CMOS sense amplifier with input offset reduction

Abstract: A timed bistable circuit (latch) is described which includes two inverters (INV1, INV2) each having its input (Z+, Z-) connected to the output of the other, an output (U-, U+) of the circuit via a "buffer" (BF2, BF1) and an input (I+, I-) of the circuit via a controlled electronic switch (S1, S2). The supply terminals (A, B) of the inverters are connected to the supply terminals (Vdd, GND) of the circuit via another two controlled switches (S3, S4). A clock generator (CK') provides timing signals (V ck , V ck ) to control both the input switches (S1, S2) to open or close and to control the supply switches (S3, S4) to close or open when the input switches (S1, S2) are open or closed respectively. To obtain a latch usable in a comparator at a high comparison frequency the offset referred to the input is reduced and made independent of the frequency by arranging two further electronic switches (S5, S6) between the supply terminals (A, B) of the inverters and the supply terminals (Vdd, GND) which are controlled by a timing signal (V ckd ) in such a way as to close with a predetermined delay with respect to the closure of the input switches (S1, S2) and to open when these latter open.

Description: The present invention relates to a timed bistable circuit (latch) as defined in the preamble of Claim 1, advantageously usable in a comparator circuit having a high comparison frequency. As is known, the most typical function of a comparator circuit is that of comparing between voltages applied to its inverting and non-inverting input terminals. The output of the comparator is a voltage at logic level 1 when the voltage on the non-inverting input is greater than that on the inverting input and, vice versa, is a voltage at logic level 0 when the voltage on the non-inverting input is less than that on the inverting input. In order to obtain high comparison speeds, that is to say frequency response characteristics extended towards high values, comparators are used which incorporate timed bistable circuits (latches) which, as is known, have a high commutation speed thanks to the positive feedback on which their operation is based. A typical comparator of this type is constituted, as shown in Figure 1, by a differential preamplifier stage DIF, a latch LAT timed by a clock circuit CK and an output stage FF-RS constituted by a "master-slave" RS-type flip-flop. The inputs Vin and Vref of the differential stage are the inputs of the comparator and one of the outputs of the flip-flop, Q or Q , is the output of the comparator. The differential preamplifier stage DIF must have a gain such that the smallest difference Vin - Vref which must be sensed is amplified by a factor sufficient to obtain at the input to the latch a signal with an amplitude higher than the offset referred to the input. As is known, the offset referred to the input of a differential circuit is the voltage which must be applied to the inputs to have a voltage difference equal to zero between the outputs of the circuit and is a quantity which depends on asymmetry and unbalancing of the components of the circuit. For the comparator of Figure 1 the offset voltage referred to the input is expressed by V OS ≃ V OSDIF + ( V OSL A DIF ) where V OSDIF is the offset of the differential stage DIF, V OSL is the offset of the latch LAT and A DIF is the gain of the differential preamplifier stage DIF. In order to obtain a comparator having output levels which are as sharp, stable and in the case of integrated circuit structures, reproducible as possible from one example to another it is necessary to minimise the input offset voltage. Moreover, in order to obtain comparators which have the most uniform possible response even at high comparison frequencies it is necessary that the offset voltage does not depend on frequency. In practice, however, known latches have an offset voltage V OSL which increases considerably with an increase in the frequency at which they are operated, and it is this which limits the response of the comparator at high frequencies. The object of the present invention is to provide a timed bistable circuit (latch) having a reduced offset which is substantially independent of the timing frequency. This object is achieved by forming the circuit as defined and characterised in general in the first claim. The invention will be better understood from the following detailed description of an embodiment given in relation to the attached drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a block diagram of a generic comparator with a latch; Figure 2 is a block diagram of a known latch; Figure 3 is a block diagram of a latch according to the invention; Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a latch according to the invention; and Figure 5 is a timing diagram of two timing signals useful to illustrate the operation of the latch according to the invention. The known circuit in Figure 2 represents a latch usable in a comparator according to Figure 1. It includes two inverters INV1 and INV2 connected together in positive feedback, that is to say each with its output connected to the input of the other. The input of the inverter INV1 is connected, at a node Z+, not only to the output of the inverter INV2, but also to a first signal input of the circuit, indicated I+, via a first controlled electronic switch S1. Similarly, the input of the inverter INV2 is connected, at a node Z- not only to the output of the inverter INV1, but also to a second signal input of the circuit, indicated I- via a second controlled electronic switch S2. The outputs of the inverters INV1 and INV2 connected to the inputs Z- and Z+ are also each connected to the input of a respective separator circuit or buffer, respectively indicated BF1 and BF2, the outputs U+ and U- of which respectively constitute first and second signal outputs from the circuit. The supply terminals of the two inverters are joined at two nodes A and B and respectively connected to the positive voltage supply terminal Vdd via a third controlled electronic switch S3, and to ground GND via a fourth controlled electronic switch S4. The buffers BF1 and BF2 have respective supply terminals connected to the supply voltage Vdd and to ground. The control terminals of the controlled electronic switches are connected to a timing signal generator or clock indicated CK. In the diagram there are also shown, in broken lines, two capacitors C IN which represent the input capacities of the two inverters and two capacitors C A and C B which represent the parasitic capacitances associated with the two nodes A and B. A circuit similar to that described above is illustrated for example in the article published in the IEEE Journal of solid-state circuits, Vol. 27, No. 12, December 1992, page 1916-1926. US-A 4,461,965 discloses a circuit as defined in the preamble of claim 1. The operation of the circuit of Figure 2 takes place in two phases, a samplings phase and an evaluation phase. During the sampling phase the switches S1 and S2 are closed and the switches S3 and S4 are open by the effect of respective control signals V ck and V ck generated by the clock CK, applied to their control terminals. In these conditions the two inverters are not supplied, whilst their inputs are connected to the input terminals I+ and I- of the circuit to which are applied two voltages V IN+ and V IN- to be evaluated, which can differ by a small amount from one another (for example 1mV). These voltages charge the input capacitances C IN of the two inverters. In the subsequent evaluation phase the switches S1 and S2 are open and the switches S3 and S4 are closed. In these conditions the inverters are supplied and therefore the positive feedback between them is active, the latch is insensitive to possible variations in the input voltages and at the outputs U+ and U- appear two voltages Vout+ and Vout- which, by the effect of the regenerative action of the positive feedback, differ from one another by an amount even up to several hundreds of times greater than the differential input voltage. These voltages are available at the outputs for the whole of the duration of the clock signal V ck . It has been ascertained that the precision with which the comparator performs the comparison during the evaluation phase depends principally on the latch input offset voltage at the end of the sampling phase. It has also been ascertained that this offset voltage increases with an increase in the switching frequency of the latch so that the use of such latches in a comparator is limited to applications in which the comparison frequency does not exceed a certain value (for example about 40MHz). The inventors have hypothesised that this dependence of the offset on the frequency could be ascribed to a positive feedback also being set up during the sampling phase because of the parasitic capacity associated with the nodes A and B of the circuit, indicated C A and C B in Figure 2, and have modified the known circuit of Figure 2 in the manner shown in Figure 3. As is seen, the latch shown in Figure 3, where components which are the same as those of Figure 2 are indicated with the same reference symbols, has a fifth and a sixth controlled electronic switch, indicated S5 and S6, respectively connected between the node A and ground and between the node B and the supply terminal Vdd. The control terminals of the two switches are connected to the timing generator, indicated CK'. This is able to generate, as well as the clock signals V ck and V ck as in the case of the circuit of Figure 2, also a clock signal V ckd , for controlling the switches S5 and S6 which is different from the signal V ck only because its falling edge is delayed by a predetermined time with respect to the falling edge of the signal V ck . The operation of the circuit in a clock period T ck is characterised by the following phases: first sampling phase: this phase, indicated Φ 1 in Figure 5 is equivalent to the sampling phase in the prior art, that is to say the switches S1 and S2 are closed and the switches S3 and S4 are open by the effect of the clock signals V ck and V ck applied to their control terminals and the signals V IN- and V IN+ charge the input capacitances C IN of the latch; during this phase the switches S5 and S6 are open; second sampling phase: during this phase, indicated Φ 2 , the switches S1, S2, S3 and S4 stay in the same conditions as in the first phase, whilst the switches S5 and S6 are closed; this allows the parasitic capacitances C A and C B to be discharged thus preventing the initiation of a positive feedback during the sampling phase; evaluation phase: this phase, indicated Φ 3 , is equivalent to the evaluation phase in the prior art; note that the switches S5 and S6 are controlled to open at the beginning of this phase, that is to say when the switches S1 and S2 open and the switches S3 and S4 close, but could also be opened at a predetermined instant before the commencement of the phase Φ 3 , naturally provided that it is after the discharge of the capacitances C A and C B . It has been ascertained that the circuit according to the invention does not allow the initiation of positive feedback before the evaluation phase and minimises the equivalent transconductance of the inverters of the latch. Thus the frequency-dependent component of the input offset voltage of the latch is practically nullified and the total offset voltage V OSL of the latch is lower than that of the known circuit and substantially constant even at high frequencies. A latch according to the invention utilised in a comparator such as that shown in Figure 1 allows comparison frequencies up to 200 MHZ to be achieved. Figure 4 shows a CMOS circuit diagram of the latch represented in block schematic form in Figure 3. To facilitate understanding thereof the various circuit groups corresponding to the blocks of Figure 3 are indicated with the same reference symbols as in Figure 3. In Figure 4 the timing circuit or clock CK' is not shown in that it is of known type. The single characteristic aspect of the clock CK', clearly within the scope of the man skilled in the art, is constituted by the presence of a delay element to derive the delayed clock signal V ckd . Moreover it is to be noted that in the circuit of Figure 4 the electronic switches S1-S6 are formed as transfer gates. This not only allows any interference of the timing signals on the latch (clock-feedthrough) to be avoided, but also obtains a completely symmetrical structure since the "buffers" which provide the timing signals have in this case the same capacitive charge. To simplify the circuit, however, it would also be possible to utilise simple transistors (pass transistors) as the electronic switches.

Claims: A timed bistable circuit having two supply terminals (Vdd, GND), a first (I+) and a second (I-) signal input, a first (U+) and a second (U-) signal output, a first (INV1) and a second (INV2) inverter each having its input (Z+, Z-) connected to the output of the other inverter, to the first (U+) and the second (U-) signal output respectively via a first (BF1) and a second (BF2) separator circuit respectively and to the first (I-) and second (I+) signal input respectively via a first (S1) and a second (S2) controlled electronic switch respectively and each having two supply terminals (A, B) connected to the circuit supply terminals (Vdd, GND) via first controlled switch means (S3, S4); timing means (CK) operable to control the first (S1) and the second (S2) electronic switch to open or close simultaneously and to control the first controlled switch means (S3, S4) to close or open when the first and second electronic switches (S1, S2) are both open or both closed respectively, second controlled switch means (S5, S6) operable to connect the two supply terminals of the inverters (A, B) respectively to the first (Vdd) and to the second (GND) circuit supply terminal, characterised in that the timing means (CK) are operable to control the second switch means (S5, S6) to close with a predetermined delay with respect to the closure of the first and second electronic switches (S1, S2) and to open at a predetermined instant not later than the opening of the first and second electronic switches (S1, S2). A timed bistable circuit according to Claim 1, in which the said predetermined instant coincides with the opening of the first and second electronic switches (S1, S2). A timed bistable circuit according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, in which the first controlled switch means include third and fourth controlled electronic switches (S3, S4) and in which the second controlled switch means (S5 and S6) include fifth and sixth controlled electronic switches (S5, S6). A timed bistable circuit according to Claim 3, in which the controlled electronic switches comprise transfer gates. A comparator including a timed bistable circuit (LAT) according to Claim 1, a differential amplifier (DIF) connected to the inputs of the timed bistable circuit and a flip-flop (FF) connected to the outputs of the timed bistable circuit, the inputs of the differential amplifier (DIF) being the inputs of the comparator and one of the outputs of the flip-flop (FF) being the output of the comparator.

Inventors: BRUCCOLERI MELCHIORRE, CUSINATO PAOLO, BRUCCOLERI, MELCHIORRE, CUSINATO, PAOLO
Applicants: ST MICROELECTRONICS SRL, STMICROELECTRONICS S.R.L.
Application year: 1995
Main classification: H03K3
IPC codes: H03K3