IMMOBILIZED LIPASES

Abstract: The invention concerns a new process for the immobilization of enzymes on hydrophobic support material. In this process a non-ionic surfactant is applied. Above process results in novel immobilized lipases on hydrophobic supports.

Description: IMMOBILIZED LIPASES Enzymic conversions of triglycerides, diglycerides, onoglycerides, alkyl esters or free fatty acids, both for the production of triglycerides or other esters and for the hydrolysis of these compounds, in particular for the production of free fatty acids and of free alcohols or glycerol, have been known for many years. GB 1,577,933, e.g., discloses a process for the preparation of triglycerides by interesterification of a mixture of triglycerides or by reaction of a triglyceride with a free fatty acid. Enzymes that can be used are randomizing enzymes 1,3-specific enzymes; site-specific enzymes, such as Δ 9 -cis specific enzymes etc. The enzymes can be supported on suppor materials, which enable the application of continuous processes, while simultaneously increasing the activity of the enzymes. According to US 4,629,742 or EP 322,213, an improvement can be achieved, in particular with respect to enzyme activity, when the enzyme, preferably a lipase, is supported on a hydrophobic support material with a specific pore diameter (i.e. above 50 μm) . However, the process for the immobilization of the enzyme requires pre-treatment of the hydrophobic support with a polar organic solvent, if the bes results are to be achieved. According to EP 424,130, a further improvement in enzyme stability can be obtained when the hydrophobic support is pre-treated with alcohol, followed by adsorption of a non- lipase protein, prior to the lipase adsorption. We have performed a study in order to find out whether such solvent pre-treatment could be avoided. Another aim of this study was to find out whether the lipase enzyme could be immobilized by a less complicated process, avoiding any pre- treatment, whereby an in situ immobilization could be achieved in the reaction column per se . This study has resulted in our invention, which comprises a new process for the immobilization of lipases, resulting in new immobilized lipase enzyme compositions having an enzyme activity that is comparable with that of the prior art products. Accordingly, our invention concerns in the first instance a process for the preparation of immobilized lipase enzymes on a dry, porous particulate hydrophobic support material having an average pore size of 0.05-5 μ , wherein the hydrophobic support is contacted with an aqueous solution of the lipase enzyme, either after the support is contacted with a non- ionic surfactant containing at least one fatty acid moiety and having preferably an HLB (= hydrophilic lipophilic balance) value of at least 8, or simultaneously during the contact with the lipase or prior to the contact of the support with the surfactant, whereupon the supported lipase is washed and the washed material is dried. It is emphasized here that the surfactant can either be completely dissolved in the waterphase (forming a clear solution) or can form a stable dispersion in the waterphase (forming a hazy or an opaque dispersion) . This is disclosed in Porter's Handbook of Surfactants 1991, page 42 Ed: Blackie. From US 4,539,294 it is known that long chain cationic surfactants can be used in the immobilization of lipases. As supports hydrophobic supports, such as Accurel® are mentioned. However, according to this process a solution of the surfactant in a polar organic solvent must be applied. According to the process of our invention, the support shoul be contacted with an aqueous solution of the lipase enzyme while the non-ionic surfactant is to be used at any stage of this contact in order to achieve the required loading and enzyme activity. As the simplest process is one in which this contact is established simultaneously with the contact with the lipase enzyme, a preference is expressed for a process wherein the aqueous lipase solution also contains the surfactant. In thi way, a separate pre-treatment step can be avoided because immobilization can now occur in a column loaded with the hydrophobic support material by passing this solution throug the column in the absence of any other reactant (= triglyceride etc.). Surprisingly it was found, that enzyme loading of the suppor leading to loaded, supported enzymes, which displayed esterification activity only occurred when non-ionic surfactants, containing at least one fatty acid moiety were applied in the immobilization process. Application of surfactants, based on non-ionic ethers or of anionic or cationic surfactants either led to a loading of zero or to a loaded immobilized enzyme without significant esterification activity. The lipase that can be applied in the above-mentioned proces is any of the known lipases, so lipases specific for the esterification of fatty acids with alcohols, such as Candida Antarctica β or 1,3-specific lipases or randomizing transesterification lipases, such as Humicola species, or lipases specific for the hydrolysis or synthesis of partial glycerides, such as A ano G lipase or lipases specific for the hydrolysis of esters or triglycerides, such as Candida rugosa but also Δ 9 -specific lipases can be applied. Examples of these lipases are mentioned in the references cited above. The hydrophobic support material can be any of the hydrophobic supports mentioned in US 4,629,742, EP 322,213 or EP 424,130. These supports can therefore be selected from aliphatic olefinic polymers, oxidation polymers, blends of these polymers or pre-treated inorganic supports in order to make these supports hydrophobic. This pre-treatment preferably comprises silanization with an organic silicon compound, the inorganic material being preferably silica, alumina, glass or ceramics. The preferred supports, however, are made from polystyrene, copolymers of styrene, polyethylene, polypropylene or from co-polymers derived from (meth)acrylates. The non-ionic surfactant preferably has an HLB of more than 8, preferably 8-20. The surfactant can, be formed from sugars, (both mono-di-and polysaccharides) , polyols (e.g. sorbitan and sorbitol) or polyethylene glycol as the hydrophylic part of the surfactant. The other part of the non-ionic surfactant must be a fatty acid moeity. Examples therof being saturated straight chain fatty acids with 8-22 C-atoms. Very suitable non-ionic surfactants are polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, in particular those derived from lauric acid, such as Tween 20®. Although the lipase concentration in the aqueous solution is not critical and can be any concentration up to the not critical and can be any concentration up to the saturation concentration, a preference is expressed for the use of an enzyme concentration that results in an enzyme concentration of 1-20 wt.%, based on the support material, i the immobilized lipase. Such lipase concentrations can resul in loadings (in KLU/g) of 1-1500 KLU/g, in particular 20-100 KLU/g. The surfactant concentration in the aqueous solution should be sufficient to ensure effective loading of the support by the enzyme. Very good results were obtained by applying an aqueous solution with a surfactant concentration of at least 0.01 wt%, preferably 0.01-10, most preferably 0.1-5 wt.%. Although more than 10 wt% surfactant could be used, no advantages are obtained. As stated before, this surfactant solution can also contain the dissolved lipase enzyme, which can be present up to its saturation concentration. The contact times applied can vary between wide ranges. Suitably, however, contact times between 1 and 72 hours are applied. Immobilization of the lipase can be performed in many different ways. Suitably, the contact between support, lipas enzyme and/or surfactant is performed as a batch process, as a continuous process in a fixed bed, as a continuous process in a fluidized bed or in a continuously stirred tank, while the contacting is performed with a continuous motion of the lipase solution. Although the water content of the hydrophobic support used for the immobilization is not critical and will usually be very low, it was found that the best results are obtained when this water content is less than 1 wt.%. Application of the above-mentioned process results in the production of new immobilized lipase enzymes. In these new supported enzymes, a small amount of our non-ionic surfactant is always present. These new immobilized lipase enzymes are also part of the invention. Therefore, our invention also concerns an immobilized lipase enzyme on a hydrophobic, porous, dry particulate material having an average pore size of 0.05-5 μm, wherein the immobilized supported enzyme material also contains 0.0001-5 wt.% of a non-ionic surfactant containing at least one fatty acid moiety and having preferably an HLB value of at least 8.0, most preferably of 8-20, and having a water content of preferably less than 10 wt.%. The surfactant is a nonionic material; preferred surfactants are polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (Tweens ®) , in particular Tween 20®, which is derived from lauric acid. However, also polyglycerol fatty acid esters are suitable. The enzyme concentration in the immobilized lipase enzyme is preferably 1-20 wt.% (which can result in enzyme loadings of 1-1500 KLU/g) . Although the lipase enzyme can be any prior art lipase, a preference is expressed for immobilized lipase enzyme material, wherein the enzyme is selected from 1) enzymes specific for the esterification of fatty acids with alcohol, preferably Candida -Antarctica β , 2) 1,3-specific or randomizing transesterification enzymes, preferably Rhizomucor miehei and Humicola species, 3) enzymes specific for the hydrolysis of partial glycerides, preferably Amano G, and 4) enzymes specific for the hydrolysis of esters or triglycerides, preferably Candida rugosa . The support material can be selected from any of the prior art hydrophobic supports. However, a preference exists for supports selected from immobilized lipase enzyme material wherein the hydrophobic support is selected from : - aliphatic olefinic polymers; - homo- and copolymers of styrene; - oxidation polymers; - blends of these polymers; - pre-treated inorganic supports, preferably silanized inorganic support, such as silica, alumina, glass or ceramics. The best immobilized lipase enzymes are obtained when the support material is a co-or homopolymer of styrene, a polyethylene or polypropylene polymer. A definition for the hydrophobicity of a support can be foun in US 4,629,742 and should be regarded as being included her as well. In practice, this definition means that a hydrophobic support material hardly adsorbs any water when i contact therewith. The immobilized lipase enzymes according to the invention ca be applied in any enzymic conversion process, such as hydrolysis of triglycerides, diglycerides or esters, but als the esterification or transesterification of fatty acids or diglycerides or triglycerides. These processes are also part of our invention, with the prerequisite that an immobilized lipase according to our invention be used in the process. EXAMPLES I. Immobilization of Candida Antarctica β using Tween 20 A) Immobilization in the presence of Tween 20 Accurel® EP100 (0.5 g) was placed in a flask and phosphate buffer (100 ml, 0.01 M, pH 7) containing Tween 20 (0.65 g) and Candida Antarctica β lipase (61 mg) was added. The immobilization process was monitored by measuring the activity of the solution. All of the lipase in the solution was adsorbed on to the Accurel®. After 16 hours, the biocatalyst was washed and dried. B) Pre-wetting with Tween 20 Accurel® EP100 (0.5 g) was placed in a flask and phosphate buffer (30 ml, 0.01 M, pH 7) containing Tween 20 (0.65 g) was added. After 20 minutes, phosphate buffer (100 ml) containing Candida Antarctica β lipase (61.5 mg) was added and the immobilization process carried out. All of the lipase added was adsorbed. The biocatalyst was washed and dried. II Activity measurements The esterification activity (standard octyl oleate synthesis) was determined and compared to a control catalyst prepared with ethanol wetting of the support according to US 4,629,742. Example Loading (KLU/g) Activity (micromoles/min. /mg I A 21.0 4.9 I B 21.2 4.6 Control 16.1 4.5 The loading was assessed by loss of lipase activity from the enzyme solution, as set out in EP 322,213. III. Comparing different non-ionic surfactants Accurel EP 100 (l.Og) was placed in a flask and phosphate buffer (50ml, 0.01M, pH7) containing surfactant (0.25g) and Humicola lipase (0.4ml, 40,000LU Lipolase 100T) was added. After 16 hours the amount of lipase adsorbed was determind b measuring the lipase acitivity in the supernatant solution. After washing repeatedly in distilled water (4x300ml) the catalyst was dried under vacuum at room temperature and its esterification activity determined using the octyl oleate synthesis assay. 1. Esters Surfactant HLB Lipase Esterification loading KLU/g acitivity μmoles/min/mg TWEEN 20 16.7 32.8 0.14 TWEEN 65 10.5 27.9 0.20 TWEEN 80 15.0 31.8 0.27 TWEEN 85 11.0 34.1 0.21 PEG 400 11.2 22.5 0.15 Monostearate 2. Comparative examples; using non-ionics based on ethers Surfactant HLB Lipase Esterification loading KLU/g activity μmoles/min/mg SYNPERONIC NP5 10.5 24.5 0 SYNPERONIC NP10 13.3 35.1 0 SYNPERONIC NP30 17.1 34.5 0 BRIJ 30 9.7 0 0 BRIJ 35 16.9 0 0 BRIJ 56 12.9 0 0 BRIJ 76 12.4 0 0 Nonidet P40 - 27.8 0 Comparative example IV Accurel EP100 (l.Og) was placed in a flask and phosphate buffer (50ml, 0.01M, pH7) containing surfactant (0.25g) and Humicola lipase (0.4ml, 40,000LU, Lipolase 100T) was added. After 16 hours the amount of lipase adsorbed was determined by measuring the lipase activity in the supernatant solution. After washing repeatedly in distilled water (4x300ml) the catalyst was dried under vacuum at room temperature and its esterification acitivity determined using the octyl oleate synthesis assay. Anionics Surfactant Lipase Loading Esterification KLU/g acitivity μmoles/min/mg. AOT 1 7.4 0 SDS 2 0 0 Sodium laurate 5.7 0 λ AEROSOL OT 2 Sodium dodecyl sulphate 2. Cationics As above except that the buffer used was Tris/HCl, 0.01M, pH7. CTAB 1 21.0 0 Dodecylamine 25.5 0 Cetyl trimethylammoniu-m bromide Example V Accurel EP100 (l.Og) was placed in a flask and phosphate buffer (100 ml, 0.01M, pH7) containing TWEEN 20 (0.5g) and lipase (see table) was added. After 16 hours the amount of lipase adsorbed was determined by measuring the lipase acitivity in the supernatant solution. After washing repeatedly in distilled water (4x300ml) the catalyst was dried under vacuum at room temperature and its esterification acitivity determined using the octyl oleate synthesis assay. Lipase Lipase Lipase Esterification added loading activity KLU KLU/g μmoles/min/mg Humicola 1 87.2 83.3 1.18 Rhizomucor 21.9 19.2 0.70 miehei 2 Candida 21.0 21.0 4.86 antarctica B 3 1 Lipolase 100T, 1.0 ml, 85 KLU/ml 2 Lipozyme 10,000L, 2.0 ml, 10.5 KLU/ml 3 SP 434, 60 mg, 180 KLU/g All lipases ex Novo-Nordisk Example VI Non-ionic surfactants, co-immobilisation C. Surfactant concentration Method Accurel EP100 (l.Og) was placed in a flask and phosphate buffer (50 ml, 0.01M, pH7) containing TWEEN 20 (see Table) and Humicola lipase (0.45ml, 43,000LU, Lipolase 100T) was added. After 16 hours the amount of lipase adsorbed was determined by measuring the lipase activity in the supernatant solution. After washing repeatedly in distilled water (4x300ml) the catalyst was dried under vacuum at room temperature and its esterification activity determined using the octyl oleate synthesis assay. Surfactant Lipase loading Esterification concentration % KLU/g activity w/v solution μmoles/min/mg 0 0 0 0.042 9.6 0.01 0.140 22.2 0.12 0.350 40.4 0.24 0.5 38.1 0.33 0.7 40.7 0.42 1.4 37.5 0.41 Example VII Non-ionic surfactants, co-immobilisation D. Support type Method Support (l.Og) was placed in a flask and phosphate buffer (5 ml, 0.01M, pH7) containing TWEEN 20 (0.25g) and Humicola lipase (0.45ml, 43,000LU, Lipolase 100T) was added. After 16 hours the amount of lipase adsorbed was determined by measuring the lipase activity in the supernatant solution. After washing repeatedly in distilled water (4x300ml) the catalyst was dried under vacuum at room temperature and its esterification activity determined using the octyl oleate synthesis assay. Support wt. lipase Esterification surfactant loading KLU/g activity g- μmoles/min/mg Polystyrene 1 0 18.0 0.13 Polystyrene 1 0.25 39.6 0.66 Hydrophobic 0 0 0 silica 2 Hydrophobic 0.25 39.7 0.22 silica 2 D2479, Macroporous polystyrene supplied by Purolite Ltd. , UK XWP 1500, macroporous silica supplied by Grace, UK. Rendered hydrophobic by treatment with dichlorodimethylsilane. Example VIII Surfactant type, pre-wetting Method Accurel EP100 (2.0g) was placed in a flask and phosphate buffer (100ml, 0.01M, pH7) containing surfactant (0.5g) was added. After 16 hours of gentle stirring the support was separated by filtration and washed with distilled water (1000ml) . The wet support was placed in a flask and to this was added phosphate buffer (200ml, 0.01M, pH7) containing Humicola lipase (Lipolase 100T, 180KLU) . The amount of lipas adsorbed was determined by measuring the lipase activity in the supernatant solution. After 16 hours the catalyst was washed in distilled water (4x300ml) and dried under vacuum a room temperature. The activity of the catalyst was determined using the octyl oleate assay. 1. Esters Surfactant HLB Lipase loading Esterification KLU/g activity μmoles/min/mg TWEEN 20 16.7 91.1 1.15 TWEEN 65 10.5 76.9 1.01 TWEEN 80 15.0 76.6 1.29 . Ethers Surfactant HLB Lipase loading Esterification KLU/g activity μmoles/min/mg BRIJ 30 9.7 0 0 BRIJ 35 16.9 69.3 0 SYNPERONIC NP30 17.1 88.5 0 Surfactants - Chemical composition and manufacturers Surfactant Chemical composition Manufacturer BRIJ 30 Polyoxyethylene (4) Atlas Powder lauryl ether BRIJ 35 Polyoxyethylene (23) Atlas Powder lauryl ether BRIJ 56 Polyoxyethylene (10) Atlas Powder cetyl ether BRIJ 76 Polyoxyethylene (10) Atlas Powder stearyl ether SYNPERONIC NP5 Polyoxyethylene (10) I.C.I. nonylphenyl ether SYNPERONIC NPIO Polyoxyethylene (10) I.C.I. nonylphenyl ether SYNPERONIC NP30 Polyoxyethylene (30) I.C.I. nonylphenyl ether Nonidet P40 Polyoxyethylene Shell Chemicals nonylphenyl ether TWEEN 20 Polyoxyethylene (20) Atlas Chemicals sorbitan monolaurate TWEEN 65 Polyoxyethylene (20) Atlas Chemicals sorbitan tristearate TWEEN 80 Polyoxyethylene (20) Atlas Chemicals sorbitan monooleate TWEEN 85 Polyoxyethylene (20) Atlas Chemicals sorbitan trioleate PEG 400 Polyethylene glycol 400 Supplied by Unichema BV Monostearate monostearate Aerosol OT Dioctyl ester of sodium Supplied by BDH, Poole, sulphosuccinic acid UK Figure in brackets is the number of repeat units in the polyoxyethylene chain Unless otherwise indicated all surfactants were supplied by Fluka Chemicals, UK.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Immobilized lipase enzyme on a hydrophobic, porous, dry particulate material having an average pore size of 0.05 5 μm, wherein the immobilized supported enzyme material also contains 0.0001-5 wt.% of a non-ionic surfactant, containin at least one fatty acid moiety and wherein the immobilized lipase has a water content of preferably less than 10 wt%. 2. Immobilized lipase enzyme material according to Clai 1, wherein the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant with an HLB-value of at least 8.0. 3. Immobilized lipase enzyme material according to Clai 1 or 2, wherein the surfactant is a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester or a polyglycerol fatty acid ester. 4. Immobilized lipase enzyme material according to Clai 1-3, wherein the enzyme concentration is 1-20 wt.%, based o the support material. 5. Immobilized lipase enzyme material according to Clai 1-4, wherein the enzyme is selected from 1) enzymes specific for the esterification of fatty acids with alcohol, preferably Candida Antarctica β , 2) 1,3-specific or randomizing transesterification enzymes, preferably Rhizomucor miehei or Humicola species, 3) enzymes specific for the hydrolysis of partial glycerides, preferably Amano G and 4) enzymes specific for the hydrolysis of esters or triglycerides, preferably Candida rugosa . 6. Immobilized lipase enzyme material according to Claims 1-5, wherein the hydrophobic support is selected from : - aliphatic olefinic polymers; - homo- or copolymers of styrene - oxidation polymers; - blends of these polymers; - pre-treated inorganic supports, preferably silanized inorganic support, such as silica, alumina, glass or ceramics. 7. Immobilized lipase enzyme material according to Claim 6, wherein the aliphatic olefinic polymer is polyethylene or polypropylene. 8. Process for the preparation of immobilized lipase enzymes on a dry, porous particulate hydrophobic support material having an average pore size of 0.05-5 μm, wherein the hydrophobic support is contacted with an agueous solution of the lipase enzyme, either after the support is contacted with a non-ionic surfactant containing at least one fatty acid moiety and preferably having an HLB-value of at least 8, or simultaneously during the contact with the lipase or prior to the contact of the support with the surfactant, whereupon the supported lipase is washed and the washed material is dried. 9. Process according to Claim 8, wherein an aqueous solution of the lipase is applied, wherein the concentration of lipase is up to the saturation concentration. 10. Process according to Claim 8, wherein the hydrophobic support is contacted with an aqueous solution of the surfactant with a concentration of 0.01-10 wt.% of surfactant, while optionally this solution also contains dissolved lipase up to its saturation concentration. 11. Process according to Claims 8-10, wherein the contact time between aqueous lipase solution and support material varies from 1-72 hours. 12. Process according to Claim 8, wherein the contact between support, lipase enzyme and/or surfactant is performe as a batch process, as a continuous process in a fixed bed, as a continuous process in a fluidized bed or in a continuously stirred tank, while the contacting is performed with a continuous motion of the lipase solution. 13. Process according to Claim 8, wherein a hydrophobic support material is applied with a water content of less tha 1 wt.%. 14. Process for either the hydrolysis of triglycerides, diglycerides or esters, or for the esterification or transesterification of fatty acids or diglycerides or triglycerides, wherein the conversion is performed in the presence of an immobilized supported lipase enzyme according to Claims 1-13.

Inventors: BOSLEY JOHN ANTHONY, MOORE STEPHEN RAYMOND, BOSLEY, JOHN, ANTHONY, MOORE, STEPHEN, RAYMOND
Applicants: BOSLEY JOHN ANTHONY, LODERS CROKLAAN BV, MOORE STEPHEN RAYMOND, BOSLEY, JOHN, ANTHONY, LODERS-CROKLAAN, MOORE, STEPHEN, RAYMOND
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C12N11
IPC codes: C12N11