Apparatus for detecting and treating obstructive airway disorders

Abstract: A device for treating upper respiratory obstructions in a patient by electrical stimulation of muscles of the upper airway including surgically implanting a pressure sensor 70 or impedance sensor 170 into the patient such that the sensor is capable of providing a signal characteristic of intrathoracic pressure in the patient. The implanted sensor allows the inspiratory phase of the patient's respiratory cycle to be identified and electrical stimulation to be reliably applied during the inspiration phase.

Description: The present invention relates to medical devices which employ electrical stimulation in the treatment of obstructive airway disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea or upper airway resistance syndrome. Sleep apnea has been known for some time as a medical syndrome in two generally recognized forms. The first is central sleep apnea, which is associated with the failure of the body to automatically generate the neuromuscular stimulation necessary to initiate and control a respiratory cycle at the proper time. Work associated with employing electrical stimulation to treat this condition is discussed in Glenn, "Diaphragm Pacing: Present Status", Pace, V. I, pp 357-370 (July-September 1978). The second sleep apnea syndrome is known as obstructive sleep apnea. Ordinarily, the contraction of the dilator muscles of the upper airways (nose and pharynx) allows their patency at the time of inspiration. In obstructive sleep apnea, the obstruction of the airways results in a disequilibrium between the forces which tend to their collapse (negative inspiratory transpharyngeal pressure gradient) and those which contribute to their opening (muscle contraction). The mechanisms which underlie the triggering of obstructive apnea include a reduction in the size of the superior airways, an increase in their compliance, and a reduction in the activity of the muscle dilator. The muscle dilators are intimately linked to the respiratory muscles and these muscles respond in a similar manner to a stimulation or a depression of the respiratory center. The ventilatory fluctuations observed during sleep (alternately enhancement and depression of periodic respiration) thus favor an instability of the superior airways and the occurrence of oropharyngeal obstruction. The respiratory activation of the genioglossus has been particularly noted to be ineffective during sleep. The cardiovascular consequences of apnea include disorders of cardiac rhythm (bradycardia, auriculoventricular block, ventricular extrasystoles) and hemodynamics (pulmonary and systemic hypertension). This results, in a stimulatory metabolic and mechanical effect on the autonomic nervous system. The electroencephalographic awakening which precedes the easing of obstruction of the upper airways is responsible for the fragmentation of sleep. The syndrome is therefore associated with an increased morbidity (the consequence of diurnal hypersomnolence and cardiovascular complications). Other conditions affecting the upper airway are also known such as upper airway resistance syndrome as described in Guilleminault, C, et al, Idiopathic Hypersomnia Revisited: The Unknown Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, Sleep Res 20: 251, 1991 or vocal cord paralysis as set forth in Broniatowski, M. et al., Laryngeal Pacemaker. II. Electronic Pacing of Reinnervated Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscles in the Canine, Laryngoscope 95: 1194-98, 1985. A method for treatment of obstructive sleep-apnea syndrome and other upper airway conditions is to generate electrical signals to stimulate those nerves which activate the patient's upper airway muscles in order to maintain upper airway patency. For example, in U.S. Patent 4,830,008 to Meer, inspiratory effort is monitored and electrical signals are directed to upper airway muscles in response to the monitored inspiratory effort. Or, in U.S. Patent 5,123,425 a collar contains a sensor to monitor respiratory functioning to detect an apnea episode and an electronics module which generates electrical bursts to electrodes located on the collar. The electrical bursts are transferred transcutaneously from the electrodes to the nerves innervating the upper airway muscles. Or in U.S. Patent 5,174,287 issued to Kallok, sensors monitor the electrical activity associated with contractions of the diaphragm and also the pressure within the thorax and the upper airway. Whenever electrical activity of the diaphragm suggests that an inspiration cycle is in progress and the pressure sensors show an abnormal pressure differential across the airway, the presence of obstructive sleep apnea is assumed and electrical stimulation is applied to the musculature of the upper airway. Or, in U.S. Patent 5,178,156 issued to Wataru et al, respiration sensing includes sensors for sensing breathing through left and right nostrils and through the mouth which identifies an apnea event and thereby triggers electrical stimulation of the genioglossus. Or, in U.S. Patent 5,190,053 issued to Meer, an intra-oral, sublingual electrode is used for the electrical stimulation of the genioglossus to maintain the patency of an upper airway. Or in U.S. Patent 5,211,173 issued to Kallok et al, sensors are used to determine the effectiveness of the stimulation of the upper airway and the amplitude and pulse width of the stimulation are modified in response to the measurements from the sensors. Or in U.S. Patent 5,215,082 issued to Kallok et al, upon sensing of the onset of an apnea event, a stimulation generator provides a signal for stimulating the muscles of the upper airway at a varying intensity such that the intensity is gradually increased during the course of the stimulation. However, even with these modes of therapy there remain many practical difficulties for implementing them in a medically useful treatment system. In particular, if stimulation occurs in response to detected inspiration or to misdetected apnea events, the stimulation may make it difficult for the patient to get to sleep initially or to return to sleep after awakening. According to the Meer '008 patent, the solution to this problem is to monitor the action potentials of the upper airway muscles to determine when the patent is awake and to commence stimulation only when normal upper airway muscle activity is not detected. However, this approach presents many practical difficulties in implementation and can lead to inappropriate stimulation or failure to stimulate reliably. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an apnea treatment device which includes practical detection of respiratory effort and treatment in response to the detected respiratory effort. A device according to the present invention is defined in claim 1. A device for treating obstructive upper airway conditions in a patient by electrical stimulation of muscles of the upper airway includes means for detecting inspiratory effort and for stimulating muscles of the upper airway in response to the inspiratory effort. Such a device can be implemented in a fully implantable stimulation system. An implantable pulse generator (IPG) such as a Medtronic ITREL II Model 7424 modified to include an input from a respiratory sensor can be implanted in a patient. The Medtronic ITREL II IPG has advanced programmable features permitting mode changes by transcutaneous RF telemetry. The patient-controllable parameters of the device's operation can therefore be controlled by the patient through a small, hand-held telemetry device while the physician can preset additional operational parameters of the device through an external programmer. Of critical importance in such a system is the type and location of a respiratory sensor that will allow the device to detect and analyze the respiratory effort of the patient. It has been found that a dynamic dp/dt type of pressure sensor such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,407,296 to Anderson or U.S. Patent 4,485,813 issued to Anderson et al can be used for this purpose. This type of pressure sensor is used in the control of heart pacemakers and is known as Medtronic Model 4322. The pressure sensor is surgically implanted at the time of implantation of the IPG in a structure which has pressure coupling with the intrapleural space such as the suprasternal notch, the space between the trachea and esophagus or an intercostal placement. The suprasternal notch is one preferred location for the sensor. The suprasternal notch is a well known structure on the upper chest just above the sternum that is mechanically coupled with the intrapleural space. The pressure sensor can be implanted subcutaneously in the suprasternal notch with leads extending subcutaneously a short distance to the implanted IPG. Another preferred location for the sensor is the space between the trachea and esophagus. It is well known that the rings of cartilage do not completely encircle the trachea. The portion not encircled by cartilage provides a flexible posterior wall to the trachea. The pressure sensor can therefore be surgically implanted at the flexible posterior wall of the trachea, between the trachea and esophagus, without having the sensor invade the airway. In this position, the signal from the pressure sensor can be filtered according to conventional methods to remove short duration artifacts characteristic of activity of the esophagus (e.g. swallowing). Yet another possible location for the pressure sensor is in the venous system such as in the jugular or subclavian veins. Positioning a pressure sensor of this type in the vascular system has been disclosed in connection with the control of heart pacemakers such as in U.S. Patent 5,320,643 to Roline et al. or U.S. Patent 5,271,395 issued to Whalstrand et al. for measurement of such parameters as respiration rate, minute ventilation, and changes in ventricular blood pressure. However, when locating a pressure sensor in the venous system for measurement of respiratory effort, it should be located above the atrium. Conventional filtering of the pressure signal would be required in order to remove blood pressure-related artifacts. Inspiration-synchronous stimulation is then provided from the pulse generator through a lead to an electrode around a nerve. It has been found that an impedance sensor such as those used in measuring minute volume for control of output rate of heart pacemakers can be used to provide a respiratory effort sensor. Such sensors are disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,201,808 issued to Steinhaus, et. al. or U.S. Patent 5,271,395 issued to Wahlstrand, et. al. or U.S. Patent 4,596,251 issued to Plicchi, et. al. The impedance sensor is surgically implanted at the time of implantation of the IPG. In order to detect respiratory effort, the electrical impedance time variation of a part of the chest is determined by means of two implanted electrodes. For example, the electrodes may be subcutaneously positioned, or they may be placed on the IPG case and separated by an electrically insulating part on the same case. Therefore, one electrode can be placed in any suitable and non-critical position vis-a-vis the second electrode keeping in mind that such position has to allow the detection of geometric variations of a part of the chest barely affected by the movements of the upper limbs of the patient. One electrode can be the housing of the case and the second electrode can be a ring electrode about the lead extending to the nerve electrode assembly. To measure impedance, a current is forced between the IPG's conductive housing and the ring electrode of the stimulation lead, and the resultant voltage is measured. The DC component of the impedance signal is removed and the AC component processed into digital counts or pulses which are proportional to the change in impedance. Additional filtering of the impedance signal may also be required in order to remove physiological artifacts such as movement artifacts. Inspiration-synchronous stimulation is then provided from the pulse generator through a lead to an electrode around a nerve. A medical device which includes such pressure sensing or impedance sensing for treatment of airway conditions can be made according to the detailed description which follows. It is noted that the invention is defined in the claims. The following night contain references to examples which are not embodiments of the invention, even if differently indicated. Fig. 1 is a side sectional diagram of a patient having normal respiratory activity. Fig. 2a-c are graphs of normal respiratory waveforms (shown with full normal inspiration at the peak). Fig. 2a shows a respiratory effort waveform and indicated phases of the respiratory effort waveform. Fig. 2b shows a graph of a respiratory airflow waveform with Fig. 2c showing the corresponding respiratory effort waveform Fig. 3 is a side sectional diagram of the patient of Fig. 1 at the onset of obstructive apnea. Figs. 4a and 4b are respiratory waveforms of inspiratory effort showing normal inspiratory effort (Fig. 4a) and the change in normal inspiratory effort at the onset of an apnea event (Fig. 4b). Fig. 4c is a respiratory waveform showing respiratory airflow (as opposed to the respiratory effort waveform shown in Figs. 4a and 4b) in a patient during an apnea event. Fig. 5 is an embodiment of the invention using an implanted pulse generator and implanted intrathoracic pressure sensor. Fig. 6 is an embodiment using an implanted pulse generator and implanted impedance sensor. Fig. 7 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the apnea treatment device according to the present invention. Fig. 8 is a block diagram of the upper airway transmitter/controller of Fig. 6 as it is applied to a patient. Figs. 9a-c are waveforms showing the synchronization of stimulation from the upper airway transmitter of Fig. 7 (Fig. 9a) with the respiratory waveform from an implanted pressure sensor (Fig. 9b) and a corresponding intratracheal pressure waveform (Fig. 9c). The present invention relates to an apparatus for treatment of obstructive diseases of the upper airway by administering stimulation of the musculature of the upper airway in synchrony with the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. In Figs. 1 and 2a-c, normal respiratory activity is depicted. In Fig. 1, a patient 10 has an airway 15 which remains patent during inspiration of air 20. Fig. 2a shows a typical respiratory effort waveform for two complete respiratory cycles. Each wave of the waveform.is characterized by a negative peak 30 on completion of expiration, a positive peak 35 on completion of inspiration and a turning point 40 which indicates the onset of inspiration. Each wave of the waveform can therefore be separated into a period of respiratory pause 32, an inspiratory phase 33 and an expiratory phase 34. Other characteristics of the waveform could also be identified in connection with tracking and analyzing the respiratory waveform to monitor respiratory activity in upper airway stimulation treatment. In normal respiration, the respiratory effort waveform is related to airflow as set forth in Figs. 2b and 2c. In Fig. 2b a trace of normal respiratory airflow from a flow transducer is shown while Fig. 2c shows the corresponding trace of the normal respiratory effort which produces the airflow. In Figs. 3 and 4b, respiration in the same patient at the onset of an obstructive sleep apnea event is depicted. Fig. 3 shows the patient 10 and airway 15 with an airway obstruction 17 that is characteristic of an obstructive apnea event. Fig. 4a shows that in a normal respiratory effort waveform 43, the inspiratory peaks 45 a-d are of approximately the same amplitude. By comparison in Fig. 4b, in a waveform 47 the inspiratory peaks 50 a-d become significantly greater in amplitude at the onset of obstructive apnea than the immediately preceding inspiratory peak 52. This is reflective of the increased inspiratory effort undertaken by the patient in response to the difficulty of breathing through the obstructed airway. In the device of the present invention, the increased respiratory effort is avoided by synchronized stimulation of one or more muscles in the upper airway which hold the airway open during the inspiratory phase. The muscle or muscles stimulated can be selected from any number of muscles of the upper airway such as the genioglossus muscle which may be stimulated by a cuff electrode placed around the hypoglossal nerve. The effect of this stimulation on obstructive sleep apnea can be seen in the airflow trace of Fig. 4c. During a first period indicated as 53a, stimulation is enabled, thereby producing a normal respiratory airflow. During a second period indicated as 53b, stimulation is disabled causing obstruction of the airway and reduction in airflow volume (apnea). During a third period indicated as 53c, stimulation is resumed, restoring patency to the airway and increasing airflow volume. A device operating substantially as described above can be implemented in a fully implantable stimulation system such as that shown in Fig. 5. In Fig. 5, an implantable pulse generator 60 (e.g. a Medtronic ITREL II Model 7424 modified to include an input from a respiratory sensor) can be implanted in a patient 65 with respiratory sensing from a pressure sensor 70. The Medtronic ITREL II implantable IPG has advanced programmable features permitting mode changes by transcutaneous RF telemetry. The patient-controllable parameters of the device's operation can therefore be controlled by the patient through a small, hand-held telemetry device while the physician can preset additional operational parameters of the device through an external programmer. The pressure sensor 70 is dynamic dp/dt type of pressure sensor such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,407,296 to Anderson or U.S. Patent 4,485,813 issued to Anderson et al. The pressure sensor 70 is surgically implanted in a structure which has pressure coupling with the intrapleural space such as the suprasternal notch, the space between the trachea and esophagus, an intravascular placement or an intercostal placement. Here, it is shown implanted in the suprasternal notch shown generally by numeral 75. The suprasternal notch is a well known structure on the upper chest just above the sternum that is anatomically coupled with the intrapleural space. Inspiration-synchronous stimulation is provided from the pulse generator 60 through a lead 72 to an electrode 73 around the hypoglossal nerve 74. Another device operating substantially as described above is shown in Fig. 6. In Fig. 6, an implantable pulse generator 160 (e.g. a Medtronic ITREL II Model 7424 modified to include an input from a respiratory sensor) can be implanted in a patient 165 with respiratory sensing between an impedance measuring electrode 170 and the case 162 of the pulse generator 160. The impedance measuring electrode 170 is a ring electrode disposed about a lead 172 terminating in a stimulation electrode 173. Therefore, the surgical implantation of the stimulation electrode 173 and lead 172 also provides the implantation of one measuring electrode 170 of the impedance measuring circuit and an associated conductor 171. Inspiration-synchronous stimulation is provided from the pulse generator 160 through the lead 172 to the nerve electrode 173 around the hypoglossal nerve 174. A block diagram of the principal elements of the device is shown in Fig. 7. That device includes a controller 80 which is capable of sensing the inspiratory phase and transmitting an electrical stimulus pulse to muscles of the upper airway. A pressure sensor 85 sends respiratory waveform information to the controller 80 which sends stimulus pulses through an electrode 90 to stimulate the muscles of the patient. The electrode can be a Medtronic Model 3990 Half Cuff Nerve Electrode. A programmer 95 is capable of remote programming of controller 80 with various parameters in order to adapt the device to a particular patient. The device of Fig. 7 is therefore adapted to be programmed by the doctor and thereafter used each night by the patient to prevent the closure of the upper airway during the inspiratory phase of the respiration cycle. A programmer with basic on/off capabilities may also be provided to the patient in order to allow the patient to enable and disable the preprogrammed treatment. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the entire system must be made to be easy to use by the patient and since it is used without constant medical supervision, it must be able to safely adapt to many different operating conditions. Fig. 8 is a block diagram of the controller 80 of Fig. 7. A microprocessor 100 controls the principal operations of the controller 80. A pressure signal 89 from the pressure sensor 85 is coupled to an amplifier/filter 87 which filters artifacts from the signal 89 and an automatic gain control 88 so that it is compatible with analog or digital signal processing devices such as an analog/digital converter 91. The microprocessor 100 provides data to the D/A converter 101 and the oscillator 102 which allows the stimulus waveform to be shaped by the stimulus shaper 103 into an output signal 104. A telemetry system 105 is used with an external programmer (not shown) to communicate with the microprocessor. The pressure sensor 85 can be based on a piezoelectric crystal material which acts as a high impedance voltage source in response to deflections of a diaphragm to which it is rigidly attached. Additional electrical components can be included in the sensor; in the IPG and/or in the lead such that the necessary interfacing, signal recovery, and sensor excitation are accomplished. Such a piezoelectric crystal is a device producing a voltage proportional to the rate of mechanical deflection applied to a diaphragm membrane by a physiologic force. It therefore responds to changes in pressure, not to absolute pressure. In operation, a current is provided from the IPG to the lead system which produces an excitation of the sensor. A signal is then recovered from the sensor. The sensor is sampled at a predetermined time interval which produces a waveform corresponding to the mechanically applied physiological signal. When this pressure sensor is implanted in the suprasternal notch, intrathoracic pressure is negative during the inspiratory phase of respiration so that the sensor output is preferably inverted such that inspiration yields a positive-going voltage. At the time a pressure reading is to be taken, the pulse generator biases the sensor at a current between about 8 µA and 80 µA depending on the output signal required. Since the piezoelectric element of the sensor will only respond to changes in pressure, constant pressure will result in the sensor output returning to a baseline value. Sensitivity of a pressure sensor of this type is about 3 mV/mmHg. The desired operational range for a pressure sensor is generally between about 1 cmH 2 O and 15 cmH 2 O (i.e. about 3 mV to 60 mV output range) with nominal peak-to-peak values for sensed output of about 5 cmH 2 O (i.e. about 21 mV peak-to-peak centered around a baseline value). The IPG preferably includes an automatic gain/sensitivity control of conventional design to adapt to varying respiration levels and also to patient-to-patient pressure level variability. The microprocessor 100 identifies the inspiration phase of the respiratory effort waveform from the digitized amplitude values from the pressure sensor so that the system can supply a shaped stimulus burst for the duration of that phase at the electrode 90. The onset of inspiration is characterized as a sustained increase in slope of the pressure waveform greater than a preset threshold but less than a maximum slope value. Generally, an inspiratory turn point would be indicated by an increase in the pressure signal amplitude of between about 1.5X and 5X over two sample periods about 40 to 100 ms apart. The peak amplitude of the pressure signal indicates the end of inspiration and the onset of expiration. Generally, an inspiratory peak is detected if a negative slope for the pressure waveform is identified and sustained over three consecutive sample periods (i.e. over about 60 to 150 ms). Alternatively, an analog derivative of the respiration pressure signal can be used to determine onset and offset of inspiration. In the analog mode of operation, the pressure sensor output can be processed by the IPG to derive a time derivative of the fluid pressure applied to the pressure sensor. A baseline value for the signal is then established by averaging about 10 consecutive voltage measurements. If the average is above the previous baseline by a predetermined voltage, then the baseline is reset to the average value. Once a valid baseline voltage has been established, a threshold voltage is established from the baseline voltage (e.g. baseline voltage minus a constant) that corresponds to the onset of inspiration. When the threshold voltage is achieved by the signal from the sensor, stimulation is enabled. In order to prevent false-positive indications of inspiratory onset, the signal voltage may be averaged and then compared with the threshold voltage. Inspiratory offset may be found in a similar manner by computing a second threshold voltage (i.e. a negative voltage characteristic of the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle) and identifying the point at which the second threshold is achieved. Figs. 9a-c indicate the basic mode of operation for the system. The patient's respiratory signal 110 derived from implanted pressure sensor is monitored and the inspiratory phase 112 of the signal 110 is identified from a waveform analysis which finds the turning point 113 and the inspiratory peak 114. This respiratory signal 110 can be seen to correspond closely with measured intratracheal pressure 111 in indicating the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. The system then provides a stimulus burst to the appropriate upper airway musculature which is synchronized with the inspiratory phase 112. The shape of the stimulus burst is indicated as a stimulus window 115 which includes a peak amplitude 117 which is specifically set by the physician at a level required by the patient. A ramp gradually increasing the stimulus during a rise time and a ramp gradually decreasing the stimulus during a fall time may also be provided if desired. Ideally, the stimulus would have a starting point 123 at the same time as the turning point 113 and continue to an end point 125 that is exactly at the inspiratory peak 114. However, due to the fact that there is always uncertainty as to whether the inspiratory peak 114 has been reached or whether the amplitude of the signal will continue to increase, the end point 125 for the stimulus window 115 may be delayed until the system clearly identifies the peak by seeing that the signal 110 is on a downward trend. Thus, the end point 125 may occur slightly after the inspiratory peak 114. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while the invention has been described above in connection with particular embodiments and examples, the invention is not necessarily so limited and that numerous other embodiments, examples, uses, modifications and departures from the embodiments, examples and uses may be made within the scope of the claims.

Claims: A medical device for treating upper airway obstruction in a patient by electrical stimulation of muscles of the upper airway comprising: an implantable pressure sensor (70) adapted to be surgically implanted into the patient, said pressure sensor providing a signal indicative of changes in intrathoracic pressure in the patient with respect to time; characterised in that said pressure sensor (70) is a dynamic dp/dt sensor measuring changes in pressure with respect to time and is adapted to be implanted in the suprasternal notch, the space between the trachea and esophagus, an intravascular placement or an intercostal placement, so as to have a pressure coupling with the intrapleural space; and further comprising means (80) associated with said pressure sensor (70) for monitoring the signal of the implanted pressure sensor for a change with respect to time in the range of 1.5X to 5X over an interval of 40 to 100 ms, this change being indicative of onset of inspiration of the patient; and means (60) associated with said monitoring means for applying the electrical stimulation upon detection of onset of inspiration from the monitoring means (80), the electrical stimulation applied at a level which restores patency in the airway. The device of claim 1, also comprising threshold means associated with said monitoring means and said stimulation means for setting a threshold value for the monitored signal. The device of claim 2 wherein the threshold means comprises: (a) means associated with said monitoring means for determining a baseline average value for the monitored signal; (b) means associated with said baseline determining means for determining a threshold value as a function of the baseline average value. The device of any preceding claim also comprising means associated with said monitoring means for digitizing the monitored signal.

Inventors: TESTERMAN ROY L, TESTERMAN, ROY L.
Applicants: MEDTRONIC INC, MEDTRONIC, INC.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: A61N1
IPC codes: A61N1, A61M16