CHEMICALLY GRAFTED ELECTRICAL DEVICES

Abstract: An electrical device is provided having a conductive coating or layer (20) chemically grafted to a support structure (18) to produce a durable, conductive surface permanently attached to the underlying substrate material. The grafted layer (20) can be embodied in an electrical contact (16), and can also be embodied as electrical traces (72) and contact areas (66) of circuit board (60) and electrical and electronic devices and components. In another embodiment, the grafted layer (20) can be provided in an RFI/EMI shield or ground plane.

Description: CHEMICALLY GRAFTED ELECTRICAL DEVICES FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to electrical devices and more particularly to devices employing a chemically grafted conductive coating. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the fabrication of electronic or electrical devices and circuits, conductive paths and contact areas are usually provided by chemical etching and photolithographic techniques as in the fabrication of printed circuit boards, and by plating techniques by which one or more metal layers are provided such as on electrical contacts or contact areas of circuit boards, devices and the like. Such fabrication techniques are well known and are widely employed. They do however require a number of process steps and specialized fabrication equipment which adds to the cost and complexity of the manufacturing process and of the resultant products. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention provides in one aspect an electrical device having a conductive coating or layer chemically grafted to a support substrate to produce a durable conductive surface permanently attached to the underlying substrate material. The invention can be embodied in an electrical contact having a contact surface which is part of a conductive layer chemically grafted to a supporting substrate. The substrate may be a rigid or flexible single or multiple layer circuit board, with the grafted contact areas provided in an intended pattern corresponding to the pattern of an integrated circuit or other electronic device or package to be electrically attached to the board. The conductive traces of the circuit board can also be grafted to the substrate. The substrate may also be an element of a switch or other electrical or electronic device on which one or more electrical contacts are formed by chemical grafting. In another aspect, the invention is embodied in an electrical shield or ground plane which may be provided, for example, on a circuit board, or other support structur to provide a shielding enclosure or ground plane. shielding gasket or the like can also be provided by th invention. The substrate can be a conductive or non-conductiv material and can be rigid, flexible or resilient to suit th intended electrical device or circuit requirements. Th conductive layer is composed of a chemically bonde conductive or non-conductive polymer matrix containin conductive particles. The conductive particles are eac coated with a polymer material, the polymer coating bein chemically bonded together and to the substrate surface. Th grafted layer may be a single layer of material or two o more layers of different materials to suit the particula application. The polymer coated particles are typically containe within a slurry which is applied to intended areas of supporting substrate surface. The slurry can be applied b many different techniques including dipping, screen printing, and spray coating as examples. The applied coating is heate to dry the coating and to form the chemically bonde conductive layer on the substrate surface. The conductiv coating may also be applied by other techniques such as roller coating, brushing, transfer pad printing, ink je printing, and atomization spraying. A layer of homogenous conductive particles can b provided on the conductive grafted surface to provide roughened and hardened surface by which an oxide or othe contaminating layer on a mating electrical contact surfac is penetrated to minimize contact resistance. Th particulate surface contact is the subject of co-pending U.S. patent application Serial No. 08/349,042, filed December 2, 1994 (attorney docket number AUG-C-556XX) . DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figs, la and lb illustrate one embodiment in which a grafted electrical terminal pin embodying the invention is inserted and retained in a conductive opening; Fig. 2 illustrates an embodiment in which a resilient annular ring wall according to the invention provides contact with an electrical lead inserted through the ring; Fig. 3 illustrates a controlled impedance contact made according to the invention; Fig. 4 shows a printed circuit board utilizing the invention; Fig. 5 is a sectional view taken along lines 5-5 of Fig. 4; Fig. 6 shows a flexible circuit board made according to the invention; Fig. 7 shows a board-to-board connector employing the invention; Fig. 7a is a partial elevation view of one form of contact structure for the connector of Fig. 7; Fig. 8 shows an edge card connector fabricated according to the invention; Figs. 9a through 9d show respective views of a terminal pin interconnect embodying the invention; Fig. 10 shows a test probe embodying the invention; Figs. 11a and lib illustrate an elastomeric interconnect embodying the invention; Figs. 12a through 12d illustrate electrical switch devices employing the invention; Fig. 13 illustrates an acoustic wave or microwave device embodying the invention; Fig. 14 illustrates a metallized diaphragm made according to the invention; Fig. 15 illustrates an electrically shielded enclosure embodying the invention; and Fig. 16 diagrammatically illustrates one fabrication method according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the foregoing examples, a conductive area or surfac is provided by chemical grafting onto a substrate surface The grafting technique is described in an article entitle "Grafting of Polymer by Purely Chemical Means", Polymer News Volume II, No. 11/12, pp. 19-25, incorporated herein b reference. The conductive material to be grafted to the substrat is composed of conductive particles, such as silver or othe metal, each coated with a conductive or non-conductiv polymer material. The particles are, in one preferre embodiment, contained within a slurry or other vehicle b which the particles are applied to a substrate surface. Fo example, the slurry containing the particles can be scree printed or sprayed onto a substrate to form intende conductive areas. The applied material is heated at temperature and for a time sufficient to drive off the liqui vehicle and to cause the particles to be chemically bonde together and to be chemically bonded to the substrate surface. Optionally, a metal such as copper can be plated to the grafted layer, such as by electroless plating. The conductive particles are sufficiently proximate to each other to provide a layer of intended conductivity. When a non- conductive polymer coating is employed over the conductive particles, the coating is sufficiently thin and has sufficiently low resistivity to provide conduction between the closely packed conductive particles in the polymer matrix to yield an intended level of conductivity for the grafted layer. The level of conductivity of the grafted layer is ususally higher when a conductive polymer is employed. The particles can also be extruded or otherwise formed into a homogeneous conductive material as illustrated in Fig. 16. The conductive particles are supplied to an extrusion machine which produces a homogeneous extrusion of material in an intended shape. The conductive layer typically has a thickness in the range of about 0.1 mil to about 2 mils. The particle coating typically has a thickness of about 10 to 50 Angstroms for non-conductive coatings, and about 10 to 250 Angstroms for conductive coatings. The conductivity of the uncoated particles is typically in the range of about 50 to 104 percent IACS. The conductivity of the coated particles are typically in the range of 20 to 60 percent IACS for non- conductive particle coatings, and about 60 to 110 percent IACS for conductive particle coatings. Examples are given below of electrical devices having one or more conductive areas composed of chemically grafted coatings. Referring to Figs, la and lb, there is shown a printed circuit board 10 having a plated through hole 12 which is electrically connected to one or more circuit traces 14 provided on or within the circuit board in known fashion. Electrical connection is made to the plated through hole by means of a pin 16 composed of a core 18 of thermosetting material having a conductive layer 20 grafted to the cylindrical surface and rounded end 22 of the pin 16. The pin in its initial condition is sized to be inserted into the plated hole after which exposure to heat causes the core 18 of the pin to expand sufficiently to form a gas tight seal between the grafted conductive surface 20 and surrounding plating material of the through hole. The thermosetting material after its expansion due to heating remains in the expanded state and thereby provides a permanent gas tight seal. The pin 16 can be alternatively configured to mate with other electrical contact elements with which a permanent electrical connection is to be made. Referring to Fig. 2, there is shown a grafted annular ring 30 which is connected to a circuit trace 32 of a printed circuit board 34. The ring is aligned around a hole through the circuit board and into which a lead of an electrical or electronic device is inserted. The grafted ring is composed of a resilient core of material such as silicon rubber, having a chemically grafted flexible conductive material the surfaces of the core. The opening through the annul ring is slightly smaller than the diameter of the electric lead or pin to be inserted therethrough such that compressi force is provided between the inserted lead and surroundi ring to maintain the lead in position. An array of resilie rings can be provided in a pattern corresponding to the lea pattern of a device to be connected to the circuit board. The conductive coating is sufficiently flexible an resilient to not impeded the resilience of the core material The ring can compress when in contact with a matin electrical lead and expand when out of mating contact withou peeling or cracking of the conductive coating on the surfac of the ring. The resilient interconnect ring can be fabricated b molding the core material in the desired shape. metallization is applied to the ring surfaces preferably b chemical grafting, and the particulate layer is then applie to the surface of the metallization layer. Copper or othe metal may optionally be electroless plated onto th metallization layer prior to application of the particulat layer. Referring to Fig. 3, there is shown a conductive elemen 40 having a signal contact 42 engaged with a signal pad 4 of a circuit board 46, and a ground contact 48 engaged to ground pad 50 of the circuit board. The conductive elemen is typically formed of a contact material such as phospho bronze or beryllium copper. An insulating layer 51 i disposed along a portion of the contact element and ove which a conductive layer 53 is grafted to provide a groun plane. The contact structure thus formed has a controlle electrical impedence defined by the dimensions and material employed. Figs. 4 and 5 show a multilayer printed circuit boar 60 having three inner conductive patterns 62 for providin an intended circuit configuration, one of the circui patterns being electrically connected to a conductive via 6 or through hole as shown. An array of conductive contacts 66 is provided on one surface of the circuit board. A pattern of circuit traces can also be formed on one or both outer board surfaces. All of the conductive elements of the multilayer board can be provided by chemical grafting. Alternatively, some conductive elements can be formed by other means while some of the conductive elements are formed by grafting. Fig. 6 illustrates a flexible circuit board 70 having an array of parallel traces 72 and contact areas 74 formed by grafting on a surface of the flexible substrate. Similar circuit traces and/or contact areas can be provided on the opposite flexible board surface, as well as in buried layers within a multilayer board structure. A further embodiment is illustrated in Fig. 7 which shows a right angle board to board connector which includes a connector body 80 of a suitable insulating material, having on a first face 82 a plurality of conductive contact areas 84 arranged in an intended pattern, and electrically connected via conductive traces 86 to corresponding contact areas 88 provided on an orthogonal face 90 of the body. In use, the contact areas 84 are mated to corresponding contact areas of printed circuit board 100, and contact areas 88 are mated to corresponding contact areas of printed circuit board 102. The interconnection assembly of the two circuit boards and connector body is maintained by a suitable mechanism (not shown) , and is known in the connector art. The contact areas and traces are chemically grafted to the underlying surfaces of the body. The surfaces of the body on which the contact areas are formed may have raised pedestal areas and which may have a resilient layer on which the conductive layer is provided. Referring to Fig. 7a, a conductive layer 81 is grafted to a resilient layer 83 on the raised pedestal 85. The conductive layer 81 is in electrical interconnection with the respective traces 87. The connector body 80 may alternatively be of a resilient or elastomeric material which is compressed during engagement of the contact areas with the associated circuit boards to provide contac pressure. Alternatively, the contact areas and correspondin traces can be provided on a resilient sheet which i supported on a rigid material. Referring to Fig. 8, an edge card connector is show which comprises a body 110 of elastomeric material having plurality of raised ridges 112 onto each of which a grafte conductor 114 is provided. The conductors extend dow respective sides of the body as illustrated and throug openings in the bottom portion of the body and thence alon the bottom surface of the body. A circuit board or circui card having contact areas corresponding to the contact area of the connector is inserted into the connector body fo engagement with the respective contact areas 115 of th connector. The illustrated edge card connector ha connectors on opposite sides to engage opposite rows o contact areas of a double sided circuit board or card. I will be recognized that single sided connectors can also b provided by the invention to engage and make contact wit single sided circuit cards. Various other connecto configurations are also contemplated to accommodate variou electrical and electronic interconnect applications an configurations. Another embodiment is illustrated in Figs. 9a throug 9d wherein grafted conductive areas are provided withi openings of a female socket or interconnect. Th interconnect body 120 has a plurality of holes 12 therethrough each of which has grafted conductive surface 124 for electrical contact of corresponding electrical pin 126 of a mating connector 128. Each of the conductive area of the interconnect openings terminate on the back surfac in an annular contact area 130 for mating with appropriat circuit board or other interconnections. Each of th connector openings can have an outwardly flared entry sectio 132 which is also has the conductive coating. Referring to Fig. 10, there is shown an electrical tes probe having a probe body 140 with an elastomeric spherica 01 PC17US95/15509 - 9 - probe tip 142 secured at one end. The tip is an elastomeric ball having a grafted conductive surface. The probe body has a conductive surface or may be of conductive material such as metal. The probe body is retained within a suitable fixture to position the tip over the contact area and to compress the tip against the contact area for electrical engagement therewith. The elastomeric spheres with grafted conductive surfaces can also be embodied in an interconnection device as shown in Figs. 11a and lib. The spheres 150 are retained within a suitable housing (not shown) which is interposed between a printed circuit board 152 having conductive pads 154 and an electronic device 156 also having conductive pads 158. The device is forced toward the printed circuit board against the biasing of the elastomeric spheres and the pad areas of the device and circuit board are interconnected by the interposed conductive spheres. The device is maintained in contact engagement with the circuit board by a suitable socket mechanism (not shown) . The invention can also be usefully employed in the fabrication of electrical switches, such as shown in Figs. 12a through 12d. In each of these switches, a conductive contact area is grafted to the actuator which is of a plastic or other non-conductive material. The electrical terminals on the switch housing can be of conventional stamped metal construction and these terminals have contact areas which are selectively engaged upon actuation of the switch actuator to provide switch closure or opening depending on particular switch contact configuration. Alternatively, the switch terminals provided on the case can be chemically grafted. A pushbutton switch is shown in Fig. 12a in which a grafted conductive contact area 160 is provided on the actuator 162. Upon manual depression of the actuator, the contact area engages the confronting contact areas 164 of the switch terminals. It will be appreciated that various switch configurations can be provided to provide intended switch operation. A slide switch is shown in Fig. 12b in which the slidable actuator 166 includes grafted contact areas 167 o respective ends. A toggle switch is depicted in Fig. 12c i which the toggle mechanism 168 includes grafted contact area 170. Fig. 12d illustrates a switch case or housing havin grafted conductive paths which provide electrical terminal and contact areas of the switch. In the structure of Fig. 12d, the grafted terminals 171 can be made by a multipl molding process. Plastic posts have a conductive coatin grafted thereon, and these posts are then molded to the plastic housing 173 to which grafted contact areas 175 are provided as illustrated in electrical connection with the grafted terminals. The terminals 175 are selectively interconnected by a conductive strip 177 which is actuated by toggle mechanism 179. The invention can also be embodied in a surface wave device as shown in Fig. 13, such as for surface acoustic wave or microwave applications. A substrate typically of alumina has formed thereon a pattern of one or more materials suitable for propagation of an acoustic wave or microwave. For acoustic wave purposes, the pattern is typically formed of antimony and bismuth, both of which are deposited and chemically grafted to the ceramic substrate. A further embodiment is shown in Fig. 14 wherein a conductive pattern 181 is provided by chemical grafting on a non-conductive substrate surface which in the illustrated embodiment is of dome shape. The diaphragm is sensitive to an intended characteristic such as heat, vibration or pressure and to deflect or deform to cause relative movement of the conductive traces of the pattern 181 to produce an electrically sensible signal change. Fig. 15 shows an enclosure or case for an electronic circuit board, the enclosure having electrical shielding layers provided on the inner surfaces by chemical grafting to the two halves of the case or enclosure. The case is typically formed in two halves 200 and 202 such as by plastic molding, and is configured to retain a circuit board 204 therein. A conductive coating 206 is grafted to the inside surfaces of the case to provide RFI and/or EMI shielding. The shield coating is applied to the inside surfaces of the case typically by screening and subsequent heating to catalyze the coating and provide the grafted layer. T h e invention is not to be limited by what has been particularly shown and described, as alternative implementations will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the true scope of the invention.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. An electrical device comprising: a substrate having a surface; a conductive layer composed of a plurality of conductive particles each having a coating; the coatings of the particles being chemically bonded together and to the substrate surface. 2. The electrical device of claim 1 wherein the conductive layer is composed of a plurality of conductive particles each having a polymer coating. 3. The electrical device of claim 2 wherein the polymer coating is a conductive polymer coating. 4. The electrical device of claim 2 wherein the polymer coating is a non-conductive polymer coating. 5. An electrical material comprising: a substrate having a surface; a conductive coating chemically bonded to the substrate surface, the coating composed of a chemically bonded polymer matrix containing conductive particles. 6. The electrical material of claim 5 wherein the polymer matrix is conductive. 7. The electrical material of claim 5 wherein the polymer matrix is non-conductive. 8. The electrical material of claim 5 wherein the substrate is non-conductive. 9. The electrical material of claim 8 wherein the substrate is rigid. 10. The electrical material of claim 8 wherein the substrate is flexible. 11. The electrical material of claim 8 wherein the chemically bonded conductive coating is applied to one or more selected areas of the substrate surface. 12. The electrical material of claim 5 wherein the substrate is conductive. 13. The electrical material of claim 5 further including a metal layer disposed over the chemically bonded conductive layer. 14. The electrical material of claim 5 wherein the conductive particles are metal. 15. The electrical material of claim 5 wherein the substrate is flexible and wherein the chemically bonded conductive coating is flexible. 16. An electrical interconnect comprising: an elongated body of thermosetting material shaped to mate with a corresponding electrical contact element; a conductive layer chemically grafted to at least a portion of the surface of the core material; the core being sized to be inserted into the mateable electrical contact element and operative to expand in response to applied heat to form a permanent gas tight seal between the grafted conductive surface and mating conductive surface of the electrical contact element. 17. An electrical interconnect comprising: at least one annular ring having a resilient core and a chemically grafted conductive layer thereon; the annular ring being disposed around and in alignment with an opening in a substrate, the conductive layer of the annular ring being in electrical contact with a conductive element on the substrate; the opening through the annular ring being smaller than the dimension of an electrical terminal inserted therethroug such that a compressive force is provided between th inserted lead and the surrounding ring. 18. An electrical interconnect comprising: a substrate of rigid material having on at least portion of one surface thereof a second substrate o resilient material; and a conductive material chemically grafted to the expose surface of the second substrate to provide a flexible conductive contact area.

Inventors: CROTZER DAVID R, HANRAHAN MARK G, PICKLES CHARLES S, CROTZER, DAVID, R., HANRAHAN, MARK, G., PICKLES, CHARLES, S.
Applicants: AUGAT INC, AUGAT INC.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: H05K1
IPC codes: H01B5, H01H11, H01R12, H01R13, H05K1, H05K3