System for detecting faults in an optical star coupler

Abstract: A system of detecting an occurrence of a problem or fault in an optical communication line having a plurality of nodes with a sending port and a receiving port, a plurality of 2-input and 2-output couplers and fibers connecting the nodes and the couplers for distributing any signal issued from a node to all the nodes. The coupler has an intersecting allocation between two inputs and two outputs. The intersection in the coupler makes the recurring signal pass only through a series of evanescent linkages of the couplers to the receiving port of the same node. When a problem arises, the evanescent linkage is more likely to be broken down than the direct linkage and the node notices the problem by the extinction of the recurring signal.

Description: This invention relates to a system for detecting faults or problems of an optical communication line. An optical communication line is an assembly of transmission paths connecting a plurality of stations (nodes) having a receiving port and a sending port by optical fibers. The transmission of signals is carried out by sending optical signals in the optical fiber from the sending ports of some nodes to the receiving ports of other nodes. A plurality of couplers are interposed in the optical communication paths for dividing or unifying optical signals. In general, a coupler means a device for unifying more than two optical fibers together. Thus a coupler which connects n fibers with each other has symmetrically n inputs and n outputs on both sides. A signal from an input is equally divided by n, and is distributed into all the n outputs. Such a coupler is called an n:n coupler. Here the optical communication line includes only the simple 2:2 couplers which unify two optical fibers and have two inputs and two outputs. Problems or faults in an optical communication line include the breakdown of optical fibers and the disorder of couplers. This Invention proposes a system or a method for detecting the disorder of fiber couplers. An optical fiber coupler is a device which is produced by joining a plurality of optical fibers at their middle and has a plurality of inputs and outputs symmetrically and a joined middle part. The coupler distributes a signal from an input to all the outputs. An M:M coupler is made by melting and joining M fibers. Thus the coupler has M inputs and M outputs and a unified part. A signal at an input is equally divided into M outputs. A coupler which unifies a plurality of fibers into a single joined part is called a star coupler. The unified part or joined part is produced by bringing the sides of a portion of fibers into contact with each other, heating the contacting portions, melting, and unifying the portions into one. The joined part of the fibers is then stretched. The distances between the cores of two fibers become very short as a result of the stretching. The extreme approach of two cores makes an evanescent coupling between the cores. Thus a signal is exchanged among the fibers. An M:M coupler which has joined M fibers must distribute an arbitrary signal in a fiber to M fibers with an equal power. If a coupler has a fault or problem, some signal from a sending port is not transmitted to some receiving ports. There has been no system having such a node capable of detecting the troubles of couplers by itself till now. This invention provides a system which can detect the faults of couplers in the case of the simple 2:2 couplers. If there occurs a fault in which a part of the joining portion of a fiber coupler is separated and some signal is not exchanged between some fibers, some transmission among confined nodes (stations) will be stopped but the other transmission among other nodes will still remain active. Thus it is difficult to detect the occurrence of the fault. Fig.1 shows a simple example of an optical commutation line having four stations A, B, C and D. The four stations are joined by optical fibers and couplers. Each station has a sending port and a receiving port. The station (node), the sending port and the receiving port belonging to the same station are now specified by the same symbols. Sending ports A, B, C and D are aligned on the left in Fig.1, and receiving ports A, B, C and D are denoted on the right of the figure. Sending port A and receiving port A belong to station A. These sending ports and receiving ports are connected by optical fibers and couplers. An optical signal transmitted from a station is sent to all the stations including the transmitting station. The system has four 2-input, 2-output couplers W, X, Y and V which are arranged in two lines by two columns (a 2x2 matrix). Coupler W joins sending ports A and B together and distributes an optical signal from port A or port B into two optical fibers g and k. Coupler X connects ports C and D, and gives the signal to two fibers m and n. Coupler V joins fiber g and fiber m and divides the signal from g or m in half to receiving ports A and C. Coupler Y unifies fiber k and fiber n and supplies a signal from k or n into receiving ports B and D. Therefore, a signal from a sending port is equally distributed to all the receiving ports. If there happens a fault where there is decoupling between fibers in coupler W, the signal from sending port A is transmitted to receiving ports A and C but is not transmitted to receiving ports B and D. The decoupling induces a partial interruption of communication. But all the communication paths are not broken down by the decoupling. The signal from sending port A safely reaches receiving port A. Similarly, the signal issued from sending port B arrives at receiving port B. In all ports J (= A, B, C and D), the signal issued from the sending port J returns to the same receiving port J. Thus. all the nodes (stations) are unaware of an occurrence of the trouble of decoupling in a fiber coupler, since any signals can circulate from the sending port to the receiving port of the same node. A node will find out the trouble of the coupler by monitoring the state of transmission of signals in other stations. A node cannot always monitor the state of transmission in other nodes. Even if all the nodes are isolated from other nodes, any node cannot detect the occurrence of the troubles in the couplers. To make the explanation clear, the signal which returns to the same node is defined as a "recurring signal". The signal which propagates to other nodes is defined as a "dispersing signal". The signal which originates from node A and returns to node A is a recurring signal. The signal which arises from node A and reaches node B, C or D is a dispersing signal. Every node can detect fault which changes the recurring signal, but cannot detect a fault which has no influence upon the recurring signal. In the above fault, the decoupling of the coupler does not induce the interruption of the recurring signal. Thus, all the nodes do not notice the occurrence of the fault. Prior optical communication lines have employed couplers having non-intersecting inputs and outputs. Thus the recurring signal travels only in the same signal fiber without being transferred from a fiber to another fiber over an evanescent connection. The decoupling, that is, the separation of two fibers, invites only the interruption of the signal which is transmitted by the evanescent coupling. Namely, the decoupling of the coupler induces only the annihilation of the evanescent transmission. An article "Transparent single-mode fiber optical networks" by Payne et al in Journal of Lightware Technology, Vol 4, No 7 July 1996, New York US, pages 864-869 describes a system in which the sending and receiving ports of a plurality of modes are connected by a plurality of couplers and optical fibers. The arrangement is such that the sending port of some modes is connected to its associated receiving port by a series of coupler linkages, some of which are evanescent. No fault detection is disclosed. JP-A-63294023 describes a star coupler including a sending port and a receiving port in which a fault is detected by extinction of the recurring signal. The arrangement use a fault detector with an additional transmitter to generate a second wavelength to achieve fault detection. An object of the present invention is to provide a system for detecting a problem or fault of a coupler in an optical communication line. Another object of the present invention is to provide a system which enables all the nodes to detect a fault or problem by change of the recurring signal. The optical communication line of this invention adopts couplers having intersecting inputs and outputs. The adoption of the intersecting inputs and outputs can drastically change the relation between sending ports and receiving ports far from the prior relation. This invention reverses the relation of the inputs and the outputs of a fiber coupler. The correspondence between the inputs (the sides of the sending ports) and the outputs (the sides of the receiving ports) is exchanged in the present invention. The intersection of the fibers shall accompany all the couplers, no matter how many couplers are used in the optical communication system. Since all the couplers have intersecting outputs and inputs, the final relation is simply given by a product of the intersecting relation of the couplers. The present invention provides a system for detecting faults or problems in an optical star coupler comprising: a plurality of couplers, each coupler having two inputs and twooutputs which are connected directly or evanescently to the inputs, a plurality of nodes, each node having a sending port and a receiving port, whereby signals can be exchanged among all nodes, optical fibers connecting the sending ports of the nodes to the inputs of the couplers, optical fibers connecting the outputs of the couplers to the receiving ports of the nodes, and optical fibers connecting the input of one of the couplers to the output of one of the other of couplers such that a signal from a node can be distributed to all the nodes, characterised in that the couplers have intersecting inputs and outputs, the sending port of each node is connected to the receiving port of that node solely by a series of evanescent linkages of the couplers, and each node has a fault detection means, whereby if an evanescent linkage is decoupled, a recurring signal from a sending port of a node does not return to the receiving port of the same node, and fault detection means of the node can detect the occurrence of a fault or problem by the extinction or absence of the recurring signal. If a pair of fibers are decoupled in a coupler, the direct coupling is maintained, but the evanescent, indirect coupling Is broken. The recurring signal issued from a sending port of a node does not return to the receiving port of the original node, if the evanescent coupling is broken by the decoupling of the coupler. Thus, each node can detect the occurrence of a fault or problem of the coupler. The invention will be described now by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which, Fig.1 is a plan view of couplers, fibers and ports for explaining the difficulty of detecting an occurrence of a trouble in a coupler in a conventional optical communication line. Fig.2 is an explanatory figure of a coupler showing the allocation of the ports at the inputs and at the outputs both in a conventional coupler and in a coupler proposed by the present Invention. Fig.3 is an explanatory figure of a faulty coupler whose fibers are disconnected from each other and the direct connection or evanescent connection is broken down. Fig.4 is an explanatory figure of a faulty coupler having a broken fiber. Fig.5 is a schematic view of the distribution of the couplers having eight sending ports and eight receiving ports. Fig.6 is an example of a circuit for detecting a fault in a coupler by sending a signal from the sending port of a node, inspecting whether the same signal returns to the receiving port of the same node, judging the communication system is faulty when the signal does not return, and ending the sending of data. Fig.7 is a simplified view of a bent fiber type coupler making the best use of the coupling by the leakage of light at the bends in the fibers. Fig.8 is a view of a twisted fiber type coupler which induces an evanescent connection between the twisting fibers. Fig.9 is a view of a high refractive index material type coupler which has a high refractive index material sandwiched between two stretched, side-polished fibers. Fig.10 shows a beam splitter type coupler which divides light beams into halves by a beam splitter. Fig.11 shows a rod-lens type coupler which is built with a selfoc lens and a reflection film. Fig.12 shows a waveguide type coupler which has a substrate and waveguides formed on the substrate. Fig.13 shows a molten fiber type coupler which is made by melting and unifying fibers on the sides. To achieve the foregoing objects and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, embodiments will now be described. A simple representation is now introduced for designating the relation between the inputs and outputs of a coupler in order to simplify the explanation. A fiber coupler which has two inputs X and Y and two outputs Z and W is denoted by (X,Y)→(Z,W), when input X directly continues to output Z and Input Y directly continues to output W, but input X and input Y are connected through evanescent couplings to output W and output Z, respectively. Namely, in the 2-input & 2-output coupler of (X,Y)→ (Z,W), X→Z and Y→W are direct connections but X→W and Y→Z are indirect, evanescent connections. The connections of Fig.1 can be simply summarized in that the sending port and the receiving port of the same node are positioned on both ends of the same fiber. For example, the fiber starting from sending port A passes through point W, fiber g and point V, and reaches receiving port A of the same node. The fiber which starts from sending port C passes through point X, fiber m and point V then arrives at receiving port C or A. All the sending ports are directly connected to the receiving port of the same node. Thus the communication line in Fig.1 is built only by repetitions of unchanged, direct transformations (X,Y)→(X,Y) at all the couplers. Unlike the conventional one, this invention adopts intersecting linkages (X,Y)→(Y,X) at all the couplers. The conventional coupler can be briefly specified by a matrix representation P of On the contrary, the coupler which this invention employs determines the connections between the inputs and the outputs in intersecting relation. Thus the coupler of the present invention is differently expressed by another matrix Q of The mode of the prior couplers is now called a "direct linkage" or a "direct method". The mode of the present invention is called an "intersecting linkage" or an "intersecting method". Fig.2 shows the allocation of the ports of a conventional coupler and a proposed coupler in a normal state. Two optical fibers are coupled on the sides by some means. The left two ends are sending ports. The right two ends are receiving ports. The upper end of the left is now sending port A. The lower end of the left is sending port B. The prior coupler allocates the right upper one to receiving port A and the right lower one to receiving port B. By contrast, this invention allots the upper one to receiving port B and the lower one to receiving port A. An evanescent wave couples the sending port and the receiving port which belong to the same node. The evanescent coupling is more susceptible than the direct coupling to a fault. The evanescent linkage is more sensitive to an occurrence of a problem of couplers. The evanescent linkage will be broken down in the case of a fault with a higher possibility than the direct coupling. This invention makes the relation between the right ports and the left ports intersect in the coupler. If a fault occurs in the coupler, the intersection greatly reduces the possibility of the recurrence of signals to the same port. The intersection facilitates the detection of a disorder of couplers, since a signal issued from a port does not recur to the same port in the event of a fault in the coupler. Any port which is an object of consideration is called now a "current port" or a "current node" in order to distinguish the port from the other ones. Thus the signal which returns to the current node is the recurring signal. Fig.3 shows an example of a fault of decoupling fibers in a coupler. The upper fiber is separated from the lower fiber. The evanescent linkage is broken down. The signal transmitted from sending port B does not return to receiving port B due to the fault. Similarly the signal issued from the sending port A does not recur to the receiving port A. No signal recurs to the current node. Any port can detect the occurrence of a trouble by the disappearance of the recurring signals. If the network had a conventional structure, no node could detect the trouble by itself. Fig.4 denotes an example of another fault comprising break-down of a fiber. The cutting of the fiber prevents the signal from the sending port A recurring to receiving port A. Thus node A can detect the occurence of the fault by itself. The signal from sending port B arrives at receiving port B. Node B does not feel disorder. Node B cannot detect the occurrence of the fault. There is no difference between the prior direct linkage and the present, intersecting linkage in the case of cutting of a fiber. The difference of the fault detection has been explained by referring to a single fiber. The same difference also holds for the case of a communication network having a plurality of couplers. An increase of nodes raises the number of the couplers. When the number n of the nodes is denoted by n = 2 K , the network requires (nK/2) couplers, since K couplers in series are necessary to divide a signal to n = 2 K nodes and n/2 couplers in parallel are necessary to join every pair of nodes. This invention makes the inputs and the outputs intersect in all couplers. If the coupler is expressed by the above matrix, the whole communication line can be represented by a product of the small (2 × 2) matrixes. There are many possibilities for the correlation between the sending ports and the receiving ports for a large K. There may be some methods for signifying the correlation between a set of sending ports and a set of receiving ports. One method is a matrix representation between the sending ports In series and the receiving ports which are connected by the same fibers to the sending ports. The matrix determines the conversion from an initial vector to a final vector. The Initial vector is composed of the sending ports In series. The final vector is composed of the receiving ports connected to the sending ports by the same fibers. Since the prior network of the communication line makes all the fibers connect the sending ports and the receiving ports of the same node. Thus, the prior network can be designated simply by a unit matrix in which all orthogonal terms take "1" and all non-orthogonal terms take "0" (a ij =1, a ij =0, i≠j). The conventional network is uniquely specified by a unit matrix, since a receiving port and its own sending port are connected by the same fiber. This Invention enjoys various possibilities for the determining the correlation between the sending ports and the receiving ports, because the couplers have intersecting linkages. For example. if four nodes constitute the communication line, the following seven matrixes denote all the possible modes of correlation between the sending ports and the receiving ports. Fig.5 shows an example of a communication system of the present invention. This is an example of eight inputs and eight outputs. The eight nodes are specified by A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Here n=8, K=3. Then nK/2= 12. Twelve couplers are necessary to combine these ports. This is only an example. In general, If the communication line includes n = 2 K ports, n/2 couplers will be arranged in column and K couplers will be aligned in line. The total number of the couplers is nK/2. Preferably, the number n of the ports (nodes) can be expressed by n = 2 K , where K is a positive integer. Thus 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or so is desirable for the number n of the nodes. In Fig.5, all the couplers have two inputs and two outputs. The bottom figure shows the mode of connection in the coupler which is denoted simply by a rectangle. The upper input directly leads to the upper output and the lower input is directly connected to the lower output in the rectangle. If the fibers are decoupled, the transmissions AD and BC are held up. The couplers are numbered by integers from 1 to 12. The fibers are not twisted in all the couplers in the representation in Fig.5. The fiber passes through the couplers straight. All the fibers can be traced easily. The first fiber is denoted by line ABBDDH. The second fiber is BAACCG. The third fiber is CDDBBF. The fourth fiber is DCCAAE. The fifth fiber is EFFHHD. The sixth fiber is designated by FEEGGC. The seventh fiber is GHHFFB. The eighth fiber is HGGEEA. The trace of the fibers is, however, meaningless in the invention. Coupler 1 has inputs A and B and outputs B and A in this order. The inputs A and B have a clear meaning as sending ports A and B. The symbols at the outputs do not have a clear meaning, because the outputs are not receiving ports but only intermediate steps. Of course, output B of coupler 1 receives also both signals from port A and port B. Output A receives both signals from ports A and B. But the output is specified only by one symbol which shows the evanescent, indirect transmission of the recurring signal. The symbols of the outputs denote the evanescent or indirect coupling to the sending ports. In coupler 1, output B means that it is connected to sending port B by an evanescent coupling. The signal from node B is sent through evanescent coupling to output B of coupler 1. The path of any recurring signal can be identified by tracing the same characters denoted on sides of the couplers. For example, a signal from node B recurs to node B via BBBBBB in series through couplers 1, 5 and 11. The recurring signal passes any coupler by the indirect coupling. Thus the symbols of the outputs are reverse to the symbols of the inputs in all the couplers. Coupler 2 has inputs C and D and output D and C in the intersecting relation. The recurrent signal is transmitted also by the indirect coupling in coupler 2. Similarly coupler 3 has inputs E and F and outputs F and E in the reverse order. Coupler 4 has inputs G and H and outputs H and G also in the reverse order. Similarly, the couplers 5, 6, 7 and 8 on the second column exchange the inputs and the outputs. The couplers 9, 10, 11, and 12 also exchange the inputs and the outputs. The symbols A, B, C and D are indicated to the outputs which are connected by the indirect coupling to the input of the same symbols. The allocations of the symbols are uniquely determined in the example. Finally, the outputs of the couplers are numbered as H, D, G, C, F, B, E and A. The receiving ports shall be allocated to the port of the same symbols as sending ports. In the network. all signals pass three fiber couplers and are dispersed into all the 8 receiving ports. Thus, there are 64 different paths for transmission of signals from the sending ports to the receiving ports. Eight paths of the 64 paths includes three direct linkages which are connected by the fibers themselves. The prior method allotted both ends of each of the eight paths to the sending ports and to the receiving ports of the same nodes. Another 24 paths of the 64 paths Include two direct linkages and one indirect linkage. Afurther 24 paths include one direct linkage and two indirect linkages. The final eight paths include three indirect (evanescent) linkages. This invention employs the last category of path which include no direct linkage for conveying the recurring signals. In the present invention, all the recurring signals pass the Indirect linkages of the three couplers. If one of the couplers is decoupled, two recurring signals extinguish. Then two nodes can detect the occurrence of the trouble by the extinction of the recurrence of the signal within the nodes. An example of a detection device of a fault is explained by referring to Fig.6 which shows one node having a receiving port and a sending port. A communication network contains a plurality of equivalent nodes. In the node, a transmitter (22) assembles the data which shall be sent in the communication line. The data are digital, electric signals. The data are converted from electric signals into optical signals by an E/O converter (23). The optical signals are sent to a coupler (24) which introduces the signals into the fiber paths as shown in Fig.5. The signals are transmitted to all the nodes including the own node(recurring signals). Here, the problem is the recurring signals. The recurring signals pass the intersecting (evanescent) linkages of the couplers and return to the coupler (24) of the same port. The signals go through an optical fiber and arrive at an O/E converter (25). The optical signals are converted into electric signals at the O/E converter (25). A signal-arrival monitor (26) checks whether the sending signal is returning to receiving port of the same node. The transmitter (22) sends a starting signal to the signal-arrival monitor (26), when the transmitter (22) issues a signal Into the communication line. In a normal state, the recurring signal accompanies the starting signal with a delay which originates from the circulation of the signal in the network. When the recurring signal does not return to the signal-arrival monitor (26) at the same time of the starting signal, some fault must happen at some couplers or some fibers. In the case of "No" recurring signal, the signal-arrival monitor (26) sends out a suspending signal to the transmitter (22). The transmitter (22) stops sending the signal. A sending-receiving-date comparator (27) compares the received data with the sent data. The receiving data should coincide with the sending data in a normal state. If the receiving data differs from the sending data, a fault must occur in the optical communication system. The signal-arrival monitor (26) and the sending-receiving-data comparator (27) investigate the state of the current node. When the monitor (26) or the comparator (27) detect some fault the current node should be separated from the communication system in order to prevent the fault from having a serious influence upon the other nodes. This invention enables a node to detect an occurrence of a fault precisely by itself. The important step lies in the adoption of the evanescent linkages in couplers for the transmission paths of recurring signals which are issued from a node and return to the same node. The optical communication line of the invention can be applied, for example. to the LANs in automobiles. In the communication line, a plurality of ports (or nodes) are connected by optical fibers. The junction of the nodes is a star-type. The communication system can employ various types of couplers with 2 inputs and 2 outputs. Fig.7 shows an example of a bent fiber leakage type coupler. A housing and a means of fixing fibers are omitted in the figure. Two fibers are forcibly bent and are joined at their bent regions. The extreme bending gives rise to a leakage of light from the side of the fiber, since the mode in the core of the fiber is converted from a propagating mode to a dissipation mode. The coupler makes the best use of the leakage on the bend sides. Light leaks from the side of a fiber and enters the core of the other fiber. This is an example of an evanescent coupling. In the coupler,a current sending port is not coupled by a direct connection to the current receiving port but is coupled by an evanescent linkage to the port. This mode of connection is briefly denoted by the matrix Q of Eq.(2). Fig.8 exhibits an example of twisted fiber type couplers. The coupler is produced by the steps of melting parts of two fibers, stretching the molten parts of the fibers, twisting the fibers, drawing the core of a fiber to the core of the other fiber and coating the junction by a high refractive index material. Since the distance between cores is so short that two fibers are connected evanescently. The current sending port is not coupled by a direct connection to the current receiving port but is joined by an evanescent linkage. The connection is also designated by the matrix Q of Eq.(2). Fig.9 shows an example of high refractive index material type couplers. The coupler is produced by melting parts of fibers, stretching the molten parts and sandwiching a high refractive index material between the stretched fibers. Otherwise, the coupler is made by melting parts of fibers, stretching the molten parts for thinning the parts, polishing sides of the thinning parts till the cores and sandwiching a high refractive index material between the polished sides of the fibers. Two fibers are coupled by an evanescent linkage. In this case also, the current sending port and the receiving ports are allocated to the intersection positions. Fig.10 denotes an example of beam splitter type couplers. The coupler is composed of lenses and a beam splitter. The light beams emitted from two input fibers are converted into wide parallel beams. The wide beams are converged by other lenses to the cores of the other fibers. The beam splitter divides the beams into passing beams and reflected beams. The reflected beams are included into the category of the evanescent, indirect coupling, because the reflected beams vanish, when the beam splitter is removed. Fig. 11 shows an example of selfoc rod lens & reflective film type couplers. "Selfoc" means a structure of a transparent medium having a center of higher refractive index and a periphery of lower refractive index. Two 1/4 wavelength long lenses are glued to each other via a middle half-reflection film. Two ports are stuck on a end of the lenses and two other ports are stuck on another end of the lenses. The light entering the lens from the left, upper port bends inward and attains the center of the half-reflection film. A part of the light is reflected by the film and goes out from the left, lower port. The other part of the light passes the film and exits from the right lower port. The upper ports are connected to the lower left port by the reflection film. Thus, this connection is deemed to be an evanescent linkage, since the light will vanish, if the reflection film is broken down. The left, upper port is allocated to the current sending port and the left, lower port is assigned to the current receiving port according to the teaching of the present invention. In general, the current sending port and the current receiving ports should be allocated to the pair of ports which are more liable to be damaged at a trouble. Fig.12 exemplifies a waveguide type coupler to which this invention can be applied. The coupler has a substrate and two optical waveguides on the substrate. The waveguides are produced by doping an impurity to the substrate and by making regions with higher refractive index. Two waveguides come close to each other at a part on the substrate. In the proximate region, the field intensity distributions of two waveguides overlap. The overlap allows an evanescent coupling between the waveguides. A pair of ports of intersecting relation are allocated to the current sending port and the current receiving ports. If the waveguides degrade and the evanescent linkage is abated, the recurring signal vanishes. The extinction of the recurrence notifies the occurrence of a fault to the node. Fig.13 shows an example of a fused-fiber type coupler which is produced by melting parts of two fibers, and sticking the molten parts to each other. In the coupler, the cores of two fibers are directly connected. The current sending port and the current receiving port are allotted at the positions in the intersecting relation. In a normal state, a signal entering the coupler from an input is divided into two outputs equally. In the case of fault in the coupler, the evanescent coupling is broken down and the current receiving ports are disconnected from the current sending ports of the same node. This invention can be applied to any type of fiber coupler . In any case, the allotment of the ports is exchanged in Inputs and outputs in order to connect a sending port to the receiving port of the same node with the weaker coupling which is liable to be disconnected in the event of a fault. The advantages of the present invention are now explained. This invention enables a node in an optical communication line to detect an occurrence of a fault by Itself from the abnormality within the node. Since the node detects the fault, the node which suffers from fault can be separated immediately from the whole communication system for preventing the fault from having a bad influence upon other nodes. Then the faulty node can be repaired in the separated state. The present invention succeeds in building an optical communication line with higher reliability by notifying individual nodes of an occurrence of a fault and of a necessity of repair. It is effective to adopt the optical communication system of the present invention as a network of the controlling information in automobiles, airplanes or trains or as an information network in a factory in which the network will be exposed in corrosive environments.

Claims: A system for detecting faults or problems in an optical star coupler comprising: a plurality of couplers (1 to 12), each coupler having two inputs and two outputs which are connected directly or evanescently to the inputs, a plurality of nodes (A to H), each node having a sending port and a receiving port, whereby signals can be exchanged among all nodes, optical fibers connecting the sending ports of the nodes (A to H) to the inputs of the couplers (1 to 12), optical fibers connecting the outputs of the couplers (1 to 12) to the receiving ports of the nodes (A to H), and optical fibers connecting the input of one of the couplers to the output of one of the other of couplers such that a signal from a node can be distributed to all the nodes (A to H), characterised in that the couplers (1 to 12) have intersecting inputs and outputs, the sending port of each node (A to H) is connected to the receiving port of that node solely by a series of evanescent linkages of the couplers, and each node has a fault detection means (22 to 27), whereby if an evanescent linkage is decoupled, a recurring signal from a sending port of a node does not return to the receiving port of the same node, and fault detection means of the node can detect the occurrence of a fault or problem by the extinction or absence of the recurring signal. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number n of the nodes (A to H) is n = 2 k , where K is an integer, and the couplers (1 to 12) are arranged in a matrix of n/2 lines and K columns. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number n of the nodes (A to H) is n - 2 k < n≦2 k , where K is an integer, and the couplers (1 to 12) are arranged in a matrix of n/2 lines and K columns. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each coupler (1 to 12) is a bent fiber leak type coupler which has been produced by bending two fibers and joining the bent ports of the fibers whereby optical energy can be exchanged by leaking at the join between fibers. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each coupler (1 to 12) is a twisted fiber type coupler which has been produced by melting parts of the fibers, optical energy being exchanged between the two fibers through an evanescent linkage. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each coupler (1 to 12) is a high refractive index type coupler which has been made by melting parts of two fibers, stretching the melted fibers, and sandwiching a high refractive index material by the stretched parts of the fibers, optical energy being exchanged between the two fibers through an evanescent linkage. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each coupler (1 to 12) is a beam splitter type coupler which comprises four lenses and one beam splitter. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each coupler (1 to 12) is a selfoc lens and reflection film type coupler having two 1/4 wavelength selfoc lenses and a half-reflection film sandwiched between the lenses. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each coupler (1 to 12) is a waveguide type coupler which has a substrate and two waveguides formed on the substrate. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein each coupler (1 to 12) is a fused-fiber type which has been produced by melting parts of two fibers and gluing the sides of the melted parts of the fibers together.

Inventors: KOBAYASHI NOBUYUKI, SAWAI TAKANORI, YONEMURA RYUGEN, YUUKI HAYATO, KOBAYASHI, NOBUYUKI, SAWAI, TAKANORI, YONEMURA, RYUGEN, YUUKI, HAYATO, KOBAYASHI, NOBUYUKI, C/O OSAKA WORKS OF, SAWAI, TAKANORI, C/O OSAKA WORKS OF, YONEMURA, RYUGEN, C/O OSAKA WORKS OF, YUUKI, HAYATO, C/O OSAKA WORKS OF
Applicants: SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, SUMITOMO WIRING SYSTEMS, SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD, SUMITOMO WIRING SYSTEMS, LTD.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: H04B10
IPC codes: H04B10