OVEREXPRESSION OF MAMMALIAN AND VIRAL PROTEINS

Abstract: The invention features a synthetic gene encoding a protein normally expressed in mammalian cells wherein at least one non-preferred or less preferred codon in the natural gene encoding the mammalian protein has been replaced by a preferred codon encoding the same amino acid.

Description: OVEREXPRESSION OF MAMMALIAN AND VIRAL PROTEINS Field of the Invention The invention concerns genes and methods for expressing eukaryotic and viral proteins at high levels in eukaryotic cells. Background of the Invention Expression of eukaryotic gene products in prokaryotes is sometimes limited by the presence of codons that are infrequently used in E. coli. Expression of such genes can be enhanced by systematic substitution of the endogenous codons with codons overrepresented in highly expressed prokaryotic genes (Robinson et al. 1984) . It is commonly supposed that rare codons cause pausing of the ribosome, which leads to a failure to complete the nascent polypeptide chain and a uncoupling of transcription and translation. The mRNA 3' end of the stalled ribosome is exposed to cellular ribonucleases, which decreases the stability of the transcript. Summary of the Invention The invention features a synthetic gene encoding a protein normally expressed in mammalian cells wherein at least one non-preferred or less preferred codon in the natural gene encoding the mammalian protein has been replaced by a preferred codon encoding the same a ino acid. Preferred codons are: Ala (gcc) ; Arg (cgc) ; Asn (aac) ; Asp (gac) Cys (tgc) ; Gin (cag) ; Gly (ggc) ; His (cac) ; lie (ate) ; Leu (ctg) ; Lys (aag) ; Pro (ccc) ; Phe (ttc) ; Ser (age) ; Thr (ace) ; Tyr (tac) ; and Val (gtg) . Less preferred codons are: Gly (ggg) ; He (att) ; Leu (etc) ; Ser (tec) ; Val (gtc) . All codons which do not fit the description of preferred codons or less preferred codons are non-preferred codons. By protein normally expressed in mammalian cells is meant a protein which is expressed in mammalian under natural conditions. The term includes genes in the mammalian genome such as Factor VIII, Factor IX, interleukins, and other proteins. The term also includes genes which are expressed in a mammalian cell under disease conditions such as oncogenes as well as genes which are encoded by a virus (including a retrovirus) which are expressed in mammalian cells post-infection In preferred embodiments, the synthetic gene is capable of expressing said mammalian protein at a level which is at least 110%, 150%, 200%, 500%, 1,000%, or 10,000% of that expressed by said natural gene in an in vitro mammalian cell culture system under identical conditions (i.e., same cell type, same culture conditions, same expression vector) . Suitable cell culture systems for measuring expression of the synthetic gene and corresponding natural gene are described below. Other suitable expression systems employing mammalian cells are well known to those skilled in the art and are described in, for example, the standard molecular biology reference works noted below. Vectors suitable for expressing the synthetic and natural genes are described below and in the standard reference works described below. By "expression" is meant protein expression. Expression can be measured using an antibody specific for the protein of interest. Such antibodies and measurement techniques are well known to those skilled in the art. By "natural gene" is meant the gene sequence which naturally encodes the protein. In other preferred embodiments at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the codons in the natural gene are non-preferred codons. In a preferred embodiment the protein is a retroviral protein. In a more preferred embodiment the protein is a lentiviral protein. In an even more preferred embodiment the protein is an HIV protein. In other preferred embodiments the protein is gag, pol, env, gpl20, or gpl60. In other preferred embodiments the protein is a human protein. The invention also features a method for preparing a synthetic gene encoding a protein normally expressed by mammalian cells. The method includes identifying non- preferred and less-preferred codons in the natural gene encoding the protein and replacing one or more of the non-preferred and less-preferred codons with a preferred codon encoding the same amino acid as the replaced codon. Under some circumstances (e.g., to permit introduction of a restriction site) it may be desirable to replace a non-preferred codon with a less preferred codon rather than a preferred codon. It is not necessary to replace all less preferred or non-preferred codons with preferred codons. Increased expression can be accomplished even with partial replacement. In other preferred embodiments the invention features vectors (including expression vectors) comprising the synthetic gene. By "vector" is meant a DNA molecule, derived, e.g., from a plas id, bacteriophage, or mammalian or insect virus, into which fragments of DNA may be inserted or cloned. A vector will contain one or more unique restriction sites and may be capable of autonomous replication in a defined host or vehicle organism such that the cloned sequence is reproducible. Thus, by "expression vector" is meant any autonomous element capable of directing the synthesis of a protein. Such DNA expression vectors include mammalian plasmids and viruses. The invention also features synthetic gene fragments which encode a desired portion of the protein. Such synthetic gene fragments are similar to the synthetic genes of the invention except that they encode only a portion of the protein. Such gene fragments preferably encode at least 50, 100, 150, or 500 contiguous amino acids of the protein. In constructing the synthetic genes of the invention it may be desirable to avoid CpG sequences as these sequences may cause gene silencing. The codon bias present in the HIV gpl20 envelope gene is also present in the gag and pol proteins. Thus, replacement of a portion of the non-preferred and less preferred codons found in these genes with preferred codons should produce a gene capable of higher level expression. A large fraction of the codons in the human genes encoding Factor VIII and Factor IX are non- preferred codons or less preferred codons. Replacement of a portion of these codons with preferred codons should yield genes capable of higher level expression in mammalian cell culture. Conversely, it may be desirable to replace preferred codons in a naturally occurring gene with less-preferred codons as a means of lowering expression. Standard reference works describing the general principles of recombinant DNA technology include Watson, J.D. et al., Molecular Biology of the Gene. Volumes I and II, the Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., publisher, Menlo Park, CA (1987); Darnell, J.E. et al.. Molecular Cell Biology. Scientific American Books, Inc., Publisher, New York, N.Y. (1986); Old, R.W., et al., Principles of Gene Manipulation: An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 2d edition, University of California Press, publisher, Berkeley, CA (1981); Maniatis, T., et al.. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, publisher, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1989); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Ausubel et al., Wiley Press, New York, NY (1989) . Detailed Description Description of the Drawings Figure 1 depicts the sequence of the synthetic gpl20 (SEQ ID NO: 34) and a synthetic gpl60 (SEQ ID NO: 35) gene in which codons have been replaced by those found in highly expressed human genes. Figure 2 is a schematic drawing of the synthetic gpl20 (HIV-1 MN) gene. The shaded portions marked vl to v5 indicate hypervariable regions. The filled box indicates the CD4 binding site. A limited number of the unique restriction sites ares shown: H (Hind3), Nh (Nhel), P (Pstl), Na (Nael) , M (Mlul) , R (EcoRl) , A (Agel) and No (Notl) . The chemically synthesized DNA fragments which served as PCR templates are shown below the gpl20 sequence, along with the locations of the primers used for their amplification. Figure 3 is a photograph of the results of transient transfection assays used to measure gpl20 expression. Gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated supernatants of 293T cells transfected with plasmids expressing gpl20 encoded by the IIIB isolate of HIV-1 (gpl20IIIb) , by the MN isolate (gpl20mn) , by the MN isolate modified by substitution of the endogenous leader peptide with that of the CD5 antigen (gpl20mnCD5L) , or by the chemically synthesized gene encoding the MN variant with the human CD5Leader (syngpl20mn) . Supernatants were harvested following a 12 hour labeling period 60 hours post-transfection and immunoprecipitated with CD4:IgGl fusion protein and protein A sepharose. Figure 4 is a graph depicting the results of ELISA assays used to measure protein levels in supernatants of transiently transfected 293T cells. Supernatants of 293T cells transfected with plasmids expressing gpl20 encoded by the IIIB isolate of HIV-l (gpl20 IHb) , by the MN isolate (gpl20mn) , by the MN isolate modified by substitution of the endogenous leader peptide with that of CD5 antigen (gpl20mn CD5L) , or by the chemically synthesized gene encoding the MN variant with human CDS leader (syngpl20mn) were harvested after 4 days and tested in a gpl20/CD4 ELISA. The level of gpl20 is expressed in ng/ml. Figure 5, panel A is a photograph of a gel illustrating the results of a immunoprecipitation assay used to measure expression of the native and synthetic gpl20 in the presence of rev in trans and the RRE in cis. In this experiment 293T cells were transiently transfected by calcium phosphate coprecipitation of 10 μq of plasmid expressing: (A) the synthetic gpl20MN sequence and RRE in cis, (B) the gpl20 portion of HIV-l IIIB, (C) the gpl20 portion of HIV-l IIIB and RRE in cis, all in the presence or absence of rev expression. The RRE constructs gpl20IIIbRRE and syngpl20mnRRE were generated using an Eagl/Hpal RRE fragment cloned by PCR from a HIV-l HXB2 proviral clone. Each gpl20 expression plasmid was cotransfected with 10 μg of either pCMVrev or CDM7 plasmid DNA. Supernatants were harvested 60 hours post transfection, immunoprecipitated with CD4:IgG fusion protein and protein A agarose, and run on a 7% reducing SDS-PAGE. The gel exposure time was extended to allow the induction of gpl20IIIbrre by rev to be demonstrated. Figure 5, panel B is a shorter exposure of a similar experiment in which syngpl20mnrre was cotransfected with or without pCMVrev. Figure 5, panel C is a schematic diagram of the constructs used in panel A. Figure 6 is a comparison of the sequence of the wildtype rat THY-1 gene (wt) (SEQ. ID. NO: 37) and a synthetic rat THY-1 gene (env) (SEQ. ID. NO: 36) constructed by chemical synthesis and having the most prevalent codons found in the HIV-l env gene. Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the synthetic ratTHY-1 gene. The solid black box denotes the signal peptide. The shaded box denotes the sequences in the precursor which direct the attachment of a phophatidyl- inositol glycan anchor. Unique restriction sites used for assembly of the THY-1 constructs are marked H (Hind3), M (Mlul) , S (Sacl) and No (Notl) . The position of the synthetic oligonucleotides employed in the construction are shown at the bottom of the figure. Figure 8 is a graph depicting the results of flow cyto etry analysis. In this experiment 293T cells transiently transfected with either wildtype rat THY-1 (dark line) , ratTHY-1 with envelope codons (light line) or vector only (dotted line) . 293T cells were transfected with the different expression plasmids by calcium phosphate coprecipitation and stained with anti- ratTHY-1 monoclonal antibody 0X7 followed by a polyclonal FITC- conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody 3 days after transfection. Figure 9, panel A is a photograph of a gel illustrating the results of immunoprecipitation analysis of supernatants of human 293T cells transfected with either syngpl20mn (A) or a construct syngpl20mn.rTHY-lenv which has the rTHY-lenv gene in the ' untranslated region of the syngpl20mn gene (B) . The syngpl20mn.rTHY-lenv construct was generated by inserting a Notl adapter into the blunted Hind3 site of the rTHY-lenv plasmid. Subsequently, a 0.5 kb Notl fragment containing the rTHY-lenv gene was cloned into the Notl site of the syngpl20mn plasmid and tested for correct orientation. Supernatants of 35S labelled cells were harvested 72 hours post transfection, precipitated with CD4:IgG fusion protein and protein A agarose, and run on a 7% reducing SDS-PAGE. Figure 9, panel B is a schematic diagram of the constructs used in the experiment depicted in panel A of this figure. Description of the Preferred Embodiments Construction of a Synthetic gpl20 Gene Having Codons Found in Highly Expressed Human Genes A codon frequency table for the envelope precursor of the LAV subtype of HIV-l was generated using software developed by the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group. The results of that tabulation are contrasted in Table 1 with the pattern of codon usage by a collection of highly expressed human genes. For any amino acid encoded by degenerate codons, the most favored codon of the highly expressed genes is different from the most favored codon of the HIV envelope precursor. Moreover a simple rule describes the pattern of favored envelope codons wherever it applies: preferred codons maximize the number of adenine residues in the viral RNA. In all cases but one this means that the codon in which the third position is A is the most frequently used. In the special case of serine, three codons equally contribute one A residue to the mRNA; together these three comprise 85% of the codons actually used in envelope transcripts. A particularly striking example of the A bias is found in the codon choice for arginine, in which the AGA triplet comprises 88% of all codons. In addition to the preponderance of A residues, a marked preference is seen for uridine among degenerate codons whose third residue must be a pyrimidine. Finally, the inconsistencies among the less frequently used variants can be accounted for by the observation that the dinucleotide CpG is underrepresented; thus the third position is less likely to be G whenever the second position is C, as in the codons for alanine, proline, serine and threonine; and the CGX triplets for arginine are hardly used at all. TABLE 1: Codon Frequency in the HIV-l IHb env gene and in highly expressed human genes. High Env High Env Ala cy_s GC C 53 27 TG C 68 16 T 17 18 T 32 84 A 13 50 G 17 5 Gin CA A 12 55 T 7 4 GUi A 6 0 GA A 25 67 G 21 0 G 75 33 AG A 10 88 G 18 8 GlV GG C 50 6 Asn T 12 13 AA C 78 30 A 14 53 T 22 70 G 24 28 ASP His GA c 75 33 CA C 79 25 T 25 67 T 21 75 -Ufi AT c 77 25 T 18 31 A 5 44 A 3 17 A 5 22 G 58 17 G 9 0 TT A 2 30 AG C 34 22 G 6 20 T 10 41 Y-5 Thr AA A 18 68 AC C 57 20 G 82 32 T 14 22 A 14 51 G 15 7 £∑2 Tvr cc c 48 27 TA C 74 8 T 19 14 T 26 92 A 16 55 G 17 5 £&• val TT C 80 26 GT C 25 12 T 20 74 T 7 9 A 5 62 G 64 18 Codon frequency was calculated using the GCG program established the the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group. Numbers represent the percentage of cases in which the particular codon is used. Codon usage frequencies of envelope genes of other HIV-l virus isolates are comparable and show a similar bias. In order to produce a gpl20 gene capable of high level expression in mammalian cells, a synthetic gene encoding the gpl20 segment of HIV-l was constructed (syngpl20mn) , based on the sequence of the most common North American subtype, HIV-l MN (Shaw et al. 1984; Gallo et al. 1986) . In this synthetic gpl20 gene nearly all of the native codons have been systematically replaced with codons most frequently used in highly expressed human genes (FIG. l) . This synthetic gene was assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides of 150 to 200 bases in length. If oligonucleotides exceeding 120 to 150 bases are chemically synthesized, the percentage of full-length product can be low, and the vast excess of material consists of shorter oligonucleotides. Since these shorter fragments inhibit cloning and PCR procedures, it can be very difficult to use oligonucleotides exceeding a certain length. In order to use crude synthesis material without prior purification, single-stranded oligonucleotide pools were PCR amplified before cloning. PCR products were purified in agarose gels and used as templates in the next PCR step. Two adjacent fragments could be co-amplified because of overlapping sequences at the end of either fragment. These fragments, which were between 350 and 400 bp in size, were subcloned into a pCDM7-derived plasmid containing the leader sequence of the CD5 surface molecule followed by a Nhel/Pstl/Mlul/EcoRl/BamHl polylinker. Each of the restriction enzymes in this polylinker represents a site that is present at either the 5' or 3' end of the PCR-generated fragments. Thus, by sequential subcloning of each of the 4 long fragments, the whole gpl20 gene was assembled. For each fragment 3 to 6 different clones were subcloned and sequenced prior to assembly. A schematic drawing of the method used to construct the synthetic gpl20 is shown in FIG. 2. The sequence of the synthetic gpl20 gene (and a synthetic gpl60 gene created using the same approach) is presented in FIG. 1. The mutation rate was considerable. The most commonly found mutations were short (1 nucleotide) and long (up to 30 nucleotides) deletions. In some cases it was necessary to exchange parts with either synthetic adapters or pieces from other subclones without mutation in that particular region. Some deviations from strict adherence to optimized codon usage were made to accommodate the introduction of restriction sites into the resulting gene to facilitate the replacement of various segments (FIG. 2) . These unique restriction sites were introduced into the gene at approximately 100 bp intervals. The native HIV leader sequence was exchanged with the highly efficient leader peptide of the human CDS antigen to facilitate secretion. The plasmid used for construction is a derivative of the mammalian expression vector pCDM7 transcribing the inserted gene under the control of a strong human CMV immediate early promoter. To compare the wild-type and synthetic gpl20 coding sequences, the synthetic gpl20 coding sequence was inserted into a mammalian expression vector and tested in transient transfection assays. Several different native gpl20 genes were used as controls to exclude variations in expression levels between different virus isolates and artifacts induced by distinct leader sequences. The gpl20 HIV IHb construct used as control was generated by PCR using a Sall/Xhol HIV-l HXB2 envelope fragment as template. To exclude PCR induced mutations a Kpnl/Earl fragment containing approximately 1.2 kb of the gene was exchanged with the respective sequence from the proviral clone. The wildtype gpl20mn constructs used as controls were cloned by PCR from HIV-l MN infected C8166 cells (AIDS Repository, Rockville, MD) and expressed gpi20 either with a native envelope or a CD5 leader sequence. Since proviral clones were not available in ^ this case, two clones of each construct were tested to avoid PCR artifacts. To determine the amount of secreted gpl20 semi-quantitatively supernatants of 293T cells transiently transfected by calcium phosphate coprecipitation were immunoprecipitated with soluble CD :immunoglobulin fusion protein and protein A sepharose. The results of this analysis (FIG. 3) show that the synthetic gene product is expressed at a very high level compared to that of the native gpl20 controls. The molecular weight of the synthetic gpl20 gene was comparable to control proteins (FIG. 3) and appeared to be in the range of 100 to 110 kd. The slightly faster migration can be explained by the fact that in some tumor cell lines like 293T glycosylation is either not complete or altered to some extent. To compare expression more accurately gpl20 protein levels were quantitated using a gpl20 ELISA with CD4 in the demobilized phase. This analysis shows (FIG. 4) that ELISA data were comparable to the immunoprecipitation data, with a gpi20 concentration of approximately 125 ng/ml for the synthetic gpl20 gene, and less than the background cutoff (5 ng/ml) for all the native gpl20 genes. Thus, expression of the synthetic gpl20 gene appears to be at least one order of magnitude higher than wildtype gpl20 genes. In the experiment shown the increase was at least 25 fold. The Role of rev in gp!20 Expression Since rev appears to exert its effect at several steps in the expression of a viral transcript, the possible role of non-translational effects in the improved expression of the synthetic gpl20 gene was tested. First, to rule out the possibility that negative signals elements conferring either increased mRNA degradation or nucleic retention were eliminated by changing the nucleotide sequence, cytoplasmic mRNA levels were tested. Cytoplasmic RNA was prepared by NP40 lysis of transiently transfected 293T cells and subsequent elimination of the nuclei by centrifugation. Cytoplasmic RNA was subsequently prepared from lysates by multiple phenol extractions and precipitation, spotted on nitrocellulose using a slot blot apparatus, and finally hybridized with an envelope-specific probe. Briefly, cytoplasmic mRNA 293 cells transfected with CDM&, gpl20 IIIB, or syngpl20 was isolated 36 hours post transfection. Cytoplasmic RNA of Hela cells infected with wildtype vaccinia virus or recombinant virus expressing gpl20 Illb or the synthetic gpl20 gene was under the control of the 7.5 promoter was isolated 16 hours post infection. Equal amounts were spotted on nitrocellulose using a slot blot device and hybridized with randomly labelled 1.5 kb gpl20IIIb and syngpl20 fragments or human beta-actin. RNA expression levels were quantitated by scanning the hybridized membranes with a phospoimager. The procedures used are described in greater detail below. This experiment demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the mRNA levels of cells transfected with either the native or synthetic gpl20 gene. In fact, in some experiments cytoplasmic mRNA level of the synthetic gpl20 gene was even lower than that of the native gpl20 gene. These data were confirmed by measuring expression from recombinant vaccinia viruses. Human 293 cells or Hela cells were infected with vaccinia virus expressing wildtype gpl20 Illb or syngpl20mn at a multiplicity of infection of at least 10. Supernatants were harvested 24 hours post infection and immunoprecipitated with CD4:immunoglobin fusion protein and protein A sepharose. The procedures used in this experiment are described in greater detail below. This experiment showed that the increased expression of the synthetic gene was still observed when the endogenous gene product and the synthetic gene product were expressed from vaccinia virus recombinants under the control of the strong mixed early and late 7.5k promoter. Because vaccinia virus RNAs are transcribed and translated in the cytoplasm, increased expression of the synthetic envelope gene in this experiment cannot be attributed to improved export from the nucleus. This experiment was repeated in two additional human cell types, the kidney cancer cell line 293 and HeLa cells. As with transfected 293T cells, mRNA levels were similar in 293 cells infected with either recombinant vaccinia virus. Codon Usage in Lentivirus Because it appears that codon usage has a significant impact on expression in mammalian cells, the codon frequency in the envelope genes of other retroviruses was examined. This study found no clear pattern of codon preference between retroviruses in general. However, if viruses from the lentivirus genus, to which HIV-l belongs to, were analyzed separately, codon usage bias almost identical to that of HIV-l was found. A codon frequency table from the envelope glycoproteins of a variety of (predominantly type C) retroviruses excluding the lentiviruses was prepared, and compared a codon frequency table created from the envelope sequences of four lentiviruses not closely related to HIV-l (caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and visna virus) (Table 2) . The codon usage pattern for lentiviruses is strikingly similar to that of HIV-l, in all cases but one, the preferred codon for HIV-l is the same as the preferred codon for the other lentiviruses. The exception is proline, which is encoded by CCT in 41% of non-HIV lentiviral envelope residues, and by CCA in 40% of residues, a situation which clearly also reflects a significant preference for the triplet ending in A. The pattern of codon usage by the non- lentiviral envelope proteins does not show a similar predominance of A residues, and is also not as skewed toward third position C and G residues as is the codon usage for the highly expressed human genes. In general non-lentiviral retroviruses appear to exploit the different codons more equally, a pattern they share with less highly expressed human genes. TABLE 2: Codon frequency in the envelope gene of lentiviruses (lenti) and non-lentiviral retroviruses (other) . Other Lenti Other Lenti ala Cys GC C 45 13 TG C 53 21 T 26 37 T 47 79 A 20 46 G 9 3 Gin CA A 52 69 λrσ G 48 31 CG C 14 2 T 6 3 GlU A 16 5 GA A 57 68 G 17 3 G 43 32 AG A 31 51 G 15 26 GlV GG C 21 8 Asn T 13 9 AA C 49 31 A 37 56 T 51 69 G 29 26 Asp His GA C 55 33 CA C 51 38 T 51 69 T 49 62 lie AT c 38 16 T 31 22 A 31 61 Leu 8er CT c 22 8 TC c 38 10 T 14 9 T 17 16 A 21 16 A 18 24 G 19 11 G 6 5 TT A 15 41 AG C 13 20 G 10 16 T 7 25 Lys Thr AA A 60 63 AC C 44 18 G 40 37 T 27 20 A 19 55 Pro G 10 8 cc C 42 14 T 30 41 Tvr A 20 40 TA C 48 28 G 7 5 T 52 72 Phe YAl TT c 52 25 GT C 36 9 T 48 75 T 17 10 A 22 54 G 25 27 Codon frequency was calculated using the GCG program established by the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group. Numbers represent the percentage in which a particular codon is used. Codon usage of non- lentiviral retroviruses was compiled from the envelope precursor sequences of bovine leukemia virus feline leukemia virus, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II, the mink cell focus- forming isolate of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) , the Rauscher spleen focus-forming isolate, the 10A1 isolate, the 4070A amphotropic isolate and the myeloproliferative leukemia virus isolate, and from rat leukemia virus, simian sarcoma virus, simian T-cell leukemia virus, leukemogenic retrovirus T1223/B and gibbon ape leukemia virus. The codon frequency tables for the non-HIV, non- SIV lentiviruses were compiled from the envelope precursor sequences for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, and visna virus. In addition to the prevalence of A containing codons, lentiviral codons adhere to the HIV pattern of strong CpG underrepresentation, so that the third position for alanine, proline, serine and threonine triplets is rarely G. The retroviral envelope triplets show a similar, but less pronounced, underrepresentation of CpG. The most obvious difference between lentiviruses and other retroviruses with respect to CpG prevalence lies in the usage of the CGX variant of arginine triplets, which is reasonably frequently represented among the retroviral envelope coding sequences, but is almost never present among the comparable lentivirus sequences. Differences in rev Dependence Between Native and synthetic qpizp To examine whether regulation by rev is connected to HIV-l codon usage, the influence of rev on the expression of both native and synthetic gene was investigated. Since regulation by rev requires the rev- binding site RRE in cis, constructs were made in which this binding site was cloned into the 3' untranslated region of both the native and the synthetic gene. These plasmids were co-transfected with rev or a control plasmid in trans into 293T cells, and gpl20 expression levels in supernatants were measured semiquantitatively by immunoprecipitation. The procedures used in this experiment are described in greater detail below. As shown in FIG. 5, panels A and B, rev upregulates the native gpl20 gene, but has no effect on the expression of the synthetic gpl20 gene. Thus, the action of rev is not apparent on a substrate which lacks the coding sequence of endogenous viral envelope sequences. Expression of a synthetic rat THY-l gene with HIV envelope codons The above-described experiment suggest that in fact "envelope sequences" have to be present for rev regulation. In order to test this hypothesis, a synthetic version of the gene encoding the small, typically highly expressed cell surface protein, rat THY-l antigen, was prepared. The synthetic version of the rat THY-l gene was designed to have a codon usage like that of HIV gpl20. In designing this synthetic gene AUUUA sequences, which are associated with mRNA instability, were avoided. In addition, two restriction sites were introduced to simplify manipulation of the resulting gene (FIG. 6) . This synthetic gene with the HIV envelope codon usage (rTHY-lenv) was generated using three 150 to 170 mer oligonucleotides (FIG. 7) . In contrast to the syngpl20mn gene, PCR products were directly cloned and assembled in pUC12, and subsequently cloned into pCDM7. Expression levels of native rTHY-l and rTHY-1 with the HIV envelope codons were quantitated by immunofluorescence of transiently transfected 293T cells. FIG 8 shows that the expression of the native THY-l gene is almost two orders of magnitude above the background level of the control transfected cells (pCDM7) . in contrast, expression of the synthetic rat THY-l is substantially lower than that of the native gene (shown by the shift to of the peak towards a lower channel number) . To prove that no negative sequence elements promoting mRNA degradation were inadvertently introduced, a construct was generated in which the rTHY-lenv gene was cloned at the 3' end of the synthetic gpl20 gene (FIG. 9, panel B) . In this experiment 293T cells were transfected with either the syngpl20mn gene or the syngpl20/rat THY-l env fusion gene (syngpl20mn.rTHY-lenv) . Expression was measured by immunoprecipitation with CD4:IgG fusion protein and protein A agarose. The procedures used in this experiment are described in greater detail below. Since the synthetic gpl20 gene has an UAG stop codon, rTHY-lenv is not translated from this transcript. If negative elements conferring enhanced degradation were present in the sequence, gpl20 protein levels expressed from this construct should be decreased in comparison to the syngpl20mn construct without rTHY-lenv. FIG. 9, panel A, shows that the expression of both constructs is similar, indicating that the low expression must be linked to translation. Rev-dependent expression of synthetic rat THY-l gene with envelope codons To explore whether rev is able to regulate expression of a rat THY-l gene having env codons, a construct was made with a rev-binding site in the 3' end of the rTHYlenv open reading frame. To measure rev- responsiveness of the a rat THY-lenv construct having a 3' RRE, human 293T cells were cotransfected ratTHY-lenvrre and either CDM7 or pCMVrev. At 60 hours post transfection cells were detached with 1 mM EDTA in PBS and stained with the OX-7 anti rTHY-1 mouse monoclonal antibody and a secondary FITC-conjugated antibody. Fluorescence intensity was measured using a EPICS XL cytofluorometer. These procedures are described in greater detail below. In repeated experiments, a slight increase of rTHY-lenv expression was detected if rev was cotransfected with the rTHY-lenv gene. To further increase the sensitivity of the assay system a construct expressing a secreted version of rTHY-lenv was generated. This construct should produce more reliable data because the accumulated amount of secreted protein in the supernatant reflects the result of protein production over an extended period, in contrast to surface expressed protein, which appears to more closely reflect the current production rate. A gene capable of expressing a secreted form was prepared by PCR using forward and reverse primers annealing 3' of the endogenous leader sequence and 5' of the sequence motif required for p osphatidylinositol glycan anchorage respectively. The PCR product was cloned into a plasmid which already contained a CD5 leader sequence, thus generating a construct in which the membrane anchor has been deleted and the leader sequence exchanged by a heterologous (and probably more efficient) leader peptide. The rev-responsiveness of the secreted form ratTHY-lenv was measured by immunoprecipitation of supernatants of human 293T cells cotransfected with a plasmid expressing a secreted form of ratTHY-lenv and the RRE sequence in cis (rTHY-lenvPI-rre) and either CDM7 or pCMVrev. The rTHY-lenvPI-RRE construct was made by PCR using the oligonucleotides cgcggggctagcgcaaagagtaataagtttaac as forward and cgcggatcccttgtattttgtactaata a as reverse primers and the synthetic rTHY-lenv construct as template. After digestion with Nhel and Notl the PCR fragment was cloned into a plasmid containing CD5 leader and RRE sequences. Supernatants of 35 S labelled cells were harvested 72 hours post transfection, precipitated with a mouse monoclonal antibody 0X7 against rTHY-i and anti mouse IgG sepharose, and run on a 12% reducing SDS-PAGE. In this experiment the induction of rTHY-lenv by rev was much more prominent and clearcut than in the above-described experiment and strongly suggests that rev is able to translationally regulate transcripts that are suppressed by low-usage codons. Rev-independent expression of a rTHY-lenv:immunoglobulin fusion PrPt jn To test whether low-usage codons must be present throughout the whole coding sequence or whether a short region is sufficient to confer rev-responsiveness, a rTHY-lenv:immunoglobulin fusion protein was generated. In this construct the rTHY-lenv gene (without the sequence motif responsible for phosphatidylinositol glycan anchorage) is linked to the human IgGl hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains. This construct was generated by anchor PCR using primers with Nhel and BamHI restriction sites and rTHY-lenv as template. The PCR fragment was cloned into a plasmid containing the leader sequence of the CD5 surface molecule and the hinge, CH2 and CH3 parts of human IgGl immunoglobulin. A Hind3/Eagl fragment containing the rTHY-lenvegl insert was subsequently cloned into a pCDM7-derived plasmid with the RRE sequence. To measure the response of the rTHY-lenv/ immunoglobin fusion gene (rTHY-lenveglrre) to rev human 293T cells cotransfected with rTHY-lenveglrre and either pCDM7 or pCMVrev. The rTHY-lenveglrre construct was made by anchor PCR using forward and reverse primers with Nhel and BamHl restriction sites respectively. The PCR fragment was cloned into a plasmid containing a CD5 leader and human IgGl hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains. Supernatants of 35 S labelled cells were harvested 72 hours post transfection, precipitated with a mouse monoclonal antibody 0X7 against rTHY-1 and anti mouse IgG sepharose, and run on a 12% reducing SDS-PAGE. The procedures used are described in greater detail below. As with the product of the rTHY-lenvPI- gene, this rTHY-lenv/immunoglobulin fusion protein is secreted into the supernatant. Thus, this gene should be responsive to rev-induction. However, in contrast to rTHY-lenvPI-, cotransfection of rev in trans induced no or only a negligible increase of rTHY-lenvegl expression. The expression of rTHY-1:immunoglobulin fusion protein with native rTHY-1 or HIV envelope codons was measured by immunoprecipitation. Briefly, human 293T cells transfected with either rTHY-lenvegl (env codons) or rTHY-lwtegl (native codons) . The rTHY-lwtegl construct was generated in manner similar to that used for the rTHY-lenvegl construct, with the exception that a plasmid containing the native rTHY-1 gene was used as template. Supernatants of 35 S labelled cells were harvested 72 hours post transfection, precipitated with a mouse monoclonal antibody 0X7 against rTHY-1 and anti mouse IgG sepharose, and run on a 12% reducing SDS-PAGE. THe procedures used in this experiment are described in greater detail below. Expression levels of rTHY-lenvegl were decreased in comparison to a similar construct with wildtype rTHY-l as the fusion partner, but were still considerably higher than rTHY-lenv. Accordingly, both parts of the fusion protein influenced expression levels. The addition of rTHY-lenv did not restrict expression to an equal level as seen for rTHY-lenv alone. Thus, regulation by rev appears to be ineffective if protein expression is not almost completely suppressed. Codon preference in HIV-l envelope genes Direct comparison between codon usage frequency of HIV envelope and highly expressed human genes reveals a striking difference for all twenty amino acids. One simple measure of the statistical significance of this codon preference is the finding that among the nine amino acids with two fold codon degeneracy, the favored third residue is A or U in all nine. The probability that all nine of two equiprobable choices will be the same is approximately 0.004, and hence by any conventional measure the third residue choice cannot be considered random. Further evidence of a skewed codon preference is found among the more degenerate codons, where a strong selection for triplets bearing adenine can be seen. This contrasts with the pattern for highly expressed genes, which favor codons bearing C, or less commonly G, in the third position of codons with three or more fold degeneracy. The systematic exchange of native codons with codons of highly expressed human genes dramatically increased expression of gpl20. A quantitative analysis by ELISA showed that expression of the synthetic gene was at least 25 fold higher in comparison to native gpl20 after transient transfection into human 293 cells. The concentration levels in the ELISA experiment shown were rather low. Since an ELISA was used for quantification which is based on gpl20 binding to CD4, only native, non- denatured material was detected. This may explain the apparent low expression. Measurement of cytoplasmic mRNA levels demonstrated that the difference in protein expression is due to translational differences and not mRNA stability. Retroviruses in general do not show a similar preference towards A and T as found for HIV. But if this family was divided into two subgroups, lentiviruses and non-lentiviral retroviruses, a similar preference to A and, less frequently, T, was detected at the third codon position for lentiviruses. Thus, the availing evidence suggests that lentiviruses retain a characteristic pattern of envelope codons not because of an inherent advantage to the reverse transcription or replication of such residues, but rather for some reason peculiar to the physiology of that class of viruses. The major difference between lentiviruses and non-complex retroviruses are additional regulatory and non- essentially accessory genes in lentiviruses, as already mentioned. Thus, one simple explanation for the restriction of envelope expression might be that an important regulatory mechanism of one of these additional molecules is based on it. In fact, it is known that one of these proteins, rev, which most likely has homologues in all lentiviruses. Thus codon usage in viral mRNA is used to create a class of transcripts which is susceptible to the stimulatory action of rev. This hypothesis was proved using a similar strategy as above, but this time codon usage was changed into the inverse direction. Codon usage of a highly expressed cellular gene was substituted with the most frequently used codons in the HIV envelope. As assumed, expression levels were considerably lower in comparison to the native molecule, almost two orders of magnitude when analyzed by immunofluorescence of the surface expressed molecule (see 4.7). If rev was coexpressed in trans and a RRE element was present in cis only a slight induction was found for the surface molecule. However, if THY-l was expressed as a secreted molecule, the induction by rev was much more prominent, supporting the above hypothesis. This can probably be explained by accumulation of secreted protein in the supernatant, which considerably amplifies the rev effect. If rev only induces a minor increase for surface molecules in general, induction of HIV envelope by rev cannot have the purpose of an increased surface abundance, but rather of an increased intracellular gpl60 level. It is completely unclear at the moment why this should be the case. To test whether small subtotal elements of a gene are sufficient to restrict expression and render it rev- dependent rTHYlenv:immunoglobulin fusion proteins were generated, in which only about one third of the total gene had the envelope codon usage. Expression levels of this construct were on an intermediate level, indicating that the rTHY-lenv negative sequence element is not dominant over the immunoglobulin part. This fusion protein was not or only slightly rev-responsive, indicating that only genes almost completely suppressed can be rev-responsive. Another characteristic feature that was found in the codon frequency tables is a striking underrepresentation of CpG triplets. In a comparative study of codon usage in E. coli, yeast, drosophila and primates it was shown that in a high number of analyzed primate genes the 8 least used codons contain all codons with the CpG dinucleotide sequence. Avoidance of codons containing this dinucleotide motif was also found in the sequence of other retroviruses. It seems plausible that the reason for underrepresentation of CpG-bearing triplets has something to do with avoidance of gene silencing by ethylation of CpG cytosines. The expected number of CpG dinucleotides for HIV as a whole is about one fifth that expected on the basis of the base composition. This might indicate that the possibility of high expression is restored, and that the gene in fact has to be highly expressed at some point during viral pathogenesis. The results presented herein clearly indicate that codon preference has a severe effect on protein levels, and suggest that translational elongation is controlling mammalian gene expression. However, other factors may play ar role. First, abundance of not maximally loaded mRNA's in eukaryotic cells indicates that initiation is rate limiting for translation in at least some cases, since otherwise all transcripts would be completely covered by ribosomes. Furthermore, if riboso e stalling and subsequent mRNA degradation were the mechanism, suppression by rare codons could most likely not be reversed by any regulatory mechanism like the one presented herein. One possible explanation for the influence of both initiation and elongation on translational activity is that the rate of initiation, or access to ribosomes, is controlled in part by cues distributed throughout the RNA, such that the lentiviral codons predispose the RNA to accumulate in a pool of poorly initiated RNAs. However, this limitation need not be kinetic; for example, the choice of codons could influence the probability that a given translation product, once initiated, is properly completed. Under this mechanism, abundance of less favored codons would incur a significant cumulative probability of failure to complete the nascent polypeptide chain. The sequestered RNA would then be lent an improved rate of initiation by the action of rev. Since adenine residues are abundant in rev-responsive transcripts, it could be that RNA adenine methylation mediates this translational suppression. Detailed Procedures The following procedures were used in the above- described experiments. Secruence Analysis Sequence analyses employed the software developed by the University of Wisconsin Computer Group. Plasmid constructions Plasmid constructions employed the following methods. Vectors and insert DNA was digested at a concentration of 0.5 μg/10 μl in the appropriate restriction buffer for 1 - 4 hours (total reaction volume approximately 30 μl) . Digested vector was treated with 10% (v/v) of 1 μg/ml calf intestine alkaline phosphatase for 30 min prior to gel electrophoresis. Both vector and insert digests (5 to 10 μl each) were run on a 1.5% low melting agarose gel with TAE buffer. Gel slices containing bands of interest were transferred into a 1.5 ml reaction tube, melted at 65°C and directly added to the ligation without removal of the agarose. Ligations were typically done in a total volume of 25 μl in lx Low Buffer lx Ligation Additions with 200-400 U of ligase, l μl of vector, and 4 μl of insert. When necessary, 5' overhanging ends were filled by adding 1/10 volume of 250 μM dNTPs and 2-5 U of Klenow poly erase to heat inactivated or phenol extracted digests and incubating for approximately 20 min at room temperature. When necessary, 3' overhanging ends were filled by adding 1/10 volume of 2.5 mM dNTPs and 5-10 U of T4 DNA polymerase to heat inactivated or phenol extracted digests, followed by incubation at 37 β C for 30 min. The following buffers were used in these reactions: lθx Low buffer (60 mM Tris HC1, pH 7.5, 60 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM NaCl, 4 mg/ml BSA, 70 mM / 3-mercaptoethanol, 0.02% NaN 3 ) ; lOx Medium buffer (60 mM Tris HC1, pH 7.5, 60 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM NaCl, 4 mg/ml BSA, 70 mM / 3-mercaptoethanol, 0.02% NaN 3 ) ; lOx High buffer (60 mM Tris HC1, pH 7.5, 60 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM NaCl, 4 mg/ml BSA, 70 mM ,9-mercaptoethanol, 0.02% NaN 3 ) ; lOx Ligation additions (1 mM ATP, 20 mM DTT, 1 mg/ml BSA, 10 mM spermidine) ; 50x TAE (2 M Tris acetate, 50 mM EDTA) . Oligonucleotide synthesis and purification Oligonucleotides were produced on a Milligen 8750 synthesizer (Millipore) . The columns were eluted with l ml of 30% ammonium hydroxide, and the eluted oligonucleotides were deblocked at 55°C for 6 to 12 hours. After deblockiong, 150 μl of oligonucleotide were precipitated with lOx volume of unsaturated n-butanol in 1.5 ml reaction tubes, followed by centrifugation at 15,000 rpm in a microfuge. The pellet was washed with 70% ethanol and resuspended in 50 μl of H 2 0. The concentration was determined by measuring the optical density at 260 nm in a dilution of 1:333 (1 OD 260 = 30 μg/ml) . The following oligonucleotides were used for construction of the synthetic gpl20 gene (all sequences shown in this text are in 5' to 3' direction). oligo 1 forward (Nhel) : cgc ggg eta gcc ace gag aag ctg (SEQ ID NO: 1) . oligo l: ace gag aag ctg tgg gtg ace gtg tac tac ggc gtg cec gtg tgg aag ag ag gcc ace ace ace ctg tte tgc gcc age gae gcc aag gcg tac gae ace gag gtg eac aac gtg tgg gcc ace cag gcg tgc gtg cec ace gae cec aac cec cag gag gtg gag etc gtg aacgtg ace gag aac tte aac atg (SEQ ID NO: 2) . oligo 1 reverse: cca cca tgt tgt tct tec aca tgt tga agt tct c (SEQ ID NO: 3). oligo 2 forward: gae cga gaa ctt caa cat gtg gaa gaa caa cat (SEQ ID NO: 4) oligo 2: tgg aag aac aac atg gtg gag cag atg cat gag gae ate ate age ctg tgg gae cag age ctg aag cec tgc gtg aag ctg ace cc ctg tgc gtg ace tg aac tgc ace gae ctg agg aac ace ace aac ace aac ac age ace gcc aac aac aac age aac age gag ggc ace ate aag ggc ggc gag atg (SEQ ID NO: 5). oligo 2 reverse (Pstl) : gtt gaa get gca gtt ctt cat etc gcc gcc ctt (SEQ ID NO: 6) . oligo 3 forward (Pstl) : gaa gaa ctg cag ctt caa cat eac eac cag c (SEQ ID NO: 7) . oligo 3: aac ate ace ace age ate cgc gae aag atg cag aag gag tac gcc ctg ctg tac aag ctg gat ate gtg age ate gae aac gae age ace age tac cgc ctg ate tec tgc aac ace age gtg ate ace cag gcc tgc cec aag ate age tte gag cec ate cec ate eac tac tgc gcc cec gcc ggc tte gcc (SEQ ID NO: 8) . oligo 3 reverse: gaa ctt ctt gtc ggc ggc gaa gcc ggc ggg (SEQ ID NO: 9) . oligo 4 forward: gcg cec ccg ccg get teg cca tec tga agt gca acg aca aga agt tc (SEQ ID NO: 10) oligo 4: gcc gae aag aag tte age ggc aag ggc age tgc aag aac gtg age ace gtg cag tgc ace eac ggc ate egg ccg gtg gtg age ace cag etc ctg ctg aac ggc age ctg gcc gag gag gag gtg gtg ate cgc age gag aac tte ace gae aac gcc aag ace ate ate gtg eac ctg aat gag age gtg cag ate (SEQ ID NO: 11) oligo 4 reverse (Mlul) : agt tgg gae gcg tgc agt tga tct gca cgc tct c (SEQ ID NO: 12) . oligo 5 forward (Mlul) : gag age gtg cag ate aac tgc acg cgt cec (SEQ ID NO: 13) . oligo 5: aac tgc acg cgt cec aac tac aac aag cgc aag cgc ate eac ate ggc cec ggg cgc gcc tte tac ace ace aag aac ate ate ggc ace ate etc cag gcc eac tgc aac ate tct aga (SEQ ID NO: 14) . oligo 5 reverse: gtc gtt cca ctt ggc tct aga gat gtt gca (SEQ ID NO: 15) . oligo 6 forward: gca aca tct eta gag cca agt gga acg ac (SEQ ID NO: 16) . oligo 6: gcc aag tgg aac gae ace ctg cgc cag ate gtg age aag ctg aag gag cag tte aag aac aag ace ate gtg tte ac cag age age ggc ggc gae cec gag ate gtg atg eac age tte aac tgc ggc ggc (SEQ ID NO: 17) . oligo 6 reverse (EcoRl) : gca gta gaa gaa tte gcc gcc gca gtt ga (SEQ ID NO: 18) . oligo 7 forward (EcoRl) : tea act gcg gcg gcg aat tct tct act gc (SEQ ID NO: 19). oligo 7: ggc gaa tte tte tac tgc aac ace age cec ctg tte aac age ace tgg aac ggc aac aac ace tgg aac aac ace ace ggc age aac aac aat att ace etc cag tgc aag ate aag cag ate ate aac atg tgg cag gag gtg ggc aag gcc atg tac gcc cec cec ate gag ggc cag ate egg tgc age age (SEQ ID NO: 20) oligo 7 reverse: gca gae egg tga tgt tgc tgc tgc ace gga tct ggc cct c (SEQ ID NO: 21) . oligo 8 forward: cga ggg cca gat ccg gtg cag cag caa cat eac egg tct g (SEQ ID NO: 22) . oligo 8: aac ate ace ggt ctg ctg ctg ace cgc gae ggc ggc aag gae ace gae ace aac gae ace gaa ate tte cgc cec ggc ggc ggc gae atg cgc gae aac tgg aga tct gag ctg tac aag tac aag gtg gtg acg ate gag cec ctg ggc gtg gcc cec ace aag gcc aag cgc cgc gtg gtg cag cgc gag aag cgc (SEQ ID NO: 23) . oligo 8 reverse (Notl) : cgc ggg egg ccg ctt tag cgc tte teg cgc tgc ace ac (SEQ ID NO: 24) . The following oligonucleotides were used for the construction of the ratTHY-lenv gene. oligo 1 forward (BamHl/Hind3) : cgc ggg gga tec aag ctt ace atg att cca gta ata agt (SEQ ID NO: 25) . oligo 1: atg aat cca gta ata agt ata aca tta tta tta agt gta tta caa atg agt aga gga caa aga gta ata agt tta aca gca tct tta gta aat caa aat ttg aga tta gat tgt aga cat gaa aat aat aca aat ttg cca ata caa cat gaa ttt tea tta acg (SEQ ID NO: 26). oligo 1 reverse (EcoRl/Mlul) : cgc ggg gaa tte acg cgt taa tga aaa tte atg ttg (SEQ ID NO: 27). oligo 2 forward (BamHl/Mlul) : cgc gga tec acg cgt gaa aaa aaa aaa cat (SEQ ID NO: 28) . oligo 2: cgt gaa aaa aaa aaa cat gta tta agt gga aca tta gga gta cca gaa cat aca tat aga agt aga gta aat ttg ttt agt gat aga tte ata aaa gta tta aca tta gca aat ttt aca aca aaa gat gaa gga gat tat atg tgt gag (SEQ ID NO: 29). oligo 2 reverse (EcoRl/Sacl) : cgc gaa tte gag etc aca cat ata ate tec (SEQ ID NO: 30) . oligo 3 forward (BamHl/Sacl) : cgc gga tec gag etc aga gta agt gga caa (SEQ ID NO: 31) . oligo 3: etc aga gta agt gga caa aat cca aca agt agt aat aaa aca ata aat gta ata aga gat aaa tta gta aaa tgt ga gga ata agt tta tta gta caa aat aca agt tgg tta tta tta tta tta tta agt tta agt ttt tta caa gca aca gat ttt ata agt tta tga (SEQ ID NO: 32) . oligo 3 reverse (EcoRl/Notl) : cgc gaa tte gcg gcc get tea taa act tat aaa ate (SEQ ID NO: 33) . Polymerase Chain Reaction Short, overlapping 15 to 25 mer oligonucleotides annealing at both ends were used to amplify the long oligonuclotides by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . Typical PCR conditions were: 35 cycles, 55°C annealing temperature, 0.2 sec extension time. PCR products were gel purified, phenol extracted, and used in a subsequent PCR to generate longer fragments consisting of two adjacent small fragments. These longer fragments were cloned into a CDM7-derived plasmid containing a leader sequence of the CD5 surface molecule followed by a Nhel/Pstl/Mlul/EcoRl/BamHl polylinker. The following solutions were used in these reactions: lOx PCR buffer (500 mM KC1, 100 mM Tris HC1, pH 7.5, 8 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM each dNTP) . The final buffer was complemented with 10% DMSO to increase fidelity of the Taq polymerase. Small scale DNA preparation Transformed bacteria were grown in 3 ml LB cultures for more than 6 hours or overnight. Approximately 1.5 ml of each culture was poured into 1.5 ml microfuge tubes, spun for 20 seconds to pellet cells and resuspended in 200 μl of solution I. Subsequently 400 μl of solution II and 300 μl of solution III were added. The microfuge tubes were capped, mixed and spun for > 30 sec. Supernatants were transferred into fresh tubes and phenol extracted once. DNA was precipitated by filling the tubes with isopropanol, mixing, and spinning in a microfuge for > 2 min. The pellets were rinsed in 70 % ethanol and resuspended in 50 μl dH20 containing 10 μl of RNAse A. The following media and solutions were used in these procedures: LB medium (1.0 % NaCl, 0.5% yeast extract, 1.0% trypton) ; solution I (10 mM EDTA pH 8.0); solution II (0.2 M NaOH, 1.0% SDS) ; solution III (2.5 M KOAc, 2.5 M glacial aceatic acid); phenol (pH adjusted to 6.0, overlaid with TE) ; TE (10 mM Tris HC1, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0). Large scale DNA preparation One liter cultures of transformed bacteria were grown 24 to 36 hours (MC1061p3 transformed with pCDM derivatives) or 12 to 16 hours (MC1061 transformed with pUC derivatives) at 37°C in either M9 bacterial medium (pCDM derivatives) or LB (pUC derivatives) . Bacteria were spun down in 1 liter bottles using a Beckman J6 centrifuge at 4,200 rpm for 20 min. The pellet was resuspended in 40 ml of solution I. Subsequently, 80 ml of solution II and 40 ml of solution III were added and the bottles were shaken se ivigorously until lumps of 2 to 3 mm size developed. The bottle was spun at 4,200 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was poured through cheesecloth into a 250 ml bottle. Isopropanol was added to the top and the bottle was spun at 4,200 rpm for 10 min. The pellet was resuspended in 4.1 ml of solution I and added to 4.5 g of cesium chloride, 0.3 ml of 10 mg/ml ethidium bromide, and 0.1 ml of 1% Triton XlOO solution. The tubes were spun in a Beckman J2 high speed centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was transferred into Beckman Quick Seal ultracentrifuge tubes, which were then sealed and spun in a Beckman ultracentrifuge using a NVT90 fixed angle rotor at 80,000 rpm for > 2.5 hours. The band was extracted by visible light using a 1 ml syringe and 20 gauge needle. An equal volume of dH 2 0 was added to the extracted material. DNA was extracted once with n-butanol saturated with 1 M sodium chloride, followed by addition of an equal volume of 10 M ammonium acetate/ 1 mM EDTA. The material was poured into a 13 ml snap tube which was tehn filled to the top with absolute ethanol, mixed, and spun in a Beckman J2 centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. The pellet was rinsed with 70% ethanol and resuspended in 0.5 to 1 ml of H 2 0. The DNA concentration was determined by measuring the optical density at 260 nm in a dilution of 1:200 (1 OD 260 = 50 μg/ml) . The following media and buffers were used in these procedures: M9 bacterial medium (10 g M9 salts, 10 g casamino acids (hydrolysed) , 10 ml M9 additions, 7.5 μg/ml tetracycline (500 μl of a 15 mg/ml stock solution) , 12.5 μg/ml ampicillin (125 μl of a 10 mg/ml stock solution); M9 additions (10 mM CaCl 2 , 100 mM MgS0 4 , 200 μg/ml thiamine, 70% glycerol); LB medium (1.0 % NaCl, 0.5 % yeast extract, 1.0 % trypton); Solution I (10 mM EDTA pH 8.0); Solution II (0.2 M NaOH 1.0 % SDS); Solution III (2.5 M KOAC 2.5 M HOAc) Seouencino Synthetic genes were sequenced by the Sanger dideoxynucleotide method. In brief, 20 to 50 μg double- stranded plasmid DNA were denatured in 0.5 M NaOH for 5 min. Subsequently the DNA was precipitated with 1/10 volume of sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and 2 volumes of ethanol and centrifuged for 5 min. The pellet was washed with 70% ethanol and resuspended at a concentration of l μg/μl. The annealing reaction was carried out with 4 μg of template DNA and 40 ng of primer in lx annealing buffer in a final volume of 10 μl. The reaction was heated to 65°C and slowly cooled to 37°C. In a separate tube 1 μl of 0.1 M DTT, 2 μl of labeling mix, 0.75 μl of dH 2 0, 1 μl of [ 35 S] dATP (10 uCi) , and 0.25 μl of Sequenase'" (12 U/μl) were added for each reaction. Five μl of this .. j. were added to each annealed primer- template tube and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. For each labeling reaction 2.5 μl of each of the 4 termination mixes were added on a Terasaki plate and prewarmed at 37°C. At the end of the incubation period 3.5 μl of labeling reaction were added to each of the 4 termination mixes. After 5 min, 4 μl of stop solution were added to each reaction and the Terasaki plate was incubated at 80°C for 10 min in an oven. The sequencing reactions were run on 5% denaturing polyacrylamide gel. An acrylamide solution was prepared by adding 200 ml of lOx TBE buffer and 957 ml of dH 2 0 to 100 g of acrylamide:bisacrylamide (29:1). 5% polyacrylamide 46% urea and lx TBE gel was prepared by combining 38 ml of acrylamide solution and 28 g urea. Polymerization was initiated by the addition of 400 μl of 10% ammonium peroxodisulfate and 60 μl of TEMED. Gels were poured using silanized glass plates and sharktooth combs and run in lx TBE buffer at 60 to 100 W for 2 to 4 hours (depending on the region to be read) . Gels were transferred to Whatman blotting paper, dried at 80 β C for about 1 hour, and exposed to x-ray film at room temperature. Typically exposure time was 12 hours. The following solutions were used in these procedures: 5x Annealing buffer (200 mM Tris HC1, pH 7.5, 100 mM MgCl 2 , 250 mM NaCl); Labelling Mix (7.5 μM each dCTP, dGTP,and dTTP) ; Termination Mixes (80 μM each dNTP, 50 mM NaCl, 8 μM ddNTP (one each)); Stop solution (95% formamide, 20 mM EDTA, 0.05 % bromphenol blue, 0.05 % xylencyanol) ; 5x TBE (0.9 M Tris borate, 20 mM EDTA); Polyacrylamide solution (96.7 g polyacrylamide, 3.3 g bisacrylamide, 200 ml lx TBE, 957 ml dH 2 0) . RNA isolation Cytoplasmic RNA was isolated from calcium phosphate transfected 293T cells 36 hours post transfection and from vaccinia infected Hela cells 16 hours post infection essentially as described by Gilman. (Gilman Preparation of cytoplasmic RNA from tissue culture cells. In Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel et al, eds., Wiley & Sons, New York, 1992) . Briefly, cells were lysed in 400 μl lysis buffer, nuclei were spun out, and SDS and proteinase K were added to 0.2% and 0.2 mg/ml respectively. The cytoplasmic extracts were incubated at 37°C for 20 min, phenol/chloroform extracted twice, and precipitated. The RNA was dissolved in 100 μl buffer I and incubated at 37°C for 20 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 25 μl stop buffer and precipitated again. The following solutions were used in this procedure: Lysis Buffer (TE containing with 50 mM Tris pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5% NP40) ; Buffer I (TE buffer with 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM DTT, 0.5 U/μl placental RNAse inhibitor, 0.1 U/μl RNAse free DNAse I); Stop buffer (50 mM EDTA 1.5 M NaOAc 1.0 % SDS). Slot blot analysis For slot blot analysis 10 μg of cytoplasmic RNA was dissolved in 50 μl dH 2 0 to which 150 μl of lOx SSC/18% formaldehyde were added. The solubilized RNA was then incubated at 65°C for 15 min and spotted onto with a slot blot apparatus. Radioactively labelled probes of 1.5 kb gpl20IIIb and syngpl20mn fragments were used for hybridization. Each of the two fragments was random labelled in a 50 μl reaction with 10 μl of 5x oligo- labelling buffer, 8 μl of 2.5 mg/ml BSA, 4 μl of «[ 32 P]- dCTP (20 uCi/μl; 6000 Ci/mmol) , and 5 U of Klenow fragment. After 1 to 3 hours incubation at 37°c 100 μl of TE were added and unincorporated «[ 32 P]-dCTP was eliminated using G50 spin column. Activity was measured in a Beckman beta-counter, and equal specific activities were used for hybridization. Membranes were pre- hybridized for 2 hours and hybridized for 12 to 24 hours at 42°C with 0.5 x 10 6 cp probe per ml hybridization fluid. The membrane was washed twice (5 min) with washing buffer I at room temperature, for one hour in washing buffer II at 65°C, and then exposed to x-ray film. Similar results were obtained using a 1.1 kb Notl/Sfil fragment of pCDM7 containing the 3 untranslated region. Control hybridizations were done in parallel with a random-labelled human beta-actin probe. RNA expression was quantitated by scanning the hybridized nitrocellulose membranes with a Magnetic Dynamics phosphorimager. The following solutions were used in this procedure: 5x Oligo-labelling buffer (250 mM Tris HC1, pH 8.0, 25 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM / 3-mercaptoethanol, 2 mM dATP, 2mM dGTP, 2mM dTTP, 1 M Hepes pH 6.6, 1 mg/ml hexanucleotides [dNTP]6); Hybridization Solution ( M sodium phosphate, 250 mM NaCl, 7% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 5% dextrane sulfate, 50% formamide, 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA) ; Washing buffer I (2x SSC, 0.1% SDS); Washing buffer II (0.5x SSC, 0.1 % SDS); 20x SSC (3 M NaCl, 0.3 M Na 3 citrate, pH adjusted to 7.0). Vaccinia recombination Vaccinia recombination used a modification of the of the method described by Romeo and Seed (Romeo and Seed, Cell, 64: 1037, 1991). Briefly, CV1 cells at 70 to 90% confluency were infected with 1 to 3 μl of a wildtype vaccinia stock WR (2 x 10 8 pfu/ml) for 1 hour in culture medium without calf serum. After 24 hours, the cells were transfected by calcium phosphate with 25 μg TKG plasmid DNA per dish. After an additional 24 to 48 hours the cells were scraped off the plate, spun down, and resuspended in a volume of 1 ml. After 3 freeze/thaw cycles trypsin was added to 0.05 mg/ml and lysates were incubated for 20 min. A dilution series of 10, 1 and 0.1 μl of this lysate was used to infect small dishes (6 cm) of CV1 cells, that had been pretreated with 12.5 μg/ml mycophenolic acid, 0.25 mg/ml xanthin and 1.36 mg/ml hypoxanthine for 6 hours. Infected cells were cultured for 2 to 3 days, and subsequently stained with the monoclonal antibody NEA9301 against gpl20 and an alkaline phosphatase conjugated secondary antibody. Cells were incubated with 0.33 mg/ml NBT and 0.16 mg/ml BCIP in AP- buffer and finally overlaid with 1% agarose in PBS. Positive plaques were picked and resuspended in 100 μl Tris pH 9.0. The plaque purification was repeated once. To produce high titer stocks the infection was slowly scaled up. Finally, one large plate of Hela cells was infected with half of the virus of the previous round. Infected cells were detached in 3 ml of PBS, lysed with a Dounce homogenizer and cleared from larger debris by centrifugation. VPE-8 recombinant vaccinia stocks were kindly provided by the AIDS repository, Rockville, MD, and express HIV-l IIIB gpl20 under the 7.5 mixed early/late promoter (Earl et al., J. Virol., 65:31, 1991) . In all experiments with recombinant vaccina cells were infected at a multiplicity of infection of at least 10. The following solution was used in this procedure: AP buffer (100 mM Tris HC1, pH 9.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 ) Cell culture The monkey kidney carcinoma cell lines CV1 and Cos7, the human kidney carcinoma cell line 293T, and the human cervix carcinoma cell line Hela were obtained from the American Tissue Typing Collection and were maintained in supplemented IMDM. They were kept on 10 cm tissue culture plates and typically split 1:5 to 1:20 every 3 to 4 days. The following medium was used in this procedure: Supplemented IMDM (90% Iscove's modified Dulbecco Medium, 10% calf serum, iron-complemented, heat inactivated 30 min 56°C, 0.3 mg/ml L-glutamine, 25 μg/ml gentamycin 0.5 mM ø-mercaptoethanol (pH adjusted with 5 M NaOH, 0.5 ml)). Transfection Calcium phosphate transfection of 293T cells was performed by slowly adding and under vortexing 10 μg plasmid DNA in 250 μl 0.25 M CaCl 2 to the same volume of 2x HEBS buffer while vortexing. After incubation for 10 to 30 min at room temperature the DNA precipitate was added to a small dish of 50 to 70% confluent cells. In cotransfection experiments with rev, cells were transfected with 10 μg gpl20IIIb, gpl20IIIbrre, syngpl20mnrre or rTHY-lenveglrre and 10 μg of pCMVrev or CDM7 plasmid DNA. The following solutions were used in this procedure: 2x HEBS buffer (280 mM NaCl, 10 mM KC1, 1.5 mM sterile filtered); 0.25 mM CaCl 2 (autoclaved) . Immunoprecipitation After 48 to 60 hours medium was exchanged and cells were incubated for additional 12 hours in Cys/Met- free medium containing 200 μCi of 35 S-translabel. Supernatants were harvested and spun for 15 min at 3000 rpm to remove debris. After addition of protease inhibitors leupeptin, aprotinin and PMSF to 2.5 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml respectively, 1 ml of supernatant was incubated with either 10 μl of packed protein A sepharose alone (rTHY-lenveglrre) or with protein A sepharose and 3 μg of a purified CD4/immunoglobulin fusion protein (kindly provided by Behring) (all gpl20 constructs) at 4°C for 12 hours on a rotator. Subsequently the protein A beads were washed 5 times for 5 to 15 min each time. After the final wash 10 μl of loading buffer containing was added, samples were boiled for 3 min and applied on 7% (all gpl20 constructs) or 10% (rTHY-lenveglrre) SDS polyacrylamide gels (TRIS pH 8.8 buffer in the resolving, TRIS pH 6.8 buffer in the stacking gel, TRIS-glycin running buffer, Maniatis et al. 1989) . Gels were fixed in 10% acetic acid and 10 % methanol, incubated with Amplify for 20 min, dried and exposed for 12 hours. The following buffers and solutions were used in this procedure: Wash buffer (100 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl 2 , 1% NP-40) ; 5x Running Buffer (125 mM Tris, 1.25 M Glycin, 0.5% SDS); Loading buffer (10 % glycerol, 4% SDS, 4% jS- ercaptoethanol, 0.02 % bromphenol blue) . Immunofluorescence 293T cells were transfected by calcium phosphate coprecipitation and analyzed for surface THY-l expression after 3 days. After detachment with 1 mM EDTA/PBS, cells were stained with the monoclonal antibody OX-7 in a dilution of 1:250 at 4« » C for 20 min, washed with PBS and subsequently incubated with a 1:500 dilution of a FITC- conjugated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin antiserum. Cells were washed again, resuspended in 0.5 ml of a fixing solution, and analyzed on a EPICS XL cytofluoro eter (Coulter) . The following solutions were used in this procedure: PBS (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KC1, 4.3 mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 1.4 mM KH 2 P0 4 , P H adjusted to 7.4); Fixing solution (2% formaldehyde in PBS) . ELISA The concentration of gpl20 in culture supernatants was determined using CD4-coated ELISA plates and goat anti-gpl20 antisera in the soluble phase. Supernatants of 293T cells transfected by calcium phosphate were harvested after 4 days, spun at 3000 rpm for 10 min to remove debris and incubated for 12 hours at 4°C on the plates. After 6 washes with PBS 100 μl of goat anti- gpl20 antisera diluted 1:200 were added for 2 hours. The plates were washed again and incubated for 2 hours with a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-goat IgG antiserum 1:1000. Subsequently the plates were washed and incubated for 30 min with 100 μl of substrate solution containing 2 mg/ml o-phenylenediamine in sodium citrate buffer. The reaction was finally stopped with 100 μl of 4 M sulfuric acid. Plates were read at 490 nm with a Coulter microplate reader. Purified recombinant gpl20IIIb was used as a control. The following buffers and solutions were used in this procedure: Wash buffer (0.1% NP40 in PBS); Substrate solution (2 mg/ml o- phenylenediamine in sodium citrate buffer) . Usg The synthetic genes of the invention are useful for expressing the a protein normally expressed in mammalian cells in cell culture (e.g. for commercial production of human proteins such as hGH, TPA, Factor VII, and Factor IX). The synthetic genes of the invention are also useful for gene therapy. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: SEED, BRIAN (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: OVEREXPRESSION OF MAMMALIAN AND VIRAL PROTEINS (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 37 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: Fish & Richardson (B) STREET: 225 Franklin Street (C) CITY: Boston (D) STATE: Massachusetts (E) COUNTRY: U.S.A. (F) ZIP: 02110-2804 (v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: Patentln Release #1.0, Version #1.30B (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 08/308,286 (B) FILING DATE: 19-SEP-1994 (viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: CLARK, PAUL T (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 30,162 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: 00786/226001 (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: (617) 542-5070 (B) TELEFAX: (617) 542-8906 (C) TELEX: 200154 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:l: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:l: CGCGGGCTAG CCACCGAGAA GCTG 24 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 196 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: ACCGAGAAGC TGTGGGTGAC CGTGTACTAC GGCGTGCCCG TGTGGAAGAG AGGCCACCAC 60 CACCCTGTTC TGCGCCAGCG ACGCCAAGCC GTACGACACC GAGGTGCACA ACGTGTGGGC 120 CACCCAGGCG TGCGTGCCCA CCGACCCCAA CCCCCAGGAG GTGGAGCTCG TGAACGTGAC 180 CGAGAACTTC AACATG 196 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 34 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3: CCACCATGTT GTTCTTCCAC ATGTTGAAGT TCTC 34 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 33 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: GACCGAGAAC TTCAACATGT GGAAGAACAA CAT 33 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 192 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5: TGGAAGAACA ACATGGTCGA GCAGATCCAT GAGCACATCA TCAGCCTGTG GGACCAGAGC 60 CTGAAGCCCT GCGTGAAGCT GACCCCCTGT GCGTGACCTG AACTGCACCG ACCTGAGGAA 120 CACCACCAAC ACCAACACAG CACCGCCAAC AACAACAGCA ACAGCGACGG CACCATCAAG 180 GGCGGCGAGA TG 19 2 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 33 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6: GTTGAAGCTG CAGTTCTTCA TCTCGCCGCC CTT 33 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 31 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7: GAAGAACTGC AGCTTCAACA TCACCACCAG C 31 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 195 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8: AACATCACCA CCAGCATCCG CGACAAGATG CAGAAGGAGT ACGCCCTGCT GTACAAGCTG 60 GATATCGTGA GCATCGACAA CGACAGCACC AGCTACCGCC TGATCTCCTG CAACACCAGC 120 GTGATCACCC AGGCCTGCCC CAAGATCAGC TTCGAGCCCA TCCCCATCCA CTACTGCGCC 180 CCCGCCGGCT TCGCC 195 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9: GAACTTCTTG TCGCCGGCGA AGCCGGCGGG 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 47 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10: GCGCCCCCGC CGGCTTCGCC ATCCTGAAGT GCAACGACAA GAAGTTC 47 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 198 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (Xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11: GCCGACAAGA AGTTCAGCGG CAAGGGCAGC TGCAAGAACG TGAGCACCGT GCAGTGCACC 60 CACGGCATCC GGCCGCTGGT GAGCACCCAG CTCCTGCTGA ACGGCAGCCT CGCCGAGGAG 120 GAGGTGGTGA TCCGCAGCGA GAACTTCACC GACAACGCCA AGACCATCAT CGTGCACCTG 180 AATGAGAGCG TGCAGATC 198 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 34 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12: AGTTGGGACG CGTGCAGTTG ATCTGCACGC TCTC 34 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13: GAGAGCGTGC AGATCAACTG CACGCGTCCC 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 120 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14: AACTGCACGC GTCCCAACTA CAACAAGCGC AAGCGCATCC ACATCGGCCC CGGGCGCGCC 60 TTCTACACCA CCAAGAACAT CATCGGCACC ATCCTCCAGG CCCACTGCAA CATCTCTAGA 120 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15: GTCGTTCCAC TTGGCTCTAG AGATGTTGCA 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16: GCAACATCTC TAGAGCCAAG TGGAACGAC 29 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 131 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17: GCCAAGTGGA ACGACACCCT GCGCCAGATC CTGAGCAAGC TGAAGGAGCA GTTCAAGAAC 60 AAGACCATCG TGTTCACCAG AGCAGCGGCG GCGACCCCGA GATCGTGATG CACAGCTTCA 120 ACTGCGGCGG C 1 j (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18: GCAGTAGAAG AATTCGCCGC CGCAGTTGA 29 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19: TCAACTGCGC CGGCGAATTC TTCTACTGC 29 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 195 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20: GGCGAATTCT TCTACTGCAA CACCAGCCCC CTGTTCAACA GCACCTGGAA CGGCAACAAC 60 ACCTGGAACA ACACCACCGG CAGCAACAAC AATATTACCC TCCAGTGCAA GATCAAGCAG 120 ATCATCAACA TGTGGCAGGA GGTGGGCAAG GCCATGTACG CCCCCCCCAT CGAGGGCCAG 180 ATCCGGTGCA GCAGC 195 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 40 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21: GCAGACCGGT GATGTTGCTG CTGCACCGGA TCTGGCCCTC 40 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 40 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22: CGAGGGCCAG ATCCGGTGCA GCAGCAACAT CACCGGTCTG 40 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 242 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23: AACATCACCG GTCTGCTGCT GCTGCTGACC CGGACGGCGG CAAGGACACC GACACCAACG 60 ACACCGAAAT CTTCCGCGAC GGCGGCAAGG ACACCAACGA CACCGAAATC TTCCGCCCCG 120 GCGGCGGCGA CATGCGCGAC AACTGGAGAT CTGAGCTGTA CAAGTACAAG GTGGTGACGA 180 TCGAGCCCCT GGGCGTGGCC CCCACCAAGG CCAAGCGCGC GGTGGTGCAG CGCGAGAAGC 240 GC 242 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 38 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4: CGCGCCCGGC CGCTTTAGCG CTTCTCGCGC TGCACCAC 38 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 39 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25: CCCGGGGGAT CCAAGCTTAC CATGATTCCA GTAATAAGT 39 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26: [i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 165 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26: ATGAATCCAG TAATAAGTAT AACATTATTA TTAAGTGTAT TACAAATGAG TAGAGGACAA 60 AGAGTAATAA GTTTAACAGC ATCTTTAGTA AATCAAAATT TGAGATTAGA TTGTAGACAT 120 GAAAATAATA CAAATTTGCC AATACAACAT GAATTTTCAT TAACG 165 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:27: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 36 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:27: CGCGGGGAAT TCACGCGTTA ATGAAAATTC ATGTTG 36 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:28: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:28: CGCGGATCCλ CGCGTGAAAA AAAAAAACAT 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:29: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 149 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:29: CGTGAAAAAA AAAAACATGT ATTAAGTGGA ACATTAGGAG TACCAGAACA TACATATAGA 60 AGTAGAGTAA TTTGTTTAGT GATAGATTCA TAAAAGTATT AACATTAGCA AATTTTACAA 120 CAAAAG TGA AGGAGATTAT ATGTGTGAG 149 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:30: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30: CGCGAATTCG AGCTCACACA TATAATCTCC 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:31: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:31: CGCGGATCCG AGCTCAGAGT AAGTGGACAA 30 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:32: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 170 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2: CTCAGAGTAA GTGGACAAAA TCCAACAAGT AGTAATAAAA CAATAAATGT AATAAGAGAT 60 AAATTAGTAA AATGTGAGGA ATAAGTTTAT TAGTACAAAA TACAAGTTGG TTATTATTAT 120 TATTATTAAG TTTAAGTTTT TTACAAGCAA CAGATTTTAT AAGTTTATGA 170 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:33: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 36 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3: CGCGAATTCG CGGCCGCTTC ATAAACTTAT AAAATC 36 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:34: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1632 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:34: CTCGAGATCC ATTGTGCTCT AAAGGAGATA CCCGGCCAGA CACCCTCACC TGCGGTGCCC 60 AGCTGCCCAG GCTGAGGCAA GAGAAGGCCA GAAACCATGC CCATGGGGTC TCTGCAACCG 120 CTGGCCACCT TGTACCTGCT GGGGATGCTG GTCGCTTCCC TGCTAGCCAC CGAGAAGCTG 180 TGGGTGACCG TGTACTACGG CCTGCCCGTG TGGΛΛGGΛGG CCACCACCAC CCTGTTCTGC 240 GCCAGCGACG CCAAGGCGTA CGACACCGAG GTGCACAACG TGTGGGCCAC CCAGGCGTGC 300 GTGCCCACCG ACCCCAACCC CCAGGAGGTG GAGCTCGTGA ACGTGACCGA GAACTTCAAC 360 ATGTGGAAGA λCAACΛTGGT GGAGCAGATG CATGAGGACA TCATCAGCCT GTGGGACCAG 420 AGCCTGAAGC CCTGCGTGAA GCTGACCCCC CTGTGCGTGA CCCTGAACTG CACCGACCTG 480 AGGAACACCA CCAACACCAA CAACAGCACC GCCAACAACA ACAGCAACAG CGAGGGCACC 540 ATCAAGGGCG GCGAGATGAλ CAACTGCAGC TTCAACATCλ CCACCAGCAT CCGCGACAAG 600 ATGCAGAAGG AGTACGCCCT GCTGTACAAG CTGGATATCG TGAGCATCGλ CAACGACAGC 660 ACCAGCTACC GCCTGATCTC CTGCAACACC AGCGTGATCA CCCAGGCCTG GCCCAAGATC 720 AGCTTCGAGC CCATCCCCAT CCACTACTGC GCCCCCGCCG GCTTCGCCAT CCTGAAGTGC 780 AACGACAAGA AGTTCAGCGG CAAGGGCAGC TGCAAGAACG TGAGCACCGT GCAGTGCACC 840 CACGGCATCC GGCCGGTGGT GAGCACCCAG CTCCTGCTGA ACGGCAGCCT GGCCGAGGAG 900 GAGGTGGTGA TCCGCAGCGA GAACTTCACC GACAACGCCA AGACCATCAT CGTGCACCTG 960 AATGAGAGCG TGCAGATCAA CTGCACGCGT CCCAACTACA ACAAGCGCAA GCGCATCCAC 1020 ATCGGCCCCG GGCGCGCCTT CTACACCACC AAGAACATCA TCGGCACCAT CCGCCAGGCC 1080 CACTGCAACA TCTCTAGAGC CAAGTGGAAC GACACCCTGC GCCAGATCGT GAGCAAGCTG 1140 AAGGAGCAGT TCAAGAACAA GACCATCGTG TTCAACCAGA GCAGCGGCGG CGACCCCGAG 1200 ATCGTGATGC ACAGCTTCAA CTGCGGCGGC GAATTCTTCT ACTGCAACAC CAGCCCCCTG 1260 TTCAACAGCλ CCTGGAACGG CAACAACACC TGGAACAACA CCACCGGCAG CAACAACAAT 1320 ATTACCCTCC AGTGCAAGAT CAAGCAGATC ATCAACATGT GGCAGGAGGT GGGCAAGGCC 1380 ATGTACGCCC CCCCCATCGA GGGCCAGATC CGGTGCAGCA GCAACATCAC CGGTCTGCTG 1440 CTGACCCGCG ACGGCGGCAA GGACACCGAC ACCAACGACA CCGAAATCTT CCGCCCCGGC 1500 GGCGGCGACA TGCGCGACAA CTGGAGATCT GAGCTGTACA AGTACAAGGT GGTGACGATC 1560 GAGCCCCTGG GCGTGGCCCC CACCAAGGCC AAGCGCCGCG TGGTGCAGCG CGAGAAGCGC 1620 TAAAGCGGCC GC 1632 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:35: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 2481 base parrs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:35: ACCGAGAAGC TGTGGGTGAC CGTGTACTAC GGCGTGCCCG TGTGGAAGGA GGCCACCACC 60 ACCCTGTTCT GCGCCAGCGA CGCCAAGGCG TACGACACCG AGGTGCACAA CGTGTGGGCC 120 ACCCAGGCGT GCGTGCCCAC CGACCCCAAC CCCCAGGAGG TGGAGCTCGT GAACGTGACC 180 GAGAACTTCA ACATGTGGAA GAACAACATG CTGGAGCAGA TGCATGAGGA CATCATCAGC 240 CTGTGGGACC AGAGCCTGAA GCCCTGCGTG AAGCTGACCC CCCTGTGCGT GACCCTGAAC 300 TGCACCGACC TGAGGAACAC CACCAACACC AACAACAGCA CCGCCAACAA CAACAGCAAC 360 AGCGAGGGCA CCATCAAGGG CGGCGAGATG AAGAACTGCA GCTTCAACAT CACCACCAGC 420 ATCCGCGACA AGATGCAGAA GGAGTACGCC CTGCTGTACA AGCTGGATAT CGTGAGCATC 480 CACAACGACA GCACCAGCTA CCGCCTGATC TCCTGCAACA CCAGCGTGAT CACCCAGGCC 540 TGCCCCAAGA TCAGCTTCGA GCCCATCCCC ATCCACTACT GCGCCCCCGC CGGCTTCGCC 600 ATCCTGAAGT GCAACGACAA GAAGTTCAGC GGCAAGGGCA GCTGCAAGAA CGTGACCACC 660 CTCCAGTGCA CCCACGGCAT CCGGCCGGTG GTGAGCACCC AGCTCCTGCT GAACGGCAGC 720 CTGGCCGAGG AGGAGGTGGT GATCCGCAGC GAGAACTTCA CCGACAACGC CAAGACCATC 780 ATCGTGCACC TGAATGAGAG CCTGCAGATC AACTGCACGC GTCCCAACTA CAACAAGCGC 840 AAGCGCATCC ACATCGGCCC CGGGCGCGCC TTCTACACCA CCAAGAACAT CATCGGCACC 900 ATCCGCCAGG CCCACTGCAA CATCTCTAGA GCCAAGTGGA ACGACACCCT GCGCCAGATC 960 CTGAGCAAGC TGAAGGAGCA GTTCAAGAAC AAGACCATCG TGTTCAACCA GAGCAGCGGC 1020 GGCGACCCCG AGATCGTGAT GCACAGCTTC AACTGCGGCG GCGAATTCTT CTACTGCΛΛC 1080 ACCAGCCCCC TGTTCAACAG CACCTGGAAC GCCAACAACA CCTGGAACAA CACCACCGGC 1140 AGCAACAACA ATATTACCCT CCAGTGCAAG ATCAAGCAGA TCATCAACAT GTGGCAGGAC 1200 GTGGGCAAGG CCATGTACGC CCCCCCCATC GAGGGCCAGA TCCGGTGCAG CAGCAACATC 1260 ACCGGTCTGC TGCTGACCCG CGACGGCGGC AAGGACACCG ACACCAACGA CACCGAAATC 1320 TTCCGCCCCG GCGGCGGCGA CATGCGCGAC AACTGGAGAT CTGAGCTGTA CAAGTACAAG 1380 GTGGTGACGA TCGAGCCCCT GGGCGTGGCC CCCACCAAGG CCAAGCGCCG CGTGGTGCAG 1440 CGCGAGAAGC GGGCCGCCAT CGGCGCCCTG TTCCTGGGCT TCCTGGCGGC GCCGGGCAGC 1500 ACCATGGGGG CCGCCAGCGT GACCCTGACC GTGCAGGCCC GCCTGCTCCT GAGCGGCATC 1560 GTGCAGCAGC AGAACAACCT CCTCCGCGCC ATCGAGGCCC AGCAGCATAT GCTCCAGCTC 1620 ACCGTGTGGG GCATCAACCA GCTCCAGGCC CGCGTGCTGC CCGTGGAGCG CTACCTGAAG 1680 GACCAGCAGC TCCTGGGCTT CTGGGGCTGC TCCGGCAAGC TGATCTGCAC CACCACGGTA 1740 CCCTGGΛΛCG CCTCCTGGAG CAACAACACC CTGGACGACA TCTGGAACAA CATGACCTGG 1800 ATGCAGTGGG AGCGCGAGAT CGATAACTAC ACCAGCCTGA TCTACAGCCT GCTGGAGAAG 1860 AGCCAGACCC AGCAGGAGAA GAACGAGCAG GAGCTGCTGG AGCTGGACAA CTGGGCGAGC 1920 CTGTCGAACT GGTTCGACAT CACCAACTGG CTGTGGTACA TCAAAATCTT CATCATGATT 1980 GTGGGCGGCC TGGTGGGCCT CCGCATCGTG TTCGCCGTGC TGAGCATCGT GAACCGCGTG 2040 CGCCAGGGCT ACAGCCCCCT GAGCCTCCAG ACCCGGCCCC CCGTGCCGCG CGGGCCCGAC 2100 CGCCCCGAGG GCATCGAGGA GGAGGGCGGC GAGCGCGACC GCGACACCAG CGGCAGGCTC 2160 GTGCACGGCT TCCTGGCGAT CATCTGGGTC GACCTCCGCA GCCTGTTCCT GTTCAGCTAC 2220 CACCACCGCG ACCTGCTGCT GATCGCCGCC CGCATCGTGG AACTCCTAGG CCGCCGCGGC 2280 TGGGAGCTGC TGAAGTACTG GTGGAACCTC CTCCAGTATT GGAGCCAGGA GCTGAAGTCC 2340 AGCGCCGTGA GCCTGCTGAA CGCCACCGCC ATCGCCGTGG CCGAGGGCAC CGACCGCGTG 2400 ATCGAGCTGC TCCAGAGGGC CGGGAGCGCC ATCCTGCACA TCCCCACCCC CATCCGCCAG 2460 GGGCTCGAGλ GGGCGCTGCT G 481 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:36: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 486 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:36: ATGAATCCAG TAATAAGTAT AACATTATTA TTAAGTGTAT TACAAATGAG TAGAGGACAA 60 AGAGTAATAA GTTTAACAGC ATCTTTAGTA AATCAAAATT TGAGATTAGA TTGTAGACAT 120 GAAAATAATA CλCCTTTGCC AATACAACAT GAATTTTCAT TAACGCGTGA AAAAAAAAAA 180 CATGTATTAA GTGGAACATT AGGAGTACCA GAACATACAT ATAGAAGTAG AGTAAATTTG 240 TTTAGTGATA GATTCATAAA AGTATTAACA TTAGCAAATT TTACAACAAA AGATGAAGGA 300 GATTATATGT GTGAGCTCAG AGTAAGTGGA CAAAATCCAA CAAGTAGTAA TAAAACAΛTA 360 AATGTAATAA GAGATAAATT AGTAAAATGT GGAGGAATAA GTTTATTAGT ACAAAATACA 420 AGTTGGTTAT TATTATTATT ATTAAGTTTA AGTTTTTTAC AAGCAACAGA TTTTATAAGT 480 TTATGA 486 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:37: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 485 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:37: ATGAACCCAG TCATCAGCAT CΛCTCTCCTG CTTTCAGTCT TGCAGATGTC CCGAGGACAG 60 AGGGTGATCA GCCTGACAGC CTGCCTGGTG AACAGAACCT TCGACTGGAC TGCCGTCATG 120 AGAATAACAC CAACTTGCCC ATCCAGCATG AGTTCAGCCT GACCCGAGAG AAGAAGAAGC 180 ACGTGCTGTC AGGCACCCTG GGGGTTCCCG AGCACACTTA CCGCTCCCGC GTCAACCTTT 240 TCAGTGACCG CTTTATCAAG GTCCTTACTC TAGCCAACTT GACCACCAAG GATGAGGGCG 300 ACTACATGTG TGAACTTCGA GTCTCGGGCC AGAATCCCAC AAGCTCCAAT AAAACTATCA 360 ATGTGATCAG AGACAAGCTG GTCAAGTGTG GTGGCATAAG CCTGCTGGTT CAAAACACTT 420 CCTGGCTGCT GCTGCTCCTG CTTTCCCTCT CCTTCCTCCA AGCCACGGAC TTCATTTCTC 480 TGTGA 485 What is claimed is:

Claims: 1. A synthetic gene encoding a protein normally expressed in mammalian cells wherein at least one non- preferred or less preferred codon in the natural gene encoding said mammalian protein has been replaced by a preferred codon encoding the same amino acid. 2. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein said synthetic gene is capable of expressing said mammalian protein at a level which is at least 110% of that expressed by said natural gene in an in vitro mammalian cell culture system under identical conditions. 3. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein said synthetic gene is capable of expressing said mammalian protein at a level which is at least 150% of that expressed by said natural gene in an in vitro cell culture system under identical conditions. 4. The synthetic gene of claim l wherein said synthetic gene is capable of expressing said mammalian protein at a level which is at least 200% of that expressed by said natural gene in an in vitro cell culture system under identical conditions. 5. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein said synthetic gene is capable of expressing said mammalian protein at a level which is at least 500% of that expressed by said natural gene in an in vitro cell culture system under identical conditions. 6. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein said synthetic gene is capable of expressing said mammalian protein at a level which is at least ten times that expressed by said natural gene in an in vitro cell culture system under identical conditions. 7. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein at least 10% of the codons in said natural gene are non-preferred codons. 8. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein at least 50% of the codons in said natural gene are non-preferred codons. 9. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein at least 50% of the non-preferred codons and less preferred codons present in said natural gene have been replaced by preferred codons. 10. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein at least 90% of the non-preferred codons and less preferred codons present in said natural gene have been replaced by preferred codons. 11. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein said protein is a retroviral or lentiviral protein. 12. The synthetic gene of claim 11 wherein said protein is an HIV protein. 13. The synthetic gene of claim 12 wherein said protein is selected from the group consisting of gag, pol, and env. 14. The synthetic gene of claim 13 wherein said protein is gpl20 or gpl60. 15. The synthetic gene of claim 1 wherein said protein is a human protein. 16. A method for preparing a synthetic gene encoding a protein normally expressed by mammalian cells, comprising identifying non-preferred and less-preferred codons in the natural gene encoding said protein and > replacing one or more of said non-preferred and less- preferred codons with a preferred codon encoding the same amino acid as the replaced codon.

Inventors: SEED BRIAN, SEED, BRIAN
Applicants: GEN HOSPITAL CORP, THE GENERAL HOSPITAL CORPORATION
Application year: 1995
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C07K14, C12N15