Rotary position sensor

Abstract: An angular sensor has a shaped dual magnet structure (212, 214) carried upon a pole piece (210) having a generally "C"-shaped cross-section. The magnet and pole piece define a generally circular linear field which is concentric about the axis of rotation (250) of the complete rotor. A Hall effect device (510) is located in the open portion or gap between the two magnets and is exposed to a well defined field, so that by the use of particular magnet materials and a magnet geometry extending from the axis of rotation to a point beyond the Hall sensor, a precise and yet tolerant magnetic circuit is obtained.

Description: This invention relates to a rotary sensor, and more especially to a rotary or angular position sensor which is both durable and precise for use in rugged and demanding environments. There exist a variety of known techniques for rotary sensing. Optical, electrical, electrostatic and magnetic fields are all used with apparatus to measure position. There also exist many known devices for using these techniques for sensing. A few of the known devices are resistive contacting sensors, inductively coupled ratio detectors, variable reluctance devices, capacitively coupled ratio detectors, optical detectors using the Faraday effect, photo-activated ratio detectors, radio wave directional comparators, and electrostatic ratio detectors. There are many other known devices, too numerous to mention herein. These detection methods tend to each be valuable for one or more particular applications, but none meet the requirements for all position sensing applications. Limitations arising may be due to cost, sensitivity to particular energies and fields, resistance to contamination and environment, stability, ruggedness, linearity, precision, or other factors. Transportation applications generally, and specifically automotive applications, are very demanding. Temperatures may rise to 150 degrees Centigrade or more, with road contaminants such as salt and dirt splashing upon the engine compartment, which may occur while the engine is still extremely hot from operation. At the other extreme, an engine is expected to perform in northern climates without fault and without special preheating. Present throttle position sensors are mainly manufactured using a resistive sensor combined with a sliding contactor structure. The sliding contact serves to "tap" the resistor element and provide a voltage proportional to position. This resistive sensor has proved to offer the greatest performance for cost in throttle position sensing applications, unmatched by any other technology to date. However, the known resistive throttle position sensors are not without disadvantages. An automotive position sensor must endure many millions or even billions of small motions referred to in the industry as dithers. These dithers are the result of mechanical motion and vibration carried into the position sensor. Additionally, during the life of a throttle position sensor, there may be a million or more full stroke cycles of motion. In resistive sensors, these motions can affect signal quality. It is in spite of this shortcoming, that most throttle position sensors are resistive sensors. Over the years, efforts at improving the contactor-element interface have vastly improved the performance of these devices. Similar improvements in packaging and production have maintained cost advantage. A replacement component must be able to meet throttle position sensor performance requirements while offering similar price advantage. The combination of temperature extremes and contamination to which an automotive sensor is exposed has caused the industry to explore very rugged and durable components. One particular group of sensors, those which utilize magnetic energy, are rapidly being accepted into these demanding applications. This is because of the inherent insensitivity of the magnetic system to contamination, together with durability characteristics of the components. Applying magnetic sensing to tone wheels for applications such as anti-lock braking and ignition timing has proved a relatively easy task. The impulse provided by the tone wheel is readily detected in all conditions, with very simple electronic circuitry. Magnetic position sensors, particularly those using Hall effect IC detectors, are also being studied, as it is believed these sensors may ultimately offer advantages over the present resistive technology. However, prior to the present invention, none of the known sensors were able to offer the necessary combination of low cost, reliability, and precision output. Magnetic circuits offer very good performance upon exposure to the usual moisture and dirt contaminants. However, linearity and tight tolerances can be a problem. Sensors are subjected to both radial and axial forces that change the alignment of the rotor portion of the sensor with respect to the stationary portion (stator). Somewhere in the system must be at least one bearing, and this bearing necessarily has a finite amount of play, or motion, which results in the rotor axis moving relative to the stator. Unfortunately, magnetic circuits known from the prior art tend to be very sensitive to mechanical motion between the rotor axis and stator. This motion may be in an axial direction parallel to the axis of rotation, or may be in a radial direction perpendicular to the axis, or a combination thereof. Typical magnetic circuits use one or a combination of magnets to generate a field across an air gap. The magnetic field sensor, be this a Hall effect device or a magnetoresistive material or some other magnetic field sensor, is then located in the gap. The sensor is aligned centrally within the cross-section of the gap. Magnetic field lines are not constrained anywhere within the gap, but tend to be most dense and of consistent strength centrally within the gap. Various means may be provided to vary the strength of the field monitored by the sensor, ranging from shunting the magnetic field around the gap to changing the dimensions of the gap. Regardless of the arrangement and method for changing the field about the sensor, the magnetic circuit has several disadvantages which have heretofore not been overcome. Movement of the sensor relative to the gap, which is the result of axial and radial play between the rotor and stator, tends to lead to a variation in field strength measured by the sensor. This effect is particularly pronounced in Hall effect, magneto-resistive and other similar sensors, where the sensor is sensitive about a single axis and insensitive to perpendicular magnetic fields. The familiar bulging of field lines jumping a gap illustrates this, in that where a Hall effect sensor is not accurately positioned in the gap it will measure the vector fraction of the field strength directly parallel to the gap. In the centre of the gap, this will be equal to the full field strength. The vector fraction perpendicular thereto will be ignored by the sensor, even though the sum of the vectors is the actual field strength at that point. As the sensor is moved from the centre of the gap, the field begins to diverge, or bulge, resulting in a greater fraction of the field vector being perpendicular to the gap. Since this will not be detected by the sensor, the sensor will provide a reading of insufficient magnitude. In addition to limitations with regard to position and field strength, another set of issues are important. A magnetic position sensor to be of value in the transportation industry must be precise in spite of fluctuating temperatures. In order to gain useful output, a magnet must initially be completely saturated, as failure in this respect results in unpredictable performance. However, operating at complete saturation leads to another problem referred to in the art as irreversible loss. Temperature cycling, particularly to elevated temperatures, permanently decreases the magnetic output. A magnet also undergoes aging processes not unlike those of other materials, including oxidation and other forms of corrosion. This is commonly referred to as structural loss. Structural and irreversible loss must be taken into account in order to provide a reliable device with a precision output. Another significant difficulty in the design of magnetic circuits is the sensitivity of the circuit to surrounding ferromagnetic objects. For transportation applications a large amount of iron or steel may be placed in very close proximity to the sensor. The sensor must not respond to this external influence. The prior art is exemplified by U.S. Patent No. 4 570 118, wherein a number of different embodiments are illustrated for forming the magnetic circuit of a Hall effect throttle position sensor. This patent discloses the use of a sintered samarium cobalt magnet material which is either flat, arcuate, and slightly off-axis or, in second and third embodiments, rectangular with shaped pole pieces. No information is provided in the aforesaid patent as to the manner in which each magnet is magnetically coupled to the other, though from the disclosure it appears to be by the use of an air gap formed by a plastic moulded carrier. Furthermore, no information is provided as to how this magnetic material is shaped and how the irreversible and structural losses will be managed. Sintered samarium cobalt is difficult to shape with any degree of precision, and the material is typically ground after sintering. The grinding process is difficult, expensive and imprecise. The device may be designed to be linear and precise at a given temperature and a given level of magnetic saturation, presumably fully saturated. However, such a device would not be capable of performing in a linear and precise manner, nor be reliable, in the production processes, temperature cycling and vibration experienced in the transportation environment. Furthermore, devices acording to the design of the aforesaid U.S. patent are highly susceptible to adjacent ferromagnetic objects. The variation in adjacent ferromagnetic material from one engine to the next serves to distort the field and adversely affect both linearity and precision. The open magnetic circuit not only adversely affects sensitivity to foreign objects, but also sensitivity to radiated energies, commonly referred to as Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI or EMC). Also, all the embodiments disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4 570 118 are very sensitive to bearing play. The combination of an open magnetic circuit and a radially narrow permanent magnet structure provides no tolerance for motion in the bearing system. This motion is translated into a changing magnetic field, as the area within the gap in which the field is parallel and of consistent magnetic induction is very small. U.S. Patent No. 3 112 464 discloses several embodiments of a brushless Hall effect potentiometer. In the first embodiment, a shaped, radially magnetized structure is provided which varies an air gap between the magnetic structure and a casing. However, there is no provision for radial or axial motion of the magnet carried upon the rotor. Furthermore, the large magnetic structure is difficult to manufacture and relatively expensive. U.S. Patent No. 5 159 268 illustrates a somewhat similar shaped magnet structure. The structure disclosed therein suffers from the same limitations as that of U.S. Patent No. 3 112 464. Additionally, the device of U.S. Patent No. 5 159 268 ofers no protection from extraneous ferromagnetic objects. U.S. Patent No. 5 164 668 discloses a sensor less sensitive to radial and axial play. However, this device requires a large shaped magnet for precision and linearity. The size of the magnet structure places additional demand upon the bearing system. No proposals are made dealing with magnet materials, methods for compensating for irreversible and structural losses, or shielding from extraneous ferromagnetic objects. The combination of a large magnet, enhanced bearing structure and added shielding combine to make a more expensive package. Also known from the prior art is U.K. Patent Specification No. 2 229 006, which discloses a rotary sensing device in which motion is detected in an axial direction parallel to the axis of the sensor, utilising bar magnets which, initially, lie in the plane of the sensor. According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a rotary sensor comprising: a housing; an assembly for providing a closed magnetic circuit including; a first magnet; a second magnet; and a magnetically permeable pole piece interconnecting the first and second magnets; and a varying dimension air gap defined between the first magnet and the second magnet; the first and second magnets being structured and dimensioned to provide the varying dimension air gap and to form a variable magnetic field coupled therebetween; and the assembly being rotatably mounted in the housing about an axis, generally parallel to the variable magnetic field coupled between the magnets; wherein the first magnet has a first inner radial edge positioned substantially coextensive with the axis and a first outer edge radially spaced from the axis; the second magnet having a second inner radial edge positioned substantially coextensive with the axis and a second outer edge radially spaced from the axis, the first and second inner positions and the first and second outer edges of the first and second magnets, respectively, being generally congruent; and a magnetic field sensing means is positioned in the air gap between the first and second magnets for sensing the variable magnetic field in the air gap; the sensing means being positioned at a location between the first and second inner positions and the first and second outer edges of the first and second magnets. According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a rotary position sensor comprising: a housing; a first magnet; a second magnet; a magnetically permeable pole piece including a connecting element connecting the first and second magnets; the first and second magnets and the pole piece being interconnected to provide a closed magnetic circuit with the first and second magnets extending from the connecting element to form a generally C-shaped cross-sectional configuration, the first and second magnets being aligned, structured and dimensioned to provide a varying dimension air gap between the first and second magnets and to form a variable magnetic field coupled therebetween; and the interconnected first and second magnets are mounted in the housing with the connecting element for rotation about an axis generally parallel to the connecting element; wherein the first magnet and the second magnet have equidistant outer diameters extending radially outwardly from inner radial edges positioned substantially coextensive with the axis; and sensing means mounted in the housing and being positioned for relative movement in the varying air gap between the first magnet and the second magnet at a location intermediate the outer diameter of the magnets and the axis to provide signals which are a function of the rotational positions of the rotatable magnets. The sensor in accordance with the invention is further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 illustrates one practical embodiment of the invention in a top view, with the cover removed for clarity; Figure 2 shows the preferred embodiment of Figure 1 in a cross-sectional view taken along line 2' of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a schematic view of the magnet and Hall effect device structure; Figure 4 shows an alternative magnet structure in a perspective view; Figure 5 shows the embodiment of Figure 4 in elevational view; Figure 6 shows the embodiment of Figure 4 in plan view; Figure 7 shows an alternative embodiment of cover in top view; and Figure 8 is a cross-section view taken along the line of Figure 7. Shown in top view with the cover removed in Figure 1 and in cross-section in Figure 2 is one practical embodiment in accordance with the present invention. A rotary sensor is designated generally by the numeral 100. This sensor includes a housing 300 and a magnetic structure or assembly 200 of arcuate periphery and generally "C"-shaped cross section, mounted to the housing. The magnetic assembly 200 includes therein a magnetically permeable pole piece 210, shaped magnets 212 and 214, an air gap 216, and is supported by a base in the form of a moulded rotor cup 220. The pole piece 210 is formed between and is bonded to the magnets 212 and 214 so that the air gap within the pole piece is bordered by the magnets. This use of two magnets substantially reduces loss through the air gap which otherwise occurs with only a single magnet. A closed magnetic circuit which is completed by the pole piece 210 improves performance by being less sensitive to bearing play and less sensitive to external ferromagnetic objects. A closed magnetic circuit exists. for the purposes of this invention, when the external flux path of a permanent magnet is confined with high permeability material. The pole piece, the magnets and the air gap form the closed magnetic circuit. Air is understood to be low permeability material. The pole piece 210 further reduces the size of the magnets 212 and 214 required, and may be manufactured from moulded or sintered metals. Most preferably, pole piece 210 is formed from steel sheets such as ANSI 430 stainless steel. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the pole piece has a radius from the axis 250 to its outer edges 261, 263. The shaped magnets 212 and 214 are preferably formed by moulding magnetic materials such as bonded ferrite. Bonded ferrite offers both a substantial cost advantage and also a significant advantage over other similar magnetic materials in structural loss due to corrosion and other environmental degradation. Other magnetic materials may be suitable, as will be determined by one skilled in the art. Additionally, the magnets 212 and 214 desirably extend substantially from the outer edges 261, 263 of pole piece 210 to a region very close to, or, design permitting, in line with the axis of rotation 250 of the rotor cup 220. This large extension of the magnets 212 and 214 in the radial direction greatly reduces the effects of radial motion of the magnetic structure 200. Additionally, the magnets 212 and 214 are formed with lip structures 474 and 472 as best illustrated in Figure 2. These formations extend out beyond and partially around pole piece 210. The lips 472 and 474 serve to expand the "sweet zone" of operation of Hall effect device 510, by forcing a larger area of linear magnetic field lines to pass through the air gap and coupled between magnets 212 and 214. This larger area of linear field lines directly corresponds to greater tolerance for both radial and axial play. The moulded rotor cup 220 includes a surface 223 designed to engage with a shaft 230, shown diagrammatically in Figure 2, extending from an object 231, for example, from a throttle body and carrying thereon the throttle butterfly. Moulded rotor cup 220 then rotates about the axis identified in end view as 250 in Figure 1 and carries therewith the remainder of magnetic structure 200. The moulded rotor cup 220 is retained by housing 300, seal 350, helical spring 360 and cover 310. The cover 310 engages with housing 300 and may, for example, be ultrasonically welded in place. Cover 310 is strengthened against warpage and deflection through the formation of ribs 312. Within the gap formed by magnets 212 and 214 is a hybrid circuit substrate 500 carrying thereon the Hall effect device 510. The Hall effect device 510 is desirably positioned somewhere between the outer edges 267, 265 of magnets 212 and 214 and the inner ends 511, 513 of the magnets near axis 250, but not particularly close to either the edges or the ends, so as to avoid any field bulging effect. The hybrid substrate 500 may be attached by heat staking or another similar method to the housing 300. The hybrid substrate 500 additionally carries thereon electrical circuitry within tray 520. This tray 520 acts as a container into which appropriate potting compounds may be placed to provide all necessary environmental protection for the associated circuitry. The tray 520 should be electrically grounded for protection against radiated fields (EMI and EMC). The hybrid substrate 500 is electrically interconnected to electrical terminals 410 through wire bonds 530, though it is well understood that any of a large number of electrical interconnection techniques would be suitable. Electrical connector terminals 410 emerge from housing 300 at the connector body 400, for interconnection to standard mating connectors. The magnetic structure 200 rotates about the generally central axis 250 relative to the housing 300, thereby rotating the magnets 212 and 214 together with the pole piece 210. The Hall effect device 510 is fixed stationary relative to the housing 300. As best illustrated in Figure 3, the magnets 212 and 214 are shaped generally helically so as to have a relatively thicker end and a relatively thinner end. At the thicker ends 211 and 215, which is at the same angle of rotation of magnetic structure 200 for both magnets 212 and 214, there is a narrow air gap 217. At the thinner ends 213 and 216, there is a correspondingly larger air gap 218. The result is the generation of less magnetic induction across gap 218, with more magnetic induction across gap 217. Rotation of the pole piece 210 about the axis 250 results in changing field magnetic induction, which is directly measured by Hall effect device 510. Proper shaping of the gap produces a linear output from Hall effect device 510. However, such a system will not perform linearly and with precision and resistance to bearing play over its life without further design considerations. In order to stabilize a magnet against irreversible losses, it is necessary first to saturate magnets 212 and 214 and then to demagnetize the magnets by a small amount. The magnetic structure 200 does not demagnetize evenly from magnet ends 211 and 215 to magnet ends 213 and 216, without special consideration. Absent the appropriate demagnetization, the resulting device will either lose precision as a result of temperature excursions or will lose linearity as a result of stabilizing demagnetization. Figures 4, 5 and 6 illustrate an alternative embodiment of the magnet structure, with the rotor cup removed for clarity. Thus, the magnetic structure 450 includes a magnetically permeable pole piece 460 and two shaped magnets 464 and 466. The magnets 464 and 466 do not have the lips of the first embodiment. In every other way, this structure is designed to be a functional equivalent of the Figures 1 to 3 embodiment, with a slightly reduced "sweet zone" of operation. The magnets 464 and 466 are still tapered so as to provide changing magnetic induction with rotation. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate an alternative embodiment of cover, wherein a ferromagnetic plate 814 is shown moulded into cover 810. The cover 810 includes reinforcing ribs 812 similar to ribs 312. The use of a ferromagnetic plate further reduces the sensitivity of position sensor 100 to external ferromagnetic objects, for those applications requiring extreme precision. For EMC and EMI considerations, plate 814 should be grounded. The apparatus for measuring angular or rotary position described herein as preferred is a low cost structure due to the minimal weight and reduced demands upon magnetic components. In addition, there are many performance advantages not heretofore obtainable, including reduced sensitivity to bearing play, resistance to contamination and environment, reduced sensitivity to externally located fields, energies and objects, durability for both full stroke motion and dithers, precision, linearity and reduced complexity. Various modifications of the above-described arrangement are possible within the scope of the invention defined by the appended claims.

Claims: A rotary sensor comprising: a housing (300); an assembly (200) for providing a closed magnetic circuit including: a first magnet (212); a second magnet (214); and a magnetically permeable pole piece (210) interconnecting the first and second magnets; and a varying dimension air gap defined between the first magnet and the second magnet; the first and second magnets (212, 214) being structured and dimensioned to provide the varying dimension air gap and to form a variable magnet field coupled therebetween; and the assembly (200) being rotatably mounted in the housing about an axis, generally parallel to the variable magnetic field coupled between the magnets; wherein the first magnet (212) has a first inner radial edge positioned substantially coextensive with the axis and a first outer edge radially spaced from the axis; the second magnet (214) having a second inner radial edge positioned substantially coextensive with the axis and a second outer edge radially spaced from the axis, the first and second inner positions and the first and second outer edges of the first and second magnets, respectively, being generally congruent; and a magnetic field sensing means (510) is positioned in the air gap between the first and second magnets (212, 214) for sensing the variable magnetic field in the air gap; the sensing means being positioned at a location between the first and second inner positions and the first and second outer edges of the first and second magnets. The rotary sensor of claim 1, wherein the pole piece (210) provides an axis of rotation for the assembly. The rotary sensor of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the sensing means is a stationary magnetic field sensing device (510) mounted to the housing in a plane generally perpendicular to the magnetic field. The rotary sensor of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first outer edge and the second outer edge are substantially equidistant from the axis. The rotary sensor of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the sensing means comprises a Hall effect device (510). The rotary sensor of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first and second magnets (212, 214) are each shaped generally helically so as to have a relatively thicker end and a relatively thinner end. The rotary sensor of claim 6, wherein the thicker ends of the first and second magnets (212, 214) are arranged so as to provide a narrow air gap between the first and second magnets relative to a wide air gap between the thinner ends of the first and second magnets in order to vary magnetic induction from the thicker ends to the thinner ends of the magnets. The rotary sensor of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the pole piece (210) is generally C-shaped in cross-section with the first and second magnets (212, 214) extending therefrom. The rotary sensor of claim 8, wherein the pole piece (210) is formed from a material selected from sintered metals or sheet steel and the first and second magnets are formed from moulding magnetic materials. A rotary position sensor comprising: a housing (300); a first magnet (212); a second magnet (214); a magnetically permeable pole piece (210) including a connecting element connecting the first and second magnets; the first and second magnets (212, 214) and the pole piece (210) being interconnected to provide a closed magnetic circuit with the first and second magnets extending from the connecting element to form a generally C-shaped cross-sectional configuration, the first and second magnets heing aligned, structured and dimensioned to provide a varying dimension air gap between the first and second magnets and to form a variable magnetic field coupled therebetween; and the interconnected first and second magnets (212, 214) are mounted in the housing with the connecting element for rotation about an axis generally parallel to the connecting element; wherein the first magnet (212) and the second magnet (214) have equidistant outer diameters extending radially outwardly from inner radial edges positioned substantially coextensive with the axis; and sensing means (510) mounted in the housing and being positioned for relative movement in the varying air gap between the first magnet and the second magnet at a location intermediate the outer diameter of the magnets and the axis to provide signals which are a function of the rotational positions of the rotatable magnets. The rotary sensor of claim 10, wherein the sensing means comprises a Hall effect device (510). The rotary sensor of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the first and second magnets (212, 214) are each shaped generally helically so as to have a relatively thicker end and a relatively thinner end and the first and second magnets are aligned with the relatively thicker ends of the first and second magnets facing each other across the air gap and the relatively thinner ends of the first and second magnets facing each other across the air gap, whereby a smaller air gap is provided between the thicker ends relative to the air gap between the thinner ends of the first and second magnets causing magnetic induction to vary from the thicker ends to the thinner ends of the first and second magnets. The rotary sensor of any of claims 10 to 12, wherein the magnetic field sensing means (510) is aligned perpendicular to said magnetic field throughout the full extent of rotation of said magnetic circuit assembly about said axis whereby said magnetic field sensing device detects said magnetic field between the first and second magnets. The rotary sensor of any of claims 10 to 13, including: a shaft adapted to be connected to a rotatable object spaced from the housing and to the assembly for causing the assembly to rotate as a function of rotation of the object.

Inventors: CAMPBELL ROBERT J, MCCURLEY JEFFREY L, SPENCE SCOTT L, WHITE JAMES E, CAMPBELL, ROBERT J., MCCURLEY, JEFFREY L., SPENCE, SCOTT L., WHITE, JAMES E.
Applicants: CTS CORP, CTS CORPORATION
Application year: 1995
Main classification: G01D5
IPC codes: G01D5, G01B7