Digitizer apparatus with noise reduction

Abstract: The present invention provides for the cancellation of electrostatic noise in a digitizing tablet having a shield (12) supplying a signal proportional to the electrostatic noise which is subtracted from the information signal derived from a digitizing grid (10). A conductive transparent shield (12) is interposed between a digitizing grid (10) and image source (14) so that the same electrostatic noise appears on both. The shield (12) may be grounded on 0 to n-1 edges, n being the number of edges of the shield (12). An electrical signal can be taken from an ungrounded side of the shield (12) and supplied as an input signal to a difference amplifier (16), the other input signal being the information signal from the digitizing grid (10) whereby the output signal from the amplifier (16) is the information signal with the noise signal component cancelled therefrom.

Description: The present invention relates to digitizer apparatus and in particular to digitizer apparatus with noise reduction means. Digitizing tablet sensor circuits can be adversely affected by ambient electrical and electrostatic noise from light sources, display monitors, and nearby electrically operated devices. Severe interference can be caused by image generators such as television screens or computer monitor screens when a digitizing grid is placed over the screen for digitizing a generated image. To reduce this interference, prior art systems insert a conductive shield between possible noise sources and the sensors. The shield is grounded to conduct electrical noise away. Several examples of the prior art illustrate this approach to eradicating unwanted noise and electrostatic interference. U.S. Patent 4,644,102 shows the use of an electrostatic shield using grounded copper strips and a grounded copper plate. The grounded copper strips prevent the effects of reversed fields that occur when using a conventional grounded plate. Noise is eliminated or at least reduced by the use of a demodulator coupled to a matched filter instead of a conventional low-pass filter which was considered to have too slow a recovery time. U.S. Patent 4,636,582 teaches the use of a conductive shield layer coupled to ground to prevent electrostatic interference with handwritten information detected by a pair of conductive layers activated by a writing stylus. Electrostatic noise from the hand of a user or nearby electrical devices interferes with the decoding of signals representing entered information. The shield is intended to ground at least some of the electrical noise. U.S. Patent 4,497,977 shows the use of an electrostatic shield layer coupled to ground to prevent noise from the hand of a user from causing interference with electrical signals representing information entered via a handheld stylus. U.S. Patent 3,974,332 describes a system for entering information using a conductive pen capacitively coupled to a tablet for selecting segments on the tablet. The segments are insulated from one another by an electrically conductive grounded shield layer with apertures for the segments. The shield prevents capacitive coupling to segments adjacent to a selected segment, i.e., prevents or at least reduces crosstalk between segments. U.S. Patent 3,732,369 shows a digitizing tablet having x- and y-coordinate wires that are capacitively coupled to a stylus for supplying signals indicative of the x,y position of the stylus. A conductive ground plane, insulated from the lower wires, is provided. U.S. Patent 4,956,526 describes the use of a shielding plate placed at a distance from a sensor plate to provide a maximum output voltage signal. U.S. Patent 4,853,497 teaches the use of pan-shaped nonferrous shield that extends over and close to the sides of a rectangular grid of wires in an electromagnetic digitizer to eliminate edge effects. U.S. Patent 5,124,509 describes a digitizing device having a conductive plate in an inductively coupled system. The purpose of the plate is not to eliminate or to reduce interference noise. It operates to detect a submultiple of the stylus' oscillator frequency, the latter being used to induce a voltage signal in the associated grid lines. The submultiple frequency is capacitively coupled from the stylus to the user's hand or body. The plate picks up the submultiple frequency and couples it through a phase-locked loop to operate an analog switch. The conductivity of the plate is purposely made low. Also shown is a prior art standard grounded electrostatic shield. U.S. Patent 5,218,173 relates to materials used in shields for electromagnetic digitizers such as used in notebook computers. The shield plate protects the circuitry from local interference and magnetic fields such as those created by power transformers and the like. US patent 4859814 discloses a digitizer apparatus in which noise emitted by image source means (CRT) is reduced by a differential noise reduction technique which consists in differentially amplifying a sensing signal from a conductive wire of a grid and a noise signal from a noise reference conductor. The noise reference conductor can be another conductive wire of the grid or another "noise antenna". However, there is no suggestion that the noise antenna could also have a function of shielding of the grid from noise emitted by the CRT. Such prior art shields are disadvantageous in that they are not completely effective. In particular, in those cases where the shield must be transparent (for placement on an image plane or monitor display screen, for example) while exhibiting low resistance to electrical potentials, known shields offer limited performance. The present invention seeks to provide for digitizer apparatus having advantages over known digitizer apparatus. In accordance with the present invention there is provided digitizer apparatus according to claim 1. Preferably, a noise shield in a digitizing tablet can be coupled to ground through a circuit that produces electrical signals proportional to interfering noise and applies the extracted signals to the desired output signal so as to cancel the noise from such output signal. Alternatively, the shield can be grounded at one point and a noise signal taken from a point on an ungrounded edge of the shield. This is accomplished in an embodiment of the invention by placing a conductive shield between an image source and a digitizing grid so that the electrostatic noise impressed on the digitizing grid is a duplicate of or is congruent with that which is impressed on the shield (except for possible differences in amplitude). The shield can be coupled to ground through an impedance to develop a voltage proportional to the noise potential. The voltage so developed across the impedance is applied to a differential amplifier as is the signal from the digitizing grid so as to supply an output signal proportional to the digitizing grid signal with the noise signal component cancelled. The invention is advantageous in supplying a noise cancellation signal. Also, the invention can improve the performance of electrostatic shielding by cancelling noise from the output signal. The shield can also be grounded on one or more sides leaving at least one side or edge ungrounded. A voltage potential can be tapped from the ungrounded side to supply the noise-proportional signal to the differential amplifier. The noise signal can be conducted to the cancelling circuit via a matching or phase shift network, which may be made adjustable for improving noise cancellation since at least part of the electrical noise may be capacitively coupled to the shield causing a phase shift between the signals on the grid and noise shield. The invention is described further hereinafter, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. 1 is circuit diagram showing principal elements of the embodiment of the invention; Fig. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating a coupling circuit suitable for use with an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating another coupling circuit suitable for use with an embodiment of the invention; and Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention. Details of the construction and use of digitizing tablets are set forth in the prior art patents referred to hereinbefore in connection with the background of the invention. In particular, the following U.S. patents are referenced as showing specific details of digitizing tablets; 3,732,369; 4,956,526; 4,644,102; 4,497,977; and 5,124,509. In the present description and claims, reference to supplying signals from a digitizing grid should be understood to include the case where the signal is taken from the grid per se (U.S. Patents 4,644,102 and 5,124,509) or from a stylus inductively, capacitively, or otherwise coupled to the grid (U.S. Patent 3,732,369). Principal elements of one embodiment of the present invention, and their interconnection, are illustrated in FIG. 1. A digitizing grid 10 is coupled, via connectors 15a and 17, to an amplifier 16 which includes suitable input and feedback resistors in a manner well known in the art. The generation of the signal from the digitizing grid 10 or from a stylus 11 (which can be coupled to the amplifier 16 via connectors 15b and 17) is also well known in the art, and need not be described in detail for an understanding of the invention. A transparent conductive shield 12 is interposed between the digitizing grid 10 and an image plane 14. The image plane 14 and a light source 19 can be any type of image source or image generator, e.g., a television screen or a computer monitor screen. It is well known that such image generators produce substantial amounts of electrical noise interference which prior art grounded plates cannot shield. The shield 12 and the digitizing grid 10 are spaced so that electrostatic noise passing through the shield 12 to the digitizing grid 10 will be substantially congruent or similar to the noise intercepted by the shield 10. The distance of the spacing between the shield 12 and the digitizing grid 10 is limited by two principal factors. If the spacing is too small, the shield 12 and the digitizing grid 10 form a capacitor which becomes more effective in passing noise signals the closer they are together. If the spacing is too large, a depth field is created and the resulting parallax distortion will cause misplacement of the pen or probe 11 with respect to the image points being digitized. The spacing appears to be optimal between one and two millimetres. The shield 12 may even be implemented as a coating on the face of the display 14, e.g., a cathode ray tube face. The shield 12 may be fabricated from an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) material, such as is used commercially in the manufacture of liquid crystal displays, because of its transparency and electrical characteristics. Instead of grounding the shield 12, as is done in the prior art, the shield 12 is coupled to a phase shift network 18 which may be constructed to allow the phase and amplitude of the noise signal from the shield 12 to be adjusted over a desired range. The phase-adjusted signal from the network 18 is coupled to another input of the amplifier 16 through suitable resistors. The signals are coupled to the amplifier 16 so that a signal corresponding the noise signal from the shield 12 is cancelled from the signal from the digitizing grid 10 which includes both noise and information components. Therefore, in the circuit of FIG. 1, electrostatic and other electrical noise that are included in the signal from the digitizing grid 10, due principally to the image generator 14, will be similar or congruent to that from the shield 12. The noise signals from the image generator 14 are somewhat attenuated by passing through the shield 12 but because the shield 12 is not ideal, e.g. having a poor ground impedance, some noise signals will be passed and picked up on the digitizing grid 10. Coupling the noise signal from the shield 12 to the other input of the amplifier 16 via the network 18 cancels the noise signals from the grid signals thereby leaving only the desired signals from the digitizing grid 10. This results in a cleaner signal, i.e., fewer perturbations and distortions in the desired output signal caused by unwanted interference. The amplitude of the noise signal taken from the shield 12 will normally be larger than the amplitude of the corresponding signal on the digitizing grid 10. Differences in the amplitudes of the noise signals taken from the shield 12 and the digitizing grid 10 can be compensated for by amplifying either signal or by adjusting the values of the resistors in the amplifier networks. Other useful means for coupling the noise from the shield 10 to the amplifier 16 to cancel the noise in the signal from the digitizing grid 10 are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In Fig. 2, the capacitors 21 and 23 represent the equivalent capacitances coupling noise to the shield 12 and to the digitizing grid 10 respectively. The equivalent resistance of the shield is represented by the resistor 25 which is coupled to ground through an inductor 27. Therefore, current created by the noise on the shield 12 passes through the inductor 27. The current through the inductor 27 induces a voltage in a proximate inductor 29 which is coupled to the amplifier 16 through a phase adjusting circuit comprising a capacitor 18a and a resistor 18b. The signal has the same noise coupled thereto by the equivalent capacitance 23 so that the input signal to the inverting input terminal of the amplifier 16 includes the noise. The output signal from the amplifier 16 does not include the noise since it is removed from the signal by coupling it to the non-inverting input terminal of the amplifier 16. The polarities of the input terminals can be of course reversed. Alternatively, the noise can be subtracted from the signal by reversing the polarity of the inductance 29 and coupling the signal from the phase adjustment circuit resistively to the inverting input terminal and coupling the non-inverting input terminal to ground. Another coupling circuit is illustrated in FIG. 3. The equivalent capacitors 21 and 23 and the equivalent resistance 25 of the shield 12 are the same as described in connection with the circuit of FIG. 2. The electric current from the shield 12, i.e., from the resistor 25, is coupled via a capacitor 31 and a resistor 33 (which can be adjustable as shown) to ground. The voltage developed across the resistor 33 is coupled to the non-inverting input terminal of the amplifier 16 via a phase adjusting circuit comprising the capacitor 18a and the resistor 18b, as previously described in connection with the circuit of FIG. 2. Coupling the shield to ground through impedances can create unwanted signals in addition to the noise because the shield 12 is quasi-floating. To preclude the unwanted signals caused by impedances between the shield 12 and ground, the shield 12 can be grounded on three sides, as shown in FIG. 4, by a ground conductor 41 on the shield. The noise potential can then be taken from a tap point on the ungrounded side of the shield 10 and coupled to a noise amplifier 47 via a matching circuit 43. The matching circuit 43 can include a phase adjustment circuit as previously described. The noise amplifier 47 and a signal amplifier 45 can be provided as inverting operational amplifiers with suitable input and feedback resistors (not shown) or as unity gain amplifiers by coupling the output terminal to the inverting input terminal and coupling the input signal to the non-inverting input terminal. The latter arrangement provides an extremely high input impedance to the input noise and signal sources which helps to reduce signal distortion. The output signals from the signal amplifier 45 and from the noise amplifier 47 are coupled to amplifiers 401 and 403 coupled as a common mode rejection differential amplifier. The output signals from the amplifiers 401 and 403 are coupled to the output amplifier 16. This arrangement not only supplies a high input impedance for the signals but also rejects common mode noise to prevent distortion of the signals. The invention as defined in the appended claims is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiments.

Claims: Digitizer apparatus for use with stylus means (11) and having a digitizer tablet and image source means (13) for providing an image to be displayed by way of said tablet, said tablet having grid means (10) for providing a signal dependent on the position of said stylus means (11) with regard to said tablet, and wherein said apparatus also has difference amplifier means (16) having first and second inputs wherein said signal provided by said grid means (10) is to be delivered to said first input, said apparatus being characterised by shield means (12) for shielding said grid means (10) from noise emitted by said image source means (13) for supplying a signal derived from noise produced by said image source means (14) to said second input of said difference amplifier means. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said stylus means (11) is arranged to produce a signal representative of a position of the stylus means (11) on said tablet, said image source means is arranged to produce an image to be digitized, said difference amplifier means (16) is arranged to supply an output signal proportional to the difference between signal values at said first and second input means, said grid means (10) is arranged for detecting the signal from said stylus means (11), said shield means (12) comprises conductive shield means positioned between said image source means (14) and said grid means (10) and wherein coupling means (18) is provided for coupling a signal supplied by said shield means (12) to said second input means of said difference amplifier means (16). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 2, wherein said coupling means (18) includes phase adjustment means. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said image source means (14) is arranged to produce an image to be digitized, said grid means (10) is arranged to supply an output signal indicative of the position of said stylus means (11) on the surface of said grid means (16) said grid means (10) being positioned over said image source means (14), said shield means (12) comprising conductive shield means positioned between said grid means (10) and said image source means so that any electrostatic noise potential impressed on said grid means from said image source means passes through the conductive shield means (12) and serves to supply a signal proportional to the electrostatic noise potential, said difference amplifier means (16) being arranged for supplying signals proportional to a difference in input signals coupled to said first and second input means thereof, and including means (41) for grounding an edge of the conductive shield means (12), first coupling means (43) for coupling an ungrounded edge of said conductive shield means (12) to said second input of said difference amplifier means (16) and second coupling means (45) for coupling signals from said grid means (10) to said first input of said difference amplifier means (16). Apparatus as claimed in Claims 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein said shield means (12) is transparent. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 4, wherein 0 to n-1 edges of said conductive shield means (12) are grounded where n is the number of edges on said conductive shield means (12). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 4, wherein said first and second coupling means each include isolation amplifier means (45, 47). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 7, wherein said difference amplifier means (16) includes a common mode rejection stage (401, 403).

Inventors: PETTY WILLIAM K, PETTY, WILLIAM K.
Applicants: HYUNDAI ELECTRONICS AMERICA
Application year: 1995
Main classification: G06K11
IPC codes: H01L21, G06F3, H03H11, H01L27