METHOD AND PRODUCT FOR REGULATING CELL RESPONSIVENESS TO EXTERNAL SIGNALS

Abstract: The isolated nucleic acid sequence for MEKK, the MEKK amino acid sequence and protein, antibodies to MEKK, and methods for using such sequences, proteins and antibodies are described. The amino acid sequence of MEKK (MEK Kinase), was elucidated from a cDNA sequence encoding a protein of 672 amino acid residues (73 kilodaltons). When MEKK is expressed, it phosphorylates and activates MEK. Phosphorylation and activation of MEK by MEKK is independent of Raf, a growth factor regulated protein kinase that also phosphorylates MEK. Thus, MEKK and Raf converge at MEK in the protein kinase network mediating the activation of MAPKs by hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters.

Description: METHOD AND PRODUCT FOR REGULATING CELL RESPONSIVENESS TO EXTERNAL SIGNALS FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to isolated MEK kinase nucleic acid sequences, substantially pure MEKK proteins and methods involved in the regulation and use of MEKK, MEK and MAPK enzymes. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) (also called extracellular signal-regulated kinases or ERKs) are rapidly activated in response to ligand binding by both growth factor receptors that are tyrosine kinases (such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor) and receptors that are coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) such as the thro bin receptor. The MAPKs appear to integrate multiple intracellular signals transmitted by various second messengers. MAPKs phosphorylate and regulate the activity of enzymes and transcription factors including the EGF receptor, Rsk 90, phospholipase A 2 , arachidonic acid metabolites, c-Myc, and perhaps c-Jun. Although the rapid activation of MAPKs by receptors that are tyrosine kinases is dependent on Ras, G protein-mediated activation of MAPK appears to occur predominantly through pathways independent of Ras. Complementation analysis of the pheromone-induced signaling pathway in yeast has defined a protein kinase system that controls the activity of Spkl and Fus3-Kssl, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologs of MAPK (see for example, B.R. Cairns et al., Genes and Dev. 6, 1305 (1992); B.J. Stevenson et al., Genes and Dev. 6, 1293 (1992); S.A. Nadin-Davis et al., EMBO J. 7, 985 (1988); Y. Wang et al., Mol . Cell . Biol . 11, 3554 (1991) . In S. cerevisiae, the protein kinase Ste7 is the upstream regulator of Fus3-Kssl activity; the protein kinase Stell regulates Ste7. The S. pomJe gene products Byrl and Byr2 are homologous to Ste7 and Stell, respectively. The MEK (MAPK Kinase or ERK Kinase) or MKK (MAP Kinase kinase) enzymes are similar in sequence to Ste7 and Byrl. The MEKs phosphorylate MAPKs on both tyrosine and threonine residues which results in activation of MAPK. The mammalian serine-threonine protein kinase Raf phosphorylates and activates MEK, which leads to activation of MAPK. Raf is activated in response to growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity and therefore Raf may activate MAPK in response to stimulation of membrane- associated tyrosine kinases. Raf is unrelated in sequence to Stell and Byrl . Thus, Raf may represent a divergence in mammalian cells from the pheromone-responsive protein kinase system defined in yeast. Cell and receptor specific differences in the regulation of MAPKs suggest that other Raf independent regulators of mammalian MEKs exist. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a novel gene, denoted MEKK or mammalian MEK kinase. The regulation of MEKK is useful in various therapeutic applications that involve differentiation and mitogenesiε. In particular, the present invention is directed to the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) which the present inventor has discovered is activated by MEKK. Because MAPKs are known to phosphorylate and regulate the activity of enzymes and/or transcription factors, the present invention is directed to the regulation of such activities either through manipulation of the nucleic acid sequences encoding MEKK and/or through administration of MEKK to desired cell populations. The present invention is also directed to the dual regulation by Raf and MEKK to effect desired levels of MAPK activity and to alter typical responses to ligand binding by both growth factor receptors, such as tyrosine kinases, and receptors that are coupled to G proteins, such as the thrombin receptor. The present invention is therefore directed to substantially pure MEKK, to isolated nucleic acid sequences encoding MEKK, to host cells transformed with the MEKK gene, and to antibodies to the MEKK protein. The present invention is further directed to gene therapy using the MEKK gene to regulate responses to ligand binding by growth factor receptors and G protein-linked receptors. One aspect of the present invention involves the inactivation of MEKK to inhibit metastasis, various forms of cancer, autoimmune diseases, allergic responses and inflammatory responses. Another aspect involves the stimulation of MEKK production to facilitate wound healing activities. The present invention is therefore useful in controlling the activity of neutrophil, macrophage and basophil cells in inflammatory responses in the lung and various other tissues. The present invention is useful in affecting pathways regulated by platelet activating factors, and thrombin receptors. It also finds application in the inhibition of angiogenesiε and certain kinds of tumors, particularly lung carcinomas and other epithelial carcinomas and the treatment of smooth muscle and arterial tissues. Additionally, the present invention can be used to inhibit chemotactic responses of neutrophils and macrophages, as well as to ameliorate allergic responses. The present invention also encompasses the use of the MEKK gene in gene therapy whereby stimulation of differentiation and mitogenesis can be achieved to, for example, alleviate atrophy of certain cell types, such as in Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease by acting as a neurotropic growth factor. In another embodiment, MEKK is used as a screen for oncogenes and tumor agents by using a screening assay to determine whether such proteins are activated by MEKK. Antibodies made against MEKK can be used to determine the changes in levels of expression of MEKK that might be involved in certain cancers and autoimmune diseases. The present inventor has recognized that when ligands are bound to B cell or T cell surface receptors, MEKK is a predominant phosphorylated product resulting from the ligation of the receptor. As such MEKK is believed to be a major regulatory protein in the signaling pathway of T and B cells. The regulation of MEKK expression is therefore believed to be useful in the regulation of the growth and differentiation of T and B cells. MEKK can be used to produce antibodies for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. For instance, antibodies against MEKK can be used to screen for tumor cells expressing oncoproteins that are activated by MEKK. In another embodiment of the invention, the MEKK protein can be used for stimulation of cell growth, mitogenesis and differentiation in vitro. For example, any particular population of cells that one desires to expand and differentiate may be achieved by exposing such cells to effective amounts of MEKK. In yet another embodiment of the invention, MEKK protein can be provided in a suitable formulation for administration to desired cells to effect an anti- inflammatory response. In another embodiment of the invention, host cells are transformed with the MEKK gene. The MEKK gene is therefore useful as a tool in gene therapy for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, neuronal diseases, muscular diseases, allergic responses and inflammatory responses. As used herein, "gene therapy" refers to delivery of a desired gene to a particular cell population to effect expression of that gene in such cell population. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1A is a Northern (RNA) blot of a single 7.8 kb MEKK mRNA in several cell lines and mouse tissues. Fig. IB shows a Southern (DNA) blot of the MEKK gene. Fig. 1C is an immunoblot showing expression of the 78- kd and 50-kd forms of MEKK in rodent cell lines. Fig. 2A shows the activation of MAPK in COS cells transfected with MEKK. Fig. 2B is an immunoblot showing expression of MEKK in cells transfected with vector only (control) or vector encoding MEKK that were treated with or without EGF. Fig. 3 shows the activation and phosphorylation of MEK in COS cells transfected with MEKK. Fig. 4A shows the phosphorylation of MEK-1 by MEKK. Fig. 4B shows the time course of phosphorylation of MEK-1 by MEKK expressed in COS cells. Fig. 4C is an immunoblot of MEKK overexpressed in COS cells. Fig. 5A shows the phosphorylation of MAPK by activated MEK-1. Fig. 5B shows phosphorylation of MEK-1 by immunopreci itated MEKK. Fig. 6A shows the phosphorylation of MEK-1 by activated Raf. Fig. 6B shows the activity of Raf in COS cells overexpressing MEKK treated with EGF. Fig. 7 shows immunprecipitates of MEKK protein using MEKK antiserum. Fig. 8 shows the phosphorylation of kinase inactive MEK-1 by immunoprecipitated MEKK or Raf-B. Fig. 9 shows a time course of EGF-stimulated MEKK and Raf-B activation. Fig. 10 shows immunodepletion of Raf-B from MEKK immunoprecipit tes. Fig. 11 shows immunodepletion of Raf-B decreases Raf-B activity. Fig. 12 shows inhibition of MEKK and Raf-B activation by dominant negative N 17 RAS expression. Fig. 13 shows inhibition of EGF activation of MEKK by forskolin. Fig. 14 is a schematic representation of the signal pathways of vertebrates and yeast. Fig. 15 illustrates improved MEKK activity by truncated MEKK molecules. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a novel MEKK protein capable of regulating signal transduction in cells. An MEKK protein of the present invention can include a full- length MEKK protein or a portion of an MEKK protein. An MEKK protein of the present invention is capable of phosphorylating MEK protein and/or inhibiting MEKK kinase activity. Preferably, an MEKK protein of the present invention comprises at least a portion of an MEKK catalytic domain such that the protein is capable of phosphorylating MEK protein, and/or at least a portion of an MEKK regulatory domain such that the protein is capable of inhibiting MEKK kinase activity. Stell and Byr2 nucleic acid sequences were used to identify mammalian MEK kinase (MEKK) cDNA. Unique degenerate inosine oligodeoxynucleotides were designed to correspond to regions of sequence identity between the Stell and Byr2 genes. With primers and cDNA templates derived from polyadenylated RNA from NIH 3T3 cells, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification product of 320 base pairs (bp) was isolated and found to be similar in sequence to both Stell and Byr2. This 320 bp cDNA was used as a probe to identify a MEKK cDNA (herein referred to as MEKK 1) of 3260 bp from a mouse brain cDNA library. The MEKK 1 nucleotide sequence was determined by dideoxynucleotide sequencing of double-stranded DNA. The nucleic acid sequence and translated amino acid sequence for MEKK 1 are shown in Table 1. Table 1. TACACTCCTT GCCACAGTCT GGCAGAAAGA ATCAAACTTC AGAGACTCCT CCGGCCAGTT GTAGACACTA TCCTTGTCAA GTGTGCAGAT CCAACAGCCG CACGAGTCAG CTGTCCATAT CTACAGTGCT GGAACTCTGC AAGGGCCAAG CAGGAGAGCT GGCGGTTGGG AGAGAAATAC TTAAAGCTGG GTCCATCGGG GTTGGTGGTG TCGATTACGT CTTAAGTTGT ATCCTTGGAA ACCAAGCTGA ATCAAACAAC TGGCAAGAAC TGCTGGGTCG CCTCTGTCTT ATAGACAGGT TGCTGTTGGA ATTTCCTGCT GAATTCTATC CTCATATTGT CAGTACTGAT GTCTCACAAG CTGAGCCTGT TGAAATCAGG TACAAGAAGC TGCTCTCCCT CTTAACCTTT GCCTTGCAAT CCATTGACAA TTCCCACTCG ATGGTTGGCA AGCTCTCTCG GAGGATATAT CTGAGCTCTG CCAGG ATG GTG ACC GCA GTG CCC GCT GTG TTT TCC AAG CTG GTA ACC 527 Met Val Thr Ala Val Pro Ala Val Phe Ser Lys Leu Val Thr ATG CTT AAT GCT TCT GGC TCC ACC CAC TTC ACC AGG ATG CGC CGG CGT 575 Met Leu Asn Ala Ser Gly Ser Thr His Phe Thr Arg Met Arg Arg Arg CTG ATG GCT ATC GCG GAT GAG GTA GAA ATT GCC GAG GTC ATC CAG CTG 623 Leu Met Ala lie Ala Asp Glu Val Glu lie Ala Glu Val lie Gin Leu GGT GTG GAG GAC ACT GTG GAT GGG CAT CAG GAC AGC TTA CAG GCC GTG 671 Gly Val Glu Asp Thr Val Asp Gly His Gin Asp Ser Leu Gin Ala Val GCC CCC ACC AGC TGT CTA GAA AAC AGC TCC CTT GAG CAC ACA GTC CAT 719 Ala Pro Thr Ser Cys Leu Glu Asn Ser Ser Leu Glu His Thr Val His AGA GAG AAA ACT GGA AAA GGA CTA AGT GCT ACG AGA CTG AGT GCC AGC 767 Arg Glu Lys Thr Gly Lys Gly Leu Ser Ala Thr Arg Leu Ser Ala Ser TCG GAG GAC ATT TCT GAC AGA CTG GCC GGC GTC TCT GTA GGA CTT CCC 815 Ser Glu Asp lie Ser Asp Arg Leu Ala Gly Val Ser Val Gly Leu Pro AGC TCA ACA ACA ACA GAA CAA CCA AAG CCA GCG GTT CAA ACA AAA GGC 863 Ser Ser Thr Thr Thr Glu Gin Pro Lys Pro Ala Val Gin Thr Lys Gly AGA CCC CAC AGT CAG TGT TTG AAC TCC TCC CCT TTG TCT CAT GCT CAA 911 Arg Pro His Ser Gin Cys Leu Asn Ser Ser Pro Leu Ser His Ala Gin TTA ATG TTC CCA GCA CCA TCA GCC CCT TGT TCC TCT GCC CCG TCT GTC 959 Leu Met Phe Pro Ala Pro Ser Ala Pro Cys Ser Ser Ala Pro Ser Val CCA GAT ATT TCT AAG CAC AGA CCC CAG GCA TTT GTT CCC TGC AAA ATA 1007 Pro Asp lie Ser Lys His Arg Pro Gin Ala Phe Val Pro Cys Lys He CCT TCC GCA TCT CCT CAG ACA CAG CGC AAG TTC TCT CTA CAA TTC CAG 1055 Pro Ser Ala Ser Pro Gin Thr Gin Arg Lys Phe Ser Leu Gin Phe Gin AGG AAC TGC TCT GAA CAC CGA GAC TCA GAC CAG CTC TCC CCA GTC TTC 1103 Arg Asn Cys Ser Glu His Arg Asp Ser Asp Gin Leu Ser Pro Val Phe ACT CAG TCA AGA CCC CCA CCC TCC AGT AAC ATA CAC AGG CCA AAG CCA 1151 Thr Gin Ser Arg Pro Pro Pro Ser Ser Asn He His Arg Pro Lys Pro TCC CGA CCC GTT CCG GGC AGT ACA AGC AAA CTA GGG GAC GCC ACA AAA 1199 Ser Arg Pro Val Pro Gly Ser Thr Ser Lys Leu Gly Asp Ala Thr Lys AGT AGC ATG ACA CTT GAT CTG GGC AGT GCT TCC AGG TGT GAC GAC AGC 1247 Ser Ser Met Thr Leu Asp Leu Gly Ser Ala Ser Arg Cys Asp Asp Ser TTT GGC GGC GGC GGC AAC AGT GGC AAC GCC GTC ATA CCC AGC GAC GAG 1295 Phe Gly Gly Gly Gly Asn Ser Gly Asn Ala Val He Pro Ser Asp Glu ACA GTG TTC ACG CCG GTG GAG GAC AAG TGC AGG TTA GAT GTG AAC ACC 1343 Thr Val Phe Thr Pro Val Glu Asp Lys Cys Arg Leu Asp Val Asn Thr GAG CTC AAC TCC AGC ATC GAG GAC CTT CTT GAA GCA TCC ATG CCT TCA 1391 Glu Leu Asn Ser Ser He Glu Asp Leu Leu Glu Ala Ser Met Pro Ser AGT GAC ACG ACA GTC ACT TTC AAG TCC GAA GTC GCC GTC CTC TCT CCG 1439 Ser Asp Thr Thr Val Thr Phe Lys Ser Glu Val Ala Val Leu Ser Pro GAA AAG GCC GAA AAT GAC GAC ACC TAC AAA GAC GAC GTC AAT CAT AAT 1487 Glu Lys Ala Glu Asn Asp Asp Thr Tyr Lys Asp Asp Val Asn His Asn CAA AAG TGC AAA GAA AAG ATG GAA GCT GAA GAG GAG GAG GCT TTA GCG 1535 Gin Lys Cys Lys Glu Lys Met Glu Ala Glu Glu Glu Glu Ala Leu Ala ATC GCC ATG GCG ATG TCA GCG TCT CAG GAT GCC CTC CCC ATC GTC CCT 1583 He Ala Met Ala Met Ser Ala Ser Gin Asp Ala Leu Pro He Val Pro CAG CTG CAG GTG GAA AAT GGA GAA GAT ATT ATC ATC ATT CAG CAG GAC 1631 Gin Leu Gin Val Glu Asn Gly Glu Asp He He He He Gin Gin Asp ACA CCA GAA ACT CTT CCA GGA CAT ACC AAA GCG AAA CAG CCT TAC AGA 1679 Thr Pro Glu Thr Leu Pro Gly His Thr Lys Ala Lys Gin Pro Tyr Arg GAA GAC GCT GAG TGG CTG AAA GGC CAG CAG ATA GGC CTC GGA GCA TTT 1727 Glu Asp Ala Glu Trp Leu Lys Gly Gin Gin He Gly Leu Gly Ala Phe TCT TCC TGT TAC CAA GCA CAG GAT GTG GGG ACT GGG ACT TTA ATG GCT 1775 Ser Ser Cys Tyr Gin Ala Gin Asp Val Gly Thr Gly Thr Leu Met Ala GTG AAA CAG GTG ACG TAC GTC AGA AAC ACA TCC TCC GAG CAG GAG GAG 1823 Val Lys Gin Val Thr Tyr Val Arg Asn Thr Ser Ser Glu Gin Glu Glu GTG GTG GAA GCG TTG AGG GAA GAG ATC CGG ATG ATG GGT CAC CTC AAC 1871 Val Val Glu Ala Leu Arg Glu Glu He Arg Met Met Gly His Leu Asn CAT CCA AAC ATC ATC CGG ATG CTG GGG GCC ACG TGC GAG AAG AGC AAC 1919 His Pro Asn He He Arg Met Leu Gly Ala Thr Cys Glu Lys Ser Asn TAC AAC CTC TTC ATT GAG TGG ATG GCG GGA GGA TCT GTG GCT CAC CTC 1967 Tyr Asn Leu Phe He Glu Trp Met Ala Gly Gly Ser Val Ala His Leu TTG AGT AAA TAC GGA GCT TTC AAG GAG TCA GTC GTC ATT AAC TAC ACT 2015 Leu Ser Lys Tyr Gly Ala Phe Lys Glu Ser Val Val He Asn Tyr Thr GAG CAG TTA CTG CGT GGC CTT TCC TAT CTC CAC GAG AAC CAG ATC ATT 2063 Glu Gin Leu Leu Arg Gly Leu Ser Tyr Leu His Glu Asn Gin He He CAC AGA GAC GTC AAA GGT GCC AAC CTG CTC ATT GAC AGC ACC GGT CAG 2111 His Arg Asp Val Lys Gly Ala Asn Leu Leu He Asp Ser Thr Gly Gin AGG CTG AGA ATT GCA GAC TTT GGA GCT GCT GCC AGG TTG GCA TCA AAA 2159 Arg Leu Arg He Ala Asp Phe Gly Ala Ala Ala Arg Leu Ala Ser Lys GGA ACC GGT GCA GGA GAG TTC CAG GGA CAG TTA CTG GGG ACA ATT GCA 2207 Gly Thr Gly Ala Gly Glu Phe Gin Gly Gin Leu Leu Gly Thr He Ala TTC ATG GCG CCT GAG GTC CTA AGA GGT CAG CAG TAT GGT AGG AGC TGT 2255 Phe Met Ala Pro Glu Val Leu Arg Gly Gin Gin Tyr Gly Arg Ser Cys GAT GTA TGG AGT GTT GGC TGC GCC ATT ATA GAA ATG GCT TGT GCA AAA 2303 Asp Val Trp Ser Val Gly Cys Ala He He Glu Met Ala Cys Ala Lys CCA CCT TGG AAT GCA GAA AAA CAC TCC AAT CAT CTC GCC TTG ATA TTT 2351 Pro Pro Trp Asn Ala Glu Lys His Ser Asn His Leu Ala Leu He Phe AAG ATT GCT AGC GCA ACT ACT GCA CCG TCC ATC CCG TCA CAC CTG TCC 2399 Lys He Ala Ser Ala Thr Thr Ala Pro Ser He Pro Ser His Leu Ser CCG GGT CTG CGC GAC GTG GCC GTG CGC TGC TTA GAA CTT CAG CCT CAG 2447 Pro Gly Leu Arg Asp Val Ala Val Arg Cys Leu Glu Leu Gin Pro Gin GAC CGG CCT CCG TCC AGA GAG CTG CTG AAA CAT CCG GTC TTC CGT ACC 2495 Asp Arg Pro Pro Ser Arg Glu Leu Leu Lys His Pro Val Phe Arg Thr ACG TGG TAGTTAATTG TTCAGATCAG CTCTAATGGA GACAGGATAT CGAACCGGGA 2551 Thr Trp GAGAGAAAAG AGAACTTGTG GGCGACCATG CCGCTAACCG CAGCCCTCAC GCCACTGAAC AGCCAGAAAC GGGGCCAGCG GGGAACCGTA CCTAAGCATG TGATTGACAA ATCATGACCT GTACCTAAGC TCGATATGCA GACATCTACA GCTCGTGCAG GAACTGCACA CCGTGCCTTT CACAGGACTG GCTCTGGGGG ACCAGGAAGG CGATGGAGTT TGCATGACTA AAGAACAGAA GCATAAATTT ATTTTTGGAG CACTTTTTCA GCTAATCAGT ATTACCATGT ACATCAACAT GCCCGCCACA TTTCAAACTC AGACTGTCCC AGATGTCAAG ATCCACTGTG TTTGAGTTTG TTTGCAGTTC CCTCAGCTTG CTGGTAATTG TGGTGTTTTG TTTTCGATGC AAATGTGATG TAATATTCTT ATTTTCTTTG GATCAAAGCT GGACTGAAAA TTGTACTGTG TAATTATTTT TGTGTTTTTA ATGTTATTTG GTACTCGAAT TGTAAATAAC GTCTACTGCT GTTTATTCCA GTTTCTACTA CCTCAGGTGT CCTATAGATT TTTCTTCTAC CAAAGTTCAC TCTCAGAATG AAATTCTACG TGCTGTGTGA CTATGACTCC TAAGACTTCC AGGGCTTAAG GGCTAACTCC TATTAGCACC TTACTATGTA AGCAAATGCT ACAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAA Additonal unique MEKK proteins, MEKK 2, MEKK 3 and MEKK 4, were identified by PCR. The amino acid sequences for MEKK 2 and MEKK 3 compared with the amino acid sequence of MEKK 1 are shown in Table 2. Table 2. MEKK MVTAVPAVFSKLVTMIJϊASGSTHFTRMRRRLMΑIADEVEIAI^IQLGVEDTVDGHQDSL 1 MDDQQALNSIMQDI 2 MDEQEALDSIMKDLVALQMSRRTRL- 3 AVAPTSCLENSSLEHTVHREKTGKGLSATRLSASSEDISDRLAGVSVGLPSSTTTEQ PKP 1 AVLHKPVGQHYLYKKPGKQNLHHQKNRMMFESNIiNIEEEIOlIIiQVTRPVKLEDLRSK SKI 2 8 G Y E TM KNKD T GH PNRQ β DVR I KF E HNG E RR I - IAFSRPVRYEDVEHKVTTVFGQPLD 3 A V Q T K G R P H S Q C L N S S - PLSHAQLMFPAPSAPCSSAPSVPDISKHRPQAFVPCKIPSASP 1 AFG SMDLHYTNNELVIPLTTQDDLDKAVELLDRSIHMKSL-KILLWNGSTQA- TNLEP 2 LHYMNNELSILLKNQDDLDKAIDILDRSSSMKSLRILLLSQDRNHTSSSPHSGVSRQ VRI 3 Q T Q R K F S L Q F Q R N C E E H R D S D Q L S P V F T Q S - RPPPSSNIHRPKPSRPVPGSTSKLGDATK 1 S P S P E D L N N T P L G A E R R L S V V G P P N R DRSSPPPGYIPDILHOIARNGSFTSINSEG 2 KPSOSAGDINTIYOAPEPRSRHLSVSSONPGRSSPPPGYVPEROOHIAROGSYTSIN SEG 3 SSMTLDLGSASRCDDSFGGGGNSGNAVIPSDETVFTPVEDKCRLDVNTELNSSIEDL LEA 1 E F I P E S M D Q - MLDPLSLSSPENSGSGSCPSLDSPLDGESYPKSRMPRAQSYPDNHQEFTD 2 EFIPETSEQCMLDPLSSAENSLSGSCQSLDRSADSPSFRKSQMSRARSFPDNR ECSD 3 SMPSSDTTVTFKSEVAVLSPEKAENDDTYKDDVNHNQKCKEKMEAEEEEALAIAMAM SAS 1 YDNPIFEKFGKGGTYPRRYHVSYHHQEYNDGRKTFPRARRTQGTSFRSPVSFSPTDH SLS 2 K - - - - RETQLYDKGVKGGTYPRRYHVSVHHKDYNDGRRTFPRIRRHQGNLFTLVPSSRSL 3 QDALPIVPQLQVENGEDIIIIQQDTPETLPGHTKAKQPYREDAEWiKGOOJGLGAFS SCY 1 TSSGSSVFTPEYDDSRIRRRGSDIDNPTLTVTDISPPSRSPKAPT»I_RLGiαi_LG Ϊ ?GA FGR 2 STNGENMGVAVQYLDPRGRIΛSADSENALTVQERNVPTKSPSiU^INWKRGiαiLGCGA FGR 3 QAQDVGTGTLMAVKQV _WRNTSSEQEEVV_ _-_REEI1÷-MG KSN 1 VYL(_Υ_WDTG LAVKQVQFNPESPETS_EVN-U-ECEIQI_I^ DPQ 2 VYL<_ΥDVDTGRE__ASKQVQFDPDSPETSI-EVSALECEIQI____mtø DRA 3 YNLFIEWMAGGSVAHLLSKYGAFKESVVINYTEQLLRGLSYLHEN Q- IIHRDVKGANL 1 EKTLSIFMELSPGGSIKDQ__-KAYGALTElWTRI^ RQII_EGVHYI_πSNMIVHRDIKG ANI 2 EKILTIFMEYMPGGSVKDQI_KAYGALTESV RK_π^RQII_EGMSY_t_HSNM_-VHRDIKG ANI 3 L I D S T G Q - R L R I A D F G A A A R L A S K - GTGAGEFζ^___l_^IAFMAPEVI_RGζMYGRSCDVW 1 LRDSTGNIKLGDFGASKRLQTICLSGTGMKSVTG-PY WMSPEVISGEGYGRKADIff 2 LRDSAGNVKLGDFGASKRLQTICMSGTGIRSVTGTPY WMSPEVISGEGYGRKADVW 3 SVGCAIIEMACAKPPWNAEKHSi i-ALIFKIASA TAPSIPSK__S-^I_lllWAVRC_^ QP 1 S V A C T V V E M L T E K P P W - A E F E A - M A A - IFKIAIVPTNP-U__PP_WSDY RDFLKRIFVEAK 2 S L G C T V V E M L T E K P P W - A E Y E A - M A A - IFKIA QP NPQLPSHISEHGRDFLRRIFVEAR 3 QDRPPSRE-L KEPVFRTTff 1 L-RP-SAEELLRHMFVHYB 2 Q-RP-SAEELLTΞHFAQLVY 3 Bold Amino Terminus- Regulatory Domain Underline sequence- Reσulatorv hinge Sequence Bold Italics- Catalytic Domain The amino acid sequence of the kinase domain of MEKK 4 is shown in Table 3 compared with the kinase domains of MEKK 1, MEKK 2 and MEKK 3. Table 3. ..IRFQPNDHKTIKETADEELKIFEGIKHPNLVRYFGV..ELHREEM.YI MEKK4 TYVRNTSSEQEEWEALREEIRMMGHLNHPNIIRMLGATCEKSNYNLFIE MEKK1 QVQFNPESPETSKEVNALECEIQLLKNLLHERIVQYYGCLRDPQEKTLSI MEKK2 QVQFDPDSPETSKEVSALECEIQLLKNLQHERIVQYYGCLRDRAEKILTI MEKK3 IFMEYCDEGTLEEVSRLGLQEHV.I.RLYTKQITVAINVLHEHGNV MEKK4 .WMAGGSVAHLLSKYGAFKESW.IN..YTEQLLRGLSYLHENQII MEKK1 -FMELSPGGSIKDQLKAYGALTENVTRKYTRQILEGVHYLHSNMIV MEKK2 .FMEYMPGGSVKDQLKAYGALTESVTRKYTRQILEGMSYLHSNMIV MEKK3 Referring to Table 1, based on the Kozak consensus sequence for initiation codons, the starting methionine can be predicted to occur at nucleotide 486. With this methionine at the start, the cDNA encodes a protein of 672 amino acids, corresponding to a molecular size of 73 kD. There is another in-frame methionine at position 441, which does not follow the Kozak rule, but would yield a protein of 687 amino acid residues (74.6 kD) . This size range correlates with the apparent molecular size of 78 to 80 kD of MEKK determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and i munoblotting. The primary sequence of the MEKK protein suggests two functional domains, (i) an NH 2 -terminal moiety rich in serine and threonine that may serve a regulatory role and (ii) a COOH-terminal protein kinase catalytic domain. Twenty percent of the NH 2 -terminal 400 amino acids are serine or threonine whereas there are only two tyrosines. Several potential sites of phosphorylation by protein kinase C are apparent in the NH 2 -terminal region; no SH2 or SH3 domains are encoded in the MEKK sequence. The catalytic domain is located in the COOH-terminal half of MEKK. MEKK is encoded by a 7.8 kb mRNA that is expressed in several cell lines and mouse tissues. Fig. 1A shows a Northern (RNA) blot of a single 7.8-kb MEKK mRNA in several cell lines and mouse tissues. Equal amounts (20 μg) of total RNA were loaded onto the gel as indicated by ethidium bromide staining. Blots were probed with either a 320-bp cDNA fragment encoding a portion of the MEKK kinase domain or an 858-bp fragment encoding a portion of the NH 2 terminal region of MEKK. The MEKK mRNA is highly expressed in mouse heart and spleen, whereas low amounts are present in liver. The 7.8 kb MEKK mRNA was identified with probes derived from both the 5' and 3' ends of the MEKK cDNA. Thus, the MEKK cDNA is missing a putative untranslated sequence of about 4 kb. MEKK is believed to be the product of a single gene. Fig. IB shows a Southern (DNA) blot of MEKK gene. Mouse genomic DNA (10 μg) was digested with either Bam HI, Hind III or Eco RI and applied to gels. Blots were probed with a 320-bp fragment of the MEKK gene. The appearance of one band in the Bam HI and Hind III digests suggests that MEKK is encoded by one gene. The appearance of two bands in the Eco RI digest indicates the likely presence of an Eco RI site within an intron sequence spanned by the probe. The MEKK mRNA is highly expressed in mouse heart and spleen, whereas low amounts are present in liver. The 7.8 kb MEKK mRNA was identified with probes derived from both the 5' and 3' ends of the MEKK cDNA. Thus, the MEKK cDNA is missing a putative untranslated sequence of about 4 kb. Immunoblots of cell lysates probed with affinity- purified antibodies to the 15-amino acid peptide DRPPSRELLKHPVER derived from the COOH-terminus of MEKK defined a prominent band migrating at 78 kD. Fig. 1C shows an immunoblot of expression of the 78-kD and 50-kD forms of MEKK in rodent cell lines. Soluble cellular protein (100 μg) or recombinant MEKK COOH-terminal fusion protein (30 ng) was loaded onto the gel for immunoblotting with affinity-purified MEKK antibody (1:300 dilution) . Pheochromocytoma (PC12) , Rat la, and NIH 3T3 cells contained the same 78-kD immunoreactive protein, which often migrated as a doublet on SDS-PAGE. A prominent 50-kD immunoreactive species was also commonly present but varied in intensity from preparation to preparation. It is believed to be a proteolytic fragment of the 78-kD protein. Visualization of both the 78- and 50-kD immunoreactive bands on immunoblots was inhibited by incubation of the 15- amino acid peptide antigen with the antibody. The MEKK protein detected by immunoblotting is similar to the molecular size predicted from the open reading frame of the MEKK cDNA. The MEKK protein was expressed in COS-1 cells to define its function in regulating the signaling system that includes MAPK. Referring to Fig. 2A, when MEKK was overexpressed in COS-1 cells, MAPK activity was four to five times greater than that in control cells transfected with plasmid lacking a MEKK cDNA insert. COS cells in 100- mm culture dishes were transfected with either the pCVMV5 expression vector alone (1 μg: control) or the pCVMV5 MEKK construct (1 μg: MEKK) . After 48 hours, the cells were placed in serum-free medium containing bovine serum albumin (0.1 percent) for 16 to 18 hours to induce quiescence. Cells were then treated with human EGF (30 ng/ml) (+EGF) or buffer (control) for 10 minutes, washed twice in cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) , and lysed in cell lysis buffer containing 50 mM β-glycerophosphate (pH 7.2), 100 μM sodium vanadate, 2 mM MgCl 2 , lmM EGTA Triton X-100 (0.5 percent) , leupeptin (2 μg/ml) , aprotinin (2μg/ml) , and 1 mM dithiothreitol (600 μl) . After centrifugation for 10 minutes at maximum speed in a microfuge, COS cell lysates containing 0.5 to l mg of soluble protein were subjected to FPLC on a MONO Q column, and eluted fractions were assayed for MAPK activity. The activation of MAPK occurred in COS cells deprived of serum and in the absence of any added growth factor. The activity of MAPK was similar to that observed after stimulation of control cells with EGF. Stimulation of COS cells transiently overexpressing MEKK with EGF resulted in only a slight increase in MAPK activity compared to that observed with MEKK expression alone. The MEKK protein was detected in transfected COS cells by immunoblotting. Fig. 2B shows an immunoblot showing expression of MEKK in cells transfected with vector only (control) or vector encoding MEKK that were treated with or without EGF. Equal amounts (100 μg) of soluble protein lysate from COS cells were placed on the gel for immunoblotting. Only the 50-kD MEKK immunoreactive fragment was detected in lyεates from control COS cells. Transient expression of MEKK in COS cells yielded a predominant 82-kD band that was slightly larger than that observed in PC12, Rat la, or NIH 3T3 cells. This apparently results from the use of a methionine at position 441 rather than 486 for initiation of translation. The bands above the 82kD MEKK band appear to result from phosphorylation of the MEKK protein. The group of bands below the 82-kD MEKK protein are believed to result from proteolysis. Addition of the 15-amino acid MEKK peptide antigen to the antiserum during immunoblotting prevented detection of all of the immunoreactive bands; these bands were not detected in extracts of control COS cells, an indication that they were derived from the expressed MEKK protein. Expression of MEKK in COS cells was found to activate MEK, the kinase that phosphorylates and activates MAPK. Recombinant MAPK was used to assay MEK activity in COS cell lysates that had been fractionated by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on a Mono S column. A cDNA encoding p42 MAPK from Xenopus laevis was cloned into the pRSETB expression vector. This construct was used for expression in the LysS strain of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) of a p42 MAPK fusion protein containing a polyhistidine sequence at the NH 2 -terminus. Cultures containing the expression plasmid were grown at 37°C to an optical density of 0.7 to 0.9 at 600 nM. Isopropyl-9-thiogalactopyranoside (0.5 mM) was added to induce fusion protein synthesis and the cultures were incubated for 3 hours. The cells were then collected and lysed by freezing, thawing, and sonication. The lysate was centrifuged at 10,000g for 15 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was then passed over a Ni 2+" charged Sepharose resin and the soluble recombinant MAPK was eluted in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 4.5). The purified recombinant MAPK was more than 80 percent pure. The purified recombinant MAPK served as a substrate for MEK and catalyzed the phosphorylation of a peptide consisting of residues 662 to 681 of the EGF receptor (EGFR 662"681 ) . Soluble cell lysates from COS cells transiently transfected with MEKK, mock-transfected (control) , or mock- transfected and treated with EGF (30 ng/ml) (+EGF) , were fractionated by FPLC on a Mono S column and endogenous MEK activity was measured. Endogenous MAPK eluted in fractions 2 to 4, whereas MEK was contained in fractions 9 to 13. For assaying endogenous MEK activity, cells were washed twice in cold PBS and lysed in 650 μl of a solution containing 50 mM 0-glycerophosphate, 10 mM 2-N- morpholinoethane-sulfonic acid (pH 6.0), 100 μM sodium vanadate, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EGTA, Triton X-100 (0.5 percent) , leupeptin (5 μg/ml) , aprotinin (2 μg/ml) , and 1 mM dithiothreitol. After centrifugation at maximum speed for 10 minutes in a microfuge, soluble cell lysates (1 to 2 mg of protein) were applied to a Mono S column equilibrated in elution buffer (50 mM 0-glycerophosphate, 10 mM MES (pH 6.0), 100 μM sodium vanadate, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EGTA, and 1 mM dithiothreitol. The column was washed with buffer (2 ml) and bound proteins were eluted with a 30ml linear gradient of 0 to 350 mM NaCl in elution buffer. A portion (30 μl) of each fraction was assayed for MEK activity by mixing with buffer (25 mM /3-glycerophosphate, 40 mM W-(2- hydroxyethy1)piperazine-N'-(2-ethanolsulfonicacid) (pH7.2) 50 mM sodium vanadate, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 100 μM γ- 32 P-ATP (3000 to 4000 cpm/pmol) , inhibitor protein-20 (IP-20; TTYADFIASGRTGRRNAIHD; 25 μg/ml), 0.5 mM EGTA, recombinant MAP kinase (7.5 μg/ml), and 200 μM EGFR 662"681 ) in a final volume of 40 μl. After incubation at 30°C for 20 minutes, the incorporation of γ- 32 P-ATP into EGFR 662"681 was measured. In this assay, the ability of each column fraction to activate added recombinant MAPK was measured by the incorporation of γ- 32 P-ATP into the MAPK substrate, a peptide derived from the EGF receptor (EGFR) . Referring to Fig. 3, the first peak of activity eluted represents endogenous activated MAPK, which directly phosphorylates the EGFR peptide substrate. The second peak of activity represents the endogenous MEK in COS cells. Endogenous MEK activity was characterized by fractionation of Mono S FPLC. Fig. 4A indicates that endogenous MEK was activated in cells overexpressing MEKK; the activity of MEK was approximately half of that observed in control cells stimulated with EGF. Thus, expression of MEKK appears to activate MAPK by activating MEK. COS cell lysates were fractionated by FPLC on a Mono Q column to partially purify the expressed MEKK. Purified recombinant MEK-1 was then used as a substrate for MEKK in the presence of γ- 32 P-ATP to determine whether MEKK directly phosphorylates MEK-1. A cDNA encoding MEK-1 was obtained from mouse B cell cDNA templates with the polymerase chain reaction and oligodeoxynucleotide primers corresponding to portions of the 5' coding region and 3' untranslated region of MEK-1. The catalytically inactive MEK-1 was generated by site- directed mutagenesis of Lys 343 to Met. The wild-type MEK-1 and catalytically inactive MEK-1 proteins were expressed in pRSETA as recombinant fusion proteins containing a polyhistidine sequence at their NH 2 -termini. Lysates from COS cells transfected with MEKK or mock- transfected (control) were subjected to FPLC on a Mono Q column as described above. Portions (20 μl) of fractions containing MEKK were mixed with buffer containing 50 mM β- glycerophosphate (pH 7.2), 100 μM sodium vanadate, 2 mM MgCl 2 , lmM EGTA, 50 μM ATP, IP-20 (50 μg/ml) , and 10 μl γ- 32 P-ATP in a reaction volume of 40 μl and incubated for 40 minutes in the presence (+) or absence (-) of recombinant, catalytically inactive MEK-1 (150 ng) (kinase-MEK-1) . Reactions were stopped by the addition of 5 x SDS sample buffer (10 μl) , 1 x SDS buffer contains 2 percent SDS, 5 percent glycerol, 62.5 mM tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 5 percent β- mercaptoethanol, and 0.001 percent bromophenol blue. The samples were boiled for 3 minutes and subjected to SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Autophosphorylated recombinant wild- type MEK-1 (WT MEK-1) comigrated with phosphorylated catalytically inactive MEK-1. MEKK was capable of phosphorylating MEK-1. Corresponding fractions of lysates from control cells, however, were not able to phosphorylate MEK-1. A modified form of MEK-1 that is catalytically inactive was used in the phosphorylation assay to ensure that it did not autophosphorylate as does wild-type MEK-1. Phosphorylation of catalytically inactive MEK-1 by MEKK was time dependent (Fig. 4B) ; MEKK was also phosphorylated. Fraction 22 from FPLC on a Mono Q column (20 μl) was incubated with or without recombinant catalytically inactive MEK-1 (0.15 μg) for the indicated times. Phosphorylation of kinase MEK-1 and MEKK was visable after 5 minutes and maximal after about 20 minutes. The time- dependent increase in MEKK phosphorylation correlated with a decreased mobility of the MEKK protein during SDS-PAGE. Immunoblotting demonstrated that the MEKK protein co-eluted (after FPLC on a Mono Q column) with the peak of activity (fraction 22) that phosphorylated MEK (Fig. 4C) . The slowly migrating species of MEKK were also detected by immunoblotting. To determine whether the phosphorylation of MEK by overexpressed MEKK resulted in activation of MEK, recombinant wild-type MEK-1 and a modified form of MAPK that is catalytically inactive were used in a coupled assay system. COS cell lysates were separated by Mono Q-FPLC and fractions containing MEKK were assayed for their ability to activate added wild-type MEK-1 such that it would phosphorylate catalytically inactive recombinant MAPK in the presence of γ- 32 P-ATP. Lysates from COS cells transfected with MEKK or mock-transfected (control) were fractionated by FPLC on a Mono Q column and portions (20 μl) of fractions containing MEKK were mixed with buffer. Each fraction was incubated in the presence (+) or absence (-) of purified recombinant wild-type MEK-1 (150 ng) and in the presence of purified recombinant, catalytically inactive (kinase " ) MAPK (300 ng) . Referring to Fig. 5A, fractions 20 to 24 from lysates of COS cells transfected with MEKK activated MEK-1. Thus, MEKK phosphorylated and activated MEK-1, leading to MAPK phosphorylation. To insure that MEKK activated MEK directly, and not through the activation of one or more other kinases contained in the column fractions, overexpressed MEKK was immunoprecipitated from COS cell lysates with an antiserum to COOH-terminal MEKK fusion protein. The MEKK cDNA was digested with Pst I and Kpn 1 , thereby creating a 1670-bp fragment that encodes the catalytic domain of MEKK. This fragment was expressed in pRSETC as a recombinant fusion protein containing a polyhistidine sequence at its NH 2 - terminus. The purified COOH-terminal MEKK fusion protein was used to generate polyclonal antisera. Immunoprecipitated MEKK was resuspended in 10 to 15 μl of PAN (10 mM piperazine-N, N'-bis-2-ethanesulfonic acid (Pipes) (pH 7.0) , 100 mM NaCl, and aprotinin (20 μg/ml) and incubated with (+) or without (-) catalytically inactive MEK-1 (150 ng) and 25 μCi of γ- 32 P-ATP in 20 mM pipes (pH 7.0) , 10 mM MnCl 2 , and aprotinin (20 μg/ml) in a final voume of 20 μl for 15 minutes 30 β C. Reactions were stopped by the addition of 5 x SDS sample buffer (5 μl) . The samples were boiled for 3 minutes and subjected to SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Referring to Fig. 5B, MEKK phosphorylated catalytically inactive MEK-1, which comigrated with wild- type MEK-1 on SDS-PAGE. Several phosphorylated bands of overexpressed MEKK were detected in the immunoprecipitates. These bands probably resulted from autophosphorylation of MEKK and corresponded to the forms of MEKK identified by immunoblotting of lysates from COS cells transfected with MEKK (Fig. 1C) . Immunoprecipitates obtained with pre- immune serum contained no MEKK and did not phosphorylate MEK-1. Thus, MEKK appears to directly phosphorylate MEK, although an associated kinase that co-immunoprecipitates which MEKK cannot be unequivocally excluded. The results show that MEKK can phosphorylate and activate MEK, which in turn phosphorylates and activates MAPK. Raf can also phosphorylate and activate MEK (Fig. 6) . COS cells deprived of serum were stimulated with EGF, and Raf was immunoprecipitated with an antibody to the COOH-terminus of Raf-1. Cos cells were transiently transfected with vector alone (control) or with the PCV/M5- MEKK construct (MEKK) . Quiescent control cells were treated with or without human EGF (30 ng/ml) for 10 minutes and Raf was immunoprecipitatd from cell lysates with an antibody to a COOH-terminal peptide from Raf. Immunoprecipitated Raf was incubated with catalytically inactive MEK-1 (150 ng) and 25 μl of γ- 32 P-ATP. The immunoprecipitated Raf phosphorylated MEK-1 in the presence of γ- 32 P-ATP (Fig. 6A) . Little or no phosphorylation of MEK-1 by Raf was observed in immunoprecipitates of Raf from COS cells overexpressing MEKK. Treatment of COS cells overexpressing MEKK with EGF resulted in a similar degree of phosphorylation of MEK-1 by immunoprecipitated Raf (Fig. 6B) . Cells transfected with MEKK and deprived of serum were treated with EGF, and Raf was immunoprecipitated and incubated with catalytically inactive MEK-1. Equal amounts of Raf were immunoprecipitated in each sample as demonstrated by immunoblotting with antibodies to Raf. The slowest migrating band represents an immunoprecipitated phosphoprotein that is unrelated to Raf or MEK-1. The amount of Raf in the immunoprecipitates from control cells and cells transfected with MEKK was similar as shown by subsequent SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with the antibody to Raf. Thus, both MEKK and Raf can independently activate MEK. Identification of the MEKK from mouse further substantiates the conservation in regulation of the MAPK system between yeast and mammals. The results indicate that the mammalian regulatory network controlling MAPK is more complicated than that in yeast. Both MEKK and Raf activate MEK, a convergence point immediately upstream of MAPK for various signals from the cell surface. Raf regulates the MAPK network primarily in response to receptors that have associated tyrosine kinase activity, whereas MEKK might mediate primarily signals originating from receptors that activate G proteins and protein kinase C. This possibility is supported by the findings in specific cell types that down regulation of protein kinase C does not inhibit activation of MAPK in response to growth factors, but does inhibit activation of MAPK in response to agents that stimulate the muscarinic M 1 receptor. The demonstration that Ste20, a protein kinase in S. cerevisiae, is upstream of Stell in the pheromone-response pathway further supports this hypothesis. In PC12 cells, expression of dominant negative mutant Ras does not inhibit activation of MAPK in response to stimulation of G protein- coupled receptors or activation of protein kinase C, but does inhibit activation of MAPK in response to neuronal growth factor (NGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF) . It is believed, however, that more complex, cell type specific roles of Raf and MEKK in integrating tyrosine kinase and G protein-couple signaling exist. Defining MEKK and Raf as a divergence in the MAPK network provides a mechanism for differential regulation of this system. The present invention also includes antibodies capable of selectively binding to an MEKK protein of the present invention. Such an antibody is herein referred to as an anti-MEKK antibody. Polyclonal populations of anti-MEKK antibodies can be contained in an MEKK antiserum. MEKK antiserum can refer to affinity purified polyclonal antibodies, ammonium sulfate cut antiserum or whole atniserum. As used herein, the term "selectively binds to" refers to the ability of such an antibody to preferentially bind to MEKK proteins. Binding can be measured using a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art including immunoblot assays, immunoprecipitation assays, enzyme immunoassayε (e.g., ELISA) , radioimmunoasεays, immunofluorescent antibody assays and immunoelectron microscopy; see, for example, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Labs Presε, 1989. Antibodies of the present invention can be either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies of the present invention include functional equivalents εuch as antibody fragments and genetically-engineered antibodies, including single chain antibodies, that are capable of εelectively binding to at least one of the epitopes of the protein uεed to obtain the antibodies. Preferably, antibodies are raised in response to proteins that are encoded, at least in part, by a MEKK nucleic acid molecule. More preferably antibodies are raised in response to at least a portion of an MEKK protein and even more preferably antibodies are raised in response to either the amino terminus or the carboxy1 terminus of an MEKK protein. A preferred method to produce antibodies of the present invention includes administering to an animal an effective amount of an MEKK protein to produce the antibody and recovering the antibodies. Antibodies of the present invention have a variety of potential uses that are within the scope of the present invention. For example, εuch antibodieε can be uεed to identify unique MEKK proteins and recover MEKK proteins. One embodiment of the present invention includes a nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino terminus of MEKK 1 was cloned into a pRSET bacterial vector to produce an pMEKK-1 recombinant molecule. The pMEKK-1 recombinant molecule was expressed in E. coli and protein encoded by the recombinant molecule was recovered and purified using standard methods known in the art. NZW rabbits were immunized with the purified recombinant MEKK 1 amino terminus protein and antisera was recovered using standard methods known in the art. The foregoing procedure was also performed using a nucleic acid molecule encoding the carboxyl terminus of MEKK 1 protein. The antisera containing anti-MEKK antibody was passed over an affinity column having immobilized MEKK 1 protein bound to Sepharose. The affinity purified anti-MEKK antiserum contained antibodies that selectively bind to MEKK protein from different cell types but did not bind to Raf-1, B-Raf or N-Raf protein. Cells stimulated or not stimulated with EGF were lysed and resolved by SDS PAGE as described above. MEKK proteins contained in the cell lysates were identified by immunoblot using an MEKK antiserum specific for amino terminal region of MEKK 1 and an MEKK antiεerum specific for the carboxyl region of MEKK 1. Referring to Fig. 7, MEKK 1 and two higher molecular weight proteins having MEKK activity, MEKK α and MEKK β, were identified using the MEKK antiserum specific for amino terminal region (NH . MEKK 1, and not MEKK and MEKK β , was identified using the MEKK antiserum specific for the carboxyl region of MEKK 1 (COOH) . Two MEKK immunoreactive εpecieε of approximately 95kD and 82kD preεent in PC12 cell lyεateε were recognized by an MEKK antisera raised against a portion of the amino terminuε of MEKK. Visualization of both of these proteins was inhibited by incubation of the purified recombinant MEKK NH 2 -terminal fusion protein antigen with the antibody. A single 95kD MEKK protein was present in MEKK immunoprecipitates, but not in immunoprecipitates using preimmune serum. This 95kD MEKK comigrated with the 95kD MEKK protein present in cell lysates of PC12 cells, and in Ratla, NIH3T3, and Swiss3T3 fibroblasts. More of the 95kD MEKK was expreεεed in PC12 cells relative to fibroblast cell lineε. Immunoblotting with antibodieε that specifically recognize Raf-1 or Raf-B indicated that neither of these enzymes were present as contaminants of MEKK immunoprecipitates. 95kD MEKK in MEKK immunoprecipitates did not comigrate with Raf-1 or Raf-B in PC12 cell lysates and no cross-reactivity between MEKK and Raf antibodies was observed. MEKK protein of the present invention can be activated in response to stimulation of cells containing MEKK protein by growth factors. PC12 cells were deprived of serum by incubation in starvation media (DMEM, 0.1% BSA) for 18-20 hours and MEKK was immunoprecipitated from lysates containing equal amounts of protein from untreated controls or cells treated with EGF (30ng/ml) or NGF (lOOng/ml) for 5 minutes with the above-deεcribed anti-MEKK antibodieε speicific for the NH 4 -terminal portion of MEKK. Immunoprecipitated MEKK waε resuspended in 8μl of PAN [lOmM piperazine-N,N'-bis-2-ethanesulfonic acid (Pipes) (pH7.0), lOOmM NaCl, and aprotinin (20μg/ml) ] and incubated with catalytically inactive MEK-1 (150ng) and 40μCi of [γ- 32 P]ATP in universal kinase buffer [20mM piperazine-N,N'-bis-2- ethanesulfonic acid (Pipes) (pH 7.0), lOmM MnCl 2 , and aprotinin (20μg/ml) ] in a final volume of 20μl for 25 minutes at 30°C. Reactions were stopped by the addition of 2X SDS sample buffer (20μl) . The sampleε were boiled for 3 minuteε and εubjected to SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Raf-B was immunoprecipitated from the same untreated and treated PC12 cell lysates as above with an antiserum to a COOH-terminal peptide of Raf-B (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and asεayed εimilarly. Raf-1 was immunoprecipitated with an antiserum to the 12 COOH-terminal amino acids of Raf-1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). Epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment of serum εtarved PC12 cells resulted in increased MEKK activity. Theεe reεultε were obtained by meaεuring the phoεphorylation of purified MEK-1 (a kinaεe inactive form) by immunoprecipitates of MEKK in in vitro kinase assays (Fig. 8) . NGF stimulated a slight increase in MEKK activity compared to control immunoprecipitates from untreated cells. Stimulation of MEKK activity by NGF and EGF was similar to Raf-B activation by these agents, although Raf-B exhibited a high baεal activity. Activation of c-Raf-1 by NGF and EGF waε almost negligible in comparison to that of MEKK or Raf-B. MEKK or Raf-B was immunoprecipitated from lysates of PC12 cells treated with EGF (30ng/ml) for 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, or 20 minutes and incubated with catalytically inactive MEK-1 (150ng) and [γ- 32 P]ATP as described above. Data represent the relative magnitude of the response for each timepoint as quantitated by phosphorylimager analysis of radioactive gels from a typical experiment. A timecourse of EGF treatment indicated that MEKK activation reached maximal levels following 5 minutes and persisted for at least 30 minutes (Fig. 9) . Raf-B exhibited a similar timecourse; peak activity occurred within 3-5 minutes following EGF treatment and was perεistent for up to 20 minutes. To further dissociate EGF-sti ulated MEKK activity from that of Raf-B, Raf-B was im unodepleted from cell lysateε prior to MEKK immunoprecipitation. Raf-B waε pre- cleared from lyεates of εerum-εtarved PC12 cellε which had been either treated or not treated with EGF (30ng/ml) for 5 minuteε. Raf-B was pre-cleared two times using antisera to Raf-B or using preimmune IgG antisera as a control. The pre-cleared εupernatant was then immunoprecipitated with either MEKK or Raf-B antisera and incubated with catalytically inactive MEK-1 and [γ- 32 P]ATP as described in detail above. EGF-εtimulated and unεtimulated PC12 cell lysates were precleared with either IgG or Raf-B antisera and then subjected to immunoprecipitation with MEKK antiserum or Raf-B antibodies. The resultε εhown in Fig. 10 indicate that pre-clearing with Raf-B resulted in a 60% diminution of Raf-B activity as measured by phosphorylimager analysiε of Raf-B in vitro kinaεe assays. EGF-stimulated MEKK activity was unaffected by Raf-B depletion, suggesting that Raf-B is not a component of MEKK immunoprecipitateε. At leaεt 40% of the Raf-B activity is resistant to preclearing with Raf-B antibodies. Recombinant wild type MEKK over-expressed in COS cells readily autophosphorylates on serine and threonine residues and the amino-terminus of MEKK is highly serine and threonine rich. MEKK contained in immunoprecipitates of PC12 cells were tested for selective phoεphorylation of purified recombinant MEKK amino-terminal fusion protein in in vitro kinase asεayε. Serum-εtarved PC12 cells were treated with EGF (30ng/ml) for 5 minutes and equal amounts of protein from the εame cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with either MEKK, Raf-B, or preimmune antiserum as a control. Immunoprecipitates were incubated with purified recombinant MEKK NH 2 -terminal fusion protein (400ng) and [γ- 32 P]ATP as described above. The results shown in Fig. 11 indicate that MEKK immunoprecipitated from lysateε of EGF-stimulated and unεtimulated PC12 cells robustly phosphorylated the inert 50kD MEKK NH 2 -fusion protein, while Raf-B or preimmune immunoprecipitates from EGF-stimulated or unstimulated cells did not uεe the MEKK NH 2 -fusion protein as a subεtrate. Thuε, the EGF-εtimulated MEKK activity contained in MEKK immunoprecipites is not due to contaminating Raf kinases. To insure that the phosphorylation of both MEK-1 and the MEKK NH 2 -terminal fuεion protein were due to the activity of the 95kD PC12 cell MEKK, cell lyεates prepared from EGF-stimulated and unstimulated cellε were fractionated by FPLC on a Mono-Q column to partially purify the endogenous MEKK. Lysateε from unstimulated control PC12 cells or cells treated with EGF (30ng/ml) for 5 minutes were fractionated by FPLC on a Mono Q column using a linear gradient of 0 to 525mM NaCl. A portion (30μl) of each even numbered fraction was mixed with buffer (20mM piperazine-N,N'-bis-2-ethanesulfonic acid (Pipes) (pH 7.0) , lOmM MnCl 2 , aprotinin (20μg/ml) , 50mM 0-glycerophosphate (pH 7.2), ImM EGTA, IP-20 (50μg/ml) , 50mM NaF, and 30μCi [γ- 32 P]ATP) containing purified recombinant MEK-1 (150ng) as a substrate in a final volume of 40μl and incubated at 30°C for 25 minutes. Reactions were stopped by the addition of 2X SDS sample buffer (40μl) , boiled and subjected to SDS- PAGE and autoradiography. The peak of MEKK activity eluted in fractions 10-12. Portions (30μl) of each even numbered fraction from lysateε of EGF-treated PC12 cells were mixed with buffer aε deεcribed above except containing purified recombinant MEKK NH 2 -terminal fuεion protein (400ng) aε a εubεtrate instead of MEK-1. Purified recombinant kinase inactive MEK-1 or the MEKK NH 2 -terminal fusion protein were then used aε substrates in the presence of [γ- 32 P]ATP to determine whether 95kD MEKK directly phosphorylateε either εubstrate. Fractions 10-14 of lysate from PC12 cells treated with EGF phosphorylated MEK-1 while little MEK-1 phosphorylation occurred in untreated control fractions. The MEKK NH 2 -terminal fusion protein was also phosphorylated in the same fractions as was MEK-1, although the peak of activity was slightly broader (fractionε 8-16) . Immunoblotting of column fractionε demonεtrated that the 95kD MEKK protein co-eluted with the peak of activity that phosphorylated either exogenously added kinase inactive MEK-1 or the 50kD MEKK NH 2 -terminal fusion protein. Portions (900μl) of even numbered column fractions were concentrated by precipitation with tri-chloroacidic acid and immunoblotted with MEKK antibody. The peak of i munoreactivity eluted in fractions 10-12. To test whether 95kD PC12 cell MEKK and Raf-B require functional Ras proteins for growth factor mediated signalling, dominant negative Ha-ras(Asn 17) (N 17 Ras) was expreεsed in PC12 cells and EGF-stimulated MEKK or Raf-B activation was assayed in immunoprecipitates using kinase inactive MEK-1 as a substrate. PC12 cells stably expressing dexamethasone inducible N 17 Raε were serum εtarved for 18-20 hourε in media containing 0.1% BSA with or without lμM dexamethaεone and then untreated or treated with EGF (30ng/ml) for 5 minutes. Equal amounts of soluble protein from cell lysates was immunoprecipitated with either MEKK or Raf-B antisera and incubated with purified recombinant catalytically inactive MEK-1 and [γ- 32 P]ATP aε described above. Expresεion of N 17 Raε was induced in PC12 cloneε stablely transfected with the N 17 Ras gene by the addition of dexamethaεone to the εtarvation media. N 7 Raε expression inhibited the activation of MEKK by EGF as measured by its ability to phosphorylate kinase inactive MEK-1 (see Fig. 12) . EGF-mediated activation of Raf-B was also greatly reduced in N 17 Ras expressing PC12 cells compared to uninduced N 17 Ras transfeetants. Addition of dexamethasone to wild type PC12 cellε had no effect on the magnitude of MEKK or Raf-B activation elicited by EGF. PC12 cell cloneε εtablely transfected with the N 17 Ras gene are leεs responεive to EGF-mediated activation of MEKK activity than are wild type PC12 cellε. Theεe reεultε indicate that functional Ras is required for growth factor stimulated activation of both Raf-B and MEKK in PC12 cells, suggesting that Ras may mediate its effects on cell growth and differentiation through the activation of multiple protein kinase effectors from both the Raf and MEKK families. Thus, EGF stimulated a peak of MEKK activity within 5 minutes which persisted for at least 30 minutes following treatment, and waε similar to the timecourse of Raf-B activation. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and the phorbol eεter TPA alεo activated MEKK, although to a leεεer degree than EGF. MEKK activity in immunoprecipitateε or column fractionε waε diεεociable from that of EGF-εtimulated c- Raf-1 and Raf-B activities. Forskolin pretreatment abolished both MEKK and Raf-B activation by EGF, NGF, and TPA. Both MEKK and Raf-B activation in response to EGF was inhibited by εtable expreεεion of dominant negative N 17 Raε. Theεe findingε repreεent the firεt demonεtration of Raε- dependent MEKK regulation by growth factorε and suggest the emergence of a complex intracellular kinase network in which Ras may alternately couple between members of the Raf and MEKK families. MEKK selectively regulateε JUN Kinaεe activity in a number of cell types (T cells, Neural cells and fibroblasts) . Jun Kinase is a distant relative of MAP kinase. The ability of MEKK to activate JUN Kinase is approximately 100 times greater than that for Raf to activate JUN Kinaεe. JUN Kinase regulates the activity of the transcription factor JUN which is involved in controlling the growth and differentiation of different cell types. Tumor necrosiε factor (TNF) which regulates cell death and other functions in different cell types stimulates MEKK activity. TNF stimulation of MEKK iε Raf independent. The signal transduction pathways initiated by UV damage of cells overlaps with the TNF response pathway and also activates MEKK but not Raf. Therefore, both TNF and UV stimulate MEKK activity without activating Raf. Both UV and TNF activation of MEKK iε Ras dependent. Thuε, the Raε dependent regulation of MEKK activity in a variety of cell typeε and shows that Ras controls the activation of the MEKK family in addition to memberε of the Raf family. To determine whether the growth factor-mediated activation of 95kD PC12 cell MEKK waε inhibited by PKA, forεkolin waε used to elevate intracellular cAMP and activate PK. Serum-starved PC12 cells were pretreated with or without forskolin (50μM) for 3 minutes to activate protein kinase A and then with EGF (30ng/ml) , NGF (lOOng/ml) , or TPA (200nM) for 5 minutes and MEKK was immunoprecipitated from equal amountε of soluble protein from cell lysateε and incubated with purified recombinant catalytically inactive MEK-1 and [γ- 32 P]ATP aε deεcribed above. Raf-B activity waε also assayed from the same cell lysates to test whether its regulation differed from that of MEKK. Raf-B was immunoprecipitated from the same cell lysates as described above and assayed for its ability to phoεphorylate MEK-1 as deεcribed above. Forεkolin pretreatment aboliεhed the activation of both MEKK and Raf- B by EGF, NGF, and TPA, aε meaεured by their ability to phoεphorylate kinaεe-inactive MEK-1 (Fig. 13) . Forεkolin treatment alone had no appreciable effect on either kinase. These results demonstrate that in addition to Raf-1 and Raf-B, PKA activation inhibits growth factor stimulation of 95kD PC12 cell MEKK, suggesting the existence of a common regulatory control point for PKA action which lies between or downstream of Raε and upεtream or at the level of each of these three kinases. To determine if a similar or distinct MEK activity is involved in activation of MAPK though G. protein coupled receptors, MEK activity in cell lysates from thrombin stimulated Rat la cells waε inveεtigated. Thrombin εtimulated cellε exhibited a MEK activity which co- fractionated with the major MEK peak detected in EGF εtimulated cells. The magnitude of MEK activity from thrombin challenged cells was generally two to three-fold lesε than that observed with EGF εtimulation, which correlateε with the εmaller MAPK response the present inventors have observed in thrombin challenged cells. Differential regulation of MEK in Rat la and NIH3T3 cells expressing gip2 , v-src , v-ras, or v-raf led the present inventor to inveεtigate the protein kinases that are putative regulators of MEK-1. Recently, it was shown that Raf-1 can phosphorylate and activate MEK. Raf activation was asεayed in the following manner. Cells were serum starved and challenged in the presence or absence of the appropriate growth factors, aε deεcribed above. Serum starved Rat la cellε were challenged with buffer alone or with EGF and Raf waε immunoprecipitated using an antibody recognizing the C terminus of Raf. Cells were lysed by scraping in ice cold RIP buffer (50 mM Tris, pH 7.2, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 0.5% εodium deoxycholate, 1.0% Triton X 100, 10 mM εodium pyrophosphate, 25 mM sodium glycerophoεphate, 2mM sodium vanadate, 2.1 μg/ml aprotinin) and were microfuged for 10 min to remove nuclei. The supernatants were normalized for protein content and precleared with protein A Sepharose prior to immunoprecipitation with rabbit antiserum to the C terminus of Raf-1 and protein A Sepharose for 2-3 h at 4"C. The beads were washed twice with ice cold RIPA and twice with PAN (10 mM Pipes, pH 7.0, lOOmM NaCl, 21μg/ml aprotinin). A portion of the immunopreci itate was diluted with SDS sample buffer and used for immunoblot analysis. The remainder was resuspended in kinase buffer (20 mM Pipes pH 7.0, 10 mM MnCl 2 , 150 ng kinase-inactive MEK-1, 30 μCi γ- 32 p- ATP and 20 μg/ml aprotinin) in a final volume of 50 μl for 30 min at 30°C. Wild type recombinant MEK-1 was autophosphorylated in parallel as a marker. Reactions were terminated by the addition of 12.5 μl 5X SDS sample buffer, boiled for 5 minutes and subjected to SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. The immunoprecipitated Raf, in the presence of γ- 32 P- ATP, was able to phosphorylate MEK-1. The recombinant MEK- 1 used in thiε aεsay was kinase inactive to ensure it did not autophosphorylate as is obεerved with wild type MEK-1. Little or no phosphorylation of MEK-1 by Raf was observed in immunoprecipitates from control cells. EGF challenge clearly stimulated Raf catalyzed phosphorylation of MEK-1; in contrast, thrombin challenge of Rat la cells did not measurably activate Raf even though endogenouε MEK was clearly activated. EGF stimulated Raf phosphorylation of recombinant MEK-1 by approximately 2.6-fold over basal. Little phosphorylation of MEK by Raf was observed in Raf immunoprecipitates from Gip2 or v-Src expressing Rat la cells. EGF εtimulation was still capable of activating Raf catalyzed phosphorylation of MEK-1 in these cell lines by 1.8 and 1.4-fold, respectively. The blunting of the EFG response in Gip2 and v-Src expressing cells is likely a result of desensitization of the EFG receptor upon conεtitutive activation of MAPK. The amount of Raf in the immunoprecipitates was shown to be similar by subsequent SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using Raf antibody. Since thrombin stimulation of MEK is two to three-fold over basal, at least a 1.5-fold stimulation of MEK phosphorylation is expected if Raf significantly contributed to MEK activation by this growth factor. This level of activation was detectable in the EGF stimulated Gip2 and v-Src expressing cells lines. Thus, it is unlikely that the failure to detect thrombin activation of Raf is due to the sensitivity of the assay. Thrombin stimulation of MAPK is maximal at 3 minutes. Stimulation of Rat la cellε for 1 or 5 minutes with thrombin did not increase Raf activity. In NIH3T3 cells, as in Rat la cells, Egf activates Raf approximately 2.7-fold, while thrombin does not. V-Raf expreεεing NIH3T3 cells showed no increase in MEK-1 phoεphorylation. This result waε unexpected since MEK was clearly activated in v-Raf expreεεing NIH3T3 cellε. Both the p90 and p75 gag-raf fuεion proteinε in addition to c- Raf-1 were immunoprecipitated from v-Raf NIH3T3 cellε by the antisera. P75gag-raf has been shown to exhibit protein kinase activity, but it is possible that the NH 2 terminal gag fusion protein sterically hinders Raf phosphorylation of recombinant MEK-1 in the in vitro assay system. Further studies will have to be done to measure v-Raf kinase activity. The results argue that activation of MEK cannot be accounted for exclusively by the activation of Raf. Additional regulatory kinaseε for MEK muεt exiεt which contribute to MEK activation in thrombin εtimulated, G, protein coupled pathwayε and in gip2 and v-src tranεfected cellε. MAPKε are serine/threonine kinaseε that are thought to be key intermediate molecules in various signal transduction pathways. MAPKs are in turn phoεphorylated and activated by MEKε. Constitutive activation of MEK accounts for most if not all of the increased MAPK activity in oncogene transfected cellε. Gip2 and v-Src activated MEK in Rat la cellε, while v-Raf moεt effectively activated MEK in NIH3T3 cells. These oncoproteins activated a similar MEK activity as growth factors. No εignificant level of MEK εtimulation in v-Ras transfected NIH3T3 cells was detected. The findings indicate for a rather tight linkage between MAPK and MEK activation. The present inventor haε not obεerved a significant activation of MAPK independent of MEK activation in oncoprotein expresεing growth factor- stimulated cells. The sensitivity of Raf activation assays involving phosphorylation of kinase inactive MEK-1 suggests that one should be able to easily detect a Raf activity that is 20- 25% of that observed with EGF stimulation of both Rat la and NIH3T3 cells. Failure to detect Raf activation in responεe to thrombin, where both MEK and MAPK activity are easily detected, suggeεtε Raf iε not εignificantly activated by thrombin in Rat la and NIH3T3 cells. This finding suggestε an additional protein kinaεe other than Raf iε capable of phosphorylating and activating MEK-1. The present inventor has recently cloned and expressed a mouse MEK kinase (MEKK) that is unrelated to and independent of Raf. Both MEKK and Raf were shown to phosphorylate and activate MEK-1. MEKK is the mouse homolog of the yeast protein kinaseε Ste 11 and Byr2; MEK iε the mouse homolog of the yeast protein kinases Ste7 and Byrl. Raf is unrelated in sequence to Stell and Byr2, suggesting that Raf represents a divergence in mammalian cells from the pheromone responεive protein kinase syεtem defined in yeaεt. Experiments indicate that Raf and MEKK both activate MEK, which functions as a convergence point for multiple protein kinaseε that are involved in MAPK activation (See Fig. 14) . Thus, Raf and MEKK are protein kinaεeε at the divergence for signal inputs initiated by different cell surface receptors. It is believed that MEKK is a thrombin regulated kinase that regulates MEK in Rat la and NIH3T3 cells. It is also believed that Raf and MEKK are differentially regulated by oncoproteins. The placement of MEK between MAPK and upstream regulators of MAPK provides integration but alεo independence of εignal networkε initiated by growth factor receptorε. For example, the serine/threonine kinases Raf and MEKK can phosphorylate MEK, but most likely phosphorylate other proteins as well. MEK is a specialized dual tyrosine/threonine kinase for the selective regulation of MAPK. One aspect of the present invention relates to the recognition that MEKK activates MAPK. For instance, MAPK is known to be involved in various cellular pathways in mammalian syεtemε. MAPK is known to be involved in cellular mitogeneεis, DNA εynthesis, cell division and differentiation. MAPK iε also recognized as being involved in the activation of oncogenes, εuch aε c-Jun and c-Myc. While not bound by theory, the present inventor believes that MAPK is also intimately involved in various abnormalities having a genetic origin. MAPK is known to cross the nuclear membrane and iε believed to be at leaεt partially reεponεible for regulating the expreεsion of various genes. As such, MAPK is believed to play a significant role in the instigation or progression of cancer, neuronal diεeases, autoimmune diεeases, allergic reactions, wound healing and inflammatory responses. The present inventor, by being first to identify nucleic acid sequcences encoding MEKK, recognized that it is now posεible to regulate the expression of MEKK, and thuε regulate the activation of MAPK. It is also known that MEKK functions in various other capacitieε beεideε the activation of MAPK. Aε εuch, it iε within the scope of the preεent invention to regulate the expreεεion of MEKK to effect the regulation of other cellular activitieε that are regulated, either by εtimulation or inhibition, by MEKK. Another aspect of the present invention relates to the recognition that both MEKK as well as Raf are able to activate MAPK. The present inventor has discovered that while MEKK is εtructurally diεtinct from Raf, both Raf and MEKK are involved in the regulation of MAPK activity. Therefore, it iε within the scope of the present invention to either stimulate or inhibit the expression of Raf and MEKK to achieve desired regulatory results. Thus, in one embodiment, MEKK expression can be inhibited, for example, by use of antisense nucleic acid sequences, in order to block MEKK activity. Alternatively, the expresεion of Raf can be εimilarly regulated in the εame cell to achieve maximum inhibition of MAPK activity. Regulation of the MAPK system can therefore be fine-tuned by inhibition and/or εtimulation of either or both Raf and MEKK expreεsion. It is within the scope of the present invention to regulate the expression of MEKK through the use of well- known recombinant DNA expression techniques. For example, suitable host cells can be transformed with the MEKK sequence and suitable control elements can be operatively linked with the MEKK sequence to achieve desired expression. The amount of MEKK enzyme present in the cell can be increased in a variety of ways including, but not limited to, subεtantially derepreεsing synthesis of the enzyme, amplifying the copy number of a nucleic acid sequence encoding the enzyme, and combinations thereof. As used herein, "subεtantially derepressing synthesiε of the enzyme" referε to production of greater amountε of the enzyme than are normally produced by wild-type cellε εuch that the amount and/or rate of εubεtrate-to-product conversion is higher than in wild-type cells (i.e., there iε enhanced conversion of substrate to product) . Derepresεion of MEKK enzyme εyntheεiε can be accomplished in a variety of ways, including interfering with the regulatory controls normally exerted over transcription and/or translation of the gene encoding the enzyme and increasing the εtability of the messenger RNA (mRNA) corresponding to the enzyme. For example, syntheεis of an enzyme which is normally εubject to repreεεion, may be increased by at least partially inactivating the respective repressor and/or modifying the operator sequence to reduce the ability of the repressor to bind to it. Modification of transcription (e.g. , promoter) and/or translation (e.g. , Shine Delgarno sequence) control signals (e.g., initiation, elongation, and/or termination signalε) can alεo enhance both the rate and amount of enzyme production. Methodε to derepress enzyme synthesis include recombinant DNA techniques. As used herein, amplifying the copy number of a nucleic acid εequence in a cell can be accomplished either by increasing the copy number of the nucleic acid sequence in the cell's genome or by introducing additional copieε of the nucleic acid sequence into the cell by transformation. Copy number amplification is conducted in a manner such that greater amounts of enzyme are produced, leading to enhanced conversion of εubεtrate to product. For example, recombinant molecules containing nucleic acids of the present invention can be transformed into cells to enhance enzyme syntheεiε. Tranεformation can be accompliεhed using any proceεε by which nucleic acid εequenceε are inserted into a cell. Transformation techniques include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, adsorption, and protoplast fusion. After transformation, the cell can produce multiple copies of the nucleic acid sequence, which can either remain on extrachromosomal vectorε or be integrated into the host genome. Prior to tranεformation, the nucleic acid εequence on the recombinant molecule can be manipulated to encode an enzyme having a higher specific activity. One embodiment of the present invention is a substantially pure MEKK protein. According to the present invention, a subεtantially pure, or iεolated protein, iε a protein that haε been removed from itε natural milieu. Aε such, "isolated" and "substantially pure" do not necesεarily reflect the extent to which the protein haε been purified. A εubεtantially pure MEKK protein can be obtained from itε natural εource. A substantially pure MEKK protein can also be produced using recombinant DNA technology or chemical synthesis. As used herein, a subεtantially pure MEKK protein can be a full-length MEKK protein or any homologue of εuch a protein, such as an MEKK protein in which amino acids have been deleted (e.g. , a truncated version of the protein, such as a peptide) , inserted, inverted, subεtituted and/or derivatized (e.g., by glycoεylation, phoεphorylation, acetylation, myriεtylation, prenylation, palmitation, amidation and/or addition of glycoεylphosphatidyl inositol) εuch that the homologue haε kinaεe activity and/or includeε at leaεt one epitope capable of eliciting an immune reεponεe againεt MEKK protein (i.e., when the homologue is administered to an animal as an immunogen, using techniques known to those skilled in the art, the animal will produce a humoral and/or cellular immune response against at least one epitope of MEKK protein) . Kinase activity, kinase regulatory activity, as well as the ability of a protein to effect an immune response, can be measured using techniques known to those skilled in the art. An MEKK protein of the present invention, including a homologue of the full-length protein, has the further characteristic of being encoded by a nucleic acid molecule that is capable of hybridizing, under stringent conditions, with (i.e., to) a nucleic acid comprising at least a portion of the nucleic acid sequence encoding an MEKK protein, such as that disclosed in Table 1. As used herein, the phraεe "at leaεt a portion of" an entity referε to an amount of the entity that iε at leaεt εufficient to have the functional aεpects of that entity. For example, at least a portion of a nucleic acid sequence, as used herein, is an amount of a nucleic acid sequence capable of forming a stable hybrid under stringent hybridization conditions. The nucleic acid εequence repreεents the deduced sequence of a cDNA (complementary DNA) nucleic acid molecule, the production of which is diεclosed below. (It εhould be noted that εince nucleic acid εequencing technology iε not entirely error-free, the nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 1, at best, represents an apparent nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid molecule encoding at least a portion of an MEKK protein) . As used herein, stringent hybridization conditions refer to standard hybridization conditions under which nucleic acid molecules (or sequences) , including oligonucleotides, are used to identify similar sequenceε. Such standard conditions are disclosed, for example, in Sambrook et al., ibid. Preferred MEKK proteins of the present invention are encoded by nucleic acid sequenceε having at least about 80 percent homology (identity within comparable regions) with the nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 1. More preferred MEKK proteins of the present invention are encoded by nucleic acid sequences having at least about 85 percent homology the nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 1, and even more preferred MEKK proteins of the present invention are encoded by nucleic acid sequences having at least about 90 percent homology with the nucleic acid sequence shown in Table 1. MEKK protein homologues can be the result of natural allelic variation or natural mutation. MEKK protein homologues can also be produced using techniques known in the art including, but not limited to, direct modifications to the protein or modifications to the gene encoding the protein using, for example, claεsic or recombinant DNA techniques to effect random or targeted mutagenesis. Iεolated proteinε of the present invention, including homologues, can be identified in a straight-forward manner by the proteins' ability to phoεphorylate mammalian MEK protein and/or to elicit an immune response against MEKK proteins. Modifications to MEKK protein of the present invention include truncating the full-length MEKK protein. Preferred modificationε to an MEKK protein of the present invention include, for example: deleting at least a portion of a regulatory domain (illustrated in Table 2) to produce a constitutively active MEKK protein; deleting at least a portion of a catalytic domain (illustrated in Table 2) to produce an inactive MEKK protein capable of acting as an inhibitor of proteins capable of regulating MEKK activity; iεolating at least a portion of a regulatory domain of an MEKK protein to produce a molecule capable of inhibiting MEKK regulatory proteins; and subεtituting a lyεine residue in the catalytic domain (i.e., phosphotranεferase domain) with a methionine residue to inactivate the catalytic domain. Two truncated forms of MEKK 1 containing the catalytic domain and not the regulatory domain were produced using standard recombinant DNA techniques. Referring to Table 2, a first truncated MEKK molecule was produced by truncating MEKK 1 from residue 1 to residue 215, thereby deleting the PPPSS hinge sequence and the regulatory domain to form the truncated MEKK molecule, PPPSS-trunc. A second smaller truncated MEKK molecule was produced by truncating MEKK 1 from residue 1 to residue 1, thereby removing the PPPSS hinge sequence and the regulatory domain to form the truncated MEKK molecule, Ncol-trunc. The ability of the PPPSS-trunc and Ncol-trunc to activate MAPK activity (determined aε deεcribed above) was compared with full- length MEKK protein and a negative control protein. The reεultε εhown in Fig. 15 indicate that the truncated MEKK moleculeε were more active than the full-length MEKK. Indeed, the truncated MEKK molecules were at least about 1.5 times more active than full-length MEKK protein. Thuε, removal of the regulatory domain of MEKK deregulates the activity of the catalytic domain resulting in improved enzyme activity. The minimum size of an isolated protein of the present invention is sufficient to form an epitope, a size that is typically at least from about 7 to about 9 amino acidε. Aε is appreciated by those skilled in the art, an epitope can include amino acids that naturally are contiguouε to each other aε well as amino acids that, due to the tertiary structure of the natural protein, are in sufficiently close proximity to form an epitope. Functionally equivalent nucleic acid sequences can include nucleic acid sequences containing modifications, such as nucleotide deletions, additionε, inversions, and/or substitutions that do not substantially interfere with the nucleic acid sequence'ε ability to encode a biologically active enzyme. That iε, functionally equivalent nucleic acid sequences of the present invention encode enzymes having a biological activity similar to their natural counterparts. Functionally equivalent eukaryotic nucleic acid sequenceε can also include intervening and/or untranslated sequences surrounding and/or within the coding regions of the nucleic acid sequences. A functionally equivalent nucleic acid sequence can be obtained using methods known to those skilled in the art (see, for example, Sambrook et al., ibid.). For example, nucleic acid sequences can be modified using a variety of techniques including, but not limited to, classic mutagenesis techniques and recombinant DNA techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis, chemical treatment of a nucleic acid to induce mutations, restriction enzyme cleavage of a nucleic acid fragment, ligation of nucleic acid fragments, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and/or mutagenesis of selected regions of a nucleic acid sequence, synthesiε of oligonucleotide mixtures and ligation of mixture groups to "build" a mixture of nucleic acid sequenceε, and combinationε thereof. Functionally equivalent nucleic acids can be selected from a mixture of modified nucleic acid εequenceε by εcreening for the function of the protein encoded by the nucleic acid sequence. A number of screening techniques are known to those εkilled in the art including, but not limited to, complementation aεsays, binding assays, and enzyme asεayε. Tranεformation can be accompliεhed uεing any proceεε by which nucleic acid sequenceε are inserted into a cell. Transformation techniques include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection, adsorption, and protoplast fusion. A recombinant cell may remain unicellular or may grow into a tissue or a ulticellular organism. Transformed nucleic acid sequences of the present invention can remain extrachromosomal or can integrate into one or more sites within a chromosome of a host cell in such a manner that their ability to be expreεsed is retained. Integrated nucleic acid sequences often are more stable than extrachromosomal sequenceε. Aε εuch, it iε within the scope of the present invention that expression of nucleic acid sequences encoding the enzymes of the present invention may be due to expresεion of plaεmid sequenceε or to sequences integrated into the host genome. Preferably, a recombinant cell iε produced by tranεforming a hoεt cell with one or more recombinant molecules, each containing one or more nucleic acid sequences of the present invention operatively linked to an expression vector containing one or more transcription control sequences. A cell can be transformed with one or more recombinant molecules. Aε uεed herein, the phraεe "operatively linked" refers to insertion of a nucleic acid εequence into an expreεsion vector in a manner such that the sequence is able to be expressed when transformed into a host cell. As used herein, an expresεion vector iε a DNA or RNA vector that is capable of transforming a host cell, of replicating within the host cell, and of effecting expression of a specified nucleic acid sequence. Expression vectors can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and are typically viruseε or plasmids. Nucleic acid εequenceε of the preεent invention can be operatively linked to expreεsion vectors containing regulatory sequenceε such as promoters, operators, repressors, enhancers, termination sequenceε, origins of replication, and other regulatory sequenceε that are compatible with the host cell and that control the expreεεion of the nucleic acid sequences. In particular, expression vectors of the present invention include tranεcription control sequences. Transcription control sequenceε are sequences which control the initiation, elongation, and termination of transcription. Particularly important transcription control sequences are those which control transcription initiation, such as promoter, enhancer, operator and repressor sequences. Suitable transcription control sequenceε include any tranεcription control εequence that can function in at least one of the host cells of the present invention and can include bacterial, yeast, fungal, insect, animal, and plant transcription control sequences. A recombinant molecule of the present invention can be any nucleic acid sequence combination herein described operatively linked to any transcription control sequence capable of effectively regulating expreεsion of the nucleic acid sequence in the cell to be transformed. -57- Recombinant cells of the present invention include any cellε transformed with any nucleic acid εequenceε of the preεent invention. It may be appreciated by one skilled in the art that use of recombinant DNA technologies can improve expresεion of tranεformed nucleic acid εequenceε by manipulating, for example, the number of copieε of the nucleic acid εequences within a host cell, the efficiency with which those nucleic acid sequences are transcribed, the efficiency with which the resultant transcripts are translated, and the efficiency of post-translational modificationε. Recombinant techniqueε uεeful for increaεing the expression of nucleic acid sequences encoding enzymes include, but are not limited to, operatively linking nucleic acid sequences to high-copy number plasmidε, integration of the nucleic acid sequenceε into one or more host cell chromosomes, addition of vector stability εequenceε to plasmids, substitutionε or modifications of transcription control signalε (e.g., promoterε, operatorε, enhancers), substitutions or modifications of translational control signalε (e.g., riboεome binding εiteε, Shine-Delgarno sequences) , modification of the nucleic acid sequences encoding enzymes to correspond to the codon usage of the host cell, deletion of sequenceε that deεtabilize tranεcriptε, and use of control signals that temporally separate recombinant cell growth from recombinant enzyme production during culturing. The activity of an expressed recombinant enzyme of the present invention may be improved by fragmenting, modifying, or derivatizing nucleic acid sequences encoding enzymes involved in the above-described pathways. The present invention also includes a method to identify compounds capable of regulating signals initiated from a receptor on the surface of a cell. Such a method comprises the steps of: (a) contacting a cell containing MEKK protein with a putative regulatory compound; (b) contacting the cell with a ligand capable of binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell; and (c) asεeεεing the ability of the putative regulatory compound to regulate cellular εignalε by determining phoεphorylation of the MEKK protein. Step (c) compriεes determining the activation of the MEKK protein by measuring the ability of the MEKK protein to phosphorylate MEK protein. In another embodiment, a method to identify compounds capable of regulating signal tranεduction in a cell can compriεe the εteps of: (a) contacting a putative inhibitory compound with MEKK protein to form a reaction mixture; (b) contacting the reaction mixture with MEK protein; and (c) aεsesεing the ability of the putative inhibitory compound to inhibit phoεphorylation of the MEK protein by the MEKK protein. The reεultε obtained from εtep (c) can be compared with the ability of a putative inhibitory compound to inhibit the ability of Raf protein to phosphorylate MEK protein, to determine if the compound can selectively regulate signal transduction involving MEKK protein independent of Raf protein. MEKK, MEK and Raf proteins used in the foregoing methods can be recombinant proteins or naturally-derived proteins. Another aspect of the present invention includes a kit to identify compounds regulating signals initiated from a receptor on the surface of a cell. Such kits include: (a) at least one cell containing MEKK protein; (b) a ligand capable of binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell; and (c) a means for assessing the ability of a putative regulatory compound to alter phosphorylation of the MEKK protein. Such a means for detecting phosphorylation include methods and reagents known to those of skill in the art, for example, phosphorylation can be detected using phosphocelluloεe blotting reagents. In another embodiment, a kit of the preεent invention can includeε: (a) MEKK protein; (b) MEK protein; and (c) a means for asεessing the ability of a putative inhibitory compound to inhibit phosphorylation of the MEK protein by the MEKK protein. A kit of the present invention can further comprise Raf protein and a means for detecting the ability of a putative inhibitory compound to inhibit the ability of Raf protein to phosphorylate the MEK protein. One embodiment of the present invention is a therapeutic compoεition that, when administered to an animal in an effective manner, is capable of regulating signal transduction in the cells of that animal. In particular, such therapeutic composition is useful for administration to animals to treat medical disorders such as cancer, autoimmune disease, inflammatory responses, allergic responses and neuronal disorders, such as Parkinson'ε diεeaεe and Alzheimer'ε diεease. A therapeutic composition can include at least a portion of an MEKK protein and/or a nucleic acid molecule encoding at leaεt a portion of an MEKK protein of the preεent invention. A therapeutic composition can include an MEKK protein having kinase activity and/or kinase regulatory activity. Preferably, a therapeutic composition can include an MEKK protein having a kinase domain and/or a kinase regulatory domain. A therapeutic composition can also include a suitable carrier. Aε uεed herein, a "carrier" referε to any substance suitable as a vehicle for delivering a compound of the present invention to a suitable in vitro or in vivo site of action. As such, carriers can act as an excipient or formulation of a therapeutic compoεition containing a compound of the preεent invention. The foregoing deεcription of the invention haε been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Further, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and modifications commensurate with the above teachings, and the skill or knowledge in the relevant art are within the scope of the present invention. The preferred embodiment described herein above is further intended to explain the best mode known of practicing the invention and to enable otherε εkilled in the art to utilize the invention in variouε embodiments and with variouε modificationε required by their particular applications or uεeε of the invention. It iε intended that the appended claimε be conεtrued to include alternate embodimentε to the extent permitted by the prior art.

Claims: What is Claimed: 1. A substantially pure MEKK protein capable of phosphorylating mammalian MEK protein, wherein said MEKK protein comprises a catalytic domain. 2. The protein of Claim 1, wherein the activity of said protein is deregulated. 3. A substantially pure MEKK protein, wherein said protein iε capable of inhibiting MEKK activity, said protein comprising an MEKK regulatory domain. 4. A εubεtantially pure MEKK protein capable of regulating the activity of MAPK protein, εaid protein having an amino acid εequence diεtinct from Raf protein. 5. A εubstantially pure MEKK protein capable of regulating signals initiated from a growth factor receptor on the surface of a cell by regulating the activity of MAPK protein, said ability to regulate being divergent from Raf protein signal regulation. 6. A subεtantially pure protein compriεing an amino acid sequence selected from the group conεisting of a sequence as shown in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. 7. A subεtantially pure protein, wherein said protein iε isolated using an antibody capable of selectively binding to an MEKK protein capable of phosphorylating mammalian MEK protein and capable of regulating the activity of MAPK protein independent of Raf protein, said antibody capable of being produced by a method comprising: (a) administering to an animal an effective amount of a subεtantially pure protein as set forth in Claim 1; and (b) recovering an antibody capable of selectively binding to said MEKK protein. 8. An isolated antibody capable of selectively binding to an MEKK protein, said antibody capable of being produced by a method comprising administering to an animal an effective amount of a subεtantially pure protein aε εet forth in Claim 1, and recovering an antibody capable of selectively binding to said MEKK protein. 9. An isolated nucleic acid molecule having a sequence encoding a protein capable of phosphorylating mammalian MEK independent of Raf protein and capable of regulating the activity of MAPK protein. 10. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of a sequence as shown in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3. 11. A method to identify compoundε capable of regulating signals initiated from a receptor on the surface of a cell, comprising: a) contacting a cell containing MEKK protein with a putative regulatory compound; b) contacting said cell with a ligand capable of binding to said receptor; and c) asεeεεing the ability of εaid putative regulatory compound to regulate εaid εignalε by determining phoεphorylation of said MEKK protein.

Inventors: JOHNSON GARY L, JOHNSON, GARY, L.
Applicants: JOHNSON GARY L, NAT JEWISH CT IMMUN & RESPIRAT, JOHNSON, GARY, L., NATIONAL JEWISH CENTER FOR IMMUNOLOGY AND RESPIRAT
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C07K13
IPC codes: A61K38, C07K16, C12N9, C12N15, C12Q1, C12R1