Speech recognition system and speech recognition method with reduced response time for recognition

Abstract: A euclidean distance (d(i, j)) between an input pattern (A) and a reference pattern (B) is elementwise determined, to sequentially calculate a set of cumulative values (g(i, j)) thereof, which is stored in a work memory (60) for use in a current recurrence calculation and in a cumulative data memory (50) for use in a decision for a speech recognition. The recurrence calculation is executed on one of division blocks (Bm) obtained by collecting input frames (i) and reference frames (j). Stored data (g(i, j)) in the work memory (60) are shifted every block for a subsequent recurrence calculation.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to a system and a method for recognizing an uttered speech, and particularly, to a speech recognition system and a speech recognition method for responding to a speech signal representative of an uttered speech to recognize the speech as a significant word or a sequence of continuous or discrete significant words, with a reduced response time. Description of the Related Art The last decade observed some epochal developments in the speech recognition field, in which a recognition of a speech is implemented by an algorithm to determine such one of stored references and/or possible combinations thereof, that is most likely to the speech in terms of a distance in a character vector field defined by few tens of character parameters in accordance with an employed mathematical model. A typical example was a speech recognition method (hereafter "first conventional method") using a dynamic programming (DP) matching algorithm discussed in a paper by H. Sakoe, et al. : "A High Speed DP-Matching Algorithm Based on Frame Synchronization, Beam Search and Vector Quantization" in a paper report book by the Association of Electronic, Information and Communications Engineers of Japan (hereafter "AEICE"), Vol. J71-D No. 9, pp. 1650-1659 (Sep. 1988). In the first conventional method, an input speech signal is divided into I (I = variable integer) frames, to be analysed for a conversion into an input pattern A composed of a temporal sequence of frame-mode character vectors a i (i = 1∼I), such that: A = a 1, a 2, · · ·, a i, · · ·, a I The input pattern A is elementwise compared with a set Σ (= {B n ; n (suffix) = 1∼N (predetermined integer) } ) of N ordered reference words B n each respectively composed of a basic reference pattern consisting of a sequence of K n (K n = preset integer) frame-mode reference vectors b n k (k = 1∼K n ) such that: B n = b n 1, b n 2, · · ·, b n k , · · ·, b n k n and hence the set Σ comprises a collective reference pattern B composed of a sequence of numbered reference vectors b j ( j = 1∼J ; J = total sum of K n for N words B n ), such that: B = b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , ···, b j , ··· b J1 (=b 1 k 1 ). b (J1) + 1 , b (J1) + 2 ,··· , b J2 (=b 2 k 2 ). ···, b J (n-1) + 1 , b J (n-1) + 2 ···, b Jn (=b n k n ). ···, b J (N-2) + 1 , b J (N-2) + 2 , ···, b J(N-1) , b J (N-1) + 1 , b J (N-1) + 2 , ···, b J (=b N K N ) The comparison follows a DP-matching algorithm to determine N distances D(A, B n ), such that: D(A, B n ) = g(I, K n ) where, g( I, K n ) is a cumulative distance from a word-mode start point (1, j; j=J (n - 1) + 1 ) to a word-mode end point (I, j; j=J n ) by a recurrence formula g(i, j) defined on an i-j plane shown in Fig. 1, e.g. such that: g(i, j) = d(i, j) + min[G] for G = {g(i-1, j), g(i-1, j-1) } where, d(i, j) is a euclidean distance between vectors a i and b j , and min[G] means a minimal one in a set G of elements g(i-1, j) and g(i-1, j-1) representative of recursive routes, respectively, providing initial conditions such that: g(1, j; j=J (n-1) + 1) = d(1, 1) g(1, j; j ≠ J (n-1) + 1) = ∞ and g(i, 0) = ∞ Typically, such the cumulation is continuously repeated via respective trellis points (i, j) in possible routes from an initial point (1, 1) to a final point (I, J), as illustrated in Fig. 1 for particular integers p and q. Accordingly, the respective basic reference patterns of words B n and N distances D(A, B n ) are commonly represented by B and D(A, B) for a brevity (See the expression (3)), respectively, which indicate {B n } and g (I, J) also, respectively, as circumstances require. The distinction should be clear for artisan from an associated contex. In a typical calculation, each time when a character vector a p of any p-th frame is determined, a provisional cumulation g(p, j) is promptly performed for all the J points (p, j) at i = p , before results of the cumulation are stored in a cumulative data memory to permit an immediate recognition after an utterence of a speech. In that case, for each frame-mode character vector a i (i = i∼I), the cumulative data memory is accessed J times respectively for read and write. Therefore, for a quick recognition of many words, the cumulative data memory has to be adapted for a high-speed access. In particular, as the set Σ of reference words is increased in number (N) of elements, the number (J) of character vectors b j becomes larger, so that the cumulative data memory is needed to have an increased storage capacity, resulting in an extension of an expensive high-speed memory. Like problem was found in other conventional cases, e. g. in a speech recognition method (hereafter "second conventional method") based on a hidden Markov model (HMM) as a probability model discussed at pp. 29-50 of a book by S. Nakagawa: "Speech Recognition by Probability Model" published by the AEICE (Jul. 1988). For the implementation of recognition in accordance with the HMM, the second conventional method employs some algorithms including a Viterbi algorithm, which has similar processes to the DP-matching algorithm of the first conventoinal method. As a solution to such a problem, there has been proposed a speech recognition method (hereafter "third conventional method") in the Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 60-130799. The third conventional method employs a similar recurrence formula to the first conventional method, for calculating a cumulative value on an i-j plane. Like characters define like terms, for a brevity. Fig. 2 shows the i-j plane in the third conventional method, with a conceptual illustration of a process associated with the calculation in which a cumulation up to J by the recurrence formula is performed, not individually for each i, but collectively over a square block. As shown in Fig. 2, a certain input pattern length Li is predetermined in terms a number of frames that is a number of character vectors a i . Letting s be a start frame ( i = s) of a current cumulation, when a subsequence {a s, a s+1, ···, a s+Li-1 } of an input pattern A (= { a 1 , a 2 , ···, a I } ) that corresponds to the length Li is input to the end, a calculation process enters the cumulation to determine a provisional distance g(s + Li, j) for each j (j = 1 ∼ J) via respective treillis points (i, j) between i = s and i = s + Li - 1 , so that a square block Li × J is covered by the current cumulation, before a subsequent cumulation starts from a frame i = s + Li . More specifically, the third conventional method employs a cumulative data memory with an adequate capacity for a set of J cumulative data and a work memory with an adequate capacity for a cumulation along Li frames. In the cumulation over the block Li × J, the cumulative data memory first receives an access for reading therefrom a provisional distance g(s-1, q) for j = q . The read distance g(s-1, q) is processed for a calculation to determine a first recursive distance g(s, q), which is stored in the work memory and read therefrom to be processed for a calculation to determine a second recursive distance g(s+1, q). Like this, a recursive distance g(i, q) is determined every treillis point (i, q) between from i = s to i = s + Li - 1 , while associated results {g (i, q)} are stored in the work memory. Then, from a distance g(s+Li - 1, q) , there is determined a final recursive distance g(s+Li, q) , which is written as an updated provisional distance in the cumulative data memory. The foregoing cumulation process is repeated every j from 1 to J. Accordingly, for each j, the cumulative data memory is accessed no more than once respectively for read and write, while the work memory is accessed Li-1 times respectively for read and write. In other words, the third conventional method divides an input pattern A into frame blocks each consisting of Li frames that inherently require for each j a total of Li accesses respectively for read and write to a certain memory, and shares out simply one of them to a cumulative data memory and all of the rest to a work memory, thereby permitting a speech recognition to be achieved in a short time with a reduced scale of an expensive high-speed memory, in comparison with the first conventional method. For example, supposing that J = 10,000 (10 frames/word × 1,000 words) and Li = 100 (frames), if a high-speed memory of 99 words/sec. is used as a work memory for Li-1 = 99 (accesses respectively for read and write), then even a memory of a speed 10 times slower than the work memory can be used as a cumulative data memory with an increase not exceeding a 10% in memory access time. Therefore, a work memory to be a high-speed memory in the third conventional method may have a capacity of about one hundredth relative to a cumulative data memory in the first conventional method. However, even in the third conventional method, the calculation process is disabled to enter a cumulation over a square block Li × J, before a lapse of a time interval equivalent to an associated frame block (i.e. Li frames) from a start frame s thereof. As a result, for a cumulation over a last block hatched in Fig. 2, a series of necessary calculation steps are to be executed after an utterence of a speech is over. For example, supposing that a unit i = 10 msec. and Li = 100, a delay of approx. 1 sec. is needed to obtain a result of recognition, relative to a real-time calculation, i. e., from the end of the utterence. Such conventional methods thus have a problem that a recognition is subjected to a long response time due to a collective post-cumulation of a frame block of speech. To render short such the response time, an expensive high-speed memory must be scaled up. The present invention has been achieved with such points in mind. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a speech recognition system and a speech recognition method permitting a response time for a speech recognition to be effectively reduced without increasing a capacity of an expensive high-speed memory. To achieve the object, the present invention provides as claimed in claim 1 a speech recognition system for recognizing an input speech by determining a cumulative distance between an input pattern and a reference pattern. According to a specific embodiment of the invention, the distance calculation means processes a plurality of input patterns and a plurality of reference patterns to concurrently calculate a plurality of euclidean distances. Moreover, to achieve the object, the present invention as claimed in claim 3 provides a speech recognition method for recognizing an input speech by determining a cumulative distance between an input pattern and a reference pattern. According to a specific embodiment of the invention, a plurality of input patterns and a plurality of reference patterns are processed to concurrently calculate a plurality of euclidean distances. Therefore, according to the invention, a euclidean distance between an input pattern and a reference pattern is determined, and a set of cumulative values threreof is determined by a recurrence calculation, to be used for a speech recognition. The recurrence calculation is executed over one of division blocks obtained by collecting predetermined numbers of frames respectively in an i-direction and a j-direction. Then, a data shift is performed in the i-direction, in an increasing sense of i, to provide for a recurrence calculation on a subsequent block. Accordingly, a series of recurrence calculations are executed in parallel with an utterence of a speech, thus resulting in a decreased number of calculation steps remaining at the end of the utterence, permitting a reduced delay before the speech recognition. Moreover, according to the invention, a plurality of distance calculations are executed concurrently or in parallel, permitting the more decreased number of remaining calculation steps and hence the more reduced delay. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a graph of an i-j plane for describing a conventional speech recognition method; Fig. 2 is graph of an i-j plane for describing another conventional speech recognition method; Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a speech recognition system according to an embodiment of the invention; Figs. 4A and 4B are flow charts of a cumulative calculation according to a speech recognition method employed in the system of Fig. 3; and Fig. 5 is a graph of an i-j plane for describing the cumulative calculation in the charts of Figs. 4A and 4B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS There will be detailed below preferred embodiments of the present invention, with reference to Figs. 3 to 5. Like items to the foregoing description will be defined by like characters for brevity of description. Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a speech recognition system according to an embodiment of the invention. In Fig. 3, designated at reference character 1 is the speech recognition system, in which a division block Bm (= Li × Lm) shown in Fig. 5 is employed as a calculation area for a cumulation, as will be described later. The recognition system 1 comprises an analysis section 2 for performing an analysis of an input accoustic or electric signal S1 representative of an uttered speech S0 including a phonetically significant original word W to output a set of results of the analysis as a signal S2, a calculation section 3 for processing the signal S2 to build up J cumulative data Dc representing respective degrees of likelihood of N reference words n to the uttered speech S0, and a decision section 4 for reading the data Dc as a signal S3 to make a decision thereon as to which reference word n is most likely to the speech S0 to thereby recognize the most likely word n as the original word W and for outputting a signal S4 representative of the most likely word n as a result of recognition. The analysis at the section 2 and the likelihood to the speech S0 will be limited to phonetic ones for a comprehensive description of the embodiment. It will be seen that they may be extended to cover statistic characters, linguistic characters and/or environmental characters, in particular in practical arrangments such as for a long or multi-word speech or conversation. Moreover, in applications such as to a stereo-sonic speech or an instrumental sound, a temporal derivative character of a first or second order and/or an echo character may be covered. The analysis section 2 comprises an analyser 10 for phonetically analysing the input signal S1 by a Mel-scaled Cepstrum analysis, which is known eg. by a book "Digital Speech Processing" by T. Furui. Tokai University Publishing Co. , to output an input speech pattern A consisting of a temporal sequence of I character vectors a i (i = 1∼I) representative of phonetic characters of the uttered speed S0. The calculation section 3 comprises a distance calculator 20 provided with a reference pattern memory 30, and a recurrence calculator 40 provided with a cumulative data memory 50, a work memory 60, a work memory shifter 70, a g1 register 80 and a g2 register 90. The distance calculator 20 calculates a euclidean distance d(i, j) between pattern elements a i and b j in a below-described manner. The reference pattern memory 30 has a reference pattern B (= {b 1 , b 2 , ···, b j , ···, b J } ) stored therein in advance as a set of objects of recognition. The cumulative data memory 50 stores a set of final cumulative distances g(i, j) of each division block (Bm in Figa. 4). The recurrence calculator 40 accesses the memories 50 and 60 to read necessary data, processes the data to perform a recurrence calculation in accordance with the formula (5), and updates cumulative distances g(i, j) in the memory 50 by using results of the calculation. The work memory 60 temporarily stores cumulative distances g(i, j) calculated in a current division block (Bm in Fig. 4). The work memory shifter 70 shifts the data stored in the work memory 60 in a later-described manner. The g1 and g2 registers 80 and 90 temporarily hold cumulative distances g(i, j) calculated by the calculator 40. Functions of the speech recognition system 1 will be dcscribed. Upon reception of each input pattern element a i (i = 1∼I) , the distance calculator 20 sequentially reads respective elements b j (j = 1∼J) of the reference pattern B from the reference pattern memory 30, and calculates a euclidean distance d(i, j) between the input pattern element a i and a respective one of the reference pattern elements b j , to serially output a sequence of euclidean distances d(i, j) to the recurrence calculator 40. Calculations for like elements (i. e. character vectors having the same components) may be collectively executed in a single process to provide a result that may be stored to be read when necessary. The recurrence calculator 40 cooperates with the cumulative data memory 50, the work memory 60, the work memory shifter 70 and the g1 and g2 registers 80 and 90 to calculate a set of cumulative distances g(i, j) from the sequence of euclidean distances d(i, j) in a following manner having an initial setting process and a calculation process. Figs. 4A and 4B show a flow of associated steps. Initial setting process Upon reception of a first euclidean distance d(1, 1) from the distance calculator 20, two initial setting steps P1 and P2 are executed as follows. Step P1 : The cumulative data memory 50 is set so that addresses C(i, j) therein for storing cumulative distances g(i, j) have at C(1, j) the euclidean distance d(1, 1) or an initial value ∞ in accordance with the expressions (7) and (8). Step P2 : A start frame s of a current frame block (s to s+Li-1 ) is set for a first frame block between i = 1 and i = Li , so that s = 1. Calculation process Step P3 : The work memory 60 is reset so that all addresses W(i, j) therein for storing cumulative distances g(i, j) have an initial value ∞. Step P4 : A start frame u of a current division block (u to u+Li-1 ) is set for a first division block (m = 1), so that u = s . Step P5 : The reference pattern element number j is set to an initial value 1 for the current cumulation. Likewise, a division block number m is set to 1. Step P6 : A cumulative distance g(u, j) is read from the cumulative data memory 60, and held as g(i, j) in the g1 register 80. Step P7 : The input pattern element number i is set to u so that i = u . Step P8 : A euclidean distance d(i+1, j) is input from the distance calculator 20. Cumulative distances g(i, j-1) and g(i, j) are read from the work memory 60 and the g1 register 80, respectively. Then, a recurrence calculation is performed in accordance with the formula (5) to obtain a cumulative distance g(i+1, j) , which is held in the g2 register 90. Step P9 : The cumulative distance g(i, j) stored in the g1 register 80 is read, and written as a cumulative distance g(i, j-1) in the work memory 60. Step P10: The cumulative distance g(i+1, j) held in the g2 register 90 is read to be held in the g1 register 80. Step P11: The input pattern element number i is incremented so that i = i + 1 . Step P12: A decision is made as to whether or not i (≧u) = u + Li . If i≦u + Li - 1 , the flow goes to the step P8. When i = u + Li , the flow goes to a subsequent step P13. Step P13: A cumulative distance g(u+Li, j) is read from the g1 register 80, to be written at an address C(u+Li, j) in the cumulative data memory 50, where a g(u, j) is thus updated to the g(u+Li, j) . Step P14: The reference pattern element number j is incremented to j + 1. Step P15: A decision is made as to whether or not j (> J m-1 ) = J m + 1 . As shown in Fig. 5, J m corresponds to a height L m of each division block B m (m = 1∼M ; M = J/d , d = number of division blocks). If j < J m + 1 , the flow goes to the step P6, for an intra-division block calculation to be repeated L m × Li times in total. When j = J m + 1 , the flow goes to a subsequent step P16. Step P16: The division block number m is incremented so that m = m + 1 . Step P17: The start frame u of the current division block is incremented so that u = u + 1 . Step P18: The work memory shifter 70 shifts a cumulative distance g(i, j) stored at each address W(i, j) in the work memory 60 to a neighboring address W(i-1, j), so that at each W(i, j) the g(i, j) is updated to a g(i+1, j), whereby a cumulation area is shifted from a current division block B m to a subsequent division block B m+1 . The same effect may be obtained by generating a shifted address signal. Step P19: A decision is made as to whether or not the input pattern element number i ( ≧ s) = I + 1 . If i < I + 1 , the flow goes to a subsequent step P20. When i = I + 1 , the flow goes to a later-described step P22. Step P20: A decision is made as to whether or not j (> B m-1 ) = J + 1 . If j < J + 1 , the flow goes to the step P6. When j = J + 1 , the flow goes to a subsequent step P21. Step P21: The start frame s of the current frame block is incremented so that s = s + Li , before the flow goes to the step P3. Step P22: Upon reception of a final frame, necessary calculations are executed in accordance with the formula (5) to determine a number of remainnig cumulative distances. The decision section 4 employs a cumulative distance g(i, j) stored at an address C(i, j) of the cumulative data memory 50 corresponding to an end element of reference pattern of a respective one n (n = 1 ∼N) of N words, to make a decision as to which reference word n is most likely to the input pattern A in terms of a cumulative distance associated therewith, and recognizes the uttered speech S0 as the most likely word n, of which a result is output as a signal S4. As shown in Fig. 5, when an utterence of a speech is ended, the remaining calculations correspond to trellis points (i, j) in a hatched area, which is substantially one half of the hatched area in Fig. 2 showing the third conventional method. For example, supposing that a unit i = 10 msec. and Li = 100, the delay from a real-time calculation is reduced from the conventional 1 sec. to a 0.5 sec. in the present embodiment. The foregoing description of recurrence calculation is based on a DP-matching algorithm according to the first conventional method. To this point, a similar effect is available in an application of the embodiment to a recurrence calculation according to the second conventional method, providing that a recurrence formula, which may be different from the formula (5) as it conforms to the HMM, is calculated by similar steps to the embodiment, and that a similar system to Fig. 3 is employed. The embodiment may be modified for a calculation of a cumulative distance g(i, j), such that all euclidean distances d(i, j) between respective pattern elements a i and b j are calculated and stored in advance to be read as necessary for a recurrence calculation, that an input pattern A is held to be partially read as necessary for a calculation of a euclidean distance d(i, j) for a recurrence calculation, and/or that a primitive distance is calculated and stored in advance to be synthesized with a euclidean distance d(i, j) in a recurrence calculation. Moreover, the embodiment in which reference pattern elements b j are counted one by one may be modified so that a number of continuous pattern elements b j are employed in parallel for a collective recurrence calculation, or that a plurality of input patterns and a plurality of reference patterns are processed to concurrently calculate a plurality of euclidean distances. Further, the cumulative data memory 50 may preferably comprise a one-dimensional storage area C(k: k = 1 ∼ J ). Likewise, the work memory 60 may preferably comprise a one-dimensional storage area W(k: k = 1 ∼ Li ). Still more, the cumulation in a current division block B m may be performed along a j-direction, before an i-direction. In such a case, the work memory 60 may comprise a one-dimensional storage area W(k: k = 1 ∼ Li+Lm ). Yet more, the distance calculator 20, which calculates a euclidean distance d(i, j) in the embodiment, may calculate any other known distance in a various manner such as by a weighting. While the present invention has been described with reference to the particular illustrative embodiments, it is not to be restricted by those embodiments but only by the appended claims. It is to be appreciated that those skilled in the art can change or modify the embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims: A speech recognition system (1) for recognizing an input speech (S1) by determining a cumulative distance (g(i, j)) between an input pattern and a reference pattern (B), the speech recognition system comprising: analysis means (2) for dividing the input speech (S1) into a number of frames (i) of a predetermined length and analysing the frames to determine an input pattern (A) composed of a temporal sequence of input pattern elements (a i ) representative of characters of the frames; distance calculation means (20, 30) for sequentially calculating a set of element distances (d(i, j)) between the input pattern elements (a i ) and respective pattern elements (b j ) of the reference pattern (B) predetermined to be stored; work memory means (60) for temporarily storing cumulative values (g(i, j)) of the element distances (d(i, j)) corresponding to a block (Bm) of a predetermined number (Li) of frames (i) of the input pattern (A); cumulative data memory means (50) for storing a final cumulative value (g(i, j)) of each block (Bm) of said predetermined number of frames (i) of the input pattern (A); recurrence calculation means (40, 80, 90) for accessing to stored cumulative value data (g(i, j)) in the work memory means (60) and stored final cumulative value data (g(i, j)) in the cumulative data memory means (50), processing the accessed data (g(i, j)) with the element distances to calculate the cumulative values (g(i, j)), and using the cumulative values (g(i, j)) to update the stored final cumulative value data (g(i, j)) in the cumulative data memory means (50); decision means (4) for using the updated final cumulative value data (g(i, j)) to make a decision for the recognition of the input speech and outputting a result (S4) of the decision; and work memory shifter means (70) for shifting the stored cumulative value data (g(i, j)) in the work memory means (60) by a predetermined shift (i) when the stored final cumulative value data (g(i, j)) in the cumulative data memory means (50) are updated. A speech recognition (1) system according to claim 1, wherein the distance calculation means (20) processes a plurality of input patterns (A) and a plurality of reference patterns (B) to concurrently calculate a plurality of element distances (d(i, j)). A speech recognition method for recognizing input speech (S1) by determining a cumulative distance (g(i, j)) between an input pattern and a reference pattern (B) the speech recognition method comprising the steps of: dividing the input speech (S1) into a number of frames (i) of a predetermined length and analysing the frames to determine an input pattern (A) composed of a temporal sequence of input pattern elements (a i ) representative of characters of the frames; sequentially calculating a set of element distances (d(i, j)) between the input pattern elements (a i ) and respective pattern elements (b j ) of the reference pattern (B) predetermined to be stored; temporarily storing cumulative values (g(i, j)) of the element distances (d(i, j)) corresponding to a block (Bm) of a predetermined number (Li) of frames (i) of the input pattern (A) in a work memory means (60); storing a final cumulative value (g(i, j)) of each block (Bm) of said predetermined number of frames (i) of the input pattern (A) in a cumulative data memory means (50); accessing the stored cumulative value data (g(i, j)) in work memory means (60) and stored final cumulative value data (g(i, j)) in cumulative data memory means (50), processing the accessed data (g(i, j)) with the element distances to calculate the cumulative values (g(i, j)), and using the cumulative values (g(i, j)) to update the stored final cumulative value data (g(i, j)) in the cumulative data memory means (50); using the updated final cumulative value data (g(i, j)) to make a decision for the recognition of the input speech (S1) and outputting a result (S4) of the decision; and shifting the stored cumulative value data in the work memory means (60) by a predetermined shift (i) when the stored final cumulative value data in the cumulative data memory means (50) are updated. A speech recognition method according to claim 3, wherein a plurality of input patterns (A) and a plurality of reference patterns (B) are processed to concurrently calculate a plurality of element distances (d(i, j)).

Inventors: HIRAYAMA HIROSHI, HIRAYAMA, HIROSHI, Hirayama, Hiroshi, c/o NEC Corporation
Applicants: NIPPON ELECTRIC CO, NEC CORPORATION
Application year: 1995
Main classification: G10L15
IPC codes: G10L15