BALANCED DRIVE WITH RADIALLY SLOTTED COUNTERCRANK FOR ORBITAL TUBE WHIP ROD HEAT EXCHANGER

Abstract: An orbital rod drive arrangement for an orbital tube whip rod heat exchanger includes a single drive plate (12) driving a plurality of countercranks (18), each countercrank (18) supporting a whip rod (24) from its upper end within a tube (28) as it is driven in an orbital manner. The countercrank (18) provides for balancing the whip rods (24) within the tubes (28) by mounting them in an offset manner. Furthermore, the whip rod (24) is suspended as well as driven at its upper end to thereby leave the lower ends of the tubes (28) unobstructed for the free flow of process fluid out the bottom of the tube (28). The countercrank (18) includes an upper peripheral lip (36) for supporting a single drive plate (12) and the countercrank (18) may be supported by the tube sheet (30) which mounts the uniformly spaced tubes (28) in the heat exchanger vessel.

Description: ORBITAL TUBE WHIP ROD HEAT EXCHANGER Background and Summary of the Invention Orbital tube whip rod heat exchangers, including both evaporators and freezers, have been recently devel¬ oped and are the subject of several recently issued pat- ents. An example of an orbital tube whip rod heat ex¬ changer used as an evaporator may be found in U.S. Patent 5,221,439 issued June 22, 1993. The orbital tube whip rod construction has been carried forward by the same inventor in constructing a freezer and, for our purposes, more particularly with respect to a drive arrangement for the orbital tube whip rods as shown in U.S. Patent No. issued , 1994 and entitled Heat Transfer Apparatus With Positive Drive Orbital Whip Rod, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by refer- ence. As shown therein, a plurality of tubes are sup¬ ported by a pair of tube sheets at their upper and lower ends within a vessel. Each tube has a rod extending throughout its length which is driven orbitally about its inner circumference by an upper and lower drive plate. The material to be processed is fed through the interior of the tube and is spread in a thin film over the inner circumference of the tubes by the rods. A refrigerant is circulated within the vessel between the tube plates so as to chill the exterior of the tubes and thereby freeze the processed fluid. An ice crystalline slurry exits the bottom of the tubes and is pumped away to a storage tank or otherwise utilized depending upon the particular ap¬ plication. Various arrangements are suggested for the mount¬ ing and support of the whip rods and various alternatives are suggested for the drive plates. One of the drive plate arrangements addresses the inherent vibration prob¬ lem which is experienced as induced by the dynamic forces generated by the rods as they are orbitally driven within the freezer. As shown in Figure 3 of this patent, a pair of orthogonal drive plates supported by eccentric bear¬ ings and mounting brackets are oriented 180° apart and each drives half the rods, or whip rods, thereby balanc- ing the mass of the rods. However, this construction requires a pair of vertically spaced, offset drive plates at each of the upper and lower rod ends, the complexity of offset eccentric bearings, and lost space in the area of overlap between the drive plates where tubes may not be placed due to plate-rod interference. This plate-rod interference also dictates a specific and non-uniform placement of the tubes and rods which requires a vessel having a greater cross-sectional area to contain the same number of tubes and rods. Thus, more refrigerant is required to fill the necessarily larger vessel over a vessel containing tubes which are uniformly spaced. For these and other reasons, it is not anticipated that this arrangement will be commercialized. Still another drawback to the revolutionary de- signs disclosed in the prior patents is the undesirable obstruction of the drive plate and other supporting 3 structure at the lower ends of the rods and tubes. Dur¬ ing the operation of the orbital rod freezer, as men¬ tioned above, a slurry of ice is produced as the process fluid traverses the tubes from top to bottom. It has been found that obstructions at the lower ends of the tubes and rods provide convenient locations for the for¬ mation and accumulation of solid ice pack which inter¬ feres with and clogs the continuing flow of ice slurry. Although the patent suggests different arrangements for supporting the whip rods and mounting the drive plates, it is not believed to have been contemplated that an orbital rod freezer could be constructed which would be totally unobstructed at the lower tube and rod ends. In order to solve these and other problems in the prior art, the inventor herein has succeeded in designing and developing an improvement to the very valuable and important inventions disclosed relating to the orbital tube whip rod heat exchanger and especially including the orbital rod freezer. The inventor's improvement includes the development of a technique and structure for support¬ ing and driving the whip rods solely at their upper ends while at the same time providing for a dynamic balancing of the forces generated by the rods as they are driven orbitally within the tubes. The inventor achieves these desirable features by utilizing a countercrank associated with each whip rod and tube, the countercrank having at least two whip rod holes, either one of which may receive a whip rod. The whip rod holes are located 180° from each other around the circumference of the countercrank. The rods may thus be installed in an offset manner from one tube to another and driven with a single drive plate in an elegantly simple, efficient arrangement. As the countercranks provide the only driving connection between the drive plate and rods, a single drive plate may be used to drive each countercrank drive pin to achieve a dynamic balancing of the dynamic forces which eliminates vibration in the heat exchanger. Although a countercrank having two or three holes is shown in the preferred em¬ bodiments of the invention, it should be understood that other variations may be implemented without departing from the general concept of equally distributing the mass of the rods about the circumference of the countercrank to thereby balance the forces. One such variation would include providing a single whip rod hole, but locating the whip rod hole at different locations in different countercranks which would then become a matched set for the particular number of tubes used in a particular heat exchanger. Other variations also are feasible including varying the mass of the rod itself. The rod is supported within the whip rod hole by a top hat or flange at its upper end which is larger in diameter than the whip rod hole. The whip rod is thus suspended within the tube by the countercrank. This permits the bottom of the tube and rod to be free from obstruction in that there are no drive plates or rod supports. As explained above, this arrangement is ideal at least in the orbital rod freezer as it eliminates any structure which could accumulate and help form ice from the ice slurry which streams out the bottom of the tubes. Still another advantage of the use of the counter- crank of the present invention is that various arrange¬ ments can be made for actually supporting the drive plate itself on top of the countercrank and the countercrank may then in turn be supported from the tube sheet, tube, or combination thereof, or even a replaceable bearing plate to further simplify and streamline the construction of the orbital rod freezer. This simplification and streamlining is important in that the drive plate may be driven at an orbital speed which could induce significant wear to other more complex or inelegant arrangements. Also, more complicated mechanical arrangements with bear- ings or the like add expense and potential for mechanical failure. While the principal advantages and features of certain specifics of the preferred embodiments have been explained above, a greater understanding of the invention may be attained by referring to the drawings and detailed description of the preferred embodiment which follow. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a perspective view of a pair of tubes with countercranks and whip rods driven by a single drive plate; Figure 2 is a top view of a countercrank; Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the plane of line A-A in Figure 2 detailing the countercrank drive pin and feed orifice; Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along the plane of line B-B in Figure 2 detailing the offset countercrank whip rod holes; Figure 5 is a partial cross-sectional view detail- ing the suspension of a rod through a whip rod hole in a countercrank; Figure 6 is a perspective view of three counter¬ cranks of an alternative embodiment shown suspending whip rods through different whip rod holes in tubes; Figure 7 is a top view of the countercrank of the alternative embodiment; Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the plane of line A-A in Figure 7 and detailing the counter¬ crank drive pin and whip rod hole; Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view taken along the plane of line B-B in Figure 7 and detailing two counter¬ crank whip rod holes; Figure 10A is a partial cross-sectional view of an alternative drive pin arrangement between the drive plate and countercrank; Figure 10B is a partial cross-sectional view of a second alternative arrangement of a drive pin between the drive plate and countercrank; Figure 11A is a partial cross-sectional view detailing the peripheral lip of the countercrank support¬ ing the drive plate; Figure 11B is a partial cross-sectional view of an alternative countercrank construction and arrangement for supporting the drive plate; Figure 11C is a partial cross-sectional view of another alternative arrangement for supporting the drive plate at the central drive shaft; Figure 11D is a partial cross-sectional view of still another alternative construction for supporting the drive plate from the tube sheet with stand-offs; Figure 12A is a partial cross-sectional view detailing a countercrank supported in the tube by the tube sheet face and tube end wall; Figure 12B is a partial cross-sectional view of an alternative arrangement for supporting a countercrank by a bearing plate; Figure 13A is a perspective view of a countercrank of generally round construction; Figure 13B is a perspective view of a countercrank of generally triangular construction; Figure 13C is a perspective view of a countercrank of generally square construction; Figure 14 is a partial cross-sectional view of an alternative drive plate and countercrank arrangement; Figure 15 is a perspective view of the crank assembly utilized in the alternative drive plate and countercrank arrangement in Figure 14; and Figure 16 is a perspective of a variation of the drive plate and countercrank arrangement shown in Figures 14 and 15. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment As shown in Figure 1, an orbital rod evaporator, such as an orbital rod freezer, 10 includes a single drive plate 12 having a plurality of drive holes 14 which are matched to interfit with a plurality of drive pins 16 in a plurality of countercranks 18. Each countercrank 18 has a feed orifice 20 and one or more whip rod holes 22 through which a whip rod 24 is supported by an annular flange 26 at its upper end. Each whip rod 24 is thereby supported within a tube 28, tubes 28 being held in a fixed and spaced relationship by an upper and lower tube sheet 30, 32. The process fluid 34 (represented by ar¬ rows in Figure 1) flows through the holes 14 in drive plate 12 and onto the top of countercrank 18 which has an upper peripheral lip 36 for "pooling" the process fluid as it flows through the orifice hole 20 and unoccupied whip rod hole 22 into the interior of tube 28. As whip rod 24 is driven orbitally around the interior of tube 28, it spreads the process fluid around the interior wall in a thin film which provides the many advantages as explained in the prior art patents mentioned above for orbital whip rod heat exchangers. Refrigerant is circu¬ lated through the interior space 38 between tube sheets 30, 32 which chills the process fluid 34 as it flows through the tubes 28 so that an ice slurry exits the bottom 40 of tubes 28. It is important to note that the tube bottoms 40 are unobstructed as the whip rods 24 are solely supported and driven at their upper ends by countercranks 18. It is also noted in Figure 1 that whip rods 24 are shown installed in alternate ones of the whip rod holes 22, with respect to the location of drive pin 16. Thus, the mass of whip rods 24 as shown in Figure 1 is balanced about the center of countercranks 18, or stated differently, the mass of whip rods 24 is distrlb- uted equally about the circumference of countercranks 18, or stated differently, the whip rods 24 are balanced within tubes 28, or stated still differently, the dynamic forces generated by the whip rods 24 as they are driven orbitally within tubes 28 are balanced. Greater detail in the construction of counter- cranks 18 is shown in Figures 2-4. As shown therein, each countercrank 18 includes a plug section 42 and a peripheral lip 36. A drive pin 16 is molded into or otherwise secured to the countercrank 18 and countercrank 18 may be made of any suitable plastic or bearing materi- al, especially a self-lubricating bearing material. The feed orifice 20 is 180° offset from drive pin 16 and is wholly contained within plug section 42 of countercrank 18. By way of contradistinction, the two whip rod holes 22 extend through the sidewall of plug section 42 which permits whip rods 24 to ride immediately adjacent the interior wall of tube 28 as the countercranks are orbit¬ ally driven. The diameter of plug section 42 is less than the interior diameter of tube 28 to provide free rotation thereof. Whip rod holes 22 are oversized which permits the whip rods 24 to spin as they are driven. It is noted that the manufacturing tolerances for the drive plate 12, drive holes 14, countercrank 18, whip rods 24, and tube 28 are less than precision which is attributable to the overall design. As noted above, whip rods 24 are inserted in alternating whip rod holes 22 such that half of the whip rods 24 are on one side of drive pin 16 and the other half are on the other side of drive pin 16 to thereby balance the dynamic forces generated by the rods as the countercrank is driven in an orbital manner by the single drive plate 12. As shown in Figure 5, the whip rods 24 are sup¬ ported and driven solely from their upper ends in countercrank 18. The whip rods 24 are "hung" or suspend¬ ed from countercrank 18, and within either one of whip rod holes 22 by the upper annular flange 26. Also as detailed in Figure 5, the whip rod hole 22 in counter- crank 18 overlaps the plug section 42 of countercrank 18 such that whip rod 24 freely comes in contact with the interior wall of tube 28. The countercrank 18 depicted in Figures 1-5 has a pair of whip rod holes 22 to accommodate the alternate placement of whip rods 24 therein in order to align the whip rods 24 in an offset manner within tubes 28. This arrangement is convenient as it provides a single countercrank design so that the countercranks may be manufactured in quantity and used interchangeably in all of the tubes in an orbital drive heat exchanger, it mere¬ ly being necessary to carefully install whip rods 24 in alternating fashion. There are many variations which would be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art to this particular arrangement and which would also be within the scope of the present invention. For example, custom manufactured countercranks for a particular heat exchanger may be made in which only a single whip rod hole is used, but that whip rod hole would be placed differently in different ones of the countercranks such that the whip rods as installed would be balanced. While this requires custom manufacturing of the countercranks, it eliminates any potential for misassembly. Still another variation of the countercrank de- picted in Figures 1-5 is shown in Figures 6-9 and in¬ cludes a countercrank 18 having three whip rod holes 22 spaced at 120° intervals about the circumference of countercrank 18. In this variation, and indeed in most embodiments, it is not specifically necessary for a feed orifice to be formed in countercrank 18 as the unfilled whip rod holes 22 provide more than enough flow capacity for the process fluid. In this arrangement, whip rods 24 may be alternately installed in and supported by each of the whip rod holes 22 which also serves to balance the whip rods 24 within tubes 28. Of course, this arrange¬ ment may be extended to include four whip rod holes 22 spaced at 90° intervals, five whip rod holes 22 spaced at 72° intervals, etc. , with care being taken to alternate the whip rods 24 such that an equal number of whip rods are installed in each spaced whip rod hole location. Also, balancing may be achieved by installing more than one whip rod in any one or more tubes. In the arrangement shown in Figures 1-5, the drive pins 16 are molded into or otherwise formed as part of countercrank 18 with drive holes 14 being formed in drive plate 12 to match and line up with drive pin 16. This same construction is shown in Figure 10A as the driving connection between the single drive plate 12 and plurali¬ ty of countercranks 18. Alternatively, as shown in Fig¬ ure 10B, the drive pin 16 may be conveniently molded into or otherwise secured to the single drive plate 12 and a drive hole 14 formed in countercranks 18 so as to loosely surround drive pin 16 and drive the countercranks 18 as required. As depicted in Figures 1-5, the peripheral lip 18 conveniently acts as a support for the lower edge of the single drive plate 12. As the tubes 28 are generally uniformly spaced about the interior of the surrounding vessel of the orbital tube whip rod heat exchanger 10, the drive plate 12 is conveniently supported uniformly across its lower surface by this arrangement. This con¬ struction is also detailed in Figure 11A. Alternatives to this construction include a countercrank 18 with a flat upper face 44 with drive rod 24 having its upper annular flange 26 countersunk into the flat upper face 44. In this arrangement, the single drive plate 12 is supported across a greater surface area of each counter¬ crank 18. Still another support arrangement is shown in Figure 11C wherein the single drive plate 12 may be con¬ veniently supported at the central drive shaft 46 between a pair of annular flanges 48, 50 such that the drive plate 12 clears the upper surface of the countercranks 18. Still another arrangement for supporting the single drive plate 12 includes stand-offs 52 mounted to the lower surface of drive plate 12, or stand-offs 54 mounted to the upper surface of tube sheet 30, or some combina- tion of both. In this arrangement, drive plate 12 is supported above the plurality of countercranks 18. As shown in Figures 12A and B, countercranks 18 may be conveniently supported in a number of different ways. For example, as shown in Figure 12A, the peripher- al lip 36 supports countercrank 18 on the upper face of upper tube sheet 30, the end wall of tube 28, or both depending upon the location of tube 28 in upper tube sheet 30. As shown in Figure 12B, a bearing plate 56 may be placed over upper tube sheet 30 and a plurality of countercranks 18 may be supported from bearing plate 56 by their peripheral lips 36. This arrangement provides for ready replacement of bearing plate 56 in the event of wearing between countercranks 18 and bearing plate 56, all of which are accessible, including the whip rods 24, through the top of the orbital drive heat exchanger 10. Countercrank 18 may have a generally round shape as shown in Figure 13A, or a generally triangular shape as shown in Figure 13B, or a generally square shape as shown in Figure 13C, or any other suitable geometric shape which accommodates the driving connection between each countercrank and the drive plate, the balancing of whip rods about the driving connection (such as drive pin 16) so that a single drive plate may be used, and suffi¬ cient holes therethrough to facilitate the feeding of the supply fluid into the interior of the tube 28. Still another alternative embodiment is depicted in Figures 14-15 and includes the single drive plate 12 which has a plurality of drive holes 14 for interfitting with a plurality of drive pins 16 in a top crank disk 58. An intermediate plate 60 has at each tube location a top and bottom circular cut-out 62, 64 connected by a central radial opening 66 which accommodates the crank assembly 68 comprised of the top crank disk 58, a central axle 70, and a bottom crank disk 72. Whip rod 24 may be conve¬ niently supported in any one of a plurality of whip rod holes 22 or, as explained above, otherwise spaced equally about the circumference of bottom crank disk 72 with respect to drive pin 16. Intermediate plate 60 is sup¬ ported from the upper surface of tube sheet 30 by one or more spacers 74. In a variation to this arrangement, and as shown in Figure 16, the crank assembly 68 could be replaced with a modified crank assembly 76 having an upper crank arm 78 instead of the top crank disk 58. There are various changes and modifications which may be made to the invention as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. However, these changes or modifications are included in the teaching of the disclo¬ sure, and it is intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.

Claims: What Is Claimed Is: 1. In an orbital tube, whip rod heat exchanger, and said heat exchanger having a plurality of tubes with each of said tubes having at least one whip rod located therein, the improvement comprising a single drive plate for forcing relative orbital motion of said whip rods inside their respective tubes, and means for locating and maintaining said whip rods in an offset pattern in said tubes during said motion so as to minimize any vibration induced thereby in said heat exchanger. 2. The heat exchanger of Claim 1 wherein said locating and maintaining means further comprises means for locating and maintaining said rods spaced within said tubes so that the total mass of said rods is substantial¬ ly equally distributed about the circumferences of said tubes. 3. The heat exchanger of Claim 2 wherein each of said tubes has a single rod located therein and wherein said locating and maintaining means includes means for locating and maintaining said rods at equally spaced locations about the circumference of said tubes. 4. The heat exchanger of Claim 3 wherein said locating and maintaining means includes means for locat¬ ing and maintaining approximately half of said rods at positions 180° about the circumference of said tubes from the position of said other half of said rods. 5. The heat exchanger of Claim 4 wherein approxi¬ mately half of said rods are located at the same position about the circumference of said tubes and the other half of said rods are located at a position 180° from said first position. 6. The heat exchanger of Claim 2 wherein said locating and maintaining means comprises a countercrank adapted to fit with each of said tubes, said counter¬ cranks each having at least one hole through which one of said rods is located. 7. The heat exchanger of Claim 6 wherein said at least one hole is offset from others of said holes to thereby offset said rods within said tubes. 8. The heat exchanger of Claim 7 further compris¬ ing a driving connection between each of said counter¬ cranks and said drive plate. 9. The heat exchanger of Claim 8 wherein said driving connection includes a drive pin and a matching drive hole extending between each of said countercranks and said drive plate so that as said drive plate is driv¬ en in an orbital manner said drive plate drives said plurality of countercranks and, in turn, said rods orbit¬ ally about their respective tubes. 10. The heat exchanger of Claim 8 wherein each of said countercranks has means for supporting said drive plate. 11. The heat exchanger of Claim 10 wherein said drive plate supporting means comprises a peripheral lip. 12. The heat exchanger of Claim 11 further compris¬ ing at least one tube sheet for mounting said tubes in a fixed orientation, said countercranks being supported by said tube sheet. 13. The heat exchanger of Claim 12 further compris¬ ing a bearing plate between said tube sheet and said countercranks. 14. The heat exchanger of Claim 12 wherein one or both of said drive plate or tube sheet has a plurality of standoffs for supporting said countercranks from said tube sheet. 15. The heat exchanger of Claim 10 wherein each countercrank has a plurality of rod holes, said rod holes being substantially equally spaced about the circumfer¬ ence of said countercranks, and wherein said rods are placed in one of said holes in each countercrank to thereby balance said rods. 16. The heat exchanger of Claim 15 wherein each countercrank has a pair of rod holes, said rod holes being offset 180° from each other. 17. The heat exchanger of Claim 15 wherein each countercrank has three rod holes, said rod holes being offset 120° from each other. 18. The heat exchanger of Claim 15 further compris¬ ing means for supporting said rods solely at their upper ends within said rod holes. 19. The heat exchanger of Claim 18 wherein said rod support comprises an annular bearing formed at the upper end of said rods. 20. The heat exchanger of Claim 19 wherein said annular bearing comprises a cap formed at the top of each rod, said cap having a diameter greater than the diameter of said countercrank hole which receives said rod. 21. The heat exchanger of Claim 20 wherein said drive plate and countercranks comprise the sole driving connection to said rods, said countercranks each having a hole therein to permit the introduction of a material desired to be processed, the bottoms of said tubes and rods being thereby unobstructed to permit the free flow of said material out of said tubes. 22. In an orbital tube, whip rod heat exchanger, said heat exchanger having a plurality of tubes with each of said tubes having a single whip rod located therein, and a drive plate for forcing relative orbital motion of said whip rods inside their respective tubes, the improvement comprising means for supporting said rods, and driving said rods with said drive plate solely at their upper ends and means for dynamically balancing the forces generated by said rods within said tubes to there- by minimize any vibration induced thereby in said heat exchanger. 23. The heat exchanger of Claim 22 wherein said balancing means includes means for positioning said rods within said tubes so that the total mass of said rods is substantially equally distributed about the circumference of said tubes. 24. The heat exchanger of Claim 23 wherein said balancing means comprises a countercrank adapted to fit with each of said tubes, said countercranks each having a hole through which its associated rod is located and supported. 25. The heat exchanger of Claim 24 wherein some of said countercrank holes are offset from others of said countercrank holes to thereby offset said rods within said tubes. 26. The heat exchanger of Claim 25 further compris¬ ing a driving connection between each of said counter¬ cranks and said rods. 27. The heat exchanger of Claim 26 wherein said driving connection includes a drive pin and a matching drive hole extending between each of said countercranks and said drive plate so that as said drive plate is driv¬ en in an orbital manner said drive plate drives said plurality of countercranks and, in turn, said rods orbit¬ ally about their respective tubes. 28. The heat exchanger of Claim 27 wherein said rod support comprises an annular bearing formed at the upper end of said rods. 29. In an orbital tube, whip rod heat exchanger, said heat exchanger having a plurality of tubes with each of said tubes having at least one whip rod located there¬ in, the improvement comprising a countercrank fitted to each of said tubes, each countercrank having at least one hole therein for receiving and supporting a whip rod within its associated tube. 30. The heat exchanger of Claim 29 further compris¬ ing a drive plate and a driving connection between each of said countercranks and said drive plate. 31. The heat exchanger of Claim 30 wherein said countercranks provide the sole driving connection and support for said rods, said countercranks being located at the tops of said tubes so that the bottoms of said tubes remain substantially unobstructed and material flowing through said tubes may flow freely out the bot¬ toms thereof. 32. The heat exchanger of Claim 31 wherein said countercranks include means for dynamically balancing the forces generated by said rods within said tubes to there¬ by minimize any vibration induced thereby in said heat exchanger. 33. The heat exchanger of Claim 32 wherein said balancing means includes means for locating said rods in an offset pattern in their associated tubes. 34. The heat exchanger of Claim 33 wherein said locating means includes equally spacing said rod support¬ ing hole about the circumference of said countercrank with respect to said driving connection. 35. The heat exchanger of Claim 34 wherein said locating means includes a plurality of rod supporting holes spaced equally about the circumference of said countercrank so that a rod may be selectively supported in a differently positioned rod hole in different countercranks to thereby balance the rods. 36. The heat exchanger of Claim 35 wherein each of said countercranks includes a feed hole through which a material is fed into its associated tube for processing therein. 37. The heat exchanger of Claim 36 wherein each of said countercranks includes a pair of whip rod holes offset 180° from each, only one rod being inserted in alternate ones of said pair to thereby balance said rods in said tubes.

Inventors: O'HANLON JOSEPH BRIAN, O'HANLON, JOSEPH, BRIAN
Applicants: MUELLER PAUL CO, PAUL MUELLER COMPANY
Application year: 1995
Main classification: F28F13
IPC codes: B01D1, B01D9, F25C1, F28F13