LOW IMPEDANCE CAPACITOR

Abstract: A capacitor (110), comprises at least two conducting elements (112, 114) for connection (116a, 116b, 118a, 118b) to an external circuit, said elements being separated by dielectric means and at least one element (112, 114) having a plurality of electrical connectors (120, 122) through which current will flow. Current and voltage fluctuations are minimised by ensuring that incoming and outgoing current flows to/from each said at least one element (112, 114) remain substantially separated.

Description: LOW IMPEDANCE CAPACITOR The present invention relates to capacitors. Capacitors are used to store an electric charge and comprise a dielectric insulator which separates a pair of conducting plates. Conventionally, a wire or a conductor suitable for use with the capacitor is connected between each plate and a respective one of a pair of external terminals. A current necessary to apply the charge to each plate may then be fed to the terminals. Disadvantageously, the resistance of the conductors and capacitor plates causes a limitation in performance, particularly where the material is chosen, not for its low resistivity but, as in the case of an electrolytic capacitor, for compatibility with the chemical environment of the capacitor. One common use of a capacitor within a power supply circuit is as a filter to smooth the voltage wave form from a rectifier output. In such an application the capacitor is repeatedly charged and discharged, perhaps many times a second. The charging current is delivered to the plates from the rectifier using the same conductor which delivers the output current to the part of the circuit to be supplied. Disadvantageously, conductor and capacitor plate imperfections are highlighted in this and other applications, for instance signal and/or power supply decoupling in audio amplifiers, where, perhaps large, incoming currents flow in the same conductor that is supplying current to the circuit being driven. As a result of these imperfections, fluctuations occur in the current and voltage due to the resistance of the conductors and capacitor plates, and these are superimposed on the output to the circuit being driven. This results in a significant degradation of performance. It is known to provide a capacitor, known as a feedthrough capacitor, for use with high frequency signals in which a pair of connections are made to each plate from respective ones of a pair of external terminals. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved capacitor which overcomes the disadvantages of the above prior art. According to the present invention there is provided a capacitor, comprising at least two conducting elements for connection to an external circuit, said elements being separated by dielectric means and at least one element having a plurality of electrical connectors through which current will flow, so that incoming and outgoing current flows to/from each said at least one element remain substantially separated and current and voltage fluctuations are minimised. The connectors may be attached to the at least one element at a common position thereon. Alternatively, the connectors may be connected to the element at separate positions thereon. Advantageously, in order to provide an outgoing current flow virtually completely free of resistive losses, a connector carrying said outgoing current flow may be connected to a respective element intermediate a pair of connectors carrying incoming current flow which conveniently are attached to said element at its opposite ends. It is envisaged that the above construction may be applied to any form of capacitor although it is particularly suitable for use with electrolytic type capacitors, and inparticular to slit-foil capacitors, where the slits in the foil are arranged to channel the flow of incoming and outgoing current. Such a capacitor is described in U.K. Patent No. 0 169 226. In order to aid in understanding the invention specific embodiments thereof will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a perspective view of a prior art cylindrical electrolytic capacitor, shown unrolled with the dielectric removed for clarity; Figure 2 is a similar view of a capacitor according to the invention; Figure 3 is a similar view of a variant of the capacitor of Figure 2; Figure 4 is a circuit diagram illustrating a circuit utilising the capacitor of Figure 2; Figures 5a and 5b are graphs showing the results of a test comparison between a prior art capacitor and a capacitor of the invention; Figure 6 is a set of circuit diagrams for use in a mathematical analysis of invention; Figure 7 is a graph showing the transfer functions derived from the mathematical analysis of the circuit diagrams of Figure 6. The prior art electrolytic capacitor 10 shown in Figure 1, has a pair of conductive, normally aluminium, plates 12,14 separated by a dielectric (not shown), which are attached to respective positive and negative external terminals 16,18 via a single tab connector 20,22. In use, each tab 20,22 conveys both incoming current from the respective terminal 16,18 as well as outgoing current to the same terminal 16,18, as shown by the arrows I in and -out' Referring to Figure 5a, this shows both an impedance z prior ar t and phase Ω prior art curve plotted for a typical prior art electrolytic capacitor for a frequency range of from 1kHz to 1MHz from which it can be seen that the impedance of the capacitor initially decreases with increasing frequency to a minimum value at around 6.5kHz, of about 17mΩ, at which point inductance within the capacitor causes the impedance to rise with further increasing frequency. Figure 2 shows a capacitor 110 of the present invention in which each plate 112,114 is attached to respective pairs of positive and negative external terminals I16a,116b, and 118a,118b, such that a separate terminal is provided for the input and output of current to each the plates 112,114 in respect of both polarities. Bifurcated tabs 120,122 provide the connection between the respective terminals 116a,116b, and 118a,118b and an intermediate position on the corresponding plate 112,114. In use, the bifurcated portions of each tab 120,122 ensure that the incoming and outgoing currents shown by the arrows Ij_ n and I out. are conveyed separately between the plates 112,114 and the terminals 116a,116b, and 118a,118b. Figure 3, shows a variant 210 of the capacitor of Figure 2, in which tabs 220a,220b,220c and 222a,222b,222c provide connections between respective plates 212,214 and terminals 216a,216b, and 218a,218b. The tabs 220a,220b and 222a,222b convey, in use, incoming current shown by the arrow I in , to a respective plate 212,214 at opposite ends thereof. Outgoing current shown by the arrow I out , is conveyed from the mid-point of each plate by the tab 220c,222c. In this way, the charging displacement currents within the dielectric (not shown) would be moving in opposite directions and the resistive losses caused by said currents would not be seen from each output terminal 216b,218b. Again, referring to Figure 5a, this shows both an impedance Z invention and phase Ωi nvent on curve plotted for an electrolytic capacitor of the present invention having the arrangement shown in Figure 3, for a frequency range of from 1kHz to 1MHz. From the curve, it will be noted by one skilled in the art that the capacitor of the invention has a much improved performance in comparison to an otherwise equivalent prior art capacitor of the same capacitance and construction. That is, the impedance is reduced in comparison to the conventional capacitor at all frequencies within the range and the impedance remains below the best level reached by the conventional capacitor to a much higher frequency. In particularly the minimum impedance level reached at about 6.5kHz is around 5.5mΩ. Figure 5b, shows a comparison of the transfer functions of the capacitors whose results, are plotted in Figure 5a, from which it can be seen from the amplitude curve that the minimum achieved by the prior art capacitor (broken line) is -60dB at 28kHz, whilst for the present invention (full line) the response is improved over the entire frequency range reaching a minimum of -78dB at 75kHz. Furthermore the curve of the present invention does not rise above the lowest level reached by the prior art curve until a frequency of around 1.4MHz, a fifty-fold improvement in frequency range over the prior art. Such improvements in the performance of the present capacitor would be expected to be even greater at higher values of capacitance. In a further, non-illustrated variant of the present capacitor, multiple tabs could be utilised to feed outgoing current to a plurality of output terminals and circuits having different power requirements. Turning to Figure 4, this shows a typical D.C. output power supply 50 for operation from the A.C. mains supply. A step down transformer 52 comprises a primary 54 connected to the supply and a centre tapped secondary 56. The e.m.f. induced in each section of the secondary 56 is equal in magnitude and is applied to a conventional diode bridge 60, whilst the centre tap 58 is connected directly to negative and positive plates 414,412' respectively of first and second four-terminal capacitors 410,410'. The output from the bridge 60 is fed in each case via a current limiting resistor 70,70' to, respectively, the positive and negative plates 412,414' of said first and second capacitors 410,410' via dedicated connections 408,408'. A separate conductor 420 carries the positive output from the positive plate 412 of the first capacitor 410 whilst a separate conductor 420' carries the negative output from* the negative plate 414' of the second capacitor 410'. A zero voltage line 422 is connected directly from the negative and positive plates 414,412' of said first and second capacitors 410,410'. Theoretically at least, the current limiting resistors 70.70' should reduce the peak charging current in the above circuit 50 by a factor of at least ten and should therefore reduce the stress on all parts of the circuit 50. In the conventional circuit (not shown) where the four-terminal capacitors 410,410' are replaced by conventional capacitors these peak currents mix with the relatively steady outgoing current feed to the load which could be, for example, an audio amplifier. This mixing results in poor performance which may well be audible. In the present circuit 50, the separate current pathways provided to the plates of the capacitors 410,410' for incoming and outgoing current effectively eliminate any mixing. Consequently, it should be possible to increase the size of the capacitors used to between 50,000JL_F and 500,000μF, and reduce the transformer current capacity required to the average power rather than the peak power. Such a supply would behave much more like an ideal battery power supply. With reference to Figures 6 and 7 , there follows a mathematical analysis of the behaviour of a source having resistance R s supplying current to a load resistance R L in parallel with, for Case 1, a conventional capacitor and for Case 2, a capacitor according to the invention. The capacitor in each case has a resistance R e and a capacitance C. Case 1 Zx( s) , Re + L Yc( s) : . s .| , _2_ Zc( s *, - ____: + . 1 Impedance of capacitor 2 Yc( s) v1 ( s) ._ Transfer function of equivalent circuit Case 2 c 1 Ys( s) ;= s C + YL(s) YL(s) - S-— + — Input admittance 2 RL z H-lγL(s) + 1 2 V2 ( s ) ;= α ( s ) β ( s ) Transfer function of equivalent circuit By substituting the following values, namely R e = 0.1Ω, C = 5000μF, R s = 1Ω, and R L = 10Ω, into the derived formulae we obtain RL . * ( s 2 C Re + 12-s-C-Re + 16j ReC 2 (2*Rs*RL-ι- RLRe-i- Rs*Re)*s 2 + ■ 4C (4-RsRL + 3 RLRe + 3-Rs-Re)-s+ 16(Rs+ RL) Re*C 2 (2*Rs*RL + RLRe Rs*Re)*s 2 *H 4*C*(4 Rs*RL+ 3*RL*Re + 3Rs*Re)-s λ- 16-(Rs+RL) 16-RL . __ . c \ L n r, Re- Re a1 • = Re * — • 2*Rs+Re + a1 =3.297-10 -sec" l \ RL .. C / 3-Rs-Re b1 := — 4-Rs-t- 3-Re-ι- b1 = 0.005 -sec 4 \ RL d := — -1- 1 c1 =1.1 RL 1 - 1 -b1 + -|b1 2 - -al-d pi = 32.756-Hz 2 :*-ππ 2 a1 1 -b1 - -\ Jhbr- 4-BI-CI p2 := - p2 = 2580.1 -Hz 2-π 2a1 213 16RL Re*RL*C 2 (2*Rs-. Re)s 2 + 2*C*(8-Rs-RL λ- 2-Rs-Re*. Re 2 + 6-Re-RL)-s + 16(Rs-ι- Re+ RL) 2*C-l2 RsRe*t- 8 RsRL+ Re' 1 + 6-RL •Re) b2 := b2 = 0.005-sec 16-RL RL + Rs λ- Re c2:= RL c2 - 1.11 1 - 1 -b2--Jb2 2 - 4a2c2 p2= 2580.1-Hz 2-π 2a2 0.1 | := 0..40 f. := 10 u ι -Hz s := 2jπf which are the transfer functions for each Case which can be plotted as shown on Figure 7, where the continuous curve represents the response of the circuit containing the prior art capacitor (Case 1) and the broken curve that of the capacitor of the present invention (Case 2) in which the improved response is clear to one skilled in the art.

Claims: Claims : 1. A capacitor, comprising at least two conducting elements for connection to an external circuit, said elements being separated by dielectric means and at least one element having a plurality of electrical connectors through which current will flow, so that incoming and outgoing current flows to/from each said at least one element remain substantially separated and current and voltage fluctuations are minimised. 2. A capacitor as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the connectors are attached to the at least one element at a common position thereon. 3. A capacitor as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the connectors are be connected to the at least one element at separate positions thereon. 4. A capacitor as claimed in Claim 3, wherein a connector carrying said outgoing current flow is connected to the at least one element intermediate a pair of conductors carrying incoming current flow, in order to provide an outgoing current flow virtually completely free of resistive losses. 5. A capacitor as claimed in Claim 3, or Claim 4, wherein connectors are attached to the at least one element at opposite ends thereof. 6. A capacitor as claimed in any preceding Claim, wherein the capacitor is of the electrolytic type. 7. A capacitor as claimed in any preceding Claim, wherein the at least one element is provided with slits. 8. A capacitor as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the slits of the at least one element are arranged to channel the flow of incoming and outgoing current to/from respective connectors. 9. A capacitor as claimed in any one of Claims 5 to 8, as appendant to Claim 4, having a minimum impedance less than 17mΩ at 6.5kHz. 10. A capacitor as claimed in any one of Claims 5 to 8, as appendant to Claim 4, having a minimum impedance of substantially 5.5mΩ at 6.5kHz. 11. A capacitor substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 5a and 5b of the accompanying drawings. 12. A capacitor substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 2, Figure 3, or Figure 4, of the accompanying drawings. 13. The features herein described, or their equivalents in any patentable, novel selection.

Inventors: MORECROFT DENIS NEIL, MORECROFT, DENIS, NEIL
Applicants: MORECROFT DENIS NEIL, MORECROFT, DENIS, NEIL
Application year: 1995
Main classification: H01G4
IPC codes: H01G2, H01G4, H01G9