:1.) This is labeled Comparative Example 2. In Table 4, the fifth pan was untreated but otherwise watered, hand tilled and tested. The result of the control pan labeled Comparative Example 3 in Table 4. As indicated, all the pans were watered and tilled three times per week. The percent hydrocarbon that biodegraded was determined by the modified by the EPA 418.1 Test Method outlined above for each pan every two weeks for 9 weeks. From the time versus percent biodegraded data pseudo first order rate constants were determined for each treatment. These results are presented in Table 4. Example Formulation % Hydrocarbon Degraded in 9 Weeks Pseudo First Order Rate Constant (1/days) 13 1 18 1.14 E - 03 14 2 17 2.33 E - 03 15 3 31 4.21 E - 03 Comparative 2 - 7 4.21 E - 05 Comparative 3 - 0 -- It should be readily appreciated that the foregoing Examples are not intended to be limiting but merely intended to be illustrative of the mechanisms and materials pertaining to the invention.

Claims: A method of enhancing the biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil, water or sludge comprising applying to the soil, water or sludge an effective amount of a composition comprising at least one adduct of urea with a surfactant which is either (i) a non-ionic surfactant selected from a diethylene glycol monoalkyl ether, a polyoxyethylene glycol monoalkyl ether, a phosphate ester of polyoxyethylene glycol monoalkyl ether, N-di(polyoxyethylene glycol monoxide)propanolamine undecyl ether, a sorbitan mono-oleate, polyoxyethylene glycol mono(sorbitan mono-oleate)ether and their cyclic ethers, a sorbitan dodecanoate, or, (ii) an ammonium salicylate salt of N-di(polyoxyethyleneglycol monoxide)propanolamine undecyl ether. A method according to Claim 1 wherein the alkyl grouping in each of the surfactants in (i) and (ii) has 8 to 22 carbon atoms. A method according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein each of the surfactants in (i) and (ii) has from 2 to 50 ethylene oxide groups. A method according to any one of the preceding Claims wherein the weight ratio of urea to the surfactants in (i) or (ii) is in the range from 98:2 to 75:25. A method according to any one of the preceding Claims wherein said composition comprises two adducts of urea and the surfactants in (i) and/or (ii). A method according to any of the preceding Claims wherein said composition also comprises a phosphorus source. The method of claim 6 wherein the composition is applied to provide a C:N:P ratio of from 100:10:1 to 100:1:.01 based on the weight of hydrocarbon contaminate in the soil, water or sludge.

Inventors: BRONS CORNELIUS HENDRICK, VARADARAJ RAMESH, BRONS, CORNELIUS HENDRICK, VARADARAJ, RAMESH
Applicants: EXXONMOBIL RES & ENG CO, EXXONMOBIL RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY
Application year: 1995
Main classification: C11D1
IPC codes: C09K17, C12N1, B09C1, C02F3, C07C275, C09K101