PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF METHYLENECYCLOPROPANE

Abstract: The object of the invention is a novel process for the production of methylenecyclopropane from 3-halogen-2-methyl-1-propene ( beta -methallyl halogenide). By reacting beta -methallyl halogenides with an alkali metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl)-amide, optionally in the presence of an alkali metal alcoholate and/or a corresponding alcohol, methylenecyclopropane is obtained in a high yield, combined with a low or negligible amount of 1-methyl-cyclopropene.

Description: Process for the preparation of methylenecyclopropane The object of the invention is a novel process for the production of methylenecyclopropane from 3-halogen-2-methyl-l- propene (β-methallyl halogenide). Methylenecyclopropane is a highly reactive reagent which can be used in many cases in the organic synthesis. For instance, cyclopropylamines can be produced thereof, which reinforce as special substituent the activity of different pharmaceuticals. The (3 + 2) cycloadditions with alkenes, catalyzed by transi¬ tion metals, are resulting in methylene-cyclopentane deriva¬ tives, which can be used on their part by appropriate substi¬ tution as starting materials for the synthesis of natural products (P.Binger, H.M. Biich, Top. Cur. Chem. 1987, 135, 77; B.M. Trost Angew. Chem. 1986, 98,1; B.M. Trost, Sciences 1991, 1471) . A variety of processes for the production of methylenecyclo¬ propane are already known from the state of the art. Among the variety of methods for the production of methylenecyclopropane (P. Binger, H.M. Bϋch, Top. Cur. Chem. 1987, 135, 79-151; T. Tsuji, S. Nishida in Patai (Ed. Z. Rappoport) The Chemistry of Cyclopropylgroup; John Wiley, New York 1987, p. 315) the reaction of β-methallylchloride with sodium and potassiumamide reaction of β-methallylchloride with sodium and potassiumamide is outstanding due to its simplicity. This method, originally developed for the preparation of 1-methylcyclopropene (F. Fischer, D.E. Applequist, J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 2089) can be used for the preparation of methylenecyclopropane, if higher boiling ethers (dioxane, di-butylether) are used instead of THF as solvents at their boiling points. By using sodium amide, a mixture of methylenecyclopropane and 1-methyl- cyclopropene is then obtained from /3-methallylchloride in a ratio of 4:1 and in a yield of maximally 75%, which will be transferred in a second reaction step by means of potassium tert.-butylate in DMSO into methylenecyclopropane in a yield of 98%. (Total yield of methylenecyclopropane is 70 % (R.Kδster, S. Arora, P.Binger, Synthesis, 6, 1971, 322-323; R. Kδster, S. Arora, P.Binger, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1973, 1219- 1235) . The use of potassium amide has the advantage, that the methylenecyclopropane can be obtained directly in a purity of 94-97%, however, the yield is then decreasing to 36% in boi¬ ling THF (R. Kδster, S. Arora, P. Binger, Angew. Chem. 1969, 81, 186) , to 61 % in boiling di-butylether (R. Kδster, S. Aro¬ ra, P. Binger, Liebigs ann. Chem. 1973, 1219-1235) . Pure methylenecyclopropane can also be obtained in boiling THF with a mixture of the bases sodium amide/sodium-tert.-butylate in a ratio of 3:1 in a yield of 43%, however, this mixture of bases has to be employed in an excess of 4,5 (P. Caubere, G.Coudet, Bull. Soc. Chem. FR. 1971, 2234; J.R. Salaun, J. Champion, J.M. Conia, Org. Synth. 57, 1977, 36-40) . The disadvantage of all these process variations is, that one has to work in a heterogeneous system, since sodium amide and potassium amide are not soluble in the afore mentioned sol¬ vents. This excludes a production of methylenecyclopropane in an industrial scale, because working with solid sodium amide and potassium amide, respectively, is not acceptable for secu¬ rity reasons. Therefore, the aim of the invention is an improved process for the production of methylenecyclopropane in an industrial sca¬ le, which overcomes the afore mentioned disadvantages of the state of the art. It has been found now, that methylenecyclopropane can be pre¬ pared also in an industrial scale from j3-methallylchloride in solution, and therefore without danger, by using alkali metal- bis-(trialkylsilyl)-amides as bases, particularly those with sodium or potassium as alkali metals. A further advantage of this novel method is, that high yields of methylenecyclopro¬ pane (up to 89 % relative to 70 %) can be obtained. The afore mentioned problem is solved by a process for the production of methylenecyclopropane from 3-halogen-2-methyl-l- propene ( -methylallylhalogenide) , characterized by reacting the jβ-methylallylhalogenide with an alkali metal-bis-(trial¬ kylsilyl)-amide of the general formula (I) Me-N(SiR 3 ) 2 (I) wherein Me represents an alkali metal cation selected from lithium, sodium or potassium, and R represents a short-chain, straight-chain or branched, satu¬ rated alkyl group having 1 to 4 C-atoms, optionally in presen¬ ce of an alkali metal alcoholate or a corresponding alcohol of the general formula (II) MeOR or HOR (II) wherein Me and R have the above mentioned meaning, in a high-boiling organic solvent at a temperature above room temperature. Due to the fact, that the reaction primarily forms the ther¬ mally instable 1-methylcyclopropene (.3) , which is, depending on the selected base, rearranged during the reaction in a high degree up to completely into the methylenecyclopropane (2.) , it is recommended to work in boiling solvents, in order to elimi¬ nate as soon as possible the product mixture of methylene¬ cyclopropane (2 . ) [boiling point: 12 °C] and 1-methylcyclopro- pene (3_) [boiling point: 8 °C] from the hot reaction medium. The mixture of methylenecyclopropane (2.) and 1-methylcyclopro- pene (3 . ) or, optionally pure methylenecyclopropane (2 . ) , will then be trapped in a cold trap at -30 to -78 °C, and will be received by appropriate choice of the reflux condenser without impurities. Optionally, the rearrangement of the by-product of 1-methylcyclopropene (3 . ) into methylenecyclopropane (2 . ) suc¬ ceeds in a second reaction step by simply passing a mixture of methylenecyclopropane (2 . ) , 1-methylcyclopropene (3.) through a solution of potassium-tert.-butylate in DMSO, almost without loss. Isom. (1) (3) (2) Though principally all imaginable 3-halogen-2-methyl-l-pro- penes (jβ-methallylhalogenide) can be used, 3-chlor-2-methyl-l- propene (β-methallylchloride) is particularly preferred according to the present invention, since this compound is a commercial product, which is available without any problem on the chemical market. . The same is valid for the alkali metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl)- amides of the general formula (I) . Though generally the alkyl group can be represented by a short-chain, straight-chain or branched, saturated alkyl group having 1 to 4 C-atoms, it is preferred according to the present invention, to use the tri- methylsilylamides of the alkali metals, because they can be produced in a particularly simple way, respectively, they are also available as commercial products. The best yields of unsaturated three membered rings are ob¬ tained by using sodium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide. They are in the range of between 79 % and 90 % when working in solvents, which are boiling above 100 °C (toluene, o-xylene, di-n-butyl- ether) . However, there always will be obtained a mixture of the unsaturated hydrocarbons methylenecyclopropane and 1-methylcyclopropene, such that a subsequent isomerization of 1-methylcyclopropene into methylenecyclopropane will be neces¬ sary. Generally the ratio of methylenecyclopropane to 1- methylcyclopropene is from 77-86 : 23-14. The subsequent isomerization of 1-methylcyclopropene into methylenecyclo¬ propane is no more necessary when alkali metal alcoholates are added to the sodium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide, e.g. potassium- tert.-butanolate. By this way methylenecyclopropane can be obtained in a yield of 85 % and having a purity of 97 %. Therefore, the additional use of the alkali metal alcoholates, particularly potassiu -tert.-butanolate, is preferred. By using potassium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide in high-boiling solvents, methylenecyclopropane could be directly obtained in a high-purity grade (96-100 %) . When using lithiu -bis-(trimethylsilyl)amide, the reaction succeeded by addition of an equimolar amount of potassium- tert.-butanolate. By this way, a mixture of methylenecyclopro¬ pane and 1-methylcyclopropene in a ratio of 88:12 was ob- tained from β-methallylchloride, lithium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)- amide and potassium-tert.-butanolate in a ratio of 1 to 1- 1,3 in boiling toluene in a yield of 80 %. /3-methallylchloride, lithium-bis-(trimethylsilyl) -amide and potassium-tert.-buta¬ nolate, in a mole ratio of 1 to 0,2 to 1,2 resulted in 98 % of methylenecyclopropane, yield: 17 % (relative to charged lithi- umamide 86 %, respectively) . Other alkali metal amides than trialkylsilylamides, as e.g. lithium-, sodium- or potassium-diethylamide or -diisopropyl- amide do not react with ø-methallylchloride to the unsaturated three membered ring compounds methylenecyclopropane and 1-methylcyclopropene. A particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention is therefore characterized by using as alkali metal-bis-(tri- alkylsilyl) -amide of the general formula (I) : a) potassium-bis-(trimethylsilyl) -amide alone b) sodium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide alone or in a mixture with an alkali metal alcoholate and/or a corresponding alcohol of the general formula (II) or c) lithium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide in a mixture with an al¬ kali metal alcoholate. In the same way it is of course possible, to use mixtures of alkali metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl) -amides. The mole ratios of the reactants involved in the reaction, can be adjusted in a different way to optimize the yield and/or the purity. It is particularly preferred, to adjust the mole ratio of 3-halogen-2-methyl-l-propene to the alkali metal-bis- (trialkylsilyl) -amides in the range of 1-1,4 to 1, particular¬ ly in the range close to 1 to 1, since in between this range particularly high yields and high grades of purity of the de¬ sired compound will be obtained. Though in the case of using alkali metal alcoholates or corre¬ sponding alcohols, which are not participating directly in the reaction, it is however preferred, to adjust the mole ratio of metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl) -amides to alkali metal alco-holates or corresponding alcohols in a defined manner. Particularly preferred is a mole ratio of metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl) -amides to alkali metal alcoholates or corresponding alcohols in a range of 0,6:1 to 1,5:1, particularly to 1:1,2. It is principally possible, to carry out the process according to the invention in a number of high-boiling organic solvents. Particularly preferred organic solvents have boiling points above 100 °C. Therefore, the organic solvent is preferably selected from aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly toluene or xylene, aliphatic ethers, particularly tetrahydrofuran, diox- ane and di-n-butylether, and polylethylene glycol-dialkyl- ethers, particularly monoglyme and diglyme. In the same way also mixtures of solvents are applicable besides the pure solvents. By carrying out the reaction according to the invention, it is preferred to adjust the reaction temperature in a range of from 60 and 150 °C, and particularly from 110 to 150 °C. Thereby, the high-volatile cyclo compounds are readily elimi¬ nated from the reaction system. Particularly high yields are obtained by using high-boiling solvents. Therefore, it is possible with the aid of the present inven¬ tion, to provide methylenecyclopropane as a highly reactive reagent in the organic synthesis in an industrial scale, such that it is possible with the aid of the present invention to apply methylenecyclopropane for the preparation of cyclopro- pylmethylamines, which can be used as substituents in various pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the methylenecyclopropane, now available in an industrial scale, is suited for the appli- cation in 3 + 2 cycloadditions with alkenes for the prepa¬ ration of methylenecyclopentane derivatives. Examples Example 1 In a 2 1 four-neck flask provided with a 250 ml dropping fun¬ nel, reflux condenser, KPG-stirrer and inert gas inlet, 500 g (2,73 mole) of sodiu -bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide were dis¬ solved in 700 ml of toluene under protective gas (argon) and heated to boil. At this temperature, 199 g (2,2 mole) of jS-methallylchloride was added dropwise under stirring within 4 hours. Immediately, the mixture of methylenecyclopropane and 1-methyl-cyclopropene escaped via the reflux condenser in form of a continuous gas stream, which was trapped in a cold trap at -78 °C. After the reaction being completed, 103 g (1,9 mole, 86 %) of a liquid which is colourless at -78 °C, was found in the cold trap, the gaschromatic analysis (GC) thereof, showed, that it consisted of 77 % methylenecyclo¬ propane and 23 % of 1-methyl-cyclopropene. Filtration or decantation or distillation, respectively, of the reaction mixture at 20 °C/0,05 bar yields 921 g of a colourless distillate, that almost quantitatively contained the released hexamethyl-disilazane (GC: 60,8 % of toluene; 38,5 % of hexamethyl-disilazane) . The residue consisted of 274 g of a colourless powder. The distillate could be used directly for the preparation of the sodium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide. Example 2 Analogous to example 1, 10,7 g (79 %) of methylenecyclopropane and 1-methylcyclopropene in a ratio of 86:14 (GC) , and 105 g of a colourless distillate having a boiling point of 20 °C/0,05 bar, of the composition (GC) of 36 % hexamethyl- disilazane and 63 % of di-n-butylether were obtained from 57,2 g (0,31 mole) of sodium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide and 22,6 g (0,25 mole) of 3-methallylchloride in 100 ml of boiling di-n-butylether. Example 3 Analogous to the method described in example 2, 9,2 g (85 %) of methylenecyclopropane and 1-methylcyclopropene in a ratio of 97:3 and 102 g of a colourless distillate having a boiling point of 20 °C/0,05 bar, of the composition (GC) of 33 % hexa¬ methyl-disilazane and 66,4 % of di-n-butylether were obtained from 48 g (0,26 mole) of sodium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide, 22,6 g (0,20 mole) potassium-tert.-butanolate and 18,1 g (0,20 mole) of β-methallylchloride. Example 4 61,4 g (0,31 mole) of potassium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide were dissolved in 100 ml of o-xylene, and 22,6 g (0,25 mole) of jS-methallylchloride was added dropwise at 145 °C (reflux under stirring) during 1 h. The released gas was trapped at -78 °C in a cold trap. 9,2 g (68 %) of 97 % methylene-cyclo- propane was obtained, which was contaminated with 3 % of 1-methylcyclopropene (GC) . Distillation of the reaction mixture yield 129 g of a colourless distillate having a boiling point of up to 30 °C/0,05 bar and having a composition (GC) of 26 % of hexamethyl-disilazane and 70 % of o-xylene; the balance (4 %) consisted of 5 unknown compounds. Example 5 58,3 g (0,35 mole) of lithium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide and 51,0 g (0,46 mole) of potassium-tert.-butanolate were dis¬ solved in 150 ml of toluene (heat-evolution up to about 40 °C) , and heated (reflux) up to 110 °C. 31,6 g (0,35 mole) of jβ-methallylchloride was added dropwise under stirring within about 1 hour, whereby altogether 15,2 g (80 %) of a mixture of 88 % methylenecyclopropane and 12 % of 1-methyl- cyclopropene (GC) escaped, which was collected in a cold trap at -78 °C as a colourless liquid. From the remaining reaction mixture it was obtained by distillation up to 20 °C/0,1 bar, 190 g of a colourless liquid having a composition (GC) of 30 % of hexamethyl-disilazane and 70 % of toluene. The residue consisted of 62 g of a colourless solid.

Claims: C L A I M S 1. Process for the preparation of methylenecyclopropane from 3-halogen-2-methyl-l-propene (/3-methallyl halogeni- de) , characterized by reacting the -methylhalogenide with an alkali metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl)-amide of the general formula (I) Me-N(SiR 3 ) 2 (I) wherein Me represents an alkali metal cation selected from lit¬ hium, sodium or potassium, and R represents a short-chain, straight-chain or branched, saturated alkyl group having 1 to 4 C-atoms, optionally in presence of an alkali metal alcoholate or a corresponding alcohol of the general formula (II) MeOR or HOR (II) wherein Me and R have the above mentioned meaning, in a high-boiling organic solvent at a temperature above room temperature. 2. Process according to claim 1, characterized by the 3-halogen-2-methyl-l-propene being 3-chlor-2-methyl-l- propene (jβ-methallyl chloride) . 3. Process according to claim 1, characterized by R being a methyl group in the general formula (I) . 4. Process according to claim 1, characterized by using as an alkali metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl) -amide of the general formula (I) : a) potassium-bis-(trimethylsilyl) -amide alone b) sodium-bis-(trimethylsilyl)-amide alone or in a mix¬ ture with an alkali metal alcoholate and/or a corres¬ ponding alcohol of the general formula (II) or c) lithium-bis-(trimethylsilyl) -amide in a mixture with an alkali metal alcoholate. 5. Process according to claim 1, characterized by using potassium-tert.-butanolate as an alkali metal alcoholate of the general formula (II) . 6. Process according to claim 1, characterized by the or¬ ganic solvent being selected from aromatic hydrocar¬ bons, particularly toluene or xylene, aliphatic ethers, particularly tetrahydrofuran, dioxane and di-n-butyl¬ ether, and polyethylene glycol-dialkylethers, particu¬ larly monoglyme and diglyme. 7. Process according to claim 1, characterized by adjusting the reaction temperature to a range of from 60 to 150 °C, and in particular to a range of from 110 to 150 °C. 8. Process according to one or more of the claims 1 to 7, characterized by adjusting the mole ratio of 3-halogen- 2-methyl-l-propene to alkali metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl) - amide of the general formula (I) to a range of 1-1,4 to 1, and particularly close to about 1 to 1. 9. Process according to one or more of the claims 1 to 8, characterized by adjusting the mole ratio of alkali metal-bis-(trialkylsilyl)-amide of the general formula (I) to alkali metal alcoholate of the general formula (II) or the corresponding alcohol to a range of from 0,6:1 to 1,5:1, particularly close to about 1:1. 10. Use of methylenecyclopropane for the preparation of cyclopropylmethylamines. 11. Use of methylenecyclopropane in (3 + 2) cycloadditions with alkenes, catalyzed by transitional metals, for the preparation of methylcyclopentane derivatives.

Inventors: BINGER PAUL, BINGER, PAUL
Applicants: BINGER PAUL, STUDIENGESELLSCHAFT KOHLE MBH, BINGER, PAUL
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C07C13
IPC codes: C07B61, C07C1, C07C2, C07C13, C07C211