Electrode for preventing noise electric wave and method thereof

Abstract: In the electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to the present invention in which the layer for preventing noise electric wave has the porosity of not more than 20%, it is possible to prevent the radio noise. In the electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to the present invention in which the high-fusing conductive material layer exists between the substrate and the resisting material layer, it is possible to prevent the formation of the concave portion.

Description: This invention relates to an electrode for preventing noise electric wave and a method thereof which prevents the generation of noise electric wave, especially, the generation of noise electric wave for the radio which is loaded on automobiles and the like. The electrode according to the present invention is used as a rotor electrode of distributor of automobiles. Description of the Related Art In conventional distributor of an internal combustion of automobiles, a rotor electrode rotates to intermittently oppose a side-fixed electrode having a small clearance between them. The rotor electrode and the side-fixed electrode discharge between them so that they feed a number of ignition plugs. However, in this conventional feeding method, noise electric wave (ignition noise) is generated due to spark discharge between the rotor electrode and the side-fixed electrode. Since the noise electric wave has wide and high frequency band, it causes hindrance on radiocommunication such as TV or radio, electronic equipments loaded on automobiles and the like; for example, EFI (electronical controlled fuel injection apparatus), ESC (electronic skid control apparatus), EAT (electronic control automatic transmission). As shown in Figure 45, the above spark discharge current comprises capacity discharge current and induction discharge current. The capacity discharge current is high-frequency current which flows for 10 micron seconds from the beginning of discharge at the initial discharge stage due to rapid build-up. The induction discharge current is low-frequency current (about 10 to 100mA) which continuously flows for 500 to 1500 micron seconds soon after the capacity discharge current flows. Ignition energy supplied for the ignition plug is proportionated with the product of the induction discharge current and its discharge duration. Concerning the induction discharge current, since the absolute value level of the current value is low, it has little influence on the noise electric wave. Therefore, in order to effectively prevent the noise electric wave without decreasing the ignition energy, it is important that the starting voltage and the capacity discharge current are firmly decreased. Conventionally, various measures for preventing noise electric wave have been taken. For example, a method for placing the resistor outside or inside of the plug, a method for introducing resistance to a part of high-voltage wiring, a method for establishing a condenser in order to prevent noise. However, in these methods, effects are not sufficient and reliability is deteriorated. Japanese Patent Registration No. 858984 discloses that high electrical resistance substance is formed on the surface of the discharge electrode in order to prevent the generation of noise electric wave caused by discharge gap. However, in this method, only 5 to 6dB of noise can be decreased so that required performance cannot be achieved. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 50735/1979 discloses the technique in which the discharge electrode which is one element of ignition distributor of internal combustion is performed by surface treatment so that the starting voltage and the capacity discharge current are decreased, thereby preventing noise electric wave. In this technique, mixed powder comprising CuO (cupric oxide) and Al 2 O 3 (alumina) is thermal sprayed on the surface of the discharge electrode to form the layer for preventing noise electric wave. Thus, the layer for prevention of noise electric wave is formed on the surface of the discharge electrode which is faced to an opposite electrode. In the electrode for preventing noise electric wave, preliminary micro discharge is generated between CuO as oxide resistor and Al 2 O 3 as oxide dielectric substance, so main discharge voltage generated between CuO and the opposite electrode is reduced, thereby decreasing the capacity discharge current. The effect of the preliminary micro discharge is called as Malter effect, and the method for preventing noise electric wave which makes use of Malter effect is recently noticed. Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 22472/1989 discloses one example of the electrode for preventing noise electric wave which makes use of Malter effect. This electrode comprises an electrode substrate and a resistive material layer coated on the surface of the electrode substrate which is faced to the opposite electrode. The resistive material layer is made of semi-conductive alumina-ceramics material. The resistive material layer is formed on the surface of the electrode substrate because titania (TiO 2 ) is added to oxide ceramics mainly comprising alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), and reducing treatment is performed in reducing atmosphere. In the electrode for preventing noise electric wave, preliminary micro discharge is generated between titania having semi-conductivity (resistivity) and alumina as dielectric substance, so main discharge voltage generated between the electrode for preventing noise electric wave and the opposite electrode is reduced, thereby decreasing the capacity discharge current. However, in the method for preventing noise electric wave which makes use of Malter effect, the effect for preventing noise electric wave is not sufficient so that more effect is required. As a result, a bonding wire or a H/T code for prevention of noise electric wave is required. Therefore, there are disadvantages in cost and assembling manhour. When the conventional electrode for preventing noise electric wave disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 50735/1979 is applied for a rotor electrode of distributor, noise is generated in the radio loaded on automobiles. In this case, radio noise is terrible as compared with the case in which the rotor electrode without layer (thermal sprayed layer) for preventing noise electric wave is used. Since the radio is easily influenced by electric wave and electric noise, the radio loaded on automobiles has PNL (Pulse Noise Limiter) function in order to control noise generation due to ignition noise. The PNL function is the function in which ignition noise in sound signal is absorbed by shutting the gate for a predetermined time (about 20 micron seconds) when the pulse noise above the predetermined level is input through antenna. There are two kinds of rotor electrodes: one is the rotor electrode in which the layer (thermal sprayed layer) for preventing noise electric wave is formed on the surface of the rotor electrode faced to the opposite electrode by use of the normal thermal spraying method that thermal spraying is performed in the direction perpendicular to the surface, and the other is the rotor electrode without the layer. Figure 46 shows the difference of electric wave form between them at the time of induction discharge. Al 2 O 3 + 60wt%CuO is used as thermal spraying material. As shown in Figure 46, as compared with the rotor electrode without the layer, in the rotor electrode with the layer (thermal sprayed layer) for preventing noise electric wave, induction discharge in which the absolute level of the current value is high can be maintained for a long time. In accordance with this, PNL operating time becomes longer. There are interrelation between the PNL operating time and the level of the radio noise. Therefore, in the electrode with the layer for preventing noise electric wave which is formed by use of the normal thermal spraying method, the radio noise becomes deteriorated. Inventors have studied the cause of deterioration of the radio noise in the rotor electrode with the layer (thermal sprayed layer) for preventing noise electric wave, and they have found that the porous part in the thermal sprayed layer have bad influence on the radio noise. When the thermal sprayed layer has the porous part, much amount of micro discharge is generated between thermal spraying materials at the time of discharge, and relatively large induction discharge current continuously flows for a long time. As a result, the pulse noise caused by induction discharge current is input into the radio, and the PNL function repeats ON/OFF action of the gate for a long time. Therefore, the pulse noise input from the antenna of the radio is cut off, but the radio noise due to the repeated ON/OFF action of the gate in PNL circuit is generated. For example, when induction discharge current continuously flows for 1000 micro seconds, the PNL function repeats ON/OFF action of the gate about 50 times to firmly generate the radio noise. The porous part in the thermal sprayed layer results from the method for thermal spraying. Namely, in the process for thermal spraying on the surface of the rotor electrode faced to the opposite electrode, thermal spraying is performed in the direction perpendicular to the surface. At this time, the thermal spraying materials are adhered to the surface which is perpendicular to the thermal spraying direction, and also to the surface which is horizontal to the thermal spraying direction. Therefore, thick thermal spraying layer is formed on the surface which is perpendicular to the thermal spraying direction, and the porous thermal spraying layer is formed on the surface which is horizontal to the thermal spraying direction. In the conventional electrode for preventing noise electric wave disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 22472/1989, there are drawbacks in the durability. When the conventional electrode had been used for a long time, electric noise (radiation field intensity) had been increased, and required efficiency level could not be obtained. In order to study the cause of the above problems, inventors have observed the discharge generating situation. As a result, although the resistive material layer having high electric resistive value has a close distance from the opposite electrode, discharge is not generated at the resistive material layer. Only at the part of the electrode substrate having low electric resistive value which is near the opposite electrode, namely, at the portion of the electrode substrate which is near a boundary portion between the electrode substrate and the resistive material layer, discharge is generated. Inventors have examined the relationship between the discharge generating situation and noise electric generating situation, and they found that the discharge generating situation is closely related to the durability of the electrode for preventing noise electric wave. When discharge is generated at the portion of the electrode substrate which is near the boundary portion between the electrode substrate and the resistive material layer, the electrode substrate is fused by heat at the time of discharge since the electrode substrate comprises metal materials having lower fusing point than that of ceramics. Inventors have found that the temperature at the time of discharge reaches about 1300 to 1500°C sectionally. As a result, when the electrode had been used for a long time, a concave portion is formed at the portion of the electrode substrate which is near the boundary portion between the electrode substrate and the resistive material layer due to fused loss, and discharge is generated at the bottom of the concave portion. Then, discharge is hard to occur, or micro discharge is frequently occurred and relatively large induction discharge current continuously flows since the discharge passage becomes complicated. Therefore, noise electric is increased. US-A-3,992,230 discloses a method of providing an electrode with a surface layer of an electrically high resistive material, such as CuO. Such an electrode comprises a substrate, a layer of nickel aluminide consisting of 95.5 % by weight of Ni and 4.5 % by weight of Al, and a CuO layer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to decrease the radio noise caused by the existence of the porous portion at the layer (thermal sprayed layer) for preventing noise electric wave of the electrode. The electrode for preventing noise electric wave and for solving the above object according to claim 1 comprises an electrode substrate; and a layer for preventing noise electric wave which is a thermal sprayed layer, being coated on the surface of the electrode substrate faced to an opposite electrode, and having the porosity of not more than 20%. Materials of the layer for preventing noise electric wave are not especially restricted, and high electric resistive material or electric insulating material can be used alone or in combinations. Furthermore, semi-conductive material can be used. Concretely, the high electric resistive materials include CuO, Cr 2 O 3 , NiO, ZnO and so on; the electric insulating materials include Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , MgO and so on; the semi-conductive materials include FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ferrite and so on. It is preferable that oxides are used as materials of the layer for preventing noise electric wave in order to prevent oxidation deterioration due to discharge in the atmosphere. The electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to claim 1 can be manufactured by the following method. The method for producing the electrode according to claim 2 comprises a process for forming a layer for preventing noise electric wave which is the thermal sprayed layer which is formed on one surface of the electrode substrate, and in which thermal spraying is performed in the direction perpendicular to the surface, and which has the porosity of not more than 20%; and a process for removing the thermal sprayed layer in which thermal spraying is performed on the other surface of the electrode substrate, and which has the porosity of more than 20%. In the method for producing the electrode according to claim 2, the means for removing the thermal sprayed layer in which thermal spraying is performed on the other surface of the electrode substrate, and which has the porosity of more than 20% is not especially restricted. For example, a grinding processing by means of grinder can be used. In the method according to claim 2, when the thermal spraying is performed on the surface of the electrode substrate in the approximately perpendicular direction, the thermal spraying condition is not especially restricted if only the porosity of the thermal sprayed layer is not more than 20%. Materials of the resisting material layer is not especially restricted. Therefore, the resisting material layer comprises an insulator of Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , MgO and the like, or a mixture of the insulator and a resistor of CuO, Cr 2 O 3 , NiO, ZnO, TiO 2 and the like. It is preferable that the shape of the covering portion of the substrate is circular form in order to cover the whole periphery of the resisting material layer. When the sectional form of the electrode is rectangular form in which the length of the long edge is remarkably longer than the length of the short edge, the covering portion can cover only the surfaces having wide area of the outer periphery of the resisting material layer. It is preferable that the thickness of the covering portion of the substrate is not more than 0.34mm. When the thickness of the covering portion is more than 0.34mm, the covering portion is fused and damaged by the heat at the time of discharge. At the same time, the concave portion generated at the covering portion becomes deep, and noise electric wave becomes increasing. The length of the covering portion of the substrate is determined in accordance with the endurance travel distance, but it is preferable that the length of the covering portion is not less than 0.1mm. When the length of the covering portion is shorter than 0.1mm, the covering portion is fused and damaged to be small. As a result, the discharge portion is generated from the substrate except the covering portion at the earlier stage so that the required performance cannot be obtained. (Effects) In the electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to the present invention, the layer for preventing noise electric wave which is a thermal sprayed layer is coated on the surface of the electrode substrate faced to the opposite electrode and has the porosity of not more than 20%. Therefore, the generation of the micro discharge at the porous portion of the thermal sprayed layer, which induces the induction discharge current having comparatively high absolute value level of the current value at the time of discharge to flow for a long time, can be controlled. In the method for producing the electrode according to the present invention, since the layer for preventing noise electric wave comprising the thermal sprayed layer and having the porosity of not more than 20% is confirmly formed only on the surface of the electrode substrate faced to the opposite electrode, it is possible to provide the electrode for preventing noise electric wave which can firmly prevent the generation of the micro discharge at the porous portion of the thermal sprayed layer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more complete appreciation of the present invention and many of its advantages will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed specification, all of which forms a part of the disclosure: Figure 1 is a main cross-sectional view for showing the electrode for preventing noise electric wave which is useful for understanding the present invention but is outside its scope. Figure 2 is a whole cross-sectional view for showing the electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to the Preferred Embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 is a main cross-sectional view for showing the electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to the Preferred Embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view for explaining the method for producing the electrode according to the Embodiment 1. Figure 5 is a graph for showing the relationship among the porosity of the thermal sprayed layer, PNL operating time and the radiation electric field intensity according to the Embodiment 1. Figure 6 is a graph for showing the relationship among the thickness of the porous thermal sprayed layer, PNL operating time and the radiation electric field intensity according to the Embodiment 1. Figure 7 is a main cross-sectional view for showing the electrode for preventing noise electric wave which is manufactured by the conventional method. Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view for explaining the method for producing the electrode according to the Embodiment 2. Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view for showing the variations of the method for producing the electrode according to the Embodiment 3. Figure 10 is a graph for showing the result of examining PNL operating time and the induced discharge wave form before the porous thermal sprayed layer is fused by the high density energy. Figure 11 is a graph for showing the result of examining PNL operating time and the induced discharge wave form after the porous thermal sprayed layer is fused by the high density energy to be densified. Figure 12 is a graph for showing the result of examining the electric current profile model at the time of first discharge in the conventional electrode for preventing noise electric wave. Figure 13 is a graph for showing the result of comparison between the electric current profile model at the time of first discharge in the conventional electrode with the layer for preventing noise electric wave and the electric current profile model at the time of first discharge in the conventional electrode without the layer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Having generally described the present invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to the specific preferred embodiment which is provided herein for purposes of illustration only and is not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. In the following preferred embodiments, the present invention is applied for a rotor electrode of distributor of automobiles. As shown in Figure 2, the distributor according to the Preferred Embodiment comprises a rotor 1 which is rotatable at high speed, a T-shaped and planar rotor electrode 2 which is disposed at the rotor 1, and a side electrode 3 which is faced to the tip of the rotor electrode 2 with the clearance therebetween. A layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave comprising a thermal sprayed layer which is coated by thermal spraying is formed on the edge surface of the rotor electrode 2 which is faced to the side electrode 3. Embodiment 1 In the Embodiment 1, a rotor electrode 2 as the electrode for preventing noise electric wave is manufactured by the method according to claim 2. As shown in the cross-sectional view of Figure 3, the rotor electrode 2 according to the Embodiment 1 is made of brass having the thickness of 1.6mm. The rotor electrode 2 comprises an electrode substrate 20 which has two stepped portions 20a and 20a having each depth of about 1.2mm and an edge surface 24, and a layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave comprising a thermal sprayed layer which is coated on the edge surface 24 by thermal spraying. The layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave comprises 60wt% of CuO and 40wt% of Al 2 O 3 , and it has the porosity of 5% and the thickness of 400 microns. The rotor electrode 2 is manufactured as follows. As shown in Figure 4, a number of the above electrode substrates 20 are laminated in such a manner that the edge surface 24 is uniform surface, and the laminated electrode substrates 20 are set in a tool (not shown). The tool covers the right and left side surfaces of each laminated electrode substrate 20, the upper surface of the electrode substrate 20 at the top and the lower surface of the electrode substrate 20 at the bottom. Then, Al 2 O 3 -60wt%CuO material is thermal sprayed by plasma method in the direction which is perpendicular to the edge surface 24 of each electrode 20. The thermal spraying by plasma method is performed under the condition that the porosity is set to be 5%, the voltage is 500V, the current is 75A, the thermal spraying distance is 100mm and the amount of powder supply is 40g/minute. At this time, the thermal sprayed layer formed on the stepped portion 20a of each electrode substrate 20 is not brought into contact with each other. Then, the tool is removed and each electrode substrate is disassembled. And, a grinding machining is performed in such a manner that a grinder is brought into contact with the stepped portion 20a of each electrode substrate 20. Thus, the thermal sprayed layer formed on the stepped portion 20a is removed and the rotor electrode 2 according to the Embodiment 1 is completed. According to the Embodiment 1, the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave which is the thermal sprayed layer having the porosity of not more than 20% is firmly formed only on the edge surface 24 of the electrode substrate 20. Therefore, it is possible to provide the electrode for preventing noise electric wave which can firmly prevent the generation of micro discharge at the porous portion of the thermal sprayed layer. (Relationship between the porosity of the layer for preventing noise electric wave and the effect for decreasing radio noise) In the method according to the Embodiment 1, the thermal spraying distance at the time of thermal spraying by plasma method is changed, and the porosity of the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave is variously changed in the range of 5 to 50%, thereby manufacturing each rotor electrode. Concerning these rotor electrodes and the above completed rotor electrode 2, PNL operating time and radiation electric field intensity were measured. The PNL operating time was measured by the turbulent time which is caused by that the positive magnetic wave is introduced from the radio antenna. At the same time, the radiation electric field intensity was measured by vehicles. The result is shown in Figure 5. As shown in Figure 5, the PNL operating time becomes short as the porosity of the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave is decreased. When the porosity is decreased to be 20%, the decreasing rate becomes almost constant. The radiation electric field intensity maintains a certain value without receiving the influence of the porosity of the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave. As a result, when the porosity of the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave is set to be not more than 20%, the PNL operating time is drastically decreased. Therefore, it is possible to decrease the radio noise without decreasing the effect for preventing noise electric wave. (Relationship between the thickness of the porous thermal sprayed layer and the effect for decreasing radio noise) In the method according to Embodiment 1, the amount of grinding of the grinding machining is controlled, and the thickness l of the thermal sprayed layer formed on the stepped portion 20a of the electrode substrate 20 is variously changed in the range of 0 to 200 microns, thereby manufacturing each rotor electrode. Concerning these rotor electrodes and the above completed rotor electrode 2, PNL operating time and radiation electric field intensity were measured. The result is shown in Figure 6. As shown in Figure 7, the thickness 1 of the thermal sprayed layer formed on the stepped portion 20a of the electrode substrate 20 is the maximum thickness, and the porosity of the thermal sprayed layer is about 50%. The thermal sprayed layer formed on the edge surface 24 of the electrode substrate has the thickness L of 400 microns, and the porosity of about 5%. As shown in Figure 6, the PNL operating time becomes short as the thickness of the porous thermal sprayed layer is decreased. When the porous thermal sprayed layer is completely removed, the PNL operating time becomes the shortest. The radiation electric field intensity maintains a certain value without receiving the influence of thickness of the porous thermal sprayed layer. As a result, when the thickness of the porous thermal sprayed layer becomes thin, the PNL operating time is decreased. Therefore, it is possible to decrease the radio noise without decreasing the effect for preventing noise electric wave. Embodiment 2 In the Embodiment 2, a rotor electrode 2 as the electrode for preventing noise electric wave is manufactured by the method according to claim 2. The materials for the electrode substrate 20 and the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave are the same as those of the Embodiment 1, and the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave has the porosity of 5% and the thickness of 400 microns. As shown in Figure 8, a number of the electrode substrates 20 having the same thickness (1.6mm) each other are laminated in such a manner that the edge surface 24 is uniform surface, and the laminated electrode substrates 20 are set in a tool (not shown). Then, Al 2 O 3 -60wt%CuO material is thermal sprayed by plasma method in the direction which is perpendicular to the edge surface 24 of each electrode 20. The thermal spraying by plasma method is performed under the same condition as that of the Embodiment 1. After the tool is removed, the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave is separated along a dividing line of each electrode substrate 20. Thus, the rotor electrode 2 according to the Embodiment 2 is completed. In the method according to Embodiment 2, the thermal spraying is performed to each edge surface 24 of many laminated electrode substrates 20. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the formation of the porous thermal sprayed layer at least on the overlapping surface of the neighboring electrode substrates 20. Furthermore, it is possible to manufacture many electrodes productively. In order to prevent the coming-off of the layer at the time of separating the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave, it is preferable that the thickness of the layer 2a is not more than 500 microns. Embodiment 3 In the Embodiment 3, a rotor electrode 2 is manufactured by the same method and same manners as those of the Embodiment 2 except the following. As shown in Figure 9, after thermal spraying, the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave and the electrode substrate 20 are made a notch along the overlapped portion of the electrode substrate 20 by grinder for cutter (the thickness of 0.5mm). The depth of the notch is twice as much as the thickness of the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave. Therefore, it is possible to easily and firmly separate the layer 2a for preventing noise electric wave. In the electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to claims 1 it is possible to prevent noise electric wave for a long time. As a result, other step for preventing noise electric wave such as a bonding wire is not required, so it is possible to decrease the cost and the manhour. Furthermore, since each electrode has the same noise level as that of a ceramic rotor electrode which is expensive, it is possible to use each electrode as a substitution for the ceramic rotor electrode. Therefore, it is possible to lower the cost remarkably. In each electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to the present invention, the generation of relatively large induction discharge current which is caused by the micro discharge at the porous portion of the thermal sprayed layer can be controlled. As a result, it is possible to prevent the radio noise which is caused by the induction discharge current. In the method for producing the electrode according to the present invention, since thermal spraying is performed at each edge surface of a number of laminated electrode substrates, it is possible to prevent the formation of the porous thermal sprayed layer at least on the overlapping surface made by two neighboring electrode substrates. At the same time, it is possible to manufacture many electrodes productively, and to lower the cost. Having now fully described the present invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention as set forth herein including the appended claims. In the electrode for preventing noise electric wave according to the present invention in which the layer for preventing noise electric wave has the porosity of not more than 20%, it is possible to prevent the radio noise.

Claims: An electrode for preventing noise electric wave comprising: a substrate (20); and a layer for preventing noise electric wave which is a thermal sprayed oxide layer (2a), and being formed on the surface of said substrate (20) faced to an opposite electrode, and having a porosity of not more than 20%; and wherein said substrate (20) does not have a thermal sprayed layer which has a porosity of more than 20% at side surfaces (20a). A method for producing an electrode for preventing noise electric wave comprising: a process for forming a layer for preventing noise electric wave comprising a thermal sprayed oxide layer (2a, 20a) which is formed on the surface of the electrode substrate (20), and in which thermal spraying is performed in the direction approximately perpendicular to the surface (20), and which has the porosity of not more than 20% on the surface (2a) of said substrate faced to an opposite electrode; and a process for removing said thermal sprayed oxide layer on the side surfaces (20a) of said substrate, when it has a porosity of more than 20%.

Inventors: ASAHI TOSHIO, HIBINO IWAO, ISHIHARA NOBUYUKI, MARUMOTO IKUO, MIYAMOTO TAISUKE, MORITA HIROSHI, MURATA KIMITOSHI, TOJO SATORU, ASAHI, TOSHIO, HIBINO, IWAO, ISHIHARA, NOBUYUKI, MARUMOTO, IKUO, MIYAMOTO, TAISUKE, MORITA, HIROSHI, MURATA, KIMITOSHI, TOJO, SATORU
Applicants: TOYOTA MOTOR CO LTD, TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1994
Main classification: F02P7
IPC codes: H01R39, F02P7