COAXIAL THERMOELEMENTS AND THERMOCOUPLES MADE FROM THE COAXIAL THERMOELEMENTS

Abstract: A coaxial thermoelement (10) having a thermocouple wire (12) coaxially disposed in a tubular metal sheath (16). A ceramic powder (14) electrically insulating is disposed in the tubular metal sheath (16) to insulate the thermocouple wire (12) from the tubular metal sheath (16). A thermocouple (24) is formed by fusing the thermocouple wire (12) to its metal sheath (16) in each of two coaxial thermoelements (10, 10') and joining the fused ends of the two coaxial thermoelements (10, 10') to form a thermocouple junction.

Description: COAXIAL THERMOELEMENTS AND THERMOCOUPLES MADE FROM THE COAXIAL THERMOELEMENTS Technical Field The invention is related to the field of thermocouples and, in particular, to coaxial thermo¬ elements and thermocouples made from the coaxial thermo¬ elements. Background Art The fabrication of thermocouples using tubular metal sheaths is known in the art. Solomon in U.S. Patent No. 3,973,997, Wagner in U.S. Patent No. 3,980,504 and Nanigian in U.S. Patent No. 4,732,619 teach a thermocouple formed between a tubular metal sheathing and an internal thermocouple wire. The tubular metal sheathing and the internal wire are electrically joined at one end to form a thermocouple junction where the metal sheathing is one of the thermo¬ couple elements and the internal wire is the other. Alternatively, as taught by Gill in U.S. Patent No. 4,512,827, two thermocouples wires, such as thermal couple wires 2 and 4 are encased in a common metal sheath, as shown in Figure 1. The thermocouple wires 2 and 4 are insulated from each other and from the metal sheath by a powdered insulating material 8. In this type o.f thermocouple, the powdered insulating material solidifies during the drawing process to reduce the diameter of the thermocouple assembly, thereby making it difficult to remove the material from between the thermocouple wires and the inner walls of the metal sheathing in order to form a thermocouple junction. In addition, the thermocouple wires must be selected from thermocouple alloys to compensate for changes in their calibration that occur during manufacture. The procedure for doing this is one of trial and error. It is only after processing that the thermo-electromotive force (EMF) of the resultant thermocouple assembly is determined to be suitable for standard or special limits of error. There is little that can be done after the sheathed thermocouple cable is completed. In the alternative, Kleinle in U.S. Patent No. 3,449,174 teaches a coaxial thermoelement in which the metal sheathing is made from the same metal or alloy as the coaxial thermocouple wire, while Black et al in U.S. Patent No. 3,463,674 discloses a thermocouple in which a thermocouple junction is formed by two thermocouple wires joined end-to-end. The thermocouple junction and the thermocouple wires are covered by an insulating layer and enclosed by a common metal sheath. A second metal sheath is added in the vicinity of the thermocou¬ ple junction and the second metal sheath is reduced by drawing or swaging to a diameter substantially equal to the diameter of the first metal sheath. Summary Of The Invention The invention is a coaxial thermoelement for making thermocouples and has a thermocouple wire coaxi¬ ally enclosed in a tubular metal sheath and electrically insulated therefrom by a ceramic insulating material. The thermocouple wire has thermoelectric constants different from the thermoelectric constants of the tubular metal sheath. A thermocouple is formed by electrically joining the ends of first and second coaxial thermoelements by fusing the thermocouple wire and the metal sheath of the first and second coaxial thermoelements together in a common weld bead. The thermoelectrical constants of the thermocouple wires in the first and second coaxial thermoelements being different from each other and from the thermoelectric constants of the tubular metal sleeves. One advantage of the invention is that the coaxial thermoelements can be drawn continuously without an anneal to a much greater accumulated diameter reduc¬ tion than thermoelements having two thermocouple wires as taught by the prior art. Another advantage is that the coaxial thermo¬ elements may be calibrated individually, permitting matching of individual coaxial thermoelements to offset changes in the thermoelectric constants induced by subsequent drawing to reduce errors in the finished thermocouples. Still another advantage is that the ends of the coaxial the:- oelements may be easily cleaned to remove the ceramic insulating material from between the thermocouple wire and the metal sheathing to a depth sufficient to fuse the thermocouple wire to the metal sheath. These and other advantages will become more apparent from a reading of the specification in conjunc¬ tion with the drawings. Brief Description Of The Drawings FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a prior art thermoelement having two thermocouple wires in a common sheath; FIGURE 2 is a perspective view of the coaxial thermoelement; FIGURE 3 is an alternate embodiment of the coaxial thermoelement having a second sheathing layer; FIGURE 4 is a thermocouple made from two coaxial thermoelements; FIGURE 5 is a thermocouple in which the ends of the coaxial thermoelements are twisted about each other; FIGURE 6 is a thermocouple in which the coaxial thermoelements are welded to each other along the length; FIGURE 7 is a thermocouple in which the ends of the coaxial thermoelements are spatially separated; FIGURE 8 is a cross-sectional view of an end of a coaxial thermoelement and a trepanning tool; and FIGURE 9 is an alternate embodiment of the trepanning tool. Detailed Description Of The Invention The structure of the coaxial thermoelement 10 is shown in Figure 2. The coaxial thermoelement 10 has a central thermocouple wire 12 surrounded by an insulat- ing material 14 and enclosed within an outer metal jacket or tubular metal sheath 16. The thermocouple wire 12 may be selected from any of the metals or alloys used in the thermocouple art and may have either posi¬ tive, negative, or neutral thermoelectric characteris- tics. For example, the thermocouple wire 12 my be made from platinum, a platinum rhodium alloy, CHROMEL, ALUMEL, copper, iron, constantan or any other metal or alloy use . for thermocouples. The insulating material 14 is preferably a ceramic powder, such as magnesium oxide powder. The outer jacket or sheath 16 may be made from any metal or alloy, such as commonly used in making continuously welded tubing which has good working and drawing properties. The coaxial thermoelement 10 is made by using standard tube forming processes such as taught by Gill in U.S. Patent No. 4,512,827. In the drawing of the coaxial thermoelement 10, only a single thermocouple wire 12 is fed into a tubular metal sheath or jacket 16 as it is being continuously formed. Gill also teaches the addition of the insulating ceramic powder into the metal sheath 16 during its fabrication process. Although the tubular coaxial thermoelement shown in Figure 2 has only a single metal sheath 16, the metal jacket or sheath may comprise two or more metal sheaths disposed over the metal sheath 16 such as a second sheath 18 as shown in Figure 3. In the embodiment of Figure 3, the seam 20 such as a weld or braze seam of the second metal sheath 18 is displaced from, and preferably diametrically oppo¬ site, the seam 22 of the first sheath 16. The addition- al layer or layers of sheathing material prevents the loss of the insulating material if a seam is accidental¬ ly or inadvertently ruptured during a subsequent drawing process or when the finished product is bent. The advantage of the coaxial element 10 is that it may be drawn continuously without anneal to a much greater accumulated diameter reduction than the diameters currently obtainable when two thermocouple wires are enclosed in a common metal sheath as taught by the prior art. One of the problems encountered by the prior art is that the thermoelectric constants of the thermo¬ couple wires change when being drawn to a smaller diameter. As used herein, the thermo-electromotive force (EMF) generated by a thermocouple junction of a metal or alloy with a metal lead (Pb) is given by the equation: EMF T = A. 2 + Bθ where θ is the temperature and A and B are constants. The metal lead is used as a standard and its thermoelec- trie constants A and B have been defined as being equal to 0. As a result, the thermo-electromotive force pro¬ duced by thermocouples formed when both thermocouple wires are enclosed in a common sheath may change not only from batch-to-batch, but also may change within a common batch. This results in the user having to order precalibrated thermocouples having the same thermo- electromotive force characteristics as a failed thermo¬ couple or recalibrate the system to accommodate a thermo-electromotive force characteristics of the new thermocouple. The advantage of the coaxial thermoelements 10 is that the thermo-electromotive force characteristics of the individual coaxial thermoelements may be selected by the user to produce the desired thermo-electromotive characteristics. A their couple 24 is made by joining the ends of two coaxial tnermoelements 10 and 10', as shown in Figure 4. The metal sheaths 16 and 16' of the thermo¬ elements 10 and 10' are made from the same metal and do not contribute to the electromotive force generated by the resultant thermocouple 24. The ends of the two coaxial thermoelements 10 and 10' are fused, such as by welding to form a thermocouple junction in the form of a weld bead or cap 26 connecting the metal sheaths 16 and 16' to each other as well as connecting the thermo¬ couple wires 12 and 12' to each other. As shown in Figure 5, the coaxial thermo- elements 10 and 10' forming a thermocouple 28 may be twisted together to provide added mechanical strength at their ends adjacent to weld bead 26. Further as shown in Figure 6, the metal sheaths 12 and 12' of coaxial thermoelements 10 and 10', respectively, may be welded or otherwise electrically connected to each other along their lengths as indicated by welds 30. Figure 7 shows an alternate embodiment of a thermocouple 32 in which the ends of the individual coaxial thermoelements 10 and 10' are separated from each other. The ends of the individual coaxial thermo¬ elements 10 and 10' are individually sealed by welding to form weld beads 34 and 34', respectively. The metal sheaths of the coaxial thermoelement 10 and 10' are electrically connected to each other in a region adja¬ cent to the welding beads 34 and 34', where it will be at the same temperature as the ends of the individual coaxial thermoelements 10 and 10' . The coaxial thermoelements are user-friendly and permit the user to make his own thermocouples. As shown in Figure 8, the trepanning operation to remove the ceramic material from between the internal surface of the tubular metal sheath and the thermocouple wire member to the desired depth may be performed by a simple trepanning tool 36. The trepanning tool 36 has a through bore 38 having a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the thermocouple wire 12 and annular cutter 40 provided at the end of an annular shaft portion 42. The depth at which the trepanning tool 36 removes the insulating material 14 from between the axially disposed thermocouple wire 12 and internal surface of the metal sheath 16 is determined by the length of the shaft portion 42. An annular shoulder 44 engages the edge of the tubular metal sheath 16 when the trepanning tool 36 has removed the insulating material 14 from between the thermocouple wire 12 and the tubular metal sheath 16 to a depth sufficient to make satisfac¬ tory weld bead 26 at the end of the coaxial thermoele¬ ment 10. The trepanning tool 36 has a knurled knob 46 which permits the trepanning tool 36 to be manually rotated. Alternatively, the trepanning tool 36 may have a shank 48 as shown in Figure 9 by means of which it may be mounted in a suitable rotatable tool such as a power screwdriver or a drill. The ability of the ultimate user to easily remove a predetermined quartity of the insulating material from the end of the coaxial thermo¬ element, to permit the forrαation of a weld bead fusing the thermocouple wire 12 to the tubular metal sheath 16 or to another thermoelectric member having different thermoelectric constants, greatly enhances the flexibil¬ ity of the coaxial thermoelectric elements. As a result, relatively unskilled welders can repeatedly make weld beads at the end of the coaxial thermoelement 10, electrically connecting the coaxial thermocouple wire 12 with the sheath 16. The two wire, single sheath construction taught by the prior art requires a greater degree of skill and difficulties are often encountered in effectively removing the insulating material 14 from between and adjacent to the two thermo¬ couple wires due to their non-circular configuration. The lower cost of the coaxial thermoelements and the ease of welding leads to a higher quality thermocouple product than glass or ceramic fiber insu- lated thermocouple wires at a competitive price. Since the thermocouple wire 12 of the coaxial thermoelement is protected from oxidation and other types of corrosion by the tubular metal sheath 16, greater stability and longer life are assured. Having disclosed a preferred embodiment of the invention which has been described in detail with respect to the drawings, it is recognized that those skilled in the art may make certain changes and improve¬ ments within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: What Is Claimed Is: 1. A coaxial thermoelement comprising: a thermocouple wire having a predetermined length, said thermocouple wire selected from a group of thermoelectric metals consisting of "ALUMEL", "CHROMEL", iron, copper, constantan, platinum and alloys of plati¬ num and rhodium; a tubular metal sheath circumscribing said thermocouple wire a distance substantially equal to said predetermined length, said metal sheath made from a metal different from said thermoelectric metals; and an insulating ceramic powder disposed in said metal sheath to support said thermocouple wire coaxially within said metal sheath and to electrically insulate said thermocouple wire from said metal sheath along said predetermined length. 2. A thermocouple comprising: a first coaxial thermoelement having a first thermocouple wire axially disposed in a first metal sheath and a ceramic insulator material filling, said first metal sheath having a length substantially equal to the length of said first thermocouple wire and a ceramic insulator material supporting said first thermo¬ electric wire coaxially within said first metal sheath and insulating said first thermoelectric wire from said first metal sheath along the entire length of said first metal sheath, said first thermocouple wire selected from a group of thermoelectric metals and alloys consisting of "CHROMEL", "ALUMEL", iron, copper, constantan, platinum and alloys of platinum and rhodium and said first metal sheath being made from a metal having a composition different from said group of thermoelectric metals and alloys; a second coaxial thermoelement having a second thermocouple wire axially disposed in a second tubular metal sheath and a ceramic insulator material filling said second tubular metal sheath, said second metal sheath having a length substantially equal to the length of said second thermocouple wire and said insulator material supporting said second thermocouple wire coaxially within said second metal sheath along the entire length of said second metal sheath, said second thermocouple wire selected from said group of thermo¬ electric metals, the thermoelectric metal of said second thermocouple wire being different from said thermo¬ electric metal of said first thermocouple wire, said second metal sheath being made from a metal having a composition substantially the same as the composition of said metal of said first metal sheath; and means for electrically connecting to each other at one end thereof said first metal sheath and said first thermocouple wire of said first thermoelement with said second thermocouple wire and said second metal sheath of said second coaxial thermoelement. 3. The coaxial thermoelement of claim 11 wherein said first and second thermocouple wires and said insulating ceramic powder are continuously inserted into said first and second metal sheaths as said first and second metal sheaths are being formed. 4. The coaxial thermoelement of claim 1 wherein said at least one tubular metal sheath is a first metal sheath having a longitudinal seam, said at least one tubular metal sheath further comprising a second tubular metal sheath having a longitudinal seam displaced from said longitudinal seam of said first tubular metal sheath. 5. The thermocouple of claim 2 wherein said means for electrically connecting is a weld bead fusing said first metal sheath and said first thermocouple wire of said first coaxial thermoelement to said second tubular metal sheath and said second thermocouple wire of said second coaxial thermoelement. 6. The thermocouple of claim 5 wherein said first and second coaxial thermoelements are twisted about each other adjacent to said one end. 7. The thermocouple of claim 6 wherein said first and second metal sheaths of said first and second coaxial thermoelements are electrically connected to each other at predetermined locations along their length. 8. The thermocouple of claim 2 wherein said means for electrically connecting comprises: a first weld bead fusing said first metal sheath and said first thermocouple wire of said first coaxial thermoelement to each other; a second weld bead fusing said second metal sheath and said second thermocouple wire of said second coaxial thermoelement to each other; and means for electrically connecting said first and second metal sheaths of said first and second coaxial thermoelements in a region adjacent to said first and second weld beads.

Inventors: HALL BERTIE FORREST JR, HALL, BERTIE, FORREST, JR.
Applicants: HOSKINS MFG CO, HOSKINS MANUFACTURING COMPANY
Application year: 1994
Main classification: H01L35
IPC codes: G01K7, H01L35