Fluid flow meter

Abstract: A mass fluid flow controller has a valve which is controlled by a controller rod structure which is substantially pivotally mounted on a metallic diaphragm which stretches and unstretches with the movement of the rod structure. The actuation of the rod structure is by the expansion and contraction of an actuator wire which is heated for the expansion and allowed to cool for the contraction. The primary fluid flow path through the controller is straight. A sensor conduit, providing a parallel sensor fluid flow path, is connected in position using metallic sealer members which extend in openings to the primary fluid flow path and which are rounded along the direction through such openings. The pressure drop, along the primary fluid flow path, to create flow through the sensor conduit, is provided by a fluid flow restrictor having a core and having lengths of wire along the core which are squeezed between the core and a tapered fluid flow path wall in the vicinity of the sensor conduit input and output connections. A spherical or a conical shape may be used for the form of the core. A valve seat bushing is mounted in pipe structure providing the primary fluid flow path by applying a force against an end surface of the bushing, with movement of the bushing blocked, in order to deform the end surface, push the outer wall of the bushing against the inner wall of the pipe structure, and fix the bushing in the pipe structure. In the relationship between the controller rod structure and a ball which acts as a gate-member for the valve, an elongated stem rod having a sleeve about it may be used in fixing the ball to the controller rod structure. The stem rod may be mounted by fixing it to the elongated sleeve, a distance from the gate-member side of the controller rod structure that is substantially greater than the distance of the position of the ball from the gate-member side of the controller rod structure.

Description: The field of the invention pertains to fluid flow meters. Mass flow controllers for gases sense the mass flow rate of a gas substantially independently of gas temperature or pressure, provide a measurement, and thus meter such flow, and adjust the mass flow rate, as desired, based on such sensing and metering. Forms of such controllers which operate on heat transfer principles have been widely adopted. A common commercial form of a mass flow sensor for a gas incorporates a small diameter tube which has two coils of wire wound on the outside in close proximity to each other. The coils are formed from a metallic material having a resistance which is temperature-sensitive. In a bridge-type electrical circuit, incorporated into the sensor, the coils can then be heated by an electrical current to provide equal resistances in the absence of flow of the gas and a balanced condition for the bridge-type circuit - e.g., a null output signal. Then, with the gas flowing within the tube, within the relevant measuring range of the sensor, the temperature of the upstream coil is decreased by the cooling effect of the gas and the temperature of the downstream coil is increased by the heat from the upstream coil transmitted by the fluid. This difference in temperature is proportional to the number of molecules per unit time flowing through the tube. Therefore, based on the known variation of resistance of the coils with temperature, the output signal of the bridge circuit provides a measure, or a meter signal, of the gas mass flow. Typically, the small diameter tube is in parallel with the primary fluid flow route through the controller. And this parallel path is set up using some form of partial fluid flow blockage setting up a pressure drop along the primary path. With the flow measurement at a given level, and a desired flow setting at a different level, the difference can be eliminated, i.e., the mass flow rate can be controlled, through a valve in the primary fluid flow path. Typically, in mass flow controllers, the primary fluid flow path is somewhat circuitous to allow for the mounting of a valve seat in a valve sleeve, which is opened or closed in a linear fashion. Thus, the member which is moved to increase or decrease the fluid flow through the valve is typically moved through a force applied along the direction of the fluid flow (the direction through the opening of the valve seat). Typically, the member acting against the valve seat is moved by a structure having a position which is controlled by a solenoid or piezo-electric mechanism, and is often attached to a metallic diaphragm. Such circuitous flow path and linear mechanisms tend to require custom-made conduit parts and larger and/or more forceful mechanisms than may otherwise be desirable. They also tend to be sensitive to back-pressure effects in the primary flow path which may complicate the mechanical operation of the valve. Somewhat related to all this is a manufacturing requirement that can occur, relating to the mounting of a sleeve containing the valve seat in the primary fluid flow path. Specifically, there may be a requirement to avoid scratching along the primary fluid flow path in putting this sleeve in position. Where, for example, a press-fit operation is used, the inevitable scratching, then, should occur along wall surfaces which do not contact the fluid during fluid flow. Concerning the need for some blockage of the primary fluid flow path in connection with providing a parallel path through the small diameter sensor tube, a variety of blockage elements have been used and attempted. This includes, for example, employing a primary fluid flow path having a taper, and a blockage structure having a taper which can be positioned, and then held in position through a spring-like mounting mechanism. Of concern in all this is some need to maintain rather smooth, typically laminar-type flow, in some vicinity of the location of the sensor-tube parallel path, and the capability to adjust the amount of blockage in order to adjust the ratio of flow through the sensor tube to flow through the primary path. This capability to adjust permits calibrating, within certain ranges, the flow rate which a given sensor signal represents. Such calibration flexibility is important in satisfying a variety of uses and individualized requirements. In accordance with this, with regard to fluid flow blockage and adjustment, a generally circular, cylindrical flow path portion with a generally circular, cylindrical plug portion having wire-like structures along its length, as a blockage arrangement, is known. Then, the length of the cylindrical blockage portion which is disposed in the like-shaped flow path portion can be used as a way of controlling the degree of blockage. In mass flow controllers of the general type noted, another area of effort and concern has been in interfacing the small-diameter sensor tube and the primary fluid flow path. This interfacing, of course, occurs in the vicinity of the blockage element in the primary fluid flow path. Such interfacing involves a small-diameter tube and the need for its sealed communication, at either end, with openings to the primary fluid flow path. Exemplary of the conventional responses to this requirement is the incorporation of a metallic mounting block disposed between the sensor housing and the metallic conduit block in this vicinity through which the primary fluid flow path is bored. Such a block, then, has generally circular, cylindrical openings formed in it through which the sensor tube passes, at its ends, just prior to the openings in the conduit block connecting to the primary fluid flow path. A pair of metallic pieces, then, are press-fit into these openings. Such pieces are bored with small-diameter openings, through the middle, for the small-diameter sensor tube end, either input or output. Such metallic pieces, which are generally circular, cylindrical in shape, can have, e.g., circular edges formed on the face toward the conduit block. Then, washer-like elements, having cooperating circular edges, to form a fluid-tight seal can be squeezed between the interface mounting block and the conduit block, about the sensor tube near the ends of such tube. The metallic interface pieces can have a built-up configuration along those same faces to provide a convenient form for welding the sensor pipe, at the ends of the pipe, to the pieces. The particularities of the interface structures, and the use of space by the interface mounting block, as examples, are noteworthy considerations. Where, with respect to mass flow controllers, there has been a desire to use heat mechanisms, rather than piezo-electric or solenoid mechanisms, to control flow through the flow controller valve, the need for significant force has typically been a requirement. In accordance with this, the use of electrical heating of a wire, to in turn heat a surrounding tube, has been the subject of past effort and development. The mass of the tube, in expanding with the application of heat or contracting with the removal of heat, can then be the source of the required amount of force, while also a source of slowness in the response time. The present invention is directed to ease and efficiency of operation, as well as ease and efficiency of construction, in relation to the mounting of the sensor housing and the related interface between the sensor fluid path and the primary fluid path. In accordance with the invention, a fluid flow meter includes a fluid flow sensor incorporating a fluid flow sensor conduit having an inlet and an outlet and having a sensor fluid flow path opening through the conduit as defined by claims 1 and 6. A pipe structure has an inlet and an outlet for fluid having a flow rate to be measured, and having a main fluid flow path opening in parallel with the sensor fluid flow path opening. The pipe structure also has a sensor conduit inlet opening for the inlet end of the sensor conduit and a sensor conduit outlet opening for the outlet end of the sensor conduit. An inlet metallic sealer structure extends in the sensor conduit inlet opening and an outlet metallic sealer structure extends in the sensor conduit outlet opening. Each of the sealer structures is rounded along the direction through the sensor conduit opening into which it extends, and each itself has an opening through the sealer structure for the associated end of the sensor conduit. Each of the inlet and outlet sealer structures includes a spherically-shaped surface portion extending in the associated sensor conduit opening of the pipe structure, and each also includes a flat surface portion. And, the sensor conduit is attached to each of the sealer structures. The pipe structure may have a pair of inlet corners near its sensor conduit inlet opening and a pair of outlet corners near its sensor conduit outlet opening; and an inlet washer structure may then be bent between the inlet sealer structure and such inlet corners while an outlet washer structure is bent between the outlet sealer structure and such outlet corners. FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a flow controller with fluid flow connections into and out of the controller. FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of the flow controller of Figure 1 taken along the line 2-2 of Figure 1. FIGURE 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 3-3 of Figure 1, showing various parts of the sensor of the flow controller. FIGURE 4 is a cross-sectional view, enlarged and partially broken-away, showing various valve control and actuator parts of Figure 2. FIGURE 5 is a cross-sectional view, enlarged and broken-away, further showing various valve control parts of Figure 2. FIGURE 6 is a cross-sectional view, enlarged and partially broken-away, taken along the line 6-6 of Figure 2, showing the fit of the flow restrictor in the primary fluid flow path. FIGURE 7 is a perspective view of the flow restrictor. FIGURE 8 is a perspective view, partially broken-away, of a part of the flow restrictor. FIGURE 9 is a cross-sectional view, enlarged and partially broken-away, taken along the line 9-9 of Figure 2, showing the connection between the sensor conduit and primary fluid flow path including the sealer structure for the connection. FIGURE 10 is an enlarged view, broken-away, showing some of the parts of Figure 9, including the sealer structure. FIGURE 11 is a schematic view, showing the coils of the sensor of Figure 1 in an illustrative bridge-type measurement circuit. FIGURE 12 is a schematic view, showing the actuator wire of the flow controller, as a resistor, in an illustrative temperature-variation circuit. FIGURE 13 illustrates how parts of the circuits of Figures 11 and 12 can fit in a larger circuit. FIGURES 14 and 15 illustrate the mounting of the valve seat of the flow controller of Figure 1 in position in the controller. FIGURE 16 is an alternative arrangement for various of the valve control and actuator parts shown in Figure 2, Figure 16 being a normally-open valve arrangement and Figure 2 being a normally-closed valve arrangement. FIGURE 17 is a perspective view of an alternative arrangement for the flow restrictor of Figure 7. FIGURE 18 is a perspective view, partially broken-away, showing a part of the flow-restrictor of Figure 17. FIGURE 19 is a cross-sectional view of the flow restrictor of Figure 17 in position in the primary fluid flow path, comparable to the view of Figure 6. FIGURE 20 is a cross-sectional view, broken-away, showing an alternative arrangement for the connection between the sensor conduit and the primary fluid flow path, comparable to the view of Figure 10. FIGURE 21 is a cross-sectional view, comparable to the view of Figure 2, showing an alternative arrangement for various pipe sections, flow restrictor and sensor conduit sealer parts. FIGURE 22 is a cross-sectional view, enlarged and partially broken-away, taken along the line 22-22 of Figure 21, showing some of the parts of Figure 21, including a sealer structure. FIGURE 23 is a perspective view of the flow restrictor of Figure 21. FIGURE 24 is an alternative normally-closed arrangement for various of the valve control and actuator parts shown in Figure 2. FIGURE 25 is an enlarged view, broken-away, showing some of the parts of Figure 24, including an elongated stem rod and a stem rod sleeve. FIGURE 26 is an alternative normally-open arrangement for various of the valve control and actuator parts shown in Figure 16. FIGURE 27 is a cross-sectional view of the sealer structure of Figure 22 prior to its insertion into its assembled position. By way of introduction and summary, there is shown in Figure 1 a mass flow controller 32 with input side 34 and output side 36 connections to a fluid flow system. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the flow controller has an input pipe section 40, an intermediate pipe section 42 and an output pipe section 44. As shown in Figure 2, a valve seat bushing 46, having a valve seat 48 press-fit in the bushing, is mounted in the intermediate pipe section 42. And a ball 50 acts as the gate-member for the valve, in association with the valve seat, to adjust the fluid flow through the valve. As shown, for example, in Figures 2 and 5, the position of the gate-member ball 50 is controlled by a controller rod 52 which is substantially pivotally mounted on a metallic diaphragm 54. The adjustment of the position of the controller rod 52 in turn is accomplished through the expansion and contraction of an actuator wire 56 having a temperature which is changed in accordance with the desired fluid flow (see also, for example, Figure 4). Still referring to Figure 2, the input pipe section 40 of the flow controller 32 has a fluid inlet 60 and an input section fluid flow opening 62 through the section. Similarly, the intermediate pipe section has an intermediate section fluid flow opening 64. And the output pipe section 44 has an output section fluid flow opening 65. In the input section fluid flow opening 62, a spherical form flow restrictor 66 is tightly lodged (see also Figure 6). As shown in Figures 2, 7 and 8, the flow restrictor has a core 70 and lengths of wire 72 disposed along the core which, with the restrictor in position, are squeezed between the inside wall of the input pipe section 40 and the core. The flow restrictor 66, of course, creates a pressure drop across the restrictor. As shown in Figure 2, an inlet sensor conduit opening 74, transverse to the input section fluid flow opening 62, is provided through the input pipe section to the upstream side of the flow restrictor 66. Similarly, to the downstream side of the flow restrictor, there is provided an associated transverse sensor conduit outlet opening 76 through the input pipe section. In Figure 2 it can be seen that the inlet end 80 of the sensor conduit communicates with this inlet opening 74 and the outlet end 82 of the sensor conduit communicates with the outlet opening 76. The arrangement at the input end 80 is shown enlarged in Figure 9, with the arrangement at the outlet end 82, of course, having a like appearance. The main body of the sensor conduit 84 is shown, disposed in a sensor housing 86, in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, the mass flow sensor is of the well-known type which uses the effect of the gas flow through the sensor conduit, on upstream 90 and downstream 92 temperature-sensitive resistance wire coils, to measure the fluid flow through the sensor conduit, which for the fluid flow range of concern, will be essentially a fixed ratio of the fluid flow through the primary fluid flow path. The bridge-type circuit of Figure 11, with the upstream 90 and downstream 92 sensor coils as circuit elements, illustrates electronic sensor circuitry providing an output voltage representative of the mass fluid flow rate. As shown in Figure 1, a printed circuit board 94 provided with various electronic components incorporates the required sensor circuitry. It also incorporates actuator circuitry to change the temperature of the actuator wire 56, as schematically illustrated in Figure 12, along with other conventional circuit elements which may interact with the electronic sensor and actuator elements and/or which may be required for the flow controller 32 to interact with external electronics. As already adverted to, like metallic sealer members are used in providing the communication between the inlet 80 and outlet 82 ends of the sensor conduit 84, and the sensor conduit inlet 74 and outlet 76 openings. Beyond Figure 9, referred to above, this is shown in Figure 10, where the inlet sealer member 96 is in position in the inlet opening 74. As can be seen, this sealer member has a spherically-shaped surface portion 100. The like outlet sealer member 98, of course, appears in Figure 2. In mounting the valve seat bushing 46 in the intermediate pipe section 42, for purposes of gas flow efficiency and purity in the fluid flow path, the avoidance of scratching along the inner wall surface of the pipe section is of significance. The mounted bushing, having the valve seat 48 press-fit in the bushing, can be seen, for example, in Figure 2. The mounting process, to avoid the scratching, is depicted in Figures 14 and 15. It can be termed a radial expansion-fit process. Specifically, before the mounting, the valve seat bushing 46 has an upstream end surface 102, transverse to the direction through the bushing, which has a shape including a conical shape. In particular, there is a conically-shaped end surface portion 104. In mounting the bushing 46, the bushing is inserted in the intermediate pipe section 42 against an anvil 106. With the anvil abutting an annular-shaped surface 108 of the bushing, which is formed between the upstream end surface 102 and a downstream end surface 110, a deformation ball 112 is positioned against the conically-shaped surface portion 104 of the upstream end surface and subjected to a deformation force, represented by the arrow 114, applied through a deformation implement represented at 116. As shown in Figure 15, this results in the deformation of the conically-shaped surface portion to a spherically-shaped surface portion. This surface portion, during the deformation process, is represented at 120 in Figure 15. The end-result, spherical surface portion 122, with the bushing 46, in position, can be seen, for example, in Figure 2. The application of the force and the deformation, of course, brings with it a force along the outside wall of the bushing against the inside wall of the intermediate pipe section 42. The stretching and deformation associated with this results in a tight and stable fit for the bushing in the pipe section, accomplished by radial expansion. The mass fluid flow controller 32, of course, is particularly adapted to controlling the flow of a gaseous fluid. And as indicated, for maintaining an essentially fixed ratio of the diverted fluid flow through the sensor conduit 84 to the undiverted fluid flow through the primary fluid flow path, the restrictor should maintain a smooth fluid flow along such restrictor. This typically means a laminar-type fluid flow along the restrictor. In regard to this, the spherical form flow restrictor 66, as shown in Figures 2 and 6 through 8, is particularly adapted for flow rates in a relatively low range. On the other hand, a conical form flow restrictor 124, shown in Figure 17, is particularly adapted for a higher range of fluid flow rates. In the particular arrangement of Figure 17, the taper angle of the conically-shaped (frusto-conical) core 126 is the same as the taper for the input section fluid flow opening 62 (Figure 2). In the flow controller 32, the sensor housing 86 is conveniently mounted on an L-shaped bracket 128 having a leg 130 along the input pipe section 40 and a leg 132 under the sensor housing (see, for example, Figures 1, 2 and 9). This pipe-section leg 130 is mounted tightly against the sealer members 96 and 100, as shown in Figures 1 and 10. However, in the flow controller 32, this tight fit in fact is not necessary to hold the sealer members in position. The press-fit, in connection with the sealer member shapes involved, provides a tight and stable fit without additional force from the bracket leg 128. Nevertheless, the tight fit of the bracket leg is convenient for other assembly and stability reasons. On the other hand, in a modification illustrated in Figure 20, which is comparable to the view of Figure 10, sealer members which are the same as the inlet and outlet sealer members 96 and 100 of Figures 2 and 10, are used in a fashion which requires the holding force of the leg 128 of the L-shaped bracket which is along the input pipe section. Such an inlet sealer member 134 is shown in Figure 20 squeezed against an inlet washer member 136 which, due to the force, is bent around a pair of inlet corners 140 at the entrance to the sensor conduit inlet opening 74 for the sealer member. The valve controller and actuator arrangement of the flow controller 36 of Figure 1, as shown in Figures 2 and 4, provides for a normally-closed operation of the valve. An alternative arrangement, shown in Figure 16, provides a normally-open alternative. In Figure 21, there is shown an alternative input pipe section embodiment 146, along with an alternative conical form flow restrictor 150 in position, and a pair of like, alternative inlet 152 and outlet 154 sealer members fitted in sensor conduit inlet 156 and outlet 158 openings having somewhat different forms than the inlet and outlet openings 74 and 76 of Figure 1. These alternative parts, thus, can be substituted for the comparable parts shown in Figure 1. Figure 27 shows one of these pair of sealer structures prior to its insertion into its assembled position. In Figure 24, alternative normally-closed valve control and actuator parts, which may be substituted for the comparable parts of Figures 1, 2 and 4, are shown. These alternative parts, rather than a floating gate-member ball arrangement, incorporate an attached gate-member ball 160, an elongated stem rod 162 that is fixed to the gate-member ball, and a stem rod sleeve 164 that is fixed to the controller rod structure and to the stem rod. The stem rod is mounted at the downstream end 166 of the sleeve a distance from the gate-member, upstream side of the controller rod structure that is substantially greater than the distance of the position of the gate-member ball from that upstream side of the controller rod structure. This mounting arrangement permits the stem rod, which does not touch the sleeve, except in the vicinity of where it is mounted, in effect, to deflect as an aid in the positioning of the ball with respect to the valve seat. This attached ball arrangement, with the stem rod and its sleeve, is shown in more detail in Figure 25. In Figure 26, alternative normally-closed valve control and actuator parts, which may be substituted for the comparable parts of Figure 16, are shown. This is the normally-open version of the attached ball arrangement of Figure 24. The above introductory and summary description, in connection with the drawings, of course, does provide a substantial amount of detail about the flow controller 32, its parts and operation, and variations in such parts and operation. As for additional detailed aspects, the mass flow sensor, which among other parts includes the sensor-housing 86, the sensor conduit 84, e.g. as shown in Figure 3, and sensor electrical circuitry as schematically illustrated in Figure 11, is of the general type that is the subject of U.S. Patent No. 5,191,793, entitled Fluid Mass Flow Meter Device With Reduced Attitude Sensitivity. That patent, which issued March 9, 1993, is incorporated herein by reference. As essentially explained in such patent, the housing 86 is a metallic housing which has an opening 142 through the housing for the sensor conduit 84 and for the upstream 90 and downstream 92 coils about the conduit. The housing is formed of two pieces, the body which can be seen in Figure 3, and a cover for the body, formed to press-fit into position. Four leads 170 from the sensor coils 90 and 92 are connected to connector leads 172 in the housing, to electrically connect the coils into the sensor circuitry, as shown in Figure 11. As for the exemplary electrical circuit of Figure 11, the coils 90 and 92 are connected in this bridge-type circuit. The operation of this and a variety of other bridge-type circuits is well-known to and understood by those knowledgeable in the art. A D.C. current source 174, after a switch 176 is closed, with no gas flowing through the sensor conduit, establishes a base output voltage between two output terminals 180 and 182 of the circuit. The current through the coils 90 and 92 heats the wires of the coils to equal levels, establishing the same temperature in the two coils. With the two bridge resistors 184 and 186 having equal resistances, the base output voltage, then, of course, is zero and the bridge-type circuit is balanced. With gas flow, however, the upstream sensor coil 90 is cooled by the gas flow, giving up some of its heat to the gas flowing by, and the downstream sensor coil 92 is heated, taking some of the heat that was given to the gas. Therefore, a temperature differential is established between the coils 90 and 92, resulting in a voltage across the output terminals 180 and 182. This voltage, of course, is due to the change in resistance of the coils with temperature. The temperature difference between the coils, within the range of the device, is a measure of the number of gas molecules, and thus of the mass of the gas, flowing through the conduit. The difference in the resistance of the coils, similarly, is a measure of the difference in temperature between the coils. With the output voltage determined by this difference in resistance, the output voltage then becomes a measure of the mass flow rate of the gas. To provide an output voltage which is proportional to the difference between the resistances of the coils, the two bridge resistors 184 and 186 should have much larger resistances than the resistances of the coils. Further, to make the bridge circuit accurate at a wide variety of temperatures, the current source 174 and the bridge resistors should incorporate temperature independence for the variety of temperatures. As indicated, bridge-type circuits, including variations to implement independence of various environmental conditions, are well known and well understood. There, of course, is a concern here for coil material for the circuit having a resistance which is proportional to temperature and for coils, of this material, providing temperature differences which are proportional to mass flow rate. In this regard, typically, well outside the range of the sensor, the flow of the gas will become sufficiently fast to cool both the upstream 90 and the downstream 92 coils. Although the above description, and the incorporated patent, provide substantial detail with regard to the sensor, the details of the sensor itself and its operation, do not form part of the invention. Turning to the fluid flow restriction in the input section fluid flow opening 62 of the flow controller 32 of Figure 1, with the spherical form flow restrictor 66 in position providing a pressure drop, a ratio between the mass flow rate through the sensor conduit 84 and through the primary fluid flow path, which includes the input section fluid flow opening, is established. This general technique is well known and well understood. In accordance with this general technique, the restrictor should be such that the pressure drop versus fluid flow characteristics in the primary fluid flow path and in the sensor conduit are comparable. In large part, this typically means maintaining a laminar-type flow in the primary fluid flow path along the restrictor, and also in the sensor conduit (as opposed to a turbulent flow). The spherical form flow restrictor 66 is adapted to satisfy these requirements and, also, within a range, a desire to be able to vary the fluid flow ratio that is established between the two paths. And it is adapted to accomplish this in a convenient and efficient manner. Specifically, the restrictor core 70 can be formed from a ball-bearing structure, for example of a stainless steel material which carries the generic designation 316 stainless steel. Such ball-bearing structures are mass produced to high quality tolerances. Then a similarly-shaped restrictor handle 180, e.g., of the same material, can be welded to the upstream end of the core and a small nub 190, e.g., of the same material, can be welded to the downstream end. Of course, the core, handle and nub can also be formed as a single, integral unit or attached in ways other than by welding. The handle can then be used as a way to hold the restrictor with an implement and force it into the input pipe section fluid flow opening 62, or as a part that can be tapped with an implement to force the restrictor into position. The handle and the nub together are also used in placing the wire in position to provide the three lengths of wire 72 along the core 70. For example, a sufficiently long length of wire can be used, wrapping it around the junction of the handle 188 and the core 70 and welding it to the nub 190 several times and also to the just-mentioned junction area, for example, one time. Of course, however, a number of alternatives to accomplish the desired wire arrangement are readily apparent. Also, the number of lengths of wire can be as low as one or as large as is desired and practical. The input section fluid flow opening 62 is tapered, from larger to smaller, starting at the inlet 60 (Figure 2). A taper of 1 degree would be a typical example, although a variety of alternatives can be adopted depending upon the particular requirements involved. The result of the taper, of course, is that as the flow restrictor 66 is inserted further into the tapered opening, beyond the point of initial contact between the lengths of wire 72 and the inner wall of the opening, the fit gets tighter and tighter, and the lengths of wire become more and more squeezed along portions of such lengths. Such squeezing, of course, causes greater and greater elongation of the cross-section of the wire where it is squeezed between the core 70 and the wall of the opening, as shown in Figure 6. Apart from such elongation from squeezing, the cross-section, of course, is circular. The change, caused by the closer fit of the core 70 as the restrictor is pushed inwardly, and by the change in the cross-section of the wire, of course, affects the fluid flow characteristics in the vicinity of the sensor conduit 84. There, thus, is an effect on the ratio of the fluid flow in the sensor conduit to the fluid flow in the input section opening 62 and, thus, in the primary flow path of which that opening is a part. Therefore, the pushing of the flow restrictor inwardly or pulling outwardly can, to some degree, be used as a mechanism to adjust this ratio and the calibration of the sensor voltage across the terminals 180 and 182 (Figure 11), versus fluid flow, within a range. And the taper of the opening, the size of the core versus the opening, and the diameter of the wire can be varied to affect this capability and its range. In this respect, however, wire, e.g. of 316 stainless steel, having a diameter of .006, is considered convenient and efficient for the spherical form flow restrictor 66. In Figure 19, the alternative conical form flow restrictor 124 for the input pipe section 40 of Figure 1 is shown in position, as a replacement for the spherical-form flow restrictor 66. In the perspective view of the conical form flow restrictor of Figure 17, and in the view of the core alone in Figure 18, there is a significant enlargement. Thus, the length of the particular core 126 shown is such that it would readily fit in the space between the sensor conduit inlet 74 and outlet 76 openings of the input pipe structure 40. However, this need not be the case. In accordance, with variations, the core can be longer than the distance between the inlet and outlet openings and extend beyond one or both such openings. Analogously to the cross section of Figure 6, the cross-section with the conical form flow restrictor of Figure 19, is at a point where the lengths of wire along the core 126 are squeezed between the core and the inner wall of the input pipe structure. As shown in Figures 17 and 18, the conical form flow restrictor 124 has a handle 192 and a nub 194 which serve the analogous purposes to the analogous structures for the spherical form flow restrictor 66. As an example, the conical form restrictor is shown having four lengths of wire 196 which can be mounted, using the handle and the nub, in a fashion analogous to that explained for the spherical form flow restrictor, but modified for four lengths of wire rather than three. Conveniently, the taper of the conical form core 126 can be the same as for the input pipe section opening 62, for example 1 degree. Or to provide different capabilities, the taper of the flow restrictor could be different. In any case, in a fashion analogous to that explained for the spherical form restrictor, the conical form flow restrictor can be used in setting the fluid flow ratio between the sensor conduit 84 and the input pipe section fluid flow opening 62, and, thus, in setting the calibration of the sensor voltage across the terminals 180 and 182 (Figure 11). As with the spherical form flow restrictor, the handle 192 can be held by an implement, or tapped by an implement, in inserting or removing the conical form flow restrictor in position. With the conical form flow restrictor, wire, e.g., of 316 stainless steel, having a diameter of .006 inch or .0012 inch is considered convenient and efficient. Also, again here, the number of lengths of wire can be as low as one, or as large as desired and practical. The spherical form flow restrictor 66 is adapted for a relatively low mass fluid flow range, for example, up to, typically, about 500 standard cubic centimeters/minute. Depending upon variations, however, this might be lower, for example, up to only about 200 standard cubic centimeters/minute or higher, for example, up to about 800 standard cubic centimeters/ minute. On the other hand, the conical form flow restrictor of Figure 17 is particularly adapted to an intermediate mass fluid flow range, for example, from the upper limit of the spherical form flow restrictor to an upper limit in the range of from about 2500 standard cubic centimeters/minute to about 5000 standard cubic centimeters/minute, depending on various design choices. Where mass fluid flow rates above these relatively low and intermediate ranges are a concern, a form or forms, conventionally implemented, in accordance with the ordinary skill in the art, appropriate to such higher rates, can readily be employed. Turning to the actuator and controller mechanism for the valve gate member 50, the mechanical parts for the normally-closed valve mechanism, of the flow controller 32 of Figure 1, is best shown in Figures 1, 2, 4 and 5. Referring to such figures, the controller rod 52 has an actuation portion 200, a mounting portion 202 and a gate-member control portion 204. The details surrounding the actuation portion, although generally apparent from the drawings, will be explained in more detail below. For present purposes, it should be observed that the actuation portion of the controller rod pivots counter-clockwise with an increase in the temperature of the actuator wire and the resulting expansion of the wire. On the other hand, the pivoting is clockwise with the contraction of the wire resulting from a cooling of the wire. Such pivoting, then, is essentially solely in response to such expansion and contraction. In this respect, the valve is a completely thermally-operated valve. Also, that substantially only the wire alone need expand or contract is of significance. Such wire, of course, has a low mass, and thus can be heated and cooled more rapidly than larger masses. This low mass aspect makes for a relatively fast response time. If a mass 10 or 100 times greater were involved, the response time could typically be 10 or 100 times slower. With the counter-clockwise or clockwise movement of the actuation portion 200 of the controller rod 52, the gate-member control portion 204 similarly moves counter-clockwise or clockwise. As can be seen, the counter-clockwise movement tends to adjust the gate-member ball 50 to a more open position, permitting an increase in fluid flow rate. The clockwise movement tends to position the gate-member ball in a more closed position, decreasing the fluid flow rate. The totally-closed, rest position is shown in Figure 2 and in the broken lines of Figure 4. A somewhat open position is shown in the continuous lines of Figure 4. The controller rod 52, along its mounting portion 202, is attached to the metallic diaphragm 54 in order to mount the controller rod. This metallic diaphragm has a generally circular shape. It also does not have a bent form, such as a corrugated form. It stretches and unstretches so as to provide a substantially pivotal mounting for the counter-clockwise and clockwise movement of the controller rod to adjust the fluid flow. Along the mounting portion 202 of the controller rod 52, there is a circular, cylindrically-shaped section 206 of the mounting portion, which extends to the actuation portion side of the diaphragm 52; and there is another circular, cylindrically-shaped section 208 disposed in the mounting opening 210 through the diaphragm, which extends to the gate-member side of the diaphragm. As can best be seen in Figure 5, the former of these sections has a larger diameter, and thus a greater strength against bending, than the latter of these sections. In connection with this, the diaphragm 54 also is formed with an annular step portion 212 along the actuation side of the diaphragm, extending from the diaphragm opening 210 part of the way outward along the diaphragm. The controller rod 52 and the diaphragm 54 can conveniently and efficiently be made of, e.g., 316 stainless steel, e.g., welded together or attached by brazing. The cylindrical sections 206 and 208 of the controller rod 52 having different diameters and, thus, having different strengths against bending, serve a particular purpose. When the diaphragm, with the controller rod 52 attached, is, e.g., welded in position between the intermediate pipe structure 42 and a tubular casing 214 for the part of the controller rod above the diaphragm, the position of the controller rod, and particularly the gate-member control portion 204, may be slightly off from the position desired for the normally-closed configuration. However, by the proper application of force along various parts of the gate-member contacting portion and/or the actuation portion 200 of the controller rod, the part of the controller rod below the diaphragm can be slightly bent to slightly change its angle with regard to the diaphragm and the remainder of the controller rod. As can be seen in Figure 5, the mounting opening 210 through the diaphragm 54 is sized so that in mounting the controller rod 52 on the diaphragm, the shoulder provided by the upper cylindrical section 206 rests against the diaphragm. However, as will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and will become more apparent in connection with Figures 24 and 26, a variety of alternative forms are possible for the controller rod and diaphragm while still incorporating a desired configuration, and results. For example, the controller rod and diaphragm could be integrally formed while having the same outside configuration, including in the vicinity of the diaphragm. Similarly, the diaphragm could be formed without an opening, for example with the step portion extending through the location of the opening. In connection with this, the controller rod could then have two separate pieces, on either side of the diaphragm, which together are regarded as providing a discontinuous rod structure or, which along with a center portion of the diaphragm, provide a rod structure. In this configuration, the lower cylindrical section would have a circular end welded or brazed to the under side of the diaphragm, and the upper circular, cylindrical section would have a lower end similarly welded or brazed to the diaphragm structure. Thus, a variety of readily apparent alternatives exist. Now turning to the actuator in additional detail, still focusing on the normally-closed valve operation, and referring to Figures 1, 2 and 4, the actuator wire 56 passes through a threaded opening 216 through the actuation portion 200 of the controller rod 52. A tube 220, having outward threads at one end, is attached to the actuation portion of the controller rod by screwing these threads into the threaded opening 216. With reference to the direction of fluid flow through the primary fluid flow path, this tube is disposed about the wire structure and, so disposed, extends to the input side of the actuation portion of the controller rod. On the other hand, to the output side of the actuation portion, another tube 222 is similarly disposed along another portion of the wire 56. This output side tube has outside threads which screw into inside threads along an opening 224 along the tubular casing 214 for the portion of the controller rod above the diaphragm 54. This output side tube 222 is also provided with a lock nut 226 tightened against the casing. At the output end of the output side tube 222, the tube is formed with a receptacle to receive a press-fit washer 228 made of, e.g., a ceramic or mica material, to provide good electrical insulation. This press-fit, although incorporated here, is not necessary as the tension on the wire will maintain the washer in position. The actuator wire 56 passes through an opening existing through an output side metallic contact ball 230. After passing through this opening, the wire is attached to the contact ball by, e.g., welding or soldering. Similarly, an electrical lead 232 is attached to the ball in order to connect this side of the wire 56 into actuator circuitry, as illustrated in Figure 12. At the input end of the input side tube 220, the configuration is the same, with a like insulating, press-fit washer (not shown), which, however, need not be press-fit, a like metallic contact ball 234, and an analogous lead 236 to connect the other end of the actuator wire 56 into actuator circuitry, as illustrated in Figure 12. Again, with reference to the direction of fluid flow, the output end of the actuator wire 56 is fixed to the output side contact ball 230 which is tightly held in position with reference to the output side tube 222. This can be accomplished by the tension in the wire alone. Since this output side tube is fixed to the casing 214 about the upper part of the controller rod, which is essentially immovable during operation of the flow controller, the position of that end of the wire does not change with the expansion and contraction of the wire. On the other hand, the input side tube 220 is fixed to the movable actuation portion 200 of the controller rod 52. Therefore, with the expansion and contraction of the wire, this end of the wire and its contact ball 234 move, thereby causing the actuation portion of the controller rod to move counter-clockwise for expansion and clockwise for contraction of the wire. In the counter-clockwise or clockwise movement of the actuation and gate-member control portions of the controller rod, in accordance with the substantially pivotal mounting, those portions of course move in opposing directions with reference to the position of the diaphragm 54. As also indicated, however, because of the tension in the actuator wire, the fixing of each contact ball to its respective insulating washer is not necessary. Referring to Figures 1, 2 and 4, a spring assembly 240 is included in the actuator mechanism for the valve. This will in fact provide a spring force on, and against the movement of, the controller rod 52 in response to the expansion of the actuator wire 56 and a spring force behind the movement permitted by contraction of the wire. Although unnecessary because the wire will be in tension in operation, this can help to smooth the movement and operation. More importantly, in setting the length of the actuator wire during assembly, this spring force can provide a force to act against, facilitating the assembly. Noteworthy in regard to this, during assembly, because of normal variations in exact positioning, the fit of the parts together, the effects of, e.g., welding, and other such factors, it is possible that the normally-closed rest position for the controller rod 52 may not be an exact vertically aligned position. The existence of the spring assembly 240, then, can aid in establishing the desired position during assembly. As can be seen, the spring assembly 240 is of a conventional type. There is a spring case 242, having outside threads, which can be turned through the inside threads of an opening along the tubular casing 214 which is about the upper portion of the controller rod 52. The actuator spring 244 then pushes on a nose 246 which abuts the actuation portion 200 of the controller rod 52 under the force of the spring. The spring, of course, is caged near the back end of the case. Then, as the spring case 242 is threaded inwardly, the force of the spring against the controller rod is increased. As the spring case is threaded outwardly, the force of the spring, of course, decreases. Thus, the force of the spring can be adjusted to a desired level. Concerning the wire 56 being in tension, to accomplish this, during assembly, the input side tube 220 is turned counter-clockwise to put the wire in sufficient tension, when cold, to fully close the valve. Then, heating the wire tends to open the valve, with the wire remaining in tension whether the valve is at its maximum open position, fully closed or anywhere in between. The actuator wire 56 in an actuator circuit, as shown in Figure 12, electrically acts as a resistor. Wire, of the type required, is conventionally available. Essentially, the requirement is for a length of wire for which a predictable voltage across the wire, or power through the wire, results in a predictable length in regard to expansion and contraction through heating and cooling. Thus, in the exemplary actuator circuit of Figure 12, the voltage of a variable DC voltage source 250, with the switch 252 closed, for example, may be controlled by the voltage, reflecting mass fluid flow rate, across the terminals 180 and 182 of Figure 11, together with a command by an operator, reflecting a desired fluid flow level. All of this, of course, is readily, conventionally implemented. Simply for illustrative purposes, in Figure 13, the block 254 is intended to represent the flow controller electrical circuitry as a whole, apart from the terminals 180 and 182 of Figure 11 and the variable DC voltage source 250 of Figure 12. By way of further illustration, one particular illustrative element, a potentiometer 256, is shown in the block 216. Such a potentiometer, responsive to the relationship between the voltage across the terminals 180 and 182, and the command by an operator reflecting a desired flow rate, might then control the variable voltage output of the voltage source 250. Again, such circuit aspects, including the use of circuitry based on a variable DC voltage source, rather than, for example, circuitry based on an AC source or a source incorporating pulse-width modulation, are illustrative of electrical aspects of the flow controller 32 which are readily, conventionally accomplished and varied according to particular requirements, factors or choices. The details of such circuitry, apart from, for example, for the illustrative circuitry shown, a particular voltage level capability available from a variable voltage source, essentially are no different than the circuitry which is now commonly used or adaptable for use on mass flow controllers, and such details form no part of the invention. One example of wire that can be used for the actuator wire 56 is that sold under the name Stable Ohm, by California Fine Wire Co., which is made from a nickel-chromium material. In Figure 16, actuator parts of the flow controller 32 of Figure 1 have been changed, while everything else remains the same. The actuation parts are modified to provide a normally-open form of operation for the valve. Thus, in this case, there is a modified input side 258 and a modified output side 260 tube about portions of an actuator wire 262. In this case, the output side tube 260 is fixed to the actuation portion 200 of the controller rod 52. Its outward threads are threaded into the inward threads of the threaded opening through such actuation portion 200. On the other hand, the input side tube 258 is attached to the tubular casing 264 for the upper part of the controller rod. Its outward threads are threaded into the inward threads of a casing opening 266, on the input side of t:he casing. The actuator wire connections at the ends of the tubes 258 and 260, with the use of insulator washers, metallic contact balls and electrical lead lines, are the same as described in connection with Figure 4. Also, as in Figure 4, although incorporated in the arrangement shown, the press-fit mounting of the washers is not required, because the wire will be in tension in operation. A spring assembly 270, also, is as described in Figure 4, but located and acting against the output side of the actuation portion 200 of the controller rod. In this case, then, the spring of the spring assembly will apply a force against the clockwise, closing movement of the normally-open valve, although this is not necessary because the wire will be in tension. More importantly, as in Figure 4, the spring and spring assembly can be used in facilitating the initial adjustment of the normally-open position of the valve. Also, in Figure 16, of course a lock nut 272 is used in locking the threaded attachment of the input side tube 258, as opposed to the output side lock nut of Figure 4. By reference to Figure 16, and the prior description of the normally-closed operation of Figure 4, it can readily be seen that, in Figure 16, as the actuator wire 262 expands, the output side tube 260 moves, along with the actuation portion 200 of the controller rod 52 which moves clockwise, tending to a more closed valve, and a lesser flow rate. On the other hand, contraction of the actuator wire, permits the actuation portion 200 to move counterclockwise, with the opposite effect for the valve. In accordance with this sort of operation, of course, the interaction of a signal, e.g., a voltage level, representative of a set desired flow rate, and the signal representative of the actual flow rate, will be such that the output of the variable DC voltage source 250 of Figure 12, will decrease with a desired increase in flow rate to contract the actuator wire 262, and increase with a desired decrease in fluid flow rate to expand the actuator wire. In this connection, the schematic electrical diagrams of Figures 12 and 13, are still applicable, with fully conventional variations in the implementation, at a level of conventional detail beyond that of Figures 12 and 13. Concerning the actuator wire 262 in Figure 16 being in tension, by analogy to the situation in Figure 4, to accomplish this, during assembly, the output side tube 260 is turned counter-clockwise to put the wire in sufficient tension, when cold, to allow maximum flow through the valve. Then heating the wire tends to close the valve, with the wire remaining in tension whether the valve is fully-closed, at its maximum open position or anywhere in between. With regard to the valve actuator and controller mechanism, as described and shown, whether normally-closed or normally-open, several advantageous results should be noted. First, the pivotal operation of the valve facilitates the implementation of a straight primary fluid flow path. Thus , the fluid flow opening 62 through the input pipe section 40, the fluid flow opening 32 through the valve seat 48, the fluid flow opening 64 through the intermediate pipe section 42, and the fluid flow opening 66 through the output pipe section 44 are aligned. This is important in reducing or eliminating sensitivity of the valve operation to back pressure. This also can facilitate the use of off-the-shelf parts, welded together, in providing the primary fluid flow path - i.e., for the input pipe section 40, the intermediate pipe section 42 and the output pipe section 44. This can greatly add to the efficiency of manufacture. Second, the use of a pivotal operation, as opposed to a linear operation, typically decreases the amount of force of which an actuator must be capable. This is of significance in the adoption of the thermal actuation using an actuator wire. Of course, in accordance with conventional variations, which will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, the more conventional solenoid and piezo-electric type actuators can also readily be used with a pivotally mounted controller rod. In fact, by varying the lever arms, the amount of movement of the actuator required to cause a given movement of the controller rod at its gate-member control end can be varied. For example, piezo-electric actuators typically have relatively small movements. By having the piezo-electric actuator connected close to the pivot point, its small movement can result in a much-enhanced amount of movement at the gate-member end of a controller rod. This, of course, is all in accordance with mechanical principles that are conventionally understood. In the mass flow controller 32 of Figure 1, the connection of the sensor conduit 86 to communicate with the sensor conduit inlet opening 74 and the sensor conduit outlet opening 76 t:o the input pipe section fluid flow opening 62, as shown for example in Figures 2, 9 and 10, is substantially readily apparent from the prior description and the drawings. However, a number of aspects deserve additional focus. This initially may be done by reference to Figure 10, where the inlet metallic sealer member 96, press-fit into the sensor conduit inlet opening 74, is shown. In that regard, as already indicated, the outlet metallic sealer member 100 is identical to the inlet metallic member, its mounting in the outlet sensor conduit opening 76 is analogous to that of the inlet metallic member in the inlet opening, and its attachment at the outlet end 82 of the sensor conduit 86 is analogous to the inlet metallic member attachment at the inlet end 80 of the sensor conduit. So thus focusing on Figure 10, as already indicated, the inlet member 96, because of the press-fit mounting, does not in fact require the force of the L-shaped bracket leg 130 to hold the structure in position. The member 96 can conveniently and efficiently be formed from an off-the-shelf ball bearing, e.g., of 316 stainless steel. The member has its spherically-shaped surface portion 98 extending into the sensor conduit inlet opening 74, to provide the press-fit. An opening 274 is formed through the member for the inlet end 80 of the sensor conduit 86. The opening narrows near the end of the conduit. Also, near t:he end of the conduit, three flat, annular surface portions are formed, to provide two step regions of the member. Thus, there is a flat, base surface portion 276, a flat, intermediate surface portion 278, and a flat peak surface portion 280, forming an intermediate step region 282 and a peak step region 284. This sort of form is convenient and efficient for both strength and, also, for the attachment of the inlet end 80 of the sensor conduit. Thus, the peak step region 284, is conveniently and efficiently used as a site to weld the end of the sensor conduit to the sealer member 96. Now referring to Figure 20, as already indicated, this is an alternative, comparable to the view of Figure 10, again shown for the inlet end of the sensor conduit 86. The sealer member 134 of Figure 20 is the same as the sealer member 96 of Figure 10. And, as in Figure 10, the end of the sensor conduit is welded to the same welding site. However, in this case, the force of the leg 130 of the L-shaped bracket is required to hold the sealer member in place, tightly against the inlet washer member 136 which is bent around the inlet corners 140 of the inlet sensor conduit opening 74. Thus, in this case, the washer member 136 is required to accomplish the fluid seal. In the mass flow controller of Figure 1, the radial expansion-fit method of mounting the valve seat bushing 46 in the intermediate pipe section 42 is apparent from the prior description and the drawings, in particular Figures 14 and 15. However, there is an additional aspect which may be noteworthy. Specifically, in Figures 14 and 15, the spherically-shaped surface portion 120 of the bushing 46 is formed by the application of the force against the conically-shaped surface portion 104. However, if this conically-shaped surface portion 104 did not exist, and the upstream end surface 102 of the bushing, prior to the deformation, had no such surface portion but was, along its full surface, perpendicular to the direction through the bushing, the deformation to a spherical-shape would still result from the shape of the deformation ball 112. However, more force and/or force over a longer period of time may be required. With regard to the mass flow controller 32 of Figure 1, the alternative input pipe section 146, along with an associated pre-input pipe section 300, shown in Figure 21, may be substituted for the input pipe section of Figure 1. With this, the alternative conical form flow restrictor 150, in Figures 21 and 23, may be substituted for the spherical form 66 and conical form 174 restrictors shown in Figures 1, 6 through 8 and 17 through 19. And the alternative, like pair of inlet 152 and outlet 154 sealer members, shown in Figure 21, may be substituted for the like pair of inlet 80 and outlet 82 sealer members shown in Figures 1, 9 and 10. The fluid flow opening 302 through this alternative input pipe section 146 has an intermediate uniformly tapered portion 304 with a leading non-tapered, circular cylindrical portion 306 and a trailing non-tapered, circular cylindrical portion 310. There may be a very small, tapered transition portion between the leading or trailing portion and the intermediate portion, simply due to convenience of formation through, e.g., use of a drill bit. Such a small transition portion 312, for the trailing portion is shown in Figure 21. As can be seen in Figure 21, the leading, non-tapered portion 306 of the fluid flow opening 302 extends along the inlet opening 156 for the sensor conduit 86 and the trailing, non-tapered portion 310 extends along the outlet opening 158 for the sensor conduit. With regard to inlet and outlet openings, their angular position through the input pipe section 146, of course, is simply a function of where the inlet 80 and outlet 82 ends of the sensor conduit 84 are positioned. Of course, this along with the angular position, about the input pipe structure, of the sensor housing 86, that carries the sensor conduit 84, can be readily varied in accordance with particular requirements or convenience. The alternative conical form flow restrictor 138, shown in Figures 21 and 23, in a manner similar to the other conical form flow restrictor 126, has four lengths of wire 314 extending along its core 316. Also, similarly, the positioning of this flow restrictor in the fluid flow opening 302 through the input pipe section, i.e., the degree to which it is pushed in, with increased squeezing and elongation of the cross-sections of the lengths of wire where squeezed, is used to calibrate the fluid flow controller. Again, here, the length of the restrictor, whether or not it extends along the inlet 156 or outlet 158 opening for the sensor conduit, its taper, and the taper of the intermediate portion 304 of the fluid flow opening, can all be varied in accordance with the specific needs. Tapers for both of about 1° would be typical. However, since this alternative conical form flow restrictor and its associated input pipe section arrangement is adapted to cover a flow range generally comparable to that covered by both the spherical form flow restrictor 66 and the other conical form flow restrictor 124, in their input pipe section arrangements, more variation in factors might be expected in the present case, such as, e.g., a restrictor taper of about 2°. The wrapping of a piece of wire, providing the four lengths 314, on the core 316 of this alternative conical form flow restrictor, of course, can be accomplished in the same general manner as previously described for the other conical form flow restrictor 126. Here, however, as a variation, which could also apply there, there is no nub and the wire is welded or soldered directly to the smaller end (not shown) of the core. As can be seen in Figures 21 and 23, the flow restrictor handle 318, here, incorporates a somewhat different, tapered, shape than the handle 192 for the other conical form flow restrictor. The pair of like sealer members 152 and 154 and the form of the pair of like inlet and outlet openings 156 and 158 for the sensor conduit, in the alternative fluid flow input arrangement of Figure 21, are generally readily apparent from Figures 21, and 22 and 27, as variations of the arrangements previously described. Referring to the inlet sealer member 152 and the inlet opening 156, as shown in detail in Figure 22, in this case the inlet sealer member has the basic form of a midsection of a sphere with equal outer sections removed. An inlet opening 320 is formed through the member for the inlet end 80 of the sensor conduit 86. This opening narrows near the end of the conduit, running through a step region 322 which, again here, is conveniently and efficiently used as a welding site for the end of the sensor conduit. Of course two step regions, as in the other sealer member form, could also be incorporated here. The input sealer member 152 is press-fit into an enlarged outer portion 324 of the inlet opening 156, with the spherical form outer surface of the member tightly against the walls of that outer portion of the opening. The sealer member and the outer portion of the opening are sized and shaped so that, with reference to the view of Figure 22, with the sealer member press-fit against the walls of the outer portion of the inlet opening, the outer annular surface 326 of the sealer member is flush with the outer wall of the input pipe section 146. Although the pipe section leg 130, then, can be flush against the input pipe section and the sealer member, the press-fit of the sealer member tightly holds it in place without that leg. Of course, this flush aspect is not necessary, and the outer annular surface of the sealer member could be either inside or project beyond the outer portion of the inlet opening. The inlet sealer member 152 is shown in Figure 27 prior to insertion into its assembled position. By comparison between the member in Figure 27 and the member after insertion in Figure 22, a particular aspect related to the sealer members 152 and 154 may be appreciated. Referring by way of example to those figures and to the inlet member and the inlet opening 156, the outer portion 324 of the inlet opening has a tapered, frusto-conical wall portion 325, as a transition between its circular, cylindrical side wall 327 and the circular cylindrical wall 328 of the inner portion of the inlet opening. This is consistent with the formation of the outer portion of the inlet opening by drilling with a drill bit. Then, in press-fitting the sealer member in the inlet opening, the inner corner formation 329 (Figure 27) of the sealer member is squeezed against the tapered wall portion of the inlet opening thus forming a small, substantially frusto-conical abutting wall portion 330 of the sealer member. The force of the insertion, also tends to force the spherical-form surface portion of the sealer member outward, thus enhancing the tightness of the press-fit. In a fashion similar to the mounting of the valve seat bushings, this might also be termed a radial expansion-fit mounting. A substantially spherically-shaped surface portion for the sealer member, of course, however, remains after the assembly. As already indicated, the alternative outlet sealer member 154 is essentially identical, both before and after insertion into its assembled portion, to the alternative inlet sealer member 152, and the outlet opening 158 in the alternative input pipe structure is essentially identical to the inlet opening 156. Thus, the description of the inlet member and opening applies analogously to the outlet sealer member and opening. As with the other pair of sealer members, this pair, e.g., can be formed from off-the-shelf ball bearings, e.g., of 316 stainless steel. The alternative, normally-closed valve and actuator parts of Figure 24 are shown as they would be substituted in the flow controller 32 of Figure 1, in place with respect to the intermediate 42 and output 44 pipe sections. The same applies to the alternative, normally-closed valve and actuator parts of Figure 25, many of which are the same as the parts in Figure 24. Of course, however, the alternatives, just described, associated with the fluid flow input, as shown in Figure 21, as opposed to Figure 1, may also readily be employed with the valve and actuator parts of Figure 24 or 25. Turning to the normally-closed alternative of Figure 24, its structure and operation bears much similarity to the other normally-closed arrangement previously described. An alternative controller rod structure 332, in this case, is integrally formed with a diaphragm 334, which is welded in place between a tubular casing 336, disposed about the part of the controller rod structure above the diaphragm, and the intermediate pipe section 44. The controller rod structure has an actuation portion 338, a mounting portion 340 in the immediate vicinity of the diaphragm, and a gate-member control portion 342. An actuator wire 344, an input side tube 346, threaded into an internally threaded opening 350 through the actuation portion of the controller rod structure, an input side washer 352, e.g., made of ceramic or mica and press-fit into the end of the tube, with a metallic, input side contact ball 354, having the actuator wire 352, after passing through the ball, e.g., soldered or welded to it, play analogous roles to the analogous parts in the other normally-closed arrangement of Figures 1, 2 and 4 as previously described. And the same analogy applies with respect to the relatively short output side tube 356, threaded into a tubular casing opening 358 with an associated lock nut 360, and thus fixed to the casing, an output side washer 362, e.g., made of ceramic or mica, press-fit into the end of the output side tube, and a metallic output side contact ball 364 through which the actuator wire 342 passes and to which it is welded or soldered. Thus, the expansion of the actuator wire, which does not touch the controller rod structure, with heating, will move the actuator and valve parts of this normally-closed valve toward more open positions, and contraction with cooling will move the actuator and valve parts toward more closed positions. The spring arrangement in Figure 24 can serve initial assembly and alignment functions analogous to such functions in the other normally-closed configuration of Figures 1, 2 and 4. In that regard, however, it is perhaps noteworthy that such functions, as well as any additional operational functions for a spring arrangement, can as readily be satisfied by an arrangement providing a spring force that tends to pull open a normally-closed valve, as an arrangement tending to push closed a normally-closed valve. This alternative, in fact, is incorporated in Figure 24. Specifically, the spring arrangement 366 there, incorporates a stud 370, fixed to the actuation portion 338 of the controller rod structure 332 by being threaded into and through an opening and held by a nut 372. Then, a large, hollow nut 374 is fixed to the tubular casing 336 by, through its outward threads, threading it into an opening through the casing. A locking nut 376 is used in association with the hollow nut. An end nut 378, against a washer 379, is threaded onto the end of the stud at the input side of the spring arrangement. A spring 380, then, disposed about the stud and between the washer and the inside end of the hollow nut, tends to push the normally-closed valve arrangement, open. In the integral controller rod structure 332 and diaphragm 334 of Figure 24, the mounting portion 340 of the controller rod structure, immediately above and below where the diaphragm is formed, has a circular, cylindrical shape with no difference in diameter. Thus, the differential strength, favoring bending along a smaller diameter section, in the other normally-closed arrangement, as an alignment aid in initial assembly, is not incorporated here. Still referring to the normally-closed arrangement of Figure 24 and, more particularly, to the mounting arrangement for the gate-member ball 160, shown enlarged in Figure 25, some more detailed aspects, beyond those initially described, should be noted. In regard to this, the gate-member ball 160 can conveniently be press-fit into a ball holder 382, as can the elongated stem rod 160, from the other end of the holder. The stem rod sleeve 164 can then be press-fit into a sleeve mount opening 384 through the gate-member control portion 342 of the controller rod structure 332. Alternatively, the sleeve could be fixed to the controller rod portion by welding while in the sleeve mount opening. At the output end 166 of the sleeve, the stem rod slides into a sleeve end opening 386 for the rod and is welded at its output end at the back of the sleeve end opening. Toward the output end of the sleeve, there is a set of exit openings 387 through the sleeve to permit gas to flow through the sleeve. As previously observed, this arrangement permits deflection-type movement of the stem rod 162 and the parts it carries, including the gate-member ball 160, to facilitate the proper positioning of the ball with respect to the valve seat 388 as the controller rod structure 332 undergoes its substantially pivotal back and forth movement to tend to open or close the valve. But in addition to that, this arrangement maintains the ball 160 relatively near the axis of the controller rod structure so as to maintain its movement close to perpendicular to this axis. Employing the gate-member side 390 of the gate-member control portion of the controller rod structure as a point of reference, the position of the ball 160 (i.e., its center), in a typical arrangement, is about 0.150 inch in front of this gate-member side 390, and the output end of the sleeve 164 is about 0.500 inch to the rear of it. In any case, as here, it is advantageous to have the elongated rod mounted a distance from this gate-member side 390 that is greater than twice the distance of the ball 160 position from this gate-member side. This certainly applies here, as the onset of the sleeve end opening 386 in which the stem rod is inserted, as the starting point of the mounting for the rod, satisfies this. Still referring to Figures 24 and 25, although the valve seat bushing 392 has the same form as the valve seat bushing 46 previously described, and is mounted using the same method, the valve seat 388 does have a different form than the valve seat 48 shown in the other normally-closed arrangement. This, of course, illustrates that many different and varied valve seats can be used or adapted for use in arrangements similar to those shown and described. Similarly, although not the case in the configuration of Figures 24 and 25, a configuration in which a ball holder can actually abut a valve seat in the operation of the valve, could be implemented. A typical exemplary size for the elongated stem rod 162 would be a length of about 0.600 inch and a diameter of about .023 inch. Of course, however, wide variations can be adopted in accordance with particular requirements. In the normally-open alternative shown in Figure 26, the same controller rod structure 332 and diaphragm 334, the same elongated stem rod 162, gate-member ball 160, ball holder 382, and the same valve seat 388 in its bushing 392, as in the normally-open alternative of Figure 24, are used and present. And a number of parts, similarly, are identical to parts in Figure 24, including a stud 394, its associated nut 396, a hollow nut 398, its associated lock nut 400, an end nut 402 with associated washer 403, and a spring 404. The mounting and relationship of these parts in association with the actuation portion 338 of the controller rod structure 332 and the tubular casing 406 is, in substance the reverse of the alternative normally-closed configuration, and is readily apparent from the prior description of the normally-closed configuration and from Figure 25. Here, the spring 404, used in the initial assembly and alignment, and also operative during the functioning of the valve, provides a force that tends to close the valve. In the alternative normally-open arrangement of. Figure 25, an actuator wire 410, input side 412 and output side 414 contact balls, and input side 416 and output side 418 washers that are press-fit in position, are identical to the comparable parts in Figure 24. However, in accordance with the normally-open operation, an input side tube 420 having outer threads is fixed to the tubular casing 406 by threading into an internally threading opening 421 through the casing; and an output side tube 422 is threaded into a tube mount opening 424 in the controller rod structure to fix the tube to the controller structure and move the controller structure back and forth with the expansion and contraction of the actuator wire. As for some additional details and/or variations in what has been shown and described, the use of, e.g., 316 stainless steel material for a number of parts of the flow controller has been noted. That material, e.g., can also be used for a variety of other parts, such as the gate-member ball, the actuator tubes, the primary fluid flow path pipe sections, the casing about the part of the controller rod above the diaphragm, the elongated stem rod, the sleeve for the stem rod, the ball holder, and the controller rod and diaphragm structures. Of course, a variety of other conventionally available and used metallic materials could also be used. Examples are metallic alloys sold under the names Hastalloy and Inconel. Traditional vendors of fluid flow parts, such as Parker Hannifan and Cajon, are exemplary sources for the forms of the pipe sections. As with the washers associated with the actuator tubes,the valve seat can conveniently be made of, e.g., a ceramic or mica material, which are also alternative exemplary materials for the gate-member ball. For lower level flow rates, in the configurations of Figures 4 and 16, a diaphragm thickness of about 0.030 inch would be typical, with a thickness of 0.014 inch for higher level flow rates. Typical diameters for the cross-sections of the two circular, cylindrical sections of a controller rod along the mounting portion of the rod, for these configurations, could be about 0.090 and 0.100 inch, with variations depending upon the particular uses and requirements of e.g., from about 0.045 and 0.05 inch, to about 0.180 and 0.200 inch. Typical outer diameters for a sensor conduit might be, e.g., in the range of from 0.010 inch to 0.050 inch. For heating an actuator wire, available electrical power of in the range of from about 0.3 to 3 watts per inch might be expected, for example, in air. Matters and variations such as these, which are merely exemplary, of course, are all within conventional implementation capabilities of those of ordinary skill in the art. Several controller rod-diaphragm configurations and relationships have been shown, and the availability of a variety of readily apparent alternatives has also been adverted to. However, some additional observations about this might yet be made. First, it is apparent from the drawings of the various embodiments for the actuator and valve parts, and apparent from their descriptions, that in each case, the diaphragm provides substantially the sole structural support for the controller rod structure. However, during operation, of course, the force of the gas flow, as an incidental result, may add to this structural support of the diaphragm. Additionally, in each case, the diaphragm is unbent and not corrugated. This can provide advantages both from fabrication and operational standpoints. Second, referring to Figures 24 and 26, the diaphragm 334 is formed to have a thinned circumferential projection as an aid in mounting it. Variations on this, such as for example, an angled form at the outer edge to match an angled edge of a tubular casing that it abuts, as an aid in the welding process, can also readily be adopted. Changes in thickness at positions other than the outer edge, also, as shown in Figure 5, can be useful for fabrication, mounting or operational reasons. As a general matter, a maximum diaphragm thickness of about 0.040 inch and a minimum thickness of about 0.013 inch, should be appropriate. Third, a controller rod structure taper on one side of the mounting portion of the controller rod structure is present in one of the controller rod-diaphragm arrangements shown in the drawings (e.g., Figures 4 and 16), and the use of such a taper on both sides is present in the other arrangement shown in the drawings (Figures 24 and 26). Thus, many alternatives and variations related to the controller rod-diaphragm configurations will be apparent to those skilled in the art to conform to specific fabrication or operational requirements or desires. In connection with the normally-closed and normally-open valve configurations, and their actuation, in accordance with Figures 4 and 16, respectively, it has already been observed that the primary purpose of the spring assemblies 240 and 270, respectively, is to facilitate adjustment of the controller rod 52, in each case, during assembly. As a result, however, in these configurations, the spring assembly, as also already observed, does also act during operation as somewhat of a resisting force against movement of the controller rod one way and as somewhat of a propelling force aiding movement of the controller the other way--functions which, in fact, are unnecessary since the actuator wires 56 and 262 are in tension. In accordance with the primary purpose, and the lack of necessity for the secondary, resulting function, the spring assembly, in either of these cases, in fact, can be mounted on either side of the tubular casing 214 or 264, respectively, for the portion of the controller rod above the diaphragm. Thus, in each case, the spring assembly could be analogously mounted, in mirror image fashion, on the opposite side of the tubular casing, with an opening for the assembly provided in such opposite side rather than as shown. Of course, the by-product result would then be some degree of resistance opposite to that shown and propelling opposite to that shown, resulting functions which, again, are not necessary due to the wire being in tension. In fact, as already described, this opposite approach has been adopted in the alternative, normally-closed and normally-open configurations of Figures 24 and 26, respectively. For this opposite approach, the resisting is against the movement caused by contraction of the actuator wire and the propelling is of the movement cause by expansion of the actuator wire. The use of the more conventional solenoid and piezo-electric type actuators, rather than thermal actuators, with pivotally mounted controller rod configurations, such as those of concern here, has already been the subject of comment. For example with regard to such solenoid actuation, it might also be noted that the use of a thin rod passing through an actuation portion opening in a controller rod, without touching the controller rod, is one convenient approach. This rod can then be fixed to balls at either end, which can then abut other actuator parts, including the controller rod. Of course, this is just one of many approaches that could be chosen. Although repetitively indicated by the drawings and throughout the description, it might also be explicitly stated that the adjustable valves specifically shown and described here, of course, are of the type having multiple positions for the actuator and valve parts that control the flow, and thus, multiple flow rate capabilities. It, of course, will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications and variations may be made to the invention arrangements which have been described in detail.

Claims: A fluid flow meter, comprising: a fluid flow sensor including a fluid flow sensor conduit (84) having an inlet and an outlet and defining a sensor fluid flow path opening through said fluid flow sensor conduit; pipe structure defining an inlet and an outlet for fluid having a flow rate to be measured and defining a main fluid flow path opening (62, 304) through said pipe structure in parallel with said sensor fluid flow path opening, said pipe structure having a fluid flow sensor conduit inlet opening (74, 156) for the inlet end (80) of said fluid flow sensor conduit and a fluid flow sensor conduit outlet opening (76, 158) for the outlet end (82) of said fluid flow sensor conduit; an inlet metallic sealer structure (96, 134, 152) extending in said fluid flow sensor conduit inlet opening (74, 156), whereby said inlet metallic sealer structure is rounded, with said rounding including a direction extending along the direction through said fluid flow sensor conduit inlet opening (74, 156), said inlet metallic sealer structure (96, 134, 152) having an opening (274, 320) therethrough to accomodate the inlet end (80) of said fluid flow sensor conduit (84); and an outlet metallic sealer structure (100, 154) extending in said fluid flow sensor conduit outlet opening (76, 158), whereby said outlet metallic sealer structure is rounded, with said rounding including a direction extending along the direction through said fluid flow sensor conduit outlet opening (76, 158); said outlet metallic sealer structure (100, 154) having an opening therethrough to accomodate the outlet end (82) of said fluid flow sensor conduit (84). A fluid flow meter as defined in Claim 1, wherein: each of said inlet and outlet sealer structures (96, 100, 134, 152, 154) includes a spherically-shaped surface portion extending in said associated sensor conduit opening. A fluid flow meter as defined in Claim 2, wherein: each of said inlet and outlet sealer structures (96, 100, 134, 152, 154) includes a flat surface portion (276, 278, 280). A fluid flow meter as defined in Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein: said sensor conduit (84) is attached to said inlet and outlet sealer structures (96, 100, 134, 152, 154). A fluid flow meter as defined in Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein: each of said inlet and outlet sealer structures (96, 100, 134, 152, 154) is frictionally-fitted into said associated sensor conduit opening. A fluid flow meter, comprising: a fluid flow sensor including a fluid flow sensor conduit (84) having an inlet and an outlet and defining a sensor fluid flow path opening through said fluid flow sensor conduit; pipe structure defining an inlet and an outlet for fluid having a flow rate to be measured and defining a main fluid flow path opening (62) through said pipe structure in parallel with said sensor fluid flow path opening, said pipe structure having a fluid flow sensor conduit inlet opening (74) for the inlet end (80) of said fluid flow sensor conduit and having a pair of inlet corners (140) located near said fluid flow sensor conduit inlet opening, and having a fluid flow sensor conduit outlet opening (76) for the outlet end (82) of said fluid flow sensor conduit and having a pair of outlet corners located near said fluid flow sensor conduit outlet opening; an inlet metallic sealer structure (134) extending in said fluid flow sensor conduit inlet opening (74), whereby the inlet metallic sealer structure is rounded along the direction through said fluid flow sensor inlet opening and has an opening therethrough to accomodate the inlet end (80) of said fluid flow sensor conduit; an inlet washer structure (136) bent between said inlet metallic sealer structure (134) and said inlet corners (140); an outlet metallic sealer structure extending in said fluid flow sensor conduit outlet opening (76), whereby said outlet metallic sealer structure is rounded along the direction through said fluid flow sensor conduit outlet opening and has an opening therethrough to accomodate the outlet end (82) of said fluid flow sensor conduit; and an outlet washer structure bent between said outlet metallic sealer structure and said outlet corners. A fluid flow meter as defined in Claim 6, wherein: each of said inlet and outlet sealer structures (134) includes a flat surface portion. A fluid flow meter as defined in Claim 6, wherein: said sensor conduit (84) is attached to said inlet and outlet sealer structures (134). A fluid flow meter as claimed in Claim 6, wherein: each of said inlet and outlet sealer structures (134) is frictionally-fitted into said associated sensor conduit opening (74). A fluid flow meter as defined in Claim 1, wherein: each of said inlet and outlet sealer structures (134) includes a spherically-shaped surface portion extending in said associated sensor conduit opening (74).

Inventors: DUONG HAI, MUDD DANIEL T, DUONG, HAI, MUDD, DANIEL T.
Applicants: MYKROLIS CORP, MYKROLIS CORPORATION
Application year: 1995
Main classification: G05D7
IPC codes: G01F15, G01F1, G01F5, B23P11, G05D7