METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INCREASING THE OPERATIONAL CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF A COMBUSTION TURBINE

Abstract: The operational capacity and efficiency of a combustion turbine system is increased by treating the turbine inlet air to increase its density. The inlet air treatment is achieved in a columnar tower (22) with the inlet air being drawn in at the top of the tower (70). Treatment water (80), for example at 0-4.5 DEG C, is injected with the air at a downward velocity exceeding that of the inlet air to establish a vertically descending, two-phase co-current flow of inlet air and treatment water. The above flow pattern increases the density of the turbine inlet air by producing a drag-induced pressure boost to the inlet air and also by cooling the inlet air by direct heat transfert from the cold water. The invention serves to increase the operational capacity and efficiency of existing or new peaking combustion turbines at a cost per kW that is substantially less than that of installing new peaking combustion turbine capacity, while also permitting enhanced load following capabilities for the electric utility's control center.

Description: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INCREASING THE OPERATIONAL CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF A COMBUSTION TURBINE This invention relates to the generation of electrical power by combustion turbines. More particularly, the invention relates to increasing the operational capacity and efficiency of combustion turbines by treating the turbine inlet air. Electric utilities employ nuclear plants, hydroelectric plants, fossil fuel steam generation plants, and the like, to meet their base load requirements, i.e., to provide the bulk of the power that is produced to meet the day-to-day power demands of their customers. However, electric utilities also must have the capability of meeting peaking demands, e.g., for summer peaking utilities, the demand created during the hottest part of summer days. Also, electric utilities that participate in so-called "power pools" must meet reserve capacity requirements under which the utility must be able to bring a prescribed amount of additional capacity on line rapidly, for example, within ten minutes of notification. Thus, to meet peaking demands and power pool reserve capacity requirements, electric utilities need to have on hand fast starting, peaking generators, often powered by gas turbines. Any process or mechanism that will increase the capacity of existing peaking gas turbines at a cost less than that of new turbines will have a significant impact on the cost assumed by electric utilities in meeting their peak demand and power pool capacity credit requirements. One such approach has been to treat the turbine inlet air, as explained in the text below. The above-mentioned fast starting, peaking combustion turbine systems (utilizing natural gas or fuel oil) operate under the Brayton cycle wherein the inlet air is compressed in a compressor, heated in a combustor and expanded in a turbine whose shaft drives a generator. Throughout this specification when either the term "turbine" or the term "turbine system" is used alone, it will usually refer generally to the entire combustion turbine system including a compressor, combustor and turbine generator rather than the specific expansion turbine component of the system. t is well known that combustion turbines driving grid synchronized generators operate at constant speed and are essentially "constant volume machines"; i.e., they operate at a fixed volume flow rate of inlet air. It is also known that the generation capacity of a combustion turbine system is roughly proportional to the mass flow rate of the inlet air to the combustion turbine system. Thus, at high ambient atmospheric temperature, the inlet air is less dense resulting in lower generator capacity. A cruel irony is that for many electric utilities, particularly summer peaking utilities, peak demand occurs during the hottest weather conditions when the operational capacity and efficiency of the turbines are at their lowest due to the relatively low density of the inlet air. Thus, utilities that experience peak load during summer months can increase their peak generating capacity by cooling inlet air for combustion turbines if such cooling can be done at a cost less than the construction of additional turbines. Attempts have been made to cool the inlet air on hot days prior to introducing the air to the turbine system. These cooling methods include evaporative- cooling, direct acting cooling and, most recently, the use of cooling water from an ice harvesting system in conjunction with a hydronic coil heat exchanger. Evaporative cooling is limited to the local wet bulb and hydronic coils using water from ice storage have practical design limits of about 40°F (4.5°C) -unless brines or antifreeze solutions are used. However, regardless of the cooling mechanism employed, there appears to be a practical lower temperature limit ("icing" limit) specific to the compressor design to which the inlet air may be cooled without dehumidification. This limit exists because the inlet air contains moisture which will actually freeze on the inlet guide vanes and other metal surfaces at inlet air temperatures below this practical lower temperature limit. In theory, this freezing occurs because as the air entering the compressor accelerates to a velocity on the order of 0.5 Mach, the static temperature of the inlet air is depressed to a freezing level. Thus, the density boost and resulting operating advantages to be achieved by just cooling the inlet air appear to be limited. The density of the inlet air also has been increased by supercharging the air utilizing fans and/or blowers to compress the air by some amount, e.g., up to about 160" H2O (39.8 kPa) . However, this approach is also limited in its application because its power consumption is parasitic to the turbine thereby reducing net output. It has also been proposed in U.S. Patent No. 3,796,045 to combine the cooling and supercharging approaches mentioned above to achieve a so-called "superchilling" of the inlet air for base load gas turbine systems. The inlet air is first supercharged with a fan or blower to compress the inlet air to a pressure level moderately greater than the atmospheric pressure and thereafter chilled by use of a waste heat recovery, combined cycle system powering a refrigeration cycle. Finally, in a somewhat related area, the prior art proposes massive hydraulic compression systems, as exemplified by the disclosure of U.S. Patent no. 5,099,648, which provide the entire compression of the inlet air prior to its heating by the combustor, thereby eliminating the mechanical compressor altogether. These systems utilize entrained air within water columns that descend to tremendous depths, e.g., 1,000 feet (305 m) , in order to achieve a pressure boost on the order of 10 atmospheres (1010 kPa) . While these proposals deal with combustion turbines, they are fundamentally different in mechanism and are not applicable to inlet density boost for peaking combustion turbines. Thus, there continues to be an acute need in the electric utility industry for a practical, commercially sensible way to dramatically lower costs associated with the provision of peaking capacity. While one approach is simply to build and install more and more gas turbines, the approach of improving gas turbine operational capacity and efficiency, particularly in hot weather conditions, appears to offer the best hope for substantial monetary savings at the margin. Any such system needs to be reliable over a long-term operating life and provide a significant increase in capacity at a fraction of the cost of new gas turbines. Furthermore, and importantly, any such system should not have a negative impact on the fast starting capability of the gas turbine. In fact, enhancing fast starting capability is desirable. Additionally, if possible, the system should provide other operational advantages, for example, enhanced load following capabilities that could be achieved by higher turn down ratios and better means to modulate the output of the peaking turbines used by an electric utility. In one significant respect, the present invention is predicated upon the recognition of the inherent limits of systems that only cool the inlet air to a peaking combustion turbine. The invention provides a system that offers the capability to compress the inlet air by a fraction of an atmosphere (e.g., a pressure boost of as much as fifty inches H 2 0 (12.5 kPa) ) and also, in certain preferred embodiments, cool the inlet air by a significant amount (e.g., to between 32°F and 60°F (0 and 16°C)) . The combined effect of both compressing and cooling the inlet air achieves a density boost that dramatically increases the operational capacity and efficiency of the gas turbine at an incremental cost significantly below that of installing new gas turbine capacity. This incremental capacity is available exactly when it is needed during hot weather peaking conditions. The combined compression and cooling of the inlet air is best achieved in a columnar tower structure. The inlet air is drawn in at the top of the tower and moves downwardly through the tower. Cold treatment water is injected at a downward velocity higher than that of the inlet air to create a vertically descending, two-phase co-current flow of inlet air and treatment water. This system utilizes the natural phenomenon of drag-induced pressure boost to the air achieved by injecting the water so that its relative velocity in the co-current flow is greater than that of the inlet air. As the water travels through the descending air, it creates a drag force that is proportional to the square of its velocity relative to the air. Furthermore, the co-current flow creates a direct contact heat transfer situation that serves to cool the inlet air by direct contact of the air to the cooling water, thereby further increasing its density. In order to achieve a significant pressure boost, the mass flow rate of the treatment water in the column and the velocity of the injected water will exceed that which would be necessary to only cool the air. Thus, typically there are additional water pumping requirements over those that would be necessary for direct contact, co-current cooling alone. However, the increased pumping costs are justified by the significant pressure boost to the inlet air, resulting in further increased density of the inlet air and significantly increased operational capacity and efficiency of the gas turbine, especially in hot weather conditions. By utilizing stored thermal energy, as opposed to simultaneous, parasitic power to cool the cooling water, the system may utilize off- peak power to effect cooling. One example of a stored energy system is an ice production and ice harvesting system which includes an ice making machine that delivers ice to a flooded thermal storage tank from which cold water is pumped on demand to provide the cooling water for the invention. Some of the objects having been stated, other objects will appear as the description proceeds, when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which -- Figure 1 is a pictorial representation of portions of a conventional gas turbine electric power generation system provided with an inlet air treatment system in accordance with the present invention. Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the inlet air treatment system of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a graph showing gas turbine generator capacity as a function of the ambient temperature of the inlet air, for a representative gas turbine generator set. Figure 4 is a chart showing the relationship between inlet air temperatures (and the associated specific volume of the inlet air) to the MW output for a particular Westinghouse 501 gas turbine system. Figure 5 is a graph showing the inlet air pressure boost and temperature cooling effects necessary to achieve three specific volume conditions of 12.7, 12.0 and 11.6 ft 3 /lb. (793, 749 and 724 dm 3 /kg) . Figure 6 is a chart showing a summary of results achieved by the present invention (2) versus other approaches. Figure 7 is a pressure versus entropy graph showing the region in which the processes referenced in Figure 6 take place. Figure 8 is a schematic representation of a tower showing a descending treatment water flow pattern wherein some of the water is introduced into the tower in the form of diffused water drops while another portion of the water is introduced as jets having a collimated jet core, with the jets shedding outer layers into droplets throughout their descent in the tower. Figure 9 is a top view of the tower of Figure 8 showing the array of diffusion nozzles and jet nozzles used to achieve the treatment water flow pattern shown in Figure 8. Figure 10 is a side view of one form of diffusion nozzle. Figure 11 is a side view of one form of jet nozzle. Figure 12 is a partly schematic side view of portions of a full scale turbine inlet air treatment system. Figure 13 is a top view of portions of the system illustrated in Figure 12. Figure 14 is a schematic representation of a system of the invention wherein the treatment water is stored in a pond. Referring to the drawings, and particularly to Figures 1 and 2, there are shown portions of a gas turbine electric power generation system 10 that operates under a conventional gas turbine cycle wherein inlet air from the atmosphere is compressed in a compressor 12, heated in a combustor 14 and expanded in a turbine 16 which in turn drives an electric generator (not shown) . Figures 1 and 2 also show a mechanism for increasing the operational capacity and efficiency of power generation system 10 by treating the inlet air to increase its density. In the illustrated embodiment, the system for increasing the operational capacity and efficiency takes the form of an inlet air treatment system 20 that is best shown schematically in Figure 2. System 20 provides the capability to both compress and cool the turbine inlet air in a columnar tower 22 that defines an interior, vertical fluid flow passage in which the inlet air and treatment water establish a vertically descending, two-phase co- current flow. It will be appreciated that more than one tower may be used. In the illustrated embodiment, cold treatment water is provided by an ice production and ice harvesting system generally identified by the reference numeral 30. Ice production takes place in an ice machine 32 which may conveniently include a vapor compression refrigeration system. The ice machine delivers ice to a thermal storage tank 34 by means of an ice conveyance conduit 36. Ice is deposited into a delivery hopper 40 which is secured above the top 42 of tank 34. Ice is delivered through an ice delivery conduit 48 to the bottom of the thermal storage tank which is otherwise flooded with water. The ice forms an agglomerated ice mass 49 in the tank whose thermal energy is used to provide cold treatment water for use in accordance with the present invention. Details of the ice delivery system, thermal storage tank, building and harvesting of the ice mass and the specially designed top of the thermal storage tank may be found by reference to U.S. patent nos. 5,046,551 and 5,063,748 and 5,195,850, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. The treatment water is delivered from its source, storage tank 34, by means of conduit 52 through pump 54 to a water collection pool 60 at the base of tower 22. A conduit 57 and associated pump 58 serve to deliver the cold water from the collection pool to the top of tower 22. The treatment water is injected downwardly into the tower so that it flows co- currently with the inlet air in the tower to both compress and cool the air, as described in more detail below. The treatment water is collected at the bottom of the tower at 60 and delivered back to the thermal storage tank at desired flow rates by means of conduit 62 and pump 64. Mist eliminators 66 and 67 serve to remove moisture from the treated inlet air flow for capture at 60 and also may serve as turning vanes to assist the flow. The return water, at a somewhat elevated temperature, is returned to tank 34 in such a way as to produce a predictable and symmetrical melt of the ice mass that enables the ice mass to retain its essential shape and buoyant stability. It will be appreciated that the temperature of the treatment water emanating from the ice harvesting thermal storage system, or other system, may be adjusted prior to injection into tower 22 by control of the temperature in the water collection pool at the base of the towers, or by other means such as a closed-loop system with feedback that serves to mix water to achieve a desired temperature. The general principles concerning the structure and operation of tower 22 will now be described with primary reference to Figure 2. At its upper end, tower 22 includes an air inlet which coimnunicates with the atmosphere for introducing atmospheric air into the tower. Preferably the inlet is at an elevation below that of the top of the exhaust stack 68 (Figure 1) from the turbine system in order to prevent the intake of exhaust gases. The inlet may take the form of annular openings such as those shown at 70. The introduction of the air into tower 22 is facilitated by induction created by the descending water flow. The height of the tower will be chosen to meet system requirements, with heights on the order of five to seventy feet being typical, and with heights on the order of ten to forty feet being most preferred. Tower 22 is shown as having a cylindrical shape, but other shapes may be used. Furthermore, in other embodiments, the piping for carrying treatment water to the top of the tower may be contained in a central pipe encasement, resulting in an annular flow passage within the tower. Water injectors, shown generally at 80, are located proximate the upper end of tower 22. As discussed above, the purpose of the injectors, in conjunction with the inlet air introduced through openings 70, is to create a vertically descending, two-phase, co-current flow of inlet air and treatment water in tower 22 in order to treat the inlet air. In this regard, the treatment water is injected at a mass flow rate and a downward velocity relative to the flow of inlet air in the tower sufficient to create a desired drag-induced pressure increase to the inlet air as the air and water flow co-currently through the tower. It will be appreciated that in certain embodiments all of the treatment water may be injected through identical nozzles, resulting in all of the water having similar injection properties in terms of velocity, etc. In other embodiments, the treatment water may be injected through nozzles of different configurations, resulting in (i) some of the water having a greater initial velocity than other portions of the water and (ii) some of the water having the tendency to break up (diffuse) into smaller drops at or near the top of the tower while other portions of the water may be injected in the form of jets having collimated jet cores. The jets shed their outer layers as they descend and are designed to break up completely or almost completely into smaller drops by the time they reach relatively near the bottom of the tower. In those situations as illustrated in Figure 2 where the treatment water is maintained at a low temperature by utilizing stored thermal energy in an ice storage tank, the inlet air is cooled to a temperature near that of the treatment water, e.g., about 32°F to 40°F (0 to 4.5°C) . In practicing the invention, it is often desirable to select the cross-sectional area of tower 22 to provide an inlet air velocity in the tower that is consistent with accepted air duct design practice. In this regard, typical inlet air velocities are in the range of about fifteen feet per second to about forty feet per second (4.57 m/sec to 12.19 m/sec) . It will be appreciated that the drag force on each discrete mass of treatment water (whether in the form of a rain-size water droplet or other configuration) as it co- currently descends through the inlet air is proportional to the square of its velocity relative to the air. The relationship between decreased generator capacity as a function of increased ambient air temperature for a representative peaking gas turbine is illustrated in Figure 3, showing that the capacity is lowest when it is needed the most -- during the hottest part of summer days. Figure 4 shows the specific volumes and outputs of a typical Westinghouse 501 peaking gas turbine system at inlet temperatures of 10°F, 60°F and 90°F (-12, 16 and 32°C) without any inlet air treatment to achieve a density boost. Figure 5 shows the inlet air pressure boost and temperature cooling effects that are needed to achieve three specific volume values, namely 12.7 ft. 3 /lb., 12.0 ft. 3 /lb. and 11.6 ft. 3 /lb. (7.93, 749 and 724 dm 3 /kg) . Figure 6 is a chart showing a summary of results achieved by the present invention (cooling followed by isothermal compression) versus other approaches to treating the inlet air to a gas turbine system. Figure 7 is a pressure versus entropy graph illustrating the processes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) of Figure 6. The description will now turn to a discussion of several illustrative inlet air treatment system designs that incorporate the above-described features of the invention, taking into account the relevant thermodynamic principles. One straightforward design involves the injection of all of the treatment water in the form of relatively "uniformly sized drops, with the drops having approximately the same velocity and being uniformly distributed across the cross sectional area of the tower. The initial downward velocity of the water drops may be at or near the terminal velocity of the water drops relative to the co-current flow of inlet air, e.g., in the range of about 75% to about 300% of the terminal velocity. This condition may be achieved by injectors that take the form of an array of nozzles that are uniformly distributed across the tower inlet section and appropriate pump(s) such as are readily available and well known in the art. The injectors may include ring-like members (as shown in Figure 2) that communicate with the nozzles. This array of nozzles serves to uniformly disperse the treatment water across the entire cross sectional area of the tower so as to reduce the possibility of creating low pressure zones that could result in eddy currents or "blow back" conditions. The nozzles are selected to give the velocities that are needed with the least pressure drop to minimize pumping power requirements. At an injection velocity substantially equal to the terminal velocity of the water drops relative to the inlet air flow, e.g., about 30 feet per second (9.1 m/s) relative to the air, the velocity of a water drop and its kinetic energy will remain substantially constant during its descent. At an injection velocity below terminal velocity, e.g., 75% terminal velocity, the water drop will actually accelerate during its descent and its kinetic energy will increase. At an injection velocity above terminal velocity, e.g., 150% terminal velocity, the water drop decelerates during descent. With respect to water drop size, in this particular embodiment, a size distribution similar to that of raindrops in a relatively intense downpour may be achieved, i.e., a distribution lying largely between 1 mm and 4 mm drop diameter. The terminal velocities of various drops within this size range will vary; however, the term "terminal velocity" as used herein is meant to refer to the average terminal velocity of the water drops relative to the inlet air flow over the size distribution range. In the operation of an inlet air treatment system as described immediately above, in order to achieve cooling of 95°F (35°C) atmospheric air to 34°F (1°C) inlet air with a compression boost of approximately 12" H 2 0 (2.99 kPa) , the following design parameters have been established. The vertical distance from the nozzles at the top of the tower to the water level in pool 60 may be approximately twenty feet (6.1 m) . The internal cross-sectional area of the tower is in the range of 0.8 sq. (743 cm 2 ) feet per 1,000 cfm (472 1/sec) inlet air flow. Inlet air is introduced into the tower to produce an average velocity of inlet air within the tower on the order of 20 ft./second (6.1 m/s) . The treatment water at approximately 32°F to 34°F (0 to 1°C) is injected at the top of the tower with a downward velocity substantially equal to the terminal velocity of the water in the co-current flow; i.e., at approximately 35- 40 ft./second (10.7 to 12.2 m/s) relative to the inlet air flow. For this embodiment, as well as the embodiments discussed below, the ratio of the mass flow rate of the treatment water to the inlet air mass flow rate preferably is in the range from about 5:1 and 150:1, with a more preferred range being from about 20:1 to 50:1, and with the most preferred ratio being on the order of 35:1. It will be appreciated that in this example, and in other examples herein, the inlet air is cooled to temperatures on the order of 33°F (0.5°C) to 34°F (1°C) , well below the theoretical "icing" limit of certain compressors. However, the icing phenomenon is theoretical and is believed not to present a problem with many compressors. Where there is a problem, the inlet air may be dehumidified in the manner discussed later in this specification or cooled only to the icing limit, e.g., 40°F (4.5°C) . Another design approach is an inlet air treatment system that serves to optimize the transfer of kinetic energy from the treatment water to the inlet air in the form of pressure boost while permitting the use of a relatively short tower. Short towers have the advantage of lower construction costs and, more importantly, reducing the parasitic pumping energy that is required to pump treatment water up to the water injectors. Prior to a discussion of particular structures incorporating this design approach (Figures 9-11), the water flow characteristics of this and similar systems will first be described with reference to Figure 8. It has been found that a treatment water injection and flow pattern as shown in Figure 8 enables the invention to be carried out in a relatively short tower 22 wherein the kinetic energy of the treatment water is dissipated efficiently and relatively uniformly throughout the height of the tower. The flow pattern illustrated in Figure 8 is created by a water injection system that creates an initial water injection situation where different portions of the water at the top of the tower have different flow characteristics. Some of the treatment water is injected in relatively stable jets 92 that tend to maintain a collimated jet core over a substantial part of the overall descent, while shedding outer layers into droplets uniformly throughout descent in the tower. The remainder of the treatment water is injected in a relatively diffused manner so that it is broken up (or "diffused") at or immediately after its initial introduction into the top of the tower into raindrop sized drops. (Only one jet 92 and one diffused water injection point 94 are shown to facilitate illustration, with it being understood that many such jets and points will typically be used in practice.) Thus, according to this water injection approach, the injected water begins breaking up at different elevations within the tower. Once any portion of the injected treatment water breaks up (or diffuses) , it can more easily give up its kinetic energy to the co-currently descending inlet air and, of secondary importance, present a greater surface area per unit volume for direct-contact heat transfer purposes. The above described treatment water flow pattern provides several advantages. First, the flow pattern creates remarkable stability for the inlet air and treatment water throughout their co-current descent. This stability is achieved in part by the stabilizing effect of the portion of the water that remains in a collimated jet core flow pattern to a level near the bottom of the tower. The collimated water pattern tends to serve as a flow stabilizer for the air and portions of the water that break up at higher elevations. This stability of flow helps to establish a consistent, nonfluctuating pressure for the treated inlet air being delivered to the turbine system. The stable flow also reduces the amount of water that impacts the internal walls of the tower. The water that simply flows down the walls in sheets does not materially assist in either heat transfer or drag-induced pressure boost. A second advantage of the flow pattern of Figure 8 is that the breaking up of a portion of the treatment water in the first several feet of descent enables the heat transfer to begin immediately. This filling of the first several feet of the tower with relatively small, diffused water drops also serves to prevent "blowback" conditions because these water drops effectively seal the upper portion of the tower against reverse air flow in the tower. A third advantage of the flow pattern of Figure 8 is that by having the descending water "break up" at different levels throughout the tower, the work of drag-induced pressure boost is carried out throughout the height of the tower instead of at one localized elevation. This is an advantage because it further stabilizes the pressure gradient in the tower, thus serving to reduce blowback conditions. The treatment water injection and flow principles discussed immediately above with reference to Figure 8 have been applied to a relatively small scale inlet air treatment system and may be applied to a similar, but larger scale system used with a full size peaking gas turbine of the type employed in conventional electrical power generation. Turning first to a description of the smaller scale system, the overall structural configuration is similar to that of system 20 of Figures 1 and 2 with the primary exception being the use of a different treatment water injection system -- one that is specifically designed to create the descending water flow pattern of Figure 8. The treatment water injection system, shown in plan view of Figure 9, includes an array of both diffusion nozzles 150 and jet nozzles 160 supported by a suitable structure (not shown) mounted near the top of the tower. In the illustrated embodiment, the nozzle array includes nineteen 1 5/8" (4.1 cm) diffusion nozzles 150 and seventy-two 3/4" (1.9 cm) jet nozzles 160 within the five foot (1.5 meter) diameter tower, with nozzles 150 injecting approximately half of the treatment water and nozzles 160 injecting the other half. The nozzles were located approximately twenty-five feet (7.6 meters) above the water level in the collection pool 60. The key structural and operational parameters of this system are set forth in Table 1, below. Table 1 Tower Diameter 5 feet (1.5 meters) Tower Cross Sectional Area 20 square feet (1.9 m 2 ) Tower Height (Nozzle to Pool Water Level) 25 feet (7.62 meters) Inlet Air Velocity at Top of Tower 21 fps (6.4 m/s) Inlet Air Velocity at Bottom of Tower 18 fps (5.5 m/s) Inlet Air Flow Rate to Turbine 25,000 scfm (11,800 liters/sec) (2100 lbs./min) (15900 g/s) Treatment Water Flow Rate 8,600 gpm (542 liters/sec) (72,000 lbs./min) (544,300 g/s) • r m water : air 34:1 Diffusion Nozzle Flow Rate (19 nozzles) 4,300 gpm (271 liters/sec) Jet Nozzle Flow Rate (72 nozzles) 4,300 gpm (271 liters/sec) Treatment Water Velocity from Diffusion Nozzle 39 fps (1190 cm/s) (18 fps (550 cm/sec) relative to inlet air velocity) Treatment Water Velocity from Jet Nozzle 35 fps (120 cm/sec) Inlet Air Pressure Boost 12" H 2 0 (3.0 kPa) Table 1 (Continuation) Ambient Dry Bulb 95°F (35°C) Relative Humidity 52% Barometric Pressure 29.82" Hg (100.98 kPa) Treatment Water Temperature (Average) 33°F (1°C) Inlet Air Exit Temperature 34°F (1°C) Specific Volume of Ambient Air 14.4 ft 3 /lbm (899 dm 3 /kg) Specific Volume of Treated Inlet Air 12.1 ft 3 /lbm (755 dm 3 /kg) As mentioned above, nozzles 150 and 160 create a descending water flow pattern similar to that illustrated in Figure 8. More particularly, diffusion nozzles 150 cause approximately half of the treatment water to be introduced as relatively small drops, for example raindrop size drops, while jet nozzles 160 form collimated water jets that produce drops evenly throughout the descent through twenty-five foot (7.6 meter) tower. Illustrative nozzle configurations are shown in Figures 10 and 11. Diffusion nozzle 150 includes a cylindrical nozzle body 152 and a conical diffusion member 154 that is secured in position by suitable securement members 156 to created an annular gap G through which the treatment water flows. The treatment water flows downwardly in sheet form along the outer surface of conical member 154 until it flows off of the conical member as at 158. As the water flows along member 154, the thickness of the water sheet or film diminishes, due to the ever increasing diameter of member 154. Thus, by choosing an appropriate length for member 154, the thickness of the water sheet or film exiting member 154 into the air flow may be controlled, with thinner films producing smaller drop sizes as the film breaks up into drops. Jet nozzle 160 includes a conventional nozzle body 162 and mouth 164, producing a jet 166 with a core as illustrated in Figure 8. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art may devise alternative designs based upon known principles with respect to the Reynolds number of the flow and related factors. Other inlet air treatment systems were operated under similar inlet air and treatment water flow conditions to those described immediately above in Table 1, with the exception that the tower height was increased from approximately twenty-five feet (7.6 m) to forty- five feet (13.7 m) , and then to sixty-five feet (19.8 m) . At forty-five feet (13.7 m) , the pressure boost was approximately 14" H^O (3.5 kPa) , while at sixty-five feet (19.8 m) , the pressure boost was approximately 15" H 2 0 (3.7 kPa) . Thus, a system that was specifically designed to give up most of the available treatment water kinetic energy to the air in a twenty-five foot height (7.6 m) , produced only marginal additional pressure boosts when the tower height was almost doubled to forty-five feet (13.7 m) , and then tripled to sixty-five feet (19.8 m) . The noted increases were due to the utilization of the greater potential energy of the treatment water available in the higher towers, but the results tend to underscore the importance of tailoring the design of the water injection system to tower height, taking into account ^a er' m air ant ^ ot k er variables. In this regard, it will be appreciated that specific injection nozzle designs appropriate to ten foot (3.0 m) , thirty foot (9.1 m) , forty foot (12.2 m) and sixty foot (18.3 m) towers can provide appropriate water injection characteristics to different portions of the treatment water so that the treatment water breaks up and releases its kinetic energy to the inlet air at different elevations throughout the height of such towers. Table 2, below, sets forth the results of five runs of the relatively small-scale inlet air treatment system with twenty-five foot (7.6 m) tower height as described above. Table 2 Treatment Inlet Air Inlet Air Treatment Water Flow Inlet Air Inlet Air Pressure Ambient Temperature Water Rate Flow Rate Velocity Boost Dry Bulb At Exit Temperature [GPM] [scfm] [fps] I"H 2 0] [°F] [°F] [°F] 10788 33602 28 10.4 74.2 41.5 40.5 680.51 1/sec 15860 1/sec 853 cm/sec 2.59 kPa 23.4°C 5.3°C 4.7°C 10783 24868 21 12.3 74.2 43.2 42.4 680.19 1/sec 11738 1/sec 640 cm/sec 3.06 kPa 23.4°C 6.2°C 5.8°C 10799 14901 13 14.8 74.2 44.4 43.7 681.20 1/sec 7033 1/sec 396 cm/sec 3.69 kPa 23.4°C 6.9°C 6.5°C 10804 9971 8 15.2 74.2 45.9 45.2 681.52 1/sec 4706 1/sec 246 cm/sec 3.79 kPa 23.4°C 7.7°C 7.3°C 10820 2816 2 17.1 74.2 46.3 45.6 682.53 1/sec 1329 1/sec 61 cm/sec 4.26 kPa 23.4°C 7.9°C 7.6°C The treatment water flow rates were held substantially constant throughout the five runs, with the primary variable between runs being the air flow rate. Table 2 illustrates, as expected, that higher drag-induced pressure boosts are achieved at lower air flow rates. This is primarily due to the higher relative velocity differential between the air flow and the injected water flow, when the air flow rate is low. However, even at the highest air flow rate of 33,602 scfm (15860 1/sec), the pressure boost was 10.4" H 2 0 (2.59 kPa) . At the design air flow rate of 24,868 scfm (11738 1/sec), the pressure boost was 12.3" H 2 0 (3.06 kPa) . With respect to air flow rate and air velocity, it will be noted in Table 1 that the inlet air velocity slows down from 21 fps (6.4 m/sec) at the top of the tower to 18 fps (5.5 m/s) at the bottom. This reduction in velocity, due to compression of the inlet air, assists in enhancing the drag-induced pressure boost because of the phenomenon discussed immediately above.. Table 3, below, illustrates the impact of varying water flow rate in connection with a system having a sixty-five foot tower and utilizing the diffusion and jet nozzle configuration described above. Table 3 Treatment Inlet Air Inlet Air Treatment Water Flow Inlet Air Pressure Ambient Temperature Water Rate Flow Rate Boost Dry Bulb At Exit Temperature [GPM] [scfm] ["H 2 0] [°F] [°F] [°F] 7056 23326 6.4 82.3 35.7 33.3 445.09 1/sec 11010 1/sec 1.59 kPa 27.9°C 2.1°C 0.7°C 8250 23568 10.2 82.3 40.2 40.0 520.41 1/sec 11124 1/sec 2.54 kPa 27.9°C 4.6°C 4.4°C 9560 23431 14.3 82.3 49.4 48.5 603.04 1/sec 11059 1/sec 3.56 kPa 27.9°C 9.7°C 9.2°C Table 3 shows that at lower treatment water flow rates, the inlet air pressure boost is substantially lower. A first reason is that there is simply less treatment water moving past the inlet air (a lower πι water :ά a - j _ r ratio) . Furthermore, and perhaps more importantly, the lower treatment water flow rates produce significantly lower treatment water velocities. Since the drag-induced pressure boost is proportional to the square of the treatment water velocity, velocity differentials produce marked differences in inlet air boost. This phenomenon is exemplified by a comparison of runs 1 and 3 in Table 3 where the flow rate (gpm) of run 3 is only 35% greater than that of run 1, while the pressure boost ("H 2 0) is 123% greater. Table 4, below, illustrates the relationship between pressure boost and tower height in a situation utilizing 29/32" (74/81 cm) jet nozzles only. Table 4 Treatment Inlet Air Inlet Air Treatment Tower Water Inlet Air Pressure Ambient Temperature Water Height Flow Rate Flow Rate Boost Dry Bulb At Exit Temperature [FT] [GPM] [scfm] ["H 2 0] [°F] [°F] [°F] 25 8070 22228 0.1 77.3 51.7 51.2 7.62 m 509.06 1/sec 10492 1/sec .025 kPa 25.1°C 10.9°C 10.7°C 45 8230 23843 7.6 75.1 53.2 52.8 13.7 m 519.15 1/sec 11254 1/sec 1.89 kPa 23.9°C 11.8°C 11.6°C 65 7950 22939 10.8 78.6 57.3 57.1 to 00 19.8 m 501.49 1/sec 10827 1/sec 2.69 kPa 25.9°C 14.1°C 13.9°C Table 4 shows that when all of the treatment water is injected by jet nozzles to create stable jets with collimated jet cores, there is very little inlet air pressure boost created in the first twenty-five feet (7.6 m) of descent. This occurs because very little of these jets' outer layer is shed to form droplets over the first twenty-five feet (7.6 m) . Also, there are insufficient water drops shed in the first twenty-five feet (7.6 m) to form a "seal" across the tower; thus, any drag-induced pressure boost that is achieved in the first twenty-five feet (7.6 m) is subject to being lost to the ambient atmosphere at the top of the tower via the blowback phenomenon. At forty-five feet (13.7 m) of descent, sufficient droplet formation and sealing effect have occurred to create a 7.6" H 2 0 (1.89 kPa) inlet air boost. At sixty-five feet (19.8 m) of descent, the pressure boost is measured at 10.8" H 2 0 (2.69 kPa) . The principles of the present invention, including the treatment water injection principles discussed immediately above in connection with a small-scale implementation, will now be applied to a full scale peaking gas turbine system of the type utilized in commercial production of electrical power. Full scale inlet air treatment system 220 (Figures 12 and 13) is designed for use with a Westinghouse 251B combustion turbine (not shown) having an inlet air volumetric flow rate of 264,108 scfm at synchronous speed and ISO conditions. Cooling this air from 95°F (35°C) to 35°F (1.7°C) would require on-line refrigeration rated at 3,430 tons (3,111,644 kg) when supplied with 30,000 GPM (1892 1/sec) at 33°F (0.6°C) . However, with the thermal storage capability as shown in Figure 2, a 700 ton (635,030 kg) ice machine operated off peak supplies the required cooling for up to four hours per day operation, five days per week. System 220 includes a tower 222 that may be formed of any suitable material, for example, stainless steel, epoxy-lined steel, cast concrete, or fiberglass. In the particular structure illustrated in Figures 12 and 13, tower 222 rests at its base 224 on steel or concrete support columns 226 that are housed within a cylindrical concrete tank structure 230. The base 224 of tower 222 is secured to a one foot O.D. pipe ring 231 that provides a suitable means for securing tower 222 to support columns 226, preferably by vertically disposed bolts (not shown) that extend through pipe ring 231 and into support columns 226. Tank structure 230 has a base 232 and a cylindrical upstanding wall 234 that extends upwardly to a height above the water level (W/L) of pool 260 in the tank. A plenum 240 is formed above pool 260 by cylindrical wall 242 that forms a continuation of the cylindrical upstanding tank wall 234, and a horizontal doughnut-shaped wall 244 that forms the top of the plenum. The air flow into the plenum 240 is the descending treated inlet air from tower 222. This inlet air, represented by arrows Z in Figure 12, turns to flow substantially horizontally between the support columns 226 and then upwardly through a horizontal doughnut-shaped mist eliminator 248 into upper scroll chamber 250 that is defined at the top by horizontal wall 244, at the bottom by horizontal mist eliminator 248, at the outside periphery by upstanding cylindrical wall 242 and at the inside by the exterior of tower 222. Thus, air enters scroll chamber 250 through mist eliminator 248 and is provided with an exit through duct 280 (Figure 13) that is formed by vertical wall 282 that is tangential to wall 242 and vertical wall 284 that is tangential the outer wall of tower 222, as well as upper duct wall 286 and a lower duct wall (not shown) . Thus, the treated inlet air in scroll chamber 250 is forced into a clockwise flow (arrows Y in Figure 13) to and into duct 280 which, in turn, leads to the turbine inlet flange. Appropriate sizing of the above- mentioned inlet air flow paths serves to smooth out the air flow and prevent unnecessary pressure gradients. In this regard, the cross sectional flow area for inlet air flow as it flows between support columns 226 is preferably chosen to match the cross sectional flow area of tower 222, so that the air may flow at approximately the same velocity at this point as it did in the tower. To this end, for use with a sixteen foot (4.88 m) diameter tower with a 201 square foot (18.7 τc ) cross sectional flow area, the base 224 of tower 222 is vertically spaced approximately 4.0 feet (1.2 m) from the water level of pool 260, to present a flow area between support columns 226 of approximately 201 square feet (18.7 m ) . Furthermore, it is desirable to have the dimensions of duct 280 correspond to the dimensions of the turbine inlet flange to which the duct delivers the treated inlet air, in this case four feet (1.2 m) wide by nine feet (2.7 m) high. To achieve this end, scroll chamber 250 is nine feet high (2.7 m) from mist eliminator 248 to upper wall 244 and is four feet wide (1.2 m) as defined by the radial distance between the outside of tower 222 and wall 242. Treatment water supply and return and the treatment water distribution system will now be described with reference to Figures 12 and 13. Treatment water may be supplied to the top of tower 222 at a variable rate of 0-90,000 GPM (0-5,677 1/sec) in increments of 30,000 GPM (1,892 1/sec) . A first pump (not shown) supplies treatment water directly from the thermal energy storage tank through conduit 252 at 30,000 GPM (1,892 1/sec) . A pair of recirculation pumps 270 and 272 supply treatment water to the top of the tower by recirculation from pool 260 below tower 222. Pumps 270 and 272 are each rated at 30,000 GPM (1,892 1/sec) . Thus, utilization of all three pumps simultaneously provides 90,000 GPM (5,677 1/sec) treatment water to tower 222. A return conduit 262 returns treatment water via gravity to the thermal storage tank at 30,000 GPM (1,892 1/sec) . The treatment water flows from the bottom of tower 222 into pool 260, for example at the 90,000 GPM (5,677 1/sec) rate discussed above, into a pair of channels 290, 292 that flow to respective pump pits 294, 296. Recirculation pumps 270, 272 are located in the pump pits for recirculating 60,000 GPM (3,785 1/sec) to the top of tower 222. The remaining water flow (30,000 GPM (1,892 1/sec)) to pits 294, 296 overflows a pair of weirs 300, 302 into a gravity return pit 306 from which water is returned to the thermal storage tank. The height of weirs 300, 302 is adjustable to enable the system to accommodate variations in the water level in pool 260 and pump pits 294, 296. The water level varies in response to the amount of inlet air pressure boost achieved in tower 222, with the water level being depressed more by greater pressure boosts. Conduit 252 that supplies treatment water from the thermal energy storage tank to the tower may take the form of a thirty-inch (76.2 cm) pipe that delivers water to the apex 308 of a spider structure 310 defined by six inclined spider pipes 312A-312F located atop tower 222. The spider pipes are supported where co-joined at apex 308 and are further supported at their remote ends by the upper perimetric surface of tower 222. To this end, the upper end of tower 222 is supplied with a circumferential pipe ring 314 that provides a suitable surface for attachment of the ends of spider pipes 312 A-F, as well as lending structural integrity to the tower. Treatment water is delivered to each of the six spider pipes 312A-F at 5,000 GPM (315 1/sec). In turn, each spider pipe 312 A-F feeds five six-inch (15.2 cm) steel delivery pipes 316 (only a few of which are shown in Figure 12) that are welded thereto and project downwardly where they terminate substantially at the horizontal plane defined by the top of tower 222, with each such delivery pipe 316 delivering 1,000 GPM (63 1/sec) to a nozzle (not shown) . The recirculating water from pool 260 and pump pits 294, 296 is delivered by the two recirculating pumps 270, 272 via a sixty-inch (152.4 cm) conduit 320 that splits to two thirty-inch (76.2 cm) conduits 322, 324 that, in turn, feed into a thirty-inch (76.2 cm) manifold ring 326 mounted atop tower 222. Manifold ring 326 delivers treatment water to sixty six-inch (167.6 cm) steel delivery pipes 334 (only a few of which are shown in Figure 12) that are welded to the manifold ring and terminate substantially at the horizontal plane defined by the top of tower 222. Thus, the above-described treatment water distribution system provides ninety feeder pipes 316, 334 each supplying treatment water at 1,000 GPM (63 1/sec) to one of ninety nozzles located in the horizontal plane substantially at the top of tower 222. In one manner of practicing the invention, the ninety nozzles are arranged in an array substantially as illustrated in Figure 9. In this specific embodiment, nineteen diffusion nozzles are utilized in association with seventy-one jet nozzles substantially in the array pattern of Figure 9. In another embodiment, the thirty nozzles connected to feeder pipes 316 (carrying the cold water directly from thermal storage) are connected to diffusion nozzles while the sixty nozzles connected to feeder pipes 334 (carrying the recirculated treatment water from pool 260) are connected to jet nozzles. These ninety nozzles are arranged in an array that evenly distributes both the diffusion and jet nozzles across the top of the tower. In either embodiment, the diffusion nozzles may take the form of Model No. HHSJ nozzles manufactured by Spraying Systems Co. of Wheaton, Illinois, USA while the jet nozzles may take the form of Model No. F-Fog Jet nozzles manufactured by the same company. Other nozzle configurations that deliver the water in a suitable flow pattern, e.g., the nozzles shown in Figure 10 and 11, may be used. In this regard, those skilled in the art of fluid dynamics may choose appropriate nozzle designs to achieve the desired flow characteristics described herein utilizing routine experimentation, as well as using mathematical models. In determining a jet nozzle configuration, one may take into account the characteristics of both the water boundary layer and the air boundary layer at the interface between the water jet and inlet air, the turbulence of the inlet air and water jet, the characteristic dimension of the nozzle and associated water jet and the desired relative velocity between the inlet air and water jet (and associated Webber number) . In order to facilitate a smooth introduction of inlet air into the top of tower 222, the configuration of manifold ring 326 and its spacing above the top of tower 222 have been chosen to present a surface area through which inlet air may enter tower 222 (see arrows X in Figure 12) that approximate the 201 square foot (18.7 m ) cross sectional area of tower 222. By this configuration, the inlet air does not have to change speed as it begins its descent in tower 222, thereby enhancing the stability of air flow in the first few feet of descent at the top of the tower. Furthermore, the rounded surface of pipe ring 314 forms a bellmouth that smooths the flow of inlet air entering tower 222. It also will be appreciated that a conventional bird screen may be advantageously employed at the top of the tower. Table 5, below, sets forth the key structural and operational parameters of one preferred full scale inlet air treatment system as described above. Table 5 Tower Diameter 16 feet (4.9 m) Tower Cross Sectional Area 201 square feet (18.7 m 2 ) Tower Height (Nozzle to Pool Water Level) 2On feet (6.1 m) Inlet Air Velocity at Top of Tower 25 fps 7.6 m/sec Inlet Air Velocity at Bottom of Tower 21 fps 6.4 m/sec Inlet Air Flow Rate to Turbine 264,108 scfm (124,659 1/sec) Treatment Water Flow Rate 90,000 gpm (5,677 1/sec) " • water :m air 40:1 Diffusion Nozzle Flow Rate (30 nozzles) 30,000 gpm (1,892 1/sec) Jet Nozzle Flow Rate (60 nozzles) 60,000 gpm (3,785 1/sec) Treatment Water Velocity from Diffusion Nozzle 75 fps (22.9 m/sec) Treatment Water Velocity from Jet Nozzle 75 fps (22.9 m/sec) Inlet Air Pressure Boost 12" H 2 0 (2.99 kPa) Ambient Dry Bulb 95°F (35°C) Relative Humidity 52% Table 5 (Continuation) Barometric Pressure 29.82" Hg (100.98 kPa) Treatment Water Temperature (Average) 34°F (1.1°C) Inlet Air Exit Temperature 35°F (1.6°C) Specific Volume of Ambient Air 14.4 ft 3 /lbm (899 dm 3 /kg) Specific Volume of Treated Inlet Air 12.1 ft 3 /lbm (755 dm 3 /kg) - It will be appreciated that the pressure boosts typically achieved by the present invention are a significant fraction of an atmosphere, e.g., 12" H 2 0 (2.99 kPa) ; however, operation of systems producing more modest boosts that are substantially less than those set forth in the examples herein will also fall within the scope of the invention. In this regard, inlet air cooling achieved by hydronic coils, cross current heat exchangers and other heat transfer systems typically involve a penalty of a pressure decrease on the order of 1" to 2" (2.49 to 4.98 kPa) H 2 0. Thus, even a modest boost achieved according to the principles of the present invention is a marked improvement over the prior art technology. It should be pointed out herein that the theoretical lower temperature limit for the turbine inlet air that can be achieved by inlet air cooling -- the co-called "icing limit" that may be on the order of approximately 40°F (4.4°C) for certain turbines -- is a result of the introduction of saturated or near-saturated inlet air -to the compressor. As described in detail in commonly assigned U.S. patent application serial no. 08/100,749, filed July 30, 1993, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, the theoretical icing limit may be removed as a lower limit for the turbine inlet air by sufficiently dehumidifying the inlet air before it reaches the compressor. This dehumidifying may be achieved by an aerodynamic dehumidifier 100 (Figure 2) that is placed in the duct connecting tower 22 to the compressor, or alternatively, at the base of tower 22 in the chamber where the treatment water is separated from the inlet air. Thus, the principles of the present invention, coupled with dehumidifying the inlet air prior to its introduction into the compressor as described in co-pending application serial no. 08/100,749, offer the potential to cool the inlet air to temperatures just above freezing, thereby making maximum use of the cooling potential of an ice thermal storage system, while also providing a desired amount of additional density boost to the inlet air by drag-induced compression. It will be appreciated that the temperature of the treatment water may vary according to the source of the treatment water and the objectives of the control center at any given time. In a broad sense, the temperature of the treatment water will typically reside in the range from about 32°F to 80°F (0 to 26.7°C) . When maximum or near-maximum inlet air cooling air is contemplated, the treatment water may be in the range from about 32°F to 50°F (0 to 10°C) . It will be understood that the invention's capacity boost to peaking combustion turbines is largely used in summertime hot weather conditions to help meet peak demand; however, there are occasions in the fall and spring when electric utilities shut down substantial portions of their base load generating equipment for maintenance. On these occasions a surge in demand due to a heat wave or cold snap may put a heavy load on the peaking turbines that may be alleviated by use of the present invention.

Claims: C L A I M S 1. A method of pretreating inlet air for use in a combustion turbine system prior to its introduction into a compressor of the turbine system, said method comprising the steps of: establishing a vertically descending flow of inlet air; introducing treatment water into the flow of inlet air at a downward velocity greater than that of the inlet air to create a drag- induced pressure increase in the inlet air; and introducing the treated turbine inlet air into the compressor of the turbine system. 2. The method of claim 1, including the step of carrying out the treatment of the turbine inlet air in a tower structure. 3. The method of claim 2, including the step of injecting the treatment water into the tower structure with water flow characteristics establishing a substantially uniform distribution of treatment water flow in droplet form across the interior cross-sectional area of the tower. 4. The method of claim 2, including the step of injecting the treatment water into the tower structure with a descending treatment water flow pattern wherein some of the treatment water is introduced into the tower in the form of diffused water drops while another portion is introduced as jets having a collimated jet core, with the jets shedding outer layers thereof into droplets throughout their descent. 5. The method of claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the treatment water is introduced into the inlet air flow at a temperature in the range of about 32°F to 80°F (10-27°C) and at a mass flow rate with respect to the inlet air in the range of about 5:1 to 150:1. 6. The method of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, including the steps of utilizing an ice-based thermal storage system as the source of treatment water, making the ice for the ice- based thermal storage system predominantly during off-peak hours and introducing the treatment water into the co-current flow of inlet air and treatment water at a temperature in the range of about 32°F to 50°F (0 to 10°C) . 7. An inlet air treatment system for pretreating air for use in a combustion turbine system to increase the operational capacity and efficiency of the combustion turbine system by treatment of the turbine inlet air to increase its density prior to its introduction into the compressor of the turbine system, said inlet air treatment system comprising: a tower having an upper end communicating with the atmosphere and a lower air discharge end communicating with the inlet duct of the compressor of a combustion turbine system; an air inlet proximate the upper end of said tower for introducing atmospheric air into the tower for downwardly directed flow therethrough so that the introduced air may serve as the inlet air for the combustion turbine system; a source of treatment water; water injectors positioned a selected distance above the lower end of said tower, said water injectors communicating with said source of treatment water for injecting treatment water into the tower at a downward velocity greater than that of the inlet air flow in the tower to create a drag-induced pressure increase in the inlet air as the air and water flow co-currently in a two-phase regime through said tower; and a duct in communication with the inlet of the compressor of the combustion turbine system for directing the treated inlet air to the compressor where it provides inlet air having increased density over the atmospheric air. 8. A tower structure for use in providing a pressure boost to the inlet air for the compressor of a combustion turbine system, said tower structure comprising: a tower defining an interior, vertical fluid flow passage; an air inlet for introducing atmospheric air into said tower and establishing a vertically descending flow of inlet air in said fluid flow passage; and a water injection system for injecting treatment water into the vertically descending flow of inlet air at a downward velocity greater than that of the inlet air to create a drag- induced pressure increase in the inlet air. 9. The tower structure of claim 8, wherein said water injection system includes diffusion nozzles for dispersing at least a portion of the treatment water in droplet form across substantially the entire cross sectional area of at least the top portion of the tower. 10. The tower structure of claim 9, wherein said water injection system includes jet nozzles for injecting at least a portion of the treatment water in multiple collimated jets.

Inventors: BEADLE TODD W, DAVIS THOMAS L, HOBBS ALEXANDER O, MCALLISTER KEITH S, SHELL JOHN P, BEADLE, TODD, W., DAVIS, THOMAS, L., HOBBS, ALEXANDER, O., MCALLISTER, KEITH, S., SHELL, JOHN, P.
Applicants: BEADLE TODD W, CAROLINA POWER & LIGHT CO, DAVIS THOMAS L, HOBBS ALEXANDER O, MCALLISTER KEITH S, SHELL JOHN P, BEADLE, TODD, W., CAROLINA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY, DAVIS, THOMAS, L., HOBBS, ALEXANDER, O., MCALLISTER, KEITH, S., SHELL, JOHN, P.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: F02G3
IPC codes: F02C3, F02C7, F02G3, F04F5