Plastic formed product

Abstract: Plastic products comprising: a thermoplastic resin or a thermoset resin; and from 0.1 to 10 wt% of at least one type of particles selected from ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and maghemite particles; wherein: (1) the ferric oxide hydroxide particles have an average major axial diameter or a plate diameter of from 0.02 to 2.0 µm and an average aspect ratio or a plate ratio of from 2 to 20; and (2) the hematite, magnetite and maghemite particles have an average particle size of from 0.01 to 1.0 µm, a BET specific surface area of from 1 to 120 m 2 /g and a surface water content of not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g.

Description: The present invention relates to plastic formed products, and more particularly, to plastic formed products which leave a low amount of residual ash even when they are incinerated in conditions of low temperature and low oxygen concentration due to the incineration-accelerating operation thereof. Since plastics can be molded easily and have excellent properties of all kinds, many plastic formed products are used in all sorts of industries. After being used, these plastic formed products are scrap-treated. It is difficult to physically, chemically or biologically break down many of the plastic formed products in materials circulation in natural and since the materials of all kinds are to be used, a huge cost for recovering and recycling the plastic formed products is required. As a result, the reclamation or incineration of the plastic formed products is performed. However, it is well known that disposal of plastic formed products is a major problem because of the expense and technical difficulty. Plastic formed products are divided broadly into two categories: (1) industrial materials and durable consumer goods used for a relatively long period (e.g. from several years to several tens of years), and (2) goods used for a short period (e.g. from several days to one year) where a specific property is required. However, with the recent change in the mode of living to a mass consumption-type living, many of the plastic formed products in uses for one way-type for reducing the distribution cost and for disposaltype for the serviceability at the using time are used, and as a result, the amount of refuse produced by homes has increased. In European countries, a producer of plastics should recover the plastic waste produced by consumers. It is considered that the plastic wastes are reused as energy resource by generating electricity by utilizing the combustion heat. However, at this time, plastic waste in many countries is disposed of by incineration and reclamation. The present invention will be explained in the following with plastic bags cited as an example. In supermarkets, large specialty stores and retail shops, plastic bags which are printed or colored for the respective stores are generally supplied to the customers at the counters. After such shopping bags have been used to carry goods, they are reused in homes as sorting bags, refuse bags or the like, because they generally have handles which facilitate carrying them or closing them. With the recent change in the mode of living and the recent rise in living standards and income, many new commercial goods have been introduced and an affluent material society is realized. On the other hand, with the increase in new commercial goods, the amount of refuse produced by homes has been increasing, so that refuse disposal has now become a large social problem. In one method of disposing of combustible refuse, the refuse which is put into a black or blue plastic bag composed of a thermoplastic resin such as polyethylene and a pigment and is incinerated in an incinerator, and the residual ash and unburned refuse are used for reclamation. However, the conventional method of incinerating combustible refuse has various problems such as air contamination due to NOx generated during incineration, shortage of sites for reclamation into which a large amount of residual ash and unburned refuse can be buried, leakage of harmful substances from the residual ash into the reclaimed land, and generation of harmful dioxins. In addition, when a large amount of plastic waste and plastic bags which have a high calorific value are present in combustible refuse, the temperature in the incinerator is raised so much that the incinerator is broken. To solve these problems, various solutions are proposed. For example, suppressing the generation of NOx by incinerating combustible refuse under low oxygen concentrations, preventing the breakage of the incinerator due to high temperatures by keep the temperature of the incinerator lower than a predetermined temperature by spraying water during incineration, and insolubilizing the residual ash containing harmful ingredients and cementing it before burying it. In some municipal corporations, residents are required to use a translucent plastic refuse bag which contains a large amount of calcium carbonate instead of a conventional refuse bag in order to reduce the amount of refuse and lower the calorific value. It is reported that many municipal corporations appeal to supermarkets and the like for adoption of translucent shopping bags containing calcium carbonate like a refuse bag, because shopping bags are often reused as refuse bags in homes. Plastic bags containing iron oxide are also proposed. For example, a method of dispersing a fine ferromagnetic powder in a thermoplastic resin so as to separate plastic wastes by the magnetic action (JP-A-52-68247/1977), and a method of producing a plastic bag from polyethylene or polypropylene containing titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, nickel oxide and iron oxide such as ferrous oxide and ferric oxide to prevent the generation of an offensive odor from the refuse in the bag (JP-A-3-212353/1991) are proposed. As described above, since the original use of shopping bags is to carry goods and they also have the function of advertising the supermarket or the retail store which supplies them to the customers, shopping bags are required to have an excellent color tone, high mechanical strength, to contain no harmful substance, and further to be produced at a low cost. It is very difficult to produce a shopping bag which meets all these demands while taking the problem of refuse disposal into consideration. The suppression of NOx generated during incinerating refuse, the prevention of breakage of the incinerator and the reduction of unburned refuse and residual ash are now in the strongest demand. If the refuse is incinerated under conditions of low temperature and low oxygen concentration, although it is effective for the suppression of NOx generation during incinerating refuse and the prevention of the breakage of the incinerator, since the combustion efficiency is lowered, the residual ash and the unburned refuse disadvantageously increase. If a thermoplastic resin for shopping bags contains a large amount of calcium carbonate, not only is the external appearance bad, but also the mechanical strength is lowered and the calcium carbonate adhered to the film surface is can adhere to clothes and commercial goods. In addition, although such bags are effective for the prevention of the breakage of an incinerator due to a high temperature, the amount of residual ash and unburned refuse disadvantageously increases by an amount equivalent to the amount of calcium carbonate added. The method of JP-A-52-68247/1977 is aimed at providing plastics with magnetism by mixing and dispersing a fine ferromagnetic powder such as magnetite with and in the plastics so as to collect the plastics, and a method of JP-A-3-212353/1991 is aimed at preventing an offensive odor in the garbage in a plastic bag by adding a gas decomposing material containing at least titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, nickel oxide and iron oxide to the polyethylene or polypropylene which constitutes the bag. JP-A-3-212353/1991 does not discuss the technical problem that the combustion efficiency should be maintained and the unburned refuse, residual ash and an harmful ingredient should be reduced as much as possible even under the conditions of low temperature and low oxygen concentration. At the time of incineration of plastic formed products, the plastics are molten and become blocks and combustible volatile compounds vaporize from the plastics in which the solid form thereof is maintained, the necessary amount of oxygen for incinerating the plastic formed products is in short supply, so that harmful unburned refuse sometimes remains or the incineration takes a long time. Accordingly, plastic formed products which are capable of a high combustion efficiency even if they are incinerated together with combustible refuse, and which are capable of reducing the amount of unburned refuse and residual ash are in strong demand. Especially, provision of plastic formed products which are capable of providing an excellent color tone, a high mechanical strength and safety, and which are also capable of maintaining a high combustion efficiency for a long time even if they are incinerated together with combustible refuse, and reducing the amount of unburned refuse and residual ash is strongly demanded. As a result of studies undertaken by the present inventors so as to meet the demand, it has been found that by mixing and kneading 0.1 to 10.0 wt% of ferric oxide hydroxide particles and/or iron oxide particles with a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin and forming the resultant mixture, the combustion efficiency of the obtained plastic formed products does not lower even if the plastic formed products are incinerated together with combustible refuse under the condition of a low temperature and a low oxygen concentration, and generates only a small amount of unburned refuse and residual ash. The present invention has been achieved on the basis of this finding. It is an object of the present invention to provide plastic formed products which are capable of incinerating at a high combustion efficiency even if the plastic formed products are incinerated together with combustible refuse under the condition of a low temperature and a low oxygen concentration, which are capable of reducing the amount of unburned refuse and residual ash, and which are capable of suppressing the generation of NOx and dioxins. It is another object of the present invention to provide plastic bags which are capable of providing an excellent color tone, a high mechanical strength and safety, and which are also capable of a high combustion efficiency even if the plastic bags are incinerated together with combustible refuse under the condition of a low temperature and a low oxygen concentration, and reducing the amount of unburned refuse, residual ash and harmful ingredient after incineration as much as possible. Accordingly, the present invention provides a plastics product comprising: a thermoplastics resin or a thermoset resin; and from 0.1 to 10 wt% of at least one type of particles selected from ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and maghemite particles; wherein (1) the ferric oxide hydroxide particles have an average major axial diameter or a plate diameter of from 0.02 to 2.0 µm and an average aspect ratio or a plate ratio of from 2 to 20; and (2) the hematite, magnetite and maghemite particles have an average particle size of from 0.01 to 1.0 µm, a BET specific surface area of from 1 to 120 m 2 /g, and a surface water content of not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g. The invention also provides use of the particles defined above to improve the combustion efficiency of a plastics product. In the accompanying drawings, Fig. 1 shows the results of the thermogravimetric analysis of the plastic bags in Comparative Example 1 and Example 7 in the air and under the condition of a low oxygen concentration (air/nitrogen = 1/1). As a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin used in the present invention, any resin which are suitable for ordinary moldings are usable without special limitation. Examples of the thermoplastic resin are polyethylene-based resins, polypropylenes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrilstyrene copolymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, acrylonitril-butadiene-styrene copolymers, poly-4-methylpentene-1, ionomers, polyvinyl alcohols, polycarbonates, polyamide, modified polyphenylene ether resins, thermoplastic polyester resins, thermoplastic elastomers and cellulosic resins. As the polyethylene-based resins, low-density polyethylenes, linear low-density polyethylenes, high-density polyethylenes, and copolymers of ethylene, another polymeric monomers such as (meth)acrylate and vinyl acetate, and ethylene-vinylalcohol copolymer may be exemplified. The thermoplastic resin may therefore be selected from a low-density polyethylene, a linear low-density polyethylene, a high density polyethylene and a copolymer of ethylene and a monomer polymerisable therewith. Examples of the thermosetting resin used in the present invention are phenol resins, epoxy resins, unsaturated polyester resins, urea resins, melamine resins and polyurethane resins. Especially, as a thermoplastic resin for a plastic bag in the present invention, polyethylene-based resins such as low-density polyethylenes (density: 0.915 to 0.935), linear low-density polyethylenes (density: 0.890 to 0.945), high-density polyethylenes (density: 0.940 to 0.970), and copolymers of ethylene and another polymeric monomers such as (meth)acrylate and vinyl acetate are preferably usable because they are cheap and available in large quantities. Above all, high-density polyethylenes and linear low-density polyethylenes are especially preferably used because they can produce a film having a high mechanical strength even if the film is comparatively thin. As the ferric oxide hydroxide particles and/or iron oxide particles used in the present invention, particles having appropriate particle shape, number-average particle diameter, BET specific surface area and particle size distribution, and containing impurities (e.g., sulfur, sodium, etc.) of not more than each specific amount, are preferred. The particle shape and number-average particle diameter affect the contact-interface area between the ferric oxide hydroxide particles and/or iron oxide particles and the resin, and the combustion efficiency. Also, the BET specific surface area affects the contact-interface area therebetween. The particle size distribution affects the combustion efficiency through the packing density of the particles dispersed into the resin. Further, the impurity content in the particles, e.g., sulfur content and sodium content, affects the combustive-catalytic activity per contact-interface area between the particles and resin. The particle size distribution of the particles is expressed by: Percentage (%) = [the geometrical standard deviation (σg) / the number-average particle diameter (M)] x 100. The geometrical standard deviation (σg) was obtained by the following method. The particle diameters of 250 particles in an electron microphotograph (x40,000 magnification) were measured. The actual particle diameters and the number of the particles were obtained from the calculation on the basis of the measured values. On logarithmic-normal probability paper, the major axial diameters were plotted at regular intervals on the abscissa-axis and the accumulative number of particles belonging to each interval of the major axial diameters was plotted by percentage on the ordinate-axis by a statistical technique. The major axial diameters corresponding to the number of particles of 50% and 84.13%, respectively, were read from the graph, and the geometrical standard deviation (σg) was worked out from the following formula: Geometrical standard deviation (σg) = major axial diameter (µm) corresponding to the number of particles of 50%/major axial diameter (µm) corresponding to the number of particles of 84.13% The content of sulfur as an impurity in the ferric oxide hydroxide particles and/or iron oxide particles was measured by using Carbon-Sulfur Analyzer EMIA-200 (manufactured by Horiba Ltd.). The content of sodium as an impurity in the ferric oxide hydroxide particles and/or iron oxide particles was measured by an analytical curve method by dissolving the particles in hydrochloric acid and using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer SPS-4000 (manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc.). As the ferric oxide hydroxide particles in the present invention goethite (α-FeOOH) particles, lepidocrosite (γ-FeOOH) particles and δ-FeOOH particles can be used. The particles may have a spindle shape, an acicular shape or a plate-like shape, but spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles are the most preferable from the point of view of combustion efficiency. The particle size (major axial diameter or the plate diameter) of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles is 0.02 to 2.0 µm and the aspect ratio or the plate ratio thereof is 2 to 2 0. Typically the sulfur content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles is not more than 0.8 wt%, the sodium content thereof is not more than 0.5 wt% and the particle size distribution thereof is not more than 60%. The spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles have an external appearance of a bundle of a multiplicity of superfine fibers as observed through an electron microscope. Generally the average major axial diameter of the spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles is from 0.05 to 1.5 µm, the average aspect ratio (major axial diameter/minor axial diameter) thereof is from 2 to 18, and the BET specific surface area thereof is from 30 to 250 m 2 /g. Such particles may be spindle-shaped goethite particles. From the point of view of combustion efficiency, the spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles having a major axial diameter of 0.1 to 0.5 µm, an aspect ratio of 3 to 15 and a BET specific surface area of 50 to 150 m 2 /g are preferable. If the BET specific surface area is larger than 250 m 2 /g, the degree of dispersion of the particles in the resin is lowered. Typically the sulfur content of the spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles is not more than 0.2 wt%, preferably 0.08 wt%; the sodium content thereof is not more than 0.5 wt%, preferably 0.3 wt%; and the particle size distribution thereof is not more than 50%, preferably not more than 40%. The acicular ferric oxide hydroxide particles include not only acicular particles but also particles having a shape of a needle with some branches. Generally the average major axial diameter of the acicular ferric oxide hydroxide particles is from 0.05 to 2.0 µm, the average aspect ratio (major axial diameter/minor axial diameter) thereof is 2 to 20, and the BET specific surface area thereof is 10 to 200 m 2 /g. From the point of view of combustion efficiency, the acicular ferric oxide hydroxide particles having a major axial diameter of 0.1 to 0.8 µm, an aspect ratio of 5 to 15 and a BET specific surface area of 15 to 100 m 2 /g are preferable. The sulfur content of the acicular ferric oxide hydroxide particles is not more than 0.1 wt%, preferably 0.05 wt%; the sodium content thereof is not more than 0.5 wt%, preferably 0.3 wt%; and the particle size distribution thereof is not more than 60%, preferably not more than 50%. The plate-like ferric oxide hydroxide particles have an external appearance of a hexagonal plate or a circular plate as observed through an electron microscope. Generally the plate diameter of the plate-like ferric oxide hydroxide particles is from 0.02 to 1.5 µm, the plate ratio (plate diameter/thickness) thereof is about 3 to 15, and the BET specific surface area thereof is 1 to 150 m 2 /g. From the point of view of combustion efficiency, the plate-like ferric oxide hydroxide particles having a plate diameter of 0.03 to 0.5 µm, a plate ratio (plate diameter/thickness) of 5 to 10 and a BET specific surface area of 20 to 100 m 2 /g are preferable. The sulfur content of the plate-like ferric oxide hydroxide particles is not more than 0.1 wt%, preferably 0.05 wt%; the sodium content thereof is not more than 0.1 wt%, preferably 0.05 wt%; and the particle size distribution thereof is not more than 50%, preferably not more than 40%. It is possible to produce these ferric oxide hydroxide particles having various shapes from an aqueous solution by passing an oxygen-containing gas into a suspension which contains a neutralization reaction product of an aqueous ferrous salt solution and an aqueous alkali solution such as an aqueous alkali hydroxide and an aqueous alkaline carbonate in the presence or absence of an additive preferably at a temperature of 20 to 70°C. The iron oxide particles used in the present invention are hematite (α-Fe 2 O 3 ) particles, magnetite ( FeOx .Fe 2 O 3 , 0 ≤ x < 1) particles and maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) particles. These particles may have a spindle shape, an acicular shape, a plate shape or an approximately isotropic (granular) shape such as spherical, octahedral, polyhedral and irregular shapes. The average particle size of the granular hematite, magnetite or maghemite particles is 0.01 to 1.0 µm, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 µm; and the BET specific surface area thereof is 1 to 120 m 2 /g, preferably 2 to 30 m 2 /g. The sulfur content of the granular hematite, magnetite or maghemite particles is not more than 0.8 wt%, preferably 0.6 wt%; the sodium content thereof is not more than 0.5 wt%, preferably 0.25 wt%; and the particle size distribution thereof is not more than 50%, preferably not more than 40%. The water content on the surfaces of the granular hematite, magnetite or maghemite particles used in the present invention is not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g. If it is less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g, it is impossible to obtain plastic formed products having a combustion efficiency which is aimed at by the present invention. On the other hand, if it exceeds 0.10 wt%/m 2 /g, the degree of dispersion of the granular hematite or maghemite particles in the thermoplastic resin is sometimes lowered. The major axial diameter of the spindle-shaped or acicular hematite, magnetite or maghemite particles is 0.03 to 1.0 µm, the aspect ratio thereof is 2 to 12, and the BET specific surface area is 5 to 200 m 2 /g. From the point of view of combustion efficiency, it is preferable that the major axial diameter is 0.05 to 0.3 µm, the aspect ratio is 3 to 10 and the BET specific surface area is 20 to 100 m 2 /g. The sulfur content of the spindle-shaped or acicular hematite, magnetite or maghemite particles is not more than 0.2 wt%, preferably 0.1 wt%, the sodium content thereof is not more than 0.5 wt%, preferably 0.35 wt%, and the particle size distribution thereof is not more than 50%, preferably not more than 45%. The water content on the surfaces of the spindle-shaped or acicular hematite, magnetite or maghemite particles used in the present invention is not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g. The plate diameter of the plate-like hematite, magnetite or maghemite particles is 0.05 to 5.0 µm, the aspect ratio thereof is 4 to 50, and the BET specific surface area is 2 to 100 m 2 /g. From the point of view of combustion efficiency, it is preferable that the major axial diameter is 0.2 to 3 µm, the aspect ratio is 5 to 30 and the BET specific surface area is 3 to 50 m 2 /g. The water content on the surfaces of the granular hematite, magnetite or maghemite particles used in the present invention is not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g. It is possible to produce the spindle-shaped or acicular hematite, magnetite and maghemite particles by heating the above-described spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles or acicular ferric oxide hydroxide particles obtained from the aqueous solution in the air at 250 to 700°C while maintaining the shape of the hematite particles, by heating the thus-obtained hematite particles in a reducing atmosphere at 300 to 500°C while maintaining the shape of the hematite particles, and by oxidizing the thus-obtained magnetite particles in the air at 200 to 500°C while maintaining the shape of the magnetite particles, respectively. It is possible to produce the plate-like hematite, magnetite and maghemite particles by heat-treating the precipitates in the neutralization reaction of an aqueous ferrous salt solution and an aqueous alkali solution in an autoclave, by further heating the thus-obtained hematite particles in a reducing atmosphere in a stream of hydrogen at 300 to 500°C while maintaining the shape of the plate-like hematite particles, and by further oxidizing the thus-obtained magnetite particles in the air at 200 to 500°C while maintaining the shape of the plate-like magnetite particles, respectively. It is possible to produce the granular magnetite, maghemite and hematite particles by passing an oxygen-containing gas into a suspension which contains precipitates in the neutralization reaction of an aqueous ferrous salt solution and an aqueous alkali solution such as an aqueous alkali hydroxide and an aqueous alkali carbonate, by heating the thus-obtained magnetite particles in the air at 200 to 500°C while maintaining the shape of the granular magnetite particles, and by further heating the thus-obtained maghemite particles or granular magnetite particles at 500 to 900°C while maintaining the shape of the particles, respectively. These ferric oxide hydroxide particles and iron oxide particles have various colors. For example, the ferric oxide hydroxide particles exhibit yellow to yellowish brown colors, the hematite particles reddish orange to reddish purple, the magnetite particles black to blackish brown colors, the maghemite particles a brown color, and a powder obtained by mixing yellow ferric oxide hydroxide particles with black magnetite particles in an appropriate ratio exhibit a green color. At least one is selected from ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and maghemite particles in accordance with a desired color as a material of plastic formed products of the present invention. The content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles, maghemite particles or a mixture thereof in the thermoplastic resin or the thermosetting resin is 0.1 to 10.0 wt%. If the content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and/or maghemite particles is less than 0.1 wt%, the effect of improving the combustion efficiency becomes insufficient. On the other hand, if it exceeds 10.0 wt%, the strength may be greatly lowered and the weather resistance may be deteriorated in the case of a film, for example. In order to enhance the combustion efficiency of the combustible refuse as a whole in an incinerator, the content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and/or maghemite particles is preferably 0.1 to 5.0 wt%, more preferably 0.5 to 3.0 wt%. When the content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and/or maghemite particles is low, the plastic formed product becomes transparent or translucent. When the content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and/or maghemite particles is large, the product becomes opaque. The content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and/or maghemite particles may be appropriately selected from the above-described range in accordance with the use of the plastic product. The plastic formed products are formed according to specific uses and purposes, by extruding molding, injection molding, blow molding, compression molding, calendering molding and casting molding. For example, a film (thickness: less than 0.2 µm), a sheet (thickness: not less than 0.2 µm) and a band, which are formed by extruding molding, and a product formed according to specific uses and purposes may be cited. As the film, a general film such as a film for agriculture, a packaging film for industries, a food-packaging film, a processed product thereof such as a shopping bag, a refuse bags, sorting bag and a packaging bag, a film for packaging heavy-weight articles, and a processed product thereof such as a bag for rice, fertilizer, a cement bag, etc. may be exemplified. Also, a thermoforming film such as a film for packaging foodstuffs, industrial products, may be cited. Thus the product of the invention may be a film, a band, a bag, a sheet, a foamed product or a container obtainable by injection molding or blow molding. As the sheet, a thermoforming sheet, a processed product thereof such as trays and cups formed by a vacuum forming and a pressure forming, may be cited. As the band, a binding band, may be cited. A foaming product and a cushion material produced by a foaming and an extruding molding, containers of all kinds produced by the injection molding, and a bottle produced by a blow molding may be cited. Among of them, one way-type or disposal-type plastic formed products used in homes and industries easily achieves the objects of the present invention. A bag as an example of plastic formed products of the present invention is generally produced by supplying a mixture of the above-described thermoplastic resin such as polyethylene-based resins and at least one of ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and maghemite particles, melting and kneading the resultant mixture, forming the resultant mixture in the form of a film having about 10 to 100 µm, preferably 20 to 70 µm in thickness, by inflation, T-die extrusion or the like, and heat-sealing the film into a predetermined shape. It is possible to appropriately mix an additive such as known lubricant, antiblocking agent, antioxidizing agent, weathering agent and coloring agent, and add an organic or inorganic filler as occasion demands, to a thermoplastic resin or a thermosetting resin used for plastic formed products of the present invention in addition to the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles, maghemite particles or a mixed particles thereof. The product of the invention may thus comprise at least one selected from a lubricant, an antiblocking agent, an antioxidising agent, a weathering agent, a colouring agent and an organic or inorganic filler. What is the most important in the present invention is the fact that the specific ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles, maghemite particles or mixed particles thereof can act as pigments providing various colors, and that the thermoplastic resin or the thermosetting resin containing these particles achieves such an excellent combustion efficiency that it is possible to reduce the amount of residual ash even under conditions of low temperature and low oxygen concentration. The inventors consider the reason why this occurs as follows. Although the iron atoms on the surfaces of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles, or maghemite particles are stabilized by the hydroxyl groups on the surfaces which are produced by the dissociation and adsorption of water, dehydration occurs between the hydroxyl groups on the surfaces due to heating in the combustion process, and iron ions and oxygen ions of unsaturated coordination are generated. Such active sites of unsaturated coordination activate oxygen by adsorption thereof in the combustion process and show catalytic activity in a series of processes such as dehydrogenation of organic matter, thereby exerting the combustion accelerating effect. Especially, when spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles, granular hematite particles containing a specific range of water on the surfaces, granular magnetite particles containing a specific range of water on the surfaces, or granular maghemite particles containing a specific range of water on the surfaces are used as the ferric oxide hydroxide particles or iron oxide particles, the number of iron-hydroxyl groups per unit surface area of the particles which can be activated by heating and dehydration is large. In addition, since the spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles have a fine structure consisting of a bundle of ultrafine fibers, not only does the water content on the surfaces increase but also dehydration is caused between hydroxyl groups in the crystalline structure in a temperature range of 150 to 350°C due to the heating operation during combustion, so that the particles become porous and the specific surface area increases, thereby increasing the active sites. As a result, the necessary oxygen contacting efficiency increases and a higher combustion catalytic effect is exerted. In the spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles, dehydration is caused between hydroxyl groups in the crystalline structure in a temperature range of 150 to 350°C, so that it is impossible to measure the water content on the surfaces. In the case of a bag, an example of a plastic formed product of the present invention, the combustion speed in the air is not more than 3.5 minutes/10 mg, preferably not more than 3.0 minutes/10 mg, the complete combustion percentage is not less than 90 wt%, preferably not less than 93 wt%, the low-temperature combustibility is not more than 520°C, preferably not more than 480°C; the combustion speed under the condition of a low oxygen concentration is not more preferably not more than 3.0 minutes/10 mg, the complete combustion percentage is not less than 88.0 wt%, preferably not less than 90.0 wt%, and the low-temperature combustibility is not more than 535°C, preferably not more than 520°C, as will be shown in the later-described examples. The operation of the spindle-shaped ferric oxide hydroxide particles or granular magnetite particles in a plastic bag of the present invention will now be explained with reference to Fig. 1. The Fig. 1 shows the combustion state of the refuse bags in Comparative Example 1 and Example 7 with respect to the relationship between the temperature and the weight reduction percentage measured by a thermogravimetric analyzer. In the Fig. 1, the ordinate shows the weight reduction percentage (%), the abscissa shows the temperature (°C), the curve A shows a refuse bag (in air) in Comparative Example 1, the curve A' shows the refuse bag (under the condition of low oxygen concentration) in Comparative Example 1, the curve B shows a refuse bag (in air) in Example 7, and the curve B' shows the refuse bag (under the condition of low oxygen concentration) in Example 7. In the Fig. 1, when the curve B and the curve A which show the combustion in the air are compared, since the curve B is steeper than the curve A, it is clear that the combustion speed is higher and the weight is rapidly reduced with combustion so that the combustion is finished quickly. In the comparison between the combustion in the air and the combustion under the condition of a low oxygen concentration, since the gradient of the curve A' is gentler than the curve A, it is clear that the combustion speed under the condition of a low oxygen concentration is much lower than that in the air. In comparison between the curve B and the curve B', since the gradient is similarly steep in both, it is clear that reduction in the combustion speed in a low oxygen concentration is small. In addition, although the weight reduction percentage reaches not less than 95 wt% at the point of time when rapid weight reduction is finished in the curves B and B', the weight reduction percentage in the curves A and A' at the point of time when rapid weight reduction is finished is less than 90%. That is, the amount of-unburned refuse in Comparative Example 1 is large. The Fig. 1 shows that in a refuse bag containing spindle-shaped goethite particles, the combustion percentage is high, the combustion speed is not lowered much even in a low oxygen concentration, and the unburned refuse is small in comparison with a refuse bag which does not contain spindle-shaped goethite particles or granular magnetite particles. A plastic bag of the present invention is advantageous in that it is possible to control the color tone and the transparency by appropriately selecting the kind of particles and content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and/or maghemite particles and in that when the content of these particles is reduced, since it is possible to provide a bag having an excellent external appearance by using another coloring agent so as to color the bag with a desired color. In addition, the necessary content of the particles is not so large, there is no fear of lowering the mechanical strength or staining clothes, and there is no safety problem. When a plastic bag of the present invention is reused as a refuse bag in homes after it is used for the original use, since it contains ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and/or maghemite particles which operate as a combustion accelerator, it exhibits the combustion accelerating operation when it is incinerated together with combustible refuse, and even if the incinerator is operated under conditions of low temperature and low oxygen concentration, which are considered to be effective for suppressing the NOx content and preventing the breakage of the incinerator, it is possible to incinerate combustible refuse with efficiency and reduce the generation of unburned refuse and residual ash. If the content of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and/or maghemite particles is increased, it is naturally possible to reduce the calorific value in the same way as in the case of a plastic refuse bag containing calcium carbonate. The effect of suppressing the generation of dioxins by the catalyst combusting operation which the ferric oxide hydroxide particles and/or iron oxide particles originally have can also be expected, and the effect of reducing a conventional insolubilizing treatment by lowering the solubility of heavy metals in the residual ash into water can be expected due to a ferrite formed by the reaction of the ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles or maghemite particles with an oxide of a heavy metal during incineration. EXAMPLES The present invention will now be explained with reference to examples and comparative examples. The combustion efficiency was evaluated by the combustion speed, complete combustion percentage and low-temperature combustibility. In order to determine the combustion speed, 10 mg of a plastic bag was weighed and a change in the weight at the time of raising the temperature at a rate of 10°C/min in the air of 300 ml/min or under the condition of a low oxygen concentration (air/nitrogen = 1 : 1) was measured by a thermogravimetric analyzer (manufactured by Seiko Instruments and Electronics, Ltd.). The combustion speed is expressed as the time taken from the start of a rapid weight reduction until the end of the rapid weight reduction (it is presumed that combustion is produced during this period). The preferable combustion speed in the present invention is not more than 3.5 minutes/10 mg, more preferably not more than 3.0 minutes/10 mg in the air, and not more than 4.0 minutes/10 mg, more preferably not more than 3.5 minutes/10 mg under the condition of a low oxygen concentration. The complete combustion percentage (it is considered that the larger the value, the less the unburned refuse or residual ash) was expressed by the weight reduction percentage (%) of the combustible refuse at the time of the end of the rapid weight reduction in the measurement of the combustion ratio. The preferable complete combustion percentage according to the present invention is not less than 90.0 wt%, more preferably not less than 93.0 wt% in the air, and not less than 88.0 wt%, more preferably not less than 90.0 wt% under the condition of a low oxygen concentration. The low-temperature combustibility (it is considered to be a temperature necessary for completely burning an organic matter) was expressed by the temperature at which the weight reduction is stopped in the measurement of the combustion ratio. The preferable low-temperature combustibility according to the present invention is not more than 520°C, more preferably not more than 490°C in the air, and not more than 535°C, more preferably not more than 520°C under the condition of a low oxygen concentration. The water content (SW) on the surfaces of the granular magnetite particles, hematite particles and maghemite particles was expressed by the value obtained by dividing the Karl Fischer water content (wt%) measured by a trace water content measuring apparatus Model AQ-6 (manufactured by Hiranuma Sangyo Co., Ltd.) under the following conditions by the BET specific surface area (m 2 /g). Water content vaporization conditions Temperature: 120 to 250°C Carrier gas: nitrogen (300 ml/min) Amount of sample: 0.5 g Calculation formula: SW = W 250 - W 120 BET specific surface area (wt%/m 2 /g) wherein W 250 represents the water content (wt%) when water content is evaporated at 250°C, and W 120 the water content (wt%) when water content is evaporated at 120°C. Examples 1 to 8, Comparative Examples 1 to 5 A shopping bag was produced by kneading a predetermined amount of spindle-shaped goethite particles as ferric oxide hydroxide particles, and a predetermined amount of granular magnetite particles, spindle-shaped hematite particles and spindle-shaped maghemite particles as iron oxide particles with a high-density polyethylene, producing a tubular film having a thickness of 30 µm by inflation extrusion, and heat-sealing the bottom portion of the film. The properties of each bag is shown in Table 1. A shopping bag (Comparative Example 1) composed of only a high-density polyethylene containing no ferric oxide hydroxide particles or iron oxide particles, a shopping bag (Comparative Example 2) composed of a high-density polyethylene containing titanium oxide, a shopping bag (Comparative Example 3) composed of a high-density polyethylene containing 0.08 wt% of granular magnetite particles, a shopping bag (Comparative Example 4) composed of a high-density polyethylene containing 0.08 wt% of spindle-shaped goethite particles, and a shopping bag (Comparative Example 5) composed of a high-density polyethylene containing 0.08 wt% of spindle-shaped hematite particles were produced for the sake of comparison. The properties of each bag are also shown in Table 1. It is clear from Table 1 that when the shopping bag in any of Examples 1 to 8 is incinerated, the amount of residual ash is small in spite of a very high combustion speed as compared with the shopping bag composed of only a high-density polyethylene in Comparative Example 1 and the commercially available shopping bag containing titanium oxide in Comparative Example 2. In addition, the shopping bags in Examples 3 to 6 containing spindle-shaped goethite particles have a beautiful external appearance of a translucent yellow color because a small amount of goethite particles suffices, and there was no problem in the mechanical strength. On the other hand, the combustion time of the commercially available shopping bag in Comparative Example 2 was very long, and a large amount of unburned portion remained at the end of incineration. The shopping bags in Comparative Examples 3 to 5 which contained less than 0.1 wt% of ferric oxide hydroxide particles or iron oxide particles did not exhibit the effect of enhancing the combustion efficiency. Examples 9 to 18, Comparative Examples 6 to 12 A plastic refuse bag was produced by mixing a predetermined amount of spindle-shaped goethite particles or granular magnetite particles having not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g of a water content on the surfaces with a low-density polyethylene, producing a tubular film having a thickness of 30 µm by inflation extrusion, and heat-sealing the bottom portion of the film. The properties of each bag are shown in Table 2. A refuse bag (Comparative Example 6) composed of only a low-density polyethylene containing no spindle-shaped goethite particles or granular magnetite particles, refuse bags (Comparative Examples 7 and 8) composed of a low-density polyethylene and a predetermined amount of carbon black or calcium carbonate, a refuse bag (Comparative Example 9) composed of a low-density polyethylene and 3.0 wt% of granular magnetite particles having less than 0,02 wt%/m 2 /g of a water content on the surfaces, a refuse bag (Comparative Example 10) composed of a low-density polyethylene and 0.08 wt% of granular magnetite particles having not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g of a water on the surfaces, and refuse bags (Comparative Examples 11 and 12) composed of a low-density polyethylene and less than 0.1 wt% of spindle-shaped goethite particles, were produced under the same conditions as in Examples 9 to 18 for the sake of comparison. The properties of each bag are also shown in Table 2. It is clear from Table 2 that the plastic refuse bags in Examples 9 to 18 are superior in any of the combustion speed, complete combustion percentage and low-temperature combustibility than the plastic refuse bag composed of only a low-density polyethylene in Comparative Example 6. In Comparative Examples 6 to 12, although the refuse bag containing carbon black in Comparative Example 7 has a higher complete combustion percentage, the combustion speed and the low-temperature combustibility are lower than those of the refuse bag in Comparative Example 6. Although the refuse bag containing calcium carbonate in Comparative Example 8 has an improved low-temperature combustibility, the combustion speed is lowered and the complete combustion percentage is not greatly improved as compared, the combustion speed and the low-temperature combustibility are lower than those of the refuse bag in Comparative Example 6. In the plastic refuse bag in Comparative Example 10 which was produced from a low-density polyethylene mixed with granular magnetite particles having not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g of water content on the surfaces, although the combustion speed was enhanced, the complete combustion percentage and the low-temperature combustibility were not greatly improved. It has also been found that if the content of the spindle-shaped goethite particles or granular magnetite particles is less than 0.1 wt% as in the plastic refuse bags in Comparative Examples 10 to 12, the addition of the particles does not exert much good influence on the combustion speed, the complete combustion percentage or the low-temperature combustibility. Examples 19 to 21 and Comparative Examples 13 to 14 AS a thermosetting resin, a novolac-type phenol resin and an epoxy resin were used. The plastic sheet was produced by mixing the predetermined amount of spindle-shaped goethite particles (a BET specific surface area: 80 m2/g, an average major axial diameter: 0.3 µm) with each of the novolac-type phenol resin and epoxy resin, further mixing each of the obtained mixtures with a curing agent (novolac-type phenol resin: hexamethylenetetramine, epoxy resin: a polyamide resin), and molding and heat-curing the resultant mixture to form a sheet having 1 mm in thickness. A sheet (Comparative Example 13) composed of only novolac-type phenol resin containing no spindle-shaped goethite particles, and a sheet (Comparative Example 14) composed of only epoxy resin containing no spindle-shaped goethite particles were produced under the same conditions as in Example 19 for the sake of comparison. The properties of each sheet are shown in Table 3. It is clear from Table 3 that the sheets made of the thermosetting resins in Examples 19 to 21 are superior in the complete combustion percentage and low-temperature combustibility to those of Comparative Examples 13 to 14.

Claims: A plastics product comprising: a thermoplastic resin or a thermoset resin; and from 0.1 to 10 wt% of at least one type of particles selected from ferric oxide hydroxide particles, hematite particles, magnetite particles and maghemite particles; wherein: (1) the ferric oxide hydroxide particles have an average major axial diameter or a plate diameter of from 0.02 to 2.0 µm and an average aspect ratio or a plate ratio of from 2 to 20; and (2) the hematite, magnetite and maghemite particles have an average particle size of from 0.01 to 1.0 µm, a BET specific surface area of from 1 to 120 m 2 /g and a surface water content of not less than 0.02 wt%/m 2 /g. A product according to claim 1, wherein the ferric oxide hydroxide particles are acicular particles having an average major axial diameter of from 0.05 to 2.0 µm, an average aspect ratio of from 2 to 20 and a BET specific surface area of from 10 to 200 m 2 /g. A product according to claim 1, wherein the ferric oxide hydroxide particles are spindle-shaped particles having an average major axial diameter of from 0.05 to 1.5 µm, an average aspect ratio of from 2 to 18 and a BET specific surface area of from 30 to 250 m 2 /g. A product according to claim 3, wherein the ferric oxide hydroxide particles are spindle-shaped goethite particles. A product according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the particles are present in an amount of from 0.5 to 3.0 wt%. A product according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hematite, magnetite and maghemite particles are granular particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.05 to 0.5 µm and a BET specific surface area of from 2 to 30 m 2 /g. A product according to any one of the preceding claims further comprising at least one selected from a lubricant, an antiblocking agent, an antioxidising agent, a weathering agent, a colouring agent and an organic or inorganic filler. A product according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the thermoplastic resin is selected from a low-density polyethylene, a linear low-density polyethylene, a high density polyethylene and a copolymer of ethylene and a monomer polymerisable therewith. A product according to any one of the preceding claims which is a film, a band, a bag, a sheet, a foamed product or a container obtainable by injection molding or blow molding. The use of particles as defined in any one of the preceding claims to improve the combustion efficiency of a plastics product.

Inventors: HORIISHI NANAO, NISHIHARA MASAHARU, NISHIKAWA MASAAKI, SAITO SATORU, TANAKA SUMINORI, YOKOYAMA NARUO, HORIISHI, NANAO, NISHIHARA, MASAHARU, NISHIKAWA, MASAAKI, SAITO, SATORU, TANAKA, SUMINORI, YOKOYAMA, NARUO
Applicants: TODA KOGYO CORP, TODA KOGYO CORP.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: C08K3
IPC codes: C08K3, C01G49