Blood oxygenator

Abstract: A blood oxygenator having a substantially cylindrical structure provided with an inner wall (1) or core and an outer wall (2) that define an oxygenation chamber. The oxygenation chamber contains a hollow fiber bundle (3) comprised of hollow microporous semi-permeable fibers which are meant to be affected externally by the blood that flows in the oxygenation chamber. The oxygenation chamber is provided with inlet (7a) and outlet (9a) paths for connection to the outside. The hollow fibers (3) are embedded, at their ends, in rings of polyurethane resin known as potting and are connected to gas inlet and outlet chambers (6,8) respectively for the intake of oxygen and for the discharge of the carbon dioxide. The structure includes ribs (10) that extend from the inner wall of the structure and are divided into a plurality of sets (10) that run longitudinally along the entire length of the core generally parallel with the axis of the core (1). The ribs (10) are adapted to produce an arrangement in the fiber bundle (3) so that the fiber bundle (3) touches the outer wall (2) of the structure in the regions where it touches the ribs (10) and so that the fiber bundle (3) is spaced from the outer wall (2) and touches the inner wall (1) of the structure in the regions between adjacent sets of ribs (10).

Description: The present invention relates to a blood oxygenator. More particularly, the invention relates to oxygenating devices with a hollow fiber bundle between the inner wall of a core and an outer wall and having inner wall chambers and outer wall chambers located between the bundle and the inner wall and outer wall, respectively. The invention includes a method of oxygenating blood using the devices. It is known that extracorporeal circuits through which blood flows during surgery include an oxygenation device which has the purpose of transferring oxygen to the blood while removing carbon dioxide. The oxygenation devices proposed by the known art have many embodiments. However, all have some drawbacks. Among the many types of oxygenators there is an oxygenator in which a cylindrical structure comprises an inner wall or core and an outer wall. Both are smooth and adapted to define an annular oxygenation chamber that contains a hollow fiber bundle which is in contact with the walls over their entire extension. The hollow fiber bundle is comprised of layers of microporous hollow fiber membranes, which are meant to be affected externally by the blood that flows through the oxygenation chamber. The hollow fibers are embedded at their ends in rings of polyurethane resin, known as potting, and are open into chambers respectively for the intake of oxygen, which thus passes inside them, and for the discharge of the carbon dioxide removed from the blood. In this type of known oxygenator the blood encounters considerable resistance in passing through the oxygenation chamber from the inlet to the outlet. The consequent heavy load losses produce a blood treatment that can cause hemolytic damage. Conventional blood oxygenators are disclosed for example in EP-A-0 621 047 and US-A-5 346 621. The aim of the present invention is to provide a blood oxygenator in which blood flow occurs with minimal load losses which allows operation with negligible risk of hemolytic damage. The proposed aim is achieved by a blood oxygenator as defined in the appended claims. Blood oxygenation comprises : providing an oxygenator as defined in the appended claims, having an oxygenation chamber with a blood inlet and a blood outlet, the oxygenation chamber containing a hollow fiber bundle comprised of hollow gas permeable fibers lying between an inner wall defined by a core and an outer wall, the fiber bundle being spaced apart from the inner wall in a manner that forms a plurality of longitudinal inner wall chambers, the fiber bundle being spaced apart from the outer wall in a manner that forms a plurality of outer wall chambers; causing oxygen to flow through the interior of the hollow fibers; delivering blood to the oxygenator through the blood inlet; causing the blood to flow circumferentially through the oxygenation chamber over the exterior of the hollow fibers; and discharging the blood through the blood outlet. According to the invention, there is provided a substantially cylindrical structure having an inner wall or core and an outer wall which define the inner and outer bounds of an oxygenation chamber. The oxygenation chamber contains a fiber bundle comprised of hollow microporous semi-permeable membrane fibers which are meant to be affected externally by the blood that flows in the oxygenation chamber. The oxygenation chamber includes a blood inlet and a blood outlet positioned to cause blood to flow in a generally circumferential path through the fiber bundle. The hollow fibers are embedded, at each of their ends, in rings of polyurethane resin known as potting which seals the area between the fibers at each end. The seals at each end of the fibers together with the inner and outer walls define the oxygenation chamber. The lumens of the hollow fibers are connected to inlet and outlet chambers respectively for the intake of oxygen and for the discharge of carbon dioxide. The inner wall includes ribs that extend radially outward. The ribs are divided into a plurality of sets that run longitudinally along the entire length of the structure in a configuration that is generally parallel to the axis of the core. The rib sets space the fiber bundle from the inner wall to produce a plurality of longitudinal inner wall chambers. The fiber bundle touches the outer wall of the structure in the regions radially opposite to the inner wall chambers (i.e. where the fiber bundle is spaced from the inner wall by the rib sets). The fiber bundle is spaced from the outer wall to form a plurality of outer wall chambers and touches the inner wall of the structure in the regions between two adjacent sets of ribs. In one embodiment the core of the oxygenator is substantially cylindrical. The rib sets protrude into the oxygenation chamber and cause the fiber bundle to assume an undulated configuration. In another embodiment it is the core that has an undulated configuration. In that embodiment the ribs are positioned and configured in the troughs of the undulations which are substantially parallel to the axis of the core such that the fiber bundle assumes a substantially cylindrical configuration. Further characteristics and advantages will become apparent from the description of several preferred but not exclusive embodiments of the invention, illustrated only by way of non-limiting example in the accompanying drawings, wherein: figure 1 is a sectional view, taken along the plane II of figure 2; figure 2 is a sectional view, taken along the plane II-II of figure 1; figure 3 is a sectional view, taken along the plane III-III of figure 2; figure 4 is another sectional view, similar to figure 1, illustrating the method for inserting a heat exchanger; figure 5 is a longitudinal sectional view of the invention according to a different embodiment; figures 6-9 are schematic views of further embodiments of the invention; figure 10 is another sectional view, similar to figure 2, of a further embodiment of the invention. With respect to the above figures 1, 2, and 3, the inner wall or core and the outer wall of the substantially cylindrical structure are designated by the reference numerals 1 and 2, respectively. Walls 1 and 2 define the inner and outer bounds of an oxygenation chamber which contains a fiber bundle 3. Fiber bundle 3 comprises a plurality of hollow microporous fibers. The hollow fibers are meant to be affected externally by the blood that flows through the oxygenation chamber in the manner described hereinafter. Although the embodiments disclosed are of generally cylindrical structures and cores, it will be appreciated that the principals disclosed herein are applicable to structures and cores of other shapes such as ovals, squares, rectangles, and variations thereof. The requirement being that the structures have a core about which a fiber bundle is positioned through which blood is caused to flow in a generally circumferential path from the inlet to the outlet. Fiber bundle 3 may be formed of semi-permeable hollow fibers according to known techniques and may have a variety of winding patterns or structures. For example, known fiber bundles and their manufacture are disclosed in the following U.S. patents: 5,297,591; 5,141,031; 4,172,794; 5,376,334; 3,794,468; 4,572,446; 3,422,008; 5,188,801. These patents disclose the use of single hollow fibers, hollow fiber ribbons or hollow fiber mats to form hollow fiber bundles with various configurations and winding patterns. The hollow fiber bundles are formed about a core and have a longitudinal axis. The winding patterns can result in hollow fibers which are angled with respect to the axis of the bundle or are substantially parallel to the axis of the fiber bundle. The fiber bundle of the present invention may be formed using any of these known techniques. The hollow fibers are embedded or sealed, at their ends, in the rings 4 and 5 of polyurethane resin, known as potting, and are connected respectively to a gas inlet chamber 6 formed in the upper lid 7 of the structure, which is provided with an inlet connector 7a, and to a gas outlet chamber 8 formed in the lower lid 9 of the structure, which is provided with an outlet connector 9a. The oxygenation chamber is thus defined by the inner and outer walls together with the rings of potting at each end of the fibers. Oxygen, or a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, enters the gas inlet chamber 6 through the connector 7a and enters the lumens of the hollow fibers. Differences in concentration produce a diffusive flow of oxygen toward the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood in the opposite direction. The carbon dioxide reaches the gas outlet chamber 8 and is discharged through the connector 9a. A significant feature of the invention resides in the presence of ribs that protrude monolithically from the inner wall 1. The ribs are divided into the three uniformly distributed sets which are generally designated by the reference numerals 10, 11 and 12 in figure 2 and run longitudinally along the entire axial length of the core. Figure 1 illustrates the ribs of the set 10 designated by the reference numerals 10a-10g, and figure 3 illustrates the ribs of the set 11 designated by the reference numerals 11a-11g. The shape and position of the ribs on the inner wall of the substantially cylindrical core cause the fiber bundle 3 to assume an undulated arrangement which is clearly shown in figure 2. This results in fiber bundle 3 touching the outer wall 2 in the regions opposite where it touches the ribs and being separated from outer wall 2 and touching the inner wall 1 in the regions that lie between two adjacent sets of ribs. The shape of the ribs will depend on the configuration and winding pattern of the hollow fiber bundle. In the embodiment disclosed a fiber bundle comprised of hollow fibers or hollow fiber ribbons wound substantially parallel to the axis of the structure or a fiber bundle comprised of one or more hollow fiber mats of any orientation would produce the undulating pattern with the rib structure disclosed. For fiber bundles comprised of hollow fibers wound at an angle with respect to the axis of the structure/core, the shape, angle and spacing of the ribs in the rib sets would be adjusted so that the desired undulating pattern is achieved. This arrangement forms empty spaces or outer wall chambers, designated by the reference numerals 13, 14 and 15, adjacent to the outer wall 2 and a plurality of empty spaces or inner wall chambers adjacent to the inner wall 1 between the ribs of the three rib sets. In the drawing figures the reference numeral 16 designates, by way of example, one of the spaces that lie between the ribs of the set generally designated by the reference numeral 10. Blood circulation is clearly indicated by the arrows shown in the drawing figures. The blood thus enters the oxygenation chamber through the blood inlet slots 17, 18 and 19 formed in the inner wall 1 in the region between the ribs 10b and 10c of the set 10. All the ribs of the set are perforated to allow the blood to distribute over the entire length of the wall, affecting the fiber bundle 3. As best seen in figure 2, once the blood has entered fiber bundle 3, it splits along two identical paths which are referenced to by the arrows and flows in a circumferential path towards the empty spaces 13 and 14 and then towards the plurality of empty spaces that lie between the ribs of the sets 12 and 11, finally reaching the empty space 15, where it can exit through the blood outlet connector 20. For fiber bundles comprised of hollow fibers which are generally parallel to the axis of the structure the blood flow is substantially perpendicular to the fibers. A blood circulation is thus provided which, by virtue of the presence of wide passage spaces, has very low load losses and thus allows the blood to be oxygenated with limited pressures that ensure fully negligible hemolytic damage. The described device is completed by the connector 21 for coupling an optional recirculation circuit and by the connector 22 connected to the bubble removal chamber 23. Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along the same plane as figure 1 and clearly illustrates the advantageous conditions allowed by the oxygenator according to the invention by means of a series coupling with a heat exchanger 24. Heat exchanger 24 can be accommodated inside the structure and conveys the blood that has entered it through the connector 24a, after adjusting its temperature, directly to the slots 17, 18 and 19 that lead into the oxygenator. Figure 5 illustrates a further embodiment of the invention related to the paths of blood flow into and out of the oxygenation chamber. According to this embodiment, the external connection path at the inner wall 1 is provided by means of a plurality of aligned slots, designated by the reference numerals 25a-25f, which are formed in the wall 1 at the regions between the ridges of the rib set 10. The slots lead into the blood inlet manifold 26 that is adjacent to the wall 1 and is provided with the blood inlet connector 26a, which can be connected to a blood supply line. The external connection path or blood outlet at the outer wall 2 is provided, in this different embodiment, by means of the aligned slots which are designated by reference numerals 27a-27f and are formed in the wall 2 at the empty space 15. The blood that flows out of the slots can be collected by an adapted device and particularly by a heat exchanger. Figures 6-9 schematically illustrate configurations according to further embodiments of the invention. These embodiments show generally that with an odd number of sets of ribs the two external connection paths of the oxygenation chamber are located, one for each wall, in diametrically opposite regions where the fiber bundle separates from the walls, i.e. in the chambers. In contrast, with an even number of sets of ribs the connection paths are both either on one wall or on the other. In particular, figures 6 and 7 relate to embodiments with three sets of ribs. Figure 6 is a view of the solution provided in the previously described embodiment, whereas figure 7 illustrates the swapping of the functions of the two external connection paths, i.e., the blood outlet is now where the inlet was, and the inlet is now where the blood outlet was. The same situation for the blood inlet and outlet paths, arranged respectively on the inner wall and on the outer wall, occurs with any odd number of rib sets. Figures 8 and 9, with four sets of ribs, illustrate the arrangement of the external connection paths in the case of an even number of rib sets. Thus, with 6, 8, 10 sets and so forth, the connection paths are both located on the same wall. Figure 10 shows a still further embodiment of the invention. Figure 10 is similar to figure 2 and illustrates a similar device except for the fiber shape of the core and the fiber bundle. In figure 10 core 31 is not cylindrical. Rather, it has an undulating configuration with a plurality of substantially symmetrical longitudinal waves or undulations which are generally parallel with the axis of the core. A plurality of rib sets 34, 35, 36, 37 and 38 are sized and positioned to substantially fill the troughs of the waves/undulations. Thus, when fiber bundle 33 is wound over the core 31 and rib sets 34-38, it assumes a generally cylindrical shape. The structure is provided with an undulating outer wall 32 substantially symmetrical with the configuration of the core 31. This arrangement forms empty spaces or outer wall chambers designated by the reference numerals 39, 40, 41, 42 and 43 adjacent to the outer wall 32, and a series of empty spaces or inner wall chambers adjacent to the inner wall or core 31 between the ribs of rib sets 34, 35, 36, 37 and 38. This arrangement is similar to that discussed with respect to the earlier embodiments except that the fiber bundle has a substantially cylindrical configuration instead of an undulated configuration. The construction and operation of the devices are otherwise substantially identical. Likewise, the number of undulations or chambers may be odd or even, increased or decreased, and the position of the blood inlet and outlet may be varied similar to that illustrated in figures 6-9. Blood circulation is clearly indicated by the arrows shown in figure 10. It has been found that the design of the present invention which includes inner wall and outer wall chambers has significantly lower pressure drop than conventional designs where the fiber bundle completely fills the oxygenation chamber between the inner and outer walls. This is supported by the following example which is a comparison test of a conventionally designed circumferential flow oxygenator without inner or outer wall chambers and a device similar to that shown in figure 10. Example The fiber bundles of both oxygenators were constructed from Akzo two ply fiber mat having a wall thickness of 16.8 microns and an outer fiber diameter of 380 microns. For the conventional design the total fiber length was 4.9 m, the length of the fiber bundle between potted ends was 105 mm and the effective fiber surface area was 2.06 m2. For the new design the total fiber length was 5.0 m, the length of the fiber bundle between potted ends was 105 mm and the effective surface area was 2.11 m2. When tested in accordance with AAMI standards with bovine blood at a flow rate of 6 l/min the conventional oxygenator had a pressure drop of 79460.132 Pa (596 mmHg) while the new design had a pressure drop of only 20531.645 Pa (154 mmHg). At a flow rate of 8 l/min the oxygen transfer rate was 491 cc/min for the conventional design and 486 cc/min for the new design while the carbon dioxide transfer rates were 442 cc/min and 420 cc/min, respectively. As the test data indicates, the pressure drop across the fiber bundle of the present invention has been significantly reduced over that of a similarly constructed conventional device without inner and outer wall chambers. By reducing the pressure drop the device can be operated with less chance of causing hemolytic damage to the blood. This is accomplished without a meaningful loss in efficiency of oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer characteristics. Thus, the device of the present invention retains the recognized efficiency of circumferential flow oxygenators but with less chance of harming the blood. The described invention is susceptible of numerous modifications and variations, all of which are within the scope of the inventive concept as defined by the claims. As previously mentioned, the number and configuration of rib sets may be varied. Any structure or shape may be used for the core, the outer wall or the rib sets so long as it results in the formation of a plurality of longitudinal inner and outer wall chambers. The size, number and shape of the ribs may be varied in accordance with the structure and winding pattern of the fiber bundle in order to form the inner and outer wall chambers. Thus, the rib sets may be constructed to use with a fiber bundle comprised of individual fibers, fiber ribbons, or fiber mats, wound or wrapped so that the fibers are parallel to or at an angle with respect to the axis of the core. Additionally, the configuration of the blood flow paths for connecting the oxygenation chamber to the outside can also be provided in a variety of ways. In the practical embodiment of the invention, all the details may be replaced with other technically equivalent elements. Furthermore, the materials employed, as well as the shapes and dimensions, may be varied according to the requirements. Where technical features mentioned in any claim are followed by reference signs, those reference signs have been included for the sole purpose of increasing the intelligibility of the claims and accordingly, such reference signs do not have any limiting effect on the interpretation of each element identified by way of example by such reference signs.

Claims: A blood oxygenator comprising: a structure including an outer wall (2;32) and a core (1;31) which defines an inner wall; a hollow fiber bundle (3;33) disposed within the structure between the inner wall and the outer wall, the hollow fiber bundle being comprised of hollow gas permeable fibers, each fiber having first and second ends and a hollow interior; a first sealing element (4) between the first ends of the hollow fibers; a second sealing element (5) between the second ends of the hollow fibers, the first and second sealing elements, the inner wall and the outer wall together defining an oxygenation chamber; a blood inlet (17-19;25-26) for introducing blood into the oxygenation chamber; a blood outlet (20;27) for discharging blood from the oxygenation chamber, the blood inlet and blood outlet being disposed such that blood is caused to flow circumferentially through the fiber bundle; a gas inlet (7a) for introducing gas into the interior of the hollow fibers at the first ends of the fibers; and a gas outlet (9a) for discharging gas from the interior of the fibers at the second ends of the fibers; the blood oxygenator being characterized in that it further comprises: a plurality of rib sets (10-12;34-38), each rib set having at least one rib extending radially from the inner wall, the rib sets running longitudinally between the inner wall and the fiber bundle, causing the fiber bundle to be spaced apart from the core to form a plurality of longitudinal inner wall chambers (16), such that the fiber bundle is in contact with the outer wall in regions radially opposite to the inner wall chambers and such that the fiber bundle is spaced apart from the outer wall forming a plurality of outer wall chambers (13-15;39-43) in regions between the rib sets where the fiber bundle is in contact with the inner wall. An oxygenator according to claim 1, characterized in that there is an odd number of rib sets (10-12;34-38). An oxygenator according to claim 2, characterized in that one of the blood inlet (17-19;25-26) and the blood outlet (20;27) is disposed on the core (1;31) and the other is disposed on the outer wall (2;32). An oxygenator according to claim 3, characterized in that the blood inlet (17-19;25-26) and blood outlet (20;27) are diametrically opposed and in that one of the blood inlet and blood outlet is in flow communication with an inner wall chamber (16) and the other is in flow communication with an outer wall chamber (13-15;39-43). An oxygenator according to claim 1, characterized in that there is an even number of rib sets. An oxygenator according to any one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the rib sets (10-12;34-38) are evenly distributed along the inner wall (1;31). An oxygenator according to claim 5, characterized in that both of the blood inlet and the blood outlet are disposed along one of the core and the outer wall. An oxygenator according to claim 7, characterized in that both the blood inlet and blood outlet are in flow communication with one of an inner wall chamber and an outer wall chamber. An oxygenator according to any one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fiber bundle (3;33) is comprised of one or more fiber mats, and preferably in that the one or more fiber mats are comprised of hollow fibers substantially parallel to an axis of the core (1;31). An oxygenator according to claim 9, characterized in that the hollow fibers are substantially parallel to an axis of the core (1;31). An oxygenator according to any one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the core (1) is substantially cylindrical. An oxygenator according to claim 11, characterized in that the rib sets (10-12) protrude into the oxygenation chamber and cause the fiber bundle (3) to assume an undulated configuration. An oxygenator according to any one or more of claims 1-10, characterized in that the inner wall of the core (31) is provided with a plurality of longitudinal undulations. An oxygenator according to claim 13, characterized in that the rib sets (34-38) are positioned and configured such that the fiber bundle (33) assumes a substantially cylindrical configuration.

Inventors: FINI MASSIMO, GHELLI NICOLA, FINI, MASSIMO, GHELLI, NICOLA
Applicants: DIDECO SPA, DIDECO S.P.A.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: A61M1
IPC codes: A61M1, B01D63