MICROORGANISMS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES

Abstract: The present invention relates to biological control of plant diseases and concerns new microorganisms belonging to the genus Nectria, as well as their use for controlling fungal infections in plants. The invention concerns also compositions comprising new strains of the genus Nectria and their use to said purpose. The invention provides also a method for screening effective control organisms from microbial strains isolated from soil.

Description: Microorganisms for biological control of plant diseases Field of the invention The present invention relates to biological control of plant diseases and concerns specifically new microorganisms belonging to the genus Nectria, as well as their use for controlling fungal infections in plants. The invention concerns also compositions comprising new strains of the genus Nectria and their use to said purpose. The invention provides also a method for screening effective control organisms from microbial strains isolated from soil. Background of the invention Agricultural crops are afflicted with various fungal, bacterial and viral diseases as well as a number of insect pests. Many cultivation technical, chemical and biological control methods have been developed in order to control these. The purpose of such methods is to prevent the quali¬ tative and quantitative crop losses caused by plant di¬ seases and other pests. In general the term biological control of plant diseases means the control of plant pathogens by other organisms, which can be called biological control agents (BCA). Pro¬ ducts developed of BCA's are often called biopesticides. The mechanisms of the biological control of plant diseases do vary, and the effect is often based on the cooperative action of many different mechanisms. The control effect may be based on inhibitory metabolites produced by the control agent, sometimes it can parasitize the pathogen or compete with it for space and/or nutrients available. The need of discovering new biological control agents has been increased by the fact that many of the traditional chemical control agents has turned out to be deleterious to the environment and human beings. A disadvantage of the chemicals is also the fact that many pests have become resistant to one or even a number of control agents. The development of resistance to biopesticides is instead improbable because the effect thereof is based on a number of mechanisms of different types. The chemicals usually effect faster and more effectively than biopesticides. Biopesticides for their part are often longer-acting than chemicals as their effect is based on a viable and reprodu- cible microorganism. The most important group of biopesticides are bacterial products directed against insects. Bioinsecticides based on the bacterium Bacillus thuringienεis are the most commonly used. A biofungicide based on the actinomycete Streptomyces being effective against a number of soil-borne and seed- borne fungal diseases of plants is produced in Finland. A product which is able to prevent the spreading of Fomes root rot (caused by eterobaεidion annosum ) in coniferous forests has been developed from a harmless wood rotting fungus Phlebia gigantea. Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, especially of the spe¬ cies Pseudomonas fluorescens have been studied a lot and nowadays a great amount of P. fluorescens strains are known which have fungicidic activity. See e.g. published patent applications WO 92/18613, Fl 92 1722 and WO 90/01327, as well as EP-patent 228 457. While searching microorganisms suitable for biological control great amounts of microbial strains are usually screened for control activity or another certain property. Some screening methods have been described in patent publi¬ cations. In US-patent 4,647,533 a three-step screening method is described where bacteria are first isolated from soil which contains plenty of spores of the deleterious fungus Pyt¬ hium. In the second step the isolated bacteria are screened in a greenhouse by growing cereal seeds in soil containing a great amount of Pythiυm spores with suspension of each bacterium to be tested and (the control test) without it, and from this test those bacteria are selected in the presence of which the plants develop biggest leaves and grow also otherwise tallest. In the third step the selected bacteria are further selected in field in a similar test than the greenhouse test. Also at this step those bacteria are selected in the presence of which the plants grow best. In the Fl patent application No. 92 1722 on the other hand the following process is used. First the mycelia of a Pyt- hium strain is grown on a suitable growth medium, on the mycelia a layer of sterile soil is set, to which the mic¬ roorganism to be tested is added, and its effect on the growth of Pythium is evaluated. At the second stage a soil sample is inoculated by a Pythium strain causing damping- off, a seed of a plant sensible to the fungal infection is sown in soil and the effect of the test organism on plant growth is determined. To the further tests those substances are selected which are inhibitory to Pythium in both of the above mentioned tests. Summary of the invention The present invention relates to a microorganism of the genus Nectria, i.e. Nectria pityrodes Montagne, which was found to be very active especially against Fusariuzn fungi. The invention relates further to a biofungicidal composi- tion prepared of the microbial strain which comprises as an active ingredient the above mentioned fungal strains belon- ging to the genus Nectria and optionally additives or car¬ riers conventional in the art as an appropriate formulati¬ on. Examples of such formulations are compositions suitable for seed dressing, powdered or granular compositions to be spread on growth substrates or liquid formulations to treat the soil. The present invention also provides a new and efficient screening procedure of fungal strains, in which a three- step test sequence is used, comprising a sand, peat and field soil test. In each test step the fungal strains which appear to be inefficient are eliminated from further tests. The fungal strains shown to be the very best in the green¬ house are then brought to the screening tests in field conditions. Brief description of the drawings Fig. 1. The dose response experiment with J76 in the summer -92. The percentage of diseased sprouts using seed inoculated with the fungus F. culmo- rum. K = Not treated, B = Baytan dressing, J76-0 = spore suspension of J76, 1.2 x 10 7 cfu/ml J76-1 = spore suspension of J76, 1.2 x 10 6 cfu/ml J76-2 = spore suspension of J76, 1.2 x 10 5 cfu/ml J76-3 = spore suspension of J76, 1.2 x 10 4 cfu/ml Fig. 2. The dose response experiment with J76 in the summer -92. The percentage of diseased sprouts when using healthy seed. The abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Figs. 3a Histograms representing the effect of the to 3d. fungal isolates rejected at the different sta¬ ges of the greenhouse tests on the health of the sprouts in field conditions. K = Not trea- ted, B = Baytan I dressing. Detailed description of the invention Below the fungal strains of the invention are described in detail. Their isolation and characterization, and testing of their effectiveness in field conditions are reported. Further are described the formulation of the biofungicidal compositions formed of these strains, the characteristics of the compositions and effectiveness tests with these compositions. A method for screening the fungal strains isolated from soil samples is also described. Isolation of the microorganisms The soil samples, from where the fungal strains of the invention have been isolated, were collected in years -89, -90 and -91, alltogether about 190. The samples were col¬ lected from different parts of Finland, mainly from the research stations of MTT (Agricultural Research Centre), from different soil types and different crop rotations. The samples were taken from the root layer (0-15 cm depth). Several subsamples were taken from each field, which were pooled to samples of 1 to 2 litres. The isolations were made either by a dilution method (soil isolations) or a bait plant method (root isolations), the performance of which are described in detail hereinafter in the section Methods. Characterization of the microorganisms The fungal strains isolated from the soil samples were tested with the screening method of the invention, which is described hereinafter in the section Methods. Then five strains were found, which gave very good results. The strains, which were named J76, J1431, J1432, M0S1 and R0S2, where characterized at Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultu- res, Baarn, Netherlands. These strains have been deposited according to the Budapest Treaty to the DSM depository (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH) by deposit numbers DSM 7522 (March 15, 1993), DSM 8805 (December 10, 1993), DSM 8806 (Dec. 10, 1993), DSM 8807 (Dec. 10, 1993) and DSM 8808 (Dec. 10, 1993), respec- tively. The morphological characteristics of the microorganisms are the following: Morphology: Sporodochia without marginal sterile hyphae. Conidiophores branched repeatedly, with several branches arising at each node. Ultimate branches bear whorls of phialides arranged in a palisade-like layer. Phialides cylindric, up to 15 μm long, with an apical pore. Conidia produced in chains or slimy balls, ellipsoidal to droplike with a short hilum, 7-8 x 4 μm, smooth-walled, without appendage. Colony habit: Colony on oatflake-agar growing to a diameter of 40 mm at 22 °C in 7 days; mycelium hyaline, sporulating areas pustulate sporodochial, green, arranged in concentric rings. Odour not prominent, colony reverse colourless, exudate limited, clear. The conidiophore structure of J76 strain is similar to that of Myrothecium verrucaria, but it differs from this species by the production of non-marginate sporodochia, conidia in dry chains and without the typical fan-like appendage. The representatives of the genus Gliocladium differ from the new strains in that it is typical for Gliocladium to produce individual penicillate conidiophores. The strains J76, J1431, J1432, MOS1 and ROS2 were thus identified as the species Nectria pityrodes Montagne. From these strains non-perishable formulations can be prepared, which are easy to spread onto plantations which require disease control. A formulation can be produced e.g. in the form of powder. Cultivation of a microbe can be started from an inoculum, which is a PDA pellet including spores, and which has been kept at -80 °C. The microbe can be cultivated either as a liquid culture or on a solid support. The nutrient medium comprises sugar, e.g. sucrose, and nitrogen as well as small amounts of other nutrients. In the cultivations non-specific nutrient media can be used, e.g. Corn Steep Liquor (CSL), or specific nutrient media, e.g. GYM (glucose 4 g/1, yeast extract 4 g/1, malt extract 10 g/1) or PDB (potato-dextrose-broth). pH is about 6.0, it is adjusted in the beginning before sterilization. The cultivation is performed shaking from one week to two weeks. The cell mass can be separated from the broth either by filtering through filter paper or by centrifuging. If liquid cultivation is used, to the cell mass a carrier is mixed, e.g. silica, milk powder and/or CMC (carboxymethyl- cellulose). The mass is dried at room temperature and milled to powder. Methods Isolations of the microbes: a) Dilution method (soil isolations) 10 g of soil was mixed to 100 ml of 0.5% water agar (Bacto- agar). Three 10 ml subsamples were taken from the mixture and from each of them two dilutions (10 "1 and 10" 2 ) were made into 0.5% water agar. The dilutions were shaken (in water bath) in a shaker from 20 to 30 min. 1 ml of the dilution was pipetted on an empty petri dish and 20 ml of Littman Oxgall Agar (LOA) was poured on. The dishes were incubated at room temperature for 3-7 days and individual fungi were then isolated into pure cultures on PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). b) Bait plant method (root isolations) 15 pots in a serial pot plate (Vefi-VP 96 serial pot plate with 50 ml pots) were filled with soil from one sample. Four seeds of wheat, four of barley or about 15 of turnip rape were sown into one pot and five pots were used for each of the plant species. The seeds were covered with sand and the pots were watered and incubated in a growth chamber at +15 °C with a 14 h daylength. After two weeks of culti¬ vation the plants were picked up and washed in running water or cleaned up with a brush without water. From the roots small pieces were cut and they were put on plates. The media used: LOA (10 g peptone, 10 g dextrose, 15 g Bacto-Oxgall, 0.01 g B-chrystal violet, 0.03 g strepto¬ mycin, 20 g agar, ad. 1000 ml water), PCNB (15 g peptone, 1 g KH 2 P0 4 , 0.5 g MgS0 4 .7H 2 0, 2 g Avicol, 3 ppm streptomy¬ cin, 20 g agar, ad. 1000 ml water) and PDA-Streptomycin (39 g PDA-preparation, 300 ppm streptomycin, ad. 1000 ml wa¬ ter). After a few days of incubation single fungi were isolated and subcultured onto PDA plates. The strains were stored on PDA pellets in ampoules (Nalgene 5000-0012, PP Sterile 1.2 ml) at -80 °C. Performance of the green house tests of the screening method Sand test Seeds of a cereal are sown on a sand layer. First mycelia and spores of the pathogen and then spores of the test fun- gus are pipetted in a water suspension on the seeds and to the growth substrate, whereafter the seeds are covered by sand. After two and a half weeks the intensity of the disease symptoms of the sprouts are examined. From further experiments those fungi are rejected which do not affect the intensity of the disease or which prove to be patho¬ genic themselves. Peat test A seed of a cereal is wetted in a spore suspension of a pathogen, and dried. After this the seed is wetted with the spore suspension of the test fungus, dried and sown. Stea¬ med peat is used as growth substrate. After two and a half weeks of cultivation observations on the health of the sprouts are made. Fungal strains which clearly prevent the disease, are taken to the field soil test. Field soil tests Grounded and wetted field soil is put in 1.5 1 pots and 36 cereal seeds are sown into each pot. The seed treatments before sowing are made as in the peat test, and three replicate pots are used for each treatment. The symptoms of the sprouts are examined after four weeks of cultivation. Strains which are found good in these tests are taken to the field tests, which give the final certainty of the bio- pesticidal effect of the microbial isolates selected. Pathogenicity of the fungal strains Possible detrimental effects of the J76 fungal strain have been tentatively examined. Results got so far show that the fungus is not pathogenic to plants. There were 33 plant species tested. EXPERIMENTAL The following experiments illustrate the utilization of the invention. In item (A) the use of spore suspensions of Nectria pityrodes strains J76, J1431, J1432, M0S1 and R0S2 of the invention, for controlling plant diseases caused mainly by Fusarium spp. is described. In item (B) the preparation and use of the formulations made from these strains are described, in item (C) the experiments are described, by which the mode of action by the J76 fungal strain was examined, and in item (D) the performance and evaluating of the screening method of the invention is described. (A) USE OF THE FUNGAL STRAINS AS SPORE SUSPENSIONS Experiments with spore suspension of the strain J76 In the summer -92 the effect of the spore suspension of the strain J76 was examined in three test places. In the tests two different seeds were used: wheat artificially inocula¬ ted with Fuεarium culmorum and barley naturally infected by F. nivale. The results of wheat tests are given in Table 1. The yield results by artificially inoculated wheat are given in Table 2. The sprout observations with barley are given in Table 3. The disease had no statistically significant effect on the yield of barley. TABLE 1. The three test place experiments in the sum¬ mer -92 with artificially inoculated wheat. Emergence and disease rate of the sprouts. treatment sprouts - disease number/ rate - rowmeter percentage of severely diseased sprouts JOKIOINEN: healthy seeds 50 5.2 untreated 11 48 Baytan-dressing 45 10 J76 47 7.2 MIETOINEN: healthy seeds 45 7.3 untreated 10 42 Baytan-dressing 39 3.8 J76 33 13 PALKANE: healthy seeds 50 3.0 untreated 15 57 Baytan-dressing 51 24 J76 45 11 TABLE 2. The three test place experiment in the summer -92 with artificially inoculated wheat. Yield results (kg/ha) . treatment JOKIOINEN MIETOINEN PALKANE healthy seeds 3650 3190 5290 untreated 1830 1690 1950 Baytan-dressing 3270 3190 4940 J76 3530 2950 4900 TABLE 3. The three test place experiment in the summer -92 with naturally infected (F. nivale ) barley. Emergence and disease rate of sprouts. treatment sprouts - disease number/ rate - rowmeter percentage of severely diseased sprouts JOKIOINEN: untreated 39 7.7 Baytan-dressing 40 1.2 J76 40 0.9 MIETOINEN: untreated 42 7.4 Baytan-dressing 42 1.4 J76 43 2.8 PALKANE: untreated 42 26 Baytan-dressing 42 9.4 J76 44 6.3 The dose response test of the strain J76 in the summer -92 As J76 showed really good results in the sprout observa¬ tions in the beginning of summer -92, the effect of its application rate on the control effect was tested in an experiment, which was sown just prior the midsummer. Both healthy wheat seed and seed artificially inoculated with Fusarium culmorum were used. Small 2 m 2 plots were used in the experiment. Emergence and disease symptoms on the sprouts were observed. The sprout samples for the disease follow-up were collected at four different points of time. The samples for each treatment were taken from four plots sown separately for each samp- ling time. The observed amounts of the sprouts are given in Table 4 and the percentages of the diseased sprouts are given in Table 5 separately for diseased and healthy seed. The data of Table 5 are shown graphically in Figures 1 and 2. TABLE 4. The dose response experiment for J76 in the summer -92. Emergence. treatment sprouts number/rowmet r Seeds infected with Fusarium Untreated 18 Baytan-dressing 57 J76 spore suspension (1.2 x 10 7 cfu/ml) 74 J76 spore suspension (1.2 10 6 cfu/ml) 58 J76 spore suspension (1.2 10 5 cfu/ml) 51 J76 spore suspension (1.2 10 4 cfu/ml) 20 Healthy seeds: Untreated 71 Baytan-dressing 66 J76 spore suspension (1.2 x 10 7 cfu/ml) 80 TABLE 5. The dose response experiment for J76 in the summer -92. Percentage of diseased sprouts with seed inoculated with F. culzπorum, and healthy seed. Abbreviations as in Fig. 2. treatment days from emergence 10 17 30 44 Fusarium-infected seed: K 75.4 82.8 79.5 85.1 B 15.9 60.9 65.3 78.2 J76-0 10.1 50.0 66.6 70.3 J76-1 23.1 51.8 55.5 62.9 J76-2 36.4 64.7 76.0 78.0 J76-3 68.6 72.8 77.1 76.2 healthy seed: K 54.7 71.8 67.7 85.1 B 8.4 50.4 58.3 73.6 J76-0 14.3 48.0 69.9 73.8 Field trials with J76 spore suspension in the summer -93 The trials were carried out in Jokioinen, Mietoinen and Palkane. In the trials six seed samples were used: 'Luja' wheat, naturally infected by the fungus F. culmorum 'Luja' wheat, artificially inoculated with the fungus F. culmorum 'Luja' wheat, healthy 1 Laari' wheat, healthy 'Kustaa' barley, naturally infected by various Fusarium fungi and the fungus Bipolar is sorokiniana - 'Yty' oat, naturally infected by the fungus F. avena- ceum Healthy wheat samples were sown only in Jokioinen, for the other four seed samples trials were carried out in each three test locations. For the trials 10 m 2 plots were sown with six replications per treatment. The seed treatments were the same for each of the seed samples: K = untreated control B = chemical control, Baytan I dressing J76S = J76 spore suspension from a plate culture (8.4 x 10 9 cfu/kg seeds) In Table 6 the intensity of the disease damages is given separately for each treatment and seed sample. The yield results are summarized in Table 7. TABLE 6. Field trial with J76 spore suspension, -93. Percentage of severely diseased sprouts. BARLEY OAT NAT. ARTIF. HEALTHY HEALTHY INF. INOCUL. 'LUJA' 'LAARI ' WHEAT WHEAT JOKIOINEN K 6.0 10.1 7.4 34.2 20.6 5.7 B 0.9 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.4 0.7 J76S 0.9 1.4 0.7 1.0 3.3 5.7 MIETOINEN K 12.8 3.5 20.4 72.0 B 1.3 0.6 5.7 6.6 J76S 5.4 0 7.1 7.3 PALKANE K 9.6 7.4 10.9 26.9 B 2.5 3.3 2.1 0.6 J76S 2.4 3.6 2.3 0 TABLE 7. Yield results from field trials of J76 spore suspension -93. (kg/ha) BARLEY OAT NAT. ARTIF. HEALTHY HEALTHY INF. INOCUL. 'LUJA' 'LAARI ' WHEAT WHEAT JOKIOINEN K 7460 6650 6060 2950 6100 6360 B 7500 6790 5870 5690 5940 6060 J76S 7840 6650 6050 6040 6150 6570 MIETOINEN K 5900 5780 4920 3890 B 6070 5200 4910 4990 J76S 6120 5440 4670 4810 PALKANE K 4670 5560 3630 2950 B 4550 5200 4190 4000 J76S 4710 5430 3710 3650 Testing of J76 against bunt of wheat and foot rot of barley In the summer -93, J76 was included in a field trial, where nine chemical fungicides used for dressing of cereal seeds were tested against bunt of wheat (caused by Tilletia carieε ) . J76 was applied as conidial suspensions and the chemicals according to their instructions of use. 0.1 m 2 plots and five replications were used. (Table 8). TABLE 8. The effect of the dressing treatments in the bunt of wheat trial. CONTROL EFFICACY (%) (= decrease in the amount of infected ears) TREATMENT Tayssato S liquid 78 Baytan WS 100 Beret 050 100 Fungazil C 100 Panoctine 35 100 Raxil I powder 100 Raxil I liquid 100 Prelude LS 100 Vitavax 200 FF 100 J76 85 In Baytan the active ingredient is triadimenol. Baytan I is a mixture which includes triadimenol and imazalil. Tayssato S comprises carboxin and imazalil. The active ingredient in Panoctine is guazatine. The treatment of the seeds with J76 spores was also inclu¬ ded in a field trial, in which chemical control agents were tested against foot rot (Bipolariε εordkiniana ) of barley. In the trial 10 m 2 plots and four replications were used. No differences were found in emerging between different treatments. J76 reduced clearly the symptoms (Table 9), although the pathogen is very much different as compared to the Fusarium fungi against which it is selected. TABLE 9. The effect of the dressing treatments against the foot rot of barley. CONTROL EFFICACY (%) (= decrease in the amount of diseased sprouts) TREATMENT Prelude LS 85 Dividend 37.5 (400 ml) 84 Dividend 37.5 (200 ml) 81 Baytan I 81 Beret Special (400 ml) 74 Raxil I powder 70 Tayssato S liquid 66 Panoctine Plus 66 Fungazil C 66 Beret Special (200 ml) 65 Raxil I liquid 64 Beret FS 050 49 PNL 210 39 J76 69 (B) FORMULATIONS PREPARED FROM THE FUNGAL STRAINS, AND THEIR EFFECT IN FIELD TRIALS The powder formulations from the J76 fungal strain was prepared as follows: Formulation 1 The cultivation was carried out in 1 1 erlenmeyer bottle having 0.5 1 of nutrient medium, which included sucrose 4 g/1, yeast extract 4 g/1 and malt extract 10 g/1. pH was adjusted before sterilization in autoclave to 6.0. As an inoculum an agar pellet including spores was used which had been stored at -80 °C (Potato dextrose agar medium). The speed of revolution of the shaker was 150 rpm, growth temperature was the room temperature (22 °C) and cultivati¬ on time 7 to 12 days. The cells were separated by filtering on filter paper. To the cell mass silica, milk powder and CMC (carboxymethylcellulose) were mixed as follows: cells 20 %, silica 55 %, milk powder 15 %, CMC (water soln 7%) 10 %. The mixture was dried at room temperature on open petri dishes in sterile air for 2 days. The thickness of the layer was 1-2 cm. The dried mixture was ground to powder. The viability of the formulation was 10 7 cfu/g. (cfu = colony forming units) . cfu (colony forming units) is a unit which is used in the viability determination of microbes. The diluted microbe suspension is spread on agar plates and colonies are coun¬ ted after a few days. When the dilution is known, the amount of colonies or the amount of microbial cells in the original sample can be counted. Formulation 2 Cells were cultivated similarly as for Formulation 1, whereafter silica, milk powder, CMC and ascorbic acid were mixed with the cell mass as follows: cells 60 %, silica 20 %, milk powder 14 %, CMC (7%) 3 %, ascorbic acid 3 %. The mixture was dried in the same way as Formulation 1 and ground to powder. Viability 10 7 cfu/g. Formulation 3 Cells were cultivated similarly as for Formulation 1, whereafter sucrose and starch were mixed with the cell mass as follows: cells 20 % sucrose 25 % starch 55 %. The mixture was dried in the same way as Formulation 1 and ground to powder. Viability 10 7 cfu/g. Formulation 4 J76 strain was cultivated directly on a solid medium inclu- ding silica carrier. For the nutrient broth 8% malt extract (Maltax MP10, Lahden Polttimo) was used. 120 g of nutrient broth was mixed in a beaker with 50 grams of silica powder and autoclaved for 20 min at 120 °C. The cooled medium was inoculated with 10 grams of J76 spore suspension, which was obtained by scraping the spores from a PDA plate into sterile water. The medium was incubated for 20 days at 16 °C, whereafter it was dried at room temperature for 2 days. The viability of the dried preparation was 10 7 cfu/g. The rest of the strains of the invention can be formulated similarly. The effect of the powder formulations in field trials In the following the trials carried out by the Institute of Plant Protection at the Agricultural Research Centre of Finland in the summer -93 with the powder formulation of strain J76 are described. The trials were carried out in MTT (Agricultural Research Centre) in Jokioinen, Mietoinen and Palkane. In the trials six seed samples were used: - 'Luja' wheat, naturally infected by the fungus F. culmorum 'Luja' wheat, artificially inoculated with the fungus F . culmorum 'Luja' wheat, healthy - 'Laari'wheat, healthy 'Kustaa' barley, naturally infected by various Fuεarium fungi and the fungus Bipolar is sorόkiniana 'Yty' oat, naturally infected by the fungus F. avena- ceum Healthy wheat samples were sown only in Jokioinen, for the other four seed samples trials were carried out in each three test places. For the trials 10 m 2 plots were sown with six replications per treatment. The seed treatments were the same for each of the seed samples: K untreated control B chemical control, Baytan I dressing J76PK = J76 powder as dry dressing (8.4 x 10 8 cfu/kg the greatest amount taken up by the seeds) J76PN = J76 powder as liquid dressing (8.4 x 10 8 cfu/kg) In Table 10 the intensity of the disease damages is given separately for each treatment and seed sample. The yield results are summarized in Table 11. TABLE 10. Field trials with J76 powder in -93, Percentage of severely diseased sprouts. BARLEY OAT NAT. ARTIF. HEALTHY HEALTHY INF. INOCUL. 'LUJA' 'LAARI ' WHEAT WHEAT JOKIOINEN K 6.0 10.1 7.4 34.2 20.6 5.7 B 0.9 2.0 2.1 1.0 1.4 0.7 J76PK 2.2 1.5 2.7 7.0 6.2 2.8 J76PN 1.2 1.9 3.9 1.3 5.7 4.6 MIETOINEN K 12.8 3.5 20.4 72.0 B 1.3 0.6 5.7 6.6 J76PK 10.1 0 17.2 42.5 J76PN 9.1 0.3 13.7 14.3 PALKANE K 9.6 7.4 10.9 26.9 B 2.5 3.3 2.1 0.6 J76PK 5.3 2.6 4.8 6.1 J76PN 3.9 3.8 3.9 2.7 TABLE 11. The yield results of the field trials of J76 powder in -93. BARLEY OAT NAT. ARTIF. HEALTHY HEALTHY INF. INOCUL. 'LUJA' 'LAARI' WHEAT WHEAT JOKIOINEN K 7460 6650 6060 2950 6100 6360 B 7500 6790 5870 5690 5940 6060 J76PK 7610 6940 6060 5140 6400 6320 J76PN 7610 6970 6040 6020 6000 6400 K 5900 5780 4920 3890 B 6070 5200 4910 4990 J76PK 6000 5670 4770 4620 J76PN 6110 5760 4790 4950 PALKANE K 4670 5560 3630 2950 B 4550 5200 4190 4000 J76PK 4730 5560 3600 3390 J76PN 4870 5470 3660 3760 In addition, the control effect of different formulations prepared from J76 strain against various fungi were tested in the year -93. The results of these experiments are given in Tables 12 to 18. TABLE 12. The control effect of J76 in sand soil inocula¬ ted by the fungus Gaeum_-ni-θ_πyces on Polkka wheat. Pot test, sheltered. KF = solid phase preparation (Formulation 4) Disease index: 0 healthy 1 slightly diseased 2 strongly diseased 3 unemerged TABLE 13. Control effect of J76 preparations against the fungus Fusarium culmorum on Polkka wheat. Pot test, peat as substrate. KF = grown at solid phase (Formulation 4), R = shake cultivation in liquid (Formulation 1), M = microbe as such from agar culture. Treatment Emer¬ Percen¬ Disease Fresh gence tage of index weight percen¬ fully (0-3) g/rep- tage healthy licat. Healthy 91 84 0.37 16.2 Disease control 30 5 2.54 4.5 J76 KF 40/931 li¬ 72 44 1.17 14.0 quid dressing 10 6 cfu/ml J76 R 10/2 C li¬ 71 49 1.21 13.0 quid dressing 10 6 cfu/ml J76 M 10 6 cfu/ml 76 58 0.99 14.8 Disease index: 0 healthy 1 slightly diseased 2 strongly diseased 3 unemergeded TABLE 14. The effect of J76 against the fungus Pythium on cucumber. Results as mean values of three pot tests (pH 6.2, pH 6.9 and pH 7.4). Treatment Percenta¬ Disease Fresh ge of index weight living (0-2) g/replica- seedlings tion Healthy 98 0.04 12.1 Disease control 47 0.63 5.4 J76 liquid dressing 58 0.52 6.9 10 6 cfu/ml Disease index: 0 healthy 1 dead 2 unemerged TABLE 15. The control effect of J76 fungal strain on cauliflower in sand soil contaminated by the fungus Rhizoctonia εolani . Pot test in green¬ house. Treatment Percen¬ Percen¬ Fresh weight tage of tage of emergen¬ fully g/repli- g/sprout ce healthy cation Untreated 92.7 52.0 21.7 0.79 J76 liquid 94.7 72.0 24.1 0.84 dressing 10 7 cfu/ml TABLE 16. The control effect of J76 fungal strain on 'Kustaa' barley in sand soil inoculated by the fungus Fusarium nivale . Pot test outdoors, sheltered. Treatment Emergen¬ Percen¬ Disease Fresh ce per¬ tage of index weight centage fully (0-3) g/repli- healthy cation Healthy 93.3 37.3 0.91 8.9 Disease control 73.3 29.3 1.43 7.8 J76 KF liquid 80.0 52.0 0.91 9.7 dressing 10 6 cfu/ml J76 liquid 81.3 52.0 0.93 10.3 dressing 10 6 cfu/ml Disease index: 0 healthy 1 slightly diseased 2 strongly diseased 3 unemerged TABLE 17. The control effect of J76 fungal strain against the fungus Rltemaria braεεicicola on cauliflo¬ wer. Results are mean values of experiments at three different temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C ja 25 °C). Disease index: 0 healthy 1 slightly diseased 2 strongly diseased 3 dead or unemerged The results of the experiments on the control effect of the five Nectria pityrodeε strains of the invention (J76, J1431, J1432, M0S1 and R0S2) on Fusarium culmorum on wheat are represented in Table 18. The results are given as mean values of two experiments, in one of which peat was used as substrate and in the other field soil. TABLE 18. The control effect of five Nectria pityrodes strains (J76, J1431, J1432, M0S1 and R0S2) against the fungus Fusarium culmorum on wheat. The results are given as mean values of two pot tests (peat and field soil). Treatment Percent¬ Disease Fresh age of index weight fully (0-3) (g/rep- healthy licat. ) Disease control 23 2.06 3.0 J76 liquid dressing 10 7 73 0.66 8.0 cfu/ml J1431 liquid dressing 10 7 80 0.51 8.5 cfu/ml J1432 liquid dressing 10 7 72 0.78 8.0 cfu/ml MOSl liquid dressing 10 7 76 0.66 8.8 cfu/ml R0S2 liquid dressing 10 7 76 0.66 8.3 cfu/ml Disease index: 0 healthy 1 slightly diseased 2 strongly diseased 3 unemerged (C) MODE OF ACTION BY J76 Preliminary observations of the ways by which J76 acts as an antagonist of other fungi, have been made by microscope and in some laboratory tests. As the interactions of the hyphae of J76 and the fungus F. culmorum are observed in a microscope, the first distinct reactions can be found to be very fast. At the points of the contact of the mycelia the cells of the Fusarium hyphae begin to decompose noticeably about one hour after the con¬ tact. First the cell walls loose their form, then the cells are emptied and at last also the cell walls decompose totally. From the points of contact the decomposition of Fusarium hyphae spreads slowly forward. When J76 and F. culmorum have been growing mixed for a few days, hyphae of the fungus Fusarium cannot be found any more. Also its spores (both conidia and chlamydospores) decompose by the effect of J76, but slower than the hyphae. Usually the J76 hyphae fold loosely around the Fusarium spores before their decomposition. There are no observations according to which J76 would actually penetrate in the Fusarium hyphae. On the basis of microscope observations it can be concluded that J76 probably secretes biologically active substances to its environment. By nature they can be like enzymes or antibiotics. Their production can well be also the main mode of action by J76 because it has not been found to directly parasitize other fungi, and as it is growing slowly it obviously cannot very effectively compete about nutrients. Hints of production of metabolites effecting the growth of other fungi have been obtained also in a cello¬ phane test. When J76 and F. culmorum grow side by side on a very thin growth substrate, an inhibition zone is formed in which the growth of Fusarium ceases. On a substrate of normal thick¬ ness this cannot be found. This is probably due to the small concentrations of the substances diffused into the substrate. Volatile substances secreted by J76 have also found to have weak growth controlling effect on F. culmo¬ rum. Cellophane test: On the growth substrate a cellophane film was set and the strain J76 was cultivated on this film. After cultivation of 10 days the film and with it J76 was removed. The substances secreted by J76 and transported through the film remained in the substrate. As a control plates were used which had mere cellophane film without J76. The results of the cellophane test are given in Table 19. TABLE 19. The effect of metabolites produced by the fun¬ gus J76 on growth of F. culmorum in the cel¬ lophane test, growth rate mm/day J76 2.5 Control 6.2 (D) PERFORMANCE OF THE SCREENING METHOD AND EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS SAND TESTS Sowing substrate As sowing substrate sand was used, grain size 0.2 - 0.7 mm (Kauniston Sora Oy, Loimaa). The sand was wetted by mixing to 4 parts of sand 1 part of water. From a serial pot plate (Vefi-VP 96) a plate of 5x7 pots (a 50 ml) was cut which was put in a plastic box. The pots were filled with wetted sand, so that 1-1.5 cm of their upper edge was left empty. To each pot three seeds of 'Luja' spring wheat was sown. Treatments Fusarium culmorum infection: F. culmorum was grown on PDA plates at room temperature for about 1 month (until it fully sporulated) . The mycelia with the spores were separa¬ ted from the plate and mixed with distilled water by Ultra- Turrax homogenizer. The amount of the spores was adjusted to 10 6 spores/ml. The solution was freezed as 30 ml por¬ tions in Minigrip bags to -20 °C. For the test the frozen solutions were thawed and remixed. The solution was used as such (basic solution) and as 10 "2 dilution. Pathogenicity of the Fusarium strains was maintained by circulating them through plants (wheat seeds were inoculated by Fusarium suspension and the pathogen was reisolated from diseased sprouts). Antagonist suspension: A PDA pellet taken from deep-freezer including the antagonist was divided into three parts and was set to grow on three PDA plates. The plates were incu¬ bated at room temperature (in dark) for about three weeks. The basic solution of the antagonist suspension was prepa¬ red by scraping two antagonist plates to 50 ml of distilled water. It was mixed with Ultra-Turrax homogenizer. From the basic solution the dilutions of 10 "1 and 10 "3 were made. Seed treatments: 1 ml of F. culmorum suspension was first pipetted on the seeds sown to the serial pot plate, and on it 1 ml of antagonist suspension. 15 seeds in five 50 ml pots were treated with all six combinations of spore densi¬ ties of suspensions (two dilutions of F. culmorum suspen- sions x three dilutions of antagonist suspensions). Control treatments: Each pot plate used for testing of one fungus had additionally 15 seeds in five pots, which were treated only with the basic solution of the fungus tested. In sand tests 15 to 30 fungal strains were tested at the same time. Each day the tests were begun also one separate pot plate was sown, with the help of which the health of the seeds as well as the pathogenity of F. culmorum inocu- lum to cause disease was checked. Three control treatmets sown on a separate plate were: uninoculated (water only), inoculation with F. culmorum basic solution and inoculation with a dilution of F. culmorum basic solution (10 ~2 ). For each of these three treatments 30 seeds were sown in 10 pots. Growth conditions: After pipetting of fungal suspensions the seeds were covered with moistened sand. The boxes with the pot plates were wrapped in transparent plastic and were transferred to a growth chamber (10-15 °C, 14 h light period). Observations After growing the seedlings for 16 to 18 days, they were washed clean under running tap water, and observations on the disease symptoms in them were made. Sprouts in which root or coleoptile cells had not turned dark, and unemerged seeds which had remained hard were considered healthy. Sprouts which had distinct symptoms, and unemerged seeds which had softened, were considered diseased. The control treatment plants were examined first. If from water treated seeds only healthy plants had developed, and with both pathogen treatments distinct disease symptoms were obtained, the test was accepted and it was decided to make observations of plants treated with fungal strains to be tested. In the sand test the grade given to each isolated fungal strain was determined of the number of plants treated with it and considered to be diseased. If the emergence of plants treated with the fungus to be tested only was dis¬ tinctly reduced compared to healthy control, or if other disease symptoms were found, the fungus was found to be unfit to further tests. If damages were not found, each of the six combinations of spore densities of the pathogen and spore densities of the fungus to be tested were separately graded on the scale: 0 = all 15 plants healthy 1 = not more than 2 damaged plants 2 = 3-5 damaged plants 3 = 6-9 damaged plants 4 = 10-13 damaged plants 5 = not more than one healthy plant On the basis of six above mentioned individual grades those of the tested fungal strains were selected which were taken to the next test step, i.e. the peat tests. To continuation those strains were accepted which obtained at least three times grades 0 and 1. If the fungus did not obtain any grade 0, it was accepted to continuation if it obtained at least four times grade 1. PEAT TESTS Growth substrate As growth substrate steamed, fertilized and limed peat was used. Until the autumn 1992 unsifted crude peat from Tor- ronsuo, thereafter already sifted crude peat from Eurajoki was used. (Fertilization: 800 g of dolomite lime and 100 grams of peat Y-lannos/100 1 of peat (Y-lannos = trade mark of a Finnish universal fertilizer). Moistened peat was spread into plastic boxes (28.5 x 49.5 x 9.4 cm, Weibulls Robusta "Mammut"-box, MuoviyhtymS. Oy) as about 5 cm layer. There was a plastic film on the bottom of the box. Treatments T = healthy, non-inoculated seed, 'Luja' spring wheat. Watered with distilled water. F = F. culmorum inoculated seed. The seeds were soaked in F. culmorum basic solution (the solution was used in surplus) including about 10 6 spores/ml (Fu¬ sarium cultivation, cf. the sand test). After the treatment the seed were let to dry overnight spread on paper. FO = F. culmorum inoculation as in F-treatment. When the seeds had dried, they were wetted with the basic solution of the antagonist. The basic solution was made by scraping the mycelium and the spores from one antagonist plate into 25 ml of distilled water. The treatment was carried out by shaking the seeds and the antagonist solution in a small plastic bottle. After the treatment the seeds were dried on paper. F2 = F. culmorum inoculation as in F-treatment. Anta¬ gonist treatment as in FO-treatment, with 10" 2 dilution of the antagonist basic solution. To the peat 10 rows were sown, 30 seeds/row. The sowing sequence was as follows: protective row, F, FO, F2, T, F, FO, F2, T, protective row. After sowing the seeds were covered with peat and the boxes were wetted. Growth conditions The sowings were grown in a greenhouse at a temperature of about 15 °C. At a dark season additional light was given with multimetal lamps for 12 hrs/day. When needed, the sowings were wetted with water. Cultivation time was 18 days. Grading The sprouts were washed and observations were made from their disease symptoms as was done after the sand test. On the basis of observations made from the T- and F-treatments it was decided if the result of the test was accepted. The healthy control (T) was not allowed to have more than 12 diseased plants alltogether (out of 60 seeds sown) and the pathogen control (F) had to have at least 52 diseased plants (out of 60 seeds). A tested fungal strain was accep- ted to the next test phase (field soil trials) if from the seeds treated with one of the two solution concentrations (a 60 seeds) not more than 19 diseased plants were develo¬ ped. FIELD SOIL TESTS Sowing substrate The soil used (sandy clay) was brought from the field trial area at Jokioinen. The soil was either grounded by hand or (in the winter 1992-1993) through a lxl cm table screen. 1.5 1 plastic pots ( Φ 14 cm) were filled so that 3-4 cm from the upper edge was left empty. On the bottom of the pot there was a filter paper. Treatments 1. Healthy seed. Wetted with mere distilled water. 2. Fuεarium control. The seeds were wetted with the Fuεa- rium inoculant (preparation, see the sand tests) which had about 10 6 spores/ml, the solution was used in sur¬ plus. 3. Inoculation as in Fuεarium control. When the seeds had dried, they were treated with the antagonist suspension which was prepared by mixing the mycelium and spores of one plate to 25 ml of distilled water. The treatment was carried out in a plastic bottle, to which 130 seeds (120-150 seeds) were put, and 1 ml (or 1.5 ml) of antagonist suspension. 4. Fungicide control. Inoculation as in Fuεarium control. When the seeds had dried they were treated with 2 g of Baytan I dressing powder per one kg of seeds. Earlier Ceresan and Tayssato S treatments were also used. The treated seeds were sown into pots, 36 seeds/pot, three replications/treatment. The sowings were covered with field soil. Growth conditions as in the peat test. Cultivation time about four weeks. Examination and grading The sprouts were washed and their disease rate was evalu¬ ated: O = fully healthy 1 = light Fusarium damage 2 = moderate-strong disease damages 3 = sprouts browned all over - dead THE EFFECTIVITY OF THE GREENHOUSE TESTS In the summer -93 in one broad field trial the effectivity of the selection method of the invention was tested. In the test it was examined if the correct ones of the isolated fungal strains had been taken to further tests during the selection test series between October 1991 and February 1993. To seed treatments arbitrarily 60 of those strains were chosen which had been abandoned in sand tests and which had not shown to be pathogenic to wheat. Of the strains being discarded in the peat tests 92 were allotted to the test. All 58 fungi selected to the soil tests were also taken to the test. 43 of these had been discarded in the soil test and 15 had been selected on the basis of it to the field trials. In addition to the above mentioned 210 treatments the test included also 6 control treatments: Untreated (K), Baytan I dressing (B) and four fungal strains studied mostly in earlier tests, a.o. J76. In the test 'Luja' wheat naturally infected by the fungus F. culmorum was used. As the observation unit was a 1.4 m long sprout row, for sowing of which 5.5 g of seeds was used. Six replications was sown for all 216 treatments. The randomizing of the test was made according to cubic lattice experimental design. In this way the error variation attri¬ butable to soil factors was reduced. After about five weeks from the sowing the sprouts were dug out of the soil, they were counted and their disease symptoms were studied. The results of the test are illustrated by four histograms in Figs. 3a to 3d. Between the isolates discarded in the peat test and non-pathogenic isolates discarded in the sand test no difference can be found. The peat test has obvious¬ ly worked pretty well. The strains taken therefrom to further tests were on the average clearly better than the fungi discarded in it. Alltogether in the sand and peat tests relatively few fungi were abandoned, which should not have been discarded. On the other hand on the basis of the soil test a substantial amount of the very best isolates were abandoned, but from those taken to the field trials only two of fifteen had defective effect in natural conditions. From the results one can conclude that on the basis of the sand and peat tests one can reliably select the best anta¬ gonists to further studies, but in field soil tests even good antagonist candidates can be discarded. The testing of the fungal strain J1431 in selection tests Of the fungal strains of the invention J1431 was tested in all three selection experiments made in greenhouse. In the sand test J1431 obtained the grades 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 and 2, and was taken to further tests. In the peat test J1431 obtained the following results: T: 3 diseased F: 36 diseased F0: 3 diseased F2: 7 diseased In the field soil test, where J1431 was included, the percentages of diseased sprouts were in different treatments: healthy 66 % Fusarium control 87 % Baytan I dressing 31 % J1431 19 % On the basis of the selection tests J1431 was taken to a field trial with 61 other fungal strains in the summer -93. In the test 'Luja' spring wheat artificially inoculated with the spore suspension of the fungus F. culmorum was used. The seeds where sown to single row (1.4 m) plots and the test had six replications. After 34 days from sowing the sprouts were dug out of the soil, washed and the obser¬ vations of their disease symptoms were made. As the amount of healthy sprouts per row meter in different treatments was obtained: Fusarium control 5.9 Baytan I dressing 56 J76 61 J1431 65 other tested strains 30-68. The testing of the J1432 fungal strain in selection tests J1432 was tested in all three selection tests made in greenhouse. In the sand test J1432 obtained the grades 0, 0, 0, 1, 1 and 2 and was taken to further tests. In the peat test J1432 obtained the following results: T: 10 diseased F: 60 diseased F0: 10 diseased F2: 37 diseased In the field soil test, where J1432 was included, the percentages of diseased sprouts in different treatments were: healthy 56 % Fusarium control 98 % Baytan I dressing 18 % J1432 38 % On the basis of the results of the field soil test J1432 was left away from the field trials. Deposited microorganisms The following microorganisms were deposited according to the Budapest Treaty at DSM-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroor- ganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg l b, D- 38124 Braunschweig, Germany Microorganism Deposit number Deposition date Nectria pityrodeε Montagne J76 DSM 7522 15 March 1993 Nectria pityrodeε Montagne J1431 DSM 8805 10 Dec. 1993 Nectria pityrodeε Montagne J1432 DSM 8806 10 Dec. 1993 Nectria pityrodeε Montagne M0S1 DSM 8807 10 Dec. 1993 Nectria pityrodeε Montagne R0S2 DSM 8808 10 Dec. 1993

Claims: We claim 1. A biologically pure culture of the fungal strain Nectria pityrodes Montagne J76 with the deposit number DSM 7522. 2. A biologically pure culture of the fungal strain Nectria pityrodes Montagne J1431 with the deposit number DSM 8805. 3. A biologically pure culture of the fungal strain Nectria pityrodes Montagne J1432 with the deposit number DSM 8806. 4. A biologically pure culture of the fungal strain Nectria pityrodeε Montagne M0S1 with the deposit number DSM 8807. 5. A biologically pure culture of the fungal strain Nectria pityrodeε Montagne R0S2 with the deposit number DSM 8808. 6. A biofungicide, which comprises at least one fungal strain selected from the group consisting of fungal strains Nectria pityrodeε J76, J1431, J1432, M0S1 and R0S2 having the deposit numbers DSM 7522, DSM 8805, DSM 8806, DSM 8807 and DSM 8808, respectively. 7. A biofungicidal composition, which comprises at least one fungal strain selected from the group consisting of fungal strains Nectria pityrodeε J76, J1431, J1432, M0S1 and R0S2 having the deposit numbers DSM 7522, DSM 8805, DSM 8806, DSM 8807 and DSM 8808, respectively, and carriers and/or additives conventional in the art. 8. The composition according to claim 7, wherein the car¬ riers and the additives are selected from the group consis¬ ting of silica, milk powder, carboxymethylcellulose, sucro¬ se, ascorbic acid and starch. 9. The composition according to claim 7 or 8 which is produced by a process comprising (a) growing a fungal strain according to any one of the claims 1 to 5 in an appropriate growth medium, separating the cell mass and adding thereto carriers and/or additives, drying and powdering said mass, or (b) growing a fungal strain according to any one of the claims 1 to 5 in an appropriate growth medium with silica and, if desired, adding thereto carriers and/or additives, drying and powdering said mass. 10. A method for inhibiting a fungal infection in a plant, which comprises applying to the plant or seeds thereof a fungicide according to claim 6 or a fungicidal composition according to any one of claims 7 to 9 or adding the same into the growth substrate before or after sowing the seeds. 11. Use of a Nectria pityrodeε strain according to any one of the claims 1 to 5 as a pesticide. 12. A method for screening a fungicidal microorganism from microbial samples, comprising the steps of a) carrying out a sand test, comprising sowing cereal seeds on a sand layer, pipetting mycelium and spores of a patho¬ gen and subsequently spores of the fungus to be tested in a water suspension on the seeds and in the growth substrate, thereafter covering the seeds with sand, examining the intensity of the disease symptoms of sprouts after an appropriate time, and discarding fungi which do not affect the intensity of the disease or prove to be pathogenic themselves, and b) carrying out a peat test to the accepted fungi, comp¬ rising wetting a cereal seed in a spore suspension of a pathogen and drying the seed, wetting the seed with a spore suspension of the fungus to be tested, drying the seed, and sowing the seed into steamed peat, growing for an appro- priate time and observing the health of the sprouts, and taking to the subsequent tests isolates which clearly inhibit the disease.

Inventors: KESKINEN MILJA TUULIKKI, LAHDENPERAE MARJA-LEENA, SEIKARI PEKKA TAPANI, TAHVONEN RISTO TAPIO, TEPERI ESA PETRI, TUOMINEN ULLA ANITA, KESKINEN, MILJA, TUULIKKI, LAHDENPERAE, MARJA-LEENA, SEIKARI, PEKKA, TAPANI, TAHVONEN, RISTO, TAPIO, TEPERI, ESA, PETRI, TUOMINEN, ULLA, ANITA
Applicants: KEMIRA AGRO OY, KESKINEN MILJA TUULIKKI, LAHDENPERAE MARJA LEENA, SEIKARI PEKKA TAPANI, TAHVONEN RISTO TAPIO, TEPERI ESA PETRI, TUOMINEN ULLA ANITA, KESKINEN, MILJA, TUULIKKI, LAHDENPERAE, MARJA-LEENA, SEIKARI, PEKKA, TAPANI, TAHVONEN, RISTO, TAPIO, TEPERI, ESA, PETRI, TUOMINEN, ULLA, ANITA
Application year: 1995
Main classification: C12N1
IPC codes: A01N63, C12N1, C12Q1, C12R1