Cleaning apparatus

Abstract: A cleaning apparatus having a spots cleaning blade (220) to remove residual agglomerations of particles from the imaging surface. The spots cleaning blade (220) is made from a material that has a low coefficient of friction, low resilience and higher hardness than a standard spots blade. These properties enable the spots cleaning blade (220) to provide a continuous slidable contact with the imaging surface to remove residual particles therefrom.

Description: This invention relates generally to an apparatus, for cleaning the residual materials from an imaging surface and more particularly, concerns a cleaning apparatus for removal of residual particles and agglomerates from the imaging surface. In an electrophotographic application such as xerography, a charge retentive surface is electrostatically charged, and exposed to a light pattern of an original image to be reproduced to selectively discharge the surface in accordance therewith. The resulting pattern of charged and discharged areas on that surface forms an electrostatic charge pattern (an electrostatic latent image) conforming to the original image. The latent image is developed by contacting it with a finely divided electrostatically attractable powder referred to as "toner". Toner is held on the image areas by the electrostatic charge on the surface. Thus, a toner image is produced in conformity with a light image of the original being reproduced. The toner image may then be transferred to a substrate (e.g., paper), and the image affixed thereto to form a permanent record of the image to be reproduced. Subsequent to development, excess toner left on the charge retentive surface is cleaned from the surface. The process is well known, and useful for light lens copying from an original, and printing applications from electronically generated or stored originals, where a charge surface may be imagewise discharged in a variety of ways. Ion projection devices, where a charge is imagewise deposited on a charge retentive substrate, operate similarly. Although a preponderance of the toner forming the image is transferred to the paper during transfer, some toner invariably remains on the charge retentive surface, it being held thereto by relatively high electrostatic and/or mechanical forces. Additionally, paper fibers, Kaolin and other debris have a tendency to be attracted to the charge retentive surface. It is essential for optimum operation that the toner remaining on the surface be cleaned thoroughly therefrom. A commercially successful mode of cleaning employed on automatic xerographic devices utilizes a brush with soft conductive or insulative fiber bristles. While the bristles are soft they are sufficiently firm to remove residual toner particles from the charge retentive surface. A voltage is applied to the fibers to enhance removal of toner from the charge retentive surface. Not all toner and debris is removed from the surface by the brush cleaner. For reasons that are unclear, toner particles agglomerate with themselves and with certain types of debris to form a spot-wise deposition that can eventually strongly adhere to the charge retentive surface. These spots range from 50 micrometers to greater than 400 micrometers in diameter and 5 to 25 micrometers in thickness, but typically are about 200 micrometers in diameter and 5 to 15 micrometers in thickness. The agglomerates range in material compositions from nothing but toner to a broad assortment of plastics and debris from paper The spots cause a copy quality defect showing up as a black spot on a background area of the copy which is the same size as the spot on the photoreceptor The spot on the copy varies slightly with the exact machine operating conditions, but cannot be deleted by controlling the machine process controls. Attempts to eliminate the agglomerate spotting by controlling of extraneous debris have been found difficult if not impossible to implement. Additionally, there was no way to eliminate the formation of agglomerates that the toner formed itself. However, in studying the formation of these spots. it was noted that the spots appeared instantaneously on the charge retentive surface, i.e., the spots were not the result of a continuing nucleation process. It was subsequently noted that newer deposited spots were more weakly adhered to the surface than older spots. Several copier products commonly use a urethane blade material (e.g 107-5, supplied by Acushnet, trademark) for a spots blade. The spots blade is positioned, after the cleaning station, to remove agglomerations and debris from the photoreceptor. The use of a spots blade as a secondary cleaner for these products has been shown to be very effective in removing debris that can cause a spot defect on the copy. However, many of the spots blades presently used have the disadvantage of high friction between the blade and the photoreceptor. This causes the spots blade to intermittently stick to the photoreceptor surface creating a type of bouncing or skipping action of the spots blade as it rides on the photoreceptor. This bouncing or skipping action can cause copy quality defects. Furthermore, spots blades that exhibit high friction can foldover when placed in pressure contact with the photoreceptor. When failure due to foldover occurs, the blade must be replaced. US-A-4,989,047 to Jugle et al. discloses a cleaning apparatus for an electrophotographic printer that reduces agglomeration-caused spotting on the imaging surface. A secondary cleaning member, characterized as a thin scraper blade, is arranged at a low angle of attack, with respect to the imaging surface, to allow a maximum shearing force to be applied by the blade to the agglomerates for removal thereof. US-A-4,669,864 to Shoji et al. discloses a cleaning device arranged on the outer periphery of an image retainer brought into and out of abutment against the image retainer The cleaning device comprises a first cleaning member, a blade, and a second cleaning member. a brush. arranged downstream of the first cleaning member in the moving direction of the surface of the image retainer US-A-5,175,591 discloses a cleaning apparatus for cleaning residual toner from a charge retentive surface with a rotating abrading brush, as a primary cleaner and an agglomerate cleaner blade located upstream of a primary cleaner relative to a feeding direction of the charge retentive surface. The abrasion of the charge retentive surface reduces the friction between that surface and a cleaner blade. This specification is silent with regard to the nature of the resiliency of the cleaning blade. An object of the present invention is to provide an improved cleaning apparatus for cleaning the residual materials from an imaging surface. Accordingly, the present invention provides a cleaning apparatus in accordance with any one of the appended claims. Briefly stated, and in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for cleaning the residual materials from an imaging surface, comprising a housing and a holder attached to the housing. A primary cleaner, at least partially enclosed in the housing and a second cleaner. located upstream from the primary cleaner. The second cleaner having one end coupled to the holder and a free end opposite thereto. The free end being in pressure contact with the imaging surface with minimal coefficient of friction therebetween The free end having continuous slidable contact on the imaging surface. The second cleaner is a cleaning blade in pressure contact with said surface and being adapted to remove particles therefrom, comprising a blade body including an elastomeric material having a coefficient of friction less than three and a durometer ranging from about 80 Shore A to about 90 Shore A. The material having a resiliency ranging from about 20% to about 25% rebound. The present invention will be described further, by way of examples, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a schematic view of the spots blade located upstream from the primary cleaner and Figure 2 is a frictional trace graph comparing two spots blade materials, 107-5 and E490. Reference is now made to Figure 1, which is a frontal elevational view of the cleaning system and the spots blade assembly 230. The spots blade assembly 230 comprises a holder 225 and a spots disturber blade 220. The spots blade assembly 230 is located upstream, in the direction of movement 12 of the photoreceptor 10, to disturb residual particles not removed by the primary cleaner brushes 100. This spots disturber blade 220 is similar to that used in the Xerox (a registered trademark) 5090 copier. The spots blade disturber 220 is normally in the doctoring mode to allow a build up of residual particles in front of the spots blade 220 (i.e. between the brush cleaner housing 145 and the spots blade 220). This build up of residual particles is removed by the air flow of the vacuum. The spots blade material of the present invention combines the mechanical properties of low friction, low resilience and high hardness to provide a continuous slidable contact between the spots blade 220 and the photoreceptor surface. This continuous slidable contact is a result of the mechanical properties and not a lubricant introduced to the cleaning operation. The present invention reveals the combination of mechanical properties that are ideal for a spots blade, and a material that supplies these mechanical properties The ideal mechanical properties of a spots blade are low friction (adhesion), low resiliency and high hardness. The urethane material (i.e. polyester) of the embodiment of the present invention has a low coefficient of friction and a high hardness which enables it to avoid the tucking characteristic of the urethane spots blade material (i.e. Acushnet 107-5, a trademark) commonly used, that causes blade failures. Blade tucking normally has a low rate of incidence when the photoreceptor surface is dirty (i.e. when the toner density on the photoreceptor surface is high) However, a clean photoreceptor surface causes high friction to occur between the blade and the photoreceptor surface making blade start-up on the clean surface difficult. This high friction also causes the blade to bounce intermittently when the machine is making copies Thus, a low friction coefficient (µ<3) indicates that the adhesion of urethane to the clean surface is very low When it is this low (µ<3) the blade will not stick or foldover at start-up or bouncing in the running mode. The combination of the above mentioned mechanical properties resolve this common spots blade problem. A urethane material that contains the mechanical properties of the present invention is E490 which is available from Acushnet. In lab testing of the E490 material, the E490 material demonstrated lower friction, lower resilience and higher hardness than the 107-5 blade material commonly used These mechanical properties are the desirable characteristics for a spots blade to alleviate the start-up and the blade bounce problems that occur with the 107-5 blade material. First, there is a much lower frictional coefficient in E490 than in the 107-5 blade material. The coefficient of friction for E490 (averages about 3 for a clean blade on a clean photoreceptor surface) is 50% less than 107-5 (i.e the frictional coefficient averages about 6) (See the frictional trace graph of these two materials in Figure 2). The frictional force is low enough to allow the E490 material to contact the photoreceptor at start-up without lubrication. And, also reduce photoreceptor abrasion by the spots blade. The following is a description of the test data comparing the frictional characteristics of 107-5 and E490 shown in Figure 2. The adhesion (friction) of clean 107-5 blade material and clean E490 blade material was measured and video taped as a function of time on a slowly rotating, clean glass cylinder. The blade wear patterns produced on this fixture are similar to the blade wear found in copiers. The initial slope of the curve is indicative of the adhesion between the blade and the surface. In this part of the trace, the 107-5 blade is tucking severely. When the initial adhesion is overcome by the moving of the imaging surface, the blade untucks momentarily, and then sticks again to the glass. This sticking and releasing of the blade is commonly referred to as "stick-slip" motion. The sticking part is the adhesion and the slipping part is the blade untucking There is a marked difference between these two traces. The 107-5 material immediately adheres to the moving glass surface for 8 seconds before it releases, and then starts to adhere again. The initial peak frictional coefficient for 107-5 was 7.4. The "stick-slip" behavior destroyed the blade edge after three minutes. The E490 slides on the glass surface before adhesion develops. The peak frictional coefficient for E490 was 3.0 after 10 seconds. The E490 did not exhibit "stick-slip" motion or blade wear after four minutes. Secondly, the resiliency is 50% lower than the 107-5 material. This reduces blade bounce (i.e. blade bounce is the intermittent sticking of the blade to the photoreceptor resulting from friction such that the blade doesn't have a continuous sliding motion against the photoreceptor but more of a stop and start sliding motion). Prior testing has shown that developer at the cleaning edge will damage the blade edge and scratch the photoreceptor surface when the blade bounces over the seam. The developer accumulates under the blade during the "bounce" and the ones that become lodged under the blade can scratch the photoreceptor and cause blade wear. Thus, the resiliency of the blade can be associated with a mechanical property that enhances scratching of the photoreceptor and a cause of blade wear. Thus, the resiliency of the material should be low to reduce the blade bounce. Resiliency is another property that is different between these two urethanes. The percent rebound at room temperature is 25% for E490, and 50% for 107-5. Thus, there is a factor of two difference in resiliency between these urethane materials. This property has to be designed into the urethane because high durometer can be very resilient. The resiliency should be as low as possible to reduce blade bounce. Finally, the E490 material has a higher hardness than the 107-5 material. The higher durometer of the E490 material makes the blade stiffer than the 107-5 material, eliminates blade tuck, and reduces blade "bounce". In the 107-5 blade material, the durometer value is about 70 Shore A, whereas the durometer of E490 is about 90 Shore A (i.e. 85 ± 5). This difference makes the latter material significantly stiffer and harder than the 107-5. Higher durometer urethanes generally exhibit much lower frictional properties, and it is the high hardness and lower friction that reduces the adhesion of the blade to the photoreceptor. Thereby, eliminating the foldover start-up problem and intermittent blade bounce when the machine is making copies. Another advantage of the mechanical properties of the present invention in the material E490 is defined by the following example. A spots blade of 107-5 material, used in a doctoring mode (i.e. the blade has a chiseling action), is positioned with a low blade force (i.e. about 8 grams - 12 grams) and a low working angle of less than 5°. Under these set points, the 107-5 cleaning blade edge should maintain an untucked position as the blade edge moves across the imaging surface of the photoreceptor. However, due to the flexibility of the photoreceptor and the blade "bounce" caused by the seam of the photoreceptor, the blade force and working angle can increase and cause the blade to tuck and this limits the life of the blade. A material having the mechanical properties (i.e. low friction, low resiliency, and high hardness) of the present invention, such as E490 by Acushnet, will maintain the blade force and working angle setpoints and eliminate the blade tucking, "bounce", and increase blade life. Also, the hardness of the blade of the present invention makes it unnecessary to have a 90 degree cleaning tip angle. An alternative embodiment is to use a beveled edge for the blade tip angle 60° - 80° to chip spots and other debris off of the photoreceptor. However, for this embodiment a urethane material that is hard enough to withstand tucking at the tip is required. In recapitulation, the embodiment described is a blade material having the combined mechanical properties of low friction, low resiliency and high hardness. This type of blade material provides a spots blade that avoids the problem of "stick-slip" between the cleaning edge of the blade and the imaging surface. A material that provides this combination of mechanical properties is E490 available from Acushnet. This material provides a continuous sliding motion across the surface being cleaned thus, eliminating tucking and bounce and increasing the blade life.

Claims: An apparatus for cleaning the residual materials from an imaging surface (10), including: a holder (225) attached to a housing (145); a primary cleaner (100), at least partially enclosed in said housing (145); and a resilient blade (220), having a resiliency ranging from about 20% to about 25% rebound, located upstream in the direction of motion (12) of said imaging surface from said primary cleaner (100), said blade, having a high hardness with a durometer value ranging from about 80 Shore A to about 90 Shore A, and having one end coupled to said holder (225) and a free end opposite thereto, said free end being arranged for pressure contact with the imaging surface (10) having a minimal coefficient of friction therebetween enabling said free end to be in continuous slidable contact with said imaging surface. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said primary cleaner (100) comprises a brush. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said blade (220) comprises an elastomeric material. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein said elastomeric material is selected from the group of materials consisting of polyester urethanes. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4, wherein said blade (220) comprises a material having a frictional peak of less than three over a ten seconds interval.

Inventors: JUGLE KIP L, LINDBLAD NERO R, LUNDY DOUGLAS A, JUGLE, KIP L., LINDBLAD, NERO R., LUNDY, DOUGLAS A.
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G03G21
IPC codes: G03G21