ENDO-1,4- beta -GLUCANASE GENES AND THEIR USE IN PLANTS

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for reducing fruit softening and cell wall polysaccharide degradation by inhibiting endo-1,4- beta -glucanase activity using antisense nucleic acid constructions.

Description: ENDO-1.4-g-GLUCANASE GENES AND THEIR USE IN PLANTS RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application No. 07/687,466, now U.S. Patent No. 5,328,999 and U.S. patent application No. 07/511,417, now U.S. Patent No. 5,168,064, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to methods for reducing fruit softening. In particular, it relates to methods for reducing fruit softening and cell wall polysaccharide degradation by inhibiting the activity of one or more endo-1,4-/3-glucanase. Information Disclosure Ripening, the final phase of fruit development, involves a number of dramatic metabolic changes in fruit tissue. An important aspect of the ripening process is fruit softening, which is thought to result primarily from modifications of the cell wall. Many subtle changes in metabolic activity are involved in this response. The prior art discloses ripening-impaired mutants, such as the rin mutant which have been used to study fruit ripening. Tigchelaar Hortic. Sci.. 13:508-513, 1978. The use of these mutants to specifically control fruit softening has met with limited success, however, because of the pleiotropic nature of these mutations. An increase in the activity of polygalacturonase, an enzyme responsible for the degradation of pectin, has been correlated with fruit softening. Recombinant constructs have been prepared containing a plant promoter linked to polygalacturonase cDNA in the antisense direction. These constructs have been inserted into tomato to inhibit the activity of this enzyme in ripening fruit. Smith et al.. Nature, 334:724-726, 1988; Sheehy et al. , Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.. 85:8805-8809, 1988; Hiatt et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,340; Bridges et al., EPO Publication No. 0,271,988. Although these constructs have been shown to inhibit polygalacturonase activity, an effect on fruit softening has not been shown. Smith et al.. Plant Mol. 14:369-379, 1990. Endo-l,4-/?-glucanase is another enzyme thought to be involved in fruit softening. It is known to degrade the major he icellulosic polymer, xyloglucan. Hatfield and Nevins, Plant and Cell Phvsiol.. 27:541-552, 1986. The cDNA and gene encoding endo-l,4-/?-glucanase have been cloned from avocado (Christoffersen et al., Plant Molec. Biol.. 3:385, 1984) and bean (Tucker et al.. Plant Phvsiol.. 88:1257, 1988), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to methods of reducing fruit softening and inhibiting the degradation of cell wall polymers comprising, introducing into a plant an expression cassette having a plant promoter sequence operably linked to a DNA subsequence of at least 20 base pairs derived from a DNA sequence encoding an endo-l,4- / 8-glucanase, the DNA subsequence being linked to the promoter sequence in the opposite orientation for expression (i.e. in the antisense direction) . The promoter can be either inducible or constitutive. If inducible, it is preferably derived from the tomato E8 gene. If constitutive, it is preferably the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus. The method can be modified by using an expression cassette as described above plus a second expression cassette having a plant promoter sequence operably linked to a subsequence of at least 20 base pairs derived from a gene encoding a second glucanase or a polygalacturonase. The other DNA sequences are also linked to the promoter sequence in the opposite orientation for expression. Economically important crop plants suitable for the method include tomato and pepper. The expression cassette can be introduced into the plant by any in vitro technique. preferably using Agrobacterium. The expression cassette can also be introduced into the plant by a sexual cross. The present invention also provides a method of inhibiting the activity of an endo-l,4-3-glucanase comprising, introducing into a plant an expression cassette having a plant promoter sequence operably linked to a DNA subsequence of at least 20 base pairs derived from a DNA sequence encoding the endo-l,4-/3-glucanase, the DNA subsequence being linked to the promoter sequence in the opposite orientation for expression. By inhibiting the enzyme, cell wall polysaccharide degradation can be inhibited. The present invention further provides an expression cassette comprising a plant promoter sequence operably linked to a DNA subsequence of at least 20 base pairs derived from a DNA sequence encoding endo-l,4-3-glucanase, the DNA subsequence being linked to the promoter sequence in the opposite orientation for expression. The promoter can be inducible, typically the E8 promoter, or constitutive, typically derived from cauliflower mosaic virus. A plant, preferably tomato, is also provided that contains an expression cassette having a plant promoter sequence operably linked to a DNA subsequence of at least 20 base pairs derived from a DNA sequence encoding an endo-l,4-/3- glucanase, the DNA subsequence being linked to the promoter sequence in the opposite orientation for expression. The present invention further provides a DNA sequence which is uninterrupted, which encodes an endo-l,4-,5-glucanase, and which is flanked on at least one side by non-wild type DNA. The DNA sequence is typically a cDNA sequence derived from tomato. Further, an expression cassette is provided which comprises a promoter sequence operably linked to a DNA sequence which is uninterrupted and which encodes an endo-l,4- / S- glucanase. The DNA sequence is typically a cDNA sequence derived from tomato. The promoter sequence function in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The present invention also provides a method of isolating from a plant a DNA sequence encoding an endo-l,4-/3- .glucanase comprising, probing a DNA library prepared from plant tissue with oligonucleotide probes comprising a conserved sequence from endo-l,4-/?-glucanase cDNA. The DNA library can be either a genomic or cDNA library. The preferred conserved sequences are: 5 « TCCATATCTTCIGGICGTTCCCAACA 3' and G C C G 5' TTATCICCIGCATCATAATAICCICC 3' G G G G Finally, a DNA construct is provided comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide from a tomato endo-l,4- / S-glucanase, the DNA sequence being joined to other than a sequence encoding mature tomato endo-1,4-3-glucanase. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 illustrates the construction of the pMI_Jl:E8antiPG/CL and pMLJl:CamVantiPG/CL vectors. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An improved method of reducing fruit softening in various agronomically important plant species is provided. The method comprises transforming a plant cell with an expression cassette having a plant promoter operably linked to an endo- l,4-S-glucanase (glucanase) DNA in the opposite orientation for normal expression. Expression cassettes which comprise other glucanase DNAs and/or polygalacturonase DNAs in the antisense direction can also be used. The glucanase cDNAs can also be inserted in correct orientation for expression of the genes in plant or bacterial cells. Also provided are nucleic acid probes comprising conserved regions of the endo-l,4-/3-glucanase genes which can be used to isolate other genes from the same or different plant species. The cDNA sequences provided by this invention can be used to construct vectors capable of expressing fusion proteins comprised of the glucanase signal peptide fused to any foreign gene. This provides for the secretion of foreign gene products from the plant cell. Control of the rate of fruit softening during the ripening process is of tremendous economic importance. In the case of tomatoes, inhibition of fruit softening allows fresh market tomatoes to remain firm while ripening on the vine. Vine ripened tomatoes have better flavor and color development then those that are picked while green. Control of fruit ripening may also improve fruit quality by increasing pathogen resistance. These properties allow for longer shelf and shipping life of the tomato fruit. Inhibition of cell wall degradation may also enhance the processing characteristics of the tomato fruit by increasing fruit viscosity and consistency. The present invention provides a method for reducing fruit softening by inhibiting the activity of one or more glucanases in various agronomically important species. In the exemplified case, cDNA from tomato glucanase genes is used to create expression cassettes comprising antisense DNA to control the activity of the gene during fruit ripening. Recombinant DNA techniques are used to introduce the antisense cDNA sequences into a suitable vector which is subsequently used to transform a suitable host cell. In the exemplified case, A robacterium tumefaciens is used as a vehicle for transmission of the cDNA to the ultimate host, the tomato cell. A plant regenerated from the transformed cell transcribes the antisense cDNAs which inhibit activity of the enzyme. In plant cells, it has been shown that cDNA inhibits gene expression by preventing the accumulation of mRNA which results in decreased levels of the protein encoded by the gene. Sheehy et al., supra. The following descriptions will detail various methods available to introduce and express foreign DNA sequences in plant cells. Specific examples of preferred methods are also described. In summary, the manipulations necessary to prepare antisense glucanase cDNAs and introduce them into a plant cell involve 1) isolating mRNA from ripe fruit, 2) preparing cDNA from the mRNA, 3) screening the cDNA for the desired sequences, 4) linking a plant promoter to the desired cDNAs in the opposite orientation for expression of the glucanase genes. 5) transforming suitable host plant cells, and 6) selecting and regenerating cells which transcribe the inverted sequences. I. General Methods Generally, the nomenclature used hereafter and the laboratory procedures in recombinant DNA technology described below are those well known and commonly employed in the art. Standard techniques are used for cloning, DNA and RNA isolation, amplification and purification. Generally enzymatic reactions involving DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, restriction endonucleases and the like are performed according to the manuf cturer's specifications. These techniques and various other techniques are generally performed according to Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989. The manual is hereinafter referred to as "Sambrook". Other general references are provided throughout this document. The procedures therein are believed to be well known in the art and are provided for the convenience of the reader. All the information contained therein is incorporated herein by reference. II. Preparation of endo-1.4-β-σlucanase cDNA. To prepare cDNA from various glucanase genes, mRNA from ripe fruit is first isolated. Eukaryotic mRNA has at its 3' end a string of adenine nucleotide residues known as the poly-A tail. Short chains of oligo d-T nucleotides are then hybridized with the poly-A tails and serve as a primer for the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This enzyme uses RNA as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand. A second DNA strand is then synthesized using the first cDNA strand as a template. Linkers are added to the double-stranded cDNA for insertion into a plasmid or λ phage vector for propagation in Ej. coli. Identification of clones harboring the desired cDNAs is performed by either nucleic acid hybridization or immunological detection of the encoded protein, if an expression vector is used. The bacterial colonies are then replica plated on nitrocellulose filters. The cells are lysed and probed with either oligonucleotides complimentary to the desired cDNAs or with antibodies to the desired protein. In the exemplified case described below, highly conserved regions found in both avocado and bean glucanases (see. Christoffersen et al., supra and Tucker et al. , supra) were used to construct degenerate oligonucleotide probes to screen a tomato fruit cDNA library. Cross-hybridization experiments indicate that a family of glucanase genes is expressed during tomato fruit ripening. Three genes within the family were identified as tell, tcl2, and tcl3. The cDNA of tell (SEQ. ID. No. 1) was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland on April 20, 1990 and has Accession No. 68312. The nucleotide sequence of tcl2 (SEQ. ID. No. 3) and tel 3 (SEQ. ID. No. 5) are presented below. The sequences of the invention may be used in any of a number of ways. For instance, fragments of the sequences can be used as probes to identify other glucanase genes in genomic or cDNA libraries prepared from other plant species. The cDNAs can be inserted in the antisense direction into expression cassettes to inhibit the expression of the glucanase gene in plant cells. The cDNA sequence, itself, can also be inserted in an expression cassette for expression in bacteria or plant cells. Insertion of the expression cassette in bacteria is useful for bio ass conversion of plant tissues to ethanol or methanol. The sequence provided can also be used for expression of fusion proteins comprised of a portion of the glucanase enzyme fused to another protein. Of particular interest is the transit peptide sequence of the protein. As is well known in the art, proteins transported across the cell membrane typically have an N-terminal sequence rich in hydrophobic amino acids about 15 to 30 amino acids long. Sometime during the process of passing through the membrane, the signal sequence is cleaved by signal peptidase. Watson et al.. Molecular Biology of the Gene, p. 731, 1987. Thus, the signal peptide encoding sequence of a tomato endo-l,4-β-glucanase gene may be linked to another, foreign, structural gene to provide for transport of the foreign gene product to the cell wall. The foreign structural gene may be derived from any source including bacteria, yeast, animals or plants. Typically, the signal peptide encoding sequence will be joined at its 3• end to a linker for attachment to the foreign structural gene in the proper reading frame. Foreign genes of interest include carbohydrate and cell wall metabolizing enzymes, such as invertase, dextransucrase, levansucrase. Also of interest are genes that encode proteins involved in disease resistance such as chitinase, hydroxyprotein-rich glycoproteins, and polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins. III. Vector construction The desired recombinant vector will comprise an expression cassette designed for initiating transcription of the antisense cDNAs in plants. Companion sequences, of bacterial or viral origin, are also included to allow the vector to be cloned in a bacterial or phage host. The vector will preferably contain a broad host range prokaryote origin of replication. A selectable marker should also be included to allow selection of bacterial cells bearing the desired construct. Suitable prokaryotic selectable markers include resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin or tetracycline. Other DNA sequences encoding additional functions may also be present in the vector, as is known in the art. For instance, in the case of Agrobacterium transformations, T-DNA sequences will also be included for subsequent transfer to plant chromosomes. A bacterial expression vector may be used if expression of the glucanase cDNAs in bacteria is desired. Insertion of an expression vector into bacteria is useful in biomass conversion of plant tissues to ethanol or methanol. Construction of a bacterial expression vector is typically done by placing the cDNA downstream from a strong bacterial promoter. Examples of bacterial promoters that might be used include β-lactamase, /3-galactosidase, and the phage λpL promoters. The efficiency of translation of mRNA in bacteria is critically dependent on the presence of a ribosome-binding site and its distance from the transcription initiation codon. For expression in plants, the recombinant expression cassette will contain in addition to the desired sequence, a plant promoter region, a transcription initiation site (if the sequence to be transcribed lacks one) , and a transcription termination sequence. Unique restriction enzyme sites at the 5• and 3 • ends of the cassette are typically included to allow for easy insertion into a pre-existing vector. Sequences controlling eukaryotic gene expression have been extensively studied. Promoter sequence elements include the TATA box consensus sequence (TATAAT) , which is usually 20 to 30 base pairs (bp) upstream of the transcription start site. In most instances the TATA box is required for accurate transcription initiation. By convention, the start site is called +1. Sequences extending in the 5' (upstream) direction are given negative numbers and sequences extending in the 3 ' (downstream) direction are given positive numbers. In plants, further upstream from the TATA box, at positions -80 to -100, there is typically a promoter element with a series of adenines surrounding the trinucleotide G (or T) N G. J. Messing et al., in Genetic Engineering in Plants, pp. 221-227 (Kosage, Meredith and Hollaender, eds. 1983) . Other sequences conferring tissue specificity, response to environmental signals, or maximum efficiency of transcription may also be found in the promoter region. Such sequences are often found within 400 bp of transcription initiation size, but may extend as far as 2000 bp or more. In the construction of heterologous promoter/structural gene combinations, the promoter is preferably positioned about the same distance from the heterologous transcription start site as it is from the transcription start site in its natural setting. As is known in the art, however, some variation in this distance can be accommodated without loss of promoter function. The particular promoter used in the expression cassette is a noncritical aspect of the invention. Any of a number of promoters which direct transcription in plant cells is suitable. The promoter can be either constitutive or inducible. Promoters of bacterial origin include the octopine synthase promoter, the nopaline synthase promoter and other promoters derived from native Ti plasmids. Herrara-Estrella et al., Nature. 303:209-213, 1983. Viral promoters include the 35S and 19S RNA promoters of cauliflower mosaic virus. Odell et al. Nature, 313:810-812, 1985. Possible plant promoters include the ribulose-l,3-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter and the phaseolin promoter. The promoter sequence from the E8 gene and other genes in which expression is induced by ethylene may also be used. The isolation and sequence of the E8 promoter is described in detail in Deikman and Fischer, EMBO J. 7:3315-3327, 1988. which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition to a promoter sequence, the expression cassette should also contain a transcription termination region downstream of the structural gene to provide for efficient :termination. The termination region may be obtained from the same gene as the promoter sequence or may be obtained from different genes. If the mRNA encoded by the structural gene is to be efficiently translated, polyadenylation sequences are also commonly added to the vector construct. Alber and Kawasaki, Mol. and APPI. Genet. 1:419-434, 1982. Polyadenylation is of importance for expression of the glucanase cDNA in plant cells. Polyadenylation sequences include, but are not limited to the Agrobacterium octopine synthase signal (Gielen et al., EMBO J.. 3:835-846, 1984) or the nopaline synthase signal (Depicker et al., Mol. and APPI. Genet. 1:561-573, 1982). The vector will also typically contain a selectable marker gene by which transformed plant cells can be identified in culture. Usually, the marker gene will encode antibiotic resistance. These markers include resistance to G418, hygromycin, bleomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. After transforming the plant cells, those cells having the vector will be identified by their ability to grow in a medium containing the particular antibiotic. IV. Transcription of endo-l,4-3-glucanase antisense cDNA in plant cells A. Transformation of plant cells by in vitro technigues 1. Direct Transformation The vector described above can be microinjected directly into plant cells by use of micropipettes to mechanically transfer the recombinant DNA. Crossway, Mol. Gen. Genetics. 202:179-185, 1985. The genetic material may also be transferred into the plant cell using polyethylene glycol, Krens, et al.. Nature, 296, 72-74, 1982. Another method of introduction of nucleic acid segments is high velocity ballistic penetration by small particles with the nucleic acid either within the matrix of small beads or particles, or on the surface, Klein, et al., Nature. 327. 70-73, 1987. Yet another method of introduction is fusion of protoplasts with other entities, either inicells, cells, lysosomes or other fusible lipid-surfaced bodies, Fraley, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 79. 1859-1863, 1982. The DNA may also be introduced into the plant cells by electroporation. Fromm et al.. Pro. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 82:5824 (1985). In this technique, plant protoplasts are electroporated in the presence of plasmids containing the expression cassette. Electrical impulses of high field strength reversibly permeabilize biomembranes allowing the introduction of the plasmids. Electroporated plant protoplasts reform the cell wall, divide, and regenerate. 2. Vectored Transformation Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) may be used as a vector for introducing the antisense DNA into plant cells. (Hohn et al., 1982 "Molecular Biology of Plant Tumors." Academic Press, New York, pp.549-560; Howell, United States Patent No. 4,407,956). In accordance with the described method, the entire CaMV viral DNA genome is inserted into a parent bacterial plasmid creating a recombinant DNA molecule which can be propagated in bacteria. After cloning, the recombinant plasmid is further modified by introduction of the desired sequence into unique restriction sites in the viral portion of the plasmid. The modified viral portion of the recombinant plasmid is then excised from the parent bacterial plasmid, and used to inoculate the plant cells or plants. Another method of introducing the DNA into plant cells is to infect a plant cell with Agrobacterium tumefaciens or A t . rhizogenes previously transformed with the gene. Under appropriate conditions known in the art, the transformed plant cells are grown to form shoots or roots, and develop further into plants. Agrobacterium is a representative genus of the gram- negative family Rhizobiaceae. Its species are responsible for crown gall (A_j_ tumefaciens) and hairy root disease (A. rhizogenes) . The plant cells in crown gall tumors and hairy roots are induced to produce amino acid derivatives known as opines, which are catabolized only by the bacteria. The bacterial genes responsible for expression of opines are a convenient source of control elements for chimeric expression cassettes. In addition, assaying for the presence of opines can be used to identify transformed tissue. Heterologous genetic sequences can be introduced into appropriate plant cells, by means of the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens or the Ri plasmid of Aj. rhizogenes. The Ti or Ri plasmid is transmitted to plant cells on infection by Agrobacterium and is stably integrated into the plant genome. J. Schell, Science. 237: 1176-1183, 1987. Ti and Ri plasmids contain two regions essential for the production of transformed cells. One of these, named transferred DNA (T-DNA) , is transferred to plant nuclei and induces tumor or root formation. The other, termed the virulence (vir) region, is essential for the transfer of the T-DNA but is not itself transferred. The T-DNA will be transferred into a plant cell even if the vir region is on a different plasmid. Hoekema, et al., Nature. 303:179-189, 1983. The transferred DNA region, can be increased in size by the insertion of heterologous DNA without its ability to be transferred being affected. A modified Ti or Ri plasmid, in which the disease-causing genes have been deleted, can be used as a vector for the transfer of the gene constructs of this invention into an appropriate plant cell. Construction of recombinant Ti and Ri plasmids in general follows methods typically used with the more common bacterial vectors, such as pBR322. Additional use can be made of accessory genetic elements sometimes found with the native plasmids and sometimes constructed from foreign sequences. These may include but are not limited to "shuttle vectors", (Ruvkun and Ausubel, 1981, Nature 298:85-88), promoters, (Lawton et al. , 1987, Plant Mol. Biol. 9:315-324) and structural genes for antibiotic resistance as a selection factor (Fraley et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.. 80:4803-4807, 1983). All plant cells which can be transformed by Agrobacterium and from which whole plants can be regenerated can be transformed according to the present invention to produce transformed intact plants which contain the desired DNA. There are two common ways to transform plant cells with ftqrobacter-taffi: (1) co-cultivation of Agrobacterium with cultured isolated protoplasts, or (2) transformation of intact cells or tissues with Agrobacterimn. Method (1) requires an established culture system that allows for culturing protoplasts and subsequent plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts. Method (2) requires (a) that the intact plant tissues, such as cotyledons, can be transformed by A g robacterium and (b) that the transformed cells or tissues can be induced to regenerate into whole plants. Most dicot species can be trans ormed by Agrobacterium. All species which are a natural plant host for Aσrobacterium are transformable in vitro. Monocotyledonous plants, and in particular, cereals, are not natural hosts to Aσrobacteriu . Attempts to transform them using Agrobacterium have been unsuccessful until recently. Hooykas-Van Slogteren et al., Nature. 311:763-764, 1984. There is growing evidence now that certain monocots can be transformed by Agrobacterium. Using novel experimental approaches cereal species such as rye (de la Pena et al. , Nature 325:274-276, 1987), corn (Rhodes et al. , Science 240:204-207, 1988), and rice (Shimamoto et al. , Nature 338:274-276, 1989) may now be transformed. B. Selection and Regeneration of transformed plant cells After transformation, transformed plant cells or plants comprising the antisense DNA must be identified. A selectable marker, such as those discussed, supra. is typically used. Transformed plant cells can be selected by growing the cells on growth medium containing the appropriate antibiotic. The presence of opines can also be used if the plants are transformed with Agrobacterium. After selecting the transformed cells, one can confirm expression of the desired heterologous gene. Simple detection of mRNA encoded by the inserted DNA can be achieved by well known methods in the art, such as Northern blot hybridization. The inserted sequence can be identified by Southern blot hybridization, as well. See, e.g., Sambrook, supra. After determination of the presence of the antisense DNA, whole plant regeneration is desired. All plants from which protoplasts can be isolated and cultured to give whole regenerated plants can be transformed by the present invention. Some suitable plants include, for example, species from the genera Fraσaria. Lotus. Medicago. Onobrvchis. Trifolium. Tri pnellfl, Viσna. itrus, Linum, Geranium. Manihot. Daucus. ArafrJdoFSiS / Brassica. R Phairøs, sinaois. Atrooa. Capsicum. Datura. Hvoscvamus. Lvcopersicon. Nicotiana. Solanum. Petunia. Digitalis. Maiorana, cichoriu . Helianthus. Lactuca. Bromus. Asparagus, Antirrhinum. Hererocallis. Ne esia. Pelargonium. Panicum. Pennisetum. Ranunculus. Senecio. Salpiglossis. Cucumis. Browaalia. Glvcine. Loliu . Zea. Triticum. Sorghum. Malus. Apium r and Datura. Plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts is described in Evans et al. , Handbook of Plant cell cultures. Vol. 1: (MacMillan Publishing Co. New York, 1983); and Vasil I.R. (ed.), Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants. Acad. Press, Orlando, Vol. I, 1984, and Vol. Ill, 1986. It is known that practically all plants can be regenerated from cultured cells or tissues, including but not limited to, all major species of sugarcane, sugar beet, cotton, fruit trees, and legumes. Means for regeneration vary from species to species of plants, but generally a suspension of transformed protoplasts or a petri plate containing transformed explants is first provided. Callus tissue is formed and shoots may be induced from callus and subsequently rooted. Alternatively, embryo formation can be induced in the callus tissue. These embryos germinate as natural embryos to form plants. The culture media will generally contain various amino acids and hormones, such as auxin and cytokinins. It is also advantageous to add glutamic acid and proline to the medium, especially for such species as corn and alfalfa. Efficient regeneration will depend on the medium, on the genotype, and on the history of the culture. If these three variables are controlled, then regeneration is usually reproducible and repeatable. After the expression cassette is stably incorporated in transgenic plants, it can be transferred to other plants by sexual crossing. Any of a number of standard breeding techniques can be used, depending upon the species to be crossed. v. Definition? The terms "endo-l,4-S-glucanase" or "glucanase" refer to a member of the class of plant enzymes capable of cleaving 0-1,4 glucan linkages and degrading carboxymethylcellulose. These enzymes do not degrade crystalline cellulose and are thus distinguishable from certain bacterial cellulases. The class may be identified in that each member contains a highly conserved region which is substantially homologous to the amino sequences GGYYDAGDN or CWERPEDMD. Each plant species contains a family of glucanase heteroallelic genes. The genes in the glucanase family are identifiable by, for example, their nucleotide sequence, the temporal pattern of their expression and the tissues in which they are expressed. Typically, expression of the glucanase genes of the present invention (as measured by, for instance, mRNA levels) generally follows the development of ripening fruit. A nucleic acid sequence or DNA sequence "encoding an endo-l,4,-,S-glucanase" of the invention is a subsequence or full length polynucleotide sequence which, when present in a cell, expresses an endoglucanase polypeptide. In the case where the inserted polynucleotide sequence is transcribed and translated to produce a polypeptide, one of skill will recognize that because of codon degeneracy a number of polynucleotide sequences will encode the same polypeptide. These variants are specifically covered by the above term. In addition, the polynucleotides of the invention specifically include those sequences substantially identical (determined as described below) with the gene sequences of the invention and that encode proteins that retain the immunological reactivity of the proteins of the invention. Thus, in the case of the endoglucanase genes disclosed here, the above term includes variant polynucleotide sequences which have substantial identity with the sequences disclosed here and which encode proteins capable of recognition by antibodies raised against the naturally occurring protein. "Percentage of sequence identity" for polynucleotides and polypeptides is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by computerized implementations of known algorithms (e.g., GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, WI, or BlastN and BlastX available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information) , or by inspection. The term "substantial identity" or "substantial similarity" means that a polypeptide comprises a sequence that has at least 80% sequence identity or similarity, preferably 90%, and most preferably 95% or more, compared to a reference sequence over a comparison window of about 50 residues to about 500 residues— typically about 100 to about 400 residues usually about 250 to 300 residues. The values of percent identity are determined using the programs above. Polypeptides which are "substantially similar" share sequences as noted above except that residue positions which are not identical may differ by conservative amino acid changes. Conservative amino acid substitutions refer to the interchangeability of residues having similar side chains. For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains is glycine, alanine, valine,. leucine, and isoleucine; a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine and threonine; a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains is asparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of amino acids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and a group of amino acids having sulfur-containing side chains is cysteine and methionine. Substantial identity of polynucleotide sequences means that a polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 70% sequence identity, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% and most preferably at least 95%. Another indication that nucleotide sequences are substantially identical is if two molecules specifically hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. Stringent conditions are sequence dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 10° C lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. The Tm of a hybrid, which is a function of both the length and the base composition of the probe, can be calculated using information provided in Sambrook, T. et al . , (1989) Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual , (2nd ed.) Vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring. Typically, stringent conditions for a Southern blot protocol involve washing at 65°C with 0.2 X SSC. For preferred oligonucleotide probes, washing conditions are typically about at 42°C in 6x SSC. The phrase "DNA sequence" refers to a single or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide bases read from the 5' to the 3' end. It includes both self-replicating plasmids, infectious polymers of DNA and non-functional DNA. The term "promoter" refers to a region of DNA upstream from the structural gene and involved in recognition and binding RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A "plant promoter" is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells. The term "plant" includes whole plants, plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), seeds and plant cells. The phrase "suitable host" refers to a microorganism or cell that is compatible with a recombinant plasmid, DNA sequence or recombinant expression cassette and will permit the plasmid to replicate, to be incorporated into its genome, or to be expressed. The term "expression" refers to the transcription and translation of a structural gene so that a protein is synthesized. A "constitutive" promoter is a promoter which is active under most environmental conditions and states of development or cell differentiation. An "inducible" promoter is a promoter which is under more precise environmental or developmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may effect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of lights Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that initiate transcription only in certain tissues, such as the promoter from the E8 gene which is induced by ethylene in ripening fruit. The term "opposite orientation for expression" refers to a double-stranded DNA sequence from a structural gene that is inserted in an expression cassette in an inverted manner with respect to its naturally occurring orientation. Specifically, the strand that is normally the "template strand becomes the coding strand, and vice versa. The term "uninterrupted" refers to a DNA sequence containing an open reading frame that lacks intervening, untranslated sequences. The term "non-wild type DNA" refers to DNA sequences that do not flank a given DNA sequence in its naturally occurring environment. The following experimental results are offered by way of example and not by way of limitation. EXAMPLE I This example describes the isolation of glucanase cDNAs and the construction of antisense expression vectors suitable for transformation of plant cells. For purposes of illustration only, the exemplified vectors comprise tell antisense DNA. It will be understood that other glucanase genes can also be used in the disclosed methods without significant modification. A. Preparation of tomato endo-1.4-fl-glucanase cDNA 1. cDNA Library Production A vector-primed cDNA library was prepared using standard methods. The library was prepared in the cloning vector pARC7 from ripe tomato fruit poly-A RNA by the method of Alexander et al. , Gene. 31:79-89, 1984, which is incorporated herein by reference. 2. cDNA Library Screening a. Growing Colonies HB101 cells containing a red ripe tomato-derived cDNA library were titered and dilutions were made to give approximately 5000 colonies per 10 ml of Luria Broth (LB) . Ten ml aliquots of chilled bacterial suspension were vacuum filtered onto ten 132 mm nitrocellulose filters, which were then placed colony sides up on LB-agar plates containing 100 ug/ml ampicillin. Plates were incubated at 37°C until colonies were approximately 0.5 mm in diameter. b. Replica Plating Master filters were removed from plates, numbered and given orientation marks with black ink. A fresh filter was wetted on a fresh LB plate and was laid on top of each master filter and orientation marks copied to the replicate. This process of colony transfer was repeated with a 2nd fresh filter to give two replica filters per master filter. Replicates were grown on LB-agar plates at 37 β C until colonies were approximately 0.5 mm and then were transferred to plates containing LB-agar with 150 ug/ml chloramphenicol. These were grown 12 hours at 37 β C. c. Bacterial Colony Lysis Replica filters were removed from plates and placed colony sides up at room temperature on sheets of Whatman 3MM paper wetted with 0.5 M NaOH/1.5 M NaCl. After 10 minutes, filters were blotted on dry 3MM paper and transferred for 2 minutes to 3MM paper wetted with 1 M Tris pH 7/1.5 M NaCl. Filters were immersed in 3x SSC for 15 seconds, placed on dry 3MM paper and air dried prior to baking at 80°C under vacuum for 2 hours. d. Hybridization to Oligonucleotide Probe Bacterial debris was removed from baked filters by washing with 3x SSC/0.1% SDS at 62°C for 24 hours, during which time wash solution was replaced with fresh solution 3 times. Filters were collectively prehybridized at 37 β C overnight with 6X SSC, IX Denhardts Solution, 0.5% SDS, 0.05% NaPPi and 0.1 mg/ml boiled and ice-quenched salmon sperm DNA. The 20 filters were then divided into two groups of replicates for hybridization. Two 26 base oligonucleotide probe were synthesized at a DNA synthesizing facility. Probe sequences corresponded to two regions of glucanase that are completely conserved at the amino acid level in bean abscission zone glucanase and avocado fruit glucanase. Oligonucleotides were solubilized in lOmM Tris-EDTA (TE) pH 8 and extracted with TE-saturated butanol; they were then adjusted to 0.3 M in ammoniu " acetate and were precipitated with 4 volumes of ethanol at - 80 β C. DNA was harvested by centrifugation and was brought to l mg/ml in TE pH 8. One ug of each oligonucleotide probe was end labeled with 32P-ATP according to the T4 DNA Polymerase Labeling System (Bethesda Research Labs) protocol supplied by the manufacturer. Specific activity of each probe exceeded 5 x 10 7 cpm/ug. Each set of replica filters was incubated overnight at 42°C in a hybridization bag containing 15 ml of hybridization buffer and one of the boiled and ice-quenched radiolabeled probes. Hybridization medium was 6x SSC, l X Denhardt's solution, 0.05% NaPPi and 0.1 mg/ml boiled and ice- quenched salmon sperm DNA. Filters were washed at 42 β C in 6x SSC, 0.05% NaPPi for several hours with several buffer changes. They were then exposed to Kodak X-O-Mat AR film at -80 β C for 24 hours using an intensifying screen. Film was developed and clones containing glucanase probe sequence were identified via the comparison of orientation marks on the film with those on the corresponding master plate. e. Secondary Screening of Putative Glucanase Clones Colonies identified by the glucanase oligonucleotide probes were picked with sterile toothpicks, dispersed into 1 ml LB and incubated with shaking at 37°C for 2.5 hours. Suspensions were.then diluted 500,000-fold and vacuum filtered in 5 ml aliquots of chilled LB through 82 mm nitrocellulose filters. These were grown at 37 β C on LB agar with 100 ug/ml ampicillin for 8 hours prior to their transfer to LB agar plates containing 150 ug/ml chloramphenicol. These were then incubated at 37 β C for 12 hours. Filters were processed and screened with radiolabeled oligonucleotides probes as per steps 3 and 4 above. Single colonies of each of the 28 glucanase clones identified in the secondary screen were picked into 3 ml of LB ampicillin and grown overnight at 37 β C. Cross hybridazation experiments revealed that the clones could be arranged in three distinct classes, tell, tcl2, and tcl3. f. Southern Analysis of Glucanase Clones Mini prep DNA was isolated from bacterial cultures by the method of Kraft et al. Biotechnigues 6(6):544-546 which is incorporated herein by reference. DNA was then digested with Sma I restriction enzyme for 2.5 hours under standard conditions to release the cloned glucanase inserts from their respective pArc vectors; digestion products were size fractionated on 1.2% agarose gels using avocado glucanase cDNA and tomato polygalacturonase cDNA clones as positive and negative controls, respectively. Following incubation in 250 mM HCl, followed by 0.5 M NaOH/1.5M NaCl and finally by 0.5 M Tris/3M NaCl, gels were blotted to nitrocellulose and probed with each oligonucleotide probe end labeled as previously described. The largest glucanase insert was estimated to be 1.8 kilobases, similar to the previously characterized 1.9 kB avocado glucanase cDNA. This clone, termed pTCLl, was selected for sequencing. 3. Seguencing of tell a. Subcloning Sma I digestion of mini prep DNA prepared from the colonies described above released the 1.8 kB (estimated size) glucanase clone from the pArc vector. Digestion products were precipitated with 0.4 volumes ammonium acetate and 2 volumes ethanol and resuspended in lx DNA sample buffer. Products were loaded onto a low-melt agarose gel with insert separated from vector by electrophoresis at 80 V. The insert was excised from the gel and stored as a gel slice at -20 β C until required. DNA concentration was estimated from the relative intensities of ethidium bromide staining between insert and defined standards. Bluescript vector (SK+) (Stratagene Inc., La Jolla, CA) was linearized by Sma I digestion under standard conditions at 30 β C. After 2.5 hours, digested vector was extracted once with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and once with chlorofor -isoamyl alcohol (24:1) prior to precipitation with 0.4 volumes ammonium acetate and 2.5 volumes ethanol. The pelleted DNA was brought up in 500 ul 50 mM Tris, 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 8 and was dephosphorylated with Boehringer Mannheim calf intestine alkaline phosphatase as per the manufacturer's instructions for blunt ended DNA fragments. Dephosphorylated vector was harvested by ammonium acetate/EtOH precipitation as described previously and was brought to 100 ug/ml with water. Dephosphorylated vector was ligated at 15°C for 12 hours to melted glucanase insert from the low melt agarose gel. Ligation specifications were as follows for each 45 ul ligation: total DNA concentration = l ug, insert:vector = 2.1 on a molar basis. T4 DNA ligase = 100 units/ml, final PEG concentration = 5%. Ligation mixtures were brought up to 100 ul with TE 8.0 and added to 200 ul freshly thawed XL1 Blue competent cells. After 30 minutes on ice, cells were heat shocked 5 minutes at 42 β C and added to 4 ml 2XL medium which had been prewarmed to 37 β C. Cells were shaken at 100 rpm on an orbital shaker for 100 minutes at 37 β C and transferred to ice. Appropriate aliquots of the cells were then spread on LB agar plates containing 100 ug/ml ampicillin and 50 ug/ml tetracycline. Plates had been pre-spread with 100 ul of (50 ul 100 mM IPTG, 20 ul 20mg/ml X-gal, 30 ul LB) . Plates were then incubated overnight at 37 β c, at which time transformed colonies (white) could be distinguished from non-transformed colonies (blue) . Miniprep DNA was isolated from transformants as previously described and digested with Sma I to release inserts. One glucanase transformant of approximately 1.8 kB was identified following the electrophoretic separation of digestion products on a 1.5% agarose gel. Double stranded miniprep DNA was prepared as previously described for sequencing purposes. b. Sequencing Double stranded DNA templates of varying lengths for use in first strand sequencing were generated by exonuclease digestion of glucanase miniprep DNA as described in the Erase- A-Base kit (Promega) protocol supplied by the manufacturer. Sequencing was conducted by the dideoxy method (Sanger, et al., Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 74:5463-5467) outlined fully in the Sequenase kit (United States Biochemical Co.) protocol provided by the manufacturer. Reverse M13 primer was purchased from Pharmacia. Sequence data generated was entered and analyzed using the Microgenie sequence analysis computer program (Beckman Instruments, Inc.) strand resulted from the overlap of over 20 smaller sequences. B. Vector Construction Four different vectors were constructed. One vector, EδantiCL, contains the promoter from the tomato E8 gene and tell antisense DNA. This promoter is inducible in ripening tomato fruit. The second vector, CaMVantiCL, contains the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and tell antisense DNA. This promoter is constitutive. The other two vectors were constructed in the same manner but with the addition of polygalacturonase antisense DNA and appropriate promoters. The construction of the latter two vectors is illustrated in Fig. 1. 1. EPantJCk A 2.0 kb E8 promoter fragment was isolated by cleaving pE8mutRN2.0 with Ncol. The preparation of pE8mutRN2.0 is described in Giovaninnoni et al. , The Plant Cell. 1:53-63, 1989, which is incorporated herein by reference. The 5' overhang of the Ncol restriction site was blunt-ended with the large fragment of DNA polymerase (Klenow fragment) and digested with EcoRl restriction endonuclease. The resulting 2.0 kb EcoRl/filled Ncol fragment was ligated into pUCllδ cleaved with EcoRl and Smal restriction endonucleases. The resulting construction, pE8mutRN2.0(+) , retains the original Ncol restriction site and includes BamHl, Xbal, Sail, Pstl, Sphl, and Hindlll sites downstream of the Ncol restriction site. The 1.8 kb endo-l,4-/3-glucanase cDNA cloned into the Smal site of the Bluescript M13+ (SK+) vector (Stratagene Inc., La Jolla, CA.) was liberated by digestion with BamHl and Kpnl followed by agarose gel purification. The fragment was then ligated into BamHl/Kpnl digested pUCllδ to generate pUCCLl.8. The 1.8 kb BamHl/Sstl cDNA insert of PUCCL1.8 was liberated by restriction endonuclease digestion and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The resulting 1.8 kb BamHl/Sstl fragment was utilized in a tri-molecular ligation with the 0.25 kb Sstl/EcoRl Agrobacterium nopaline synthase gene transcription terminator fragment (capable of directing termination of gene transcription in plants) purified from pB1121 (Clonetech Inc., Palo Alto, CA) and ligated into pUCllδ cleaved with BamHl and EcoRl. The resulting pUCantiCL-ter construction contained the glucanase cDNA fused at its 5' end to the nopaline synthase gene transcription termination fragment via Sstl site ligation. The 2.05 kb antiCL-ter fragment was isolated from pUCantiCL-ter by digestion with BamHl followed by partial digestion with EcoRl. The 2.05 kb product was then purified on a agarose gel. The resulting 2.05 kb EcoRl/BamHl fragment was utilized in a tri-molecular ligation with the 2.0 kb EcoRl/BamHl fragment purified from pE8mutRN2.0 and pUC118 cleaved with EcoRl. The resulting construction, pEδantiCL, contains the E8 promoter fused to the 3' end of the glucanase cDNA clone with the 5' end fused to the transcription termination fragment of the nopaline synthase gene. The internal EcoRl site located between the cDNA and transcription terminator sequences was removed by partial digestion with EcoRl restriction endonuclease followed by filling in of the EcoRl 5' overhang with Klenow enzyme and subsequent ligation of the filled in EcoRl restriction endonuclease sites. The loss of the internal EcoRl site was verified by restriction endonuclease mapping of the resulting construction, pEδantiCL- Rl. The 4.05 kb insert of pEδantiCL-Rl was liberated with EcoRl restriction endonuclease, purified by agarose gel electrophoresis, and ligated into the EcoRl site of the Agrobacterium T-DNA cointegrative shuttle vector pMLJl, described in subsection 3, infra. The resulting construction is designated pMLJl:EδantiCL. 2. CaMVantiCL Regulatory sequences of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35s transcription unit were isolated from pBI121 (Clonetech Inc. , La Jolla, CA) by digestion with SphI and BamHl followed by agarose gel purification. The resulting 0.8 kb Sphl/BamHI fragment was employed in a tri-molecular ligation with the 2.05 kb BamHI/EcoRI fragment of pUCantiCL-ter (described above) and pUCllδ digested with Sphl and EcoRl. The resulting construction was partially digested with EcoRl, and subjected to a fill-in reaction with Klenow enzyme followed by ligation to remove the internal EcoRl restriction endonuclease site located between the 5* end of the cDNA and the plant transcription termination sequences. Restriction endonuclease mapping was employed to verify that the EcoRl site between the cDNA and transcription termination sequences was removed. The resulting construction was designated pCaMVantiCL-S. pCaMVantiCL-S was digested with Sphl. The 3' overhang resulting from Sphl digestion was filled in using T4 DNA polymerase and ligated to EcoRl linkers (BRL, Bethesda, Maryland) . The resulting construction was termed pCaMVantiCL. The 2.85 kb insert of pCaMVantiCL was isolated via digestion with EcoRl restriction endonuclease followed by agarose gel purification and ligated into the EcoRl site of pMLJl to generate pMLJl:CaMVantiCL. 3. E8antiPG/CL The 1.7 kb full length tomato fruit polygalacturonase cDNA insert of pBSPG1.9 (DellaPenna et al., Plant Physiology 90:1372-1377, 1989 which is incorporated herein by reference), cloned into the Smal site of the Bluescript M13+ (SK+) vector was liberated by digestion with Sail and Sstl restriction endonucleases followed by agarose gel purification. The resulting 1.7 kb fragment was utilized in a tri-molecular ligation with the 0.25 kb Sstl/EcoRl Agrobacterium nopaline synthase gene transcription termination sequence (described above) and Sall/EcoRl digested pUC118. The resulting construction was designated pUCantiPG-ter and consists of the 5' end of the polygalacturonase cDNA clone fused to the nopaline synthase transcription termination sequence at the Sstl site. The 1.95 kb insert of pUCantiPG-ter was liberated by digestion with Sail and EcoRl restriction endonucleases followed by agarose gel purification. The resulting 1.95 kb Sall/EcoRl fragment was utilized in a tri-molecular ligation with the 2.0 kb EcoRl/Sall E8 promoter fragment isolated from pE8mutRN2.0(+) (described above) and pUCEδantiPG. The 3.95 kb insert of pUCEδantiPG was isolated by agarose gel purification following digestion with EcoRl restriction endonuclease and subsequent DNA polymerase (Klenow) fill-in of the 5' EcoRl overhangs bordering both sides of the 3.95 kb antisense gene. The unique Sail restriction site of the cointegrative plant transformation vector, pMLJl, was cleaved with Sail and filled in with Klenow enzyme. The blunt ended 3.95 kb EδantiPG fragment was ligated into the blunt ended Sail site of pMLJl to form pMLJl:EδantiPG. pMLJl:EδantiPG was cleaved in the unique EcoRl site of the pMLJl sequences. The 4.05 kb insert of pEβantiCL-Rl (described above) was liberated with EcoRl and purified by agarose gel electrophoresis. The resulting 4.05 kb EδantiCL-Rl fragment was ligated into the EcoRl site of pMLJl:EδantiPG to form pMLJl:E8antiPG/CL (see Figure 2). 4. CaMVantiPG/CL Regulatory sequences of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S transcription unit were isolated from pBI121 as described above. The 1.95 kb insert of pUCantiPG-ter (described above) was isolated by digestion with EcoRl and partial digestion with BamHl, followed by agarose gel purification of the resulting 1.95 kb fragment. The resulting O.δ kb Sphl/BamHI fragment of the CaMV 35S promoter was employed in a tri-molecular ligation with the 1.95 kb BamHI/EcoRl insert of pUCantiPG-ter and pUCllδ digested with Sphl and EcoRl restriction endonucleases to produce the construction designated pUCCaMVantiPG-s co. pUCCaMVantiPG-S was digested with Sphl. The 3' overhang resulting from Sphl digestion was filled in using T4 DNA polymerase and ligated to EcoRl linkers (BRL, Bethesda, Maryland) . The resulting construction was termed pUCCaMVantiPG and contains the 2.75 kb CaMVantiPG gene cloned into the EcoRl site of pUCllδ. The 2.85 kb insert of pCaMVantiCL was isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis following digestion with EcoRl restriction endonuclease and filling in of the 5' EcoRl overhangs with Klenow enzyme. The unique Sail site of pMLJl was cleaved with Sail and filled in with Klenow enzyme. The 2.85 kb blunt end CaMVantiCL fragment was ligated into the EcoRl site of pMLJl:CaMVantiCL2 to form pMLJl:CaMVantiPG/CL (see Figure 2) . 5. Co-integration of antisense gene constructions Triparental mating was done according to methods well known in the art as described in Van Haute et al., EMBO J. 2:411-417, 1983, which is incorporated herein by reference. The shuttle vector used in the triparental mating is not a critical aspect of the invention. The particular shuttle vector used here, pMLJl, is derived from that described in DeBloch et al. , EMBO J. 3:1681-1669, 1984. Triparental mating of Z Λ . coli (strain JM109) harboring pMLJl:E8antiCL, pMLJl:CaMVantiCL, pMLJl:EδantiPG/CL, or pMLJl:CamVantiPG/CL with Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing the cointegrative plant transformation vector pGV3850 (this vector is described in detail in Zambryski et al. , EMBO J. 2:2143, 1983, which is incorporated herein by reference) and the helper £*. coli strain pGJ23 resulted in cointegration of the antisense gene constructions into pGV3850, pGV3850:E8antiCL and pGV 850:CaMVantiCL were utilized to insert antisense endo-l,4-0-glucanase sequences into the tomato genome. C. Transformation of Tomato With Antisense Endo-1.4-g - Glucanase Constructions Summary of the procedure In brief, sterile cotyledon pieces were infected with Aσrobacterium containing a Ti plasmid which includes within the T-DNA a neomycin phosphotransferase gene (NPT11) capable of conferring kanamyein resistance in transgenic plants. The co¬ integrative Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti vector, pGV3850, with pMLJl:E8antiCL, pMLJl:CaMVantiCL, pML l:EδantiPG/CL or pMLJl:CamVantiPG/CL independently integrated into it, was used to transfer the two antisense gene constructions into independent tomato genomes. Co-cultivation of tomato (Lvcopersicon esculentu cv Ailsa Craig) cotyledon pieces with the bacteria took place for 4δ hours on tobacco feeder plates. The feeder cells increase the efficiency of transformation of tomato after the co-cultivation process. Regeneration of shoots was induced on the regeneration medium. From this stage on, antibiotics were used to inhibit the growth of Agrobacterium (Cefotaxime) and to select for transformed plant cells (kanamyein) . Finally, shoots were transferred to rooting medium and then planted in soil and grown in the greenhouse. 1- Maintenance of feeder cells. To maintain the tobacco Xanthi suspension culture the cells were filtered through a 40 mesh filter once per week. 10 mis of filtrate were added to 100 mis of fresh Xanthi medium in a 500 ml flask. 2. Tomato seed germination. Approximately 50 seeds in a 50 ml beaker were stirred in 20 mis 70% EtOH for 2 minutes and rinsed with sterile water. They were then stirred 5 minutes in 20% bleach with 2 drops of Tween 80 and rinsed 4 times with sterile distilled H 2 0. Using sterile forceps, 12 to 15 seeds were placed on each plate. The petri plate was wrapper with parafilm and aluminum foil and grown at 25°C. After 5 days (when the seeds had reached about 60% germination) , they were removed from the aluminum foil and grown under 2500 lux, with a 16 hour photoperiod. The seedlings were grown for a total of 8 days. 3. Preparation of feeder plates. Thick petri plates of approximately 40 mis of Xanthi suspension culture medium with β g/1 agar were employed. 1 ml of a thick Xanthi suspension culture (7 days old) was pipetted onto each feeder plate. The plates were sealed with parafilm and incubated for 12 hours in the growth chamber (25°C) on a lighted shelf. 4. Putting cotyledons on the feeder plates. A sterile Whatman #1 filter was placed onto each feeder cell plate. Cotyledons were cut with a scalpel in a drop of sterile water in a petri plate. The scalpel was rocked gently to make the cuts thus minimizing tearing and bruising of the tissue. Only the ends of the cotyledons were cut off. Cut cotyledons were placed onto the filter paper on the feeder plate upside-down (cuticle side down) . Approximately 50 cotyledon pieces were placed on each plate. The plates were sealed with parafilm and placed in the growth chamber for 16 hours. 5. Infection with Transformed Agrobacterium. 10 ml overnight cultures of the Agrobacterium containing pMLJl:E8antiCL and pMLJl:CaMVantiCL were grown in YE8 medium supplemented with 25 ug/ml spectinomycin. Agrobacterium overnight cultures were diluted four-fold in the seed germination medium to an O.D. of 590. 0.5 mis of diluted bacteria were aliquoted into a petri dish followed by addition 30 cotyledon pieces previously co-cultivated with tobacco feeder cells. The Agrobacterium/cotyledon mixture was swirled to wet. The cotyledons were wet in the bacteria for 5 minutes. The cotyledons were touched once to a sterile paper towel. Cotyledons were placed back on the same feeder plates upside- down and co-cultivated for an additional 4δ hours. 6. Regeneration. After co-cultivation with the bacteria, cotyledons were placed on the regeneration medium right-side-up. The edges of the cotyledon will curl down into the agar insuring the wounded surfaces will be in direct contact with the drugs. 15 cotyledon pieces were placed on each plate. Within 10 days callus was visible at the edges of the infected cotyledons. Cotyledon pieces were transferred to fresh plates every 2 weeks. Shoots and dark green callus was transferred to shooting medium (same as regeneration medium except that the zeatin concentration is reduced to 0.1 mg/ml). After 6 weeks (3 transfers) all callus and shoots were transferred to shooting medium. For rooting, TM5 rooting medium was employed. (Shahin, Theor. AppI. Gen. 69: 235-240, 1985). The levels of kanamyein and cefatoxime are reduced to 25 mg/1 and 125 mg/1, respectively. After the shoots developed sufficient roots, they were transferred to soil. To transfer plants to soil, they were gently removed from the agar using a spatula to scrape away most of the agar. The roots were rinsed in warm water to remove as much agar as possible. They were planted in clay pots which were placed inside GA-7 boxes. The covers of the boxes were gradually opened over several days and watered with 1/2-strength Hoagland's solution every other watering. After 2 weeks, the plants were completely uncovered in the growth chamber and were transplanted into large pots and moved to the greenhouse. 7. Media a. Xanthi Suspension Culture Medium stock 1 bottle KC MS Salts (MM100) i-inositol sucrose KH 2 P04 thiamine 2,4-D kinetin pH 5.5 with KOH H 2 0 to 1 liter aliquot 100 mis into 500 ml flasks plug the flasks and cap with aluminum foil autoclave 20' b. Plates for seed germination MS Medium 1 pkg. KC MM-100 3% sucrose 30 g sucrose 800 mis H 2 0 pH to 5.7 with KOH volume to 1 liter add 8 g bacto agar (0.8% agar) autoclaved 20 minutes poured into thick petri plates (about 30 mis per plate) c. Regeneration medium for 1 liter: 5 4.3 g MS Salts (KC MM-100) 30 g glucose 0.59 g MES 2 ml 500X Gamborgs vitamins (see below) ph to 5.8 with IN KOH 0 volume to 1 liter 8 g tissue culture grade agar Autoclave 20 minutes Cool to 50 degrees C Add: 1 mg sterile zeatin (trans-isomer) 5 300 mg/1 cefotaxime (Calbiochem Cat# 219380) 50 mg/1 kanamyein 500X Gamborgs vitamins: 5g myo-inositol 0 0.5 g thiamine HCL 50 mg nicotinic acid 50 mg pyridoxine HCl 100 ml sterile water 5 Cefotaxime is light sensitive. It turns yellow when it's been in the light for too long. So plates containing Cefotaxime were made the day before use. 0 d. TM5 for root induction. Ingredient amount/liter MS salts 4.3 g 5 Potato vitamins (200X) 5 mis Sucrose 30 g IBA (indole-3-butyric acid, Sigma) 0.1 mg (add before autoclaving) Purified agar 7 g <λ adjust pH to 5.8 with KOH Autoclave 15 minutes. 5 When cooled to 50°C add 25 mg kanamyein and 125 mg cefotaxime. Potato vitamins f200X) 0 Ingredient myo-inositol thiamine-HCl 5 pyridoxine-HCl nicotinic acid glycine biotin 10 mg folic acid 100 mg adjust pH to 5.8 to 6.0 to clear solution. Store at -20°C. The above examples are provided to illustrate the invention but not to limit its scope. Other variants of the invention will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and are encompassed by the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: Bennett, Alan B. Coralie Lashbrook Fischer, Robert L. James Giovannoni (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Endo-l,4-Beta-'Glucanase Genes and Their Use in Plants (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 4 (ivy CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: Kevin L. Bastian (B) STREET: One Market Plaza, Steuart Tower, Suite 2000 (C) CITY: San Francisco (D) STATE: California (E) COUNTRY: USA (F) ZIP: 94105 (v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: Patentln Release #1.0, Version #1.25 (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: Not assigned (B) FILING DATE: July 7, 1994 (C) CLASSIFICATION: (viii) ATTORNE /AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: Bastian, Kevin L. (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 34,774 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: 2307E-304-2 (jj) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: 415-543-9600 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:l: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1718 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 70..1572 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:l: ATAAACATAA TATTAAATAG TCATAAACCA TATGTTAAAT AATAATAATA ATTAATTAAT 60 AATAACAAT ATG GCT TGT TCA AAG AAT ATT TGG GTT ATT GTT ATA TTC 108 Met Ala Cys Ser Lys Asn lie Trp Val lie Val lie Phe 1 5 10 TTT TTG TGC ATT TTG GCT GGT CCT ATT ATT GCT CAA GAT TAC AAT GAT 156 Phe Leu Cys lie Leu Ala Gly Pro lie lie Ala Gin Asp Tyr Asn Asp 15 20 25 TCA CTT GGC AAA GCT ATT TTA TTC TTT GAA GGG CAA CGT TCT GGA AAA 204 Ser Leu Gly Lys Ala lie Leu Phe Phe Glu Gly Gin Arg Ser Gly Lys 30 35 40 45 TTA CCA GTT TCT CAA AGA GTC AAA TGG AGA GGA GAT TCC GCA CTC ATC 252 Leu Pro Val Ser Gin Arg Val Lys Trp Arg Gly Asp Ser Ala Leu lie 50 55 60 GAT GGC ATA ATT GAA CAT GTG AAT TTG ATT GGA GGC TAC TAT GAT GCT 300 Asp Gly lie lie Glu His Val Asn Leu lie Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Asp Ala 65 70 75 GGT GAC AAT GTA AAA TTT GGA TGG CCC ATG GCT TAT TCT TTA ACC TTG 348 Gly Asp Asn Val Lys Phe Gly Trp Pro Met Ala Tyr Ser Leu Thr Leu 80 85 90 TTG AGT TGG GCT GCT ATT GAA TAT CAA ACA CAA ATC TCT TCA ACA AAT 396 Leu Ser Trp Ala Ala He Glu Tyr Gin Thr Gin He Ser Ser Thr Asn 95 . 100 105 CAA CTT GTA CAC CTC CAA AAT GCA ATT CGT TGG GGC ACA AAT TTC TTA 444 Gin Leu Val His Leu Gin Asn Ala He Arg Trp Gly Thr Asn Phe Leu HO 115 120 125 ATT CGA GCC CAT ACT TCA AGT ACA ACT CTC TAT ACT CAG GTT GGA GAT 492 He Arg Ala His Thr Ser Ser Thr Thr Leu Tyr Thr Gin Val Gly Asp 130 135 140 SUB3fπTUTESHEET (RULE 26) GGA AAT GCA GAT CAC CAA TGT TGG GAA AGA CCA GAA GAC ATG GAT ACT 540 Gly Asn Ala Asp His Gin Cys Trp Glu Arg Pro Glu Asp Met Asp Thr 145 150 155 CCT AGA ACA CTA TAT AAA ATA ACA TCA AAT TCT CCA GGA TCT GAG GTG 588 Pro Arg Thr Leu Tyr Lys He Thr Ser Asn Ser Pro Gly Ser Glu Val 160 165 170 GCA GCT GAC GTC GCA GCT GCT TTT GCT GCT GCT TCA ATA GTT TTC AAA 636 Ala Ala Asp Val Ala Ala Ala Phe Ala Ala Ala Ser He Val Phe Lys 175 180 185 AAT ATT GAT TCC AAC TAT TCT ACA AAG TTA TTA AAA AGA TCA AGA TCC 684 Asn He Asp Ser Asn Tyr Ser Thr Lys Leu Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ser 190 195 200 205 TTA TTT GCA TTT GCG GAT AAG TAT AGA GGA TCT TAC CAA GCT TCT TGT 732 Leu Phe Ala Phe Ala Asp Lys Tyr Arg Gly Ser Tyr Gin Ala Ser Cys 210 215 220 CCA TTC TAT TGT TCC TAC TCA GGT TAT AAG GAT GAA TTG TTG TGG GCT 780 Pro Phe Tyr Cys Ser Tyr Ser Gly Tyr Lys Asp Glu Leu Leu Trp Ala 225 230 235 GCT GCT TGG CTA TAT AAG GCA GGT GGA GGA AAC AAT TAT TTA AAT TAT 828 Ala Ala Trp Leu Tyr Lys Ala Gly Gly Gly Asn Asn Tyr Leu Asn Tyr 240 245 250 GCT TCA ATC AAC CAA GGT TGG AGT CAA GTT GCC TCT GAG TTT AGT TGG 876 Ala Ser He Asn Gin Gly Trp Ser Gin Val Ala Ser Glu Phe Ser Trp 255 260 265 GAT GAC AAG TTT GCT GGA GCC CAA ACT TTA CTA GCT AAG GAA TAC CTT 924 λsp Asp Lys Phe Ala Gly Ala G n Thr Leu Leu Ala Lys Glu Tyr Leu 270 275 280 285 AAT GGA AAG AGC AAT TTG GAA AAA TTC AAG AAA GAT GCT GAT TCA TTT 972 Asn Gly Lys Ser Asn Leu Glu Lys Phe Lys Lys Asp Ala Asp Ser Phe 290 295 300 ATT TGT GGA TTA ATG CCA GAA AGT AGC TCT ATA CAA ATT AAG ACA ACC 1020 He Cys Gly Leu Met Pro Glu Ser Ser Ser He Gin He Lys Thr Thr 305 310 315 CCA GGT GGA CTT TTG TAT TAT AGA GAT AGT AGC AAT TTG CAA TAT GTG 1068 Pro Gly Gly Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Asp Ser Ser Asn Leu Gin Tyr Val 320 325 330 AAT GGT GCC ACT ATG GTA CTT TTT ATG TAC ACT AAA GTC CTT GAG GCA 1116 Asn Gly Ala Thr Met Val Leu Phe Met Tyr Thr Lys Val Leu Glu Ala 335 340 345 GCT GGA ATA GGA GGA GTT ACA TGT GGA TCT GTT AAT TTT TCC ACA TCC 1164 Ala Gly He Gly Gly Val Thr Cys Gly Ser Val Asn Phe Ser Thr Ser 350 355 360 365 AAG ATT AAA GCC TTT GCA AAA TTA CAG GTT GAC TAC ATA CTT GGA AAC 1212 Lye He Lys Ala Phe Ala Lys Leu Gin Val Asp Tyr He Leu Gly Asn 370 375 380 AAT CCA CTC AAA ATG TCA TAC ATG GTG GGA TTT GGC AAC AAA TAT CCA 1260 Asn Pro Leu Lys Met Ser Tyr Met Val Gly Phe Gly Asn Lys Tyr Pro 385 390 395 ACA AAA CTT CAC CAT AGA GCC TCA TCA CTC CCT TCA ATT TAT AAC CAT 1308 Thr Lys Leu His His Arg Ala Ser Ser Leu Pro Ser He Tyr Asn His 400 405 410 CCA ACT AGG GTG GGG TGC AAC GAT GGC TAT AGT TCA TGG TAC AAT TCT 1356 Pro Thr Arg Val Gly Cys Asn Asp Gly Tyr Ser Ser Trp Tyr Asn Ser 415 420 425 AAC AAT CCA AAC CCT AAC ACA CAT GTC GGT GCG ATC GTC GGT GGG CCT 1404 Asn Asn Pro Asn Pro Asn Thr His Val Gly Ala He Val Gly Gly Pro 430 435 440 445 AAT TCC GGG GAC CAA TTT ATT GAT TCG CGA TCA GAT TAC TCT CAT TCT 1452 Asn Ser Gly Asp Gin Phe He Asp Ser Arg Ser Asp Tyr Ser His Ser 450 455 460 GAA CCC ACG ACT TAT ATG AAT GCA GCA TTT ATA GGG TCC GTG GCC GCT 1500 Glu Pro Thr Thr Tyr Met Asn Ala Ala Phe He Gly Ser Val Ala Ala 465 470 475 TTG ATT GAT CAA ACC AAA GAA GGA GAA CAC TAT GGG GAA ATT AAT TCA 1548 Leu He Asp Gin Thr Lys Glu Gly Glu His Tyr Gly Glu He Asn Ser 480 485 490 CAA TTT AAC AAA ACA GGT TTT ATG TAGTAGATAA ATTAGTAAAG AAGT 1596 Gin Phe Asn Lys Thr Gly Phe Met 495 500 GAATGTCATG CAATTATTGA TAAATATATG TACATATAAT GAATTATCAT AAATGTATGA 1656 AGCTATAAAT ATTACATAAT AGAAATAAAT AAATATCAAA AATGTATCTT TTTTTTTTTT 1716 TT 1718 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 501 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: Met Ala Cys Ser Lys Asn He Trp Val He Val He Phe Phe Leu Cys 1 5 10 15 He Leu Ala Gly Pro He He Ala Gin Asp Tyr Asn Asp Ser Leu Gly 20 25 30 Lys Ala He Leu Phe Phe Glu Gly Gin Arg Ser Gly Lys Leu Pro Val 35 40 45 Ser Gin Arg Val Lys Trp Arg Gly Asp Ser Ala Leu He Asp Gly He 50 55 60 He Glu His Val Asn Leu He Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Asp Ala Gly Asp Asn 65 70 75 80 Val Lys Phe Gly Trp Pro Met Ala Tyr Ser Leu Thr Leu Leu Ser Trp 85 90 95 Ala Ala He Glu Tyr Gin Thr Gin He Ser Ser Thr Asn Gin Leu Val 100 105 110 His Leu Gin Asn Ala He Arg Trp Gly Thr Asn Phe Leu He Arg Ala 115 120 125 His Thr Ser Ser Thr Thr Leu Tyr Thr Gin Val Gly Asp Gly Asn Ala 130 135 140 Asp His Gin Cys Trp Glu Arg Pro Glu Asp Met Asp Thr Pro Arg Thr 145 150 155 160 Leu Tyr Lys He Thr Ser Asn Ser Pro Gly Ser Glu Val Ala Ala Asp 165 170 175 Val Ala Ala Ala Phe Ala Ala Ala Ser He Val Phe Lys Asn He Asp 180 185 190 Ser Asn Tyr Ser Thr Lys Leu Leu Lys Arg Ser Arg Ser Leu Phe Ala 195 200 205 Phe Ala Asp Lys Tyr Arg Gly Ser Tyr Gin Ala Ser Cys Pro Phe Tyr 210 215 220 Cys Ser Tyr Ser Gly Tyr Lys Asp Glu Leu Leu Trp Ala Ala Ala Trp 225 230 235 240 Leu Tyr Lye Ala Gly Gly Gly Asn Asn Tyr Leu Asn Tyr Ala Ser He 245 250 255 Asn Gin Gly Trp Ser Gin Val Ala Ser Glu Phe Ser Trp Asp Asp Lys 260 265 270 Phe Ala Gly Ala Gin Thr Leu Leu Ala Lys Glu Tyr Leu Asn Gly Lys 275 280 285 Ser Asn Leu Glu Lys Phe Lys Lys Asp Ala Asp Ser Phe He Cys Gly 290 295 300 Leu Met Pro Glu Ser Ser Ser He Gin He Lys Thr Thr Pro Gly Gly 305 310 315 320 Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Asp Ser Ser Asn Leu Gin Tyr Val Asn Gly fila. 325 330 335 Thr Met Val Leu Phe Met Tyr Thr Lys Val Leu Glu Ala Ala Gly He 340 345 350 Gly Gly Val Thr Cys Gly Ser Val Asn Phe Ser Thr Ser Lys He Lys 355 360 365 Ala Phe Ala Lys Leu Gin Val Asp Tyr He Leu Gly Asn Asn Pro Leu 370 375 380 Lys Met Ser Tyr Met Val Gly Phe Gly Asn Lys Tyr Pro Thr Lys Leu 385 390 395 400 His His Arg Ala Ser Ser Leu Pro Ser He Tyr Aβn His Pro Thr Arg 405 410 415 Val Gly Cys Asn Asp Gly Tyr Ser Ser Trp Tyr Asn Ser Asn Asn Pro 420 425 430 Aβn Pro Asn Thr His Val Gly Ala He Val Gly Gly Pro Asn Ser Gly 435 440 445 Asp Gin Phe He Asp Ser Arg Ser Asp Tyr Ser His Ser Glu Pro Thr 450 455 460 Thr Tyr Met Asn Ala Ala Phe He Gly Ser Val Ala Ala Leu He Asp 465 470 475 480 Gin Thr Lys Glu Gly Glu His Tyr Gly Glu He Asn Ser Gin Phe Asn 485 490 495 Lys Thr Gly Phe Met 500 Sequence I .D . if 2 3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45 1 AAC I TTC TGTI GAG CTCI TAT TTTI TTT TTCI CCT CAGI TTC ACAI ACC AAAI TTG AAC ACA CTC GAG ATA AAA AAA AAG CCA CTC AAC TCT TGG TTT 4Λ TAA TGG CGC CAA AAT ATA CCT CCA TCA TTT TCC TCT TCC TTC TCT ATT ACC GCG GTT TTA TAT GGA GGT AGT AAA AGG AGA AGG AAG AGA 91 TCA ACT CCT TTT CAT GTT CAT TCG GAG GGG GTC ATG ATT ATC ATG ACT TGA GGA AAA CTA CAA GTA AGC CTC CCC CAC TAC TA TAG TAC 136 ACG CCC TCC CAA AAA CCA TCC TCT TCT ACG AAG GAC AAC GAT CCG TGC GGG AGG CTT TTT CGT AGG ACA AGA TGC TTC CTG TTG CTA GGC 181 GAA AAT TAC CGC CGG ATC AAC GTA TCA AAT GGC GTA GAG ACT CCG CTT TTΛ ΛTC CCC CCC TAG TTG CAT AGT TTA CCG CAT CTC TGA GGC 226 CAT TAC ACG ACG GTG CTT CCG CCG GAG TTG ATT TGA CAG GAG GCT GTA ATG TGC TGC CAC GAA GGC GGC CTC AAC TAA ACT CTC CTC CCA 271 ATT ACG ATG CCC RXR ATA ATG TCA AAT TTC TTT TTC CCA TCG CCT TAA TGC TAC GGC CTC TAT TAC ACT TTA AAC AAA AAG GCT ACC GCA 3 C TTA CGA CGA CAT TGT TAT CGT GGA GTA TAA TTG ATT TTA AAA GGA AAT G r CCT GTA ACA ATA CCA CCT CAT ATT AAC TAA ΛΛT TTT CCT 31.1 ATA TAG GGA ATC AAT TCG GTA ATC CAC TGΛ ΛCC CCC TCA AAT GGG TAT ATC CCT TAC TTA ACC CAT TAC GTC ACT TCC GCC ACT TTA CCC 406 GAA CTG ATT TTC TGT TGA AAG CTA CGG CGA GAG ATG GAG TGA TAT CTT GAC TAA AAG ΛCΛ ACT TTC CAT CCC GCT CTC TAC CTC ACT ATA 4S1 ATC TAC ΛΛG TTC CTC ATG CGT TTT CAG ATC ACA GTT GTT GGG AGA TAC ATG TTC AAC CAC TAC GCA AAA GTC TAG TGT CAA CAA CCC TCT 496 GAC CAG AAG ATA TGG ATA CAT TAA GAA CTS TTT ATA AAA TTC ATC CTC CTC TTC TAT ACC TAT GTA ATT CTT GAC AAA TAT TTT AAC TAC S41 CCA ATA ATC CCG GTT CCG ATG TCG CCG GTG AAA TCG CTG CTG CAT GCT TAT TAG GGC CAA GGC TAC ACC CGC CAC TTT ACC GΛC CΛC CTA 586 TAG CTC CTC CAT CCA TTC TTT TCC CTT CΛC TCC ΛTT CTT CCT ACT ATC GAC GAC GTA GGT AAC AAA AGG CAA GTG ACC TAA GAA GGA TGA 631 CAA ATC TAC TGC TTG ATC GCG CKJ TTA AAG TTT TCG ATT TTC CCA GTT TAC ATC ACG ΛΛC'TΛC CCC GAC AAT TTC AAA AGC TAA AAC GGT 676 ATA CΛC ΛTΛ CAC CTG CAT ACA GCT CCA GCC TAC ACT CTG CTG TTT TAT CTG TAT CTC CAC GTA TCT CGA GCT CGC ATC TCA CAC CAC AAA 721 GCC CTT TCT ATT GTG ACT TTA ATG GTT ATC ACG ATG AAT TCC TTT CCC CAA AGA TAA CAC TGA AAT TAC CAA TAG TCC TAC TTA ACG AAA 766 CCG CTG CΛC CAT CGT TAC ATA AAG CAA CAA GAA GAA GGC AAT ATA CCC CAC GTC GTA CCA ATG TAT TTC GTT CTT CTT CTT CCS TTΛ TAT 811 GAG AGT ACA TAG TGA AAA ATG AAG TAA TTT TAA CAG CΛC CAG ATA CTC TCA TGT ATC ACT TTT TAC TTC ATT AAA ATT CTC GTC CTC TAT 856 CAA TTA ATG AAT TTG GTT GGG ACA ACA AAC ATG CTG GTA TTA ATG GTT AAT TAC TTA AAC CAA CCC TCT TCT TTC TΛC CAC CAT AAT TAC 901 TCC TTA TTT CCA ACG AAC TCT TΛΛ TCC CAA AAG CAC CAG ATC TAA AGO AAT AAA GGT TCC TTC ACA ATT ACC CTT TTC GTG GTC TAR ATT 946 AAT CAT TTC AAG TAA ATG CAG ATG CAT TCA TTT GTT CAA TAT TAC TTA GTA AAG TTC ATT TAC CTC TAC CTA AGT AAA CAA GTT ATA ATG 991 CTG GAA TTT CTC ATC CCC ΛΛC TCC AAT ATT CTC CAG GTG GAC TCA GAC CTT AAA GAG TAG GGG TTC AGG TTA TAA GAR GTC CAC CTG ACT 1036 TTG TCA AAC CTG GGG TTT CTA ACA TGC AGC ATG TCA CAT CTT TCT AAC ACT TTC CAC CCC ΛAA CAT TGT ACG TCG TAC ACT GTA GAA ACA 1081 CCT TCT TΛC TCT TAA CTT ATT CTA ATT ATC TTA GTC ATG CCA ATC GGA AGA ATG AGA ATT GAA TAA RAT TAA TAC AAT CAG TΛC CCT TAG 1126 ATG TTG TGC CAT GTG CTT CCA TGA CAG CCA CCC CTC CCC TCC TCA TAC AAC ACG GTA CAC CAA GGT ACT GTC GGT GGG GAC GGG AGG AGT 1171 ΛΛC ACA TTG CCA AAC GTC AGG TGG ATT ATA TTC TUG GAG ATA ATC TTG TGT AAC GGT TTG CAG TCC ACC TAA TAT ΛΛC ΛCC CTC TAT TAG 1216 CTC AAA GAA TGT CAT ATA TCC TAC CCT ΛTC CTC CAC ATT ACC CAC CAC TTT CTT ACA GTA TAT ACC ATC CCA TAC CAG GTG TAA TGG CTC 1261 AAA GGA TTC ACC ATA GGG GTA GCT CTG TGC CAT CTG TGC CCA CAC TTT CCT AAG TCC TAT CCC CAT CCA CAC ACG GTA GAC ACC GGT GTG 1306 ATT CAG CAC CTA TTG CTT CCA AAG AGG GAT CTC GAT ACT TTT TTT TAA GTC GTG CAT AAC CAA CGT TTC TCC CTA GAC CTA TCA AAA λλλ 13S1 CAC CAA ACC CAA ACC CAA ATC CAT TAA TTC CTC CTC TTC TTC CAC CTC CTT TCC CTT TCG GTT TAG CTA ATT AAC CAC GAC AAC AAC CTC 1396 CCC CΛΛ ΛTT TAA CAG ACT CGT TCC CAG ACG CCA GAC CCT ATT TTC CCG GTT TAA ATT GTC TGA GCA ACG GTC TCC CCT CTG CCA TAA AAG 1441 AAG AAT CTG AGC CCA CAA CAT ATC TTA ATG CΛC CAT TAG TGG GCC TTC TTA GAC TCG GGT GTT GTA TAC AAT TAC GTG GTA ATC ACC CGG 1486 TAT TGG CTT ACT TTG CAG CCC ATT CTA ATT GAT ATA AAC ATG TCT ATA ACC GAA TCA AAC CTC CCG TΛΛ CAT TAA CTA TAT TTG TAC ACA 1531 λλλ GAG ACA ATG TAG TGG TCT CCA AAG GCC ACC CTC TCT ATT' ATT TTT CTC TCT TAC ATC ACC ACA CGT TTC CGG TCC GAG ACA TAA TAA 1S76 GTG TTG TTG TTG TCT AAT AGG ACT AAT GTT GTT GTT TTT TAA TCC CAC AAC AAC AAC ACA TTA TCC TCA TTA CAA CAA CAA AAA ATT AGG 1621 CAC TAT ATA TAT ATΛ TΛT TAT ATT AAT ACA AAA AAA GAA TAT CTT GTG ATA TAT ATA TAT ATA ATA TAA TTA TCT TTT TTT CTT ATA CΛΛ 1666 ATC CCA TCT TTT GTC TAA GAA AAA GAA ACA TAT CTA ATG ΛΛC AAG TAC CCT ΛCA AAA CAG ATT CTT TTT CTT TCT ATA GAT TAC TTG TTC 1711 CCΛ TTT CTA CTT TTT GAA ATT GTA GTG GAA GTT GTT TTT ATC TTA CCT AAA CAT GAA AAA CTT TAA CAT CAC CTT CΛΛ CAA AAA TAG AAT 1V--6 TTA TAC ATG AAA ATT CTT TTC AAT A AAT ATG TAC TTT TAA CAA AAC TTA T (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 68 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: Val Phe Pro Met Ala Phe Thr Thr Thr Leu Leu Ser Trp Ser He He 1 5 10 15 Asp Phe Lys Arg Asn He Gly Asn Glu Leu Gly Asn Ala Val Lys Ala 20 25 30 Val Lys Trp Gly Thr Asp Phe Leu Leu Lys Ala Thr Ala Arg Asp Gly 35 40 45 Val He Tyr Val Gin Val Gly Asp Ala Phe Ser Asp His Ser Cys Trp 50 55 60 Glu Arg Pro Glu 65 Sequence I .D . Nos . 5 and 6 1/1 31/11 GCA ATC AAG TTT AAT TTC CCT CAG TCA TTT GCT CTC ACC ATG TTG AGT TGG AGT GTG ATC aia ii= lys pne asn phe pro gin ser phe ala leu thr met leu ser trp ser val ile 61/21 91/31 GAG TAC AGT GCT AAA TAT GAA GCT GCT GGG GAG CTC GCT CAT GTT AAA GAT ACT ATT AAG glu cyr ser ala lys cyr glu aia ala gly glu leu aia his val lys asD thr ile lys 121/41 151/51 TGC GGT ACT GAT TAT CTC CTG AAG ACT TTC AAT TCC TCT GCT GAT ACC ATA GAC CGG ATT crp gly ehr asp cyr leu leu lys chr phe asn ser ser aia asp chr ile asp arg ila 181/61 211/71 GCT GCA CAG GTT GGA AAA GGG GAT ACT ACC GSA GGG GCT ACT GAC CCC AAT GAT CAC TAT ala aia gin val gly lys gly asp chr chr gly gly ala chr asp pro asn asp his cyr 241/81 271/91 TGC TGG GTS CGT CCT GAA GAC ATT GAT TAC SCT CSS CCT CTG ACT GAA TGT CAC CGC TGC CYS trs γa_L ~~~ B~~ ~ϊ-l asp L±n asp cyr ala arg pro val chr glu cys his gly cys 301/101 331/111 TCG GAC CTT GCT GCA GAG ATG GCT GCT GCG CTG SCT TCT SCC TCC ATT GTT TTT AAG SAC ear asp leu ala ala glu mec a_l___ a__A ala. Ifiu a a.ser old ser_ile val ~hε lys asp 361/121 391/131 AAC AAA GCT TAC TCG CAA AAS CTT CTA CAT CGT SCT ASA ACT CTC TTC AAA TTT TCT ASA asn lys ala cyr ser gin lys lau val his gly ala arg chr leu phe lys phe ser a g 421/141 451/151 GAC CAG CCT SSA AGA TAC ACC GTC SSC AAT SAA SCT SAA ACT TTC TAT AAT TCC ACC GST asp gin arg gly arg cyr ser val gly asn glu ala glu chr phe cyr asn ser chr gly 481/161 511/171 TAT TSS SAT SAS TTT ATA T5S GST GCC SCT TGS CTC TAT TAT CCT ACT SSA AAT TCT TCA cyr crp asp g_lu. ufae ile era αlY ala l" crp leu cyr cyr ala thr gly asn sar ser 541/181 571/191 TAT CTT CAS CCT SCT ACA ACA CCT SST ATT SCC AAA CAT SCT GST SCT TTC TSS SSA GST cyr lau gin lau ala ehr ehr pro gly ila ala lys his ala gly ala phe crp gly gly 601/201 631/211 CCT SAT TAC SST STS CTC ASC TSS GAT AAC AAG CTC ACT GSA SCT CAG CTG CTA CTG AGC pro asp cyr gly val lau sar xo. **n *-- lac* lau ehr gly ala gin val lau lau sar 661/221 691/231 CGT ATS AGG CIS TTT CIS ASC CCT SSA TAT CCT TAT GAA GAA ATT TTA ASS ACA TTT CAS arg mac arg lau phe lau sar pro gly cyr pro cyr glu glu ile lau arg chr phe his. 721/241 7S1/251 AAC CAS ACT ASC ATA ATC ATS TCC TCC TAC CIS CCA ATC TTC ACT TCT TTT AAT CCC ACA aan gin ehr sar ila ila mac cys aar cyr lau pro ila phe ehr sar phe asn arg ehr 781/261 811/271 AAA SSA SSS CTA ATC CAA TTA AAC CAT GSA ASS CCT CAG CCT CTC CAG TAT CTA STC AAT lys y-i-γ g iv la" ila gin lau aan his gly arg pro gin pro lau gin cyr val val aaa 841/281 871/291 GCA SCC TTC CTG CCT ACC TTG TTT AGT SAC TAT CTC SCA SCT SCC SAC ACT CCT SSA TGS ala ala pha lau ala ehr lau phe sar asp cyr lau ala ala ala asp ehr pro gly crp 901/301 931/311 TAC TGT SSA CCA AAT TTC TAC TCT ACT CAT GTC CTG CCT AAA TTT CCA SAA ACC CAS ATT cyr cys gly pro asn pha cyr sar ehr asp val lau arg lys pha ala glu ehr gin Ha 961/321 GAC TAC ATC CTT GGG AAG AAC CCC AGG AAA ATG AFT TAT GTT GTT GGC TTT GGC AAT CAC asp tyr ile leu gly lys asn pro arg lys met ser tyr val val gly phe gly asn his 1021/341 1051/351 TAT CCT AAG CAT GTC CAC CAC AGA GGG GCA TCA ATT CCT AAA AAC AAG GTC AAA TAT AAC tyr pro lys his val his his arg gly ala ser ile pro lys asn lys val lys tyr asn 1081/361 1111/371 TGT AAA GGT GGA TGG AAA TAT AGG GAT TCA TCT AAG GCT AAT CCA AAT ACT ATT GTT GGA cys lys gly gly trp lys tyr arg asp ser ser lys ala asn pro asn tnr ile val gly 1141/381 1171/391 GCC ATG GTT GCT GGA CCA GAC AAG CAT GAT GGT TTC CGT GAT GTC CGT TCT AAT TAC AAT ala met val ala gly pro asp lys his asp gly phe arg asp val arg ser asn tyr asn 1201/401 1231/411 TAT ACG GAG CCT ACT CTT GCT GGA AAT GCT GGT TTA GTT GCA GCT CTC GTG GCT CTA TCT tyr thr glu pro thr leu ala gly asn ala gly leu val ala ala leu val ala leu ser 1261/421 1291/431 GGA GAT AGA GAT GTC GGA ATT GAT AAG AAC ACT TTA TTC TCT GCA GTA CCA CCG ATG TTT gly asp arg asp val gly ile asp lys asn thr leu phe ser ala val pro pro met phe 1321/441 1351/451 CCC ACT CCA CCA CCT CCG CCA GCT CCT TGG AAA CCA TGA TCT TTA ATA CGT CGT TTG TGC pro thr pro pro pro pro pro ala pro trp lys pro END 1381 1411 CTC CCT CAT CTG AGT GTA GGT TCT TTA TTT TTG ATA TTA GAT TCT GAG ACA AAG AAG CTA 1441 1471 GAT GAA ACT TGG ATG TGC ACA CCC TTG AAC ATA GAT AGT AGT TTG GGC ATT ATT AGG ACA 1501 1531 CTA GCA AGT GAA ATT CTT CAA GAA ATG CCC AAT GCA TGT CTG TTT TAC TTT GAT GTA TCA 1561 1591 TCT ACA CAC ACT ATG AAT GTA ACG TAA CCA ATC ATG TAT TCT TTG AAC AGT GTA ATC TCA 1621 ATT TCC TCG GAA CAA GTT CTC ACA AAA AAA

Claims: WHAT TS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method of reducing fruit softening comprising, introducing into a plant an expression cassette having a plant promoter sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence of at least 20 base pairs derived from a gene encoding an endo- 1,4-0-glucanase, the DNA sequence being linked to the promoter sequence in the opposite orientation for expression. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the promoter is derived from a tomato Eδ gene. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the promoter is derived is constitutive. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid sequence is SEQ. ID. No. 1, SEQ. ID. No. 2, SEQ. ID. No. 3. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the plant is tomato. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the expression cassette is introduced into the plant using Agrobacterium. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the expression cassette is introduced into the plant by a sexual cross. 8. An expression cassette comprising a plant promoter sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence of at least 20 base pairs derived from a gene encoding an endo- 1,4-jS-glucanase, the nucleic acid sequence being linked to the promoter sequence in the opposite orientation for expression. 9. The expression cassette of claim 8 wherein the promoter is derived from a tomato Eδ gene. 10. The expression cassette of claim 8 wherein the promoter is constitutive. 11. The expression cassette of claim 8 wherein the nucleic acid sequence is SEQ. ID. No. 1, SEQ. ID. No. 2, or SEQ. ID. No. 3. 12. A plant containing an expression cassette having a plant promoter sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence of at least 20 base pairs derived from a gene encoding an endo-l,4-5-glucanase, the nucleic acid sequence being linked to the promoter sequence in the opposite orientation for expression. 13. The plant of claim 12 wherein the nucleic acid sequence is SEQ. ID. No. 1, SEQ. ID. No. 2 , or SEQ. ID. No. 3. 14. The plant of claim 12 wherein the plant is tomato. 15. An isolated nucleic acid sequence encoding a tomato endoglucanase. 16. The nucleic acid of claim 15 wherein is SEQ. ID. No. 1. 17. The nucleic acid of claim 15 wherein is SEQ. ID. No. 2. 18. The nucleic acid of claim 15 wherein is SEQ. ID. No. 3. 19. The nucleic acid of claim 15 which specifically hybridizes under stringent conditions to an oligonucleotide selected from the group consisting of: 5' TCCATATCTTCIGGICGTTCCCAACA 3' and G C C G » TTATCICCIGCATCATAATAICCICC 3 ' . G G G G

Inventors: BENNETT ALAN B, FISCHER ROBERT L, GIOVANNONI JAMES, LASHBROOK CORALIE, BENNETT, ALAN, B., FISCHER, ROBERT, L., GIOVANNONI, JAMES, LASHBROOK, CORALIE
Applicants: UNIV CALIFORNIA, THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Application year: 1995
Main classification: A01H1
IPC codes: A01H5, C12N9, C12N15