HVDC TRANSMISSION

Abstract: An HVDC transmission with at least two converters (SR1, SR2) which are connected between separate alternating-voltage networks (N1, N2) and a dc link (L1, L2) common to the converters. At least one converter (SR1) is connected to its alternating-voltage network (N1) without the use of a separate winding transformer. This converter has in its ac leads (VL1) a zero-sequence inductor connection (IB) which is designed such that it exhibits a high impedance to zero-sequence currents and a low impedance to positive-sequence currents.

Description: HVDC transmission TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an HVDC transmission with at lest two converters, wherein each converter is adapted for connection between a three-phase alternating voltage network and a dc link common to the converters, and wherein at least a first converter has ac leads for connection of the converter to its alternating-voltage network without the use of a separate winding transformer (or "full transformer") . The concept "HVDC transmission" means in this application an electric installation or equipment for power transmission by means of high-voltage direct current. The concept comprises two main types of installations. The first of these types consists of installations adapted for power transmission between two or more εpaced-apart converter stations, which are interconnected by means of dc-carrying cables or overhead lines. The second of the types consists of so-called back-to- back connections, in which two converters arranged in the same converter station are each connected to a separate alterna¬ ting-voltage network and are dc-connected to each other and adapted for controllable power transmission between the alternating-voltage networks. In the first type of installations, the dc link consists of the cable or cables or lines which connect the dc sides of the converter stations. In the second type of installations, the dc link generally consists only of a pair of busbars in the station. In both cases, however, certain devices for smoothing and filtering of the direct current, for current and voltage measurement, for protection against overvoltages, etc., are included in the dc link in a known manner. The expression that a converter is connected to its alterna¬ ting-voltage network "without the use of a separate winding transformer" ("full transformer") means that the converter is connected to its alternating-voltage network in some other way than with the aid of a separate winding transformer. A con¬ verter connected without the use of a separate winding trans¬ former may thus have its alternating-voltage terminals gal- vanically connected to the alternating-voltage network, directly or via an auto-transformer, and possibly via induc¬ tors for current limitation. A converter connected without the use of a separate winding transformer may alternatively have its alternating-voltage terminals connected to the alterna¬ ting-voltage network via series capacitors. Analogously, this application uses the concept "transformer¬ less" connection for those cases where no transformer of any kind, thus neither a separate winding transformer nor an auto- transformer, is used for connection of a converter to its alternating-voltage network. In this case, thus, the converter may have its alternating-voltage terminals connected to the alternating-voltage network galvanically, or via series capacitors. BACKGROUND ART In an HVDC transmission, each one of the converters usually consists of two series-connected six-pulse bridges. Each bridge is connected to the alternating-voltage network via a separate winding transformer. The transformers of the bridges (or the valve windings of a common transformer) are designed with different connections (usually star- and delta- connections) in such a way that the alternating voltages of the bridges are phase shifted 30° and the converter hence is of twelve-pulse design. HVDC transmissions of this kind are amply described in the literature, for example in Erich Uhlmann: "Power Transmission by Direct Current", Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1975 (see, e.g. Fig. 2.7, page 15, or Fig. B.l, page 187) . Since the converter bridges are connected to the alternating- voltage network via transformers, a possibility of technical- economic optimization of the direct-voltage level and the dc level of the transmission is provided. By connecting the con- verter bridges to the alternating-voltage network via separate winding transformers, galvanic separation between the bridges and the alternating-voltage network is obtained. This means that, in the manner described above, two converter bridges may be direct-voltage series-connected and hence a higher resul¬ tant pulse number and a reduction of the harmonic content (theoretically an elimination of the lowest harmonics) may be obtained. In this way, the amount of filter equipment may be reduced, which is important since the cost of the filter equipment constitutes an essential part of the total cost of a typical HVDC installation. The galvanic separation also means that a converter cannot leak a direct current out into the alternating-voltage network, which would involve a risk of certain disturbances, such as transformer saturation. The advantages of the type of converter station described above have resulted in this type being practically universally prevailing in HVDC installation. In the dissertation "HGU-Kurzkupplung ohne Transformatoren" , by Dipl.-Ing. Knut Gebhardt, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, 1976/1977, it has been proposed to connect the converters in a transformerless manner in an HVDC back-to-back connection. This paper shows the above-described conventional connection in Figure 1, page 4, and an example of a transformerless connection in Figure 2, page 5. At first sight, the trans¬ formerless connection is economically advantageous since the relatively high cost of the convertor transformers is elimina¬ ted. However, the connection has several disadvantages, which have caused this connection not to be used in practice to any significant extent. First of all, the direct-voltage level of the installation is determined by the voltage in the alterna¬ ting-voltage networks, which means that there is no possibi¬ lity of voltage and current optimization of the dc link and the converters. Secondly, a transformerless HVDC installation is limited to six-pulse operation of the converters, which entails the occurrence of harmonics with low ordinal numbers (5 and 7), which necessitate considerably more costly equip¬ ment for harmonic filtering. Thirdly, in an installation of this kind, harmonic currents with ordinal numbers which are odd multiples of 3 (i.e. harmonic currents of the ordinal numbers 3, 9, 15, 21 ...) are generated on the dc side of a converter. These currents flow out into the alternating- voltage network of the converter. In this network, the currents are of zero-sequence type and give rise to conside¬ rable disadvantages in the form of telecommunication dis¬ turbance and voltage distortion in the network. In weak alternating-voltage networks, the voltage distortion becomes such a serious disadvantage that the transformerless connec¬ tion cannot be used without taking special steps. However, it is, of course, possible to arrange a filter for harmonic currents of the ordinal numbers 3, 9, 15, 21 ...., mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Such a filter may thus be arranged on the ac side of a converter. However, the filter will be large and expensive, and it has proved to be difficult to avoid resonance effects between the filter and the alterna¬ ting-voltage network. Alternatively, a filter for the harmo- nics just mentioned may be arranged in the form of a blocking filter on the dc side of the converter. Also in this case, however, the dimensions and the costs of the filter equipment will be high, and a considerable risk of resonance effects arises. These facts have caused the transformerless connection to be considered possible only in connection with strong alternating-voltage network. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention aims to provide an HVDC transmission of the kind described in the introductory part of the description, which is simpler and less expensive than hitherto used transmissions while at the same time, by reducing or completely avoiding the above-described network disturbances on the alternating- voltage side (in the form of telecommunication interference and voltage distortion) , it may be used also in weak alternating-voltage networks. What characterizes an HVDC transmission according to the invention will become clear from the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be described in greater detail in the following with reference to the accompanying Figures 1-7. Figure 1 shows an HVDC transmission according to the invention designed as a back-to-back connection. Figure 2 shows in more detail the main circuits of one of the converters in the back- to-back connection according to Figure 1. Figure 3 shows an example of the embodiment of a phase of the harmonic filter in the back-to-back connection according to Figure 1. Figures 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d show examples of the embodiment of the zero- sequence inductor in the back-to-back connection in Figure 1. Figure 5 schematically shows an HVDC transmission consisting of two geographically separated converter stations according to the invention, which are interconnected by a dc line. Figure 6 shows an HVDC transmission according to the inven- tion, in which the two converters are connected to their alternating-voltage networks via series capacitors. Figure 7a and Figure 7b show two variants of a bipolar converter station in an HVDC transmission according to the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Figure 1 shows in the form of a single-line diagram a back-to- back connection according to the invention. It is intended for controllable power transmission between two three-phase elec- trie ac power networks Nl and N2. It consists of two controll¬ able high-voltage converters SRl and SR2, arranged in one and the same converter station. The ac leads VLl of the converter SRl are connected to the alternating-voltage network Nl via a three-phase zero-sequence inductor connection IB, schemati- cally shown in the figure, which is designed such that it has a high impedance to zero-sequence currents and a low impedance to positive-sequence currents. The inductor connection IB will be described in more detail below. The ac leads VL2 of the converter SR2 are connected to the alternating-voltage network N2 via current-limiting inductors IL. Further, on its ac side, each converter has a schematically shown harmonic filter, Fl and F2, respectively. The dc terminals LL1P, LLlN and LL2P, LL2N, respectively, of the converters are interconnected via conductors Ll and L2, which consist of busbars or the like in the converter station. In one of these conductors, a smoothing inductor IG for the direct current is arranged in conventional manner. The inductor connection IB will effectively prevent zero- sequence currents of other than negligible magnitude from occurring on the ac side of the converter SRl. This greatly reduces the disturbances, mentioned in the introduction, which are caused by these currents in alternating-voltage networks. This makes possible the use of a transformerless HVDC trans¬ mission for connection not only to very strong alternating- voltage networks, but also to weaker networks. The converters with their ac leads form together with the dc link L1-L2 a continuous and branch-free current path for zero- sequence currents. The inductor connection IB prevents zero- sequence currents from arising at one location in this current path, namely, on the ac side of the converter SRl. No zero- sequence currents will therefore arise at other locations in this current path, that is, not on the ac side of the conver¬ ter SR2 either. Therefore, no special zero-sequence inductor connection is arranged in the leads of the converter SR2. Figure 2 shows the main circuits of the converter SRl in the back-to-back connection according to Figure 1. The converter is a converter of the same kind as is currently used for HVDC transmissions. It is a six-pulse line-commutated phase-angle controlled thyristor converter with the valves TYl - TY6. Each valve consists of a plurality of series-connected thyristors with parallel-connected damping circuits and overvoltage protective means. The converter has the dc connections LLlP and LLlN and the ac leads VL1R, VLlS and VLlT. Because of the smoothing inductor (IG, see Figure 1) arranged on the dc side of the converter, the function of the converter is that of a current-source converter. As shown in Figure 2, the zero-sequence inductor connection IB may consist of a three-phase inductor with an iron core IBC and three phase windings IBR, IBS and IBT with the polarities shown in the figure and each one connected into one of the three leads of the converter. For zero-sequence currents, the inductor has a very high impedance, whereas its impedance to positive-sequence currents is very low. The converter SR2 is designed in the same way. As mentioned, however, it does not have the zero-sequence inductor connec¬ tion but has instead the current-limiting inductors IL, which replace the impedance of the converter transformer existing in conventional HVDC transmissions. The inductors may suitably be designed as air inductors, one in each of the ac leads of the converter SR2, and be given inductances adapted such that the inductors limit the valve currents in the converter SR2 to harmless values for the types of faults occurring, for example short circuits or ground faults. The inductor connection IB is suitably designed with a leakage impedance of such a magnitude that it fulfils the corresponding function for the converter SRl. Figure 3 shows an example of the embodiment of a phase FIR in the filter circuit Fl in the back-to-back connection according to Figure 1. It is connected to the ac conductor VL1R between the network Nl and the converter SRl, preferably between the network and the inductor connection IB. The filter circuit consists of double-tuned bandpass filters for the tones 5 and 7 (BP5/7), 11 and 13 (BPll/13) and the tones 17 and 19 (BP17/19) , and double-tuned high-pass filters for the tones 24 and 42 (HP24/42) as well as for the tones 30 and 36 (HP30/36) . The high-pass filters are suitably designed so as to provide sufficient damping also for the tones of the ordinal numbers 47 and 49. In the HVDC installation shown in Figure 1, only one of the converters - SRl - has a zero-sequence inductor connection in its ac leads, whereas the other converter - SR2 - has current- limiting inductors in its ac leads. Alternatively, of course, zero-sequence inductor connections may be arranged in the ac leads of both converters. Likewise, depending on the impe¬ dances of networks and other components of the installations, current-limiting inductors may be arranged in the ac leads of both converters or, possibly, be completely omitted. To achieve the desired function - a high impedance to zero- sequence currents and a low impedance to positive-sequence currents - it is important that the zero-sequence connection IB is designed such that a good magnetic coupling is obtained between the windings of the inductor. Further, it is important that a high degree of symmetry be obtained in the inductor connection. Figures 4a - 4d show examples of the embodiment of a zero-sequence inductor connection according to the inven¬ tion. Figure 4a shows the principle of a zero-sequence inductor connection according to the invention. The windings IBR, IBS, IBT are arranged on a common core IBC. The windings have the connections RN, SN, TN for connection of that side of the -windings facing the network and connections RS, SS, TS for connection of that side of the windings facing the converter. Provided that the coupling and the symmetry are complete, positive-sequence currents provide ampere-turn balance in the core, that is, no flux arises in the core, and the induced EMF and hence the impedance to positive-sequence currents become zero. Under the same conditions, zero-sequence currents, which are cophasal in the three windings, will cooperate and provide a flux in the core, that is, an induced EMF and an impedance which is high (as long as the core does not become saturated) . To obtain as good a coupling between the windings as possible, it is advantageous to arrange the windings one outside the other and to design them as long as is allowed by the dimen¬ sions of the core. Figure 4b shows such an embodiment of the zero-sequence inductor. In this case, the inductor is, in principle, designed as a single-phase three-winding trans¬ former. To obtain full symmetry, as shown in Figure 4c, each one of the three windings of the inductor connection may be divided into three series-connected sections. These sections are arranged in three groups in such a way that each group con¬ tains three sections belonging to different windings and arranged one above the other, and such that each winding has one section outermost in one group, in the centre position in another group, and innermost in the third group. The winding IBR thus has the three sections IBRl, IBR2 and IBR3, wherein section IBRl lies outermost in the uppermost group in the figure, section IBR2 lies in the centre position in the middle group, and section IBR3 lies innermost in the lowermost group. An alternative to the embodiment shown in Figure 4c is to design the zero-sequence inductor connection as three series- connected units of the kind shown in Figure 4b, wherein the radial location of the windings is permuted between the three units in the same way as for the three groups in Figure 4c. To obtain full symmetry, and to obtain ampere-turn balance in all parts of the core for positive-sequence currents (i.e. the lowest possible positive-sequence impedance) , the inductor connection according to Figure 4 is, in practice, designed in the manner shown in Figure 4d, that is, with each phase win¬ ding divided into three series-connected sections, with one of these sections arranged on each one of the three legs suppor¬ ting windings, and with the radial positions of the sections permuted between the three legs in the same way, in principle, as in the inductor connection shown in Figure 4c. Figure 5 schematically shows an HVDC transmission according to the invention consisting of two geographically separated con¬ verter stations with converters SRl and SR2, which are inter¬ connected by means of a line DCL with the conductors LA and LB. The line may consist of an overhead line or a cable dis- posed in the ground or the water, or of a combination thereof. Each station is designed in the manner shown in Figure 1 and its components have the same designations as in Figure 1. In this case, however, contrary to what is the case with the installation shown in Figure 1, each station is provided with a separate positive-sequence inductor connection, IB1 and IB2, respectively, of the kind described above. This ensures an efficient blocking of the zero-sequence currents generated by each converter. If only one of the converters should be provi¬ ded with a zero-sequence inductor, because of the normally significant line capacitance, an efficient blocking of the zero-sequence currents of the other converter would not be obtained. Further, in the transmission according to Figure 5, each station has a smoothing inductor, IG1 and IG2, respectively. Figure 6 shows an HVDC transmission according to the inven- tion, which substantially corresponds to that shown in Figure 5 but in which the converters are connected to their alter¬ nating-voltage networks via series capacitors Cl and C2, respectively. The series capacitors function as direct-voltage barriers and hence they make possible grounding of the direct- voltage side of each converter at one point. The figure shows how one pole of each converter is grounded, whereby the line between the converter stations may consist of one single conductor LA. The return of the direct current takes place through ground. Figure 6 thus shows a monopolar HVDC trans- mission. However, the use of series capacitors in the way described with reference to Figure 6 also makes it possible to apply the invention to a bipolar HVDC transmission. One of the two converter stations in such a transmission is shown in Figure 7a. It has two converters, SRlA and SRlB. Each of them is connected to the network Nl via a series capacitor, CIA and C1B, respectively, and a zero-sequence inductor, IB1A and IBlB, respectively. Filter equipment Fl for harmonic filter- ing, common to the converters, is connected to the alterna¬ ting-voltage side of the converters. Each converter is provi¬ ded with a smoothing inductor, IG1A and IG1B, respectively. The station has a ground terminal GA, which is connected to the station through a ground line LG. The converter SRlA has one of its direct-voltage connections connected to one of the conductors LA of the transmission line via the inductor IG1A and the other direct-voltage connection connected to the ground line LG. The converter SRlB has one of its direct- voltage connections connected to the other conductor - LB - of the transmission line via the inductor IG1B and the other direct-voltage connection connected to the ground line LG. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 7b, a zero-sequence inductor IBl which is common to the two converters SRlA and SRlB may be arranged in the lead VLl between the network Nl and the con¬ verters which is common to the converters. In the foregoing, only such embodiments of the invention have been described where all the converters included in the HVDC transmission are connected to their respective alternating- voltage networks in a transformerless manner - either direct galvanically or via series capacitors. However, other embodi¬ ments are also feasible within the scope of the invention. Thus, for example, a converter may be connected to its alter¬ nating-voltage network via an auto-transformer. Such an embo¬ diment offers the advantages that the current and voltage levels of the dc link and the converter may be chosen indepen- dently of the voltage of the alternating-voltage network, that, therefore, the transmission may be used for power trans¬ mission between alternating-voltage networks with different voltages, that the current-limiting inductors described above (e.g. IL in Fig. 1) may be superfluous, and that an on-load tap changer of the transformer may be used to take up changes in the ratio between the direct voltage of the converter and the voltage of the alternating-voltage network, which provides a possibility of operating with more optimal control angles of the converter from the reactive-power point of view. Since auto-transformers are considerably less expensive than separate winding transformers, also in this case an important saving of costs is obtained compared with conventional HVDC transmissions with separate winding transformers. The converters at both ends of a dc link may be connected to their alternating-voltage networks via auto-transformers, or else only the converter at one end of the link, in which case the converter at the other end of the link is either transfor- merless or else connected to its alternating-voltage network via a separate winding transformer. As mentioned above, one of the converters of a transmission may be connected to its alternating-voltage network via a separate winding transformer. The converter at the other end of the link may then either be transformerless or be connected via an auto-transformer. In this case, the tap-changer of the separate winding transformer may be utilized to take up variations in the voltage of the alternating-voltage network and the reactive-power consumption thereby be kept low, the dc link and the converters may be optimized independently of the voltage of the alternating-voltage network in the stations provided with transformers, and for the converter which is connected via a separate winding transformer no mutual inductor is needed for blocking the effect of the link on the alternating-voltage network. In those embodiments of an HVDC transmission according to the invention in which a converter is not connected to its alter- nating-voltage network via a transformer provided with a tap- changer, variations in the ratio between the voltage of the alternating-voltage network and the voltage of the dc link must be taken up by changes of the control angle of the con ¬ verter. This entails a undesirable increase of the reactive- power consumption of the converter and/or of the variations in this consumption. If considered necessary, these disadvantages may be counteracted or eliminated by providing the converter on its alternating-voltage side with controllable reactive- power means known per se, such as capacitors, inductors, or, for example, a combination of switchable capacitors and phase- angle controlled inductors. In those cases where an HVDC transmission according to the invention has a transformerless connection of the converter at one end of the dc link and a converter connection via a trans¬ former provided with a tap-changer at the other end of the link, it is suitable to allow the former converter to operate with a fixed control angle so chosen that the reactive-power consumption is minimized, whereby variations in the ratio between the voltages of the alternating-voltage networks are taken up by the tap-changer. It has been found that the negative influence of the HVDC transmission on the alternating-voltage network may be maintained especially low if a connection without a separate winding transformer according to the invention is provided with a control system which controls each one of the two halves of a six-pulse converter individually in such a way that the direct currents in the two dc leads of the converter are always maintained as equal as possible. An HVDC transmission between two or more geographically separated converter stations, which are interconnected by means of overhead lines or cables, may contain two or more converters connected without the use of separate winding transformers. In this case, as shown in Figure 5, each con¬ verter or converter station connected without the use of a separate winding transformer may have a zero-sequence inductor connection on its ac side. Alternatively, only one of, or certain of, the converter stations may be provided with such inductor connections. The other converter/stations connected without a separate winding transformer may then be provided with some other type of means for blocking zero-sequence currents, for example with a zero-sequence inductor connection on the dc side.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. An HVDC transmission with at least two converters (SRl, SR2) , wherein each converter is adapted for connection between a three-phase alternating-voltage network (Nl, N2) and a dc link (Ll, L2) common to the converters, and wherein at least a first converter (SRl) has ac leads (VLl) for connection of the converter to its alternating-voltage network (Nl) without the use of a separate winding transformer, characterized in that a zero-sequence inductor connection (IB) is arranged in the ac leads (VLl) of the first converter (SRl) and designed such that it exhibits a high impedance to zero-sequence currents and a low impedance to positive-sequence currents. 2. An HVDC transmission according to claim 1, characterized in that at least the first converter (SRl) , is a current-source line-commutated converter. 3. An HVDC transmission according to claim 1 or 2, which is designed as a back-to-back connection with two converters (SRl, ΞR2) which are dc-connected to each other, characterized in that each of the two converters is connected to a separate alternating-voltage network (Nl, N2) without the use of a separate winding transformer, and that only one of the converters (SRl) is provided with a zero- sequence inductor connection (IB) arranged in its ac leads (VLl) . 4. An HVDC transmission according to claim 1 or 2, which comprises a dc line (DCL) connecting at least two converters (SRl, SR2) which are geographically separated from each other, characterized in that at least one converter (SRl, SR2) connected to its alternating-voltage network (Nl, N2) without the use of a separate winding transformer is provi¬ ded with a zero-sequence inductor connection (IBl, IB2) arranged in its ac leads (VLl, VL2) . 5. An HVDC according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the converters is connected to its alternating-voltage network without the use of a separate winding transformer and via series capacitors (Cl, C2) arranged in its ac leads of the converter. 6. An HVDC transmission according to claim 5, designed as a bipolar transmission and with a converter station with two converters (SRlA, SRlB) connected to one and the same alternating-voltage network (Nl) , each of the converters being dc-connected between one of the two pole conductors (LA, LB) of the transmission and a common ground line (LG) , characterized in that each one of the two converters (e.g. SRl) is connected to the alternating-voltage network via series capacitors (ClA, ClB) arranged in the ac leads (VLl, VL2) of the converter. 7. An HVDC transmission according to claim 6, characterized in that each one of the two converters of the station is provided with a separate zero-sequence inductor connection (IBlA, IBlB) . 8. An HVDC transmission according to claim 6, characterized in that a zero-sequence inductor connection (IBl) common to the two converters of the station is arranged between the converters and the alternating-voltage network. 9. An HVDC transmission according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that current-limiting reactors (ILl, IL2) are arranged in the ac leads to at least one of the converters. 10. An HVDC transmission according to any of the preceding claims, in which each converter (SRlA, SRlB) is provided on its alternating-voltage side with harmonic filter circuits (Fl, F2) adapted for filtering of tones of the ordinal numbers 6m±l, where m is a positive integer, characterized in that the filter circuits for the converters which are connected without any separate winding transformer comprise filters for tones of the ordinal numbers 5 and 7. 11. An HVDC transmission according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the zero-sequence inductor connection (IB) has an iron core (IBC) and three windings (IBR, IBS, IBT) arranged on the core, wherein each one of the windings is arranged in one of the three ac leads (VLlR, VL1S, VLlT) to one of the converters. 12. An HVDC transmission according to claim 11, characterized in that the windings are arranged radially one outside the other. 13. An HVDC transmission according to claim 11, characterized in that each winding (e.g. IBR) has three winding sections (IBRl, IBR2, IBR3) electrically series- connected to each other, that the sections are arranged in three winding groups with each group (e.g. IBRl, IBSl, IBTl) comprising one section from each one of the three windings, that the three sections in each group are arranged radially one outside the other, and that the radial positions of the sections are permutated between the groups. 14. An HVDC transmission according to claim 13, characterized in that the winding groups are arranged one after the other along one and the same core leg. 15. An HVDC transmission according to claim 13, characterized in that the iron core (IBC) has five core legs (CLl - CL5), wherein the windings are arranged on three of the core legs (CL2 - CL4) with one of the three winding groups on each one of the three legs provided with a win¬ ding.

Inventors: BJOERKLUND PER-ERIK, BJOERKLUND, PER-ERIK
Applicants: ASEA BROWN BOVERI, BJOERKLUND PER ERIK, ASEA BROWN BOVERI AB, BJOERKLUND, PER-ERIK
Application year: 1995
Main classification: H02J3
IPC codes: H02J3, H02M1, H02M7