Method for the local composting and drying of organic wastes and relative device

Abstract: Method for the local composting and drying of organic wastes, which is employed for the collection and aerobic conversion on the spot of organic wastes so as to obtain a finished product, compost, intended for use as an agricultural improvement material, bag-type container means (11) being filled with those organic wastes (19), the container means (11) having at least flexible walls permeable to air, the container means (11) cooperating in their interior with tube means (13) which are at least partially perforated and are closed at their lower end, the tube means (13) being associated outside the container means (11) with fan means (18), said fan means (18) being activated to create a forced circulation of air within the container means (11) in order to achieve conversion of the organic wastes (19) into compost and possible drying thereof. Device for the local composting and drying of organic wastes, which is employed for the collection and aerobic conversion on the spot of organic wastes so as to obtain a finished product, compost, intended for use as an agricultural improvement material, comprising bag-type container means (11) suitable to be filled with those organic wastes (19), the container means (11) having at least flexible walls permeable to air, the container means (11) cooperating in their interior with tube means (13) which are at least partially perforated and are closed at their lower end, the tube means (13) being associated outside the container means (11) with fan means (18), said fan means (18) being suitable to create a forced circulation of air within the container means (11) so as to achieve conversion of the organic wastes (19) into compost and possible drying thereof.

Description: This invention concerns a method for the local composting and drying of organic wastes and device therefor, as set forth in the relative main claims. The invention is used in the field of the collection and conversion of solid or muddy organic wastes advantageously mixed with sawdust or another material which ensures the permeability of air so as to provide a finished product known in the art as "compost". This finished product, compost, is commonly used in the agricultural field to enrich and to fertilise land intended for cultivation. The invention makes possible a localised conversion on the spot of the collected organic wastes or wastes produced at the same place, thus avoiding recourse to specific composting plants of great sizes. By composting the wastes is meant the aerobic degradation of biodegradable material in the form of wastes so as to obtain a finished product mainly intended for use as a product for agricultural improvement. The conversion and stabilisation of organic wastes known as composting have to take place in the presence of oxygen, and, for a good conversion to be achieved, anaerobic conditions should not take place. The most active step in the composting of wastes is carried out under conditions of forced ventilation and may last from a minimum of 5 to 7 days to a maximum of about 15 to 20 days depending on the type of the wastes, the quantity of air employed, the outside atmospheric conditions, etc. So as to speed up the degradation of the biodegradable organic material, the wastes are advantageously, but not necessarily, ground beforehand into particles of small sizes. The muddy biodegradable wastes such as those arising from the purification of urban waste waters, can be composted by being mixed with sawdust, wood chips or another material which makes the mass of the wastes permeable to air. According to the state of the art the humidity content in the mass of wastes is stabilised at a value of about 50 to 60% so that the biological activity can proceed at the best speed. Moreover, if it is necessary to make the composting process proceed at a greater speed, to the mass of wastes may be added solutions having a high nitrogen content so that the carbon:nitrogen ratio is adjusted to an optimum value estimated to be about 35:45. In the state of the art the processes of composting the organic wastes are carried out in appropriate specifically designed plants generally equipped with collecting and containing vessels of great sizes in which the conversion and degradation of the collected wastes are performed. WO-A-93/02990 discloses a method for aerobic decomposition of vegetative organic waste material including high flow-rate aeration, compaction of the organic material and continual percolation of moisture released therefrom in a collapsible and portable bag container to provide beneficial soil amendments, fertilizers and supplemental heat sources. DE-A-2 260 883 describes a rigid box for composting, which comprises an external structure having a portion of the vertical surfaces at least partially porous to permit the air to pass there through. The upper part of each box is open and can be closed with a suitable cover, separated from the same box, while the bottom of the box has a shape which allows the air to communicate with the internal composting zone. Each box, because of its strong rigidity, can be stacked one on the other, to form a stable composting tower, even if each rigid box can be singularly transported. Each rigid box is provided with a transversal permeable hollow well to which an intake system is connectable to intake air from the box. The operators of such plants typically carry out the collection of the wastes, the transporting of those wastes to the specific composting plant, the possible sorting of the wastes, the conversion and exploitation thereof and the possible marketing of the finished compost. All the above processes entail great expenses, above all for firms of small and medium sizes, for instance firms in the foodstuffs field, which produce organic wastes in great quantities and have to make use of the operators of such plants for the disposal and treatment of the wastes. Considerable expenses are also borne by the community in general, which has to incur the burden of the collection and conversion of its own organic wastes as performed exclusively in such specialised plants. With regard to the evermore active tendency towards the differentiated collection of wastes, which will lead, and in some countries already leads, to more and more strict regulations regarding the upstream sorting of wastes on the basis of their type, it will be possible in the near future to perform the differentiated collection of organic wastes which can be used at once for composting treatment. In this connection the present applicants have tackled the problem of providing a device suitable to perform the local composting and drying on the spot of the organic wastes, thus reducing to a minimum the costs of collection, treatment and transport. For this purpose the present applicants have designed, tested and embodied a method and relative device, which has a simple and functional design and embodiment, which overcome the above problems of the state of the art and enable further advantages to be achieved. This invention is set forth and characterised in the relative main claims, while the dependent claims describe variants of the idea of the main embodiment. The purpose of the invention is to provide a method, and relative device, by which it is possible to obtain, substantially at the position of production, a treatment for the composting and drying of sorted organic wastes. The invention enables the organic wastes, which otherwise could not be handled and transported, to be converted directly on the spot into a stable product which can be readily transported and marketed. For transporting the finished compost, the same container is advantageously employed as is used for the step of conversion into compost, thereby simplifying considerably the whole method of handling the material. The invention provides the double financial advantage that the firm, municipality or other body performing the collection of the organic wastes and using this device does not have to make use of specialised plant operators with the resulting financial burden but obtains at the end a product from which a financial return can be achieved. A possible system of collection and treatment within the individual authority along the roads at appointed places or at variously positioned collection centres may include a plurality of devices according to the invention. In this way, while one or more of these devices are at work in treating and converting the organic wastes, the other devices are performing the progressive and continuous filling steps. The device according to the invention consists substantially of a bag-type container made of a flexible fabric permeable to air, within which is inserted a tube that is partly perforated and is closed at its lower end. Such a bag-type container is available on the market and is used for various purposes, such as the collection of sludges or other products. This container has a height reaching typically about 1.2 to 1.6 metres but smaller or greater sizes can be employed in an analogous manner within a given range. One of the materials preferred for use in the making of these bag-type containers consists of plaited or woven polyester or polypropylene fibres. According to the invention the perforated tube made of a plastic or metallic material is connected at its upper end to a fan suitable to aspirate air outwards from the inside of the container or, vice versa, to blow air into the container. According to a variant the fan is designed to perform alternate aspiration and blowing cycles. Moreover, the fan can be programmed to perform a continuous cycle with a low intensity of aspiration or blowing during the whole period of the treatment, or else to perform periodical cycles of a greater intensity. The permeability of the walls of the container together with these aspiration and/or blowing cycles achieves a forced circulation of air within the container, and this forced circulation provides, within a variable period of time of about 12 to 18 days for instance, the compost and the reduction of humidity of the wastes. The tube placed within the container can advantageously be withdrawn and re-used when the treatment and conversion of the organic wastes into compost have been completed. For this purpose the tube may have advantageously a downward tapered conformation to facilitate its withdrawal. According to a variant the tube has an outer helicoidal conformation to enable it to be introduced, when the container is full, by being screwed and to be withdrawn by being unscrewed when the conversion has taken place. The bag-type container too can be of a type which can be re-used after discharge of the finished product obtained. The bag-type container typically has a tubular conformation, a suitable upper filling inlet and straps for its lifting. The containers are also produced in standardised sizes according to international haulage standards. According to the invention the bag-type container is associated advantageously with underlying means, of a vessel type for instance, to collect any liquid which has percolated through. According to a variant the bag-type container includes upper and lower covering means which prevent the passage of air and thus prevent the creation of preferred paths for the air and ensure a constant and uniform circulation through the mass of waste inside the container. According to the invention a fan may tend two or more containers. According to a variant a fan can be used to aspirate air from a first bag-type container and to blow the same air into a second bag-type container. According to another variant the fan in the blowing step cooperates downstream with heating means to blow heated air into the container and to speed up the conversion and the rendering hygienic of the organic wastes. According to yet another variant the fan in the aspiration step cooperates downstream with filter means to filter and purify the air aspirated from the interior of the first container before that air is released to the surrounding environment. The same container full of compost which is now mature, but still not dry, can be used as a biofilter to control the smells. According to still another variant the flexible and permeable bag-type container cooperates with an outer rigid or flexible airtight container, from which only the central tube emerges. This outer container ensures a more hygienic condition and the retaining of percolated liquids and prevents the spreading of evil smells in the surrounding environment, etc. The attached figures are given as a non-restrictive example and show some preferred embodiments of the invention as follows:- Fig.1 shows a section of a possible form of embodiment of the device according to the invention; Fig.2 shows a variant of Fig.1; Fig.3 shows a diagram of an embodiment according to the invention; Fig.4 shows a variant of Fig.3; Fig.5 shows another variant of Fig.3; Fig.6 shows a variant of Fig.5; Fig.7 shows another variant of Fig.5. A device for the local composting and drying of organic wastes according to the invention is referenced with 10 in Fig.1. This device 10 comprises at least one bag-type container 11 made of a flexible material permeable to air, for instance made of a synthetic material produced by the plaiting or weaving of polypropylene fibres or another analogous material. The bag-type container 11 has at its upper end a filler inlet 12 for the introduction of sorted organic wastes 19 and may include straps and/or a hook (not shown here) so that it can be engaged and carried. A tube 13 made of a metallic or plastic material and at least partly perforated is inserted into the bag-type container 11 normally before introduction of the wastes 19 and is closed at its lower end and protrudes at least along its own upper end from the filler inlet 12. When the bag-type container 11 has been filled with organic wastes 19, the filler inlet 12 is clamped about the upper end of the tube 13, and the cycle of treatment and conversion of the organic wastes 19 is started in the presence of oxygen so as to compost those wastes 19. This composting is achieved by a forced circulation of air within the bag-type container 11; this circulation takes place, according to the example of Fig.1, by blowing air into the tube 13 according to the arrow 14 and thereafter discharging the air outwards according to the arrows 15 through the permeable walls of the bag-type container 11. In the example of Fig.2 the circulation takes place by aspiration of the air from the inside of the bag-type container 11 outwards (arrow 16) and the replenishment of this air into the bag-type container 11 (arrows 17) through the permeable walls of the bag-type container 11. So as to achieve these cycles of aspiration and/or blowing, the tube 13 is associated with at least one fan 18 (see Fig.3 for instance) with a relative system of tubes and gate valves. This fan 18 can be designed to perform only aspiration cycles or blowing cycles or may be suitable to perform alternate aspiration and blowing cycles. This fan 18 can also be programmed to carry out a continuous cycle during the whole period of the treatment of the organic wastes 19 or to carry out periodic cycles of a pre-set regulated length within the treatment period. In the embodiment of Fig.1 the bag-type container 11 is associated at its lower end with a retaining vessel 20 for collection of percolated liquids and for preventing direct contact between the bag-type container 11 and the underlying ground. Another embodiment, which is not shown here, may include an inner or outer impermeable flooring with a retaining edge to collect the percolated liquid. The percolated liquids collected may possibly be recycled in the same container or in other containers where a drier material is held. Moreover, water may be added periodically to the contents of the bag-type container 11 for the purpose of keeping the humidity of the material close to the optimum value for composting. In the example of Fig.2 the bag-type container 11 comprises at its upper and lower parts covers 21, which are airtight and prevent the creation of preferred passages for the air through the walls of the container 11. Moreover, in Fig.2 the tube 13 has a helicoidal superficial conformation 22 to enable it to be inserted into a full container and to be withdrawn when the treatment cycle has ended. The embodiment of Fig.3 illustrates the case where one single fan 18 tends two bag-type containers 11 and is connected, for aspiration in this case, to both the tubes 13 placed in those containers 11. Before being released into the surrounding environment the air aspirated from the bag-type containers 11 may possibly be purified by filter means 23. In the embodiment of Fig.4 the air aspirated by the fan 18 from the inside of a first bag-type container 11a is blown by the same fan 18 into a second bag-type container 11b. This embodiment can be used to eliminate evil smells arising from the organic wastes 19 in the first container 11a in the case where a stable and not yet dried compost is held within the second container lib. This embodiment can also be used for the removal of evil smells inside smelly facilities such as stalls, pigsties, plants for the initial processing of leather and skins, etc., and also remove smells from the air before its release into the environment or into its originating area itself. Fig.5 shows another variant in which at least one of the bag-type containers 11c is closed within an outer airtight container 25, which in this case is of a rigid type. In this example the air blown by the fan 18 into the outer airtight container 25 penetrates into the bag-type container 11c through the walls of the latter. This forced draught of air is then conveyed out of the outer bag-type container 11c through the tube 13 and is conveyed through a connecting tube 26 into the second container 11b through the relative tube 13; the air is released from the second container 11b into the surrounding environment through the relative permeable walls. The inclusion of the outer container 25 ensures better hygienic conditions, a better retaining of the smells, a conversion of the wastes less conditioned by the external atmospheric conditions, etc. In this case the air may be heated to control the pathogens also on the surface. Moreover, this outer container 25 provides greater safety against dangers of damage and breakage of the bag-type container 11, such damage or breakage being also very unlikely owing to the strength of a container 11 of this type. The variant of Fig.6 shows the case where the outer container 125 is of a flexible type. Lastly the variant of Fig.7 provides a different diagram of the circulation of air as compared to that of Fig.5. In this case the air possibly heated by suitable heating means 24 and blown into the first container 11c positioned inside the outer container 25 is fed, through the walls of the first container 11c and through a second tube 126 connected to the interior of the outer container 25, into the tube 13 inserted into the second container 11d.

Claims: Method for the local composting and drying of organic wastes, which is employed for the collection and aerobic conversion on the spot of said organic wastes so as to obtain a finished product, compost, intended for use as an agricultural improvement material, wherein a flexible bag type container (11) is filled with said organic wastes (19), wherein tube means (13) having an inner portion at least partially perforated and an outer portion are introduced into said bag (11) at least with said inner portion, wherein the outer portion of said tube means (13) is connectable outside said bag (11) with fan means (18) actionable to create a forced circulation of air within said bag (11) in order to achieve conversion of said organic wastes (19) into compost and possible drying thereof, the method being characterised in that said bag (11) is made of a fabric material which is permeable to air and has an upper filler inlet (12) through which the inner portion of said tube means (13) is introduced into said bag (11), leaving said outlet portion of said tube means (13) outside said bag (11), said bag (11) being disposed vertically and said tube means (13) being inserted substantially coaxial with respect to said bag (11), said upper inlet (12) being clamped around said tube means (13) between said inner portion and said outer portion. Method as in Claim 1, in which the forced circulation of air is carried out with a continuous and substantially constant cycle during the whole period of the cycle of conversion of the organic wastes (19). Method as in Claim 1 or 2, in which the forced circulation of air is carried out with a periodic cycle of an adjustable intensity during the whole period of the cycle of conversion of the organic wastes (19). Method as in any claim hereinbefore, in which said bag (11) cooperates at its lower end with means (20) that collect and retain percolated liquid. Method as in any claim hereinbefore, in which said fan means (18) are associated with at least two bags (11). Method as in any claim hereinbefore, in which, at least in the blowing condition, it provides for the heating of air by means of heating means (24) located downstream of the fan means (18). Method as in any claim hereinbefore, in which, at least in the aspiration condition, it provides for the filtering of the air by the filter means (23) located downstream of the fan means (18). Method as in any claim hereinbefore, in which the mature but not yet dry compost is used as biofilter for the removal of evil smells, also in cooperation with sources of foul smells. Device for the local composting and drying of organic wastes, which is employed for the collection and aerobic conversion on the spot of said organic wastes so as to obtain a finished product, compost, intended for use as an agricultural improvement material, comprising a flexible bag type container (11) able to be filled with said organic wastes (19), tube means (13) having an inner portion at least partially perforated and an outer portion, said tube means (13) being introduceable into said bag (11) at least with said inner portion, the outer portion of said tube means (13) being connectable outside said bag (11) with fan means (18) actionable to create a forced circulation of air within said bag (11) in order to achieve conversion of said organic wastes (19) into compost and possible drying thereof, characterised in that said bag (11) is made of a fabric material which is permeable to air and comprises an upper filler inlet (12) through which the inner portion of said tube means (13) is introduceable into said bag (11), leaving said outlet portion of said tube means (13) outside said bag (11), said bag (11) being disposed vertically and said tube means (13) being inserted substantially coaxial with respect to said bag (11), said upper inlet (12) being able to be clamped around said tube means (13) between said inner portion and said outer portion. Device as in Claim 9, which comprises means (20) which collect and retain percolated liquid and which are placed below said bag (11). Device as in Claim 9 or 10, which, in cooperation at least with the upper and lower sides of said bag (11), comprises airtight cover means (21). Device as in any of claims 9 to 11 inclusive, wherein said fan means comprises a single fan device (18) in cooperation with at least two bags (11). Device as in any of claims 9 to 12 inclusive, in which the fan means (18) at least in the blowing condition cooperates downstream with heating means (24). Device as in any of claims 9 to 13 inclusive, in which the fan means (18) at least in the aspiration condition cooperates downstream with filter means (23). Device as in any of claims 9 to 14 inclusive, in which the tube means (13) are of a type which can be withdrawn and re-used. Device as in Claim 15, in which the tube means (13) have a tapered conformation with its vertex facing downwards. Device as in Claim 15 or 16, in which the tube means (13) have an outer helicoidal conformation. Device as in any claim hereinbefore, in which said bag (11) cooperates externally with outer airtight containing means (25-125).

Inventors: CASTELLI LUIGI, CASTELLI, LUIGI
Applicants: ECOMASTER SRL, ECOMASTER SRL.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: C05F17
IPC codes: C05F17