Improvements in and relating to filters

Abstract: A method of designing a filter for filtering a video signal comprising computing the design coefficient of the filter, generating a plurality of sets of filter coefficients, scaling each of the sets such that the sum of each set is a predetermined number.

Description: This invention relates to displays and, more particularly, to image scaling filters for displays. It has become highly desirable to provide video displays in many formats. There are different modes for different image formats such as panoramic wide screen or movie. There are also different video formats for computer video displays depending upon whether the video display is a VGA (640 pixels in each row x 480 rows of pixels, where a pixel is a picture element), or a super VGA, or an XGA, Further, there are different television formats from the standard NTSC to as much as 1920 pixels in each row by 1080 rows for High Definition TV (HDTV) format. Further there are flat panel displays and a Digital Mirror Device (DMD), which is a new projection display that utilize reflections from hundreds of thousands of micromirrors, each mounted above its own cell memory. Within the operation of such a system, it may be desirable to have a panoramic view or wide screen view, or a movie screen view, again requiring some modifications of the number of lines of the video signal from a source to the number of lines in the output signal. This is achieved by some form of image scaling. In order to achieve these changes in formats, scaling filters have been used. One such known filter is a bilinear interpolation filter, which suffers from the two problems of aliasing (unwanted patterns) and aperture effect, or image softening (blurring). These problems are illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. 1a illustrates the bilinear filter kernel, Figs. 1b and 1c illustrate the frequency response. The aliasing problem can be understood by considering the frequency response of the bilinear filter for an example of a three to four scaling in Fig. 1. Image scaling is basically an image filtering and resampling operation. If X(w) is the frequency domain representation of the original signal, then the resampling operation will create a scaled image whose frequency domain representation contains shifted replicas of X(w), located at the new sampling frequency. These replicas can interact with each other if they are not completely separated from each other, leading to aliasing, as shown in the hatched portion in Fig. 1b. The second problem is the aperture effect or image softening. This is caused by the fact that interpolation filters are basically low pass filters with high frequency roll-off as illustrated by the frequency response of bilinear interpolation in Fig. 1d. Both of these problems relate to the frequency content of the signals and can become particularly objectionable with high bandwidth sources. In this context, reference is made to US-A-5 253 064, which discloses a method for controlling a video camera apparatus having a zooming function and utilizing a sensor having an imaging surface. For performing interpolation in vertical and horizontal directions and also an enlargement in the horizontal direction of the luminance signal and the color signal data a plurality of sets of filter coefficients are generated said sets of filter coefficients are grouped, wherein each set corresponds to an output element of a video display, and each set of filter coefficients is scaled so that the sum of each set is equal to one. Further, Carlbom, I.: "Optimal Filter Design for Volume Reconstruction and Visualization", Visualization '93, Proceedings, IEEE Conference, 25 October 1993 - 29 October 1993, pages 54 to 61, describes a method for minimizing the maximum difference between the actual frequency response of a filter and the desired frequency response over some band or bands of frequencies. The Remez exchange algorithm is used to approximate the ideal frequency response with a minimum Chebyshev error. Given an ideal frequency response F(u) and a positive weight W(u), a set of filter coefficients is found whose frequency response is H(u), such that the maximum absolute weighted error is minimized over some closed subset of 0 ≤ u ≤ 0.5. According to the present invention there is provided a method of forming an image scaling filter for converting a plurality of input lines to a different plurality of output lines comprising the steps defined in claim 1. An improved image scaling filter is achieved by estimating a close to ideal frequency response of the filter without sharp cut-offs. The estimated frequency response is then fed to a design algorithm along with the constraints such as a number of filters taps required, which computes a set of filter coefficients for scaling. The set of filter coefficients are scaled so that each set sums to a value of one. The appropriate set of input elements is multiplied by the filter coefficients and the set is summed to one output line. Fig. 1a illustrates the filter kernel of a bilinear interpolation filter; Fig.s 1b and 1c illustrate the frequency response of a bilinear interpolation filter with 3 to 4 scaling; and Fig. 1d illustrates the aperture effect; Fig. 2 is an overall block diagram of a video display system; Fig. 3 is a flow chart of the method according to the present invention; Fig. 4a illustrates an ideal frequency response for a 3 to 4 scale filter; Fig. 4b illustrates an optimal frequency response; Fig. 5 illustrates how the delays and coefficients are operated on to achieve the desired line output in a vertical scaling function; Fig. 6 illustrates frequency domain responses of the bilinear filter of the prior art (Fig. 6a) and two new scaling filters with a first filter with 4 taps (Fig. 6f) and a second filter with 6 taps (Fig. 6c). Fig. 7a illustrates filter kernel coefficients for bilinear filter of prior art; Fig. 7b illustrates the first filter coefficients; Fig. 7c illustrates the second filter coefficients; Figs. 8a and 8b illustrates 3 to 4 scaling coefficients applied using first filter ; and Fig. 9 illustrates the scaling results of bilinear filter (9a), first filter (9b), and second filter (9c) for 3 to 4 scaling. Referring to Fig. 2, there is illustrated a video display system using the image scaling filters in accordance with the present invention. A video source 11, which may be from a cable, a VCR, or some other source, is applied through the A/D (analog-to-digital) converter 13 and the digital representation of the video signal which includes signal decoding at signal processor 14 to convert from decoded composite to luminance Y and chrominance C (I & Q) signals whether it be interlaced or non-interlaced depending upon the application. The output Y and C is applied through a scaling filter 15, which in turn may be applied through a color-space conversion 16 through a digital to analog (D/A) converter 16a to a CRT 17, or directly applied from conversion 16 to a display such as a digital mirror device (DMD) display 18, which was described in a 1987 article by Larry J. Hornbeck, a Texas Instrument Inc. scientist and described for example in the November issue of The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Spectrum, pages 27-31. In some cases, the scaling may be done after the color-space conversion. In the case of a VGA input, no color-space conversion is used. The video signals may be digital, in which case there is no analog-to-digital conversion. The input digital signals may also be non-video imagery digital signals from a photographic or printing device, and the picture elements from these are to be scaled up (increasing picture size) or scaled down (decreasing picture size). Referring to Fig. 3, there is illustrated a flow chart for the method of the present invention for designing optimal scaling filters to overcome the problems explained in the Background of the Invention Section. The first step 101 is to determine the ideal frequency response. Fig. 1b illustrates by the heavy line marked "ideal" identifies for the 3 to 4 scaling the ideal frequency response. This ideal frequency response eliminates aliasing while at the same time reducing the aperture effect. However, such ideal frequency response with abrupt cutoff cannot be realized in practice. Fig. 4a, there is illustrated another ideal frequency response for a 3 to 4 scale filter. The zero crossing of that signal changes for each scale factor. The ideal frequency response, however, has a response that goes on for infinity and also cannot be realized in practice. In accordance with the present invention, for a given scale factor Applicant's invention computes first the ideal frequency response and then uses that in step 102 to estimate a desired optimal frequency response. Computation of optimal frequency response from ideal frequency response is an iterative process. Different numbers of filter taps and smoothings are tried and in each iteration the difference between the optimal and actual frequency response is measured. This process is iterated until the optimal and ideal response are close to each other (within acceptable bound of tolerance). The optimal frequency response is done by smoothing depending upon how many filter taps. Fig. 4b illustrates the smoothing estimate of Fig.4a. Once this smoothing estimate is determined, then it is fed into a filter design algorithm (such as the Parks-McLellan algorithm) in step 103, along with the desired number of filter taps. The Parks-McLellan algorithm is commercially available (e.g., as part of the MATLAB software package. The MathWorks, Inc., Cochituate Place, 24 Prime Parkway, Natick, MA 01760). The Parks-McClellan FIR filter design algorithm is perhaps the most popular and widely used FIR filter design methodology. In the Signal Processing Toolbox, the function called remez designs linear phase FIR filters using the Parks-McClellan algorithm. The Parks-McClellan algorithm uses the Remez exchange algorithm and Chebyshev approximation theory to design filters with optimal fits between the desired and actual frequency responses. The filters are optimal in the sense that the maximum error between the desired frequency response and the actual frequency response is minimized. Filters designed this way exhibit an equiripple behavior in their frequency response, and hence are sometimes called equiripple filters. The function b = remez (n, f, m) returns row vector b containing the n + 1 coefficients of the order in FIR filter whose frequency-magnitude characteristics match those given by vectors f and m. Vectors f and m specify the frequency-magnitude characteristics of the filter: f is a vector of frequency points, specified in the range between 0 and 1, where 1.0 corresponds to half the sample frequency (the Nyquist frequency). m is a vector containing the desired magnitude response at the points specified in f. The elements of m must appear in equal-valued pairs. f and m must be the same length. The length must be an even number. The first point of f must be 0 and the last point 1. The frequencies must be in increasing order. Duplicate frequency points are allowed, but remez will separate them by 0.1 if they are exactly coincident. Note that frequency transitions much faster than 0.1 are undesirable because they can cause large amounts of ripple in the magnitude response. plot (f,m) can be used to display the filter shape. The number of filter taps directly impacts the cost of the real-time implementation of the filter. The filter design algorithm computes the set of multiplier coefficients to match with the number of taps in the optimal frequency response. The coefficients are collected or binned into sets for a given output line in step 104. The coefficient sets (step 105) are rescaled so for each set so the sum of the coefficients equals one (1). The input lines are multiplied and summed in step 106 to provide the values on the output lines. Fig. 5 illustrates a four tap filter for scaling. The four input lines are multiplied by the four coefficients at the four multipliers 41 and summed at summer 43. The four inputs are separated by the line delays 45. Figs. 6b and 6c illustrate the frequency domain responses of two scaling filters designed using this method of 3 to 4 scaling. These filters are referred to as Filters 1 and 2, respectively. Filter 1 (Fig. 6b) has 4 taps per line, while Filter 2 (Fig. 6c) has 6 taps per line. The frequency response of bilinear filter is shown in Fig. 6a for comparison. The hatched portion of each frequency response corresponds to the aliasing region. Fig. 7 illustrates the filter kernels for bilinear interpolation (Fig. 7a), Filter 1 (Fig. 7b), and Filter 2 (Fig. 7c). Referring to Fig. 7a, there is illustrated the bilinear interpolation according to the prior art with the coefficients illustrated at two taps per line. There are seven coefficients, with the first and seventh coefficient being at .25, the second and sixth coefficient being at .50, the fourth coefficient being at the peak at the coefficient at 1.0, and coefficients three and five being at .75. In accordance with Applicant's invention shown in Fig. 7b, the Filter 1 with four taps per line has 15 coefficients with the values indicated ranging on both the first and the fifteenth being -0.0019 and having a maximum value of .25 at the eighth coefficient. The first coefficient is binned with the fifth, the ninth, and the thirteenth, which binned set then corresponds to a coefficient set for a given output line. Fig. 7b illustrates the sixteen coefficients for four taps per line for a 3 to 4 scaling filter. The number shown in the figure is the output from the filter design algorithm. As discussed previously, Applicant's method then decodes these numbers into a format suitable for actually implementing scaling filters. Thus the output of the filter design algorithm, which consists of the following set of numbers [-0.0019, -0.0077, -0.0128, 0.0, 0.0494, 0.1327, 0.2152, 0.25, 0.2152, 0.1327, 0.0494, 0.0, -0.0128, -0.0077, and -0.0019] are binned into the following sets, each set corresponding to a coefficient set (one coefficient for each input line) for an output line: [-0,0019,0.0494,0.2152,-0.0128],[-0.0077,0.1327,0.1327,-0.0077], [-0,0128,0.2152,0.0494,-0.0019],[0.0,0.25,0.0]. Since there are four taps per output line, every fourth coefficient represents the coefficient for the adjacent line. These coefficient sets are then rescaled so that each set sums to one and the resulting values are applied to the multiplier 41 as shown in Fig.5 and as shown in Fig. 8. As illustrated in Fig. 7c, there is illustrated a design filter with six taps per output line with twenty-four different coefficients ranging from 0 to a maximum of .2 at the mid-point of coefficient 12. In that embodiment there would be six coefficients (six lines) for a given output line, and these coefficients would again be rescaled so that the set sums to 1. These scaled coefficients are the multiplier values in Fig. 5. Fig. 8 shows 3 to 4 scaling realization using Filter 1. Referring to Fig. 8a, there is illustrated how the samplings would be applied to the lines in the 3 to 4 scaling. If an input line is directly in line with the output line as line 0 to 0', then it would be a 1 to 1 relationship. If not, Filter 1 with 4 taps would have the coefficient of 0.8611 from input line 1 to output line 1' and the coefficients of -7.6x10 -3 between input line -1 and output line 1', 0.197 from input line 0 to output line 1', and -0.0512 from input line 2 to output line 1'. These input line coefficients would sum up to the total sum of 1. These would be scaled from the coefficients represented by the Filter 1. This would represent for example the first set for the first output line, the second set would follow the next set of coefficients as binned for the second output line, the third output line would be the third set of coefficients binned, and the fourth output line be the fourth set or bin. Thereafter, it would repeat going back to the first set or bin, second, third, and then the fourth set or bin for the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth output lines. Fig. 8b also shows the 3 to 4 scaling for Filter 1, for output line 2' taken from line 0, 1, 2, and 3 with the coefficients being -.0308, for input line 0, 0.05308 for lines 1 and 2, and -0.0308 for line 3. All of these coefficients would be rescaled to sum to 1 and that value would become the multipliers for the corresponding input line with the lines being appropriately delayed as summed as illustrated in Fig. 5 to derive the output value for line 2'. Similarly the input to output line 3' from input lines 1, 2, 3, and 4 would have the coefficients indicated as -0.0512 from line 1, 0.8611 from line 2, 0.1977 from line 3, and -7.6x10 -3 from line 4. Filter in Fig. 7b is: [-0.0019, -0.0077, -0.0128, 0.0, 0.0494, 0.1327, 0.2152, 0.25, 0.2152, 0.1327, 0.0494, 0.0, -0.0128, -0.0077, -0.0019] This is binned into: A = [-0.0019, 0.0494, 0.2152, -0.0128] B = [-0.0077, 0.1327, 0.1327, -0.0077] C = [-0.0128, 0.2152, 0.0494, -0.0019] D = [0.0, 0.25, 0.0] Elements of A sum to: -0.0019 + 0.0494 + 0.2152 -0.0128 = 0.2499 dividing each element of A by this, [ -0.0019 0.2499 , 0.0494 0.2499 , 0.2152 0.2499 , -0.0128 0.2499 ] = [ -7 · 6 x 10 -3 , 0.1977, 0.8611, -0.0512] Fig. 9 shows the scaling results of bilinear (Fig. 9a), Filter 1 (Fig. 9b), and 2 (Fig. 9c) for 3 to 4 scaling on a circular zone plate. This is a standard test used to evaluate interpolation algorithms. Note the significant aliasing in the top picture with bilinear interpolation in Fig. 9a. The improvement with Filter 1 (Fig. 9b) and almost complete elimination of aliasing with Filter 2 (Fig. 9c). The above scaling is vertical scaling by changing the number of horizontal lines. This scaling can also be applied to width scaling by changing the number of pixels (picture elements) per line and using adjacent pixels. Fig. 2 would have pixel delays rather than line delays. The steps in Fig. 3 of starting with an ideal frequency response and converting to an optimum frequency response by a smoothing estimation would be done. The filter coefficients would then be determined based on the number of taps per line. The coefficients are then binned and rescaled to equal one. The adjacent input pixels are multiplied by the coefficients and are summed to get the new output pixel.

Claims: A method of forming an image scaling filter for converting a plurality of input lines to a different plurality of output lines comprising the steps of: for a given scale factor, computing an ideal frequency response (101); estimating an optimal frequency response (102) by an iterative process where different numbers of filter taps and smoothing are tried and for each iteration the difference between the optimal and actual frequency response is measured and the process is repeated until the difference is within an acceptable tolerance; generating a set of filter coefficients (103) based on the estimated optimal frequency response and the determined number of filter taps; grouping said coefficients (104) into a set for each output line corresponding to the closest input line to said output line; scaling said coefficients in said set so each set sums to one (105); multiplying the value of the closest input lines to closest output line according to said scaled coefficients in said set; and summing said multiplied input lines to achieve said output line value (106). The method of claim 1, wherein said generating step includes using Parks-McClellan algorithm.

Inventors: GOVE ROBERT J, MARKANDEY VISHAL, GOVE, ROBERT J., MARKANDEY, VISHAL
Applicants: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED
Application year: 1995
Main classification: G06T5
IPC codes: G09G5, G06T5, H04N7