POSITIVE RADIAL LOCATION OF WHEELS ON SPINDLES

Abstract: A method and apparatus for mounting a grinding wheel (26, 54, 78) on a spindle (10, 44, 66) is described so as to achieve positive radial location of the grinding wheel on the spindle. Retaining means (18, 36, 60, 74) is provided for balls of a ball race (20, 58, 76) around the spindle. Bolt means (34, 42, 64, 80) is operable in use to draw the grinding wheel over the balls and to tighten the balls into an interference fit between the spindle and the bore of the grinding wheel so centring the grinding wheel.

Description: Title: Positive Radial Location of Wheels on Spindles Field of invention This invention relates to a method of and means for effecting the positive radial location of wheels on spindles, more especially the location of grinding wheels, for example diamond and cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheels, on the spindle of a grinding machine. Background to the invention When diamond or CBN grinding wheels are mounted on the spindle of a grinding machine, it is essential to ensure that the location of wheel on the spindle is true. This means that the attachment should positively radially locate the wheel on the spindle so that the wheel axis is coincident with the spindle axis. Ideally an order of accuracy of less than 1 micron is required. For the purpose of obtaining a "true" mounting, it is known to centre the grinding wheel with the aid of an internally grooved sleeve, which is self-centering on the machine spindle as the wheel is tightened into position. In practice, however, an arrangement of this type is expensive and not always effective. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved and a simpler method of and means for mounting a wheel such as a grinding wheel, on a machine spindle. Summary of the invention According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of mounting a wheel on a drive spindle so as to achieve positive radial location of the wheel thereon, according to which the spindle is provided with a flange adjacent a surface- hardened end region thereof over which a central aperture of the wheel will fit, and the wheel aperture is tapered so as to facilitate the fitting of the wheel to the spindle, the method comprising the steps of mounting a ball race over the spindle near to the flange and axially displacing the wheel towards the flange so as to progressively squeeze a cylindrical non-tapered region of the wheel aperture over the ball race to create an interference fit between the wheel and the balls and the balls and the spindle end. In accordance with the method, the progressive movement of the wheel towards the flange serves to centre the wheel on the spindle axis to an accuracy determined by the identity of the diameters of the balls forming the ball race. Since these can be manufactured to a very high tolerance, the invention allows a very simple and accurate centering of the wheel on the spindle. According to another aspect of the invention, apparatus for mounting a wheel on a spindle comprises a flange on the spindle against which the wheel can be axially located, a ball race around the spindle on the same side of the flange as the wheel, an opening in the wheel to allow it to be pushed over the ball race into contact with the flange, and axial drive means including a thrust plate for axially displacing the wheel relative to the spindle and over the ball race and into contact with the flange. Preferably the opening in the wheel is of greater diameter at the end which opens onto the face which is to contact the flange, to facilitate the fitting of the wheel to the ball race, and the remainder of the aperture in the wheel is cylindrical. The thrust plate may serve to force the ball race as well as the wheel in an axial sense towards the flange. Alternatively a first thrust plate acts on the ball race and a second thrust plate acts on the wheel, and the two thrust plates are independently movable to effect their respective clamping. The opening in the wheel may taper from the enlarged end towards the cylindrical section of reduced diameter. Alternatively a step may be formed between the enlarged end and a reduced diameter cylindrical section which is to form the interference fit with the ball race, the step itself being tapered to facilitate the forcing of the balls into the reduced diameter section. According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a mounting means for effecting positive radial location of a wheel on a spindle of a machine, said wheel and spindle having portions which form parts of the mounting means and comprising a flange on the spindle and a reduced diameter end portion adjacent thereto, a tapered region on the spindle end, means for retaining a ball race around the tapered spindle region, and clamping means operable in use to force the aperture in the wheel over the ball race and increasingly tighten the balls thereof into an interference fit between the tapered surface on the spindle and the wheel, so that the wheel becomes clamped thereon. The opening in the wheel may taper from an enlarged end thereof towards a cylindrical section thereof. According to another aspect of the invention there is provided another method of mounting a wheel on a spindle having a radial flange against which the wheel is clamped and which includes a tapering surface on the side of the flange towards which the wheel is moved for mounting, comprising the steps of fitting around the tapering surface a ball race and fitting to the spindle end a wheel having a central cylindrical opening which forms an interference fit over the balls, the central opening having a tapered inside surface which with relative axial movement between the wheel and the spindle, causes the tapered wheel surface to engage the balls and force them up the tapered surface on the spindle until an interference fit is formed therebetween and clamping the wheel to the flange to maintain the said interference fit. Preferably the internal face of the wheel aperture and the spindle are surface hardened to provide resistance to wear. This is particularly preferred if the wheel is to be mounted and demounted from the spindle several times. Bolt means for clamping the parts together may act directly between a clamping plate and the spindle end. In another arrangement first bolt means serves to clamp a first ring member in place to retain the balls in position and a second ring member and associated bolt means serve to clamp the wheel to the flange. In another arrangement a first bolt means serves to clamp a ball race end closure to the spindle end and a second bolt means serves to secure a thrust plate to the spindle end which upon being tightened towards the spindle end, engages the end face of the wheel and forces the wheel axially so as to engage the ball race and finally become clamped against the flange. Where the spindle end is tapered, the taper is preferably at a steeper angle than that of the taper on the wheel aperture and the clamping means comprises a ring member which acts as an end closure for the balls on the spindle end. Where an end clamping plate is employed to clamp the wheel against the flange, the interference fit between the clamping plate and the flange may be sufficient to transmit drive to the wheel. If not, positive drive means comprising pins extending between the wheel and the flange may be provided. The balls are preferably closely matched for diameter and roundness to provide the correct outside diameter for the ball race, such that in the fully tightened condition there is zero clearance and low interference between the wheel and the balls and the spindle. Thus, during the tightening operation, the balls roll into the positions appropriate to a true centering of the wheel on the spindle, and, together with the hardened surfaces, act to absorb interference. On completing the tightening, the trueness of the fit of the wheel is affected only by the tolerance in manufacture of the wheel and the tolerance of the ball diameter. Repeatability and true running depends upon a consistent hardness around the inside of the wheel opening (aperture) and the associated surface of the spindle end. While in theory three equally spaced balls are sufficient to locate and centre the wheel, in practice a larger number of balls are provided around the spindle end. Preferably the inside of the wheel opening is surface hardened or includes an inner ring of hardened spring or the like. The balls may be retained in a cage or may be retained in axial or radial grooves (with reduced width openings to prevent the balls from leaving radially) in the spindle end. In general it is preferred for the balls to be resiliently urged axially by springs in an opposite sense to the direction in which the tightening will cause them to move. Although not limited thereto, the invention specifically enables the mounting of grinding wheels, for example diamond and CBN grinding wheels, on the spindles of grinding machines. The invention also lies in a grinding machine having a drive spindle for a grinding wheel and means for attaching the grinding wheel thereto as provided by the invention. The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of wheel mounting in axial cross-section, divided vertically to illustrate the clamped condition in the upper half, and the undamped condition in the lower half; Figure 2 shows a second embodiment in axial cross-section, in the undamped condition; Figure 3 shows a third embodiment in axial cross-section, in the clamped condition; Figure 4 shows a fourth embodiment in axial cross-section, divided as in Figure 1, to illustrate the clamped and undamped conditions; and Figure 5 shows an enlarged detail of a ball cage as shown in Figure 4. Description of Embodiments Referring to Figure 1, a grinding machine drive spindle 10 includes a radial flange 12 to provide an axial stop for a grinding wheel when fitted on the spindle, and a reduced diameter end 14 beyond the flange, for receiving the wheel. The surface 16 of the spindle end 14 is surface hardened. Around the surface hardened spindle end 14 is fitted a ball cage 18 for retaining a plurality of balls 20 to form a ball race circularly around the spindle end 14. Typically there are 36 balls in the race and they are formed from hardened steel. In the upper half of Figure 1, the grinding wheel 26 is shown clamped in position against the flange 12. In the lower half it is shown in the undamped and partially demounted condition and in this condition the cage 18 is axially displaced under the action of springs 22 acting on a washer 24. The internal surface 28 of the central aperture of the grinding wheel 26 tapers axially from an entrance 30 in one face of the wheel and is surface hardened to provide the external running surface for the ball race 20. Axially beyond the entrance region 30 the internal surface of the central aperture is cylindrical. A clamping plate 32 is forced in an axial direction by tightening centre bolt 34 so as to clamp the grinding wheel 26 between the plate 32 and the flange 12. The action of tightening the bolt 34 also shifts the ball race and cage 18, 20 axially inwardly. The balls 20 automatically centre the wheel on the spindle and the wheel is forced thereover, the tapered opening 30 facilitating the introduction of the wheel over the ball race and the cylindrical region of the internal aperture of the wheel producing a zero clearance, low interference fit between the balls 20 and the hardened surface 28, interference being absorbed as the wheel 26 is drawn into its final clamped position. The wheel 26 is shown clamped against the flange 12 in the upper part of the figure. In order to achieve the desired result, the balls 20 are carefully matched as regards size, so that the outside diameter of the balls is "identical" to within a very small tolerance. A modified arrangement is shown in Figure 2 in which similar reference numerals have been employed to indicate similar parts. Here balls 20 are retained in place by a retaining ring 36, which is secured to the spindle 10 by bolt 38. An outer ring 40 can be tightened in a similar manner to item 32, to force the balls into position, using bolts 42, there being a number of such bolts equally angularly spaced around the ring 40. The trueing effect produced during tightening is similar to that described with reference to Figure 1, and preferably the bolts 42 are tightened progressively, working around the ring. The Figure 1 arrangement has the advantage of single point tightening. In the arrangement of Figure 3, machine spindle 44 again has an enlarged flange 46 and reduced end diameter 48. This latter has a surface hardened tapered section 50, the angle of the taper being slightly greater than that of a taper 52 of the entrance region of the aperture in the grinding wheel 54. The latter is sleeved by a ring 56 of hardened steel or the like. A plurality of balls 58 are held in place axially by a retaining member 60 which can be tightened into position by turning the central bolt 62. The grinding wheel 54 is in this case relatively loosely clamped to the spindle by bolts 64 at the beginning of the mounting process, and this is completed by tightening the central bolt 62. The retaining member 60 acts directly on the balls and forces true centering with a zero clearance to low interference fit between the converging hard tapered surfaces as previously described. After tightening bolt 62, the bolts 64 can be tightened to clamp the wheel in place. In the Figure 3 arrangement, the balls are shown trapped between two tapering surfaces as opposed to between cylindrical surfaces as in Figures 1 and 2. As in the first described embodiment, the arrangements of Figures 2 and 3 also require exactly matched balls, selected as to size and roundness, to provide the appropriate and correct outside diameter of the ball race to achieve the accurate centering of the wheel on the spindle. In the arrangement of Figure 4, a machine spindle 66 similarly has a flange 68 and a reduced diameter end 70 which is surface hardened to provide a very hard circumferential surface 72. Supported on the hardened surface 72 is a ball race comprising a cage 74 containing 36 balls 76. The assembly is shown in its undamped condition in the lower part of Figure 4 and in its clamped condition in the upper part of the figure. The ball cage 74 retains the balls 76 in position so as to centre the grinding wheel 78. The latter is sleeved internally with a hardened ring 79 typically of hardened steel or the like. A central bolt 80 allows plate 82 to be clamped directly onto the grinding wheel 78. As the grinding wheel 78 is shifted to the right by turning the bolt 80, the balls 76 are also forced to the right against springs such as 84. As previously described, this centres the grinding wheel 78 about the spindle 66. Drive pins 86 extend between the wheel and the flange to transmit drive between the flange and the grinding wheel 78. Seals 88, 90 are provided to seal the gap between the ball cage 74 and the grinding wheel 78 and any gap between the grinding wheel 78 and the flange 68. The seals 88, 90 prevent the entry of coolant and/or dirt into the space containing the balls 76. This protects the balls and extends the life of the ball race. Figure 5 is an enlarged detail of the area 92 in Figure 4. Each ball 94 is moveable between its position shown by 94 and that denoted by 94'. Tightening of the bolt 80 as shown in Figure 4, causes axial movement of the ball cage 96 so as to move the balls from their undamped condition 94 to their clamped position at 94'. Springs 98 locate the balls 94 within the slots 100 and a cylindrical end stop 102 and screw 104 serve to retain the balls and springs in their slots. In Figure 4 the inner end of the hardened steel ring 79 may be tapered or simply formed with an enlarged diameter region as shown simply to facilitate the fitting of the ring over the ball race. The action of tightening the clamping plate 82 first of all forces the balls against their springs and then creates an interference fit as the balls are forced into the smaller diameter cylindrical region of the ring 79 to lie between the two cylindrical surfaces of the ring 79 and the spindle end.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A method of mounting a wheel on a drive spindle so as to achieve positive radial location of the wheel thereon, according to which the spindle is provided with a flange adjacent a surface hardened end region thereof over which a central aperture of the wheel will fit, and the wheel aperture is tapered so as to facilitate the fitting of the wheel to the spindle, the method comprising the steps of mounting a ball race over the spindle near to the flange and axially displacing the wheel towards the flange so as to progressively squeeze a cylindrical non-tapered region of the wheel aperture over the ball race to create an interference fit between the wheel and the balls and the balls and the spindle end, the progressive movement of the wheel towards the flange serving to centre the wheel on the spindle. 2. A method of mounting a wheel on a spindle having a radial flange against which the wheel is clamped and which includes a tapering surface on the side of the flange towards which the wheel is moved for mounting, comprising the steps of fitting around the tapering surface a ball race and fitting to the spindle end a wheel having a central cylindrical opening which forms an interference fit over the balls, the central opening having a tapered inside surface which with relative axial movement between the wheel and the spindle, causes the tapered wheel surface to engage the balls and force them up the tapered surface on the spindle until an interference fit is formed therebetween and clamping the wheel to the flange to maintain the said interference fit. 3. Apparatus for mounting a wheel on a spindle comprising a flange on the spindle against which the wheel can be axially located, a ball race around the spindle on the same side of the flange as the wheel, an opening in the wheel to allow it to be pushed over the ball race into contact with the flange, and axial drive means including a thrust plate for axially displacing the wheel relative to the spindle and over the ball race and into contact with the flange. 4. Apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the opening in the wheel is of greater diameter at the end which opens onto the face which is to contact the flange, to facilitate the fitting of the wheel to the ball race and the remainder of the aperture in the wheel is cylindrical. 5. Apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the thrust plate serves to force the ball race as well as the wheel in an axial sense towards the flange. 6. Apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, wherein a first thrust plate acts on the ball race and a second thrust plate acts on the wheel, and the two thrust plates are independently movable to effect their respective clamping. 7. Apparatus according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the opening in the wheel tapers from the enlarged end towards the cylindrical section of reduced diameter. 8. Apparatus according to claim 4 or 5, wherein a step is formed between the enlarged end and a reduced diameter cylindrical section which is to form the interference fit with the ball race, the step itself being tapered to facilitate the forcing of the balls into the reduced diameter section. 9. Mounting means for effecting positive radial location of a wheel on a spindle of a machine, said wheel and spindle having portions which form parts of the mounting means and comprising a flange on the spindle and a reduced diameter end portion adjacent thereto, a tapered region on the spindle end, means for retaining a ball race around the tapered spindle region, and clamping means operable in use to force the aperture in the wheel over the ball race and increasingly tighten the balls thereof into an interference fit between the tapered surface on the spindle and the wheel, so that the wheel becomes clamped thereon. 10. Mounting means according to claim 9, wherein the opening in the wheel tapers from an enlarged end thereof towards a cylindrical section there. 11. Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims 3 to 10, wherein the internal face of the wheel aperture and the spindle are surface hardened to provide resistance to wear. 12. Apparatus according to any of claims 3 to 11, wherein bolt means for clamping the parts together act directly between a clamping plate and the spindle end. 13. Apparatus according to any of claims 3 to 11, wherein first ring member in place to retain the balls in position and a second ring member and associated bolt means serve to clamp the wheel to the flange. 14. Apparatus according to any of claims 3 to 11, wherein a first bolt means serves to clamp a ball race end closure to the spindle end and a second bolt means serves to secure a thrust plate to the spindle end which upon being tightened towards the spindle end, engages the end face of the wheel and forces the wheel axially so as to engage the ball race and finally become clamped against the flange. 15. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the spindle taper is at a steeper angle than that of the taper in the wheel aperture and the clamping means comprises a ring member which acts as an end closure for the balls on the spindle end. 16. Apparatus according to any of claims 3 to 15, wherein an end clamping plate is employed to clamp the wheel against the flange and the interference fit between the clamping plate and the flange is sufficient to transmit drive to the wheel. 17. Apparatus according to any of claims 3 to 15, wherein drive pins extend between the wheel and the flange. 18. Apparatus according to any of claims 3 to 17, wherein the inside of the wheel opening is surface hardened or includes an inner ring of hardened steel or the like. 19. Apparatus according ro any of claims 3 to 18, wherein the balls are retained in a cage or are retained in axial or radial grooves (with reduced width openings to prevent the balls from leaving radially) in the spindle end. 20. Apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the balls are resiliently urged axially by springs in an opposite sense to the direction in which the tightening will cause them to move. 21. Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the wheel is a grinding wheel. 22. A grinding machine having a drive spindle for a grinding wheel and means for attaching the grinding wheel thereto according to any one of claims 3 to 20. 23. A method and apparatus substantially as herein described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

Inventors: LAYCOCK MICHAEL, LAYCOCK, MICHAEL
Applicants: LAYCOCK MICHAEL, WESTERN ATLAS UK LTD, LAYCOCK, MICHAEL, WESTERN ATLAS UK LIMITED
Application year: 1995
Main classification: B24B45
IPC codes: B24B45, B24D5, F16D1