Process for producing alpha-olefin oligomers

Abstract: A process for preparing an α-olefin oligomer which comprises oligomerizing an α-olefin in a solvent in the presence of a chromium-based catalyst system comprising a combination of at least a chromium compound, an amine or metal amide, an alkylaluminium compound, and a non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound of formula (6) or (7): wherein M¹ and M² are each an element selected from groups IIIB, IVB, VB and VIB of the periodic table; R¹ to R⁷ are each independently an organic group, an inorganic group or an anionic atom; and [L]⁺ is a cation containing an element selected from groups IA, VIIA, VIII, IB and IIIB-VIB of the periodic table.

Description: The present invention relates to a process for preparing α-olefin oligomers. More particularly, it relates to an industrially advantageous process of preparation of α-olefin oligomers in which it is possible to produce α-olefin oligomers principally composed of 1-hexene from ethylene with high selectivity and in a high yield. Known oligomerization processes of α-olefins such as ethylene include methods which use a chromium-based catalyst composed of a specific chromium compound and a specific organoaluminium compound. JP-B-43-18707 discloses a process for producing 1-hexene from ethylene using a catalyst consisting of a chromium-containing VIA Group transition metal compound and a polyhydrocarbylaluminium oxide. Also, JP-A-3-128904 (EP-A-416,304) discloses a method for oligomerizing α-olefins using a catalyst obtained by reacting a chromium-containing compound having a chromium-pyrrolyl bond with an alkyl metal or a Lewis acid. However, according to the process of JP-B-43-18707 (US-A-3347840), the amount of the by-product polyethylene which is produced with 1-hexene is large, and if the trimerization reaction is carried out under the conditions which decrease the yield of the by-product polyethylene, the catalyst activity is lowered. Also, the method of JP-A-3-128904 (EP-A-416,304) has the problem that the activity of the catalyst is unsatisfactory, although the yield of the by-products such as polyethylene is lowered. Further, in this method, there are required, in addition to the α-olefin oligomerization process, a step for preparing a chromium-containing compound having at least a chromium-pyrrolyl bond from a chromium salt and metal pyrrolide, and a step for isolating said chromium-containing compound. Therefore not only does the oligomerization operation become too complicated but also the construction cost for the whole process is elevated. Moreover, it is very difficult to handle the chromium-containing compounds having at least a chromium-pyrrolyl bond since they are very unstable to air and to humidity. The present invention seeks to provide a process for producing α-olefin oligomers such as 1-hexene with high selectivity and in a high yield without requiring any complicated operations. The present invention also seeks to provide an industrially advantageous process for producing 1-hexene. The present invention provides a process for producing an α-olefin oligomer which comprises oligomerizing an α-olefin in a solvent in the presence of a chromium-based catalyst system comprising a combination of at least a chromium compound; ammonia, an amine or metal amide; an alkylaluminium compound; and a non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound of formula 6) or (7): wherein M 1 and M 2 are each an element selected from groups IIIB, IVB, VB and VIB of the periodic table; R 1 to R 7 are each independently an organic group, an inorganic group or an anionic atom; and [L] + is a cation containing an element selecting from groups IA, VIIA, VIII, IB and IIIB-VIB of the periodic table. By the process of the present invention an α-olefin oligomer composition can be produced which comprises not less than 85% by weight of 1-hexene and not more than 15% by weight of oligomers having not less than 10 carbon atoms and/or polymers. The chromium compound is generally represented by the formula: C r X n , wherein X is an organic group, an inorganic group or an anionic atom; and n is an integer of 1 to 6. When n is not less than 2, each X may be the same or different. The valency of the chromium is 0 to 6. In the above formula n is preferably not less than 2. The organic groups represented by X usually have 1 to 30 carbon atoms. Examples of such organic groups having 1 to 30 carbon atoms are a hydrocarbon group, carbonyl group, alkoxy group, carboxyl group, β-diketonate group, β-ketocarboxyl group, β-ketoester group and amide group. Examples of a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms are an alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, aralkyl and cyclopentadienyl group. The inorganic group includes a chromium salt-forming group such as a nitrate group and sulfate group. The anionic (negative) atom includes oxygen and a halogen. The preferred chromium compounds used in the present invention are chromium alkoxides, chromium carboxylates, chromium β-diketonates, salts of chromium with anions of β-ketoesters and chromium halides. Examples are chromium (IV) tert-butoxide, chromium (III) acetylacetonate, chromium (III) trifluoroacetylacetonate, chromium (III) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, chromium (III) (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), Cr(PhCOCHCOPh) 3 (wherein Ph represents phenyl group), chromium (II) acetate, chromium (III) acetate, chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate, chromium (III) benzoate, chromium (III) naphthenate, Cr(CH 3 COCHCOOCH 3 ) 3 , chromous chloride, chromic chloride, chromous bromide, chromic bromide, chromous iodide, chromic iodide, chromous fluoride and chromic fluoride. Complexes composed of the above-mentioned chromium compounds and an electron donor can also be favourably used in the present invention. Examples of the electron donor are a nitrogen-containing compound, an oxygen-containing compound, a phosphorous-containing compound and a sulfur-containing compound. The nitrogen-containing compound includes a nitrile, amine and amide. Examples are acetonitrile, pyridine, dimethylpyridine, dimethylformamide, N-methylformamide, aniline, nitrobenzene, tetramethylethylenediamine, diethylamine, isopropylamine, hexamethyldisilazane and pyrrolidone. The oxygen-containing compound includes an ester, ether, ketone, alcohol and aldehyde. Examples are ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diethyl ether, dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol and acetaldehyde. Examples of the phosphorus-containing compound are hexamethylphosphoramide, hexamethyl phosphorus triamide, triethyl phosphite, tributylphosphine oxide and triethylphosphine. Examples of the sulfur-containing compound are carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfone, thiophene and dimethyl sulfide. Thus, examples of the complex composed of chromium compounds and an electron donor are ether complexes, ester complexes, ketone complexes, aldehyde complexes, alcohol complexes, amine complexes, nitrile complexes, phosphine complexes and thioether complexes of chromium halides. Preferred examples are CrCl 3 ·3THF, CrCl 3 ·3dioxane, CrCl 3 (CH 3 CO 2 n-C 4 H 9 ), CrCl 3 ·(CH 3 CO 2 C 2 H 5 ), CrCl 3 ·3(i-C 3 H 7 OH), CrCl 3 ·3[CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 OH], CrCl 3 ·3pyridine, CrCl 3 ·2(i-C 3 H 7 NH 2 ), [CrCl 3 ·3CH 3 CN]·CH 3 CN, CrCl 3 ·3PPh 3 , CrCl 2 ·2THF, CrCl 2 ·2pyridine, CrCl 2 ·2[(C 2 H 5 ) 2 NH], CrCl 2 ·2CH 3 CN and CrCl 2 ·2[P(CH 3 )2Ph). The chromium compound used in the present invention is preferably one which is soluble in hydrocarbon solvents. Examples are chromium β-diketonates, chromium carboxylates, salts of chromium with anions of β-ketoesters, chromium β-ketocarboxylates, chromium amide complexes, chromium carbonyl complexes, chromium carbene complexes, various kinds of cyclopentadienyl complexes of chromium, chromium alkyl complexes and chromium phenyl complexes. Specific examples are Cr(CO) 6 , (C 6 H 6 )Cr(CO) 3 , (CO) 5 Cr(=CCH 3 (OCH 3 )), (CO) 5 Cr(=CC 6 H 5 (OCH 3 )), CpCrCl 2 (wherein Cp represents a cyclopentadienyl group), (Cp*CrClCH 3 ) 2 (wherein Cp* represents a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl group) and (CH 3 ) 2 CrCl. The chromium compound can be used in the form supported on a carrier such as an inorganic oxide, but it is preferably used in combination with other catalyst components without being supported on a carrier. In the present invention, the chromium-based catalyst is, for example, used in a specific contacting mode as described later. According to such a contacting mode, it is possible to obtain a high catalyst activity, even if the chromium compound is not supported on a carrier. When the chromium compound is used without supporting it on a carrier, it is possible to dispense with the complicated operations required for supporting the chromium compound on a carrier and to avoid the problem of an increase of the whole amount of catalyst used (the total amount of carrier and catalyst components) due to the use of a carrier. The amine used in the present invention is generally a primary or secondary amine. Examples of the primary amine are ethylamine, isopropylamine, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine, aniline and naphthylamine. Examples of the secondary amine are diethylamine, diisopropylamine, dicyclohexylamine, dibenzylamine, bis(trimethylsilyl)amine, morpholine, imidazole, indoline, indol, pyrrole, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, 3,4-dimethylpyrrole, 3,4-dichloropyrrole, 2,3,4,5-tetrachloropyrrole, 2-acylpyrrole, pyrazole and pyrrolidine. The metal amide used in the present invention is generally one derived from ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. Specifically, an amide obtained from the reaction of ammonia or a primary or secondary amine and a metal of group IA, IIA, IIIB or IVB of the periodic table is usable. Examples of such metal amides are lithium amide, sodium ethylamide, calcium diethylamide, lithium diisopropylamide, potassium benzylamide, sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, lithium indolide, sodium pyrrolide, potassium pyrrolide, potassium pyrrolidide, diethylaluminium pyrrolide, ethylaluminium dipyrrolide and aluminium tripyrrolide. In the present invention, a secondary amine, a metal amide derived from a secondary amine or a mixture thereof is preferably used. Preferred examples of the secondary amines used in the present invention are pyrrole, 2,5-dimethylpyrrole, 3,4-dimethylpyrrole, 3,4-dichloropyrrole, 2,3,4,5-tetrachloropyrrole and 2-acylpyrrole. Preferred examples of the metal amides derived from the secondary amines are diethylaluminium pyrrolide, ethylaluminium dipyrrolide, aluminium tripyrrolide, sodium pyrrolide, lithium pyrrolide and potassium pyrrolide. Of the pyrrole derivatives, those having a hydrocarbon group in the pyrrole ring are especially preferred. The alkylaluminium compounds used in the present invention are generally those represented by the formula (1): R 1 m Al(OR 2 ) n H p X q wherein R 1 and R 2 , which may be the same or different, are each a hydrocarbon group, usually having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms; X is a halogen atom; m, n, p and q are the numbers defined by 0<m≤3, 0≤n<3, 0≤p<3 and 0≤q<3, respectively, and m+n+p+q=3 . The above alkylaluminium compounds include the trialkylaluminium compounds of formula (2), the halogenated alkylaluminium compounds of formula (3), the alkoxyaluminium compounds of formula (4) and the alkylaluminium hydride compounds of formula (5): R 1 3 Al R 1 m AlX 3-m (1.5≤m<3) R 1 m Al (OR 2 ) 3-m (0<m<3, preferably 1.5≤m<3) R 1 m AlH 3-m (0<m<3, preferably 1.5≤m<3) Examples of said alkylaluminium compounds are trimethylaluminium, triethylaluminium, triisobutylaluminium, diethylaluminium monochloride, diethylaluminium ethoxide and diethylaluminium hydride. Of these compounds, trialkylaluminium is especially preferred because of minimized formation of by-product polymers. In the present invention, oligomerization of an α-olefin is carried out in a solvent using a catalyst composed of said catalytic components. It is preferable to conduct oligomerization of an α-olefin by reacting said α-olefin in a chromium-based catalyst system in a contacting mode such that the chromium compound and the alkylaluminium compound are not previously contacted with each other. Due to such a specific contacting mode, a trimerization reaction is allowed to take place selectively, enabling a high production yield of 1-hexene from ethylene as the starting material. The specific contacting mode can be effected by various methods such as those mentioned below (the term "ammonia, an amine or metal amide" is represented by "amine"): (1) an α-olefin and a chromium compound are introduced into a solution containing an amine and an alkylaluminium compound (contacting method A); (2) an α-olefin and an alkylaluminium compound are introduced into a solution containing a chromium compound and an amine (contacting method B); (3) an α-olefin, an amine and an alkylaluminium compound are introduced into a solution containing a chromium compound (contacting method C); (4) an α-olefin, a chromium compound and an amine are introduced into a solution containing an alkylaluminium compound (contacting method D); (5) a chromium compound, an amine, an alkylaluminium compound and an α-olefin are introduced into a reactor simultaneously and separately (contacting method E). In the present invention, the expression "in a contacting mode that the chromium compound and the alkylaluminium compound are not previously contacted with each other" means that the contact of said two components is not allowed until the oligomerization reaction takes place. Furthermore this contacting mode is performed when introducing the α-olefin and each component of the chromium-based catalyst into the reactor. Each solution used in the above-described contacting methods is prepared using a reaction solvent. In the present invention, the amount of a chromium compound is usually 1.0 x 10 -7 to 0.5 mol, preferably 1.0 x 10 -6 to 0.2 mol, more preferably 1.0 x 10 -5 to 0.05 mol based on one litre of solvent. The amount of the alkylaluminium compound is usually not less than 50 mmol, preferably, not less than 0.1 mol based on one mol of chromium compound in view of catalyst activity and trimer selectivity. The upper limit of the alkylaluminium compound is preferably 1.0 x 10 4 mol based on one mol of chromium compound. Ammonia, an amine or metal amide is used in an amount of usually not less than 0.001 mol, preferably 0.005 to 1,000 mol, more preferably 0.01 to 100 mol based on one mol of chromium compound. In the present invention, the molar ratio of (a) the chromium compound, (b) the ammonia, amine or metal amide, and (c) the alkylaluminium compound is preferably adjusted so that (a):(b):(c)=1:2 to 4:4 to 8, more preferably 1:2.5 to 3.5:4.5 to 6.5. By combining such specific conditions of molar ratio and reaction temperature (not more than 70°C), it is possible to produce α-olefin oligomers, for example hexenes, in a yield of not less than 85% by weight, preferably 90% by weight (relative to the total amount of products), and further, the selectivity of 1-hexene in the produced hexenes can be enhanced to 99% or more. The reason why the activity of the oligomerization reaction of an α-olefin is lowered when a chromium-based catalyst is used in a contacting mode that the chromium compound and the alkylaluminium compound are allowed to contact with each other before taking place the oligomerization, is not yet clarified, but it may be accounted for as follows. It is considered that when the chromium compound and the alkylaluminium compound are contacted with each other, there takes place a ligand exchange reaction between the ligand coordinating to the chromium compound and the alkyl group in the alkylaluminium compound. The alkyl-chromium compound produced from such a reaction is per se unstable, which is unlike alkyl-chromium compounds obtained in ordinary ways. Therefore, the reduction and decomposition reaction of the alkyl-chromium compound preferentially proceeds, and consequently, there is induced a demetallization improper to the α-olefin oligomerization reaction. This results in a lowering of the α-olefin oligomerization reaction activity. In the present invention, by jointly using as additive components: (d) the non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound of formula (6) or (7), (e) a non-conjugated diene compound, or (f) an aromatic hydrocarbon compound which may have an aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent, it is possible to enhance the selectivity (purity) of the produced α-olefin and the catalyst activity, and to produce an α-olefin oligomer such as 1-hexene with high selectivity, without restricting the molar ratio of the chromium compound, the ammonia, amine or metal amide, and the alkylaluminium compound as specified above. The reason is not yet clarified, but this may be accounted as follows. As a non-conjugated diene coordinates to the chromium-based catalyst composed of a chromium compound, ammonia, an amine or metal amide, and an alkylaluminium compound, generation of position isomers due to double bonds contained in the hexene is suppressed, so that the purity of 1-hexene is elevated. It is considered that the same result is obtained with the aromatic hydrocarbon compound which may have an aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent. Also, coordination of a non-conjugated diene to the chromium atom increases the electron density on the chromium atom, resulting in an enhancement of the oligomerization reaction activity of the electron-enriched chromium catalyst itself. In the case of the aromatic hydrocarbon compound having not less than three aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents, the coordinating ability for the chromium catalyst is increased since the electron density on the aromatic ring is raised, and consequently the oligomerization reaction activity of the electron-enriched chromium catalyst itself is enhance. On the other hand, it is supposed that the non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound contributes to the activation of the active species of the chromium-based catalyst or its precursor. When using a non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound it is possible to produce α-olefin oligomers mainly composed of 1-hexene from ethylene with high selectivity and in a high yield even when said contacting mode in the catalyst system comprising a combination of a chromium compound, ammonia, an amine or metal amide, and an alkylaluminium compound is not performed. That is, the catalyst system comprising a combination of at least a chromium compound, ammonia, an amine or metal amide, an alkylaluminium compound and a non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound is not restricted in its performance by the above-mentioned contacting mode of the α-olefin with the catalyst components and is capable of producing a high catalytic activity in the α-olefin trimerization reaction. Of course, in case of using a non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound, it is possible to perform said contacting mode in the catalyst system comprising a combination of a chromium compound, ammonia, an amine or metal amide, and an alkylaluminium compound. Also, said compounds used as additional components may be added to the reaction system in whatever manner. Examples of the non-conjugated diene compound are chain non-conjugated dienes such as 1,5-hexadiene, 2,5-hexadiene, 1,6-diphenyl-2,5-hexadiene, 1,6-heptadiene, 2,5-heptadiene, 1,5-octadiene, 2,6-octadiene and 1,7-octadiene, and cyclic non-conjugated dienes such as 1,5-cyclooctadiene, norbornadiene, dicyclopentadiene, 4-vinylcyclohexene, hexamethylbicyclo[2,2,0]hexadiene, 1,4-cyclohexadiene and 1,4-cycloheptadiene. These dienes may have an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group such as an alkyl, aralkyl or aryl group as a substituent. It is preferred to use a non-conjugated diene having not more than 20 carbon atoms. In view of the potent ability of coordination to the chromium atom, it is preferred to use a cyclic non-conjugated diene. The amount of the non-conjugated diene compound used in the reaction of the present invention is not restricted in its upper limit provided that it is not less than 0.1 ppm, preferably not less than 10 ppm based on the amount of the charged solutions (the total amount of a solvent and non-conjugated diene compound). The non-conjugated diene compound may be used as a solvent, but preferably it is used in an amount of 0.1 to 20% by volume based on the amount of the charged solutions. The aromatic hydrocarbon compounds having aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents are preferably divided into aromatic hydrocarbon compounds having not less than three aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds having not more than two aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents. Examples of aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents are chain or alicyclic hydrocarbon groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclohexyl. Examples of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds having not less than three aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents are 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene(mesitylene), 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-triethylbenzene, hexamethylbenzene, 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene, 1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetramethylnaphthalene. The amount of the aromatic hydrocarbon compound having not less than three aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents used in the reaction of the present invention is not restricted in its upper limit, provided that it is not less than 0.1 ppm, preferably not less than 10 ppm, based on the amount of the charged solutions (the total amount of a solvent and an aromatic hydrocarbon compound). Such an aromatic hydrocarbon compound may be used as a solvent, but preferably it is used in an amount of 0.1 to 95% by volume based on the amount of the charged solutions. Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon compound having not more than two aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, cumene, p-cymene, 1,4-dibutylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, 1,4-di-tert-butylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, 1,4-dicyclohexylbenzene, methylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene and 1,5-dimethylnaphthalene. The amount of the aromatic hydrocarbon compound having not more than two aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents used in the reaction of the present invention is not restricted in its upper limit, provided that it is not less than 0.1 ppm, preferably not less than 10 ppm, based on the amount of the charged solutions (the total amount of a solvent and an aromatic hydrocarbon compound). Such an aromatic hydrocarbon compound may be used as a solvent, but preferably it is used in an amount of 0.1 to 95% by volume, preferably 0.5 to 40% by volume, based on the amount of the charged solutions. The non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compounds used in the present invention are represented by formula (6) or (7): wherein M 1 and M 2 are each an element selected from groups IIIB, IVB, VB and VIB of the periodic table, preferably B, Al or In; and R 1 to R 7 are each independently an organic group, an inorganic group or an anionic atom, such as a hydrogen atom, dialkylamino group, alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aryloxy group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, alkylaryl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, arylalkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, acyloxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkoxyaryl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, halogen-substituted alkoxyaryl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, organic metalloid group, nitrate group or halogen atom. Two or more of these groups and/or atoms may be combined to form a ring. Examples of R 1 to R 7 are a dimethylamino group, diethylamino group, pyrrolyl group, 2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl group, methoxy group, ethoxy group, isopropoxy group, n-butoxy group, t-butoxy group, phenoxy group, 2,6-dimethylphenoxy group, 2,6-t-butylphenoxy group, naphthylphenoxy group, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, n-octyl group, phenyl group, 3-methylphenyl group, 2,4-dimethylphenyl group, 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, 3,5-dimethylphenyl group, 2,3-dimethylphenyl group, 2,4,6-trlmethylphenyl group, 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl group, 2,3,4-trimethylphenyl group, 3-t-butylphenyl group, 2,6-di-t-butylphenyl group, benzyl group, p-fluorophenyl group, 3,5-difluorophenyl group, pentachlorophenyl group, 3,4,5-trifluorophenyl group, pentafluorophenyl group, 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, 3-methoxyphenyl group, 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl group, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl group, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl group, 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl group, 2,3,5-trimethoxyphenyl group, 2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl group, 3,5-bis(l-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)phenyl group, 3-(1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, 3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group, 3,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy))-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)phenyl group, trimethylsilyl group, trimethylgermyl group, diphenylarsine group, dicyclohexylantimony group, pentafluorotelluroxy group, F, Cl, Br and I. [L] + in formula (6) is a cation containing an element selected from groups IA, VIIA, VIII, IB and IIIB to VIB of the periodic table. L is represented by M 3 , M 4 R 8 R 9 , E 1 R 10 R 11 R 12 or E 2 R 13 R 14 R 15 R 16 , wherein M 3 is an element selected from IA, IB and IIIB of the periodic table, M 4 is an element selected from the groups VIIA and VIII of the periodic table, E 1 is carbon atoms, an oxygen atom or sulfur atom, and E 2 is a nitrogen atom or phosphorus atom. M 3 is preferably Li, Na, K or Ag, and M 1 is preferably Mn, Fe, Co or Ni. R 8 and R 9 are each substituents selected from a cyclopentadienyl group, substituted cyclopentadienyl group, indenyl group and fluorenyl group. R 8 and R 9 may be combined to form a ring. The substituent of the substituted cyclopentadienyl group of R 8 and R 9 is usually an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and the number of substituents is an integer of 1 to 5. Examples of substituted cyclopentadieyl groups are methylcyclopentadienyl, n-butylcyclopentadienyl and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl. R 10 and R 16 are each a substituent selected from a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, alkylaryl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, arylalkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms or organic metalloid group. Examples of R 10 to R 16 are a hydrogen atom, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, n-butyl group, n-octyl group, cyclohexyl group, phenyl group, benzyl group, 3-methylphenyl group, 2,4-dimethylphenyl group, 2,6-dimethylphenyl group, 3,5-dimethylphenyl group, 2,3-dimethylphenyl group, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group, 2,3,5-trimethylphenyl group, 2,3,4-trimethylphenyl group, 3-t-butylphenyl group, 2,6-di-t-butylphenyl group, F, Cl, Br and I. In the compounds of formula (6) or (7) those in which M 1 or M 2 is boron are preferred. Of the compounds formula (6), the following compounds are especially preferred. As compounds wherein L is M 3 , silver tetraphenylborate, sodium tetraphenylborate, silver tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, lithium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, silver tetrakis(pentafluorotelluroxy)borate, silver tetrafluoroborate, silver tetrafluoroarsenate and silver tetrafluoroantimonate. As compounds wherein L is M 4 R 8 R 9 , ferrocenium tetraphenylborate, manganese tetraphenylborate (tetraphenylporphyrin), ferrocenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, decamethylferrocenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, acetylferrocenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, formylferrocenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate and cyanoferrocenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. As compounds wherein L is E 1 R 10 R 11 R 12 , trityl tetraphenylborate, trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, trimethylsulfonium tetraphenylborate, benzyldimethylsulfonium tetraphenylborate and benzyldimethylsulfonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. As compounds wherein L is E 2 R 13 R 14 R 15 R 16 , ammonium tetraphenylborate, triethylammonium tetraphenylborate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate, trimethylammonium tetraphenylborate, pyrrolium tetraphenylborate, 2,5-dimethylpyrrolium tetraphenylborate, ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, trimethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, anilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, monomethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetraphenylphosphonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, tetrabutylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, methyldiphenylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, pyridinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, dimethyl(m-nitroanilinium) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, dimethyl(p-bromoanilinium) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (p-cyanopyridinium) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, trimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (N-methylpyridinium) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, trimethylsulfinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (o-cyano-N-methylpyridinium) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, dimethyldiphenylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (p-cyano-N-benzylpyridinium) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, methyltriphenylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, pyrrolium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 2,5-dimethylpyrrolium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, triethylammonium hexafluoroarsenate, dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-bis(1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl))phenylborate, dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3-(1-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate, dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-5- (trifluoromethyl))phenylborate, dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)phenylborate, tetraethylammonium tetraphenylborate, methyltri(n-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate, benzyltri(n-butyl)ammonium tetraphenylborate, trimethylanilinium tetraphenylborate, dimethyldiphenylammonium tetraphenylborate, methyltriphenylammonium tetraphenylborate, methylpyridinium tetraphenylborate, benzylpyridinium tetraphenylborate, methyl(2-cyanopyridinium) tetraphenylborate, tetraethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, methyltri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, benzyltri(n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, methyl(4-cyanopyridinium) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate and benzylpyridinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. Preferred compounds of formula (7) are tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron, tris(3,5-bis(l-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)phenylboron, tris-3-methoxy-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenylboron, tris(3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-l-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl))phenylboron, tris(3,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl)phenylboron, triphenylboron and tris(pentafluorotelluroxy)boron. A non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound is usually used in an amount of not less than 0.001 mol, preferably 0.005 to 1,000 mol, more preferably 0.01 to 100 mol, based on one mol of the chromium compound. As the α-olefin used as starting material in the present invention, substituted or non-substituted α-olefins having 2 to 30 carbon atoms are usable. Examples of α-olefins are ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 3-methyl-1-butene and 4-methyl-1-pentene. Ethylene is especially preferred since it is possible to produce 1-hexene as a trimer with a high selectivity and in a high yield. As the solvent used in the reaction of the present invention, there can be used chain or alicyclic saturated hydrocarbons having 1 to 20 carbon atoms such as butane, pentane, 3-methylpentane, hexane, heptane, 2-methylhexane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and decalin; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, mesitylene and tetraline; chain chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane and tetrachloroethane; and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene. These solvents may be used either singly or as a mixture. The α-olefin used as the starting material for the reaction or the α-olefins other than the main starting material for the reaction can also be used as solvent. An α-olefin having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, especially an α-olefin which is liquid at room temperature is preferred as a solvent. As a general solvent, an open chain saturated hydrocarbon having not more than 7 carbon atoms, preferably 4 to 7 carbon atoms, is preferably used. Alicyclic saturated hydrocarbons are also preferred. Use of a solvent such as mentioned above proves helpful for suppressing formation of the by-product polymers. A high catalytic activity can be obtained by using an alicyclic hydrocarbon. Examples of the saturated hydrocarbons having not more than 7 carbon atoms are propane, butane, pentane, hexane and heptane. These solvents may have a branched chain structure. The reaction temperature is usually 0 to 250°C, preferably 10 to 150°C, more preferably 25 to 70°C. The reaction pressure can be suitably selected from between ordinary pressure and 2.4 x 10 7 Pa (250 kg/cm 2 ), but usually a pressure between ordinary pressure and 9.8 x 10 6 Pa (100 kg/cm 2 ) is sufficient. The reaction time is usually one minute to 20 hours, preferably 0.5 to 6 hours. The type of reaction may be batchwise, semi-batchwise or continuous. The presence of hydrogen in the reaction system is preferable since the catalytic activity is enhanced as well as the selectivity of the objective trimer. The pressure of the coexistent hydrogen is usually 9.8 x 10 3 to 9.8 x 10 6 Pa (0.1 to 100 kg/cm 2 ), preferably 9.8 to 10 4 to 78.4 x 10 5 Pa (1 to 80 kg/cm 2 ). For a continuous reaction, said specific contact can be performed in the different zones. In this case, a pipe reactor or a one-stage or multi-stage mixing tank is used as a reaction vessel. A pipe reactor is a reaction apparatus comprising a straight pipe, a coiled or U-shaped curved pipe designed such that the reactants are introduced from one end thereof and the reaction product is discharged from the other end. A multi-stage mixing tank is a reaction apparatus in which, basically, the reactants are introduced initially into the first of the plural sets of mixing tank arranged in series to each other, the introduced reactants being transferred into the ensuing tanks successively, and the reaction product is discharged out from the final tank. In the present invention, when using a pipe reactor, part of the reactants are introduced in a front portion (end) of the straight or curved pipe, and the rest of the reactants are introduced in a back point (portion) of the introducing portion of a part of the reactants and in the first half thereof. For instance, ammonia, an amine or metal amide, and an alkylaluminium compound are introduced in the front end of the pipe reactor and an α-olefin and a chromium compound are introduced in a back portion of the introducing portion of the ammonia, amine or metal amide, and the alkylaluminium compound. Alternatively, a chromium compound, and ammonia, an amine or metal amide may be introduced from the front end of the pipe reactor, and an α-olefin and an alkylaluminium compound are introduced in a back portion of the introducing portion of the chromium compound, and the ammonia, amine or metal amide. In a pipe reactor any number of reactant introducing points may be provided so long as the α-olefin and a chromium-based catalyst are contacted with each other in a contacting mode such that the chromium compound and the alkylaluminium compound are not previously contacted with each other. When using a multi-stage mixing tank assembly in the present invention, for example, ammonia, an amine or metal amide, and an alkylaluminium compound are introduced into the first tank, and an α-olefin and a chromium compound are introduced into the second tank. Also, a chromium compound and ammonia, an amine or metal amide may be introduced into the first tank, and an α-olefin and an alkylaluminium compound are introduced into the second tank. In this case, there may be provided any desired number of mixing tanks so long as an α-olefin and a chromium-based catalyst are contacted with each other in a contacting mode such that the chromium compound and the alkylaluminium compound are not contacted with each other. In the present invention, an antistatic agent inert to the catalyst components is allowed to exist in the reaction mixture to prevent deposition of the by-product polymer to the reactor, distillation column, other incidental equipment and piping. The "antistatic agent inert to the catalyst components" is an antistatic agent whose presence in the reaction system does not affect the activity of said chromium-based catalyst. As such an antistatic agent, those already proposed in the field of polymerization of α-olefins can be used in the present invention. For example, the antistatic agents disclosed in JP-B-50-38158 (US-A-3919185), namely polyvalent metal salts of organic acids having a molecular weight of at least 300, more specifically, for example, polyvalent metal alkylsalicylates and polyvalent metal sulfonated dialkyl aliphatic dicarboxylates can be used. The alkyl group of the alkylsalicyclic acids is specifically one having 14 to 18 carbon atoms. The polyvalent metals usable include magnesium, copper, zinc, cadmium, aluminium, lead, chromium, molybdenum and manganese. The polyvalent metal salts may be used either singly or as a mixture thereof. They may also be used as an admixture with a high polymeric electrolyte. Examples of the high polymeric electrolytes usable in the present invention are stearyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer, β-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/stearyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer, ethyleneimine polymers, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine polymers, copolymer of 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and mixture of lauryl methacrylate and stearyl methacrylate and lauryl methacrylate/stearyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine polymer. A copolymer of 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and lauryl methacrylate (number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group: 16-18) is especially preferred. "ASA-3" (produced by Shell Chemical Co.) as an antistatic agent can be favourably used in the present invention. This commercial product is an antistatic agent comprising about 20 wt% of chromium (III) alkylsalicylates having 14 to 18 carbon atoms, about 10 wt% of the calcium salt of di-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate, about 45 wt% of a copolymer of 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and the C 17 alkyl ester of methacrylic acid (high polymeric electrolyte) and about 25 wt% of m-xylene. Another example of an antistatic agent usable in the present invention is disclosed in JP-B-56-51164 (US-A-4182810) which is a composition containing (i) a polysulfone copolymer of sulfur dioxide and an olefin-based compound, (ii) a polymer-like polyamine which is the reaction product of epichlorohydrin and aliphatic primary monoamine or N-aliphatic hydrocarbylalkylenediamine and (iii) an oil-soluble sulfonic acid. Examples of the oil-soluble sulfonic acid are alkanesulfonic acid and petroleum sulfonic acid. This composition preferably contains a solvent selected from benzene, toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, fuel oil, isobutane and a mixture thereof. It is stated that the composition contains (i) 5-25 wt% polysulfone copolymer, (ii) 5-25 wt% polymer-like polyamine, (iii) 5-30 wt% oil-soluble sulfonic acid, and 20-85 wt% solvent. "Stadis 450" and "Stadis 425" (produced by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co.) as antistatic agents can be favourably used as an antistatic agent in the present invention. "Stadis 450" is a composition comprising about 14 wt% of polybutene sulfate, about 3 wt% of aminoethanolepichlorohydrin polymer, about 13 wt% of alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, about 70 wt% of toluene and trace amounts of a quaternary ammonium salt of an aliphatic alkyl and propyl alcohol. "Stadis 425" is a composition comprising 2 to 7 wt% of polyaminopolyol, 2 to 8 wt% of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, 60 to 70 wt% of kerosine, 10 to 20 wt% of toluene, less than 0.017 wt% of benzene and 2 to 7 wt% of mixed aromatic solvent (C 9-17 ). Other antistatic agents are disclosed in JP-B-63-66321 (EP-A-107127), that is, (I) higher fatty acid soaps of formula: RCOOM (wherein R is a C 12-22 saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group; and M is an alkali or alkaline earth metal); (II) sulfuric acid esters of higher alcohols of formula: ROSO 3 M (wherein R and M are as defined above), sulfuric acid esters of secondary higher alcohols of formula: R(R)CHOSO 3 M (wherein R and M are as defined above); (III) alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of the reaction product of, for example, castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil or cottonseed oil and sulfuric acid; (IV) alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of compounds of polyhydric alcohols and higher fatty acids in which the residual OH groups have been turned into sulfuric acid esters with the partial esters of said polyhydric alcohols and higher fatty acids; (V) sulfuric acid ester salts of higher fatty acid alkylolamides of formula: RCONH(CH 2 ) n (wherein R and M are as defined above; and n is an integer of 1 to 10); (VI) compounds of formula: R(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OSO 3 (wherein R, M and n are as defined above); (VII) higher alkyl sulfonates of formula: RSO 3 M (wherein R and M are as defined above); (VIII) alkylallyl sulfonates; (IX) condensates of compounds of formula: RCOCl and compounds of formula: RNH(CH 2 ) n SO 5 M (wherein R, M and n are as defined above); (X) condensates of compounds of formula: RCOCl and compounds of formula: HO(CH 2 ) n SO 3 M (wherein R, M and n are as defined above); (XI) alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of dialkylsulfosuccinic acid; and (XII) alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of partial esters of higher alcohols and phosphoric acid. Among these antistatic agents, alkaline metal salts of dialkylsulfosuccinic acid are preferred. An antistatic agent is introduced into the reactor along with the starting material α-olefin, catalyst components and solvent, or it is mixed with these components and then introduced into the reactor. When the reaction is carried out batchwise, the antistatic agent may be added into the reaction mixture composed of the above-mentioned components in a relatively early phase of the reaction. The concentration of the antistatic agent in the reaction mixture is usually 0.003 to 30 mg/l, preferably 0.01 to 2 mg/l based on one litre of the reaction mixture. In the present invention, it is preferred that the oligomerization of an α-olefin is carried out at a temperature of 25 to 70°C using a saturated hydrocarbon having not more than 7 carbon atoms as a solvent. This process allows easy separation of the by-product polymers. This is, when the reaction is conducted under the above conditions, the by-product polymers take a granular form and can be easily separated. The by-product polymers in the reaction mixture are separated out without allowing them to melt. The granular by-product polymers can be very easily separated out as compared with conventional polymer separation. Further, the granular by-product polymers are scarcely deposited on the inner wall of the piping, so that it is possible to avoid such problems as blocking of the piping and reduction of the heat transfer coefficient. If the reaction mixture is stirred to disperse the by-product polymers prior to their separation, it is possible to control the grain size of the granular by-product polymers. Stirring of the reaction mixture can be conducted by any suitable means, for example a rotary blade stirrer, a blow stirrer using an inert gas or a circulation pump system, but usually a rotary blade stirrer is employed. The shape of the blade in the rotary blade stirrer may be suitably selected from various known types such as the turbine type, fan turbine type, curved blade fan turbine type, propeller type, simple paddle type (flat blade type), gate type and shutter type. If necessary, a baffle plate may also be used along with a rotary blade stirrer. When a rotary blade stirrer is used, the grain size of the granular by-product polymers differs according to the stirring speed (shearing force), that is, the grain size becomes small when the stirring speed is increased, while the grain size is enlarged when the stirring speed is lowered. Usually the preferred grain size of the granular by-product polymers if 100 to 3,000 µm, more preferably 300 to 1,000 µm. Therefore, the stirring speed (shearing force) of the rotary blade stirrer is preferably selected such that the grain size of the granular by-product polymers falls within the above-defined range. The specific stirring speed differs depending on the factors relating to stirring element, such as the shape of the blade, blade length, blade width, slat angle, number of slats and slat mounting height, the factors relating to the oligomerization reactor, such as the diameter of oligomerization reactor (autoclave), depth of reaction mixture, width of baffle plate and number of baffle plates used, and the factors relating to reaction mixture, such as the density and viscosity, so that it is necessary to determine the appropriate stirring speed by conducting a model test before carrying out the oligomerization reaction. In the case of a one-stage simple paddle type (flat blade type) stirrer, the grain size of the granular by-product polymers can generally be controlled to fall within the range of 100 to 3,000 µm by adjusting the stirring speed to 200 to 1,000 r.p.m.. Separation of the by-product polymers can be accomplished using a known solid/liquid separator. In the present invention, a filter or a centrifuge is preferably used. Separation of the granular by-product polymers can be accomplished with surprising easiness by using a solid/liquid separator of a structure in which the solid matter is separated by centrifugation while discharging the separated solid matter out of the system by a rotary screw. A solid/liquid separator of the above-described specific structure is per se known. For example, this type of separator is commercially available under the trade name "Sharples Super Decanter" (manufactured by Tomoe Kogyo Co., Ltd.). Also, various types of screw-adapted centrifuges are marketed by Ishikawajima Harima Industrial Co., Ltd. Said solid/liquid separator is mainly composed of an external bowl having a shape of a cylinder and a cone combined integrally with each other, said bowl being supported at its both ends by bearings and provided with a discharge port for separating liquid and solid matter, an internal screw disposed inside said bowl coaxially therewith, and having provided therearound a screw blade and a plurality of liquid spouts in the body portion, a feed pipe for feeding the stock solution through the liquid spouts in the body portion of said internal screw, a rotatory mechanism (planetary gears) designed to produce a rotational difference between said external bowl and internal screw in the same direction, and a casing enclosing said external bowl, and having a discharge port for separating liquid and solid matter. There are two types of separator, such as a vertical separator and horizontal separator. In operation of the above solid/liquid separator, the external bowl is rotated at a high speed while the internal screw is rotated at a lower speed, whereby the stock solution supplied from the feed pipe is centrifuged, with the solid matter being separated to the wall surface side of said bowl and discharged out of the system by the conveying action of the screw. In the present invention, the operating conditions of said solid/liquid separator are not subjected to any specific restrictions, but usually the external bowl is operated at a speed of 2,000 to 6,000 r.p.m., while the internal screw is operated at a speed of about 500 to 1,000 r.p.m. lower than the speed of the external bowl. The α-olefin oligomers yielded after separation of the by-product polymers in the reaction mixture are purified, if necessary. Usually distillation is employed for purification, and this allows recovery of the objective substance with a high purity. In the present invention, part of the α-olefin oligomers obtained may be converted into a saturated hydrocarbon by hydrogenation and the saturated hydrocarbon may be recycled to the oligomerization reaction system to realize a significant reduction of solvent cost. The fraction of the α-olefin oligomers to be subjected to the hydrogenation treatment is not specifically defined, but it is preferred to separate the product into a fraction with 4 to 6 carbon atoms and a fraction with not less than 8 carbon atoms by distillation and to subject the fraction with not less than 8 carbon atoms to the hydrogenation treatment. The amount of the α-olefin oligomers to be subjected to hydrogenation may be such as equivalent to the amount lost in the steps of oligomerization reaction, separation of the by-product polymers and distillation. When the α-olefin oligomers with not less than 8 carbon atoms are subjected to the hydrogenation treatment according to said preferred operation mode, since the yield of the α-olefin oligomers with not less than 8 carbon atoms is relatively small in the oligomerization reaction of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a saturated hydrocarbon in an amount equivalent to the loss of the reaction solvent if all said α-olefin oligomers are subjected to the hydrogenation treatment. Thus, hydrogenation of the α-olefin oligomers is performed to convert the α-olefin contained in said oligomers into a saturated hydrocarbon. To perform such a hydrogenation, the generally known hydrogenation treatment conditions can be employed. For example, the α-olefin oligomers are subjected to a hydrogenation treatment using a platinum catalyst supported on γ-alumina at a temperature of 30 to 150°C under a pressure of 9.8 x 10 5 to 68.6 x 10 5 Pa (10 to 70 kg/cm 2 ). However, the hydrogenation treatment conditions usable in the present invention are not limited to those described above. Other fractions of α-olefin oligomers, for example one with 4 to 6 carbon atoms, are further purified by distillation and recovered as a high-purity objective product. In the present invention, particularly high-purity 1-hexene can be produced from ethylene in an industrially advantageous way. In the present invention, the distillation for separating α-olefin oligomers may not necessarily be conducted on all of the substances in the reaction mixture. For instance, when producing 1-hexene from ethylene, small quantities of other α-olefin oligomers such as 1-octene may be left in the reaction mixture without separation. Also, the by-products such as C 10-20 compounds may be left in the reaction mixture. In the present invention, the catalyst components such as the chromium compound contained in the reaction mixture may be removed to enhance the purity of the α-olefin oligomers obtained. The various substances obtained from the oligomerization reaction of the α-olefins can be applied to various uses. For instance, 1-hexene, 1-butene and 1-octene, which are recovered from the distilled α-olefin oligomer composition, can be used as a starting monomer for preparation of useful polymers such as linear low-density polyethylene (L-LDPE). Also, 1-butene or butane (C 4 ) or 1-octene or octane (C 8 ), for example, can be converted into the corresponding sulfonic acid derivatives by adding hydrogen sulfide and oxidizing the resultant mixture. Salts of such sulfonic acids are useful as surfactants. Thus, trying to enhance purity of the α-olefin oligomers produced by removing the catalyst components such as the chromium compound contained in the reaction mixture is important for use of the various substances obtained from the oligomerization reactions of α-olefins. Further, depending on the conditions of the distillation separation of the substances, there may arise problems such as deposition of the catalyst components such as the chromium compound on the distillation column, so that it is necessary, from such an aspect, to remove the catalyst components such as the chromium compound contained in the reaction mixture. Removal of the catalyst components contained in the reaction mixture can be accomplished by contacting the reaction mixture containing the catalyst components with an aqueous acidic or alkaline solution. Removal of the catalyst components is preferably conducted after separation of the by-product in the reaction mixture. Preferred acids are nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Sodium hydroxide is preferably used as the alkali. Such acid or alkali is usually in the form of a 2 to 20 wt% aqueous solution. Contact of the reaction mixture containing the catalyst components with an acid or alkali solution can be accomplished by using various types of extractor, but it is preferred to use an apparatus composed of a stirring tank and a stationary separating tank. Such tanks may be arranged in a single stage or in multiple stages. The extraction system may be either batchwise or continuous. The catalyst components which are easily removed by the extraction, although variable depending on the type of extracting agent used (acid or alkali aqueous solution), are mostly metallic substances such as the chromium compound, metal amide and alkylaluminium compound. In the present invention, if necessary, there may be used two stirring tanks to perform extraction with both an acidic aqueous solution and an alkaline aqueous solution. The extracting conditions are not critical, but when using a stirring tank and a stationary separating tank, the oil layer to aqueous layer ratio in the stirring tank is usually 1:0.1 to 10, preferably 1:05 to 5, the treating temperature is usually 25 to 60°C, preferably 40 to 60°C, and the treating time is usually 5 to 120 minutes, preferably 30 to 90 minutes. Removal of the catalyst components can be performed at any desired stage after oligomerization. Therefore, the reaction mixture containing the catalyst components is not limited to the reaction mixture which has just been led out of the reaction system, and it may be the reaction mixture from which the main components of α-olefin oligomers and/or solvent have been distilled away. However, when the catalyst components are removed from the reaction mixture from which the great part of the α-olefin oligomers and solvent have been distilled away, there may arise the problems such as deposition of the catalyst components on the distillation column in the distillation separation immediately before the removal operation. Therefore, removal of the catalyst components needs to be conducted at a stage where the catalyst components are not yet concentrated to a high degree after distillation of the reaction mixture. Metal ions in the acidic or alkaline aqueous solution after extraction treatment can be recovered by a known method, for example, a method using a chelate resin. "Diaion CR10" and "Diaion CR11" (produced by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) can be used as a chelate resin. These chelate resins enable efficient recovery of trivalent chromium ions and aluminium ions. To recover metal ions, it is also possible to employ a method in which the desired substances are precipitated as insoluble metals by making use of a pertinent chemical reaction, or a combination of such a method and the method using a chelate resin. The reaction mixture cleared of the catalyst components is usually washed with water to remove the acid or alkali mixed therein and then separated into α-olefin oligomers and solvent by distillation. Such a distillation separation can be accomplished using a known distillation apparatus. The recovered solvent may be recycled to the reaction system. In the present invention, α-olefin oligomers other than 1-hexene, for example 1-heptene and 1-octene, can also be produced in a relatively high yield. That is, according to the present invention, it is possible to produce α-olefin oligomers having (n + 4) carbon atoms by carrying out oligomerization of ethylene and an α-olefin having n carbon atoms (wherein n is an integer of not less than 3). In producing α-olefin oligomers having not less than 7 carbon atoms according to said method, the α-olefin and chromium-based catalyst may be contacted with each other in a contacting mode where the chromium compound and alkylaluminium compound are inhibited from previously contacting each other. Here, the term "α-olefin" is used to refer to both ethylene and the α-olefin having n carbon atoms. However, when utilizing ethylene and/or an α-olefin having n carbon atoms as a reaction solvent, one of them may be previously introduced into the reactor. Examples of the α-olefin having n carbon atoms are substituted or unsubstituted α-olefins having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 3-methyl-1-butene and 4-methyl-1-pentene. In the present invention, the reaction (trimerization reaction) of 2 moles of ethylene and one mole of α-olefin having n carbon atoms is carried out selectively, so that the ratio of said α-olefin to ethylene is not specifically defined. Actually, 0.01 to 1,000 moles of α-olefin having n carbon atoms is used to one mole of ethylene, and an appropriate ratio is selected from this range so that a product having the desired compositional distribution is obtained. The α-olefin oligomer preparation process of the present invention is especially advantageous, in the following points (i) to (iii), for industrial production of 1-hexene. (i) The process is capable of producing 1-hexene from ethylene with a high selectivity and in a high yield. (ii) The oligomerization reaction of ethylene is carried out in a solvent having a higher boiling point than 1-hexene, under a pressure of not less than 10.8 x 10 5 Pa (10 kg/cm 2 (G)), followed by degassing to reduce the pressure to not more than 39.2 x 10 4 Pa (3 kg/cm 2 (G)), and then the by-products are separated, so that the separation of the by-products is easy to perform. Examples of the reaction solvent having a higher boiling point than 1-hexene are chain or alicyclic saturated hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and decalin; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, mesitylene and tetralin; chlorinated chain hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane and tetrachloroethane; and chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons such as chorobenzene and dichlorobenzene. Oligomerization of an α-olefin such as ethylene is usually carried out under pressure, and ensuing separation of the by-products is performed with the pressure in the reaction being substantially maintained unchanged. This is because of the following reason. In production of 1-hexene according to a conventional method, the yield of 1-hexene is unsatisfactory and, under certain reaction conditions, a low-boiling point substance (1-butene) is produced as a by-product in a large quantity (about not less than 15 wt%). Accordingly, when the pressure is reduced close to ordinary pressure after the reaction, the cooling load necessary for the distillation separation of 1-butene (boiling point: -6.47°C) from the unreacted ethylene is increased. According to the conventional method, therefore, it is essential to perform separation of the by-products without reducing the pressure after the reaction and then separate 1-butene by distillation, with the pressure being gradually reduced in the ensuing unit operations. However, separation of the by-product polymers under pressure not only necessitates a specific solid/liquid separating device but also has poor operating efficiency. In some cases it may invite additional disadvantages such as blocking of the solid/liquid separator by the by-product polymers. On the other hand, when 1-hexene is produced according to the α-olefin oligomer production process of the present invention, since 1-hexene can be obtained in a high yield while suppressing the formation of the by-products such as 1-butene, there is no absolute need for recovering 1-butene. When it is this by-product separated by distillation under ordinary pressure, the cooling load necessary for the distillation separation can be lessened remarkably. According to the present invention, the content (the amount produced as a by-product) of 1-butene in the α-olefin oligomer composition can be reduced to not more than 10 wt%, while the content of 1-hexene therein can be increased to not less than 70 wt%, or even to not less than 85 wt%. According to the present invention, by-product polymers can be separated after reducing the pressure to not more than 39.2 x 10 4 Pa (3 kg/cm 2 (G)) by degassing after the reaction. When the pressure is reduced to not more than 39.2 x 10 4 Pa (3 kg/cm 2 (G)), use of a relative simply solid/liquid separator is possible, and there is little possibility of the solid/liquid separator being blocked by the by-product polymers. It is, however, preferable to reduce the pressure to not more than 28.42 x 10 4 Pa (1.9 kg/cm 2 (G)) which is specified by law as the limit pressure of a second class high pressure vessel. It is even more preferable to reduce the pressure to not more than 11.76 x 10 4 Pa (0.2 kg/cm 2 (G)), under which it is possible to perform substantially the same operations as under ordinary pressure. (iii) Since the load of the distillation separation of the reaction solvent is small, the benefit of recycling of the solvent is large. When the obtained reaction product composition contains a large number of substances which are hard to separate from each other, the benefit of recycling the reaction solvent is lessened because of the large load of distillation separation of the reaction solvent. In contrast, when 1-hexene is produced according to the α-olefin oligomer production process of the present invention, the content of 1-hexene in the α-olefin oligomer composition obtained is at least 50 wt%, and it can be increased to not less than 75 wt%, or even to not less than 85 wt%. Distillation separation of 1-hexene and the reaction solvent can be accomplished by using a known type of distillation apparatus. The distillation operation may be either batchwise or continuous. In either case, 1-hexene is usually distilled out from the top of the distillation tower. The reaction solvent recovered as the bottom product contains α-olefins other than 1-hexene, but their content is small. In the present invention, therefore, the reaction solvent recovered in the course of distillation separation of 1-hexene can be recycled in the form as it is to the reaction system until the content of α-olefins other than 1-hexene in the reaction system reaches a prescribed concentration. Also, part of the reaction solvent containing such α-olefins may be recycled to the reaction system. It is of course possible to recycle all the reaction solvent recovered in the distillation separation of α-olefins other than 1-hexene. In this case, distillation separation can be accomplished in the same way as described above, but the distillation load is greatly lessened because of the small content of said α-olefins in the reaction solvent. By the process of the present invention, an α-olefin oligomer composition comprising not less than 85% by weight of 1-hexene and not more than 15% by weight of oligomers having not less than 10 carbon atoms and/or polymers may be obtained. α-Olefin oligomers useful as various types of starting material have been obtained from the oligomerization reaction of α-olefins. The reaction product compositions obtained from the oligomerization reaction of α-olefins, especially the compositions in which the content of 1-hexene is not less than 85% by weight, are of high industrial utility, and above all, the compositions with a 1-hexene content of not less than 90% by weight are of particularly high industrial value. In much of the reaction product compositions (α-olefin oligomer compositions) obtained by conventional methods, the content of the oligomers having 4 to 8 carbon atoms is not more than 75 wt%, that is, such compositions contain the polymers of various numbers of carbon atoms apart from those mentioned above. When, for example, the oligomer having 4 carbon atoms is represented by "C4", a typical example of a composition confirmed in a follow-up test by the present inventors is as follows: C4: 19%; C6: 40%; C8: 16%; C10: 13% C12: 7%; C14: 3%; C16: 1%; C18: 1% Since this reaction product composition contains many substances which are hard to separate from each other because of their close boiling points and also the content of the oligomers having 4 to 8 carbon atoms is small, the fractionating operation is difficult to carry out and the load of the fractionating process is large. The α-olefin oligomer compositions provided by the process of the present invention are rich with oligomers having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, so that the load of the fractionating process is small and, therefore, the compositions are usable as various types of starting material to industrial advantage. The compositions are particularly suited for use as starting material for L-LDPE which is a very useful resin, and they can even be used in the form as they are as starting material for the preparation of L-LDPE with certain specific properties. In the preferred α-olefin oligomer compositions, the content of 1-hexene is not less than 85 wt%. In the more preferred α-olefin oligomer compositions, the content of 1-hexene is not less than 90 wt% and the content of each of the oligomers and/or polymers having not less than 12 carbon atoms is usually 1 to 2 wt% or less. These α-olefin oligomer compositions can be obtained by removing the starting α-olefins after the oligomerization reaction thereof. According to the present invention described above, oligomers of α-olefins such as 1-hexene can be produced in a high yield with high selectivity without complicated operations and in an industrially advantageous way. It is also possible to prevent deposition of the by-product polymers on the reactor, distillation column, other incidental equipment and piping. Separation of the by-product polymers is easy and a significant reduction of solvent cost is realized. Further, according to the present invention, purification of α-olefin oligomers to a very high degree can be attained. Still further, according to the present invention, since it is possible to obtain 1-hexene in a high yield, distillation recovery of the reaction solvent to be recycled to the reaction system can be practiced at low load, and separation of the by-product polymers after the reaction can be accomplished under ordinary pressure or low pressure in an industrially advantageous way. Moreover, according to the present invention, α-olefin oligomer compositions which are reaction product compositions obtained from the oligomerization reaction of α-olefins and which are rich with the oligomers having 4 to 8 carbon atoms can be obtained. Therefore a small load is required for fractionation and hence α-olefin oligomer compositions can be offered as various types of starting material to industrial advantage. EXAMPLES The present invention is explained in more detail in the following Examples and Comparative Examples. Examples 1-12 A 300 ml autoclave dried by a drier at 150°C was assembled in a hot state and then the atmosphere in the autoclave was replaced with nitrogen in vacuum. A catalyst feed pipe equipped with a rupture plate was previously attached to the autoclave. n-Heptane (47 ml), a n-heptane solution of pyrrole (0.063 mmol), a n-heptane solution of triethylaluminium (0.400 mmol) and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as additional component were charged to the autoclave, while a heptane solution of chromium (III) acetylacetonane (10 mg, 0.021 mmol) was charged to the catalyst feed pipe. The total amount of n-heptane was 50 ml. First, the autoclave was heated to a temperature of 100°C and then ethylene was introduced thereinto from the catalyst feed pipe at a temperature of 100°C. The rupture plate was ruptured under ethylene pressure and a chromium compound was introduced into the barrel of the autoclave to start the oligomerization of ethylene. Ethylene was introduced until the overall pressure reached 35.28 x 10 5 Pa (35 kg/cm 2 (G)), while maintaining the temperature at 100°C. One hour later, ethanol was injected into the reaction mixture to terminate the reaction. After releasing ethylene from the autoclave, the by-product polymers (mostly polyethylene) in the reaction mixture were separated by filtration to obtain α-olefin oligomers. The results of gas chromatographic analysis of the obtained α-olefin oligomers are shown along with other data in Tables 1-3. In Tables 1-3, "h-1" indicates the additional component is tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, "HP" means n-heptane, and Cr-1 means chromium (III) acetylacetonate. "Contact method A 1 " is a method in which the α-olefin, chromium compound and additional component {tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane: B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 } are introduced into a solution containing pyrrole and alkylaluminium compound; "contact method A 2 " is a method in which the α-olefin and chromium compound are introduced into a solution containing pyrrole, alkylaluminium compound and additional substance; "contact method D 1 " is a method in which the α-olefin, chromium compound and pyrrole are introduced into a solution containing alkylaluminium compound and additional substance; and "contact method F" is a method in which the α-olefin is introduced into a solution prepared by successively feeding the additional component, alkylaluminium compound, pyrrole and chromium compound. Example 1 2 3 4 Kind of solvent (amount:ml) HP(50) HP(50) HP(50) HP(50) Kind of Cr compound Cr-1 Cr-1 Cr-1 Cr-1 Amount of Cr compound (mg/hour) 10 10 10 10 Molar amount of Cr compound (mmol/hour) (a) 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 Molar amount of pyrrole (mmol/hour) (b) 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 Molar amount of Et 3 Al (mmol/hour) (c) 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 Molar ratio of catalyst components (a:b:c) 1:3:19 1:3:19 1:3:19 1:3:19 Kind of additional component h-1 h-1 h-1 h-1 Molar amount of additional substance (mmol) 0.020 0.020 0.100 0.020 Reaction temperature (°C) 100 100 100 100 Example 1 2 3 4 Ethylene pressure Pa (kg/cm 2 (G)) 35.3x10 5 (35) 35.3x10 5 (35) 35.3x10 5 (35) 35.3x10 5 (35) Reaction time (Hr) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Contacting method A 1 A 2 A 2 F 〈Product yield (g/hour)〉 14.4 14.4 38.0 13.7 〈Compositional distribution (wt%)〉 C 4 1.7 1.9 0.2 1.4 C 6 (total) 79.5 74.5 83.2 80.3 1-hexene content in C 6 (wt%) 94.6 94.6 94.4 94.9 C 8 2.7 3.0 0.5 2.1 C 10-20 13.9 17.9 15.2 14.0 C 22-30 1.4 2.0 0.5 1.3 Wax 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Polyethylene (by-product) 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 〈Catalytic efficiency〉 1439 1439 3799 1367 〈Catalytic activity〉 53313 53328 140699 50616 Example 5 6 7 8 Kind of solvent (amount:ml) HP(50) HP(50) HP(50) HP(50) Kind of Cr compound Cr-1 Cr-1 Cr-1 Cr-1 Amount of Cr compound (mg/hour) 10 10 10 10 Molar amount of Cr compound (mmol/hour) (a) 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 Molar amount of pyrrole (mmol/hour) (b) 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 Molar amount of Et 3 Al (mmol/hour) (c) 0.400 0.400 0.400 0.400 Molar ratio of catalyst components (a:b:c) 1:3:19 1:3:19 1:3:19 1:3:19 Kind of additional component h-1 h-1 h-1 h-1 Molar amount of additional substance (mmol) 0.020 0.100 0.100 0.060 Reaction temperature (°C) 100 60 45 100 Example 5 6 7 8 Ethylene pressure Pa (kg/cm 2 (G)) 35.3x10 5 (35) 35.3x10 5 (35) 35.3x10 5 (35) 35.3x10 5 (35) Reaction time (Hr) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Contacting method D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 〈Product yield (g/hour)〉 19.1 23.0 24.7 33.2 〈Compositional distribution (wt%)〉 C 4 1.2 0.3 0.7 0.3 C 6 (total) 79.1 85.5 81.8 82.8 1-hexene content in C 6 (wt%) 94.4 95.3 94.8 94.2 C 8 1.9 0.7 0.9 0.6 C 10-20 15.7 11.3 14.3 15.2 C 22-30 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.5 Wax 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 Polyethylene (by-product) 0.7 1.8 1.8 0.5 〈Catalytic efficiency〉 1910 2302 2476 3318 〈Catalytic activity〉 70729 85272 91720 122885 Example 9 10 11 12 Kind of solvent (amount:ml) HP(50) HP(50) HP(50) HP(50) Kind of Cr compound Cr-1 Cr-1 Cr-1 Cr-1 Amount of Cr compound (mg/hour) 10 10 10 10 Molar amount of Cr compound (mmol/hour) (a) 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 Molar amount of pyrrole (mmol/hour) (b) 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 Molar amount of Et 3 Al (mmol/hour) (c) 0.400 0.400 0.200 0.400 Molar ratio of catalyst components (a:b:c) 1:3:19 1:3:19 1:3:10 1:3:19 Kind of additional component h-1 h-1 h-1 h-1 Molar amount of additional substance (mmol) 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 Reaction temperature (°C) 100 100 100 100 Example 9 10 11 12 Ethylene pressure Pa (kg/cm 2 (G)) 35.3x10 5 (35) 69.6x10 5 (70) 35.3x10 5 (35) 35.3x10 5 (35) H 2 :3.5 kg/cm 2 (G)) (4.41x10 5 Pa) Reaction time (Hr) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Contact method D 1 D 1 D 1 D 1 〈Product yield (g/hour)〉 6.7 15.9 3.9 14.9 〈Compositional distribution (wt%)〉 C 4 2.4 3.5 3.6 1.9 C 6 (total) 78.7 78.2 79.4 78.8 1-hexene content in C 6 (wt%) 94.5 95.0 94.3 92.0 C 8 3.5 3.9 3.6 2.2 C 10-20 14.2 13.9 12.2 16.7 C 22-30 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.4 Wax 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 Polyethylene (by-product) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 〈Catalytic efficiency〉 667 1588 386 1488 〈Catalytic activity〉 24711 58797 14303 55111

Claims: A process for preparing an α-olefin oligomer which comprises oligomerizing an α-olefin in a solvent in the presence of a chromium-based catalyst system comprising a combination of at least a chromium compound; ammonia, an amine or metal amide; an alkylaluminium compound; and a non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound of formula (6) or (7): wherein M 1 and M 2 are each an element selected from groups IIIB, IVB, VB and VIB of the periodic table; R 1 to R 7 are each independently an organic group, an inorganic group or an anionic atom; and [L] + is a cation containing an element selected from groups IA, VIIA, VIII, IB and IIIB-VIB of the periodic table. A process according to claim 1 wherein the α-olefin and the chromium compound are introduced into a solution comprising the ammonia, amine or metal amide, the alkylaluminium compound and the non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound. A process according to claim 1 wherein the α-olefin, the chromium compound and the ammonia, amine or metal amide are introduced into a solution comprising the alkylaluminium compound and the non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound. A process according to claim 1 wherein the α-olefin and the alkylaluminium compound are introduced into a solution comprising the chromium compound, the ammonia, amine or metal amide and the non-coordinating Lewis acid-containing compound. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the oligomerization is carried out in a saturated hydrocarbon solvent having not more than 7 carbon atoms at a temperature of 25 to 70°C, and then by-product polymers in the reaction mixture are separated and removed to recover the α-olefin oligomer without melting the by-product polymers. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the reaction mixture comprising the catalyst components is contacted with an acidic or alkaline aqueous solution to remove the catalyst components. A process according to any one of the preceding claims for producing l-hexene which comprises carrying out oligomerization of ethylene in a reaction solvent having a higher boiling point than that of l-hexene under a pressure of not less than 10.8 x 10 5 Pa (10 kg/cm 2 (G)) to obtain an α-olefin oligomer composition comprising l-hexene, then reducing the pressure of the reaction system to not more than 3.92 x 10 5 Pa (3 kg/cm 2 (G)) by degassing, and separating the by-products therefrom. A process according to any one of the preceding claims for producing l-hexene wherein an oligomerization reaction of ethylene is carried out to obtain an α-olefin oligomer composition with a l-hexene content of not less than 50 wt%, then l-hexene and the reaction solvent are distilled off from the reaction mixture and the recovered reaction solvent is recycled to the reaction system. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the oligomerization is carried out in a contacting mode that the chromium compound and the alkylaluminium compound are not previously contacted with each other. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the molar ratio of (a) the chromium compound, (b) the ammonia, amine or metal amide, and (c) the alkylaluminium compound is (a) : (b) : (c) = 1: 2 to 4: 4 to 8, and the reaction is carried out at a temperature of 25 to 70°C. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a non-conjugated diene compound. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of an aromatic hydrocarbon compound.

Inventors: AOSHIMA TAKAYUKI, IWADE SHINJI, KATSUKI SYUNJI, KAWASHIMA RIICHIROU, NAKAMURA HIROFUMI, OKANO TAKESHI, OSHIKI TOSHIYUKI, TANAKA EIJI, URATA HISAO, AOSHIMA, TAKAYUKI, IWADE, SHINJI, KATSUKI, SYUNJI, KAWASHIMA, RIICHIROU, NAKAMURA, HIROFUMI, OKANO, TAKESHI, OSHIKI, TOSHIYUKI, TANAKA, EIJI, URATA, HISAO
Applicants: MITSUBISHI CHEM CORP, MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C07C2
IPC codes: B01J31, C07C2