METHODS FOR TREATING SEPSIS OR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES WITH OXYPURINE NUCLEOSIDES

Abstract: The invention relates to certain oxypurine nucleosides, congeners of such oxypurine nucleosides, and acyl derivatives thereof, and compositions which contain at least one of these compounds. The invention also relates to methods of treating or preventing hematopoietic disorders and modifying hematopoiesis, and treating or preventing inflammatory diseases and bacterial infections by administering a compound or composition of the present invention to an animal.

Description: METHODS FOR TREATING SEPSIS OR INFLAMMATORY DISEASES WITH OXYPURINE NUCLEOSIDES Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to oxypurine nucleosides including guanosine, deoxyguanosine, inosine, xanthosine, deoxyxanthosine and deoxyinosine, congeners of these nucleosides, and acyl derivatives of these nucleosides and congeners, and to the prophylactic and therapeutic uses of these compounds. The invention also relates to the administration of these compounds, alone or in combinations, with or without nonionic surfactants or other agents, to animals. These compounds are capable of modifying hematopoiesis in intact, normal animals and in animals with damage to or deficiencies of the hematopoietic system caused by irradiation, chemotherapy, poisoning, disease, or the like. Compounds of the subject invention also improve host leukocyte-mediated defenses against infection. Background of the Invention A major complication of cancer chemotherapy, of antiviral chemotherapy, or of exposure to ionizing radiation is damage to bone marrow cells or suppression of their function. Specifically, chemotherapy and exposure to ionizing radiation damage or destroy hematopoietic progenitor cells, primarily found in the bone marrow and spleen, impairing the production of new blood cells (granulocytes , lymphocytes, erythrocytes , monocytes, platelets, etc.). Treatment of cancer patients with cyclophosphamide or 5-fluorouracil , for example, destroys leukocytes (lymphocytes and/or granulocytes) , and can result in enhanced susceptibility of the patients to infection. Many cancer patients die of in¬ fection or other consequences of hematopoietic failure subsequent to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Chemotherapeutic agents can also result in subnormal formation of platelers which produces a propensity toward hemorrhage. Similarly, mustard gas poisoning results in damage tc the hematopoietic system, leaving one more susceptible to infection. Inhibition of erythrocyte production can result in anemia. Failure of the surviving bone marrow stem cells to proliferate and differentiate rapidly enough to replenish leukocyte populations results in the inability of the body to resist pathogenic infectious organisms. Various disease states, such as neutropenia, including idiopathic forms, are also related to impairment of specific components of the hematopoietic system. Compounds which improve or aid in the restoration of hematopoiesis after bone marrow damage or suppression caused by chemicals, radiation, disease, or other pathological conditions associated with deficient hematopoiesis, are useful as therapeutic and prophylactic agents. Several polypeptide hematopoietic growth factors (produced primarily through recombinant DNA technology) are known. These hematopoietic growth factors, which include erythropoietin (EPO), the interleukins (especially Interleukin-1 , Interleukin-3 , and Interleukin-6 ) and the colony-stimulating factors (such as granulocyte colony- stimulating factor, granulocyte/macrophage cclony-stimulating factor, or stem-cell colony-stimulating factor), have been reported to have some utility in improving hematopoiesis. Some agents broadly characterized as "biological response modifiers" (BRM's) can also enhance some indices of hematopoiesis. BRM's which modify hematopoiesis include agents like bacterial endotoxin, double-stranded RNA, azimexone, glucans and other yeast and bacterial polysaccharides , dextran sulfate, maleic acid divinyl ether polyanion (MVE2) , and tumor necrosis factor. D.W. Bennett and A.N. Drury, J. Physiol. 72:288 (1931) disclosed that the administration of 100 mg of guanosine to rabbits by intraperitoneal injection resulted in an intense decline in leukocyte counts. Initial levels of leukocyte counts were 7700 per mm 3 , but after administration of guanosine, the leukocyte counts declined to only 500 to 1000 per mm 3 . After 10 hours, and for 24 hours thereafter, there was leukocytosis (11,000 per mm 3 ). D.G. Wright, Blood 69:334-337 (1987) reported the effect of guanosine and guanine on cultures of a specific human myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60). The conversion of immature blast cells into mature granulocytes in . vitro was reported to be induced by various chemical agents (including retinoic acid, dimethylformamide and tiazofurin). Incubation of HL-60 cells with guanine or guanosine prevented their induced maturation into functional neutrophiis; incubation with inosine had no effect on induced maturation. A.K. Oshita, et al . , Blood 49:585-591 (1977) suggested that cyclic nucleotideε (e.g. , 3',5'-cylic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or 3 ',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)) may participate in the regulation of cell proliferation. In mouse bone marrow cells in culture, cGMP produced an increase in the number of colonies formed under stimulatory influence of serum taken from endotoxin-treated mice. cGMP had no effect in the absence of poεt-endotoxin serum. 5'-guanosine monophosphate and cAMP were inactive. Beljanski et al . , Cancer Treat. Rep. 67:611-619 (1983) disclosed that partial hydrolysis of E. coli ribosomal RNA yields short (approximately 40 bases) oligonucleotides that have some demonstrable leukopoietic activity in rabbits treated with cyclophosphamide. The authors proposed that the oligonucleotides were acting as replication primers for DNA synthesis in bone marrow cells. They also disclosed that the polyribonucleotides polyguancsine monophosphate, polyadenosine monophosphate, and a copoly er of adenine and guanine nucleotides failed to stimulate leukocyte formation. T. Sugahara et al. , Brookhaven Symposia in Biology: 284- 302 (1968) reported that yeast RNA hydrolysate, mixtures of adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, uridine, and their corresponding 3 '-ribonucleoside monophosphates did not improve survival after acute lethal doses of ionizing radiation. The compounds improved survival of mice when administered periodically during repeated exposure to sublethal doses of gamma irradiation. The authors stated that the treatment agents were not improving proliferation or differentiation of surviving stem cells, but were apparently prolonging the survival of damaged mature cells. The hydrolysate, the ribonucleosides , and the ribonucleoside monophosphates all decreased the numbers of nucleated cells and hematopoietic cell colonies (colony-forming units) in spleen and bone marrow (the major sites of hematopoiesis) compared to irradiated untreated control mice. Goodman et al . (US patents 4539205, 4849411, and 4643992) disclose the use of aldosyl guanine derivatives having substituents having an electron-withdrawing effect greater than hydrogen in the 8 position of the guanine moiety, for modulating immune response. Some acyl derivatives of oxypurine nucleosides have been synthesized for use as protected intermediates in the synthesis of oligonucleotides or analogs of nucleosides or nucleotides. See Sigma Chemical Company 1991 catalog, pages 1702-1704. W.A. Fleming and T.A. McNeill, J. Cell. Physiol. 88:323-330 (1976) reported that the nonionic surfactant compounds Polysorbate 80 and Saponin increase the responsiveness of bone marrow cells in culture to the influence of sub-optimal amounts of colony stimulating factors . The surfactants were active over a very narrow concentration range, with maximum activity at 10 ng/mi , and minimal activity at concentrations ten-fold greater or ten¬ fold lower. The effect of surfactants on hematopoiesis in vivo was net examined. Objects of the Invention It is a primary object of this invention to provide a family of compounds which effectively promote or otherwise modify hematopoiesis. Administration of these compounds to an animal before, during or after damage to the hematopoietic system, prevents or treats the hematopoietic disorders. It is a further object of this invention to provide a family of compounds for the treatment of a variety of hematological disorders and other pathological conditions involving low blood cell counts. It is a further object of this invention to " provide a family of compounds to improve host leukocyte-mediated defenses against infection. It is a further object of the invention to providie compounds which can modify hematopoiesis and which can be administered orally or parenterally. Summary Of The Invention These and other objects of the invention are achieved by oxypurine nucleosides such as guanosine, inosine, xanthosine, deoxyxanthosine, deoxyinosine , and deoxyguanosine, congeners of such oxypurine nucleosides, and acyl and alkyl derivatives of such oxypurine nucleosides and congeners, which can be administered to animals, including mammals such as humans. The administration of these compounds alone, or in combination, is useful in modifying hematopoiesis in an animal . Thus, the compounds of the invention, alone or in combinations, are useful in the treatment of disorders of hematopoiesis induced by irradiation or chemical agents; are useful as adjuncts to cancer and anti-viral chemotherapy; are useful to improve host leukocyte-mediated defenses against infection; and are useful for the treatment of other pathological conditions. An important aspect of this invention is the discovery that oxypurine nucleosides such as guanosine, deoxyguanosine, inosine, xanthosine, deoxyxanthosine and deoxyinosine, congeners of such nucleosides and acyl and alkyl derivatives of such nucleosides and congeners, have unexpected therapeutic properties. The invention also encompasses the discovery that surfactant compounds administered i_n vivo can enhance the effect of hematopoietic stimulants, including, but not limited to the compounds of the invention, erythropoietin, colony stimulating factors, or interleukins . The invention also includes a method for treating or preventing bacterial or fungal infection in an animal comprising administering to said animal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or composition of the invention. Compounds of the Invention In all cases except where indicated, letters and letters with subscripts symbolizing variable substituents in the chemical structures of the compounds of the invention are applicable only to the structure immediately preceding the description of the symbol. The compounds useful in modifying hematopoiesis have the following structure: R A = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and R g = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Z = H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and L = H or 0R D , where R D = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and M = H or OR,,, where R E = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, a radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of L and M is H, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 0 divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or 0R H where R g is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the C-C bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the aldose moiety is optionally present, Z = NHR,. where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NKR r where R r is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR,, where R,. is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 0 divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR,, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl -radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Novel compositions of the invention include the above-noted compounds (optionally as pharmaceutically acceptable salts) wherein at least one of R A , R„, R c , R D or R e is not H, and in compounds where Z is NH 2 or NHR,., Q is then H or NHR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Broadly, guanosine, its congeners, and acyl and alkyl derivatives thereof are represented by the formula (I): (I) wherein R A , R„, R c and R,, are the same, or different, and each is hydrogen (H) , an acyl radical, or an alkyl radical, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R τ is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, SR ^ where R,. is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, =0, or 0R B where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Broadly, inosine, its congeners, and acyl or alkyl derivatives thereof are represented by the formula (II): ( ID wherein R A , R B , and R D are the same, or different, and each is H, an acyl radical, or an alkyl radical, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR r where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, SR,. where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, =0, or OR a where R a is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Broadly, xanthosine, its congeners, and acyl or alkyl derivatives thereof are represented by the formula (III): (III) wherein R A , R B , and R D are the same, or different, and each is H, an acyl radical, or an alkyl radical, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R. is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, SR C where R,. is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, ■=0, or 0R H where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Broadly, deoxyinosine, its congeners, and acyl or alkyl, derivatives thereof are represented by the formula (IV): ( IV ) wherein R A and R B are the same, or different, and each is H, an acyl radical, or an alkyl radical, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR r where R r is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, SR G where R ^ . is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, =0, or 0R H where R„ is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Broadly, deoxyguanosine, its congeners-, and acyl or alkyl derivatives thereof are represented by the formula (V) : ( V ) wherein R A , R B , and R c may be the same or different, and each is hydrogen (H), an acyl radical, or an alkyl radical, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR r where R f is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing l to 10 carbon atoms, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, =0, or 0R H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Broadly, deoxyxanthosine, its congeners, and acyl or alkyl derivatives thereof are represented by the formula (VI): ( VI ) wherein R A and R B are the same, or different, and each is H, an acyl radical, or an alkyl radical, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R r is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, =0, or OR H where R B is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Broadly, inosine 2',3'-acyclic dialcohol, its congeners, and acyl or alkyl derivatives thereof are represented by the formula (VII): ( VI I ) wherein R A , R B , and R D are the same, or different, and each is H, an acyl radical, or an alkyl radical, and Z is H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR r where R r is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, =0, or 0R H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Broadly, guanine, its congeners, and acyl and alkyl derivatives thereof are represented by the formula (I): (I) wherein R c is an acyl radical or an alkyl radical, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, =0, or O , where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The classes of novel derivatives that are desirable in terms of both efficacy and safety when used in accordance with the invention are: (1) acyl or alkyl derivatives of guanosine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A , R,,, and R^ are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, 0P0 3 _ , PO," # 0S0 3 X SO 3 -, b. an a ino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, e. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ),,-(CH 2 CH..0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 ) a -(CH 2 CH..0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ),,-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CHOH) n CH 3 , where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 -, PO 3 -, OSO j ", S0 3 -, or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not all of R A , R,,, and R„ are hydrogen; and R c is hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, 0P0 3 ', P0 3 ", OSO 3 -, SOX b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, gluta ic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, e. a nicotinic acid, or f. a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic carboxylic acid with 7 to 22 carbon atoms, g. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH ϊ ) ll -(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 ).-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_.-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H00C-(CH 2 ),_-(CH 2 CH0H) n CH 3 , where m - 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, PO 3 -, OSO 3 -, S0 3 -, and J = H or NHR t where R t is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (2) acyl or alkyl derivatives of inosine or its congeners having the formula wherein R A is hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, PO , OS0 3 ", SO, " , b. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, c. nicotinic acid or d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms; and e. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the Structure H00C-(CH 2 ) m -(CH 2 CH 2 0) B H or HOOC-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CHOH) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )„-(CH 2 CH0H)_,CH 3 , where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, PO 3 -, OS0 3 χ SO 3 -, or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, wherein R,, and/or R,, are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 X PO 3 -, OΞ0 3 X SO , b. an a ino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the Structure H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H00C-(CH 2 ).-(CH 2 CH0H)„CH 3 , where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 ", PO 3 -, OSO 3 -, S0 3 ', or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not all of R A , R„, and R j , are hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR α where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR K where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (3) acyl or alkyl derivatives of xanthosine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A , R B , and R D are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO, * , PO/, OSO 3 X S0 3 χ b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure HOOC-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ) ιι -(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH.).-(CH 2 CH0H) n CH 3 , where = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 ", P0 3 ", OS0 3 X S0 3 ", or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not all of R A , ,, and R j , are hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR,, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR 0 where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (4) acyl or alkyl derivatives of deoxyinosine or its congeners having the formula: 26 wherein R A and R B are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 ", P0 3 ", oso 3 χ so 3 χ b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, gluta ic acid, arginine, lysine, histidlne and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon- atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure HOOC-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 O) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH0H)„CH 3 , where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, PO 3 -, 0S0 3 -, SO 3 -, or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that at least one of R A and R,, is not hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR r where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 0 divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (5) acyl or alkyl derivatives of deoxyguanosine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A and „ may be the same or different, and each is hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, 0P0 3 ", PO 3 -, OSO 3 X SO,", b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, e. nicotinic acid f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 ),-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 ) β -(CH 2 CH0H) n CH 3 , or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, P0 3 ", 0S0 3 " , S0 3 " , or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not both of R A and R B are hydrogen; and R c is hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 ", P0 3 ", oso 3 χ so 3 χ b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, e. a nicotinic acid, or f. a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic carboxylic acid with 7 to 22 carbon atoms, g. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_-(CH 2 CH 2 0) B CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the Structure HOOC-(CH 2 )„-(CH 2 CHOH) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )„-(CH 2 CHOH) n CH 3 , where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 X P0 3 ", OS0 3 ', so 3 χ and where R c is not H, then R A and/or R ^ may also be acetyl, and J = H or NHR-. where R t is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (6) acyl or alkyl derivatives of deoxyxanthosine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A and R j , are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,-, PO 3 -, OSO 3 -, SO 3 -, b. an a ino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure HOOC-(CH a ).-(CH a CH a O)„H or H00C-(CH 2 ) 11 -(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the Structure H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH0H) n CH 3 , where m = 0-3 and n - 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, P0 3 -, OSO,-, S0 3 " , or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsul onic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that at least one of R A and R„ is not hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR C where R α is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (7) acyl or alkyl derivatives of inosine acyclic 2',3'- dialcohol or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A , R B , and R D are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 \ P0 3 -, 0S0 3 X SO, " , b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cyεteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 ) tι -(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH0H) n CH 3 , where = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, PO,-, OS0 3 ", SO,-, or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not all of R A , R„, and R are hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR„ where R B is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and Z is H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms or an alkyl radical with 2 to 30 carbon atoms; (8) acyl or alkyl derivatives of guanine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R c is hydrogen or an acyl group derived from i. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, 0P0 3 ", P0 3 -, OSO,-, SO,", ii. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, iii. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, iv. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, v. a nicotinic acid, or vi. a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic carboxylic acid with 7 to 22 carbon atoms, vii. a carboxylic acid derived from 1. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 ) B -(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or 2. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure HOOC-(CH a )„-(CH a CHOH) n H or HOOC-(CH a ),,-(CH a CHOH) B CH,, where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or viii. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", P0 3 ", OS0 3 ", S0 3 X and Q = H, a halogen, NHR r where R r is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR α where R,, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 0 divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. For all of the above structures, where the substituent at the 2 position of the purine base (Z) or at the 8 position of the purine base (Q or L) is attached to the purine base with a double bond (e.g. =0 or =S), the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond in the purine base becomes a single carbon-nitrogen bond and an additional hydrogen is then present on the nitrogen of that carbon-nitrogen single bond. Also encompassed by the invention are the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the above-noted compounds. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline, guanine and guanosine as described in Example 37. (In this figure and each figure hereafter an asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant differences. ) Fig. 2 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline, guanine and guanosine as described in Example 37. Fig. 3 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline, guanine and guanosine as described in Example 37. Fig. 4 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80, guanosine, triacetylguanosine, octanoylguanosine, laurylguanosine and pal itoylguanosine as described in Example 38. Fig. 5 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80, guanosine, triacetylguanosine, octanoylguanosine, laurylguanosine and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 38. Fig. 6 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80, guanosine, triacetylguanosine, octanoylguanosine, laurylguanosine and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 38. Fig. 7 is a graph showing colonies per femur after cyclophosphamide treatment as described in Example 40. Fig. 8 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and palmitoylguanosme for various periods as described in Example 41. Fig. 9 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 41. Fig. 10 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 41. Fig. 11 is a graph comparing lymphocytes in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 41. Fig. 12 is graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 42. "5FU" is 5-fluorouracil. Fig. 13 is a graph comparing lymphocytes in mice after treatment with saline and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 42. Fig. 14 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 42. Fig. 15 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 42. Fig. 16 is a graph showing platelets in mice after treatment with saline and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 43. Fig. 17 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 43. Fig. 18 is a graph showing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 43. Fig. 19 is a graph showing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline and palmitoylguanosme as de¬ scribed in Example 43. Fig. 20 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with Tween-80, palmitoylguanosme and palmitoyldeoxyinosine as described in Example 44. Fig. 21 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with Tween-80, palmitoylguanosme and palmitoyldeoxyinosine as described in Example 44. Fig. 22 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with Tween-80, palmitoylguanosme and palmitoyldeoxyinosine as described in Example 44. Fig. 23 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and octanoylguanosine at various concentrations as described in Example 44. Fig. 24 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and octanoylguanosine at various concentrations as described in Example 44. Fig. 25 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and octanoylguanosine as described in Example 45. Fig. 26 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and octanoylguanosine as described in Example 46. Fig. 27 is a graph showing the effect of saline, Tween-80 and octanoylguanosine in cyclophosphamide-treated mice on hematopoiesis score as described in Example 46. Fig. 28 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-80 and octanoylguanosine as described in Example 46. Fig. 29 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline, Tween-EO and octanoylguanosine as described in Example 46. Fig. 30 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline, benzoylguanosine and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 47. Fig. 31 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline, benzoylguanosine and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 47. Fig. 32 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline, benzoylguanosine and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 47. Fig. 33 is a graph comparing platelets in mice after treatment with saline, benzoylguanosine and palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 47. Fig. 34 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline, palmitoylinosine and palmitoyl- xanthosine as described in Example 48. Fig. 35 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline, palmitoyldeoxyinosine and palmitoylxanthosine as described in Example 48. Fig. 36 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline, palmitoyldeoxyinosine and palmitoylxanthosine as described in Example 48. Fig. 37 is a graph comparing spleen weight of mice after treatment with saline, palmitoylxanthosine, palmitoylinosine, palmitoylguanosme, laurylguanosine and octanoylguanosine as described in Example 49. Fig. 38 is a graph comparing white blood cell count in mice after treatment with saline, palmitoylxanthosine, palmitoylinosine, palmitoylguanosme, laurylguanosine and octanoylguanosine as described in Example 49. Fig. 39 is a graph comparing neutrophils in mice after treatment with saline, palmitoylxanthosine, palmitoylinosine, palmitoylguanosme, laurylguanosine and octanoylguanosine as described in Example 49. Figure 40 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice after treatment with Tween-80, palmitoylacyclovir, palmitoylarabinosylhypoxanthine, palmitoyl-8-thioguanosine palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, palmitoylarabinosylguanine, palmitoyldeoxyinosine, and monopalmitoylguanosme 2' ,3'- acyclic dialcohol as described in Example 50. Figure 41 is a graph comparing white blood cell counts in mice after treatment with Tween-80, palmitoylacyclovir, pal itoylarabinosylhypoxanthine, palmitoyl-8-thioguanosine palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, palmitoylarabinosylguanine, palmitoyldeoxyinosine, and monopalmitoylguanosine 2' ,3'-acyclic dialcohol as described in Example 50. Figure 42 is a graph comparing spleen weight in mice after treatment with Tween-80, palmitoylacyclovir, pal itoylarabinosylhypoxanthine, palmitoyl-8-thioguanosine palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, palmitoylarabinosylguanine, palmitoyldeoxyinosine, and monopalmitoylguanosine 2',3'- acyclic dialcohol as described in Example 50. Figure 43 is a graph comparing spleen weight in mice after treatment with Tween-80, 3'-O-palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, butyryldeoxyguanosine, palmitoyl-N-isobutyryldeoxyguanosine, lauryldeoxyguanosine, octanoyldeoxyguanosine, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 51. Figure 44 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice after treatment with Tween-80, 3'-0- palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, butyryldeoxyguanosine, palmitoyl-N- isobutyryldeoxyguanosine, lauryldeoxyguanosine, octanoyldeoxyguanosine, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 51. Figure 45 is a graph comparing white blood cell counts in mice after treatment with Tween-80, 3'-0- palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, butyryldeoxyguanosine, palmitoyl-N- isobutyryldeoxyguanosine, lauryldeoxyguanosine, octanoyldeoxyguanosine, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 51. Figure 46 is a graph comparing spleen weight in mice after treatment with physiological saline, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at four different doses: 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 52. Figure 47 is a graph comparing white blood cell counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at four " different doses: 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 52. Figure 48 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at four different doses: 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 52. Figure 49 is a graph comparing spleen weight" in mice after treatment with physiological saline, palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, and palmitoylguanosme at four different doses: 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 53. Figure 50 is a graph comparing white blood cell counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline, palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, and palmitoylguanosme at four different doses: 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 53. Figure 51 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline, palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, and palmitoylguanosme at four different doses: 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 53. Figure 52 is a graph comparing spleen weight in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at six different doses: 0.04, 0.08, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 54. Figure 53 is a graph comparing white blood cell counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at six different doses: 0.04, 0.08, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 54. Figure 54 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at six different doses: 0.04, 0.08, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 μmoles/mouse as described in Example 54. Figure 55 is a graph comparing white blood cell counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 55. Figure 56 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 55. Figure 57 is a graph comparing platelet counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 55. Figure 58 is a graph comparing lymphocyte counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 55. Figure 59 is a graph comparing spleen weight in mice after treatment with physiological saline, palmitoyl-8- bro oguanosine, monopalmitoylguanosine 2' ,3'-acyclic dialcohol, palmitoylguanosme, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 56. Figure 60 is a graph comparing platelet counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline, palmitoyl-8- bromoguanosine, monopalmitoylguanosine 2',3 '-acyclic dialcohol, palmitoylguanosme, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 56. Figure 61 is a graph comparing myeloid cell counts per femur in mice after treatment with physiological saline, palmitoyl-8-bromoguanosine, monopalmitoylguanosine 2' ,3'- acyclic dialcohol, palmitoylguanosme, and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 56. Figure 62 is a graph comparing platelet counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 57. Figure 63 is a graph comparing spleen weight in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 57. Figure 64 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 57. Figure 65 is a graph comparing white blood cell counts in mice after treatment with physiological saline and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine as described in Example 57. Figure 66 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice after treatment with Tween-80 at different concentrations with and without palmitoylguanosme as described in Example 58. Figure 67 is a graph comparing neutrophil counts in mice treated with saline and palmitoyl 8-aminoguanosine as described in Example 59. Figure 68 is a graph comparing spleen weight in mice treated with saline and palmitoyl 8-aminoguanosine as described in Example 59. Figure 69 is a graph showing the mobilization of stem cells by PdG. The invention, as well as other objects, features and advantages thereof, will be understood more clearly and fully from the following detailed description when read with reference to the accompanying figures which illustrate the results of the experiments discussed in the examples below. Detailed Description of the Invention The subject invention relates to oxypurine nucleosides, congeners of these nucleosides, and acyl and alkyl derivatives of these nucleosides and their congeners, and the use of these compounds for the modification of hemato ¬ poiesis in animals including humans. A. Definitions The term "oxypurine base" as used herein means a purine base with an exocyclic oxygen or hydroxyl group at the 6 position and hydrogen, oxygen, an hydroxyl group or an amino group at the 2 position. The term "oxypurine nucleoside" as used herein means an oxypurine base conjugated from the nitrogen at the 9 position to the 1' position of a 5-carbon aldose. The term oxypurine nucleoside includes but is not limited to the compounds guanosine, inosine, deoxyinosine, xanthosine, deoxyxanthosine, and deoxyguanosine. The term "congener" as used herein means an oxypurine nucleoside with a substituent attached at the 7 or 8 position of the purine ring moiety, and/or an oxypurine nucleoside with a ring-cleaved aldose (e.g. guanosine 2' ,3' dialcohol) . The term "acyl derivative" as used herein means a derivative of an oxypurine nucleoside or congener in which a substantially nontoxic organic acyl substituent derived from a carboxylic acid is attached to one or more of the free hydroxyl groups of the ribose moiety of the oxypurine nucleoside with an ester linkage and/or where such a substituent is attached to the amine substituent on the purine ring of guanosine, with an amide linkage. Such acyl substituents are derived from carboxylic acids which include, but are not limited to, compounds selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, an amino acid, a fatty acid, nicotinic acid, dicarboxylic acids, p-aminobenzoic acid and orotic acid. Advantageous acyl substituents are compounds which are normally present in the body, either as dietary constituents or as intermediary metabolites. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" as used herein means salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the derivatives, which include, but are not limited to, sulfuric, hydrochloric, or phosphoric acids. The term "coad inistered" means that at least two of the compounds of the invention are administered during a time frame wherein the respective periods of pharmacological activity overlap. The term "amino acids" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, glycine, the L forms of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, ethionine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, gluta ic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine, ornithine, hydroxylysine, carnitine, and other naturally occurring amino acids. The term "fatty acids" as used herein means aliphatic carboxylic acids having 2-22 carbon atoms. Such fatty acids may be saturated, partially saturated or polyunsaturated. The term "dicarboxylic acids" as used herein means fatty acids with a second carboxylic acid substituent. The term "therapeutically effective amount" as used herein refers to that amount which provides therapeutic effects for a given condition and administration regime. B. Compounds of the Invention The compounds of the invention useful in modifying hematopoiesis have the following structure: R A = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and R, = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Z = H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and L = H or OR D , where R ^ = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and M = H or OR,,, where R, = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, a radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of and M is H, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR P where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR j , where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 0 divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or 0R„ where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the C-C bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the aldose moiety is optionally present, or, Z = NHR ^ . where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR r where R r is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR^ where R,. is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 0 divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR,, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Novel compositions of the invention include the above-noted compounds wherein at least one of R A , R,, R c , R^ or R, is not H, and in compounds where Z is NH a or NHR C , Q is then H or NHR,. where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Specifically, novel compounds of the invention include but are not limited to: (1) acyl or alkyl derivatives of guanosine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A , R,, and R,. are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, 0P0 3 ", P0 3 \ OSO,-, SO,", b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, e. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure HOOC-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 ).-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the Structure H00C-(CH a ) 11 -(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH a ) β -(CH a CHOH) n CH 3 , where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, PO,-, OSO 3 X SO 3 -, or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not all of R A , R,, and R,, are hydrogen; and R,. is hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, 0P0 3 _ , P0 3 ", oso,χ SO,", b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, e. a nicotinic acid, or f. a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic carboxylic acid with 7 to 22 carbon atoms, g. a carboxylic acid derived from r i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )„-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH,, or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ) ιι -(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH0H)„CH,, where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,-, PO,", OSO,-, SO, " , and J = H or NHR j where R r is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (2) acyl or alkyl derivatives of inosine or its congeners having the formula wherein R A is hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO 3 -, PO 3 -, OSO, " , SO 3 -, b. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, c. nicotinic acid or d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms; and e. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure HOOC-(CH 2 )_.-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH, 7 or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )„-(CH 2 CH0H)„CH,, where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,-, PO,-, OSO,", SO,", or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, wherein R, and/or R^ are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 3 to 22- carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,', OSO,", SO, " , b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH,, or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )„-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CHOH) n CH,, where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO , PO,', OSO,', SO,", or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not all of R A , R„, and R„ are hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR T where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR 0 where R 0 is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 0 divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or 0R H where R a is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (3) acyl or alkyl derivatives of xanthosine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A , R,, and R D are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 ", PO,", OSO 3 -, SO,', b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH a 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ),.-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH0H) n CH 3 , where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO 3 -, OS0 3 ", S0 3 \ or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not all of R A , R,, and R„ are hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR P where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or 0R B where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (4) acyl or alkyl derivatives of deoxyinosine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A and R, are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OP0 3 ", PO,", OSO,", so,-, b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, •c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH,, or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )__-(CH 2 CH0H) n CH,, where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,", OSO,", so,-, or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that at least one of R A and R, is not hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR α where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (5) acyl or alkyl derivatives of deoxyguanosine or its congeners having the formula: 60 wherein R A and R,, may be the same or different, and each is hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,", OSO,", SO,', b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, gluta ic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, e. nicotinic acid f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure HOOC-(CH 2 ).-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 ).-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ).-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H0OC-(CH 2 ) B -(CH 2 CHOH) n CH 3 , or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,", OSO,", SO,', or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not both of R A and R B are hydrogen; and R c is hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,-, OSO,", SO,", b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, e. a nicotinic acid, or f. a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic carboxylic acid with 7 to 22 carbon atoms, g. a carboxylic acid derived from 62 i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H0OC-(CH 2 ) a -(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH,, or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure HOOC-(CH a ),,-(CH a CHOH) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH0H) n CH,, where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,", OSO,", S0 3 " , and where R c is not H, then R A and/or R B may also be acetyl, and J = H or NHR t where R,. is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (6) acyl or alkyl derivatives of deoxyxanthosine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A and R, are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,", OSO,", SO,', b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )_-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH,, or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ) B -(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_,-(CH 2 CH0H) n CH,, where = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,", OSO, ' , SO,", or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that at least one of R A and R, is not hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen 64 double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR β where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms; (7) acyl or alkyl derivatives of inosine acyclic 2',3'- dialcohol or its congeners having the formula: wherein R A , R,, and R„ are the same, or different, and are hydrogen or I. an acyl group derived from a. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO 3 -, OSO,", SO 3 -, b. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, gluta ic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, c. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, d. nicotinic acid or e. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, f. a carboxylic acid derived from i. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure HOOC-(CH 2 )_.-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 ) ιι -(CH 2 CH 2 0) rι CH 3 , or ii. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ),,-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or HOOC-(CH 2 )_-(CH 2 CHOH) n CH 3 , where = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or II. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,", OSO 3 -, SO 3 -, or III. an acyl group derived from a. an alkylphosphonic or alkylsulfonic acid, or b. an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, provided that not all of R A , R,, and R are hydrogen, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR„ where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and Z is H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms or an alkyl radical with 2 to 30 carbon atoms; (8) acyl or alkyl derivatives of guanine or its congeners having the formula: wherein R c is hydrogen or an acyl group derived from i. an unbranched fatty acid with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting Of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,", OSO, ' , SO,", ii. an amino acid selected from the group consisting of glycine, the L forms of phenylalanine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, proline, hydroxyproline, serine, threonine, cysteine, aspartic acid, gluta ic acid, arginine, lysine, histidine and ornithine, 67 iii. a dicarboxylic acid having 3-22 carbon atoms, iv. a cycloalkyi carboxylic acid containing 4 to 22 carbon atoms, v. a nicotinic acid, or vi. a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic carboxylic acid with 7 to 22 carbon atoms, vii. a carboxylic acid derived from 1. a polymer of ethylene glycol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 ),,-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n H or H00C-(CH 2 )_-(CH 2 CH 2 0) n CH,, or 2. a polymer of vinyl alcohol with the structure H00C-(CH 2 )„-(CH 2 CH0H) n H or H00C-(CH 2 ) m -(CH 2 CH0H) n CH,, where m = 0-3 and n = 2-8, or viii. an unbranched alkyl radical with 3 to 22 carbon atoms, optionally substituted at the terminal carbon with a hydrophilic moiety selected from the group consisting of NH 2 , OH, OPO,", PO,', OSO,", SO,", and Q = H, a halogen, NHR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR π where R,. is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 0 divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR, where R, is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Also encompassed by the invention are the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the above-noted compounds. Advantageous compounds of the invention are fatty acid esters of deoxyguanosine, deoxyinosine, guanosine, inosine, deoxyxanthosine and xanthosine, especially those with 8 or more carbon atoms in the acyl substituent(s) . Particularly advantageous compounds are fatty acid esters of deoxyguanosine or deoxyinosine with 12 to 18 carbon atoms in the acyl substituent. 3' ,5'-0-N 2 -tripalmitoyl-2'- deoxyguanosine is particularly active. Compounds with a polar amino acid substituent, e.g. lysine or arginine, conjugated to either a hydroxyl group on the aldose moiety or to the exocyclic amino group of guanosine or deoxyguanosine, and optionally with a fatty acid esterified to a hydroxyl group on the aldose moiety, are particularly suited for formulation in aqueous pharmaceutical carriers. In one embodiment of the invention, derivatives of the compounds of the invention with enhanced water solubility are prepared by attaching phosphate or sulfate moieties to a free hydroxy group on the aldose moiety of the purine nucleoside. In another embodiment, substituents, such as short chain alkyl or substituted alkyl radicals, e.g. methyl, ethyl or propyl, are attached at the 1,3, and/or 7 position of the oxypurine moiety of the above-described compounds. In another embodiment of the invention, the exocyclic amino group of guanosine, deoxyguanosine or their congeners may have two acyl substituents, which may be the same or different. In such cases, the acyl substituents are selected from the groups of acyl radicals designated as R,. in the descriptions for guanosine, deoxyguanosine and their congeners. Nonionic Surfactants It has been found that a variety of nonionic surfactants including but not limited to polyoxyethylene sorbitan acylates e.g. Tween 80 [polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate] , Tween 60 [polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate] , etc.; polyoxyethylene ethers, e.g. Brij 96 [polyoxyethylene-10-oleyl ether] and Triton X-100; or ethylene oxide condensates, e.g. Nonidet 40-P [octylphenol-ethylene oxide condensate]) enhance the effect of compounds of the invention on hematopoiesis in. vivo. Further, these surfactants alone accelerate hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow damage caused by cytoreductive agents such as cyclophosphamide (see Example 52). Novel compositions of the invention include one or more of the above-noted nonionic surfactants and erythropoietin, an interleukin, a colony- stimulating factor, or another compound capable of stimulating hematopoiesis. Compositions of the Invention In one embodiment of the invention, novel pharmaceutical compositions comprise as an active agent one or more oxypurine nucleosides selected from guanosine, inosine, xanthosine, deoxyxanthosine, deoxyinosine, deoxyguanosine, congeners of these oxypurine nucleosides, and acyl and alkyl derivatives of these oxypurine nucleosides and congeners, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention include in addition to one or more compounds of the invention and at least one of the following compounds which affect hematopoiesis: a nonionic surfactant, an interleukin such as IL-1 ,-2 ,-3 ,-4 ,-5 ,-6 ,-7,-8 (advantageously IL-1 , 3, and 6), a colony-stimulating factor, for example granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), erythropoietin (EPO), glucan, polyinosine-polycytidine, or any other agent having beneficial effects on hematopoiesis. The compositions, depending on the intended use, are manufactured in the form of a liquid, a suspension, a tablet, a capsule, a dragee, an injectable solution, a topical solution, or a suppository (see discussion of formulation below) . In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises at least one compound of the invention and a radioprotective compound. In another embodiment of the invention, the composition comprises at least one compound of the invention and an antiviral or antineoplastic agent, or other pharmaceutical agent which decreases blood cell counts. Therapeutic Uses of the Compounds and Compositions of the Invention The therapeutic activities of the compounds of the invention fall into at least three main classifications of disease states: cytopenias or impaired hematopoiesis, bacterial infection, and inflammatory disease. The biological activities indicating therapeutic utility of the compounds of the invention in these disease states are demonstrated in the Examples. The compounds of the invention are useful to modify, improve, or aid in the process of hematopoiesis and immune system function in animals. The compounds restore hemato¬ poiesis or blood cell counts after bone marrow damage or suppression caused by chemicals, radiation, or disease; protect against damage due to chemicals, radiation, or disease; and modify blood cell (e.g. leukocyte and platelet) counts or activity in animals. The compounds of the invention are useful in treating humans; however, the invention is not intended to be so limited, it being within the contemplation of the invention to treat all animals that experience a beneficial effect from the administration of the active compounds of the invention. Substantial amelioration of effects of ionizing radiation is obtained, where the compounds of the invention are used in conjunction with a radioprotective compound. The invention is furthermore embodied in the systemic administration of a pharmaceutical compound or composition containing guanosine, deoxyguanosine, inosine, xanthosine, deoxyxanthosine, deoxyinosine, congeners of such nucleosides or acyl and alkyl derivatives of such nucleosides or congeners, or in combinations, for the purpose of improving hematopoiesis in patients with depressed blood cell counts, impaired bone marrow function or who are otherwise in need of increased hematopoietic activity. Specific conditions where advantages are achieved using the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention include situations where improvement of hematopoiesis is desired. Such conditions include treating animals, e.g. human patients, subjected to cytoreductive cancer chemotherapy, antiviral chemotherapy, therapeutic or accidental exposure to ionizing radiation, animals in need of improved host leukocyte-mediated defense, against infection, and animals with anemia or bone marrow Rypoplasia caused by disease or accidental poisoning. Advantages are also " achieved using the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention in the following ways: increasing leukocyte counts in animals with normal cell counts, e.g. for improving host resistance to infection, increasing thrombocyte counts in animals with normal cell counts, for example for improving blood-clotting potential (e.g. , before surgery), pretreatment of animals scheduled to undergo anticancer or antiviral chemo¬ therapy (or therapeutic irradiation), pretreatment of bone marrow transplant donors, accelerating or improving recovery after bone marrow transplants, treatment of bone marrow cells in culture prior to transplant, treatment of bone marrow cells in culture (for either research purposes or prior to transplant) . Specifically included are veterinary applica¬ tions requiring modulation of blood cell counts. In addition to restore blood cell counts in cytopenic animals, compounds of the invention display activity in fighting bacterial infections and in attenuating inflammatory responses. As demonstrated in Example XX, Cytopenias The compounds and compositions of the invention are useful in the treatment of cytopenias as enumerated and discussed below: A. Neutropenia Neutropenia due to cancer or cancer chemotherapy; neutropenia due to antiviral chemotherapy; neutropenia due to exposure to ionizing radiation (accidental or therapeutic exposure); neutropenia due to immunosuppressive chemotherapy (e.g. treatment of autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis with cytotoxic drugs); neutropenia in burn patients (neutropenia is common in patients with severe burns); neutropenia due tc viral infections (e.g. pancytopenia often found in AIDS patients, which is exaggerated by treatment with myelosuppressive drugs such as AZT); neutropenia secondary to aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome; neutropenia due to poisoning (e.g. benzene; also, a number of ethical pharmaceutical agents list agranulocytosis as a side effect); idiopathic neutropenia; chronic neutropenia; neutropenia due to hairy cell leukemias or other lymphocytic leukemias; neutropenia from any other causes; neutropenia in non-human animals (veterinary conditions) . B. Thrombocytopenia Low thrombocyte (platelet) counts due to cancer chemotherapy; thrombocytopenia due to antiviral chemotherapy; thrombocytopenia due to exposure to ionizing radiation (acci¬ dental or therapeutic exposure); low thrombocyte counts due to immunosuppressive chemotherapy (e.g. treatment of autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis with cytoxic drugs); thrombocytopenia due to viral infections (e.g. pancytopenia often found in AIDS patients, which is exaggerated by treatment with myelosuppressive drugs such as AZT); thrombocytopenia secondary tc aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or hypoplastic bone marrow syndromes; thrombocytopenia from any other cause. C. Lymphocytopenia Low lymphocyte counts due to cancer chemotherapy; lymphocytopenia due to antiviral chemotherapy; Low lymphocyte counts due to exposure to ionizing radiation (accidental cr therapeutic exposure); low lymphocyte counts due to immunosuppressive chemotherapy (e.g. treatment of autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis with cytotoxic drugs) ; lymphocytopenia due to viral infection, such as AIDS; lymphocytopenia from any other cause. D. Anemia Low erythrocyte counts due to kidney dialysis; low erythrocyte counts due to kidney damage; aplastic anemia; anemia due to viral infections or myelosuppressive chemotherapy agents; anemia due to infection or disease (e.g. malaria); anemia due to hemorrhage; anemia from any other cause. Treatment of Complications Associated with Radiation Exposure Three situations wherein active compounds of the in¬ vention may be clinically useful in treating radiation damage are 1) accidental exposure to ionizing radiation, as in a nuclear accident; 2) diagnostic exposure to radiation during radiography; and 3) therapeutic exposure to radiation, such as in radiotherapy of cancer. In the first case, in one embodiment, the active compounds are administered in a formulation suitable for parenteral injection, followed by oral or parenteral administration once to several times per day of doses sufficient to enhance hematopoiesis, e.g. 0.01 to 3 grams per day according to the effect achieved. In the second case, X-ray exposure during diagnostic radiography, in one embodiment, active compounds are given orally before and after exposure. In the third case, during cancer radiotherapy, the active compounds are particularly useful in restoring bone marrow function after its undesirable but unavoidable suppression during irradiation. The compounds of the invention are administered before, during, and/or after exposure to radiation. The compounds of the invention are useful for prevention or amelioration of the effects of ionizing radiation when coadministered with other radioprotective compounds such as WR-2721, NAC, DDC, cysteamine, 2- ercaptoethanol , mercaptoethylamine, dithiothreitol , glutathione, 2- mercaptoethanesulfonic acid, R-1065, nicotina ide, 5-hydroxytryptamine, 2-beta-aminoethyl- isothiouronium-Br-Hbr, glucans, GLP/B04 , GLP/B05, 0K-432, Biostim, PSK, Lentinan, Schizophyllan, Rhodexman, Levan, Mannozym, MVE-3 , MNR, MMZ , IL-1, IL-2, TNF, thymic factor TF-5, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide -dismutase, cata-lase, glutathione reductase, glutathione transferase, selenium, CdCl2, MnC12, Zn acetate, vitamin A, beta carotene, prostaglandins , tocopherol and methylene blue and PABA. The administration of these protective compounds along with the compounds of the invention provides protection greater than if the compounds or the other radioprotective agents are given alone . Treatment of Complications Associated with Cancer Chemotherapy The white blood cell counts, and particularly the neutrophil counts, of patients treated with standard anti- neoplastic chemotherapy agents (e.g., 5-fluorouracil , fluorodeoxyuridine, vinca alkaloids, cyclophosphamide and other alkylating agents such as busulfan, hexalen or melphalan, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine , 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside, thioguanosine, podophyllotoxins , cisplatin, combinations of such cytoreductive agents , or cytoreductive agents plus modulators like leucovorin, PALA, or R-2721) are often greatly diminished. Daily oral administration (or parenteral injection) of an effective dose, (for example, 0.01 - 3.0 grams) of a compound of the invention such as palmitoyl- (or other acyl derivatives of) deoxyguanosine for a number of days diminishes or abolishes the neutrophil nadir, which would otherwise occur several days after chemotherapy is initiated. Treatment of recipients of chemotherapeutic agents with the acylated deoxyguanosine also greatly increases the total white blood cell count, including neutrophils and lymphocytes, on subsequent days compared to patients receiving only the chemotherapeutic regimen. This reduces the likelihood of in ¬ fection throughout the course of treatment, and makes it possible for the patient to receive larger doses of the chemotherapeutic agents and/or to receive repeated doses sooner than comparable patients not treated with the deoxyguanosine derivative( s) . The compounds of the invention are administered before, during, and/or after administration of the anti- neoplastic agents. Treatment of Complications Associated with Antiviral Chemotherapy Treatment of patients with AIDS or AIDS-Related Complex with azidothymidine (AZT) and other antiviral agents is complicated by anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Administration of appropriate doses of a compound cf the invention such as palmitoylguancsine (or other acylated forms of guanosine) for a number of days (or, depending on the protocol of antiviral treatment, throughout the course of treatment) greatly diminishes the AZT- and/or ddC-induced neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and ether side effects. This reduces the probability of septic complications and allows the patients to receive larger doses of the antiviral compounds over a shorter time period than patients not also treated with a compound of the invention. The compounds of the invention are administered before, during, and/or after administration of antiviral agents. Treatment of Complications Associated with Poisoning and Side Effects of Various Drugs Benzene poisoning or side effects cf a variety of substances including numerous prescription drugs, such as anti-thyroid drugs, sulfonamide, phenylthiazines , phenyl- butazones, and aminopyrines result in agranulo- cytosis/neutropenia. Cytopenia is also caused by benzene poisoning and by mustard gas and related alkylating agents. Administration of the compounds of the invention to the victims of such poisoning or the recipients of such drugs, improves recovery by stimulating the production cf blood cells such as neutrophils. Treatment of Cytopenias Associated with Various Diseases Numerous diseases are associated with various forms of cytopenia. For example, hairy cell leukemia is associated with neutropenia. Thrombocytopenic purpura and aplastic anemia are associated with reduced levels of platelets. Administration of the compounds of the invention increases levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets in those afflicted with such diseases. Treatment of Complications Associated with HIV Infection HIV-infected patients, especially those afflicted with AIDS, suffer from a variety of symptoms and diseases which result from and, in some cases, further exacerbate a severely compromised immune system. Many of these patients are given antiviral chemotherapeutic agents, such as AZT, which also have detrimental effects on the body's immune function, further lowering resistance to infections of all kinds. Administration of the compounds of the invention - orally, intravenously, or by parenteral injection - raises the low blood cell counts due to viral infections, countering the pancytopenia seen in AIDS patients. Such treatment elevates neutrophil, lymphocyte, and thrombocyte levels and thereby helps to restore im unocompetence. Because greater susceptibility to infections is a dose- and rate-limiting factor in chemotherapeutic treatment of AIDS patients, treatment of the patients with these compounds reduces chemotherapeutic side effects (and thus improves the quality of life) and permits a more intensive chemotherapeutic regimen to be employed. In patients infected with HIV, inflammatory cytokines also play a role in the pathology associated with AIDS. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) , an inflammatory cytokine, stimulates replication of the virus. As shown in Example 75, compounds of the invention attenuate production fo TNF in response to inflammatory stimuli. Moreover, other inflammatory cytokines, e.g. interferon gamma, are involved in complications associated with AIDS. Interferon-gamma contributes to cachexia and neurological problems in AIDS patients (Brown et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 294:425-35, 1991). Compounds of the invention also .attenuate interferon- gamma production (see Example 75). Regulation of Apoptosis Programmed Cell Death (apoptosis) is involved in many pathological and physiological aspects of hematopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and antigen-specific selection cf lymphocytes. Drugs such as corticosteroids or cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy agents induce apoptosis. Cell death after exposure to ionizing radiation is in part due to apoptosis. The pathogenesis of AIDS involves excessive apoptosis of lymphocytes. The compounds of the invention, advantageously long-chain fatty acid acyl derivatives of deoxyguanosine such as 3 ' , 5'-di-O-palmitoyldeoxyguanosine or N 2 , 3 ' , 5'-tripalmitoyl- deoxyguanosine, regulate apoptosis of blood cells. The capacity to regulate apoptosis permits therapeutic modification of the production and survival of blood cells (including leukocytes and platelets), function and activity cf the immune system as well as other cells and organ systems. Treatment of Complications Associated with Cancer Several varieties of cancer are associated with he atological cytopenias independent of those produced by cytoreductive chemotherapy. Hairy cell leukemia is often associated with neutropenia. Neoplastic bone marrow infiltration often impairs hematopoiesis. Administration of the compounds of the invention increases levels of neutrophils and other cell types in those afflicted with such diseases. Some types of granulocytic leukemias are characterized by overproduction of immature, non-differentiating granulocyte precursors. As demonstrated in Examples 41 through 65 below, compounds of the subject invention elicit enhanced terminal differentiation of neutrophil precursors, indicating utility in treatment cf leukemias, such as granulocytic leukemia. A common complication of cancer is cachexia, characterized by weight loss and an inability to utilize nutrients. Cachexia is generally associated with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines like TNF and interferon-gamma (Brown et al . , Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 294:425-35, 1991). As shown in Example 75, compounds of the invention attenuate production of these inflammatory cytokines. Compounds of the invention are useful for treatment of cachexia and other complications of cancer related to such cytokines. Use of the Compounds of the Invention in Bone Marrow Transplants Transplantation of the bone marrow is used to treat those suffering the effects of accidental or therapeutic radiation exposure and cf cytoreductive chemotherapy (anti¬ viral and/or anti-neoplastic) . The compounds of the invention are used in a variety of ways to support bone marrow transplantation. Administration of the compounds to bone marrow transplant donors elevates levels of various blood cell types, such a neutrophils, lymphocytes, megakaryocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets) in peripheral blood and especially their progenitors in the bone marrow itself. Administration of the compounds to bone marrow recipients following, prior to, or during transplantation, accelerates hematopoietic recovery. In addition, incubation of bone marrow cells in culture with the compounds of the invention prior to trans¬ plantation improves the quality of the transplant. Use of the Compounds for Autologous Blood Transfusion Autologous blood transfusion, or the intentional storage of quantities of a patient's own blood for subsequent transfusion, e.g. prior to elective surgery or as a precaution for unanticipated situations requiring transfusion, is important in view of the possibility of contamination of blood from other donors with viruses such as HIV or hepatitis viruses. The compounds of the subject invention are useful in restoring blood counts when administered after removal of a patient's blood for storage. Alternatively, these compounds may be administered prior to removal of blood in order to boost cell counts. As shown in Example 76, compounds of the invention mobilize hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation. This facilitates collection of adequate numbers of hematopoietic progenitors from peripheral blood, avoiding the need for painful and inconvenient aspiration of stem cells from a patient's bone marrow. Prophylactic Use of the Compounds of the Subject Invention There are numerous clinical and veterinary situations in which it is desireable to boost or otherwise modify aspects of the hematopoietic system in anticipation of various challenges. For example, there are many circumstances in which it is beneficial to improve resistance to infection, for example in anticipation of surgical procedures or exposure to viral or bacterial infections. Administration of the compounds of the invention to an animal with normal cell counts increases leukocyte counts and improves host resistance to infection. There are situations in which it is useful to improve an animal's blood-clotting potential, for example before surgery. Administration of the compounds of the invention prior to surgery increases thrombocyte counts and thereby improves the blood-clotting potential. In situations where damage to the bone marrow and/or hematopoietic system is anticipated, such as in anticancer or antiviral chemotherapy or in therapeutic irradiation it is beneficial to improve or enhance hematopoietic function. Pretreatment of an animal scheduled to undergo such therapy with the compounds of the invention accelerates the production of white blood cells and platelets, and/or attenuates damage to blood cell precursors. The compounds positively modify the hematopoietic system prophylactically. Administration of the compounds to bone marrow transplant donors prior to donation elevates levels of various blood cell types, such a neutrophils, lymphocytes, megakaryocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets) in peripheral blood and elevates hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow itself. Treatment or Prevention of Infection As shown in Example 73, compounds of the invention strongly improve survival in severe poly icrobial infection caused by intestinal bacteria. Both gram-negative and gram- positive bacteria are present in this infection model. Compounds of the invention are useful in combating bacterial infection when used in a variety of ways. Prophylactic treatment is administered prior to high-risk surgery, or in patients at risk for infections due to exposure to pathogens or impaired immune function. This treatment prevents (attenuates bacterial proliferation and thereby eliminates full clinical manifestation of the infectious process) infection. Compounds of the invention are also useful when administered to patients with established infections, and are optionally used in conjunction with antibiotic drugs such as penicillin, erythromycin, cephalosporins , gentamycin, or metronidazole. Compounds of the invention improve endogenous mechanisms for clearing bacteria and also attenuate deleterious responses to bacterial inflammatory components (see Example 74). Compounds of the invention are also useful for treating or preventing fungal infection. For treatment of infection, whether prophylactic or after infection is already present, effective doses of compounds of the invention are administered orally or parenterally in appropriate formulations. Doses ranging from one milligram up to one gram are chosen according to therapeutic effect. Doses are administered between once per week and several times per day according to severity of the disease and response of the patient. Treatment or Attenuation of Inflammatory Disease Compounds of the invention also have therapeutic activity in inflammatory disease. As demonstrated in Example 74, compounds of the invention allow animals to survive otherwise lethal doses of bacterial endotoxin. Endotoxin, a lipopolyεaccharide component of bacterial cell walls, is a potent inflammatory stimulus which elicits secretion of inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. These mediators, which include tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 , interleukin-6 , gamma-interferon, leukotrienes and other agents, account for the inflammatory activity of endotoxin. Such mediators, which are released from macrophages, lymphocytes and other cell types, also participate in pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disease states, even when endotoxin is not involved as a primary stimulus. Compounds of the invention modulate cytokine release in response to inflammatory stimuli including but not restricted to endotoxin. Other inflammatory stimuli include bacterial, fungal, or viral components. As shown in Example 75, compounds of the invention reduce serum cytokine levels in response to an endotoxin challenge. This anti-inflammatory activity coincides with a marked improvement in survival of a lethal dose of endotoxin (see Example 74). Compounds of the invention are useful in disease conditions in which either endotoxin or inflammatory cytokines contribute to pathogenesis. Such conditions include autoimmune conditions, inflammation secondary to infection, or idiopathic inflammatory conditions. Autoimmune disease conditions in which cytokines modulated by compounds of the invention include but are net limited to psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune hepatitis, and lupus. Inflammatory conditions in which such cytokines participate include but are not limited to inflammatory responses to viral, bacterial or fungal infection, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (sepsis), as well as localized tissue inflammation and injury in diseases like viral hepatitis, AIDS (e.g. cachexia and neuropathy) and poliomyelitis. Similarly, inflammatory cytokines are implicated in cachexia in cancer patients and in rejection of allogeneic organ or tissue transplants. For treatment of inflammatory skin conditions, compounds of the invention are formulated for topical administration, and are applied at at frequency of once per week to several times per day. Concentrations in a topical formulation range from 0.01 to 50 mg/ml . For treatment of systemic inflammatory disease, effective doses of compounds of the invention are administered orally or parenterally in appropriate formulations. Doses ranging from one milligram up to one gram are chosen according to therapeutic effect. Doses are administered between once per week and several times per day according to severity of the disease. Similar doses and regimens are appropriate for treatment of infectious disease. D. Administration and Formulation of Compounds and Compositions of the Invention The compounds and compositions of the invention are administered orally, by parenteral injection, intravenously, topically, or by other means, depending on the condition being treated. The compounds and compositions cf the invention are administered chronically or intermittently. The compounds and compositions are administered prior to, during, or after an event (e.g. irradiation or exposure to cytoreductive chemotherapy agents) which causes damage to the hematopoietic system. In the case of after an event, the compounds and compositions are administered before and/or after the nadir in blood cell or bone marrow cell counts is reached. The compounds of the invention are formulated in biodegradable, bioerodible, or other gradual-release matrices for sustained release of the compounds after oral administration or subcutaneous implantation. In the case of intravenous or intramuscular injection, the compounds are optionally formulated in liposomes. The pharmacologically active compounds optionally are combined with suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active compounds. These are administered as tablets, dragees, capsules, and suppositories. The compositions are administered for example orally, rectally, vaginally, or released through " the buccal pouch of the mouth, and may be applied in solution form by injection, orally or by topical administration. The compositions may contain from about 0.1 to 99 percent, preferably from about 50 to 90 percent cf the active compound(s) , together with the excipient(s) . For parenteral administration by injection or intravenous infusion, the active compounds are suspended or dissolved in aqueous medium such as sterile water or saline solution. Injectable solutions or suspensions optionally contain a surfactant agent such as polyoxyethylenesorbitan esters, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene ethers, or phospholipids, or solubilizing agents like propylene glycol or ethanol. One suitable formulation is prepared by dissolving a compound of the invention in ethanol and then adding it to physiological saline while sonicating or stirring vigorously, with a final ethanol concentration ranging from 0.5 to about 20 percent. A surfactant such as Tween 80 or phosphatidylcholine is optionally included. The compounds of the invention may are optionally suspended or dissolved in injectable fat emulsions for parenteral administration. Compounds of the invention are also optionally formulated in phospholipid complexes. The solution or suspension typically contains 0.01 to 5% of the active compounds. The active compounds optionally are dissolved in pharmaceutical grade vegetable oil for intramuscular injection. Such preparations contain about 1 % to 50 % of the active compound(s) in oil. Suitable excipients include fillers such as sugars, for example lactose, sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, for example tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders such as starch paste, using, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch or potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Auxiliaries include flow-regulating agents and lubricants, for example, silica, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium stearate or calcium stearate and/or polyethylene glycol . Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings which, if desired, are resistant to gastric juices. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions are used, which optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. In order to produce coatings resistant to gastric juices, solutions cf suitable cellulose preparations such as acetylcellulose phthalate or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate are used. Dyestuffs or pigments are optionally added to the tablets or dragee coatings, for example, for identification or in order to characterize different compound doses. The pharmaceutical preparations of the present in¬ vention are manufactured in a manner which is itself known, for example, by means of conventional mixing, granulating, dragee- making, dissolving, or lyophilizing processes. Thus, pharmaceutical preparations for oral use are obtained by combining the active compound(s) with solid excipients, optionally grinding the resulting mixture and processing the mixture cf granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired or necessary, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Other pharmaceutical preparations which are useful for oral delivery include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft-sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol . The push-fit capsules contain the active compound(s) in the form of granules which optionally are mixed with fillers such as lactose, binders such as starches and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate, and, optionally stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds are preferably dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers optionally are added. In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are formulated for oral administration as phospholipid complexes, liposomes, or mixed lipid-surfactant micelles. Components of micelles include but are not limited to triglycerides, fatty acids (unsaturated or saturated), phospholipids including phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, bile salts, and synthetic nonionic surfactants. Lipid-surfactant micelles improve delivery of compounds of the invention into the intestinal lymphatic system after oral administration. Pharmaceutical preparations which are used rectally include, for example, suppositories which consist of a combination of active compounds with a suppository base. Suitable suppository bases are, for example, natural or synthetic triglycerides, paraffin hydrocarbons, polyethylene glycols or higher alkanols. In addition, gelatin rectal capsules which consist of a combination of the active com¬ pounds with a base are useful. Base materials include, for example, liquid triglycerides, polyethylene glycols, or paraffin hydrocarbons. Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions cf the active compounds in water soluble form, for example, water soluble salts. In addition, suspensions or solutions of the appropriate active compounds in oily injection vehicles, solvents such as propylene glycol, or lipid-aqueouε emulsions are administered. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl oleate or triglycerides. Aquecus injection suspensions optionally include substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension which include, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension optionally contains stabilizers. In another embodiment, the active compounds are formulated as part of a skin lotion for topical administration. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example sesame oil or coconut oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example ethyl oleate or triglycerides. E. Synthesis of the Compounds of the Invention Acylated derivatives of oxypurine nucleosides are synthesized by reacting an oxypurine nucleoside or congener with an activated carboxylic acid. An activated carboxylic acid is one that has been treated with appropriate reagents to render its carboxylate carbon more susceptible to nucleophilic attack than is the case in the original carboxylic acid. Examples of useful activated carboxylic acids for synthesis cf the compounds of the invention are acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, n-hydroxysuccinimide esters, or carboxylic acids activated with BOP-DC. Carboxylic acids may also be linked to oxypurine nucleosides or congeners with coupling reagents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) . During preparation of the acyl compounds of the in¬ vention, when the acid source cf the desired acyl derivative has groups which interfere with the acylation reactions, e.g. , hydroxyl or amino groups, these groups are blocked with pro¬ tecting groups, e.g., t-butyldimethylsilyl ethers or t-BOC groups, respectively, before preparation of the anhydride. For example, lactic acid is converted to 2-t-butyldimethyl- εiloxypropionic acid with t-butyldimethylchlorosilane, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting silyl ester with aqueous base. The anhydride is formed by reacting the protected acid with DCC. With amino acids, the N-t-BOC derivative is prepared, using standard techniques, which is then converted to the anhydride with DCC. With acids containing more than one carboxylate group (e.g. , succinic, fumaric, or adipic acid) the acid anhydride of the desired dicarboxylic acid is reacted with an oxypurine nucleoside or congener in pyridine or pyridine plus dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide. Amino acids are coupled to the exocyclic amino groups of guanosine and deoxyguanosine, and to hydroxyl groups on the aldose moiety of oxypurine nucleosides or their congeners, by standard methods using DCC in a suitable solvent, particularly a mixture cf (i) methylene chloride and (ii) dimethylacetamide or dimethylformamide. The following examples are illustrative, but not limiting of the methods and compositions of the present invention. Other suitable modifications and adaptations of a variety of conditions and parameters normally encountered in clinical therapy which are obvious to those skilled in the art are within the spirit and scope of this invention. The Examples The following examples relate to methods for preparing the compounds of the subject invention. Example 1: Preparation of Octanoylguanosine To a 100 mL flask was added guanosine (2.0 g, 7.06 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (0.017 g, 0.14 mmol). N,N-dimethylformamide (25 mL) was added via cannula with stirring, the flask was purged with argon gas and pyridine (14 mL) was added via cannula. The slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice/NaCl bath and octanoyl chloride (1.6 mL, 9.2 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 "C. After 18 h, the mixture was poured into 300 L of ice-cold 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate solution giving a white solid which was isolated by suction filtration, washed with 3x100 mL hot water, air dried, and recrystallized from hot methanol. Example 2: Preparation of Lauroylguanosine To a 100 mL flask was added guanosine (2.0 g, 7.06 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (0.017 g, 0.14 mmol). N,N-dimethylformamide (25 mL) was added via cannula with stirring, the flask was purged with argon gas and pyridine (14 mL) was added via cannula. The slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice/NaCl bath and lauroyl chloride (2.12 mL, 9.2 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 ° C. After 18 h, the mixture was poured into 300 L of ice-cold 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate solution giving a white solid which was isolated by suction filtration, washed with 3x100 mL hot water, air dried, and recrystallized from hot methanol. Example 3 : Preparation of Palmitoylguanosme To a 100 mL flask was added guanosine (2.0 g, 7.06 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (0.017 g, 0.14 mmol) . N,N-dimethylformamide (25 L) was added via cannula with stirring, the flask was purged with argon gas and pyridine (14 mL) was added via cannula. The slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice/NaCl bath and palmitoyl chloride (2.8 mL, 9.2 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 °C. After _13 h, the mixture was poured into 300 L of ice-cold 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate solution giving a white solid which was isolated by suction filtration, washed with 3x100 L hot water, air dried, and recrystallized from hot 2-methoxyethanol . Example 4 : Preparation of Benzoylguanosine To a 100 L flask was added guanosine (2.0 g, 7.06 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (0.017 g, 0.14 mmol). N,N-dimethylformamide (30 mL) was added via cannula with stirring, the flask was purged with argon gas and pyridine (16 mL) was added via cannula. The slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice/NaCl bath and benzoyl chloride (1.2 mL, 8.5 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed tc stir while it slowly warmed to 25 ° C. After 72 h, the mixture was poured into 300 L of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate solution (warmed to 60 ° C) giving a white solid which was isolated by suction filtration (using a medium glass frit) , washed with 3x100 mL cold water, and air dried. Example 5: Preparation of Palmitoylxanthosine To a 50 L flask was added xanthosine dihydrate (1.0 g, 3.52 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (0.0036 g, 0.07 mmol). N,N-dimethylformamide (16 mL) was added via cannula with stirring, the flask was purged with argon gas and pyridine (3 mL) was added via cannula. The slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice/NaCl bath and palmitoyl chloride (1.6 mL, 9.2 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 °C. After IS h, the mixture was poured into 300 L of ice-cold 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate solution giving a white solid which was isolated by suction filtration, washed with 3x100 mL hot water, air dried, and recrystallized from hot methanol. Example 6: Preparation of Palmitoylinosine To a 50 mL flask was added inosine (1.0 g, 3.73 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (0.017 g, 0.074 mmol). N,N-dimethylformamide (16 mL) was added via cannula with stirring, the flask was purged with argon gas and pyridine (8 L) was added via cannula. The slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice/NaCl bath and palmitoyl chloride (1.3 L, 4.1 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 °C. After 18 h, the mixture was quenched with a small chunk of ice and the solvents were evaporated leaving a white gum. Toluene (20 L) was evaporated from the gum, which was then thoroughly triturated with 1:1 ethyl acetate-diethyl ether. The supernatant was isolated by suction filtration and the solvents evaporated leaving a syrup which turned into a soft, amorphous solid after 24 h in a vacuum desiccator. Example 7: Preparation of Palmitoyldeoxyinosine To a 100 mL flask was added deoxyinosine (1.5 g, 5.95 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (0.036 g, 0.297 mmol). N,N-dimethylformamide (35 mL) was added via cannula with stirring, the flask was purged with argon gas and pyridine (15 mL) was added via cannula. The slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice/NaCl bath and palmitoyl chloride (2.0 mL, 6.54 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 ' C. After 18 h, the mixture was poured into 300 mL of ice-cold 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate solution giving a white solid which was isolated by suction filtration, washed with 100 mL water, and dried overnight in a vacuum desiccator giving 2.72 g (93%) of palmitoyldeoxyinosine . Example 8: Preparation of ( 5-carboxypentancyl )guanosine To 500 mg of guanosine in anhydrous pyridine was added adipic acid (5 mol eq) and bis ( 2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl )- phosphinic chloride (BOPDC) (1.0 mol eq.) . The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 18 h, then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was added to 100 L of ice-cooled water and the aqueous layer adjusted to pH 3.0 and then extracted three times with 60 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined extracts are dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with a mixture of chloroform- ethanol , whereupon the eluate was evaporated in vacuo. Examples 9-11: Preparation of ( 5-carboxyhexanoyl )guanosine, ( 5-carboxy- heptanoyl )guanosine, and ( 5-carboxynonanoyl )guanosine ( 5-carboxyhexanoyl )guanosine, ( 5-carboxyheptanoyl ) guanosine, and ( 5-carboxynonanoyl)guanosine were prepared from guanosine with pi elic acid, suberic acid, and sebacic acid, respectively, in a manner similar to that used for (5-carboxy- pentanoy1)guanosine. Example 12: Preparation of 3 ' , 5'-0,0-Bis-( 5-carboxypentanoyl ) guanosine To 500 mg of guanosine in anhydrous pyridine was added adipic acid (10 mol eq) and bis ( 2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)- phosphinic chloride (BOPDC) (2.0 mol eq. ) . The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for IS h, then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was added to 100 mL of ice-cooled water and the aqueous layer adjusted to pH 3.0 and then extracted three times with 60 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with a mixture of chloroform- ethanol, whereupon the eluate was evaporated in vacuo. Examples 13-15: Preparation of 3 ' , 5 '-0,O-Bis-( 5-carboxy- hexanoyl )guanosine, 3 ' , 5'-0,O-Bis-( 5-carboxyheptanoyl )guano¬ sine, and 3 ' , 5'-0,0-Bis-( 5-carboxyncnancyl )guanosine 3 ' , 5 '-0,O-Bis-( 5-carboxyhexanoyl)guanosine, 3 ' , 5 '- O,O-Bis-( 5-carboxyheptanoyi )guanosine, and 3 ' , 5'-0,O-Bis-(5- carboxynonanoyl )guanosine were prepared from guanosine with pimelic acid, suberic acid, and sebacic acid, respectively, in a manner similar to that used for (5-carboxy- pentanoyl)guanosine. Example 16: Preparation of (Na-FMOC-Ne-CBZ-lysyi )guanosine To 500 g of guanosine in anhydrous pyridine was added Na-FMOC-Ne-CBΣ-lysine (2 mol eq, from Sigma) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) (1.0 mol eq.) The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for IS h, then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was added to 100 mL of ice-cooled water and the aqueous layer adjusted to pH 3.0 and then extracted three times with 60 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with a mixture cf chloroform- ethanol , whereupon the eluate was evaporated in vacuo. Example 17: Preparation Of (Nα-FMOC-Ne-CBZ-lysyl )-2 ' , 3 '-0- isopropylideneguanosine To 2.0 g of 2' , 3 '-O-isopropylideneguanosine (from Sigma) in anhydrous pyridine was added Nα-FMOC-Ne-CBZ-lyεine (2 mol eq, from Sigma) and dicyclohexylcarbcdiimide (DCC) (1.0 mcl eq.). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 13h, then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was added to 100ml of ice-cooled water and the aqueous layer adjusted to pH 3.0 and then extracted three times with 60 L of ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column and eluted with a mixture of chloroform- ethanol, whereupon the eluate was evaporated in vacuo. Example 18: Preparation of (N -FMOC-Ne-CBZ-lysyl)guanosine A solution of 1.5 g of (N -FMOC-Ne-CBZ-lysyl)- 2 ', 3 '-O-isopropylideneguanosine in 18 mL of 50% aqueous HC02H was allowed to stand for 20 hr at room temperature. The solution was evaporated to drynesε giving a residue which was recryεtallized from MeOH-EtOAc. Example 19: Preparation of (Nα-FMOC-lyεyl )guanoεine A solution of 1.0 g of (Nα-FMOC-Ne-CBZ- lysyl )guanoεine in 150 mL of DMF was hydrogenated for 3.5 hr at 48 psi in the presence of 0.7 g cf 10% Pd/C. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate evaporated and then treated with 30mL of EtOH followed by 20 L of H20. The resulting solid was recryεtallized from MeOH-EtOAc. Example 20: Preparation of lyεylguanosine To a stirred solution of 800 mg of (Nα-FMOC- lysyl )guanosine in anhydrous pyridine was added anhydrous piperidine (4 mol eq.). The mixture was allowed to stir for 5 hr at 0 ° C and then was evaporated to dryness. The reεidue waε dissolved in DMF and purified by slow addition of the DMF solution to a rapidly stirred solution of EtOH-Et20, yielding a precipitate. Example 21: Preparation of Palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine To a 250 mL flask was added 2'-deoxyguanosine mono- hydrate (5.0 g, 17.5 mmol), triethylamine (3.13 ml, 22.4 mmol) and N,N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine (0.046 g, 0.37 mmol) . N,N- di ethylformamide (130 mL) was added via cannula with stirring and the flask was purged with argon gaε. The slurry was allowed to cool 10 minutes in an ice/NaCl bath and palmitoyl chloride (6.3 mL, 20.6 mmol) waε added dropwiεe. The mixture waε allowed to εtir while it slowly warmed to 25 degrees C. After 72 h, the mixture waε poured with εtirring into 400 mL of a 1:1 mixture of water and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, which mixture had been warmed to about 60 degrees C. The resulting white solid was isolated by suction filtration, washed with water, and dried. Example 22: Preparation of 3 '-O-Palmitoyl-2 '-decxyguanoεine Thiε compound waε prepared uεing the procedure for Palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, substituting the appropriate amount of 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl-deoxyguanosine for 2'- deoxyguanosine monohydrate and deprotecting the 5' hydroxyl group as follows: removing the di ethoxytrityl group by stirring in 80% aqueous acetic acid at 25 degrees C for 1 hour, isolating the crude product by filtration, triturating the crude product for 1 hour in methanol, recovering the product by filtration and drying. Example 23: Preparation of 3 , 5'-0,O-Dipalmitoyl-2 '-deoxy¬ guanosine This compound was obtained as side product from 5'- O-palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, aε prepared above, and isolated as followε: suspending the crude product in toluene with silica gel, evaporating the toluene, applying the resulting solid to a column of silica gel capped with a short layer of alumina, eluting the column with chloroform-methanol , and evaporating the appropriate fractions. Example 24: Preparation of cctanoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine Thiε compound waε prepared using the procedure for palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, substituting the appropriate amount of octanoyl chloride for palmitoyl chloride. Example 25: Preparation of Lauroyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine This compound waε prepared using the procedure for palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, substituting the appropriate amount of octanoyl chloride for palmitoyl chloride. Example 26: Preparation of Benzoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine Thiε compound waε prepared uεing the procedure for palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, subεtituting the appropriate amount of benzoyl chloride for palmitoyl chloride, and εubεti- tuting a J. : 1 mixture of ice water and εaturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution in the workup. Example 27: Preparation of Butyryl-2 '-deoxyguanosine This compound was prepared using the procedure for palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, substituting the appropriate amount of butyryl chloride for palmitoyl chloride, and_ isolating aε follows: evaporating the solvent after 72 hours, triturating the resulting material in 1:1 diethyl ether-ethyl acetate, and recovering the product by filtration. Example 28: Preparation of Palmitoyl-S-bromo-2 '-deoxyguanosine This compound was prepared using the procedure for Palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, subεtituting the appropriate amount of 8-bromoguanoεine for 2 '-deoxyguanoεine monohydrate. Example 29: Preparation of Palmitoyl-8-mercapto-2 '- deoxyguanosine Thiε compound waε prepared uεing the procedure for palmitcyl-2 '-decxyguancεine, substituting the appropriate amount of 8-mercaptoguanosine for 2 '-deoxyguanoεine monohydrate. Example 30: Preparation of Palmitoylguanoεine 2, 3 '-acyclic dialcohol This compound was prepared using the procedure for palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, substituting the appropriate amount of guanosine 2',3'-acylic dialcohol for 2'- deoxyguanosine monohydrate. Example 31: Synthesis of 3 ' , 5'-0-N 2 -tripalmitoyl-2 '- deoxyguanosine To an oven-dried 500 mL round-bottomed flask waε added 2 '-deoxyguanosine monohydrate (1.0 g, 1 eq. ) . Dry N,N- dimethylformamide (DMF, 100 L) was added via cannula with swirling and the mixture was εwirled with heating (uεing a heat gun) until all of the solid material disεolved. The DMF waε then εtripped off via rotary evaporation in order to remove the water of hydration. A magnetic stir bar was added to the flask, the flaεk waε fitted with a septum, and dry dimethylacetamide (DMA, 120 mL) and dry pyridine (60 L) were added via cannula, with swirling and stirring. The flask was purged with argon gas, the slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice bath, and palmitoyl chloride (3.1 eq.) was added dropwise over 15 min. The mixture was allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 °C. After 13 h, the mixture was poured into 800 mL cf 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate solution giving a white solid which was isolated by suction filtration, waεhed with 3 x 100 mL H 2 0, air dried, and finally dried under high vacuum giving a white, somewhat waxy powder. This crude product was twice purified by flash chromatography (silica gel bed, eluted with chloroform-methanol ) giving a clear glass, .p. 59 °C. 1 H-NMR and elemental analysis data were consistent with the assigned structure. Example 32: Alternative synthesis of 3',5'-0-N 2 - tripalmitoyl-2'-deoxyguanosine 1 g of 2 '-deoxyguanosine and 15 ml of dry N'N'- dimethyl formamide were added to a 100 ml dry round bottom flask. Diethylformamide waε removed by two successive evaporations using a rotovap apparatus to obtain dry 2'- deoxyguancsine. 0.56 g (2mM) of the dry 2 '-deoxyguanosine waε added to a 100ml round bottom flaεk fitted with a reflux condenser and 10ml of dry dimethylformamide was added. 3 ml of dry pyridine and 2.9 g. (6mM) palmitic anhydride were then added and the the reaction mixture was refluxed in an oil 1 0 " bath for 6 hr. The mixture was then allowed to cool at room temperature, and the dimethylformamide and pyridine were removed by rotary evaporation. Ice water was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The residue was filtered uεing a Buchner funnel and waεhed three timeε with water (30 ml portions). The residue was then transferred to a 100 ml beaker containing 40 to 50 ml dry ether, stirred for 5 to 7 minutes, isolated by filtration, and washed three timeε with ether (25 ml portions). The resulting compound was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (230-240 mesh, with chloroform : methanol (98:2) as solvent (1.5 liters). Fractions containing material with identical Rf values were pooled and concentrated, and the resulting material further purified by preparative TLC (silica gel, 0.5 mm, fluoreεcent) in chloroform- ethanol (9:1). Material with an Rf value of 0.689 waε isolated; m.p 59 ° C. 1 H-NMR and elemental analysis data agreed with the asεigned structure. Example 33: Synthesis of 5 '-0-N 2 -tripalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine To an oven-dried 100 L round-bottomed flaεk containing a stir bar was added N -palmitoyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (0.75 g, 1 eq.). The flask waε fitted with a septum and dry dimethylacetamide (DMA, 32 mL) and dry pyridine (16 mL) were added via cannula, with swirling and stirring. The flask waε purged with argon gaε , the slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice bath, and palmitoyl chloride (1.1 eq.) was added dropwise over 5 min. The mixture was allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 ° C. After 88 h, the mixture was again cooled and 0.8 eq. more of palmitoyl chloride was added; the mixture waε again allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 ° C. After 5 h, the mixture was poured into 200 mL of 0.5 M potassium bicarbonate solution giving a white solid which waε isolated by suction filtration, washed with 3 x 30 L H 2 0, air dried, and finally dried under high vacuum giving a white powder. This crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel bed, eluted with chioroform- methanol ) giving a white powder. *H-NMR and elemental analysis data were consistent with the asεigned structure. Example 34: Synthesis of 5 '-0-palmitoyl-N 2 -isobutyryl-2 '- deoxyguanoεine To an oven-dried 100 L round-bottomed flask containing a stir bar was added N 2 -isobutyryl-2 '-deoxyguanosine (0.75 g, 1 eq.). The flask was fitted with a septum and dry dimethylacetamide (DMA, 32 L) and dry pyridine (16 mL) were added via cannula, with swirling and stirring. The flask was purged with argon gas, the slurry was allowed to cool 10 min. in an ice bath, and palmitoyl chloride (2.5 eq.) was added dropwise over 5 min. The mixture waε allowed to stir while it slowly warmed to 25 °C. After 24 h, the mixture was poured into 200 mL of 0.5 M potassium bicarbonate solution giving a white solid which waε isolated by suction filtration, washed with 3 x 30 L H 2 0, air dried, and finally dried under high vacuum giving a white powder. This crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel bed, eluted with chloroform- ethanol ) giving a white powder. X H-NMR and elemental analyεis data were consistent with the asεigned structure . Example 35: Synthesis of 3', 5'-0-N 2 -trioleyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine 1 g of 2 '-deoxyguanosine and 15 ml of dry N'N'- dimethyl for amide were added to a 100 ml dry round bottom flask. Diethylformamide was removed by two successive evaporations using a rotovap apparatus to obtain dry 2'- deoxyguanosine. 0.56 g (2mM) of the dry 2 '-deoxyguanoεine was added to a 100ml round bottom flaεk fitted with a reflux condenser and 10ml of dry dimethylformamide was added. 3 ml of dry pyridine and 3.27 g. (6mM) palmitic anhydride were then added and the the reaction mixture was refluxed in an oil bath for 6 hr. The mixture was then allowed to cool at room temperature, and the dimethylformamide and pyridine were removed by rotary evaporation. Ice water was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture waε extracted twice with 30 ml chloroform, after which the chloroform extracts were washed twice with (saturated) NaHC0 3 and water (25 ml). The chloroform extract was then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated. The reεulting residue waε purified by column chromatography on silica gel (230-240 mesh) with chloroform : methanol (93:2) as solvent (1.5 liters). Fractions containing material with identical Rf values were pooled and concentrated, and the reεulting material further purified by preparative TLC (silica gel, 0.5 mm, fluorescent) in chlcrofcrm-methanc (9:1). Material with an Rf value of 0.639 waε iεolated. X H-NMR and elemental analysis data agreed with the aεεigned εtructure. Example 36: Synthesis of 3 ' , 5 '-0-N 2 -tristearoyl-2 '- deoxyguanoεine 1 g of 2 '-deoxyguanosine and 15 ml of dry N'N'- dimethyl formamide were added to a 100 ml dry round bottom flask. Diethylformamide was removed by two successive evaporations using a rotovap apparatus to obtain dry 2'- deoxyguanoεine . 0.56 g (2mM) of the dry 2 '-deoxyguanosine was added to a lOO round bottom flask fitted with a reflux condenser and 10ml of dry dimethylformamide was added. 3 ml of dry pyridine and 3.3 g. (6m ) palmitic anhydride were then added and the the reaction mixture was refluxed in an oil bath for 6 hr. The mixture waε then allowed to cool at room temperature, and the dimethylformamide and pyridine were removed by rotary evaporation. Ice water waε added and the reεulting mixture waε εtirred for 15 inuteε. The reεidue waε filtered uεing a Buchner funnel and waεhed three times with water (30 ml portions). The residue waε then tranεferred to a 100 ml beaker containing 40 to 50 ml dry ether, stirred for 5 to 7 minutes, isolated by filtration, and waεhed three timeε with ether (25 ml portions). The reεulting compound waε purified by column chromatography on silica gel (230-240 mesh) with chloroform : methanol (98:2) aε solvent (1.5 liters). Fractions containing material with identical Rf valueε were pooled and concentrated, and the resulting material further purified by preparative TLC (silica gel, C.5 mm, fluorescent) in chlorofcrm-methano (9:1). Material with an Rf value of 0.689 was isolated. 1 K-NMR and elemental analyεiε data agreed with the aεsigned structure. The following examples demonεtrate the benefitε of the compounds of the invention in. vivo. Example 37: Guanosine and guanine improve hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was adminis¬ tered to 30 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 6 days, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls), guanine (5 μmoles/mouse/day) , or guanosine (5 μmoles/mouse/day) . On day 7 all 10 mice in each of the three groupε were bled, and then εacrificed by cervical diεlocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Treatment with either guanine or guanosine resulted in significantly heavier spleens than in saline-treated controls (Figure 1). Likewise, treatment with guanine or guanosine also resulted in significantly more peripheral total white blood cells and neutrophils (Figures 2 and 3, respectively). Thus, treatment of mice with guanine or guanoεine following CP damage clearly accelerateε the regeneration of myelopoiesis. Example 38: Effect of guanosine acyl substituent chain length on hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was ad¬ ministered to 70 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 6 days, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p injection of either physiological saline (controls), Tween 80 (0.2%), guanosine (5 μmoles/mouse/day in 0.2% Tween 80), or 2.5 μmoles per mouse per day of one of the following acylated derivatives of guanosine in 0.2% Tween 80: triacetylguanosine, octanoylguanosine, lauroylguanoεine, or palmitoylguanosme. On day 7 following CP administration all 10 animals from each of the 7 groups were bled, and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood counts performed. No significant difference in spleen weight was seen between the groups treated with saline, Tween 80, or non- acylated guanosine. However, treatment of mice with acetylguanosine, octanoylguanoεine, laurolyguanbsine, or palmitoylguanosme resulted in significantly larger spleens c -. day 7 compared to the controls (Figure 4). In this and subsequent examples, treatment with acylated oxypurine nucleosides or their congeners occasionally produced a transient reduction (approximately 10 %) in erythrocyte counts. Treatment with any and all of these compounds resulted in significantly elevated white blood cell (WBC) counts. However, the greater the chain lengtn of the acyl group, the greater the effect on WBC count within the selection of compounds tested in this experiment. In this experiment, treatment with palmitoylguanosme had the greatest effect on total WBC counts (Figure 5); a similar relationship between acyl radical chain length and amplitude of hematopoietic response waε also observed with total neutrophil counts (Figure 6). Example 39: Palmitoylguanosme improves survival of irradiated mice Thirty female Balb/C mice weighing 20 grams each were irradiated with Cobalt 60 gamma radiation at a dose rate of 7.3 Rads per minute. The total dose was either 700, 725, or 750 Rads. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 6 days, these mice received an i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls) or 50 mg/kg of palmitoylguanoεine. The number of animals surviving in each group was observed over a 30 day period. As is shown in Table 1, all of the irradiated mice treated with saline died during the 30 day observation period, even at the lowest radiation dose. In marked contrast, all of the mice treated with palmitoylguanosme survived. (Mice treated with palmitoylguanoεine were only teεted at the 2 higher doεeε of radiation.) Therefore, treatment of mice with palmitoylguanoεine following irradiation dramatically increaεeε εurvival. Pretreatment of mice with palmitoylguanoεine prior to irradiation alεo improved εurvival. Table 1 Radiation Dose Treatment 700 R 725 R 750 R Saline (control) 0/10 0/5 0/5 Palmitoylguanosme 5/5 5/5 Values indicate number of mice surviving 30 days after irradiation over number of mice irradiated. Example 40: Palmitoylguanosme increases colony forming units in bone marrow of mice recovering from cyclophoεphamide treatment Seventy-two Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each were given cyclophoεphamide (275 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Twenty-four hourε later and each day thereafter, mice received a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either phyεiological saline (control) or palmitoylguanosme (2.5 μmoles/mouse/day in 0.2% Tween 80) . On days 3, 5, 7, and 10 following CP adminiεtration 6 animalε from each group were εacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the left femur of each animal obtained by sterile means. The bone marrow cells were then flushed from the femurε with McCoy's 5a Modified medium using a 23-gauge needle. Cells from femurs in the εame group were pooled, diεperεed by briefly vortexing, and counted uεing a hemocytometer. Cell suspensions were added to McCoy's Modified 5a medium containing 15% bovine calf serum, lx Kanamycin, 0.3% agar, and 3% endotoxin-sti ulated serum. The suspensions were then plated at a density of 1.2 x 10 s cells/ml, except on day 3 when, due to lower cell counts at that time point, the plating density waε 1.0 x 10 5 . Each group waε plated in quintuplicate . After 7 dayε in culture (at 37° in 5% CG 2 and humidified air) aggregates of 50 ceils or more ("colonies") were counted uεing a dissecting microscope at 25x. At each time point the number of colonies observed per femur from the palmitoylguanosine-treated mice was significantly greater than the number from the saline-treated group (Figure 7 and Table 2. The greatest difference between the groups was seen on day 5. Table 2 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 10 Saline (control) 460±22 714±63 949±61 253±18 Palmitoylguanosme 645±26 2327±121 1328±140 647125 Valueε indicate number cf cclcny-fcr ing units per femur in mice at various times after administration cf cyclophosphamide Example 41: Effect of timing cf palmitoylguanoεine adminiεtration on hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was ad¬ ministered to 81 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later treatment was begun. Mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls), Tween 80 (0.2%), or palmitoylguanoεine (5 μmoles/mouεe/day in 0.2% Tween 8 ~ 0 ) . The timing of the treatmentε was varied within the groupε . The control group waε given εaline on dayε 1-6. The mice receiving Tween 80 were treated either on dayε 1-4, 4-6 or 1-6. Pal itoylguanosine-treated mice were treated either on days 1-2, 1-4, 3-5, 4-6 or 1-6. If a group of mice received no Tween 80 or palmitoylguanosine on a given day, saline was administered by i.p. injection. Thus, there were 9 groups of 9 animals in all. On day 7 following CP administration ail of the animals were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dis¬ location. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell countε performed. Spleen weight waε elevated compared to saline controls in all of the treatment groups except those receiving Tween 80 on dayε 1-4 only (Figure 8) . Adminiεtration of palmitoylguanoεine for any cf the time periodε tested, including only treating on days 1 and 2, resulted in significantly greater spleen weight compared to the controls (also Figure 8) . In addition, treatment with palmitoylguanosme (for any period of time) resulted in larger spleens than in mice treated only with Tween 80. Treatment with palmitoylguanosme on days 1-4 or 1-6 had the greatest effect on spleen weight. Total white blood cell (WBC) counts were significantly greater in each of the groups receiving pal itoylyguanosine than in saline controls (Figure 9). Further, WBC countε from all of the pal itoylguanoεine-treated mice, except thoεe treated only on days 4-6, were significantly greater than in mice treated with Tween 80 for any period of time. The greatest effect waε seen in mice treated on days 1-6 with palmitoylguanoεine. The number of WBC counts in thiε group waε also significantly greater than any of the other palmitoylguanosine-treated groupε . The pattern of reεultε relative to WBC'ε was mirrored by the neutrophil data (Figure 10), in which treatment with palmitoylguanoεine on dayε 1-6 resulted in the greatest increase in total neutrophil counts. Treatment with palmitoylguanosme on only days 1 and 2 caused a significant increase in total neutrophils compared to either saline controls or Tween 80-treated mice. Lymphocyte counts were net affected by treatment with Tween 80 (or saline) for any period cf time. Only treatment with palmitoylguanoεine on dayε 1-2 or 1-6 (again the greatest effect) resulted in elevated lymphocyte counts (Figure 11 ) . Example 42: Palmitoylguanosme improves hematopoietic recovery after 5-flucrouracil 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (150 mg/kg, i.p.) waε ad- miniεtered to forty Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 8 days, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls) or 5 '-0-palmitoylguanoεine (2.5 μmoles/mouse/day in 0.2% Tween 80). On days 7 and 14 following 5-FU administration half of the animals from each group were bled and then were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cells counts performed. On day 7 a slight, but statistically significant, increase in spleen weight was observed in the group treated with palmitoylguanosme (Figure 12). No ether differences were seen between control and treated animals en day 7. Or. dav 14, however, tnose animals that received palmitoylguanosme had significantly higher numbers of total leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and platelets, in addition to having significantly heavier spleens (Figures 13-15) . Rvample 43: Palmitoylguanosme improves hematopoietic recovery after 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (150 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to fifty-four Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 7 days, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls) or palmitoylguanosme (2.5 μ oleε/mouse/day in 0.2% Tween 80). On dayε 8, 10 and 12 following administration of 5-FU nine animals from each group were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. On day 8 the number of platelets in the blood samples from the mice treated with palmitoylguanosme was significantly greater than the number in the control group (Figure 16). No other statistically significant differences between the groups were seen on day 8. On day 10, in addition to greater numbers of platelets in the treated group, the spleens from the mice receiving palmitoylguanosme were also significantly larger than those receiving only saline (Figure 17). On day 12, the spleen weight of the animals in the treated group waε more than double that of the control mice, and the number of neutrophilε in the blood of the treated group was 3-fold greater than in the control εamples (Figures 17 and 18). The white blood cell count is also shown (Figure 19). Example 44: Palmitoyldeoxyinosine and palmitoylguanosme enhance hematopoieεiε in normal mice Normal, otherwiεe untreated, female Balb/C mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each received a total of 4 or 9 0.4 ml intraperitoneal injections (one per day) of either Tween-30 (0.2%) (controls), palmitoylguanoεine (2.5 μmoleε/mouse/day), or palmitoyldeoxyinosine (2.5 μ oleε/mouεe/day) . Twenty-four hourε after the 4th or 9th treatment, groups of 5 or 6 animals from each of the 3 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weights on day 5 were significantly greater in the mice treated with palmitoylguanosme and palmitoyldeoxyinosine than in those treated with saline (Figure 20). On day 10, spleen weights , -total leukocyte countε, and neutrophil counts were all significantly greater in the mice treated with palmitoyldeoxyinosine than in the Tween 80 controls (Figures 20-22). Total leukocyte counts were also significantly elevated compared to controls in the mice treated with palmitoylguanoεine. Example 45: Dose-response for octanoylguanosine in improving hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) waε ad¬ ministered to 45 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 6 days, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls), Tween 80 (0.5%), or one of three different doses of octanoylguanosine (0.5, 2.5, or 5 μmoles/mouεe/day in 0.5% Tween 80). On day 7 following CP administration all 9 animals from each of the 5 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Treatment of these CP-compromised mice with Tween 80 resulted in some increase in the mean spleen weight, but treatment with octanoylguanosine at each of the three doses tested resulted in significantly larger spleens than in controls and larger than in Tween 80-treated mice (Figure 23). Mice treated with the highest dose of octanoylguanosine (10 μmoles) had the largest spleens (data not shown). More importantly, the total number of leukocytes and the total number of neutrophils was εignificantly increaεed above control valueε in a dose-dependent manner (Figures 24 and 25). The middle dose of octanoylguanosine (2.5 μmoles) waε, however, nearly aε effective aε the highest dose in accelerating the regeneration of hematopoiesis. Example 46: Hiεtological examination of spleens from mice treated with octanoylguanosine after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was ad¬ ministered to 30 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 6 dayε, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls) , Tween 80 (0.5%), or octanoylguanosine (5.0 μmoles/mouse/day in 0.5% Tween 80). On day 7 following CP adminiεtration all 10 animals from each of the 3 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed, weighed, and fixed in 10% formalin for later histological examination. Complete blood cell counts were performed on the collected blood. Treatment of mice with Tween 80 alone resulted in a modest increase in spleen weight compared to saline-treated controls. However, treatment with octanoylguanosine resulted in spleen weights significantly greater than those in either saline-treated controls or Tween 80-treated mice (Figure 26). Histological examination of the spleens revealed histologically normal tissue in all treatment groups and much greater lymphopoiesiε (increaεed white pulp) and myelopoiesis (increased red pulp) in the spleens of the octanoylguanoεine- treated mice compared to the εaline-treated controlε and thcεe treated with Tween 80 (Figure 27) . Theεe observations indicate that octanoylguanosine treatment of CP-compromised mice accelerates both myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, at least at the level of the soleen. Treatment of mice with octanoylguanosine also clearly resulted in significantly greater numbers of peripheral white blood cells (WBC) and neutrophils than seen in either control or Tween 80-treated mice (Figureε 28 and 29, reεpectively) . Example 47: Benzoylguanosine improves hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophoεphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was adminis¬ tered to 43 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 6 days, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controlε), benzoylguanosine (2.5 μmoles/mouse/day in 0.2% Tween 80), or palmitoylguanosme (2.5 μmoleε/mouse/day in 0.2% Tween 80). On dayε 7 and 10 following CP administration 8 animalε from each of the 3 groupε were bled and then were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. On day 7 total white blood cells, neutrophils, and spleen weight were significantly elevated compared to controls in both the benzoylguanosine-treated and palmitoylguanosine- treated mice (Figureε 30-32, reεpectively). There were no statistically significant differences between these two treatment groups. On day 10 platelet number in bcth of the acylated guanosine groups waε significantly greater than in the control group (Figure 33). Example 48: Palmitoylxanthosine and palmitoyldeoxyinosine improve hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) .was ad¬ ministered to 36 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 4 or 6 dayε, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls), palmitoyldeoxyinosine (2.5 μmoles/mouεe) , or palmitoyl¬ xanthosine (2.5 μmoleε/ cuse) . On dayε 5 and 7 following CP administration 6 of the 12 animals in each of the 3 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight, total leukocyte counts, and neutrophil countε were significantly elevated at day 5 in the group treated with palmitoyldeoxyinosine compared to controlε (Figureε 34, 35, and 36, respectively). Total leukocyte countε and neutrophil countε were significantly elevated compared to those in mice treated with palmitoylxanthosine aε well at this time point. On day 7 following CP administration spleen weight, total leukocytes, and neutrophilε were significantly increased compared to controls in both the palmitoylxanthosine-treated and pal itoyldeoxyinoεine-treated groups (Figures 34, 35, and 36). Example 49: Palmitoylinosine improves hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was ad¬ ministered to 48 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 6 days, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either phyεiological saline (controls), octanoylguanosine (2.5 μmoles/mouse) , lauroylguanosine (2.5 μmoles/mouse) , palmitoylguanosme (2.5 μmoles/mouse) , palmitoylinosine (2.5 μmoles/mouse), or palmitoylxanthosine (2.5 μmoles/mouse). On day 7 following CP administration the 3 animals in each of the 6 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight, total leukocyte counts, and neutrophil counts were significantly elevated in each of the 5 treatment groups compared to controls (Figures 37, 38, and 39, respectively). No statistically significant differences were seen comparing the five treatment groups at this time point. Example 50: Acyl derivatives of oxypurine nucleoside congeners improve hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) waε adminiεtered to 96 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection cf either Tween-80 (0.2%) (controls), palmitoyldeoxyguanosine (2 μmoleε/mouεe) , palmitoyldeoxyinoεine (2 μmcles/ ouεe) , palmitoylacyclovir (2 μmoles/mouεe) , palmitoylarabinoεylguanine (2 μmoles/mouse) , palmitoylarabinosylhypoxanthine (2 μmoles/mcuεe) , monopalmitoylguanoεine 2 ', 3 '-acyclic dialcohol (2 μmoles/mouse), and palmitoyl-8-thioguanosine (2 μmoles/mouse) . On days 5 and 7 following CP administration 6 animalε in each of the 8 groupε were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. In all three figures (40-42) asεociated with thiε example the following abbreviationε are uεed: Tw = Tween-80 ACV = palmitoylacyclovir AHx = pal itoylarabinosylhypoxanthine 8TG = palmitoyl-8-thioguanosine PdG = palmitoyldeoxyguanosine AG = palmitoylarabinosylguanine dl = palmitoyldeoxyinosine ACG = monopalmitoylguanoεine 2 ', '-acyclic dialcohol The total neutrophil counts were significantly elevated compared to controlε on dayε 5 and 7 in all 8 treatment groupε (Figure 40 ) . The white blood cell count was significantly elevated compared to controls in all but one treatment group (1-0- palmitoylacyclovir) on day 5 and in all 3 treatment groupε on day 7 (Figure 41 ) . Spleen weight waε significantly elevated compared to controls on day 5 in the following groups: monopalmitoylguanosine 2 ', 3 '-acyclic dialcohol, palmitoyldeoxyinosine, palmitoylguanosme . It was significantly elevated on day 7 in all treatment groups except palmitoylarabinosylguanine and palmitoylarabinoεylhypoxanthine (Figure 42) . Example 51: Acyl derivativeε of deoxyguanosine improve hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophoεphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) waε adminiεtered to 83 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either Tween-30 (0.2%) (controlε), 3 '-O-palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine (2 μmoles/mouse), butyryldeoxyguanosine (2 μmoles/mouse), palmitoyl-N- isobutyryldeoxyguanosine (2 μmoles/mouse), lauryldeoxyguanosine (2 μmoleε/mouse) , octanoyldeoxyguanosine (2 μmoles/mouse) , and palmitoyldeoxyguanosine (2 μmoles/mouse). On days 5 and 7 following CP administration 6 or 7 animals in each of the 7 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell countε performed. Spleen weight and total neutrophil countε were significantly elevated compared to controls on day 5 in the following groups: '-O-palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine, palmitoyl-N- iεobutyryldeoxyguanoεine , and palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine (Figures 43 and 44). On day 7 spleen weight and total neutrophil counts were significantly elevated relative to controls in all of the treatment groups. White blood cell counts were significantly elevated on day 5 in the palmitoyldeoxyguanosine groupε. On day 7 white blood cell counts were significantly elevated compared to controls in all of the treatment groups (Figure 45). Example 52: Dose-response characteristics of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine in improving hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to 85 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls), or palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at one of four different doses: 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 or 2.0 μmoles/mouse) . On dayε 5 and 7 following CP adminiεtration 9 and 8 animalε, respectively, in each of the 5 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight, white blood cell counts, and total neutrophil counts were significantly elevated compared to controlε on day 5 and day 7 in all 4 of the treatment groupε except at the lowest dose (0.2) of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine on day 5 (Figures 46, 47, and 43) . A clear dose-reεponεe trend was seen, with increasing doses yielding heavier spleens and greater cell counts. Example 53: Comparative dose-response characteristics of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine and palmitoylguanosme in improving hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to 96 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls) , palmitoylguanoεine at one of four different doεeε: 0.2, 0.4, 1.0 or 2.0 μ cleε/mouεe) , or palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at a dose of 1.0 μmoles/mouse. On days 5 and 7 following CP administration 8 animals from each of the 6 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight, white blood cell countε, and total neutrophil counts were significantly elevated compared to controls on day 5 at the highest tested dose (2.0 μ oles/mouse) of palmitoylguanosme and in the palmitoyldeoxyguanosine group (Figures 49, 50, and 51). Palmitoylguanosme at a dose of 1.0 μmoles/mouse also significantly increased total neutrophil counts on day 5. On day 7 spleen weight, white blood cell counts, and total neutrophil counts were εignificantly elevated compared to controls in the groups receiving 1.0 and 2.0 μmoles/mouεe of palmitoylguanoεine and in the palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine group. A clear dose-response trend was εeen, with increaεing doεes of pal itolyguanoεine yielding heavier spleens and greater cell counts. Palmitoyldeoxyguanosine appeared to be more potent in elevating theεe parameters than the same or even a 2-fold greater doεe of palmitoylguanosme. Example 54: Dose-response characteristics of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine in improving hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to 112 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls), or palmitoyldeoxyguancεine at one of εix different doεeε: 0.04, 0.03, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 μmoles/mouse. On days 5 and 7 following CP administration 8 animals from each of the 7 groupε were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight was significantly elevated compared to controls on day 5 in all of the palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine groupε receiving doses of 0.2 μmoles/mouse or greater, and on day 7 in all of the groups except those receiving a dose of only 0.04 μmoleε/mouse (Figure 52). White blood ceil counts were εignificantly elevated compared to controlε on day 5 in all of the palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine groupε receiving doεeε of 0.4 μmoles/mouse or greater (Figure 53). On day 7 statistically significant differences were seen at all doεes. Total neutrophil counts were significantly elevated relative to controls on both dayε 5 and 7 at all 6 doεeε tested (Figure 54). A clear dose-response relationship was seen, with increasing doseε yielding heavier spleens and greater cell counts. Example 55: Palmitoyldeoxyguanosine improves recovery of neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte countε in rats after cyclophoεphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (40 mg/kg, i.p.) waε administered to 16 F344 male rats weighing approximately 200 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter ratε were given a 0.5 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controlε) , or palmitoyldeoxyguanosine at a dose of 10 μmoles/rat. On days 5, 7 and 10 following CP administration all 8 animals from both groupε were bled and complete blood cell counts performed. On day 10 all of the ratε were sacrificed and their spleens removed and weighed. White blood cell counts and total neutrophil counts were significantly elevated in the palmitoyldeoxyguanosine-treated rats compared to those in εaline controlε at all three time pointε (Figureε 55 and 56) . Platelets and lymphocytes were significantly elevated at day 10 in the palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine treated group (Figures 57 and 53) . Spleen weight of the treated ratε waε significantly elevated compared to controls. These resultε in rats confirm and extend the above-noted findings in mice that acylated derivatives of the purine nucleosides dramatically improve hematopoietic recovery following chemical damage. Particularly notable in this experiment iε the perεistence of increased leukocyte counts after discontinuation of treatment with palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine. Example 56: Acyl derivativeε of oxypurine nucleoεide congenerε enhance hematopoiesis in normal mice Normal Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each were given a daily 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls), palmitoylguanosme (2.6 μmoles/mouse), palmitoyldeoxyguanosine (2.6 μmoles/mouse), monopalmitoylguanoεine 2 ', 3 '-acyclic dialcohol (2.6 μmoles/mcuse) , and palmitoyl-8-bromoguanosine (2.6 μmoles/mouse) for 4 days. On the fifth day all 3 animals in each of the 5 groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Femoral bone marrow from each mouse was collected and a differential cell count performed on marrow smears . In each of the figures associated with this example (59-61) the following abbreviations are uεed: P8BG = palmitoyl-8-bromoguanosine PG-Cl = monopalmitoylguanosine 2 ', 3 '-acyclic dialcohol PG = palmitoylguanosme PdG = palmitoyldeoxyguanosine Spleen weight was εignificantly elevated compared to controlε in the following groups: palmitoylguanoεine 2 ',3'- acyclic dialcohol, palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, and palmitoylguanoεine (Figure 59). Platelet counts were significantly elevated in the all of the treatment groupε except palmitoylguanoεine 2 ', 3 '-acyclic dialcohol (Figure 60). The number of yelocyteε (obligatory neutrophil precurεorε ) waε alεo εignificantly greater than controls in the monopalmitoylguanosine 2 ', 3 '-acyclic dialcohol, palmitoyldeoxyguanosine, and palmitoyl-3-bromoguanosine groups (Figure 61 ) . These results show the efficacy of several of the specified compounds in positively modifying hematopoiesis in normal animals. The evidence clearly shows that these compounds are effective at the level of the bone marrow. Example 57: Pretreatment of mice with palmitoyldeoxyguanosine improves hematopoietic recovery from fluorouracil Twenty-eight female Balb/C mice weighing approximately 20 grams each received a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controlε), or palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine (1 μmole/mouεe) daily for three dayε. On the fourth day 5-flourouracil (5-FU) (150 mg/kg, i.p.) waε administered to all 28 of the animals. On days 5, 8 and 11 following 5-FU administration 4 (day 5 ) or 5 (days 8 and 11) animals from both groupε were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell countε performed. On day 5 platelet counts were significantly elevated in the treated group compared to those in the control group. On day 8 spleen weight, platelet counts, and total neutrophil countε were significantly higher in the group pre-treated with palmitoyldeoxyguanosine. On day 11 those animals pre-treated with palmitoyldeoxyguanosine had significantly higher spleen weights, total white blood cell counts, platelet counts, total neutrophil counts and lymphocyte counts compared to the saline controls (Figures 62, 63, 64, and 65). These results show that pretreatment of an animal with palmitoyldeoxyguanosine dramatically ameliorates the effects of 5-FU on the immune system and blood cell counts. Example 58: Tween 80 enhances hematopoietic recovery after cyclophoεphamide and enhances effect of octanoylguanosine Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was ad¬ ministered to 45 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 grams each. Twenty-four hours later and each day thereafter for a total of 6 days, mice were divided into seven groups and given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls), Tween 80 at each of three concentrations (0.02%, 0.2% and 1%) or octanoylguanosine (50 g/kg/dose) in three different concentrations of Tween 80 (0.02%, 0.2% and 1%). On day 7 following CP adminiεtration all 9 animalε from each of the 5 groupε were bled and then εacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Seven days after adminiεtration of cyclophoεphamide, neutrophil counts were elevated in all of the treatment groups compared to mice that received saline alone after cyclophosphamide, and were significantly different from controls in those mice treated with 1.0% Tween alone, and with octanoylguanosine in 0.02% and 0.2% Tween 80 (Figure 66). Neutrophil counts in animals receiving 50 mg/kg octanoylguanosine in 0.2% Tween SO were εignificantly higher than in animalε receiving the εame doεe of octanoylguanosine in 0.02% Tween 80. A variety of other nonionic surfactants, including Tween 20, Tween 40, Nonidet P-40, Brij 96, Triton X-100, also enhanced the recovery of blood cell counts in mice treated with cyclophoεphamide. Example 59: Palmitoyl-3-aminoguanosine enhances hematopoietic recovery after cyclophosphamide Cyclophosphamide (CP) (275 mg/kg, i.p.) was adminis- tered to 28 Balb/C female mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each. Twenty-four hours later and each day for 4 dayε thereafter, mice were given a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either physiological saline (controls) or palmitoyl-3-arainoguanosine (25 mg/kg/day in 0.2% Tween SO). On dayε 5 and 7 following CP administration 7 animalε from each of the 2 groups were bled and then were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. On days 5 and 7, neutrophils, and spleen weight were significantly elevated compared to controls in the mice treated with palmitoyl-8-aminoguanosine (Figureε 67-68, reεpectively) . Example 60: N 2 -Palmitoylguanine improveε spleen, platelet and leukocyte recovery when administered before 5-fluorouracil Twelve female Balb/C mice weighing approximately 20 grams each received a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either N- palmitoylguanine (25 mg/kg/treatment) in a Tween-DMSO vehicle (0.2% Tween-80 and 7.5% DMSO in saline) or vehicle alone one time daily for three days. On the fourth day 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 150 mg/kg, i.p.) waε administered to all twelve animalε. On day 7 following 5-FU administration all twelve of these animals were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Six untreated mice were also bled and sacrificed to provide data on normal (basal) values. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight, white blood cell counts, platelet counts, and lymphocyte counts were all significantly higher in those animals pretreated with N-palmitoylguanine than in those animals (controlε) pretreated with vehicle alone (Table 3). 1 3 " Table 3. Effect of N 2 -Palmitoylguanine on blood cell counts 7 dayε after 5-FU Spleen WBC Lymphocytes Platelets Basal 96±4 mg 6.1±.2 4.4±.4 834±45 5FU (Control) 64±3 2.8±.3 2.8±.3 407±52 5FU + NPG 79±3 * 4.6±.5 * 4.5±.5 * 787±72 * All blood cell count units are K/μl * = greater than control (5FU alone) P<.01 Example 61: N -Palmitoylguanine improves spleen and leukocyte recovery when administered after cyclophosphamide Twelve female Balb/C mice weighing approximately 20 grams each received a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either N- pal itoylguanine (25 mg/kg/treatment) in a Tween-DMSO vehicle (0.2% Tween-80 and 7.5% DMSO in saline) or vehicle alone one time daily for five dayε following a single injection of cyclophosphamide (CP) (250 mg/kg, i.p.). On day 7 following CP administration all twelve of these animals were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Six untreated mice were also bled and sacrificed to provide data on normal (basal) valueε. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight, white blood cell counts, and neutrophil counts were all significantly higher in those animals treated with N-palmitoylguanine than in mice treated with vehicle alone (controls). These data are presented in Table 4. Platelet counts in the N-palmitoylguanine-treated mice were also elevated compared to thoεe in controls animalε, but did not reach statistical significance largely due to variability in the control group. Table . Effect of N 2 -Palmitoylguanine on blood cell counts 7 days after Cyclophosphamide Spleen WBC _ Neutrophils Platelets Basal 96±4 mg 6.1±.2 1.41.1 834145 CP (Control) 5017 2.91.6 1.41.3 6501100 CP + NPG 145113 * 7.31.6 * 5.51.5 * 7741734 All blood cell count units are K/μl * = greater than control (CP alone) P<.01 Example 62: Tripalmitoyl- and dipalmitoyl-deoxyguanosine improve hematopoietic recovery when administered after cyclophoεphamide Thirty-six female Balb/C mice weighing approximately 20 grams each received a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either 3 ',5'- 0-N -tripalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanoεine (triPdG) at a doεe of 25 mg/kg/treatment or 3 ', 5'-O-dipalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine (diPdG) at a dose that waε the molar equivalent of 25 mg/kg tripalmitoylgdeoxyguanoεine, in a Tween-DMSO vehicle (0.2% Tween-30 and 7.5% DMSO in saline) or vehicle alone one time daily for five days following a single injection of cyclophosphamide (CP) (250 mg/kg, i.p.). On days 5 and 7 following CP administration six animals from each of these three groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Six untreated mice were also bled and sacrificed to provide data on normal (basal) values. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight and total neutrophil counts were significantly elevated in both treatment groups compared to those in the vehicle controls on day 5 (Table 5). Mice treated with triPdG also had significantly greater white blood cell counts than the controls at the same time point. On day 7, spleen weight, white blood cell countε, and total neutrophil countε in both the diPdG- and triPdG-treated animalε were significantly increased over those in the control mice (Table 6) . Platelet counts were also significantly greater than control values at day 7 in mice receiving the triPdG treatment. Table 5. Effect of Dipalmitoyldeoxyguanosme and Tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine on blood cell counts 5 days after Cyclophosphamide Spleen WBC Neutrophils Basal 10014 mg 6.11.2 1.51.2 CP (Control) 3512 1.41.1 .031.02 CP + TriPdG 7717 * 4.11.4 * 2.51.3 * CP + DiPdG 4411 * 1.51.2 0.51.1 * All blood cell count units are K/μl * = greater than control (CP alone) P<.01 Table 6. Effect of Dipalmitoyldeoxyguanosme and Tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine on blood cell counts 7 days after Cyclophosphamide Spleen WBC Neutrophils Platelets Basal 10014 mg 7.61.4 1.51.2 784158 CP (Control) 5513 5.01.3 2.31.3 455122 CP + TriPdG 156112 * 13.41.4 * 9.91.9 * 549125 * CP + DiPdG 9917 * 8.41.7 * 6.71.7 * 432115 All blood cell count units are K/μl * = greater than control (CP alone) P<.01 Example 63: Acylated derivatives of deoxyguanosine improve hematopoietic recovery when administered after cyclophosphamide Fifty-eight female Balb-C mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each received a single injection of cyclophosphamide (250 mg/kg, i.p.), and were then distributed into a vehicle control group (0.2% Tween-80 + 7.5% DMSO in saline; n=12) or one of five treatment groups: TriPdG - 3 ', 5 '-0-N 2 -tripalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine n=10 TriOdG - 3 ', 5 '-0-N 2 -trioleyl-2 '-deoxyguanoεine n=3 TriSdG - 3 ', 5 '-0-N 2 -tristearyl-2 '-deoxyguanoεine n=3 DiPdG - 5'-0-N 2 -dipalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine n=10 NIbuPdG - N 2 -iεobutyryl-5 '-O-palmitoyl-2'-deoxyguanoεine n=10 Vehicle or treatment agentε were administered to mice once daily for five days at a volume of 0.4 ml by i.p. injection. TriPdG was given at a dose of 25 mg/kg/treatment. The other four agents were given in doseε that are the molar equivalent of 25 mg/kg/treatment of TriPdG. On dayε 5 and 7 following CP administration half of the animals from each of the six groups were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Five untreated mice were also bled and sacrificed to provide data on normal (basal) values. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. Spleen weight, white blood, cell counts, platelet counts, and neutrophil counts were significantly greater in the mice treated with triPdG ( 3 ', 5 '-0-N 2 -tripalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine) than in the vehicle control animals at the day 5 time point (Table 7). The spleen weight of animals treated with diPdG ( 5'-0-N 2 -dipalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine) was also significantly greater than that of controls at day 5. By day 7 following CP administration, each of the five treatment agents, when compared to control values, had significantly improved at least two parameters of hematopoietic recovery (Table 8). TriOdG (3',5'-0-N 2 - trioleyl-2 'deoxyguanoεine) increaεed both platelet and lymphocyte countε, while NIbuPdG (N 2 -isobutyryl-5'-0- palmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine) significantly improved spleen weight and platelet counts. TriPdG, TriSdG (3',5'-0-N 2 - triεtearyl-2 '-deoxyguanoεine) , and DiPdG (5'-0-N 2 - dipalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanoεine) all εignificantly increaεed spleen weight, white blood cell counts and total neutrophil counts compared to control valueε. TriPdG also εignificantly increased platelet counts. Table 7. Effect of acyl derivatives of deoxyguanosine on blood cell counts 5 days after Cyclophosphamide Spleen WBC Neutrophils Platelets Basal 11715 mg 10.51.5 1.81.5 1041165 CP (Control) 3312 1.51.3 .0021.002 602119 CP + TriPdG 7313 * 3.61.4 * 0.61.1 * 330119 CP + DiPdG 3912 * 1.61.2 .461.03 * 527115 All blood cell count units are K/μl * = greater than control (CP alone) P<.01 Table 8. Effect of acyl derivatives of deoxyguanosine on blood cell counts 7 days after Cyclophosphamide Spleen WBC Neutrophils Platelets Basal 11715 mg 10.51.5 1.81.5 1041165 CP (Control) 5314 4.21.4 2.31.25 562125 CP + TriPdG 198123 * 3.61.4 * 7.31.3 * 674137 * CP + DiPdG 7715 * 7.61.6 * 5.81.6 * 562117 CP + TriOdG 5915 5.21.4 2.71.4 741154 * CP + TriSdG 8519 * 7.61.4 * 5.41.5 * 493127 CP + NibuPdG 6916 * 4.41.5 2.21.5 649123 * All blood cell count units are K/μl * = greater than control (CP alone) P<.01 Example 64: N-isobutyryldeoxyguanoεine improves hematopoietic recovery when administered after cyclophosphamide Fourteen female Balb/C mice weighing approximately 20 gramε each received a 0.4 ml i.p. injection of either N- isobutyryldeoxyguanoεine (50 mg/kg/treatment) in a Tween vehicle (0.2% Tween-30 in εaline) or vehicle alone one time daily for five dayε following a single injection of cyclophoεphamide (CP) (250 mg/kg, i.p.). On day 7 following CP adminiεtration all fourteen animals were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Spleens were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell counts performed. N-isobutyryldeoxyguanosine significantly accelerated hematopoietic recovery from cyclophosphamide damage when compared to controls. Spleen weight (116.3 1 8.0 vs. 72.7 1 2.7, p<.001), white blood cell countε (8.9 1 0.5 vs. 4.6 1 0.5, p<.001), total neutrophil counts (6.6 1 0.5 vs. 3.3 1 0.4, p<-001) , and lymphocyte countε (2.1 1 0.2 vε. 1.2 1 0.2, p<.02) were all significantly greater in animalε treated with N-isobutyryldeoxyguanosine than in those mice receiving vehicle only. Example 65: Tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine improves hematopoietic recovery in a dose-dependent manner when administered before 5-fluorouracil Sixty female Balb/C mice weighing approximately 20 grams each were distributed into one of five treatment groups and treated once daily for three days by i.p. injection with 3 ', 5'-0-N 2 -tripalmitoy1-2'-deoxyguanosine at a dose of either 1, 5, 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg/treatment in a Tween-DMSO vehicle (0.2% Tween-80 and 7.5% DMSO in physiological saline). Injection volume was 0.4 ml . An additional twelve animals (controls) received vehicle alone on those three days. On the fourth day all seventy-two animalε received a εingle i.p. injection cf 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at a dose of 150 mg/kg. On days 7 and 10 following 5-FU adminiεtration six mice from each group were bled and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Six untreated mice were also bled and sacrificed to provide data on normal (basal) valueε. Spleenε were removed and weighed, and complete blood cell countε performed. On day 7, increaεing doεes of tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine resulted in corresponding increases in spleen weight (Table 9). Statistically significant differences in spleen weight, when compared to control values, were achieved at a dose of 10 mg/kg and higher. Platelet counts also showed significant increaseε relative to controlε at doεeε of 5 mg/kg and higher. The higheεt values, although not statistically significantly different compared to the higher dose levels, were in the 5 mg/kg treatment group. On day 10, a clear dose-dependent trend was observed in spleen weight, white blood cell counts, total neutrophil counts, and lymphocyte counts (Table 10). Values for each and all of these parameters appeared to be maximal at the 25 mg/kg dose of tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine, however. Table 9. Effect of Tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine on blood cell counts 7 days after 5-fluorouracil: Dose response Spleen Platelets Basal 10415 mg 8201417 5FU (Control) 6813 432115 TriPDG l g/kg 7413 457136 TriPDG 5mg/kg 7814 682166 * TriPDG 10 mg/kg 8316 * 571141 * TriPDG 25 mg/kg 9315 * 587119 * TriPDG 50 mg/kg 10214 * 596143 * All blood cell count units are K/μl * = greater than control (5FU alone) P<.01 Table 10. Effect of Tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine on blood cell counts 10 days after 5-fluorouracil: Dose response Spleen WBC Neutrophils Lymphocyte Basal 10415 mg 9.21.7 2.01.2 6.81.6 5FU (Control) 9619 6.11.5 0.21.03 5.81.5 TriPDG l g/kg 96113 6.21.4 0.41.2 5.71.2 TriPDG 5mg/kg 157113 * 8.21.9 1.61.4 * 6.31.7 TriPDG 10 mg/kg 169124 * 7.71.6 1.81.4 * 5.71.4 TriPDG 25 mg/kg 293117 * 11.41.6 * 2.9r.4 * 8.31.4 * TriPDG 50 mg/kg 320139 * 10.811.6 * 2.21.5 * 8.311.0 * All blood cell count units are K/μl * = greater than control (5FU alone) P<.01 Example 66: Pretreatment with palmitoyldeoxyguanosine protects against corticoεteroid-induced apoptoεiε in mouse thymuε Thymic lymphocyteε, or thymocyteε , undergo a suicide procesε known aε apoptosis or programmed cell death in response to various stimuli, including ionizing radiation, calcium ionophores, glucocorticoid hormones, and other agents. Apoptosis is alεo part of the normal phyεiological process of development and of lymphocyte (and other cell) selection. Using a well-known model of glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death, the results below demonstrate that pretreatment with palmitoyldeoxyguanosine protects againεt corticosteroid- induced apoptoεiε in mouse thy us. Eight male B6D2F1 mice weighing approximately twenty-five grams were given a single injection of either palmitoyldeoxyguanosine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) in a Tween-DMSO vehicle (0.02% Tween and 7.5% DMSO in physiological εaline) or vehicle alone. Forty-eight hours later these mice were given an i.p. injection of a long-acting corticoεteroid, methylpredniεolone acetate (Depo-Medrol; 250 mg/kg). Forty- eight hours following administration of the corticosteroid, all eight of theεe animalε and four additional untreated animalε (basals) were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the thymuses and spleens removed and weighed, and thymic cell number and viability measured by established methods. While thymus and spleen weight were dramatically reduced in both corticosteroid-treated groups, cell number per thymuε and viability of thymic cells was significantly increased in those mice pretreated with palmitoyldeoxyguanosine (Table 11). Table 11. Effect of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine on thymocyte apoptosis induced by corticosteroid treatment Spleen Wt. Thymus Wt. Cells/Thymus % Viabl Basal 7813 mg 5315 mg 200120 (xlO 6 ) 9313 % Depo-Medrol (DM) 5119 1311 2714 3916 DM + PDG 61111 1611 64112 * 8713 * * = greater than control (Group 2; Depo-Medrol alone) P<.01 Example 67: Palmitoyldeoxyguanosine prevents apcptoεiε of IL-3-dependent bone marrow cells in vitro Withdrawal of interleukin-3 (IL-3) from cultureε of IL-3-dependent cellε leads to apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Thiε experiment demonstrates that the addition of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine to cultures of IL-3 dependent ce . llε deprived of IL-3 prevents programmed cell death. Bone marrow cells were obtained by flushing the femurs of three male B6D2F1 mice. The cells were plated at 5.0 x 10 5 /ml in MEM plus 10% fetal calf serum and 25 Units/ml of recombinant IL-3 for 24-48 hourε. Non-adherent cellε were then separated from adherent cells and maintained for an additional twelve days. IL-3 was washed from cells, and cells were plated in MEM plus 10% fetal calf serum in the presence or absence of IL-3 and with or without the addition of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine (10 micrograms per milliliter) or deoxyguanoεine (10 micrograms per milliliter). Cells were counted using the trypan blue exclusion method, and the percent of dead cells (trypan blue positive) was determined at 24, 40, 60 and 84 hours following the wash. The mechanism of cell death was proven to be apoptosis by DNA fragmentation analyεiε . The percent cf dead cellε in the cultureε receiving IL-3 after the wash ranged from 7.5% at 24 hours to 13.0% at 84 hours. The percent of dead cells steadily and significantly increased in the cultures deprived of IL-3 from 18.5 % at 24 hours to 75.3% at 84 hours (Table 12). The addition of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine to cultures deprived of IL-3 significantly reduced the percentage of dead cells, while addition of deoxyguanoεine itself did nothing to prevent apoptotic cell death due to IL-3 deprivation. These data demonstrate that the addition of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine to cultures of IL-3 dependent cells deprived of IL-3 prevents programmed cell death. Table 12. Effect of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine on apoptosis of Interleukin-3 dependent bone marrow cells Time (hr) 24 . 4_0 0 84 Groups % Dead Cells - IL-3 18.513.5 35.011.0 47.716.4 75.315.5 + IL-3 7.5112.5 * 6.5rl.5 * 10.311.9 * 13.014.0 - IL-3 + PdG 11.013.0 18.013.0 * 16.011.5 * 15.315.5 - IL-3 + dG 15.510.5 21.513.5 * 46.3110.3 68.316.0 * = less than control (Group 1; Minus IL-3) P<.01 Example 68: Palmitoyldeoxyguanosine stimulates proliferation of bone marrow cells in long-term culture: implications for bone marrow transplantation Bone marrow transplantation is being used increasingly to treat various hematologic and oncologic diseases. The quality of the bone marrow transplant can be improved by short or long term incubation with factors that increaεe proliferation of normal hematopoietic cellε and/or that εtimulate production of colony-forming cells. This experiment demonstrate that the addition of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine to long-term cultures from normal mouse bone marrow cells dramatically increases the number of total cells and the proportion of colony-forming cells compared to control cultures. Bone marrow cells from the femurs of B6D2F1 mice were used to establish long-term marrow cultures. After four weeks, when the stromal layer was confluent, the culture was treated with microphenolic acid in order to remove all cellε from the εtroma. New normal bone marrow cells (lxlO s /ml) from the same source were then used to "recharge" the stromal layer. Palmitoyldeoxyguanosine was added to half of the cultures at a concentration of 10 micrograms per ml. Cells were counted on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 following addition of palmitoyldeoxyguanoεine. On dayε 4 and 7 cells from the culture were removed, washed, and replated in methylcellulose. The number of granulo-monocytic colonies was counted one week later. Palmitoyldeoxyguanosine significantly increased the total number of cells and the proportion of colony-forming cells as indicated in Tables 13 and 14. Table 13. Effect of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine on proliferation of bone marrow cells in vitro Time (days) 2 2 5 7 Groups Cells (lOVflask) Control 1.61.13 2.41.14 3.615 2.41.27 TriPdG 1.91.13 2.91.10 7.71.2 4.31.15 Table 14. Effect of palmitoyldeoxyguanosine on granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming units in . vitro Time (days) 4. 2 Groups CFU-GM/flask Control 32971239 841711361 TriPdG 51231561 3390319457 Example 69: Acyl derivatives of deoxyguanosine inhibit proliferation of pluripotential hematopoietic cellε in vitro in a dose-dependent manner 1 5 5 The FDCP Bix cell line was used as a suitable in vi tro model for predicting the effects of hematopoietic factorε on pluripotential εte cellε. Theεe cellε can be maintained in an undifferentiated εtate in the preεence of IL-3 or undergo multi-lineage development in the preεence of specific hematopoietic growth factors. TOCP mix cell proliferation in the presence of IL-3 with and without the addition of various test compounds was measured uεing the MTT (tetrazoliu εalt) coiorimetric aεεay. Maximal proliferation of FDCP mιx cellε was measured 43 hours after adding an optimal dose of IL-3 to the cell culture. This level of proliferation (100%) served as the control value. Inhibition of proliferation by test compounds was represented as a percent of control. FDCP Bi)< cells were plated at a density of 5xl0 4 cellε per well in 96-well plates (5xl0 5 /ml) using IMDM medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum. The optimal dose of IL-3 added to the cultures was 25 unitε/ml . Teεt compoundε were added at a decreasing concentrations ranging from 10 micrograms/ml down to 1 nanogram/ l . The teεt compounds included: 3',5'-0-N 2 - tripalmitoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, 3 ' , 5 '-di-O-palmitoy1-2'-deoxy¬ guanosine, 3', 5'-0-N 2 -trioctanoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine, 3',5'-di- O-octanoyl-2 '-deoxyguanosine , and 3 ' , 5'-0-N 2 -trioleyl-2 '-deoxy¬ guanosine . 3 ' , 5'-0-N 2 -tripalmitoyl-2'-deoxyguanosine and 3',5'-di-0- palmitoyl-2'-deoxyguanosine had significant dose-dependent inhibitory effects at doses from 10 micrograms per ml down to 100 nancgra s per ml (Table 15). The other three compoundε, 3 ' ,5'-0-N 2 -trioctanoyl-2'-deoxyguanosine, ' , 5'-di-0- octanoyl-2 '-deoxyguanoεine, and 3 ', 5 '-0-N -trioleyl-2 '-deoxy¬ guanosine, had little or no inhibitory effects at the doεeε teεted. Eεsentially the same reεultε were alεo obtained with these five compounds in IL-3 enriched cell populations from normal mouse (B6D2F1) bone marrow using the MTT colorimetric assay system. Table 15. Dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of FDCP Blx cells by acyl derivatives of deoxyguanosine Dose: LOgg . 2_ ϋ£ 625 n£ 156 n^ 39 n^ K)njj Compound Cell proliferation (% of Control) DiPdG 38±.2 36±.l 40±.8 45±.9 52±.5 62 + 2 TriPdG 51 + .6 51 ±.7 60±2 72+3 76 + 2 78+1 DiOctdG 100±.3 78±2 93 ± 1 84 + 6 86+1 84 + 2 TriOctdG 107+1 96±.l 86±2 89±6 85±2 87±4 TriOleyldG 110±3 80±2 98 + 6 92+5 9! ±5 92 + 5 Example 70: Effect of N 2 , 3 ', 5 '-tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine on Cisplatin-Induced myelosuppression Cisplatin iε an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of testicular cancer, ovarian carcinoma, non- Hodgkinε lymphoma, lung cancerε and εqua ouε-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The doεe-li iting toxicity with ciεplatin use iε generally nephrotoxicity, but the compound also causeε a suppression of white blood cells, including lymphocytes and neutrophils, as well as platelets at high doses. Ciεplatin has an unusually long half-life of approximately five days and is known to produce cumulative myelosuppression when multiple doses are given. A study waε conducted to aεsess the effects of N , 3 ' , 5'- tripalmitoyldeoxyguanoεine (PdG) in reducing the hematologic toxicity of cisplatin. Female Balb/C mice were divided into groups of five animals each per dose per time point. Half of the groups were given a series of three daily doses of PdG (25 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection and the other half were treated with the vehicle alone. Twenty-four hours later, the animalε were given a single dose of cisplatin by intraperitoneal injection at one of four doses: 8, 11, 12 or 15 mg/kg. Blood samples were taken by retro-orbital eye bleed at four, seven and 11 days after administration of cisplatin. Blood cell counts four, seven and 11 days after administration of ciεplatin were as listed in Tables 16, 17 and 18, respectively. Table 16: Blood Cell Counts Four Days After Cisplatin Treatment 1 58 WBC Neutro hils Platelets L m hoc tes By day four, cisplatin had severely depressed total white blood cell counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes in animalε not treated with PdG (relative to baεal controls), even at the lowest cisplatin dose (8 mg/kg). In contrast, animals treated with PdG had no statistically-significant change in total white blood cell counts, neutrophils or lymphocytes relative to basal controls at the same cisplatin dose. Even though cisplatin did not reduce platelet counts at this time point, PdG-treated mice had platelet counts approximately 30% higher than those in vehicle-treated control animals. This pattern is similar to that seen in normal, non-compromised animals. The higher doses of cisplatin produced deficits in total white blood cells and lymphocytes even in mice receiving PdG. However, PdG pretreatment resulted in higher countε compared to controlε. PdG pretreatment prevented neutrophil suppression at all doses, reεulting in εtatiεtically- significant differences compared to controls. Platelets were elevated at all four doses of ciεplatin in mice receiving PdG, even though cisplatin did not reduce platelet counts at this time point. Table 17: Blood Cell Counts Seven Days After Cisplatin Treatment On day seven there was a neutrophil rebound in all groups at all doses. At the three higher doses, platelet suppreεsion is obvious in the control groupε, but PdG prevented the decline in platelets in the treatment groups. On day 11 in the two lower ciεplatin dose groupε (3 and 11 mg/kg) , total white blood cell counts, lymphocytes and platelets appeared to be in the normal range even in the control animals. However, at 12 mg/kg cisplatin, 60% of the controls had died by day 11. Meaningful statiεtics could not be done with only two mice remaining in this group. All of the PdG-treated animals survived. At the highest dose of cisplatin used, 15 mg/kg, all of the control animalε were dead on day 11, while three of five mice survived in the group pretreated with PdG. Table 18: Blood Cell Counts Eleven Days After Cisplatin Treatment There was no effect of cisplatin or PdG treatment on red blood cells at any time point. This experiment illustrates that PdG cisplatin protects mice from the immediate and more long-term hematopoietic toxicities of cisplatin. The effects on neutrophils and εurvival are particularly noteworthy. Example 71: Effect of N 2 ,3',5'- tripal itoyldeoxyguanosine on Doxorubicin-Induced Myelosuppression Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is a widely-used anticancer agent effective against breast carcinoma, sarcomas, small-cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, thyroid cancer, Hodgkin'ε Disease and non-Hodgkinε lymphoma. Irs clinical application is limited by itε cardiac and hematologic toxicitieε. A εtudy was conducted to asεeεε the effect of N 2 ,3',5'- tripal itoyldeoxyguanoεine (PdG) in reducing the hematologic toxicity of doxorubicin. Eighty male CDF8F1 mice were divided into three groupε. One group received no treatment and served as basal control animals. Animals in the other two groups were each given a single dose of doxorubicin at a dose of 11 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. Beginning 24 hours later, animals in the two groups received three daily doseε by intraperitoneal injection of either PdG or vehicle only. Blood samples were obtained by retro- orbital eye bleed just prior to administration of doxorubicin and then 4, 8, 11 and 14 dayε thereafter. Complete blood cell counts with differential were determined. Data are shown in Table 19. PdG, when given after doxorubicin, rapidly and effectively restored blood cell counts, spleen cellularity, and hematopoietic progenitor cells in the spleen. 1 62 Table 19: Effect of PdG on Blood Counts and Spleen Cellularity After Doxorubicin tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine (PdG) after oral administration Effects of Intraperitoneal and Oral Administration of PdG on Neutrophil Recovery in Cyclophosphamide Model PdG was formulated in a preparation of mixed icelleε compriεing glycerol tricaprylate and the bile εalt εodium cholate. Groupε of 10 female Balb/C mice were given a single dose of cyclophosphamide (250 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Beginning 24 hours later, the animals received three daily doses of either PdG (25 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection, PdG (100 mg/kg) in the glycerol tricaprylate-sodium cholate-saline vehicle orally by gavage, or the glycerol tricaprylate-sodium cholate- saline vehicle alone by oral gavage. Blood samples were taken via the retro-orbital plexus five and seven days after adminiεtration cf cyclophosphamide. Samples were also taken from a group of untreated animals, which served as basal controls. Neutrophil countε were aε εhown in Table 20. Oral delivery of PdG after cyclophosphamide produced a significant improvement in neutrophil recovery relative to control animals. Table 20: Activity of PdG after oral administration WBC Neutrophils Group (K/μL) (K/μL) Basal 10.0 2.55+0.47 Day 5 : CP+Vehicle (Oral) 0.91+0.1 0.02+0.00 CP+PdG (Oral) 1.9+0.2 0.70+0.15 CP+PdG (i.p.) .0+0.1 1.80+0.06 Dav 7: CP+Vehicle (Oral) 5.2+0.5 2.05+0.39 CP+PdG (Oral) 7.5+0.2 5.64+0.35 CP+PdG (i.p.) 13.8+0.6 11.40+0.97 Example 73: N 2 ,3' ,5'-tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine improves survival in polymicrobial infection N 2 , 3 ' , 5'-tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine (PdG) stimulates neutrophil production. Since neutrophils are important in defense against bacteria, PdG was tested for beneficial effects in bacterial sepsis. Bacterial infection as a consequence of the immunocompromising effectε of radiotherapy or chemotherapy is an important cause of mortality in cancer patients. The potential utility of PdG was evaluated in the cecal ligation and puncture model (CLP) , a model of polymicrobial sepsiε in which the cecum of an animal iε tied off without otherwiεe obεtructing inteεtinal flow, and then punctured to allow fecal matter trapped in the cecum to leak into the peritoneal cavity (O'Reilly, et al. Journal of Trauma, 33:679-682). This release causes peritonitis aε well as subsequent bacteremia, shock, and mortality. The CLP model is a particularly rigorous challenge because it creates a severe and complex polymicrobial sepsis due to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The CLP model is analogous to a ruptured appendix or punctured intestine in humans. 36 female Balb/C mice were employed. The mice were randomly assigned to one of three groups of twelve mice each. Two groups were treated once per day for three days prior to CLP by i.p. injection with either 25 mg/kg PdG or with vehicle alone. One group underwent the CLP procedure but received no other treatment. Survival was monitored for 60 days after CLP. Shock was observed in both of the control groups (vehicle and no treatment) at 18-24 hours after CLP. Only one control animal survived beyond 72 hours, and none of the control animals survived past 100 hours. All of the PdG-treated mice were alive 72 hours after CLP. One animal died on day 3 and a second died on day 4. The remaining animals (10/12, or 83%) all survived through the 60 day observation period. Example 74: N 2 , 3' ,5'-tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine improves survival in animals treated with bacterial endotoxin Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxin (LPS) iε a potent inflammatory stimulus, the harmful effects of which are due to elicitation of synthesis and release of cytokines, leukotrieneε and other inflammatory ediatorε. LPS contributeε to diεease not only in bacterial infections, but also in a variety of conditions in which bacterial infection is not necessarily present, since endotoxin can be translocated across the gut wall into the circulation. Endotoxin iε in fact normally found in the portal vein leading from the gut to the liver, but tranεlocation is enhanced in patients subjected to trauma, shock, intestinal ischemia, burns, and after ingestion of ethanol. Gut-derived LPS iε implicated in a variety of liver disorders including viral and alcoholic hepatitis, complications of liver transplantation, and hepatic injury associated with total parenteral nutrition. The beneficial activity of PdG after LPS administration demonstrates anti- inflammatory activity of compounds of the invention. In an experiment to test the effect of N 2 , 3 ', 5'-tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine (PdG) on animals challenged by endotoxin, 42 female Balb/C mice were divided into three groups of 14 animals each. Each group was given a single 100 μg dose (5 mg/kg) of salmonella typhimuriu LPS. Two of the groups were treated once per day for three days prior to receiving the LPS by intraperitoneal injection with either 25 mg/kg PdG or with vehicle alone. The third group received no pretreatment. Survival of the animals was monitored for 21 days subsequent to the LPS dose. In the group receiving only LPS (no pretreatment), 86% of the animals (12/14) had died by day three, but the remaining two animalε (14%) survived to the end of the 21-day observation period. All of the animals receiving LPS plus the vehicle died by day three. All of the animals treated with PdG survived through the end of the observation period and appeared to have recovered completely. This experiment demonεtrateε significant activity of PdG against toxic effects of bacterial endotoxin, and therefore indicates beneficial activity of PdG and other compoundε of the invention in disease stateε associated with endotoxin, as well as inflammatory disease in general. Example 75: N 2 ,3',5'-tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine (PdG) modulates inflammatory cytokine activity Inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) , interferon gamma ( IFN- gamma) are involved in the onset and prolongation of a variety of inflammatory diεeaseε. The capability to reduce the levelε of theεe cytokineε iε beneficial in alleviating diseaεe conditionε. An agent with this capability is clinically useful in diseases such aε rheumatoid arthritiε, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis, and conditions asεociated with endotoxemia or exposure to other micropbial inflammatory stimuli. Endotoxin (LPS) , a component of gram negative bacterial cell walls, is an inflammatory stimulus which elicits dramatic increases in inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. The effects of theεe endogenouεly released inflammatory agents can be extremely deleterious and contribute to LPS- induced tissue injury and mortality. These cytokines also mediate inflammatory responses initiated by other inflammatory stimuli. Sixty-three female Balb/C mice were randomly asεigned to one of three groups. The animals in one group received a single daily dose of N 2 ,3',5'- tripalmitoyldeoxyguanoεine (PdG) (25 mg/kg, i.p.), while a εecond group received a single daily dose of the PdG treatment vehicle (control). The third group waε left untreated. On the fourth day 100 μg salmonella typhimurium LPS was administered to all three groups. Serum sampleε were taken juεt prior to LPS adminiεtration (t = 0) and at two, four, εix, eight, ten, twelve, sixteen, and twenty hours after LPS adminiεtration. The εamples were then frozen until the time of assay. Serum levelε of TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma were measured by ELISA. PdG adminiεtration to animalε expoεed tc LPS significantly attenuated increaseε in TNF-alpha levelε compared to thoεe in animalε receiving vehicle and LPS and those receiving LPS only (Table 21). Peak levelε in PdG treated animals were four-fold lower than those in the control groupε. Attenuation of the IFN-gamma response was even more dramatic, with peak levels five- to seven-fold lower than control values (Table 22). The area under the curve (AUC) over the entire time course was significantly lower in animals treated with PdG. PdG also attenuated LPS-induced elevation of serum interleukin-1-alpha and interleukin-6. In the tables below, units for cytokine concnetrations are picograms per ml. A value of 0 indicates cytokine levels below the detection limit of the assay (50 to 100 pg/ l ) . Table 21: PdG attenuates LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha LPS LPS+Vehicle LPS+PdG Time after LPS O hr 0 0 0 2 hr 5611±424 5835+232 1509186 4 hr 1082±175 1283±130 529±141 6 hr 517±40 599±58 486±63 8 hr 195±55 231±62 73±50 Table 22: PdG attenuates LPS-induced production of interferon-gamma LPS LPS+Vehicle LPS+PdG Time after LPS O hr 0 0 0 2 hr 0 128±128 0 4 hr 1375±344 1779±298 825±243 8 hr 9446±2796 13029±2857 21291454 10 hr 542911259 837512785 9111279 12 hr 4961236 10541232 0 16 hr 1071107 4321241 0 20 hr 0 0 0 Inflammatory cytokines are involved in numerouε diεeaεe states ; the attenuation of cytokine production demonstrated in this experiment supports utility of compounds of the invention in treating inflammatory diseases in which such cytokines or endotoxin contribute to pathogenesiε . Example 76: Effect of N 2 ,3' ,5'-tripalmitoyl¬ deoxyguanosine (PdG) on Stem Cell Mobilization Autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) has been used to speed recovery of hematopoietic function following high-dose chemotherapy. In this technique, the patient's own stem cells are removed by obtaining bone marrow aspirateε and then retranεplanted into the patient following chemotherapy. Recently, variouε cytokineε have been shown to "mobilize" stem cellε from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation where they can be easily harvested; use of these stem cells results in enhanced engraftment of hematopoietic cells over that seen with ABMT. The ability of N 2 ,3',5'- tripalmitoyldeoxyguanoεine (PdG) to promote such stem cell mobilization has been examined. As shown in Figure 69, administration cf PdG alone (25 mg/kg) can induce the mobilization of stem cells (note log εcale). Itε effect iε alεo synergistic with that of cyclophosphamide, a chemotherapeutic agent which is currently being used clinically for stem cell mobilization, inducing a seven to eight-fold greater response to cyclophosphamide. In order to demonstrate that PdG was causing mobilization from bone marrow stores and not from spleen (which can be a source of ste cells in the mouse, although not in humans, generally) the effect of εplenectomy waε studied. PdG was equally effective in mobilizing stem cells in both intact and splenectomized mice, with and without cyclophosphamide co-treatment. Thiε indicateε that the obεerved effect of PdG was in fact mobilization from bone marrow εiteε. Compoundε of the invention are therefore uεeful for mobilization of hematopoietic ste cellε and other progenitor cells into peripheral blood for use as donor cells for bone marrow transplant, whether autologous or for transfer to an allogeneic recipient. The foregoing is intended as illustrative of the preεent invention but not limiting. Numerouε variationε and odificationε may be effected without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims: PCIYUS95/10078 /04923 174 WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A method for treating or preventing bacterial or fungal infection in an animal comprising administering to said animal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or composition comprising: one or more compounds having the formula R A = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and R B = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Z = H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2- 30 carbon atoms, and L = H or OR D , where R D = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and M = H or OR E , where R E = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, a radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of L and M is H, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the C-C bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the aldose moiety is optionally present, or, Z = NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. A method of reducing the toxicity of bacterial endotoxin in an animal comprising administering to said animal a toxicity reducing amount of a compound or composition comprising: one or more compounds having the formula R A = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and R B = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Z = H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2- 30 carbon atoms, and L = H or OR D , where R D = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and M = H or OR E , where R E = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, a radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of L and M is H, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the C-C bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the aldose moiety is optionally present, or, Z = NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. A method for treating or preventing sepsis comprising administering to said animal a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound or composition comprising: one or more compounds having the formula R A = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and R B = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Z = H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxyhc acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2- 30 carbon atoms, and L = H or OR D , where R D = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and M = H or OR E , where R E = H or an acyl radical of a carboxyhc, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, a radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of L and M is H, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the C-C bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the aldose moiety is optionally present, or, Z = NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 4. A method for reducing inflammation in an animal comprising administering to said animal an inflammation reducing amount of a compound or composition comprising: one or more compounds having the formula R A = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and R B = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Z = H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2- 30 carbon atoms, and L = H or OR D , where R D = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and M = H or OR E , where R E = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, a radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of L and M is H, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the C-C bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the aldose moiety is optionally present, or, Z = NH c where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 153 5. A method as in claim 4 wherein said inflammation is due to endotoxin or bacterial, viral or fungal infection. 6. A method as in claim 4 wherein said inflammation is due to autoimmune disease. 7. A method of mobilizing stem cells from the bone marrow into the peripheral circulation comprising contracting said stem cells with a compound or composition comprising: one or more compounds having the formula R A = H or an acyl radical of a carboxyhc, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and R B = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Z = H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2- 30 carbon atoms, and L = H or OR D , where R D = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and M •= H or OR E , where R E = H or an acyl radical of a carboxyhc, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, a radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of L and M is H, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the C-C bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the aldose moiety is optionally present, or, Z = NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 8. A method of reducing levels of interferongamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and/or interleukin 6 comprising administering to said animal an amount effective to reduce said levels of a compound comprising: one or more compounds having the formula R A = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and R B = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and Z = H, OH, =0, or NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2- 30 carbon atoms, and L = H or OR D , where R D = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, an acyl radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, and M = H or OR E , where R E = H or an acyl radical of a carboxylic, alkylphosphonic, or alkylsulfonic acid, a radical of an alkyl phosphate or alkyl sulfate, or an alkyl radical, with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of L and M is H, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the C-C bond between the 2' and 3' positions of the aldose moiety is optionally present, or, Z = NHR C where R c = H or an acyl radical of a carboxyhc acid with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or an alkyl radical with 2-30 carbon atoms, and Q = H, a halogen, NHR F where R F is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, S divalently bound to the carbon in which case the adjacent carbon-nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, SR G where R G is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, O divalently bound to the carbon, in which case the adjacent carbon- nitrogen double bond is a single bond and an H is then attached to that nitrogen, or OR H where R H is H or an acyl or alkyl radical containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 9. A method as in any of claims 1-8 wherein said compound is an acyl derivative of deoxyguanosine. 10. A method as in any of claims 1-8 wherein said compound is tripalmitoyldeoxyguanosine.

Inventors: BAMAT MICHAEL K, BUTLER JAMES C, HILTBRAND BRADLEY M, SHIRALI SHYAM, VONBORSTEL REID W, BAMAT, MICHAEL, K., BUTLER, JAMES, C., HILTBRAND, BRADLEY, M., SHIRALI, SHYAM, VONBORSTEL, REID, W.
Applicants: PRO NEURON INC, PRO-NEURON, INC.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P7, A61P29, A61P31, A61P37, A61P43, C07H19