HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS

Abstract: HIV protease inhibitors, obtainable by chemical synthesis, block the biological activity of the HIV protease enzyme, causing the replication of the HIV virus to terminate. These compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions that contain these compounds and possibly other anti-viral agents as ingredients, are thus suitable for the treatment of the HIV virus known to cause AIDS.

Description: HIV PROTEASE INHIBITORS This invention relates to a novel series of non-peptidic chemical compounds which have been found to be useful as HIV protease inhibitors and to the use of such compounds as anti¬ viral agents. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a rela¬ tively newly recognized disease or condition. AIDS causes a gradual breakdown of the body's immune system as well as progressive deterioration of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Since its initial recognition in the early 1980's, AIDS has spread rapidly and has now reached epidemic proportions within a relatively limited segment of the population. Intensive research has led to the discovery of the responsible agent, human T-lymphotropic retrovirus III (HTLV-III), now more commonly referred to as the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV. HIV is a member of the class of viruses known as retroviruses. The retroviral genome is composed of RNA which is converted to DNA by reverse transcription. This retroviral DNA is then stably integrated into a host cell's chromosome and, employing the replicative processes of the host cells, produces new retroviral particles and advances the infection to other cells. HIV appears to have a particu¬ lar affinity for the human T-4 lymphocyte cell which plays a vital role in the body's immune system. HIV infection of these white blood cells depletes this white cell population. Eventually, the immune system is rendered inoperative and ineffective against various opportunistic diseases such as, among others, pneumocystic carini pneumonia, Karposis sarcoma, and cancer of the lymph system. Although the exact mechanism of the formation and work¬ ing of the HIV virus is not understood, identification of the virus has led to some progress in controlling the disease. For example, the drug azidothymidine (AZT) has been found effective for inhibiting the reverse transcription of the retroviral genome of the HIV virus, thus giving a measure of control, though not a cure, for patients afflicted with AIDS. The search continues for drugs that can cure or at least provide an improved measure of control of the deadly HIV virus. Retroviral replication routinely features post- tranlational processing of pre-peptides. This processing is accomplished by virally encoded HIV protease enzyme. This yields mature polypeptides that will subsequently aid in the formation and function of infectious virus. If this molecular processing is stifled, then the normal production of HIV is terminated. Therefore, inhibitors of HIV protease may function as anti-HIV viral agents. HIV protease is one of the translated products from the HIV structural protein pol gene. This retroviral protease specifically cleaves other structural polypeptides at discrete sites to release these newly activated structural proteins and enzymes, thereby rendering the virion replication-competent. As such, inhibition of the HIV protease by potent compounds may prevent proviral integration of infected T-lymphocytes during the early phase of the HIV-1 life cycle, as well as inhibit viral proteolytic processing during its late stage. Additionally, the protease inhibitors may have the advantages of being more readily available, longer lived in virus, and less toxic than currently available drugs, possibly due to their specificity for the retroviral protease. In accordance with this invention, there is provided a novel class of chemical compounds that have been found to inhibit and block the activity of the HIV protease, which halts the proliferation of HIV virus, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, novel intermediates for these compounds, novel methods for making these compounds, and intermediates and the use of the compounds as inhibitors of the HIV. The novel class of compounds according to this invention is represented by the formula I wherein: A and B are independently selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, monocyclic or fused or unfused polycyclic ring systems which can be further substituted; n = 0 to 6 and m = 0 to 6 with the further proviso that n and m cannot both be zero; X, Y, Z, W.. and W 2 are independently selected from ni¬ trogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur and selenium and, in the case of Y, when m is from 2 to 6, all Y's need not be the same, U is carbon, boron, selenium, sulfur or phosphorus; R.., R«, R 3 and R. are independently selected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and substituted alkyl or aryl and at least one of R.. and R 2 can form a ring with W.. and at least one of R 3 and R. can form a ring with W~; R e , Rg, R- and Rg are independently selected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, alkyl, aryl, and substituted alkyl or aryl and when n is greater than 1, all R 5 ' s need not be the same and all Rg's need not be the same and when m is greater than one, all R_'s need not be the same and all Rg's need not be the same; R 9 and R 1Q are independently selected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, car- bonyl oxygen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substi¬ tuted or unsubstituted aryl; R l λ to R lβ are independently selected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, sub¬ stituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and at least one of R.., R. 2 and R. , can form a ring with X and at least one of R 14 , R-, anc * R ι c can form a ring with Z; and W. and X can be included in a ring and W 2 and Z can be included in a ring with the proviso that . and X can be in¬ cluded together in only one ring and 2 and Z can be included together in only one ring; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A preferred embodiment of the invention is the group of compounds represented by the formula II wherein: f is 0, 1, or 2; A' and B' are individually selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further substituted; n' is 0, 1 or 2; X' and Z' are individually selected from oxygen and sul¬ phur; when f is 2, Y' is a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, oxygen, sulphur, or -CH 2 -; when f is 1, Y' is -CH=; when f is 0, Y' is -C≡ ; R' , R' 2 , R' 3 and R' 4 are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and substituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' and R' 2 or R', and R'. can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R 17 and R lg are individually selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR' R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substi¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R._ can form a fused ring struc¬ ture with A' and R lβ can form a fused ring structure with B' ; and R- o is hydrogen or a 1 to 3 carbon substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Typical examples of carbocyclic ring systems represented by A and B include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, and phenanthryl, either in their aromatic or fully or partially hydrogenated states. Typical heterocyclic ring systems represented by A and B include (1) 5-membered monocyclic ring groups such as thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, furyl, isothiazolyl, furazanyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl and the like; (2) 6-membered monocyclic groups such as pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl and the like; and (3) polycyclic heterocyclic ring groups, such as benzofb]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thianthrenyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathienyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, isoquinolyl, quinolyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl , quinazolinyl, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, tetrahydroquinoline cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, beta-carbolinyl, phenanthridinyl, acridinyl, perimidinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, isothiazolyl, phenothiazinyl, and phenoxazinyl and fully or partially hydrogenated analogs thereof. The term "alkyl," as used herein refers to straight or branched chain groups, preferably having one to eight, more preferably one to six, carbon atoms. For example, "alkyl" may refer to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl tert-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and the like. Suitable substituents for the substituted alkyl and aryl groups used in the invention include the mercapto, thioether, nitro, amino, aryloxy, halogen, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups as well as aryl, cycloalkyl and non-aryl heterocyclic groups. The term "cycloalkyl" as used herein refers to groups, preferably having three to seven, more preferably, three to six carbon atoms. Suitable cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like. The term "aryl" as used herein refers to both carbocy- clic and heterocyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, aromatic residues. Accordingly, the term includes the types of sub¬ stituents identified hereinabove as typical carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring systems which contain the requisite unsaturation to retain their aromatic character. The terms "alkoxy" and "aryloxy" refer to groups as defined hereinabove as alkyl or aryl groups, as the case may be, which also carry an oxygen atom interposed between them and the substrate residue to which they are attached. The "halogen" substituent according to the present in¬ vention may be a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo substituent. Some compounds of the invention possess one or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms and therefore exist in racemic and optically active forms. The invention is in¬ tended to encompass the racemic forms of the compounds as well as any of the optically active forms thereof. In the syntheses of the novel HIV inhibiting compounds of this invention, a large number of novel intermediate com¬ pounds has also been prepared. These novel intermediate com¬ pounds also form part of the invention. One class of such novel intermediates are compounds of the formula III in wherein : A' is selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further substituted; R 17 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl , substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, - NR^R' j , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substituted alkyl or aryl, wherein R^- can form a fused ring structure with A' ; R^ and R' 2 are individually selected from hydro¬ gen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and substituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R'. and R' 2 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are at¬ tached; a = 0, 1, or 2; b = 0, 1, or 2; and R 2n is halogen or a group having the formula IV IV wherein : when b is 2, Y" is a substituted or unsubstituted group, oxygen, sulphur, or -CH 2 ~; when b is 1, Y' ' is -CH=; when b is 0, Y" is -C≡ j B' is selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further substituted; R- o is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, - NR' R' , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substituted alkyl or aryl, wherein R lfi can form a fused ring structure with B'; and R 21 is (1) amino, (2) nitro or (3) a group con¬ vertible to a group of the formula V, wherein Z' is oxygen or sulphur; and R' 3 and R' 4 are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and substituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' 3 and R'. can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are at¬ tached. Another class of novel intermediates are compounds of the formula VI VI wherein: c is 0, 1, or 2; A' is selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further substituted; R 17 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, - NR'-,R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substituted alkyl or aryl, wherein R 17 can form a fused ring structure with A' ; R'. and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and substituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R'. and R' 2 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are at¬ tached; R 22 is a substituted or unsubstituted amino group or an alkoxy group; R 23 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, or a group of the formula VII vπ wherein: d is 0, 1, or 2; when d is 2, Y' ' is a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, oxygen, sulphur, or -CH~-; when d is 1, Y' ' is -CH=; when d is 0, Y' ' is -C≡ ; B' is selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further substituted; R 18 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, - nitro, alkyl, aryl and substituted alkyl or aryl, wherein R lfi can form a fused ring structure with B'; and R 21 is (1) amino, (2) nitro or (3) a group con¬ vertible to the group of the formula V, defined above, wherein Z' is oxygen or sulphur; and R' 3 and R'. are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and substituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' 3 and R'. can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are at¬ tached. The novel compounds of this invention can be prepared by a number of synthetic routes. A preferred synthesis com¬ prises the following reaction sequence A in which all variable groups and substituents are as previously defined except the groups R 2 - and R' 24 in compound X, which are individually selected from alkyl groups: - ---- - wherein : a) the compound of the formula VIII is oxidized under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula IX; b) the compound of the formula IX is reacted with an alkyl alkoxylamine under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula X; c) the compound of the formula X is reacted with the compound of the formula Xa under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XI; and d) the compound of the formula XI is reduced under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XII. All steps are preferably carried out in a suitable solvent. In the first step of sequence A, compound VIII, prepared by known methods, is oxidized to the carboxylic acid IX. Oxidation can be carried out using conventional oxidizing agents such as e.g. chromium trioxide, pyridinium dichromate, under conditions conventionally known for carrying out such an oxidation, i.e. usually acid conditions and moderate temperatures. Alternatively, the oxidation can be carried out in basic medium, which results in formation of the aldehyde corresponding to the carboxylic acid IX. In many of the compounds of the invention, one or both of R'- and R' 2 are hydroxyalkyl groups. In such cases, it is highly preferred that the hydroxyl group(s) be protected from oxidation during this first step. Such protection is readily provided by reacting the hydroxyl group with conventional protecting groups such as e.g. an alkyl or aryl substituted silane, benzyl, or substituted benzyl group, prior to the oxidation step. The protecting group is readily removed as a final (additional) step in the sequence. In the second step of this sequence, the carboxylic acid IX is reacted with a secondary amine to form the carboxylic acid amide X. Preferred secondary amines include N-alkyl-O- alkyl hydroxylamines, which are readily reacted in subsequent steps. The reaction can be carried out in the presence of a base, such as a lower alkyl tertiary amine, and a suitable coupling reagent, such as DCC, defined later herein, BOP, defined later herein, and EDC (l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, preferably at moderate temperatures, e.g. about room temperature. The preferred secondary amine is N-methyl O-methyl hydroxylamine while the preferred base is a tertiary amine, such as triethylamine or diisopropyl ethylamine. In the third step of this sequence, the carboxylic acid amide X is coupled with a compound of formula Xa to form the ketone of formula XI. This reaction can be carried out at low temperatures, i.e. about -60 to -85°, preferably about -78°C, in the presence of an alkyl lithium compound and an amine. When one or more of R' ' , R' o and R'. is hydrogen, the preferred amine is tetramethyl ethylene diamine (TMEDA). When all of R^, R' 2 , R' 3 and R' 4 are other than hydrogen, the preferred amine is a secondary dialkyl amine, such as diisopropyl amine. In each case, the preferred alkyl lithium compound is a butyl lithium, preferably s-butyl lithium. In the fourth step of this sequence, the ketone of for¬ mula XI is reduced to the compound of formula XII. Reduction can be carried out with a reducing agent such as, e.g. NaBH. or LiBH4.. Reduction with NaBH4. can be carried out at relatively low temperatures, i.e. about 0°C to room temperature. In the case where one or both of R' and R' 2 is a hydroxylalkyl group, the reduction step is preferably followed by a fifth step, i.e. a deprotection step. The deprotection method to be used depends on the identity of the protecting group. In the case of the preferred alkyl or aryl silane protecting group, deprotection can be accomplished in the presence of fluoride ion, e.g., tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride. In the case of a benzyl protecting group. deprotection can be accomplished by hydrogenation over palladium. Another useful synthesis for certain compounds according to the invention comprises the reaction sequence B in which all variable groups and substituents are as previously defined: wherein : a) the compound of the formula XIII is reacted with a compound of the formula XIV under conditions sufficient to form a compound of the formula XV; and b) sequentially reducing and reacting the compound of formula XV with at least one amine selected from R' R' 2 NH and R' 3 R' 4 NH under conditions sufficient to form a compound of the formula XVI. In the first step of this sequence a compound of formula XIII and a compound of formula XIV are coupled to form the lactone of formula XV, preferably in a suitable solvent. Compounds of formula XIII and XIV are readily prepared by known methods. The coupling can be carried out in the presence of lithium diisopropyl amide (LDA) at a temperature ranging from about -60 to -78°C. The compound of formula XV is sequentially reduced and reacted with an amine of formula NR' R' 2 or NR' 3 R'. to form a compound of formula XVI. Reaction with the amine and reduction can be carried out in either order, i.e. amine reaction followed by reduction or reduction followed by amine reaction. Also, reduction can be full or partial. The reaction with the amine can be carried out by first reacting the amine with a trialkyl aluminum compound, preferably trimethyl aluminum, at relative low temperature, e.g. between about room temperature and 0°C to form amino aluminum dialkyl. The reaction is preferably carried out in an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. This amino aluminum dialkyl compound is then reacted with the compound of formula XV, preferably at elevated temperatures, e.g. about 90 to 105°C, preferably for a time sufficient for the reaction to go to completion. This treatment serves both to open the lactone ring and to form an amide on both sides of the molecule. Reduction of the triple bond either to a double bond or to complete saturation can be accomplished by use of molecular hydrogen in the presence of known hydrogenation catalysts such as Pd, Raney Nickel or Lindlar catalyst. Still other compounds according to the invention can be prepared by the following reaction sequence C, in which Y' ' ' is oxygen, sulfur, or -NH-, and all other variable groups and substituents are as previously defined: wherein : a) the compound of the formula XVIII is re¬ acted with the compound of the formula XIX under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XX; and b) the compound of the formula XX is reacted with at least one amine selected from R' R' NH and R' 3 R'.NH under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XXI. In the first step of this sequence, compounds XVIII and XIX are coupled (reacted) to form the lactone XX. This reaction can be carried out by bringing the two compounds together in an alcohol or ethereal solvent medium with a suitable base for a time sufficient to effect coupling. Suitable solvents for this reaction include, e.g. ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dioxane. The reaction can be carried out at temperatures from about 0°C to room temperature. In the second step of this sequence, the compound of formula XX can be reacted with an aminoaluminum dialkyl whereby the lactone ring is opened and an amide is formed from the lactone carbonyl group and also on the other (ester) carbonyl group that is already present on the molecule. However, both reactions need not be effected simultaneously in all cases. If it is desired to have -N-R'- the same as -N-R' 3 , the I I R' 2 R' 4 reaction can be carried out between about 65 and 100°C for a time sufficient to obtain the desired diamide. Alternatively, the operation can be carried out in two steps if it is desired to have -N-R'- different from -N-R' 3 I I R' 2 R' 4 The first step is carried out at room temperature using a first aminoaluminum dialkyl whereby opening of the lactone ring occurs preferentially and the lactone carbonyl group is converted to the amide corresponding to the aminoaluminum dialkyl used in this step. In a second step, a second aminoaluminum dialkyl compound is employed, moderately elevated temperatures are used (up to about 100°C) and the carboxylalkyl group on ring B' is converted to an amide group. In another alternative procedure, which is particularly useful when n' is 0, the reaction can be carried out at tem¬ peratures of 0°C or less, such as -78°C, in an ethereal solvent such as THF using an n-alkyl lithium as a base, n- Butyl lithium is the preferred base. In this case, the same amine is usually employed for both sides of the molecule so that the resultant -N-R' is the same as the resultant N-R' 3 , Yet another synthetic route which produces intermediates for use in preparing compounds of the invention comprises reaction D, wherein all variable groups and substituents are as previously defined: wherein the compound of the formula XXII is reacted with the compound of the formula XXIII under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XXIV. This reaction is essentially the same as the first step of sequence C above. Thus the compound of formula XXII and the compound of formula XXIII are coupled to form the lactone XXIV. The reaction can be carried out by bringing the two compounds together in a basic alcohol or ethereal solvent medium for a time sufficient to effect coupling. The reaction can be carried out at temperatures from about 0°C to room temperature. The nitro group on compound XXIV can be converted to an amide in two steps, i.e. reducing it to an amine followed by reaction with a carboxylic acid chloride of the formula C1C(0)R' J .J wherein R'- is individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle, by known methods to provide the alkyl carbonyl substituent desired on the amide. The compound of formula XXIV, as well as its amino and amido derivatives, can be reacted to open the lactone ring and form an amide as has been taught hereinabove for other lactones. Still other compounds of the invention can be prepared via reaction sequence E in which all variable groups and substituents are as previously defined: wherein the compound of the formula XXVII, wherein ' 2 4 is n alkyl group, is reacted with a compound of the formula XXVIII under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XXIX. In reaction E, a compound of XXVII is reacted with a compound of formula XXVIII to form a compound of formula XXIX. The compound of formula XXIX can be reacted to open the lactone ring and form an amide as has been taught hereinabove for other lactones. The compounds of this invention, as indicated herein¬ above, are effective in inhibiting the activity of the HIV protease, which halts the proliferation of the HIV virus. A compound according to the invention may be active per se, or it may be a precursor which is converted jLn. vivo to an active compound. Moreover, many of the compounds of the invention contain functional groups that are capable of forming salts. It is intended that the invention also include such pharmaceutically acceptable salts, e.g. carboxylic acid salts or quaternary salts. The compounds according to the invention, as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can be incorpo¬ rated into convenient dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, or injectable preparations. Solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can also be employed. Solid carriers can include starch, lactose, calcium sulphate dihydrate, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate and steric acid. Liquid carriers can include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, saline solution and water. The carrier or diluent can include prolonged release material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with wax. When a liquid carrier is used, the preparation may be in the form of a syrup, elixir, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, sterile injectable liquid (e.g. solution) or a nonaqueous or aqueous liquid suspension. The pharmaceutical preparations can be prepared following conventional techniques of the pharmaceutical chemist involving steps such as mixing, granulating, and compressing when necessary for tablet forms, or mixing, filling and dissolving the ingredient as appropriate to give the desired products for oral, parenteral, topical. intravaginal, intranasal, intrabronchial, intraocular, intraaural and rectal administration or by injection. The compositions of the invention may further comprise one or more other compounds which are either HIV inhibitors, such as azidothy idine, or which perform a different pharmaceutically desirable function, such as, for example antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, antipsoriatic or anticoccicidal agents. Exemplary antibacterial agents include, for example, sulfonamides such as sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, sulfameter or sulfadoxine. An exemplary daily dosage unit comprises an amount up to about one gram of active compound per kilogram of the host, preferably one half gram, more preferably 100 milligrams, and most preferably, about 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of the host weight. The selected dose may be administered to a patient in recognized need of treatment, by any known method of administrating the dose including topically as, for example, an ointment or cream; orally; rectally, for example, as a suppository; parenterally by injection; or continuously by intravaginal, intranasal, intrabronchial, intraaural or intraocular infusion. Details and specific embodiments of these syntheses will be presented in the example hereinbelow. In these examples, the structures of all new compounds were confirmed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and either elemental microanalysis (C, H, and N to within 0.4%) or by high resolution mass spectrometry. Proton magnetic resonance spectra were determined using a General Electric QE-300 spectrometer operating at a field strength of 300 mHz. Most of the examples consist of a sequence of syntheses proceeding from commercially available compounds through a series of intermediates to a final product meeting the limitations of formula I or formula II. Each of these steps has actually been carried out and each such intermediate has actually been prepared. However, it must be understood that when a step in a sequence refers to a compound from an earlier step, the physical specimen of that compound that was employed in that step may not be the same physical specimen of that compound that was actually prepared in the cited earlier step. For example, in step 12b of Example 12, the reaction of compound 12a with compound 9e is described. It is believed that although the compound actually reacted with compound 12a was identical in chemical structure to the compound 9e, it is possible that the compound actually reacted with compound 12a was not the same physical specimen of compound 9e as was prepared in Example 9. If the compound actually reacted with compound 12a was not the same physical specimen as compound 9e, it is believed that the compound actually reacted was prepared in the same way as the compound 9e. EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of A reaction flask containing 25.5 gm (71.7 mmol) of silane-protected N-t-butyl ethanol amine dissolved in about 50 ml of methylene chloride, cooled to 0°C with an ice bath, was fitted with an argon balloon and a septum. Over a five minute period, keeping the temperature no higher than 5°C, 13.Ig (13 mmol) of o-toluoyl chloride was added. The ice bath was removed and the mixture was stirred for 21 hours, at which point the reaction was quenched with 100 ml of saturated NaHC0 3 , washed twice with 500 ml of H 2 0 and dried over Na 2 S0 4 . The product was treated with charcoal, filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 21.6 gm of an orange oil. After Kugelrohr distillation at about 230°C and 1.9 Torr, 12.6 gm (32% yield) of a viscous orange oil was recovered. NMR showed this material to be contaminated with residual o-toluoyl chloride so it was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (10% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluent) to elute the acid chloride, then with neat ethyl ac¬ etate to recover the product in essentially pure form. Step lb To a 250 ml round bottom flask, previously flame dried and purged with argon, was added 9.06 gm (19.12 mmol) of compound la, 0.29 gm (2.86 mmol) of diisopropyl amine and 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF), to produce a clear, colorless solution. This solution was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice-acetone bath and 19.1 ml of sec-butyl lithium was added via a syringe over a 15 minute period while maintaining the temperature below -70°C. This mixture (now a deep purple color) was stirred for 1.5 hour at -78°C after which 2.53 gm (7.37 mmol) of ethylene oxide was added in a single addition. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature without addition of extraneous heat. After 16 hours, the murky orange mixture was quenched with 10 ml of 0.5N HCl, then poured into about 600 ml of H 2 0 and extracted twice with 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The or¬ ganic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , treated with charcoal and vacuum dried, yielding 9.84 gm of a viscous, peach colored oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatog¬ raphy on silica gel 60 using 45% ethyl acetate/hexane eluent. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 7.08 gm of a viscous, light yellow oil. Step lc Seven (7) gm (.0135 mmol) of lb and 25.43 gm of pyridinium dichromate were dissolved in 50 ml of DMF and stirred under argon. After about 17 hours the solution was poured into 3 liters of H 2 0 and extracted twice with 500 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic phases were combined and washed with 2 liters of H 2 0, filtered, treated with charcoal and concentrated under vacuum to yield 4.85 gm of a viscous brown product. This product was purified by flash chro¬ matography using 10% methanol in methylene chloride. The appropriate fractions were combined, filtered and dried under vacuum, yielding 2.31 gm (32%) of a brown glassy product. Step Id Id A solution of 2.31 gm (4.34 mmol) of compound lc, 2.02 gm of benzotriazol-l-yloxyl-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium- hexafluoro phosphate (BOP), 0.466 gm (4.78 mmol) of N,0- dimethyl hydroxyl-amine hydrochloride and 1.54 g of Hunig's base in 15 ml of methylene chloride was stirred in an argon atmosphere for about 2 hours. At the end of this time, the reaction mix was washed with 200 ml of H^O, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , treated with charcoal, filtered and dried under vacuum, yielding 3.52 gm of a viscous brown oil. The product was purified by flash chromatography using 1 to 1 ethyl acetate/hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined, filtered and dried under vacuum, yielding 1.48 gm (59%) of a clear, colorless viscous oil. Step le Id To a 25 ml round bottom flask, previously flame dried and purged with argon, was added 0.18 gm (0.765 mmol) of azeotropically dried N-t-butyl, N-hydroxyethyl-o-toluamide, 0.01 gm of diisopropylamine and 5 ml of THF, forming a clear, colorless solution. This solution was cooled to -78°C, in a dry ice-acetone bath and 1.76 ml of s-butyl lithium was sy¬ ringed in over a 10 minute period. The solution was stirred at -78°C for one hour at which time, 0.70 gm (0.696 mmol) of compound Id in 5 ml of THF was syringed in over a 10 minute period. No color change was noted. The dry ice was allowed to evaporate and the reaction mass was allowed to return to room temperature without addition of any extraneous heat. At room temperature, the reaction was quenched with 8 ml of 0.5N NH.C1, then poured into 25 ml of brine and 25 ml of H 2 0, then extracted twice with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , then treated with charcoal, filtered and concentrated under vacuum to give 455 mg of a clear "glass", sticky material suitable for fur¬ ther use. Step If To a solution of 0.455 gm (0.607 mmol) of le in 5 ml of ethanol, was added 0.69 gm (1.82 mmol) of aBH4. The mixture was stirred for one hour at room temperature, then quenched with 8 ml of saturated NaHC0 solution and poured into 25 ml of saturated brine plus 15 ml of H 2 0. This mixture was extracted twice with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined and dried over Na 2 S0 4 , then treated with charcoal, filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 0.38 gm of white foam suitable for further use. A solution of 0.38 gm (0.506 mmol) of If and 1.01 ml of tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride in 5 ml of THF was stirred at room temperature for 15.5 hours, then quenched with 0.8 ml of saturated NaHC0 3 . The quenched mixture was poured into 50 ml of water and extracted with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The or¬ ganic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , treated with charcoal, filtered and dried under vacuum, yielding 338 mg of a clear viscous oil. The oil was purified by flash chroma¬ tography using ethyl acetate. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 149 mg (58%) of a white foam. EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Step 2a In a 25 ml 3 neck flask, previously flame dried in vacuo and purged with argon, there was prepared a solution of 1.5 gm (13.02 mmol) of 2,2-dimethyl-morpholine, and 3.95 gm of triethylamine in 10 ml of methylene chloride. This solution was cooled in an ice bath and 2.21 gm (4.32 mmol) of 2-methyl benzoyl chloride were added over a 20 minute period. The temperature was maintained between about 5 and 10°C. Chloride salts formed and precipitated out of the solution. After addition of the 2-methyl benzoyl chloride was complete, the mixture was allowed to sit at room temperature for about 18 hours, then poured into 30 ml of H 2 0. The chloride salts dissolved. The aqueous mixture was extracted with 10 ml of methylene chloride and the organic extract was dried over Na-SO, . The dried organic phase was filtered and concen¬ trated under vacuum, yielding 2.47 gm of a light brown oil which slowly solidified on standing. The oil was taken up in 5 ml of ethanol, 50 ml of hexane was added and the mixture was stored in a freezer for about 72 hours. White crystals, which formed on freezing, were washed with 20 ml of cold hex¬ ane yielding 1.74 gm. Step 2b A 100 ml 3 neck round bottom flask, previously dried and purged with argon, was charged with 0.089 gm (0.383 mmol) of 2a, 0.005 gm of diisopropylethylamine and 5 ml of THF. The mixture was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath and 0.35 ml of 1.2 M s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was added over about 1 minute while maintaining the temperature below - 70°C. The resulting deep purple solution was stirred at -78°C for 1 hour, whereupon a solution of 0.2 gm (0.348 mmol) of Id in 5 ml of THF was added by syringe over a 5 minute period, maintaining the temperature below -60°C. No color change was noted. The dry ice was allowed to evaporate and the mixture warmed to room temperature without extraneous heating. After about one hour and ten minutes, the reaction was quenched with 8 ml of 0.5N NH.Cl, poured into 25 ml of brine and extracted twice with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic extracts were combined, dried over a2S04, treated with charcoal, filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 0.251 gm of a clear colorless glass-like product, suitable for further use. Step 2c To a solution of 0.251 gm (0.336 mmol) of 2b in ethanol, was added 0.038 gm (1.008 mmol) of NaBH. in a single portion. The solution was stirred at room temperature for one hour. At the end of the hour, the mixture was quenched with 8 ml of saturated NaHC0 3 , poured into 25 ml of brine plus about 15 ml of H 2 0 then extracted twice with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na.S0 4 , treated with charcoal, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 0.167 gm of a white foam suitable for further use. Step 2d A solution of 0.l67g (0.223 mmol) of 2c, and 0.44 ml of tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride in THF was stirred at room tem¬ perature overnight. After about 15.5 hours of stirring, the solution was quenched with about 8 ml of saturated NaHCO,, poured into 50 ml of water, and extracted with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. About 25 ml of brine was added to the aqueous phase, which was then extracted again with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, dried over Na,,S0 4 , treated with charcoal, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 1.43 gm of a crude, clear oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography on SiO~ and vacuum dried yielding 72 mg (63%) of a white foam. EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Step 3a A heterogeneous mixture of 2 gm (10.75 mmol) of 2- methyl naphthoic acid in toluene was cooled to 0°C and oxalyl chloride was added, dropwise, followed by dropwise addition of 0.236 gm of dimethylformamide (DMF). As the_ DMF was added, gas was vigorously evolved and the solid 2-methyl naphthoic acid began to go into solution. After 5 minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The solution was clear and golden with a small amount of white precipitate. After 20 minutes the precipitate had dissolved into the solution and the reaction was monitored by infrared analysis . The reaction mass was concentrated under vacuum. As the oxalyl chloride evaporated, a large amount of a white solid settled out. The solution could not be further concentrated due to the presence of the solid. The mixture was cooled to 0°C and 1.65 gm of t-butylamine was added. A fine white precipitate settled out. The bath was then removed and after 15 minutes at room temperature the reaction mass was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phases were collected, washed with brine, and dried over MgS0 4 . The solvent was removed under vacuum. The solid was purified by column chromatography using a 2-1 hexane to ether solution as the eluant. Following chromatography the product was recrystallized from an ether/ hexane mixture. Structure was confirmed by NMR. Yield was 83%. Step 3b Id To a 25 ml round bottom flask which was previously flame dried under vacuum and purged with argon, was added 5 ml of THF and 0.9 gm (.373 mmol) of compound 3a and 0.095 gm of tetramethyl ethylene diamine (TMEDA). This mixture was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice-acetone bath and over a two minute period 0.313 ml of a 2.5 M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added, yielding a deep purple solution. This solution was stirred at -78°C for one hour and 0.216 gm of compound Id in 5 ml of THF was added over a three minute pe¬ riod. During addition the deep purple color became a little lighter. Dry ice was allowed to evaporate and the mixture warmed to room temperature without the addition of extraneous heat. After about 2 hours, the yellow reaction mass was poured into 100 ml of H 2 0 and extracted with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. Sodium chloride was added to the aqueous layer and extraction with 25 ml of ethyl acetate was repeated. The or¬ ganic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 265 mg of an amber colored viscous glass suitable for further use. Step 3c 3b A solution was prepared of 0.265 gm (.350 mmol) of compound 3b in 5 ml of ethanol giving a clear solution to which was added 0.04 gm of sodium borohydride in one portion. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 45 minutes, quenched with 2 ml of saturated NaHCO,, then poured into 40 ml of brine and extracted twice with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 197 mg of a white foam. Step 3d To a solution of 0.19 gm (.2506 mmol) of compound 3c in 5 ml of THF was added, in one portion, 0.5 ml of a 1M tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride solution. The mixture was stirred for about 5.5 hours, at which point TLC indicated that all of compound 3c had disappeared. The reaction was quenched with 4 ml of saturated NaHC0 3 then poured into 40 ml of brine and extracted twice with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 0.222 gm of a white foam. This foam was purified by flash chromatography on silica using ethyl acetate. Appropriate fractions were combined, filtered, and vacuum dried, yielding 0.101 gm (78%) of a white foam product. EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Step 4a A suspension of 5 gm of 2,5-dimethyl benzoic acid in 50 ml of toluene was cooled in an ice bath to about 10°C. To this was added 9.3 gm of oxalyl chloride followed by the dropwise addition of 0.73 gm of DMF. Addition of the DMF caused the solution to fizzle, evolving gas. After the completion of the DMF addition, the ice bath was removed and the reaction mass was allowed to warm to room temperature. During the warm-up period all solid material went into solu¬ tion, which was light and almost colorless in nature. After 40 minutes the solution was concentrated under vacuum to remove excess oxalyl chloride and toluene. To the residue was added 20 ml of THF and this solution was pipetted into an ice cooled solution of 11.8 gm (0.033 mmol) of t >he silyl protected N-t-butyl hydroxy-ethylamine and 3.71 gm of triethylamine in 50 ml of THF. Addition took place over a 5 minute period during which time the mixture became milky in appearance. Stirring was continued overnight. Then the mixture was poured into 1000 ml of water and extracted twice with 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over a 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 20.72 gm of a viscous orange oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography using 15% ethyl acetate/ hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined, filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 3.75 gm (23%) of a clear, colorless oil. Step 4b To a 100 ml round bottom flask, which was previously flame dried and vacuum purged with argon, was added 25 ml of THF, 3.75 gm (7.69 mmol) of compound 4a and 0.117 gm of diisopropyl amine yielding a clear, colorless solution. The solution was cooled in a dry ice/acetone bath to ap¬ proximately -78°C. Over a 7 minute period, 7.7 ml of a 1.2M solution of s- butyl lithium in cyclohexane was added by sy¬ ringe while maintaining a temperature no higher than -65°C. The resulting deep purple solution was stirred for one hour and 20 minutes at which time 1.01 gm (23.06 mmol) of ethylene oxide was added at -78°C. The dry ice was allowed to evaporate and the solution was allowed to warm to room tem¬ perature without addition of extraneous heat. After about 18 hours, the solution was quenched with 4 ml of 0.5 NHC1, poured into 300 ml of H 2 0 and extracted twice with 50 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 SO., filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 3.7 gm of a viscous green oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography using 1 to 1 ethyl acetate/hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and vacuum dried, yielding 2.29 gm (60% yield) of a green glassy product. Step 4c A solution of 2.29 gm (4.3 mmol) of compound 4b, and 8.1 gm of pyridinium dichromate in 20 ml of DMF was stirred at room temperature under argon for about 22 hours. At the end of this time the solution was poured into 500 ml of water and extracted twice with 75 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concen¬ trated under vacuum, yielding 1.83 gm of a brown viscous oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using 10% methanol in methylene chloride. Appropriate fractions were combined and vacuum dried, yielding 635 mg (27%) of a light brown-orange oil. Step 4d A solution of 0.635 gm (.00116 mol) of compound 4c, 0.54 gm of BOP, 0.125 gm (.00128 mol) of N,0-dimethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 0.414 gm of Hunig's base in 5 ml of methylene chloride was stirred at room temperature under argon for about 15.5 hours. A mixture of 15 ml of me¬ thylene chloride and 125 ml of H 2 0 was added. After shaking, the organic layer was removed, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 1.11 gm of a viscous khaki-colored oil. Step 4e 4d+ To a previously flame dried and argon purged 25 ml round bottom flask was added a solution in 5 ml of THF, of compound 5b, which had previously been azeotroped twice in 2 ml of benzene. This solution was cooled to -78°C and 0.4 ml of a 1.3 M solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was added, forming a blood red solution. After stirring the solution for one hour and ten minutes, a solution of 1.26 gm (0.214 mmol) of compound 4d which had been azeotroped twice from benzene, in 5 ml of THF was added over 8 minutes. After this addition, the red color was slightly lighter. The dry ice was allowed to evaporate and the solution warmed to room temperature without addition of additional heat. After about 16.5 hours the yellow reaction solution was quenched with 2 ml of 0.5N NH.C1 and poured into 100 ml of H 2 0. The aqueous mass was extracted twice with 25 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 170.2 mg of a light orange oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography using 40% ethyl acetate/hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and vacuum dried, yielding 56 mg of a clear viscous oil. Step 4f 4e To a solution of 0.056 gm (.071 mmol) of compound 4e in 2.5 milliliters of ethanol was added, in one step, 0.008 gm of NaBH 4 . This solution was stirred at room temperature for about 45 minutes then quenched with 4 ml of saturated NaHCO,, poured into 40 ml of brine and extracted twice with 25 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 55 mg (98%) of a crude, viscous oil. Step 4σ To a solution of 0.055 gm (.0697 mmol) of compound 4f in 2.5 milliliters of THF was added 0.139 ml of a 1M solution of tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride in THF. This mixture was stirred for 17.5 hours, then quenched with 2 ml of saturated NaHCO,, poured into 40 ml of brine and extracted twice with 15 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 61 mg of a crude oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography using ethyl acetate. Appropriate fractions were combined, filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 24 mg (62%) of a white foam. EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of H Step 5a - A suspension of 1.5 gm of Mg(C10 4 ) 2 in 3 ml of THF was cooled in a dry ice/acetone bath to -78°C and 0.345 gm (7.84 mmol) of ethylene oxide was added. In one addition 0.707 gm (7.13 mmol) 1-amino, 1-methyl cyclopentane was added. The mixture was removed from the cooling bath after this addition and the slurry was allowed to stir at room temperature for two hours and forty minutes. It was then poured into 100 ml of water and extracted twice with 50 ml of diethyl ether. The organic layers were combined, washed with 100 ml of water and dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum to remove residual ethylene oxide at less than 40°C yielding a slightly viscous liquid which was subjected to Kugelrohr distillation at 150°C and 1.8 Torr to yield 100 mg of product. Step 5b A solution of 0.221 gm of compound 5a and 0.34 gm of triethylamine in 5 ml of methylene chloride was cooled to 0°C. To this was added 0.52 gm (3.39 mmol) of 1 methyl benzoyl chloride in one portion. After this addition, a white precipitate was formed, the ice bath was removed and the solution was stirred under argon at room temperature. . After about 2 hours and 50 minutes the solution was poured into 50 ml of H 2 0 and extracted with methylene chloride. The organic extracts were washed with 10% acetic acid, followed by saturated NaHC0 3 , then dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 696 mg of an amber oil which slowly solidified on standing. The solidified material was taken up in 12 ml of 10% aqueous methanol, 0.7 ml of 50% NaOH was added and the mass was stirred at room temperature for 35 min. The mass was poured into 50 ml of H 2 0 and extracted twice with 30 ml portions of ether. The combined extracts were dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 436 mg of an amber oil. Step 5c Id To a 25 ml round bottom flask which had been previously flame dried and vacuum purged with argon was added 0.056 gm (.214 mmol) of compound 5b in 5 ml of THF. The mixture was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath and 0.2 ml of a 1.: M-cyclohexane solution of s-butyl lithium was added over a one minute period. The resulting blood red solution was stirred for sixty-five minutes and a solution of 0.123 gm (0.214 mmol) of compound Id in 5 ml of THF was syringed in over a three minute period. After addition of compound Id, the blood red color be¬ came lighter. The dry ice was allowed to evaporate and the reaction mixture warmed to room temperature. After about 16.5 hours, the yellow reaction solution was quenched with 12 ml of 0.5N NH 4 C1, poured into 100 ml of H-O and extracted with ethyl acetate. Sodium chloride was added to the aqueous phase and it was extracted again with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 159 mg of a light orange oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography using 40% ethyl acetate/hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined, filtered and vacuum dried, yielding 68 mg (41%) of a clear oil. Step 5d To a solution of 0.068 gm (0.088 mmol) of compound 5c in 2.5 ml of ethanol was added 0.10 gm of sodium borohydride. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for forty-five minutes, quenched with 2 ml of saturated NaHCC , then poured into 40 ml of saturated brine and extracted twice with 25 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over a 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 0.057 gm (84%) of a clear oil. Step 5e To a solution of 0.657 gm (0.073 mmol) of compound 5d in 2.5 ml of THF was added 0.146 ml of IM solution of tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride in THF. This light yellow solution was stirred at room temperature for about 5.5 hours when TLC with ethyl acetate showed disappearance of all compound 5d. The reaction was quenched with 4 ml of saturated NaHC0 3 , poured into 4 ml of a saturated sodium chloride solution and extracted twice with 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layers were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concen¬ trated under vacuum, yielding 72 mg of a crude viscous oil. This material was purified by flash chromatography on silica using ethyl acetate. Appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to yield 30.7 mg (78%) of the product as a white foam. EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of Step 6a To a solution of 3.2 gm (31.5 mmol) of triethylamine and 11.2 gm (31.5 mmol) of N-(t-butyl)-N-hydroxyethyl(diphenyl, t-butyl-silyl) amine in 100 ml of THF at 0°C was added 6.0 gm (31.5 mmol) of naphthoyl chloride. Within 5 minutes a white precipitate formed and settled out. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature and was stirred for one hour. Monitoring by TLC indicated no residual amine was present. The reaction mix was poured into water and extracted with diethyl ether. The organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over MgS0 4 « The organic extract was filtered and solvent was removed under vacuum, yielding 17.15 gm of crude product. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using 3 to 1 hexane/diethyl ether. 'HNMR confirmed the structure. Step 6b A solution of 4.5 gm (8.83 mmol) of compound 6a and 1.13 gm of TMEDA in 100 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry/ice acetone bath. After 15 minutes 8.8 ml of a 1.1 M solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was added dropwise. The clear solution became a light orange in color and was stirred at -78°C for 1.5 hours. At this time 3.45 gm (24.3 mmol) of methyl iodide (filtered through basic alumina) was added rapidly to the solution. The reaction mass became a lighter orange in color and a white solid appeared. After 1 hour at -78°C, TLC indicated that some residual starting material remained. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and after 1 hour, was monitored again by TLC. At this point, no residual starting material remained. The reaction mixture was poured into diethyl ether, washed with water and then with brine, dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuum yielding 17.15 gm of a light yellow oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography using 2:1 hexane/ether. Fractions 14-25 were collected cleanly and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The structure of the product was confirmed by 'HNMR. Step 6c A solution of 2.36 gm (4.51 mmol) of compound 6b, 0.07 gm of diisopropylamine and 40 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C and 4.72 ml of a 1.1M solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was slowly added. The resulting blood red solu¬ tion was stirred for 1.5 hours at -78°C at which time 0.6 gm (13.53 mmol) of ethylene oxide was added rapidly to the solution. After 15 minutes no color change was observed. The reaction was allowed to warm to 0°C. As the reaction warmed the solution became dark green and was stirred for 30 minutes at which time monitoring by TLC indicated that no residual starting material was present. The mass was poured into water, extracted with diethylether, washed with brine, dried over MgSO. and filtered. Solvent was removed under vacuum and the product purified by column chromatography us¬ ing a 3:1 mixture of diethylether and hexane. Fractions 21-40 were collected cleanly and solvent was removed under vacuum. Yield was 3.43 gm. The structure of the product was confirmed by 'HNMR. Step 6d To a solution of 1.9 gm of pyridine in 30 ml of meth¬ ylene chloride was added 1.2 gm of chromium trioxide at room temperature. The reddish solid partially dissolved into an orange solution with a brown solid residue. After 10 minutes a solution of 1.14 gm (2.0 mmol) of compound 6c in 6 ml of methylene chloride was added, dropwise. After 15 minutes a small amount was syringed into IN HCL extracted with diethylether and monitored by TLC which indicated that no starting material remained. The mixture was poured into diethylether, washed twice with NaOH, then with IN HCL, then with saturated NaHCθ3, and finally with brine. The crude product was filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum. This crude product (1.5 gm) was purified by flash chromatography using a 2:1 ether/hexane solution as eluant. Fractions 36-45 were collected and solvent was removed under vacuum. The structure was proven by 'HNMR. Step 6e foe- A solution of 0.176 gm (0.34 mmol) of compound 6b, 0.0052 gm of diisopropylamine and 4 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C and 355.5 microliters of a 1.1 M solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was added, dropwise. A blood red so¬ lution was produced and was allowed to stir for one hour at -78°C. At the end of this hour a solution of 0.192 gm (0.34 mmol) of compound 6d in 1 ml of THF was added in a single addition. The blood red color turned into a light yellow. After 15 minutes, TLC indicated that most of the starting materials had been consumed. The reaction mass was poured into ether, washed with water and brine and then dried over MgS0 4 . The dried mixture was filtered and solvent was removed under vacuum, yielding a clear oil. This oil was subjected to column chromatography using a 1:1 ether/hexane solution. Fractions 23-35 were a mixture of the compound 6d and product. These were resubmitted to chromatography and puri¬ fied, yielding 0.041 gm of compound 6e. Structure was con¬ firmed by NMR. Step 6f A solution of 0.15 gm (0.15 mmol) of compound 6e in 1 ml of THF was charged to a 5 ml round bottom flask and 304 microliters of a 1.0M solution of tetrabutyl ammonium fluo¬ ride waε added, dropwise. The clear solution became light yellow. After 30 minutes, TLC indicated no residual starting material remained. The mixture was poured into ether, washed with water and brine and dried over MgSO.. The organic phase was then filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum, yielding a clear oil which was purified by flash chromatogra¬ phy. 'HNMR confirmed the structure. EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Step 7a To a solution (reddish purple) of 5 gm (33.73 mmol) of p-t-butyl toluene and a catalytic amount of iodine was added 5.66 gm (35.41 mmol) of bromine. The reaction mixture turned bright red within 5 minutes, generating white smoke. The reaction was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature at which time water and ether were carefully added to the mixture. The mixture was poured into a separatory funnel with additional water and ether. The organic layer was separated, washed three times with saturated NaHC0 3 and once with brine, then dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. The solvent was removed under vacuum. The product was evaporated twice with benzene and subjected to high vacuum to remove all residual solvents. 'HNMR confirmed the product structure. Step 7b Compound 7a was brought to a gentle reflux in 25 ml of ether containing 0.2 gm of lithium wire. After 4 hours the original clear solution was murky and light yellow. The heating bath was removed and the mixture allowed to cool to - room temperature whereupon 1.21 gm (14.52 mmol) of t-butyl isocyanate was added. The solution became orange and finally light yellow and refluxed slightly during the addition. Af¬ ter 30 minutes the reaction was monitored by TLC and no re¬ sidual starting material was present. The mixture was poured into water, extracted with ether and then the organic layers were washed with brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The extracts were filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum. A white solid was recovered which was triturated with hexane and collected by vacuum filtration. Yield was 1.1 gm. The entire procedure was repeated with the filtrate and an additional 0.44 gm was recovered. The structure was con¬ firmed by NMR. Step 7c 75 + CH A 2 —CH 2 A solution of 1.45 gm (5.86 mmol) of compound 7b and 1.4 gm of TMEDA was cooled to -78°C and 7.1 ml of a 1.69M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added dropwise. A light orange color formed and disappeared into a clear solu¬ tion during the addition. This color then developed into a neon orange by the time all of the n-butyl lithium had been added. The mixture was stirred at -78°C for 1 hour. At this time 0.29 gm (6.5 mmol) of ethylene oxide was added rapidly in a single addition. No color change was observed. After 5 minutes at -78°C the reaction mass was allowed to warm to 0°C. As the mass began to warm the color changed to bright yellow, slightly murky. Monitoring by TLC indicated that no residual starting material was present. The reaction mass was then poured into water and extracted with diethylether. . The organic phases were washed with brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture was then filtered and the solvent removed under vacuum. A white solid was recovered which was tritu¬ rated with hexane and collected by vacuum filtration. The structure was confirmed by 'HNMR. Step 7d A solution of 1.21 gm (4.15 mmol) of compound 7c and 7.81 gm of pyridinium dichromate in 16 ml of DMF, was stirred at room temperature overnight. After overnight stirring the mixture was poured into water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic phases were collected, dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. The solvent was removed under vacuum, producing a brown oil. TLC indicated DMF waε still present so the oil was dissolved in ether,washed with water and brine, and dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. The solvent was removed under vacuum. A white solid product was recovered, triturated with hexane and collected by vacuum filtration. The structure was confirmed by 'HNMR. Step 7e A solution of 0.305 gm (1 mmole) of compound 7d and 0.098 gm (1 mmole) of N,0-dimethyl hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 2 ml of DMF was cooled to 0°C. To this clear solution 0.135 gm of 1-hydroxy benzotriazole, 0.192 gm of l-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC) and 0.304 gm of triethylamine were added, producing a turbid solution. After sitting 5 minutes the reaction mass was al¬ lowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for three hours. After 2 additional hours TLC analysiε indicated that no reεidual εtarting material waε present. The mixture was then poured into ethyl acetate, washed with water, 10% citric acid, saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture was then filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum, producing a clear oil. This oil was purified by column chromatography using a 4:1 ether/hexane mixture. Fractions 13-31 were collected and structure was confirmed by NMR. The yield was 52%. - 56 - Step 7f A solution of 0.28 gm (1.15 mmol) of compound 3a and 0.272 gm of TMEDA in 10 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After 15 minutes at -78°C, 1.4 ml of a 1.69N solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added dropwise. A faint purple color changed to turquoise and eventually to purple during the addition of the n-butyl lithium. The deep purple solution was stirred for one hour at -78°C. After 1 hour of stirring, a solution of 0.18 gm (0.52 mmol) of compound 7e in 4 ml of THF was added. After 20 more minutes at -78°C, TLC monitoring indicated that no residual starting material was present. The mixture was poured into water, extracted with ether, washed with brine and dried over MgS0 4 . Solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was purified by column chromatography using a 2:1 mixture of ether and hexane. Fractions 25-45 were collected. 'HNMR confirmed the structure. The yield was 81%. Step 7σ A solution of 0.1 gm (0.28 mmol) of compound 7f in 1 ml of ETOH was cooled to 0°C and 0.011 gm of sodium borohydride granules was added to the clear solution. After 30 minutes, TLC monitoring indicated that starting material was still present. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and 0.015 gm of additional sodium borohydride was added. After 30 more minutes at room temperature, there appeared to be no more residual starting material present. The reaction mass was poured into saturated sodium bicarbon¬ ate, extracted with ether, washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. Solvent was removed under vacuum and the white amorphous solid which was recovered was purified by column chromatography using a 2:1 ether/hexane solution. Fractions 5-13 were collected and the structure was confirmed by NMR. Yield was 85.3%. EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of Step 8a -O - -t f A solution of 0.5 gm of compound 7b and 0.47 gm of TMEDA in 10 ml of toluene was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. The mixture was allowed to sit for 15 minutes at -78°C and 2.38 ml of a 1.7M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added dropwise. The color of the reaction mixture changed from light orange to clear and then to a bright or¬ ange color during the addition of the n-butyl lithium. The mass was stirred at -78°C for 1 hour and a solution of 0.461 gm (2.02 mmol) of S-glycidyl tosylate in 5 ml of THF was added. The color changed immediately to a light yellow. Af¬ ter an additional 15 minutes at -78°C, TLC indicated only a- εmall amount of εtarting material remained. The reaction was poured into water and extracted with ether, washed with brine, and dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture waε then filtered and the εolvent waε removed under vacuum. The yellow oil thuε recovered waε purified by flaεh chromatography uεing a 2:1 εolution of hexane and ether. Fractions 45-75 were collected. NMR confirmed the structure of the product. The yield waε 52%. Step 8b A solution of 0.3 gm (1.32 mmol) of compound 3a and 0.31 gm of TMEDA in 5 ml of THF was cooled to 0°C. After the εolution had εtirred at 0°C for 15 minuteε, 2.6 ml of a 1.0N solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was slowly added to it. As the butyl lithium was added, the original orange color changed to clear and then to an orange color which bright red/orange. After 1 more hour at 0°C a solution of 0.2 gm (0.66 mmol) of compound 8a in 1.5 ml of THF was slowly added. No color change was observed. After 15 minutes, TLC indicated no residual εtarting material. The solution was then poured into ether, washed with water, then brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The product was then filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum, yielding a clear oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography using a 2-1 ether to hexane mixture as the eluant. Fractions 20-30 were collected and the solvent was removed under vacuum. NMR confirmed the structure. Yield was 50%. EXAMPLE 9 Preparation of Step 9a 9a A εolution of 7.96 gm of triethylamine and 5.76 gm (78.7 mmol) of t-butylamine in 140 ml of THF waε cooled to 0°C and a εolution of 15 gm (78.7 mmol) of 2-naphthoyl chloride in 10 ml of THF waε added. A white precipitate formed immediately. After 10 minutes the reaction mass was allowed to warm and waε εtirred at room temperature for two hourε. TLC indicated at this point that no residual starting material was present. The mixture waε poured into water, extracted with ether, waεhed with 10% citrate acid, εaturated NaHCO,, then with brine, and finally waε dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture was then filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum. A white solid precipitated out as the εolvent evaporated and 9.8 gm of product were collected by vacuum filtration. The above procedure was repeated with the filtrate and . an additional 2.2 gm of product were collected. NMR con¬ firmed the structure. Yield was 67%. Step 9b 9b A solution of 3.5 gm (15.41 mmol) of compound 9a and 3.94 gm of TMEDA in 90 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After 15 minutes at -78°C, 34 ml of a 1.0N solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was slowly added. The solution immediately turned yellow and, aε the butyl lithium addition continued, turned to bright orange and finally to an opaque butterεcotch color. The mixture waε then εtirred for 1 hour at -78°C, at which time 2.4 gm (16.94 mmol) of iodomethane waε added. The solution immediately turned to a light yellow green color with a white precipitate floating in it. The reaction mass was stirred at -78°C for another hour. Although TLC indicated that there was residual starting material still present, the mixture was poured into ether, washed with water and brine, then dried over MgSO.. The mixture was filtered and solvent was removed under vacuum. The product was purified by flash chromatography using a 3:1 hexane/ether solution. Fractions 13-19 were collected and solvent was removed under vacuum yielding 1.35 gm of a white solid material. The procedure was repeated and an additional 0.65 gm was recovered from the second procedure. Structure of the product was confirmed by 'HNMR. Step 9c A εolution of 2.21 gm (9.16 mmol) of compound 9b and 2.19 gm of TMEDA in 80 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After the solution had cooled for 15 minutes, 11.1 ml of a 1.69M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added dropwise. The original bright purple color disappeared and then reappeared as the butyl lithium addition progressed. The reaction was stirred for another hour at -78°C at which time 0.81 gm (18.32 mmol) of ethylene oxide was added. No color change was observed. After 10 more min¬ utes at -78°C the reaction masε waε allowed to warm to 0°C. Aε it warmed, itε color changed to a light orange. TLC analyεiε indicated that almoεt no reεidual εtarting material waε preεent. The εolution was then poured into water, extracted with ether, and washed with brine. The organic portion was dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture was then filtered and solvent was removed under vacuum. Structure was confirmed by NMR. Step 9d A εolution of compound 9c (about 9.16 mmol) and 17.23 gm of pyridinium dichromate in 35 ml of methylene chloride was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. TLC indicated that a small amount of aldehyde was present, so the reaction was then allowed to continue with εtirring for another 16 hours . At that time, TLC analysis indicated that no aldehyde was present. The mixture was poured into 350 ml of water and extracted twice with 300 ml of ether. The organic layerε were combined, waεhed with water, dried over MgS0 4 , and fil¬ tered. The εolvent was then removed under vacuum and a white solid material precipitated out. This was triturated with - benzene and 12.08 gm of product was recovered by vacuum filtration. The structure was confirmed by NMR. Yield was about 40% over two stepε. Step 9e A εolution was prepared consiεting of 0.4 gm (1.34 mmol) of compound 9d, 0.131 gm (1.34 mmol) of N,0- dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride, 0.405 gm of triethyl amine and 0.6 gm of BOP reagent. The εolution waε εtirred at room temperature for 2 hours at which time TLC indicated that no residual starting material remained. The reaction was poured into ether, washed with water and 10% citric acid, εaturated NaHCO., and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The mix¬ ture waε filtered and εolvent waε removed under vacuum, yielding a white oily product. Thiε white oil waε purified by flaεh chromatography uεing a 3:1 ether/hexane solution. Fractionε 34-69 were collected. NMR confirmed the εtructure of the product. The yield waε 78%. Step 9f A εolution of 0.148 gm (0.613 mmol) of compound 9b and 0.143 gm of TMEDA in 5 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After the solution had cooled at -78°C for 15 minutes, 0.725 ml of a 1.7M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added. The resulting purple solution was stirred at -78°C for 1 hour at which time 0.1 gm (0.292 mmol) of compound 9e in 1 ml of THF was added in a single portion. No color change waε obεerved. The reaction maεε waε εtirred for an additional 15 minuteε at -78°C at which time TLC analyεiε indicated no reεidual εtarting material waε preεent. The mixture waε then poured into ether, waεhed sequentially with water and brine, dried over MgSO., and filtered. Solvent was removed under vacuum. 'H NMR confirmed the structure. Material was not purified further. A solution was prepared of product 9f in 5 ml of ethanol and 0.017 gm (0.44 mmol) of sodium borohydride granules was added to the clear solution. After 30 minutes, TLC indicated no residual starting material remained. The reaction mixture was poured into ether, washed εequentially with εaturated NaHC0 3 and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The dried extractε waε filtered and the εolvent waε removed under vacuum. A yellow oil/εolid material waε recovered and purified by flaεh chromatography uεing a 3 to 2 ether/hexane εolution. Fractionε 50-90 were collected. NMR confirmed εtructure of the product. EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of Step 10a A εolution of 0.151 gm (0.61 mmol) of compound 7b and 0.142 gm of TMEDA in 5 ml of THF waε cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After the solution had cooled for 15 minutes at -78°C, 0.47 ml of a 2.6M εolution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added slowly. An orange εolution re¬ sulted which was εtirred at -78°C for 1 hour. At the end of thiε hour 0.1 gm (0.29 mmol) of compound 7e in 1 ml of THF was added. The solution became light yellow at the end of the addition and was stirred for an additional 15 minutes at -78°C. At thiε time, TLC indicated no reεidual starting ma¬ terial was present. The mixture was poured into ether, washed sequentially with water and brine, dried over MgS0 4 , and filtered. Solvent was removed under vacuum. The product was not further purified. Step lOb The crude product from step 10a (approximately 0.29 mmol) was disεolved in 5 ml of ethanol and 0.017 gm of εodium borohydride granules was added to the clear solution. After 30 minutes, TLC indicated no residual starting material was present. The reaction was poured into ether, washed se¬ quentially with saturated NaHC0 3 and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The extractε were filtered, the εolvent waε removed under vacuum and the reεidual product waε purified by flaεh chromatography uεing a 1:1 ether hexane εolution aε the elu- ent. Fractionε 46-72 were collected and the solvent waε re¬ moved under vacuum. Yield waε 55% over εteps a and b and NMR confirmed the structure. EXAMPLE 11 Preparation of Step 11a A εolution of 0.12 gm (0.61 mmol) of 4-methyl-3- (t-butyl) carbamoyl-pyridine and 0.142 gm of TMEDA in 5 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After the solution had cooled for 15 minutes at -78°C, 0.47 ml of a 2.6M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was εlowly added. The solution changed to a light yellow color and was allowed to stir at -78°C for an additional hour. At this time a so¬ lution of 0.1 gm (0.29 mmol) of compound 9e in 1 ml of THF was rapidly added. After 30 minutes and again at 1 hour, TLC analysis indicated that not all of compound 9e had been con¬ sumed. The reaction masε waε then poured into ether, washed sequentially with water and brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture was filtered and the εolvent waε removed under vacuum, yielding an oil. The oil was purified by column chromatography and fractions 68-78 were collected cleanly. NMR confirmed the structure of these materials. Step lib lib Compound 11a waε reduced with εodium borohydride in the manner described in previous exampleε. NMR confirmed the εtructure. EXAMPLE 12 Preparation of Step 12a A εolution of 0.21 gm (0.58 mmol) of N-(N-benzyl)- imidazole, N-t-butyl-toluamide waε prepared in 2 ml of etha¬ nol. To this solution waε added 0.062 gm of palladium black followed by 0.36 gm of ammonium formate. Within 5 minutes, the black solution began to bubble. After 1 hour, TLC indicated that no reaction had taken place as yet. The reac¬ tion mixture was warmed to 70°C and, after 1 hour at that temperature, TLC indicated that no residual starting material was present. An additional 0.36 gm of ammonium formate was added and the reaction left at 70°C overnight. The masε was filtered over Celite™ and washed with ethyl acetate and methanol. Solvent was removed under vacuum, producing a white solid. The structure was confirmed by NMR. Yield was 95%. A εolution of 0.15 gm (0.55 mmol) of compound 12a and 0.03 gm (0.33 mmol) of diiεopropylamine in 5 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice acetone bath. After the solu¬ tion had εat at -78°C for 15 minuteε, 1.57 ml of a 0.91M εo¬ lution of ε-butyl lithium in cyclohexane waε εlowly added. A bright blood red color developed and the εolution waε stirred for 20 additional minutes at -78°C. At this point, a so¬ lution of 0.095 gm (0.275 mmol) of compound 9e in 1 ml of THF was quickly added. The color faded to a burgundy red color. TLC indicated almost no reεidual starting material to be present. The reaction mass was quenched with 1 ml of water, poured into additional water and extracted with 15 ml of ether. The organic phase was washed with 15 ml of brine, dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. The solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 3 to 1 solution of ethyl acetate and hexane as the eluent. Fractionε 21-49 were collected and solvent was re¬ moved under vacuum. NMR confirmed the structure. Further workup was not carried out at this point. Step 12c A solution of 0.11 gm (0.2 mmol) of crude compound 12b in ethanol was prepared and 0.012 gm of sodium borohydride granules was added to the clear solution. After 30 minutes, TLC indicated that no residual starting material was present, The reaction mixture was quenched with 10 drops of saturated NaHCO, and the mixture was poured into 10 ml of saturated NaHCO, and extracted with 15 ml of ethyl acetate. The or¬ ganic layers were washed with brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture was filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using ether as the eluent until the first spot came off and then using ethyl acetate. Fractions 81-102 were collected cleanly. NMR confirmed the structure. EXAMPLE 13 Preparation of Step 13a OTA To a εolution of 3.27 gm of triethylamine and 5.28 gm of N-(t-butyl) benzylamine in 40 ml THF at 0°C waε added 5.0 gm (33.34 mmol) of O-toluoyl chloride, dropwiεe, at 0°C. Within 5 minutes, a white precipitate came out of the solution and after an additional 15 minuteε the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture waε εtirred for 2 hours. At this time, TLC indicated that no reεidual εtarting material waε preεent. The mixture waε poured into water and extracted with ether. The organic phaεe waε waεhed εequentially with saturated NaHC0 3 , 10% citric acid and brine, and dried over MgSO.. The mixture was filtered and the solvent was removed under vacuum yielding a yellow oil. This oil was purified by flash chromatography. The material was collected and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The clear oil crystallized into a white solid when hexane was added and was collected by filtration. NMR confirmε the εtructure. Yield was 73.5%. Step 13b N-(t-butyl)-toluamide (7.58 gm, 39.6 mmol) was disεolved in 400 ml of THF and 9.96 gm (81.2mmol) of TMEDA waε added. The mixture was cooled to -78°C and 31.2 ml of 2.6M n-butyl lithium in hexane was added dropwise. After 1 hour, a solution of 1.92 gm (43.6 mmol) of ethylene oxide was added as a 10% solution in THF. After 15 minutes the solution was warmed to 0°C. A precipitate formed and the reaction mixture turned murky orange. After another 30 minuteε, TLC indicated preεence of product plus starting material. Recrystallization from ether/hexane yielded 3.49 gm of pure product. Flash chromatography of the remainder with 2:1 ether/hexane, yielded another 2.96 gm of pure product. Total yield waε 6.45 gm (69%). Step 13c A solution of 3.49 gm (14.8 mmol) of compound 13b in 60 ml of DMF waε prepared and 27.9 gm of pyridinium dichromate waε added. The εolution turned a dark brown/orange color and waε stirred overnight at room temperature. The mixture was poured into H 2 0 and extracted once with 150 ml of ether and once with 50 ml of ether, then dried over MgS0 4 « Solvent waε removed under vacuum, yielding a clear, colorleεε oil, which turned solid after εtanding. Recrystallization in pure ether yielded white crystalε. The product waε filtered and waεhed with hexane. Two cropε yielded 1.48 gm (40%) of white powder. Step 13d A solution of 0.8 gm (3.21 mmol) of compound 13c in 40 ml of methylene chloride waε prepared. To thiε εolution was added 0.313 gm (3.21 mmol) of N,0-dimethylhydroxyl amine hydrochloride and 1.34 ml of triethylamine. When the amine hydrochloride was completely dissolved, 1.42 gm of BOP reagent was added and the clear εolution waε εtirred for 2 hourε at room temperature. TLC indicated that no εtarting material remained. The reaction mixture waε poured into ether and waεhed with 10% citric acid εolution, H 2 0, satu¬ rated NaHC0 3 and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . Flash chroma¬ tography in 2:1:1 methylene chloride/ethyl acetate/hexane yielded 0.539 (57%) of white powder. 13a A εolution of 0.2 gm (0.7 mmol) of compound 13a and 0.02 gm of diisopropylamine in 5 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After the solution had cooled at -78°C for 15 minutes, 1 ml of 0.92M s-butyl lithium was εlowly added, producing a bright purple color. A εolution of 0.1 gm (0.342 mmol) of compound 13d in 1 ml of THF waε added within 10 seconds following the addition of the butyl lithium solution and before the color changed. The addition caused the solution to turn a slight peach color. After 5 minutes, TLC indicated that residual starting materials were εtill present but the color had all disappeared. The reaction was quenched with 1 ml of water, then poured into 20 ml of water and extracted with ether. The organic extract waε waεhed with 20 ml of brine, dried over MgSθ4 and filtered. The solvent waε removed under vacuum and the clear residue (280 mg) was purified by column chromatography using a 2 to 1 ether/hexane solution. The product was collected cleanly and NMR confirmed the structure. Yield was about 29%. Step 13f A solution of 0.05 gm (0.10 mmol) of compound 13e in 3 ml of ethanol was prepared and 0.0057 gm of NaBH 4 granules was added to the clear εolution. After stirring for 30 min¬ utes, TLC indicated that some residual starting material was still present. Another equivalent of NaBH 4 was added and the reaction was stirred for an additional 45 minutes. No re¬ sidual starting material was found at this point. The re¬ action was quenched with 10 drops of saturated NaHC0 3 , poured into 10 ml of saturated NaHC0 3 and extracted with 15 ml of ether. The extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. Solvent was removed under vacuum and the reεi¬ due was purified by column chromatography using a 3 to 1 ether/hexane solution. Fractions 21-45 were collected cleanly. NMR confirmed the structure. Yield was about 90%. EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of A solution of 3.07 gm (26.23 mmol) of N-t-butyl amine and 7.96 gm of triethylamine in 60 ml of methylene chloride was cooled to 0°C and 10 gm (52.46 mmol) of naphthoyl chloride was slowly added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm εlowly to room temperature. After 1 hour at room temperature, TLC indicated that reεidual εtarting N-t-butyl ethanol amine was still present so the reaction waε allowed to εit overnight. The mixture waε then poured into ether, waεhed sequentially with water, 10% citric acid, saturated NaHC0 3 and brine. The organic layers were dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. The solvent was removed under vacuum yielding a yellow oil. The yellow oil was dissolved in a 9 to 1 methanol/water solution and 5 ml of a 45% KOH solution was added. The εolution immediately became turbid with a white εolid, which εettled to yield a clear εolution. After 5 min¬ utes, TLC indicated that no residual εtarting material was present. The reaction was poured into water and extracted twice with ether. The organic extract waε dried over MgSO. and filtered. The εolvent waε evaporated under vacuum. The yellow oil solidified upon standing, was triturated with hex- anes and collected by filtration. NMR confirmed the struc¬ ture. The yield was 64%. A solution of 2.5 gm (9.2 mmol) of compound 14a and 2.36 gm of TMEDA in 50 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/ acetone bath. After the mixture had stirred for 15 minutes at -78°C, 20.27 ml of a 1.0M solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was added, dropwise. The color changed to yellow and then to green and then to a dark green during this addition. The εolution was stirred at -78°C for 1 hour after which 1.3 gm (9.2 mmol) of iodomethane waε added in one portion. The reaction mix became yellow with a white pre¬ cipitate. After 15 minuteε TLC indicated that almoεt no re¬ sidual starting material was present. The mixture was poured into an ether and water mixture. The organic phase was waεhed εequentially with water and brine and then dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture waε then filtered and εolvent waε re¬ moved under vacuum, yielding an orange oil. Thiε oil waε purified by flaεh chromatography using a 2 to 1 ether/hexane solution. Fractions 28-46 were collected cleanly. Structure was confirmed by NMR. Yield waε approximately 45%. Step 14c A solution of 0.17 gm (0.595 mmol) of compound 14b and 0.0176 gm of diisopropylamine in 5 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C. After the mixture had cooled for 15 minutes at -78°C, 1.33 ml of a 1.0M solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane was slowly added. No color change was apparent at this point, so another 0.4 ml of the solution was added and a blood red color was noted. When the entire amount of the s- butyl lithium had been added the reaction mixture waε εtirred for an additional 15 minuteε at -78°C. At thiε point, a εo¬ lution of 0.10 gm (0.29 mmol) of compound 9e in 1 ml of THF waε added quickly. No color change was observed. After 15 minutes TLC indicated that no reεidual εtarting material was present and 1 ml of water was added to quench the reaction. The mixture waε poured into ether and the organic layerε were waεhed εequentially with water and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The mix waε then filtered and the εolvent waε removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in 5 ml of ethanol and 0.017 gm of NaBH 4 cryεtals were added. A white pre¬ cipitate formed in the solution and slowly disεolved, yield¬ ing again a clear εolution. Thiε solution was poured into saturated NaHC0 3 and extracted with ether. The organic ex¬ tract was washed in brine then dried over MgSO. and filtered. The solvent was then removed under vacuum. The clear oil was purified by column chromatography. The structure was confirmed by 'HNMR. EXAMPLE 15 Preparation of Step 15a A solution of 0.8 gm (3.317 mmol) of compound 3a and 0.79 gm of TMEDA and 27 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After the solution had cooled for 15 minutes at -78°C, 4.02 ml of a 1.69M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added dropwise to the solution. A deep purple color resulted. The solution was then εtirred at -78°C for 1.5 hourε. At this point, a solution of 0.292 gm (6.64 mmol) of ethylene oxide in THF (10% in THF) was added. After 15 minutes, TLC indicated that there was reεidual εtarting material. Accordingly, another equivalent of ethylene oxide waε added. The reaction waε monitored again and εtarting material waε εtill seen so yet another 5 equivalentε of ethylene oxide waε added. The reaction was then allowed to warm to 0°C and the purple color changed to a light green. The reaction mixture was poured into water, extracted with ether, washed with brine, dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. Solvent was removed under vacuum, yielding a yellow oil. The yellow oil was purified by flash chromatography using a 2 to 1 ether/hexane solution. Fractions 6-11 were collected cleanly and the εolvent waε removed under vacuum. Structure waε confirmed by NMR. Yield waε 42%. Step 15b 15b To a εolution of 0.83 gm of pyridine and 15 ml of me¬ thylene chloride there was added 0.526 gm of chromium tri¬ oxide. The solid partially dissolved into an orange solution with a brown solid settling out. After 60 minutes, a solution of 0.25 gm of compound 15a in 4 ml of methylene chloride was added, dropwiεe. After 15 minuteε, TLC indicated that no reεidual εtarting material waε preεent. The mixture waε poured into ether, waεhed twice with IN NaOH, then εequentially with IN HCl, saturated NaHC0 3 and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture was filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuum yielding a solid product which was then recrystallized from ether and hexane, The structure was confirmed by NMR. Yield was 72.5%. Step 15c 30- A solution of 0.136 gm (0.565 mmol) of compound 3a and 0.132 gm of TMEDA in 10 ml THF was cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. After the solution had stirred for 15 minutes at -78°C, 0.34 ml of a 1.69M solution of n-butyl lithium in hexane was added. A purple color developed and the solution stirred at -78°C for 45 minutes. At this time, a solution of 0.08 gms (0.283 mmol) of compound 15b in 2 ml of THF waε added. The εolution waε εtirred for an additional 15 minuteε at which time εome reεidual starting aldehyde per- εiεted. The reaction waε allowed to warm to 0°C and TLC did not indicate whether reεidual aldehyde εtill remained. The reaction mixture waε allowed to warm to room temperature. After 10 minutes it was poured into water and extracted with ether. The extracts were washed with brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The mixture was then filtered and the εolvent waε removed under vacuum and a yellow oil waε recovered. This oil was purified by flash chromatography and the desired ma¬ terial was confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 16 Preparation of A solution was prepared of 21.37 gm (0.125 mol) of O-bromotoluene in 100 ml of ether. The εolution waε εtirred and 1.75 gm of lithium wire waε added. The mixture waε allowed to εtir at room temperature. Aε the lithium diε- εolved, the εolution began to reflux spontaneously. After 1 hour the mixture was murky and brown with a white precipi¬ tate. The reaction waε then allowed to stir for an ad¬ ditional 3 hours at which time 32.25 gm (0.25 mmol) of isoquinoline and 100 ml of toluene were added through the condenεer. Aε the isoquinoline addition proceeded the εolu¬ tion turned blood red with a yellow precipitate and refluxed εpontaneouεly. The mixture was no longer exothermic after about one-half of the isoquinoline had been added. When the addition was completed the condenser was replaced with a short path distillation apparatus, the reaction mass was con¬ centrated down to 115 ml and reflux was continued for about 2.5 hours. At this time, TLC indicated that no bromotoluene material remained. The reaction was quenched with water and poured into additional water. Organic materials were ex¬ tracted with ethyl acetate and washed with εaturated NaHC0 3 and brine. A brown oil (49.01 gm) waε collected, dried over MgS0 4 and purified by fractional diεtillation. The deεired product diεtilled at 115-120°C. Yield was 13.5 gm. Step 16b A solution of 0.465 gm of TMEDA in 20 ml of THF waε cooled to -78°C. After 10 minuteε 2.35 ml of a 1.7M εolution of n-butyl lithium in hexane waε added. The clear εolution which reεulted waε εtirred at -78°C for 30 minuteε at which time a εolution of 0.85 gm (3.87 mmol) of compound 16a and 5 ml THF waε added, dropwiεe. The solution gradually turned dark green and waε allowed to warm to about -30°C and εtirred at that temperature for about an hour. At the end of thiε one hour period, a εolution of 0.30 gm (1.29 mmol) of compound 15b in 3 ml of THF was rapidly added. The solution immediately turned black and stirring was continued at -30°C for another hour. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirring was continued for another hour. TLC indicated the preεence of residual start¬ ing material so the mass was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. The reaction mass was poured into ether, washed sequen¬ tially with water and brine, then extracted with IN HCl. The organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer made basic (pH8) with saturated NaHCO, and extracted with ether. The second organic layer was dried over MgS0 4 and filtered. The solvent was removed under vacuum. The organic layer was pu¬ rified by flash chromatography uεing 5:1 ether/hexane eluent. The more polar material waε collected (0.05g) and the deεired material confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 17 Preparation of Step 17a Mg turningε (1.75g, 0.072 g atom) were placed in an oven dried 250 ml 3 neck flask with condenser and addition funnel (all asεembled hot). The entire apparatuε waε evacuated and filled with argon. The flaεk waε charged with 10 ml of anhy- drouε THF and the addition funnel waε charged with 8.0 gm (43.7 mmol) of 1-bromostyrene in 50 ml of anhydrous THF. Five (5) ml of the 1-bromostyrene εolution waε added to the Mg turningε and the mixture was heated to 65-70°C and the remainder of the solution waε added over 1 hour. The mixture was heated an additional 30 min., then cooled to room tem¬ perature over 1 hour, then poured over crushed dry ice and the dry ice waε allowed to evaporate. The mixture waε made εtrongly acidic with 150 ml of 10% HCl εolution. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase was extracted three times with ether. The combined organic phase was poured into 150 ml of 20% KOH solution, the solution was separated and the basic phase was filtered to remove polymer. The baεic phaεe waε then acidified with 10% HCl εolution and extracted three timeε with 100 ml portions of ether. The extracts were combined, waεhed with 100 ml of brine and dried over Na 2 S0 4 ». The εolution was filtered and concentrated to a white solid which was recryεtallized from chloroform/hexane εolution to yield 6.44g (66%) of 1-vinylbenzoic acid in two cropε. Step 17b Iodine (4.12g, 16.22 mmol) waε added in a single portion to a degassed solution of 1.20 gm (8.11 mmol) of compound 17a in 12 ml of acetonitrile. The solution was stirred for 1 hour, then poured into 50 ml of εaturated sodium thiosulfate εolution. The εolution waε extracted three times with 50 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phaseε were washed sequentially with 40 ml portions H 2 0, saturated NaHC0 3 solution and εaturated εodium thioεulfate solution then dried over MgS0 4 . The εolution waε filtered and concentrated to a yellow εolid (1.87g, 84% yield) which waε recryεtallized from ethanol. Step 17c To a degaεεed solution of 0.50 gm (2.95 mmol) of 1-mercapto methyl benzoate in 12 ml of ethanol was added, dropwise, 0.14g, (2.95 mmol) of KOH in 1.5 ml of H 2 0. The resultant yellow εolution waε stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. The solution waε cooled to 0°C and 0.80g, (2.92 mmol) of compound 17b in 10 ml ethanol waε added over 30 min¬ uteε. The reaction mixture waε εtirred for 19 hourε at room temperature. The reεultant yellow εolution waε poured into 40 ml of H 2 0 and extracted three timeε with 40 ml portionε of CH 2 C1 2 . The combined extractε were waεhed with 30 ml por¬ tionε of H 2 0 and brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The εolution waε filtered and concentrated to a yellow oil which waε puri¬ fied by flaεh chromatography (HOg εilica; 25% ethyl acetate/ hexane) to yield 370 mg (40% yield) of product aε a white εolid. Step 17d To a solution of 0.16 ml (1.50 mmol) of t-butylamine in 2 ml of anhydrous THF, cooled to 0°C, was added 0.94 ml of 1.6M m-butyl lithium in THF. The εolution was stirred for 15 minutes and a solution of 157 mg, (0.50 mmol) of compound 17c in 2 ml THF was added, dropwise, at 0°C. The mixture was stirred for 2.5 hourε at room temperature and was quenched with 10 ml of dilute NH.Cl solution. The mixture was ex¬ tracted three times with 10 ml portions of ethyl acetate, the combined organic phase was washed with 15 ml of H 2 0 and brine and dried over MgS0 4 « The solution waε filtered, concen¬ trated and the reεidue waε purified by flaεh chromatography (25g εilica; 5-10% ethyl acetate/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to yield 17 mg (10% yield) of product aε a white solid. EXAMPLE 18 Preparation of Step 18a 18a A mixture of 59.09 gm (0.5 mole) of α-methylεtyrene and 65 gm (1.0 mole) of εodium azide in 500 ml of chloroform waε cooled in an ice/water mix to about 0°C. A εolution of 193 ml trifluoro acetic acid in 500 ml of chloroform waε added over one hour. With the temperature remaining below 5°C a very thick white εlurry formed during the addition. After the addition, the reaction veεεel was removed from the ice bath and allowed to stir at room temperature for about 19 hours. At this point, 300 ml of NH.OH in 250 ml of water was added. After shaking, the organic layer was removed and dried over Na 2 S0 4 . The solvent was removed under vacuum yielding 76.05 gm (94%) of a clear liquid. IR confirms the product to be the deεired azide. Step 18b 18b A 2 liter 3 neck round bottom flaεk which had previously been flame dried and purged with argon was added 30.43 gm of LiAlH4 and 100 ml of ether. The mixture waε cooled with εtirring in the ice bath and 76.05 gm of compound 18a was added over a one hour period with stirring. Stirring was continued in the ice bath for about 2.5 hours after which the ice was allowed to melt overnight and the reaction mixture warmed to room temperature. After 16 hours, cooling was re¬ sumed in the ice bath and the mixture was quenched with 250 ml of 25% NaOH over a one hour period. The ether layer was removed. To the aluminum saltε remaining in the water layer another 400 ml of water waε added, followed by extraction with 200 ml of ether. The ether layerε were combined, dried with Na 2 S0 4 , and the εolventε were removed by vacuum at 30°C following which the product waε distilled at 60°C and 3.2 Torr, yielding 46.82 gm (74%) of the deεired amine. Step 18c 18c To a 100 ml round bottom flaεk, which had been flame dried and purged with argon, waε added 25 ml of THF and the flaεk and contentε were cooled to -78° in a dry ice acetone bath and 4.84 gm (0.11 mole) of ethylene oxide waε added fol¬ lowed by 10.64 gm of LiC10 4> The flask and contents were εwitched to an ice/water bath and allowed to εtir for 5 to 10 minutes and 13.52 gm (0.1 mole) of compound 18b in CH 3 CN was added over a two minute period. During the addition every¬ thing went into solution. Following the addition the ice bath was removed and the mixture was allowed to εtir at room temperature for three hourε. The mixture waε then poured into 200 ml of brine and extracted twice with 50 ml portions of ether. The combined ether layers were dried, filtered and the εolvent was removed under vacuum. The resulting oily residue was diεtilled at about 180°C and 2 ml of Hg, yielding 10.8 gm (60%) of product as a clear, colorlesε oil. Step 18d To a 100 ml flame dried and argon purged round bottom flask waε added 0.153 gm of 4-dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP), 13 ml of pyridine and 1.5 gm (8.37 mmol) of compound 18c yielding a clear, colorleεs solution. This εolution waε cooled to 0°C and over a 5 minute period 5.64 gm (33.5 mmol) of 2,5-dimethyl benzoyl chloride waε added. The reεulting yellow εolution waε placed in a 100°C oil bath and allowed -to stir overnight. The mixture was then poured into 150 ml of 2N HCl and extracted twice with 50 ml portions of ether. The combined extractε were waεhed again with 50 ml of water then dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and the solvent waε removed under vacuum yielding an orange oil. Thiε oil waε diεεolved in 50 ml of 10% aqueous methanol and 5 ml of 50% NaOH was added. After 35 minutes the mixture was poured into 500 ml of water and extracted with first 100 ml of ether and then with 100 ml of methylene chloride. The organic layers were combined and dried over Na ? S0 4 . The εolvent waε removed under vacuum, yielding 2.23 gm of a light, yellow oil. Thiε waε taken up in 15 ml of ethyl acetate, 50 ml of hexane waε added and the product was placed in a freezer for 2 hours. The resulting light yellow solid was filtered off, washed with 20 ml of a 1:1 hexane/ethyl acetate mixture, followed by 40 ml of hexane, yielding 395 mg of pure product. Step 18e lSe To a εolution of 10 gm of 1 ethyl-1-cyclopentanol, 6.9 g of KCN and 13 ml of glacial acetic acid heated to 50°C waε added 25 gm of H 2 S0 4 in acetic acid dropwise over 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then heated to 70°C for 4 hours. The product was poured into about 150 ml of ice. When the ice melted, the mixture was extracted three timeε with 75 ml portionε of ether. The organic layerε were combined and washed three times with 100 ml portionε of water. The combined waεhingε were then extracted once with 50 ml of ethyl acetate, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and the εolvent waε removed under vacuum, yielding about 15 gm of an orange oil. Thiε material waε refluxed in 20 ml of concentrated HCl for about 4 hourε. TLC indicated that all εtarting material had been uεed up. The mixture waε cooled, the residual HCl was removed under vacuum taking the material to nearly a dry state. The crude brown solid was slurried in acetone and ether, yielding a white solid which was filtered and dried. This white solid was disεolved in KOH εolution and extracted with ether. The ether waε removed and a brown oil was recovered. This oil was diεtilled at atmospheric presεure yielding 3.3 gm (33%) of colorleεε liquid. Step 18f 18f To a solution of 0.99 gm(0.022 mmol) of ethylene oxide in 6 ml of CH 3 CN cooled to 0°C was added 2.13 gm of LiC10 4 . To this was added 2.3 gm (0.020 mmol) of compound 18e disεolved in 3 ml of CH 3 CN and the maεε waε allowed to stir at room temperature for about 2 hours. At thiε time the reaction mixture waε concentrated under vacuum and the residue was disεolved in 10 ml of water and εaturated εodium chloride solution. It was then extracted with three 25 ml portions of 10% ethyl acetate in ether. The organic phaseε were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , and solvent was removed under vacuum, yielding a colorless liquid. The liquid was distilled under high vacuum at about 70-72°C yielding 1.4 gm 45%) of a colorlesε, viεcouε liquid. Step 18σ To a εolution of 2.1 gm (0.013 mmol) of compound 18f in pyridine waε added, dropwiεe, 8.3 gm (0.054 mmol) of toluoyl chloride and 0.16 gm of DMAP. The mixture waε heated to reflux for about 22 hourε at 120°C. The reaction mixture waε then cooled and poured into 200 ml of water which waε acidified with concentrated HCl to a pH of about 1 to 2. It waε then extracted with three 20 ml portionε of ether and the combined organicε layers were washed with water, 5% HCL water and brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered, and the solvent removed under vacuum, yielding a brownish orange oil. This oil was disεolved in 35 ml of 10% aqueous methanol and 1.7 ml of 45% KOH solution was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to sit at room temperature for two hours, then was concentrated and the residue waε diεsolved in 50 ml of water and extracted three times with 50 ml portions of ether. The combined organic phaseε were waεhed with 50 ml of water, dried over MgSO. filtered and concentrated to a yellowiεh orange oil. Flaεh chromatography uεing a 50% ethyl acetate/ hexane solution yielded 1.44 gm of a εlightly yellow εolid. Step 18h To a εolution of 2.13 gm (7.75 mmol) of compound 18g and 1.16 gm of imidazole in 15 ml of DMF was added 2.34 gm (8.52 mmol) of t-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride. The mixture waε allowed to εtir at room temperature for about 22 hourε after which it waε poured into 150 ml of water and extracted three timeε with 50 ml portionε of ether. The combined organic layerε were waεhed twice with 60 ml portionε of water, then with brine, then dried over M S0 4 , and filtered. The εolvent waε removed, yielding a εlightly yellow oil. The product waε purified by flaεh chromatography uεing 20% ethyl acetate/hexane mixture. The appropriate fractionε were col¬ lected aε a colorleεε viεcouε oil which cryεtallized on the vacuum pump, yielding 3.7 gm (93%) of product. Step 18i To a εolution of 3.6 gm (7.01 mmol) of compound 18h and 0.11 gm of diiεopropyl amide in 33 ml of THF cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath waε added 6.2 ml of ε-butyl lithium dropwiεe over 10 to 15 minutes. The mixture was then stirred at -78°C for 1.5 hourε and 0.93 gm of ethylene oxide in 3 ml of THF was added. The mixture was stirred while warming up slowly for about 1 hour, then was quenched with dilute NH.C1 and extracted three times with 30 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with 30 ml of 10% citric acid solution, then twice with 30 ml portions of water, and then with 30 ml of brine. After drying over MgS0 4 , the product was filtered and solvent removed under vacuum yielding a brown viscouε glassy material. The glasεy material waε purified by flash chromatography uεing 50% ethyl acetate/hexane yielding 780 mg (20%) of product. Step 181 18i To a solution of 530 mg of compound 18i in 7 ml of ac¬ etone cooled to 0°C waε added 0.99 ml of Joneε reagent dropwiεe. The mixture waε εtirred at room temperature for about 30 minutes then cooled to 0°C and quenched with 1 ml of isopropyl alcohol. Acetone was decanted and the chromium salts were washed twice with 25 ml portions of acetone. The combined washings were concentrated to a viscous oil which was disεolved in 50 ml of ether and washed twice with 25 ml portions of water. The chromium saltε were then diεεolved in 5 ml of water and washed with 20 ml of ether. The combined ether extractε were dried over MgSO.. The εolution was then filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a viscous slightly yellow oil which was uεed aε is in the next step. The yield was 534 mg. To a solution of 534 mg (0.95 mmol) of compound 18j, 106 mg (1.08 mmol) of N, O-dimethylaminehydrochloride and 0.45 ml of Honigs base in 6 ml of methylene chloride cooled to 0°C was added 455 mg of BOP reagent. The mixture was εtirred at room temperature for 6 hours and then diluted with 50 ml of methylene chloride and washed with 50 ml portions of water, 10% citric acid and saturated NaHCO,, then dried over MgSO. and filtered. The solvent was removed, yielding a yellow viscouε oil. Thiε oil waε purified by flash chromatography uεing 50% ethyl acetate/hexane. The appropriate fractions were combined yielding 408 mg (71%) of a yellow viscouε oil. Step 181 181 To a 25 ml round bottom flask which had been flame-dried and purged with argon, was charged 102 mg of compound 18d, 7 mg of diiεopropylamide, 4 ml of THF and the mixture was cooled to -78°C. Over a five minute period, 0.56 gm of a 1.29 molar solution of s-butyl lithium in cyclohexane waε added yielding a deep crimεon εolution. The εolution waε stirred for one hour and 202 mg of compound 18k and 5 ml of THF were added over a five minute period. The dry ice was allowed to evaporate and the solution warmed to room temperature. After 18.5 hours, the reaction was quenched with 4 ml of 0.5N NH.C1, then poured into 60 ml of brine and extracted with two 20 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organics were then dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered, and the solvent removed, yielding 0.242 mg (85%) of a white foam. Step 18m To 242 mg of compound 181 and ethanol was added 32 mg of NaBH 4 . The mixture was εtirred at room temperature for about 35 minuteε then poured into 100 ml of brine and extracted twice with 25 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The extracts were combined, dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and the εolvent removed to yield 161 mg (66%) of a white foam. Step 18n 18n To a solution of 161 mg of compound 18m and 5 ml of THF waε added 0.56 ml of a one molar εolution of tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride in THF. After 30 minuteε the mixture waε poured into 100 ml of water and extracted with two 25 ml portionε of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layerε were then dried over MgS0 4 - The εolvent was removed, yielding 149 mg of a crude product. This product waε purified by flaεh chromatography uεing ethyl acetate. The appropriate fractions were combined, filtered and the solvent removed yielding 43 mg (37%) of the pure product as a white foam. EXAMPLE 19 Preparation of Step 19a To a solution of 0.40 ml (3.82 mmol) of t-butylamine in 10 ml of CH 2 C1 2 , cooled to 0°C, was added 3.82 ml of a 2.0M solution of trimethyl aluminum in toluene, dropwise, over 5 minutes. The solution was stirred for 45 minutes at room temperature and 400 mg (1.27 mmol) of compound 17c in 5 ml of CH 2 C1 2 was added, dropwise. The reaction mixture was heated to 40°C for 21 hourε, then cooled and carefully quenched by dropwise addition of 15 ml of εaturated NH 4 C1 εolution. The mixture was extracted three times with 25 ml por,tionε of CH 2 C1 2 and the organic extracts were washed with 20 ml of H 2 0. The εolution waε dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated to a yellow viεcouε oil which was purified by flash chromatography (80 g silica gel; 20-40% ethyl acetate/ hexane) to yield 350 mg (71% yield) of a colorlesε glaεsy material. Step 19b To a solution of 65 μl (0.65 mmol) of cyclopentylamine in 2 ml of dichloroethane, cooled to 0°C, was added 0.33 ml of a 2.0M solution (0.65 mmol) of trimethyl aluminum in tolu¬ ene, dropwise, over 5 minutes. The solution was εtirred for 45 minuteε at room temperature and 50 mg (0.13 mmol) of com¬ pound 19a in 2 ml of dichloroethane waε added, dropwise. The reaction mixture waε heated to 65°C for 20 hourε, cooled to room temperature and carefully quenched with εaturated NH 4 C1 εolution. The crude mixture waε extracted three timeε with 10 ml portionε of ethyl acetate and the combined organic ex¬ tracts were dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated to a yellow viscouε oil which waε purified by flaεh chromatography (20 g εilica: 25-35% ethyl acetate/ hexane) to yield 25 mg (44% yield) of the desired product as a white solid. EXAMPLE 20 Preparation of To a εolution of 81 μl, (0.93 mmol) of morpholine in 2 ml of dichloroethane, cooled to 0°C, waε added 0.47 ml of a 2.0M εolution of trimethylaluminum (0.93 mmol) in toluene, dropwiεe, over 5 minuteε. The εolution waε εtirred for 45 minutes at room temperature and 60 mg (0.16 mmol) of compound 17c in 2 ml of dichloroethane was added, dropwise. The reac¬ tion mixture was heated to 65°C for 3 hours, cooled to room temperature and carefully quenched with saturated NH 4 C1 solu¬ tion. The crude mixture was extracted three times with 10 ml portionε of ethyl acetate and the combined extracts were dried over MgS0 4 - The solution was filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a viscous oil which was purified by flash chromatography (15 g silica; 30-50% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 45 mg (65% yield) of the product as a white solid. EXAMPLE 21 Preparation of To a degaεεed εolution of 0.65g, (4.22 mmol) of 1-mercaptonitrobenzene in 15 ml of ethanol waε added, dropwiεe, 0.28g (4.2 mmol) of KOH in 1.5 ml H 2 0. The result- ant brown εolution waε εtirred for 10-15 minuteε at room tem¬ perature. The εolution waε cooled to 0°C and 1.10g (4.02 mmol) of compound 17b in 10 ml of THF waε added, dropwiεe. The mixture waε stirred at room temperature for 21 hours, then poured into 70 ml of H 2 0 and the εolution waε extracted three timeε with 50 ml portions CH 2 C1 2 . The com¬ bined organic phaseε were waεhed with 50 ml of H 2 0 and brine and dried over MgS04. The solution was then filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (125 g silica gel; 1% ethyl acetate/ chloroform) to yield 0.58g (48% yield) of yellow solid. Step 21b - 102 - A mixture of 200 mg, (0.67 mmol) of compound 21a and 368 mg (0.73 mmol) of Fe 3 (CO) 12 in 40 ml of benzene and 0.15 ml of MeOH was heated to reflux for 5.5 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled and filtered through Celite and the filter pad was washed with 50 ml of benzene/MeOH. The solution was concentrated under vacuum and the orange residue was purified by flash chromatography (40 g silica: 0.25-0.5% ethyl acetate/CH 2 Cl 2 ) . The product (149 mg, 81% yield) was isolated as a colorless, viscous oil. Step 21c To a solution of 149 mg (0.55 mmol) of aniline 21b in 5 ml CH 2 C1 2 cooled to 0°C, was added 74 μl, (0.61 mmol) of pivaloyl chloride, followed by 98 μl (1.21 mmol) of pyri¬ dine. The reaction was stirred for 20 hourε at room tempera¬ ture and then poured into 20 ml of H 2 0. The mixture waε separated and the aqueous phaεe was extracted once with a 20 ml portion of CH 2 C1 2 . The combined organic phases were washed with 20 ml portions of 5% KHS0 4 and saturated NaHC0 3 solution and dried over MgS0 4 - The solution was then fil¬ tered and concentrated to a slightly yellow oil which was purified by flash chromatography (30 g silica; 20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 174 mg (89% yield) of product as a colorlesε viεcous oil. Step 21d To a εolution of 96 μl (0.92 mmol) of t-butylamine in 2 ml of dichloroethane, cooled to 0°C, waε added 0.46 ml of a 2.0M εolution of trimethyl aluminum (0.92 mmol) in toluene, dropwise, over 5 minutes and the solution was then stirred for 45 minuteε at room temperature. A εolution of 65 mg (0.18 mmol) of compound 21c in 2 ml of dichloroethane waε added, dropwiεe, and the mixture waε heated to 65°C for 18 hourε. The reaction mixture waε then cooled and quenched with 10 ml of εaturated NH 4 C1 solution. The mixture was ex¬ tracted with three 10 ml portions of ethyl acetate and the combined organic phaεeε were dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated and the reεidue purified by flash chromatography (15g silica; 1.5-3% ethyl acetate/ CH 2 C1 2 ) to yield 40 mg (51% yield) of the product as a white εolid. EXAMPLE 22 Preparation of Step 22a 22a A εolution of 3.0g (0.018 mol) of 1-mercapto-methyl- benzoate and 1.19g of KOH in 27 ml of 50% aqueouε ethanol waε added to 4.18 ml (0.054 mol) of epichlorohydrin at 0°C. The reaction mixture waε allowed to warm to room temperature upon completion of the addition and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours, then poured into 100 ml of H 2 0. The aqueous phaεe waε extracted three times with 50 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phaεeε were waεhed with 50 ml portions of H 2 0 and brine and dried over Na 2 S0 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated to a tan oil which was purified by kugelrohr distillation (155-160°C 0.5 torr) . The product waε isolated aε a slightly yellow liquid (2.3 g, 57% yield) which solidified in the refrigerator. Step 22b To a suspension of 90 mg (0.79 mmol) of pipecolinic acid in 2 ml of THF was added a solution of 83 mg (0.28 mmol) of triphosgene in 1 ml of THF. The mixture was heated to 40°C for 20 hours. The now milky suspenεion was cooled and fil¬ tered and the solid was washed with 10 ml of ether. The fil¬ trate was concentrated to a yellow solid (69 mg, 60% yield). No further work-up was carried out on the product. Step 22c 22c To a solution of 69 mg (0.44 mmol) of compound 22b in 1.5 ml of THF, cooled to 0°C, was added a solution of 139 μl (1.33 mmol) of t-butylamine in 0.5 ml of CHC1.,. The mixture waε εtirred for 1 hour at 0°C and 2 hours at room tempera¬ ture. The mixture was concentrated to a browniεh oil under vacuum. Thiε oil waε purified by flaεh chromatography (20 g εilica gel, 2.5% MeOH εaturated with NH 3 /CH 2 C1 2 ) to yield 41 mg (51% yield) of the product aε a colorleεε εolid. Step 22d A solution of 650 mg (2.90 mmol) of compound 22a and 587 mg (3.19 mmol) of compound 22c in 27 ml of ethanol was heated to 70°C for 19 hours. The mixture waε concentrated under vacuum to a tan viεcouε oil which waε purified by flaεh chro¬ matography (175 g εilica, 40-50% ethyl acetate/hexane con¬ taining a trace of MeOH εaturated with NH 3 ) to give the prod¬ uct aε two diastereomers. The less polar product was 497 mg of a white εolid. The more polar product waε 520 mg of a white foam. Total yield waε 1.017 gm (89% yield). Step 22e To a 2M εolution of 0.62 ml (1.23 mmol) of trimethylaluminum in 4 ml of dichloroethane, cooled to 0°C, waε added 130 microliters (1.23 mmol) of t-butylamine, dropwise. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. A εolution of 100 mg (0.25 mmol) of the leεε polar isomer of compound 22d in 2 ml of dichloroethane waε added, dropwise, and the mixture was heated to 65°C for 26 hourε. The reaction mixture waε cooled and quenched with 10 ml of εaturated NH 4.C1 εolution. The mixture was then extracted with three 15 ml portions of ethyl acetate and the combined organic phaseε were dried over MgS0 4 . The εolution waε filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a yellow oil which waε purified by flaεh chromatography (20 g εilica, 10% ethyl acetate/CH 2 Cl 2 containing a trace of MeOH εaturated with NH 3 ) to yield 80 mg (71% yield) of the product aε a white εolid. To 0.47 ml of a 2.0M solution of trimethylaluminum in 4 ml of dichloroethane, cooled to 0°C, 154 microliters (1.47 mmol) of t-butylamine was added, dropwise, and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 45 minuteε. A εolution of 100 mg (0.25 mmol) of the more polar isomer of compound 22d in 2 ml of dichloroethane waε added, dropwise, and the reaction mixture was heated to 70°C for 20 hourε. The reac¬ tion mixture was cooled and quenched with 10 ml of saturated NH 4 C1 solution and then extracted with three 15 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phaseε were dried over MgS0 4 . The εolution waε filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a yellow εolid which waε purified by trituration with ether to yield 75 mg (67% yield) of product aε a tan solid. EXAMPLE 23 Preparation of Step 23a A εolution of 6.0 ml (41.71 mmol) of 1-bromo methylbenzoate and 16 ml (51.61 mmol) of tributylpropenyl tin in 15 ml of benzene waε heated to 100°C and allowed to εit at that temperature overnight in a sealed tube. In the morning the solution was filtered twice through a silica gel plug with hexane, then combined with an equal amount of the prod¬ uct of another run of the εame reaction. The combined maεεes totaled 50.5 g. A portion of this product (10 g) was frac¬ tionally distilled at 2 mm and 4 fractions were collected. The diεtilled productε were combined and purified by flash chromatography using a 5% ether/hexane to 10% ether/hexane gradient. Yield waε 5.1 gm. Step 23b 23b To a mixture of 1.1 gm (6.28 mmol) of compound 23a and 20 ml of acetonitrile at room temperature waε added 3.0 g (12.13 mmol) of iodine. Reaction waε completed in 45 minuteε and the reaction mixture waε poured into εaturated sodium NaHS0 3 , extracted twice with ethyl acetate, washed again with sodium NaHSO, and dried over MgS0 4 . Concentration under vacuum yield 1.7 g of amber oil (94%). Structure was con¬ firmed by NMR. To a solution of 0.8 ml (5.8 mmol) of 1-mercapto-methyl benzoate and 12 ml of ethanol at 0°C was added to 2 ml of IN KOH in water. The solution turned yellow. After 20 minutes of stirring, a solution of 1.7 g (5.8 mmol) of compound 23b in 6 ml of ethanol waε added, dropwiεe, over 15 minuteε. The reaction mixture waε εtirred for an additional 15 minuteε and then warmed to room temperature. After 2 hourε, TLC indicated that reεidual εtarting material remained. The mixture waε εtored in the freezer over a weekend and then allowed to run for 1 hour more at room temperature. When no further change waε indicated by TLC, the reaction mixture waε poured into 0.5N HCl and extracted twice with ethyl acetate, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The yield waε 2.25 g of a yellow oil. Thiε oil waε purified by flash chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielding 1.14 g of εticky oil which waε vacuum pumped overnight. The εtructure waε confirmed by NMR. To a solution of 0.6 ml of trimethyl aluminum and 2 ml of benzene at -10°C was added 0.13 ml (1.24 mmol) of s- butylamine. The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 45 minutes. The solution was then cooled to 0°C and a solution of .08 g of compound 23c in 1 ml of benzene was added. The solution waε warmed to room temperature then heated to reflux. The reaction waε complete after about 2 hourε and 15 minuteε. The reaction mixture waε poured into 0.5N HCl, extracted twice with ethyl acetate and dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. Purification by flaεh chromatography (50% ethyl acetate/methylene chloride) yielded 0.79 g (73%) of a white εolid. Structure waε confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 24 Preparation of Step 24a - Il l - To a solution of 150 mg (0.44 mmol) of BOC protected decahydro isoquinoline in 3 ml of CH 2 C1 2 , cooled to 0°C, was added 0.5 ml of trifluoroacetic acid. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 65 minutes and then the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to an oil which was rediεsolved in 25 ml CH 2 C1 2 . The solution waε waεhed with 25 ml of εaturated NaHC0 3 , the aqueouε phaεe was back extracted with two 10 ml portions of CH-C1~ and the combined organic phaseε were dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a colorlesε viεcouε oil which εlowly εolidified to 100 mg (104% yield) of white εolid which was used as is in the next step. Step 24b A solution of 100 mg (0.42 mmol) of compound 24a and 104 mg (0.46 mmol) of compound 22a in 4.5 ml ethanol was heated to 60°C for 23 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated under vacuum to a tan oil which was purified by flash chromatography (50 g silica, 30-50% ethyl acetate/ hexane) to yield the product aε two diaεtereomerε . The leεε polar diastereomers (90 mg) was a white solid, the more polar diastereomer (100 mg) waε a colorleεε glaεε. Total yield waε 190 mg (98%). Step 24c t-Butyl amine (86 μl, 0.76 mmol) waε added dropwiεe to 0.38 ml of a 2.0M εolution of trimethylaluminum in 3 ml of dichloroethane, cooled to 0°C. The mixture waε εtirred at room temperature for 45 minuteε and a εolution of 70 mg (0.15 mmol) of the more polar iεomer of compound 24b in 1 ml of dichloroethane waε added, dropwiεe. The mixture was heated for 25 hours at 65°C, cooled and quenched with 10 ml of satu¬ rated NH 4 C1 solution. The mixture was extracted with three 15 ml portions of ethyl acetate and the combined organic phase waε dried over MgS0 4 - The εolution waε filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a viεcouε yellow oil which waε purified by flaεh chromatography (20 g εilica, 8-10% ethyl acetate/CH 2 Cl 2 containing a trace of MeOH εaturated with NH 3 ) to yield 28 mg (36%) of product aε a white solid along with 23 mg of recovered starting material. T-butyl amine (100μl, 0.91 mmol) was added dropwise to 0.46 ml of a 2.0M solution of trimethylaluminum in 4 ml of dichloroethane, cooled to 0°C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes and a solution of 60 mg (0.13 mmol) of the lesε polar iεomer of compound 24b in 1 ml of dichloroethane waε added, dropwiεe. The mixture waε heated for 17 hours at 65°C, cooled and quenched with 10 ml of satu¬ rated NH 4 C1 solution. The mixture was extracted with three 15 ml portions of ethyl acetate and the combined organic phase was dried over MgSθ4. The organic phase was filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a viεcous yellow oil which was purified by flash chromatography (20 g silica, 8-10% ethyl acetate/CH 2 Cl 2 containing a trace of MeOH saturated with NH 3 ) to yield 30 mg (46%) of product as a white εolid after trituration with ethyl ether. EXAMPLE 25 Preparation of Step 25a 2Sa A mixture of 4.0 g (18.61 mmol) of 1-bromo- methylbenzoate, 2.2 ml (22.34 mmol) of 2-methyl-3- butyne-2-ol, palladium catalyεt (6.1 mg), cuprouε iodide (6.2 mg), and triphenylphosphine (12.3 mg) in 19 ml of triethyl amine waε heated to reflux for 5 hourε during which time the reaction mixture went from a yellow εolution to brown with a thick precipitate. The mixture was cooled and filtered and the solid was washed with 50 ml of ether. The filtrate waε concentrated under vacuum to an orange oil which was purified by flash chromatography (200 g silica, 25-35% ethyl acetate/ hexane) to yield 2.97 g (73%) of product as a yellow viscous liquid. Step 25b 25b To a solution of 2.97 gm (13.62 mmol) of compound 25a in 25 ml of toluene, was added 0.033 gm (1.10 mol) of an 80% dispersion of sodium hydride in mineral oil. The mixture was heated to reflux during which time the toluene waε allowed to diεtill off. The reaction waε cooled when the still head temperature reached 105°C. The solution was filtered and the solid waεhed with 20 ml of toluene. The filtrate waε concen¬ trated under vacuum, and the reεidue was disεolved in 100 ml of CH 2 C1 2 . The organic εolution waε waεhed with 50 ml por¬ tionε of dilute NaHC0 3 εolution and H 2 0. The organic phaεe was dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated to a brown oil. The product was isolated by kugelrohr diεtillation (80-85°C, 0.5 torr) to yield 1.10 g (50%) of product as a yellow-orange liquid. Step 25c To a solution of 2.50 g (14.19 mmol) of 2-propenyl-methylbenzoate in 50 ml of dioxane and 16 ml H 2 0 was added 1.44 ml of a 2.5% solution of osmium tetraoxide in t-butyl alcohol. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes dur¬ ing which time it turned from colorlesε to brown. NaI0 4 (6.07 g, 28.38 mmol) was added in small portions over 30 min¬ utes and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hours during which time a thick white precipitate formed. The reaction mixture was poured into 75 ml of H 2 0, extracted with three 60 ml portions of ethyl ether, and the combined organic phase was washed with 100 ml of H 2 0 and brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a tan oil which was purified by flash chroma¬ tography (100 g εilica, 30% ethyl ether/hexane) to yield 1.25 g (50%) of product as a light yellow liquid. Step 25d To a solution of 146 microliters of diisopropyl amine (1.04 mmol) in 9 ml of anhydrous THF cooled to -78°C waε added 0.59 ml of a 1.6M εolution of n-butyl lithium, dropwise. The mixture was warmed to 0°C for 20 minutes then cooled back to -78°C. A solution of 151 mg (0.94 mmol) of compound 25b in 1 ml of THF was added dropwise over 5 min¬ utes, producing a yellow solution. The mixture was stirred at -78°C for 45 minuteε and a εolution of 140 mg (0.79 mmol) of compound 25c in 1 ml of THF waε added dropwise over 5 min- utes. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours at -78°C, warmed to room temperature for 1.5 hours and then quenched with 10 ml of dilute NH 4 C1 solution. The mixture waε diluted with 20 ml of H 2 0 and extracted with three 25 ml portionε of ether. The organic phaεe was washed with 25 ml portions of 10% citric acid, H«0, and brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concen¬ trated under vacuum to a brown oil. The residue was purified by flaεh chromatography (50 g εilica, 20-30% ethyl acetate/ hexane) to yield 52 mg (22%) of product aε a yellow white εolid. A εample was recrystallized from ether/hexane. Step 25e A suεpenεion of 120 mg (0.39 mmol) of compound 25d and 5% palladium on carbon (96 mg) in 12 ml of ethyl acetate was stirred under an atmosphere of H 2 for 1.5 hourε. The mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite which waε waεhed with 25 ml of ethyl acetate and the εolution waε concentrated to a yellow viεcous oil. The material was purified by flaεh chro¬ matography (50 g of silica, 25-35% ethyl ether/hexane) to yield 109 mg (89%) of product _ aε a colorleεε viscous oil. To a εolution of 0.27 ml (2.58 mmol) of t-butyl amine in 6 ml of toluene at 0°C was added 1.28 ml of a 2M solution of trimethylaluminum in toluene, dropwise over 5 minutes. The mixture was εtirred for 45 minuteε at room temperature and a solution of 85 mg (0.26 mmol) of compound 25e in 0.5 ml tolu¬ ene was added dropwise. The εolution waε heated to 100°C for 5 hourε, cooled and quenched with εaturated NH 4 C1 εolution. The aqueous phase was extracted three times with 20 ml por¬ tions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated to a viscouε yellow oil. The reεidue waε purified by flaεh chromatography (40 g εilica, 20-40% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 91 mg (83%) of product aε a colorless viscous oil. EXAMPLE 26 Preparation of To a solution of 0.24 ml (2.3 mmol) of t-butyl amine (0.24 ml, 2.3 mmol) in 4 ml toluene at 0°C was added 1.4 ml of a 2.0M solution of trimethylaluminum in toluene, dropwise over 5 minutes. The mixture was stirred for 45 minutes at room temperature and a solution of 70 mg (0.23 mmol) of com- pound 25d in 2 ml toluene was added, dropwiεe. The solution was heated to 70°C for 24 hours, cooled and quenched with saturated NH 4 C1 solution. The aqueous phase was extracted three timeε with 20 ml portionε of ethyl acetate. The com¬ bined organic phaεe was dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and con¬ centrated to a viscouε orange oil. The reεidue waε purified by flaεh chromatography (20 g εilica, 20-40% ethyl acetate/ hexane) to yield 31 mg (32%) of product 26 as a colorless glass. EXAMPLE 27 Preparation of A suspension of 20 mg (0.0489 mmol) of compound 26, 20 μl of quinoline and Lindlar catalyεt (6.0 mg) in 3 ml of ethyl acetate waε εtirred under an atmoεphere of H 2 for 4 hours. The mixture waε then filtered through Celite and the filter pad waεhed with 20 ml ethyl acetate. The solution waε concentrated under vacuum and purified by flash chromatography (15 g silica, 25-40% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 17 mg (84%) of the cis iεomer of the product 27 aε a white εolid. EXAMPLE 28 Preparation of A suspension of 236 mg (0.77 mmol) of compound 25d, quinoline (60 μl), and Lindlar catalyst (55 mg) in 15 ml of ethyl acetate was stirred under an atmosphere of H- for 1 hour. The mixture was filtered through Celite and the filter pad washed with 50 ml ethyl acetate. The solution was con¬ centrated to a yellow oil which was purified by flaεh chroma¬ tography (75 g of εilica gel, 15-30% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield a white εolid which waε triturated with ethyl ether/ hexane (to remove traceε of quinoline) to yield 208 mg (87%) of product 28a aε a white εolid. Step 28b A solution of 150 mg (0.49 mmol) of compound 28a, 6.5 mg of AIBN, and 80 microliterε of thiophenol in 12 ml of benzene waε heated to reflux for 4 hourε. After 2.5 hourε, another portion of AIBN (6 mg) waε added. The solution was cooled and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chroma¬ tography (80 g εilica, 10-30% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 112 mg (77%) of product aε a white εolid. Step 28c To a εolution of 0.17 ml (1.6 mmol) of t-butyl amine in 3 ml of toluene at 0°C waε added 0.81 ml of a 2.0M εolution of trimethylaluminum (1.6 mmol) , dropwiεe over 5 minuteε. The mixture was stirred for 45 minutes at room temperature and 50 mg (0.16 mmol) of compound 28b in 1 ml of toluene was added dropwise. The solution was heated to 70°C for 5 hours, cooled and quenched with saturated NH4CI solution. The aque- ous phase was extracted three times with 20 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated to a viscous orange oil. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (15 g of εilica, 20-45% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 33 mg (48%) of product as a white solid. EXAMPLE 29 Step 29a ' \> A solution of 285 mg (0.6 mmol) of compound la and 13 microliters of diiεopropyl amine in 8.5 ml of anhydrouε THF waε cooled to -78°C and 0.53 ml of a 1.3 M εolution of s-butyllithium in THF was added εlowly over 10 minuteε. The reεultant purple εolution waε εtirred at -78°C for 1 hour and 0.14 ml (1.69 mmol) of epibromohydrin waε added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred an additional 1 hour at -78°C, then allowed to warm to room temperature. Total reac¬ tion time was 4.5 hours after which the reaction mixture was quenched by pouring into 30 ml of dilute NH 4 C1 solution. The aqueous phaεe waε extracted with three 20 ml portions of ether. The combined organic phase was waεhed with 20 ml H 2 0 and dried over MgS0 4 . The εolution waε filtered and concen¬ trated under vacuum to a nearly colorleεs oil which was puri¬ fied by flash chromatography (60 g of εilica, 25-50% ethyl ether/hexane) to yield 180 mg (57%) of product aε a colorleεs viscouε oil. Step 29b X b A solution of 183 mg (0.35 mmol) of compound 29a and 75 mg (0.32 mmol) of compound 24a (decahydro isoquinoline) in 4 ml of ethanol was heated to 60°C for 29 hours. The mixture was then cooled and concentrated under vacuum to a colorless foam. The foam was purified by flaεh chromatography (50 g silica, 15-40% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield the product as two separable diastereomerε. The leεε polar product (110 mg) was a colorless, viscous oil. The more polar product (108 mg) was also a colorlesε, viεcous oil. Total yield was 219 mg (91%) . To a solution of 90 mg (0.12 mmol) of the leεε polar iεomer of compound 29b in 3 ml THF waε added 0.23 ml of a 1.0M εolution of tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF and the reaction mixture waε εtirred at room temperature for 45 min¬ utes. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 25 ml of CH 2 C1 2 . The organic phase waε washed with 15 ml portions of H 2 0, saturated NaHCO,, and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a white foam which was purified by flash chromatography (15 g silica, 2% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 containing a trace of MeOH saturated with NH_) to yield 49 mg (79%) of the product as a white stiff foam. EXAMPLE 30 Preparation of To a solution of 90 mg (0.12 mmol) of the more polar isomer of compound 29c in 3 ml THF was added 0.23 ml of 1.OM tetrabutylammonium fluoride in THF and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 35 minutes, then diluted, with 25 ml of CH 2 C1 2 . The organic phaεe was washed with 15 ml portions of H 2 0, saturated NaHCO.,, and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The εolution waε filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a white foam which was purified by flash chromatog¬ raphy (10 g of εilica, 2% MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 containing a trace of MeOH εaturated with NH 3 ) to yield 38 mg (61%) of the product aε a white stiff foam. EXAMPLE 31 Preparation of - 126 - Step 31a A flame dried 100 ml 3-neck flask was purged with argon, and charged with 2.0 gm (10.4 mmol) of N-t-butyl toluamide, 3.47 ml of TMEDA and 25 ml of THF. The mixture was cooled in a dry ice/acetone bath and 14.4 ml of a 1.6 M solution of n- butyl lithium in hexane was added over a 20 minute period while maintaining the temperature below -65°C. After an additional hour of stirring at the dry ice/acetone temperature, the now deep orange solution was cannulated over 5 minutes into a solution of 15 ml of 5.7 gm of epibromohydrin in 15 ml of THF. A clear, light orange solution resulted. The reaction flask was transferred to a glycol/dry ice bath (-12: -15°C) and εtirred for about 70 minutes. At this time, the reaction was quenched with about 9 ml of 0.5N NH.C1, then poured into 150 ml brine, extracted twice with 50 ml portions of ethyl acetate and dried over Na 2 S0 4 . After filtering and vacuum removal of solvent, 7.38 gm of waxy, orange εolid waε recovered. Thiε εolid was purified by flash chromatography using 20% THF in hexane. Appropriate fractions were combined and filtered and solvent was removed by vacuum, yielding 685 mg (32%) of product. A solution of 75 mg (0.3 mmol) of compound 31a and 62 mg (0.33 mmol) of compound 22c in 4 ml of ethanol was heated to reflux for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated under vacuum to a yellow foam. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (15 g silica, 40-50% ethyl acetate/hexane containing 1.5% MeOH saturated with NH 3 ) to yield the product as two diastereomerε. The leεε polar iεomer, not pure by TLC, waε rechromatographed (10 g εilica, 40-50% ethyl acetate/hexane containing 0.5% MeOH saturated with NH,) to yield 20 mg as a white solid. The more polar iεomer waε pure after the firεt chromatography (35 mg aε a white solid). Total yield 55 mg (43%). EXAMPLE 32 Preparation of To a solution of 600 mg (2.49 mmol) of compound 3a and 0.75 ml of tetramethylethylenediamine in 15 ml of anhydrous THF, cooled to -78°C, was added 3.11 ml of a 1.6M solution of n-Buli in hexane, dropwise, over 10 minutes. The solution was stirred at -78°C for 45 minutes and 0.14 ml (1.25 mmol) of 1,3-dichloroisobutene waε added, dropwiεe. The mixture was allowed to warm to -30°C, then poured into 30 ml of di¬ lute NH 4 C1 solution. The aqueous phaεe waε extracted with three 25 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with 30 ml portions of 10% citric acid εolu¬ tion, H 2 0, and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The εolution was filtered and concentrated to a yellowish white solid which was purified by flash chromatography (100 g of silica, 1.5-10% ethyl acetate/CH 2 Cl 2 ) to yield 370 mg (56%) of prod¬ uct as a white εolid. To a solution of 60 mg (0.11 mmol) of compound 32a in 2 ml dioxane and 0.5 ml H«0, was added one drop of 2.5% OsO. solution in t-butyl alcohol. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and 48 mg (0.22 mmol) of NaI0 4 was added in one por¬ tion. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours, then poured into 15 ml of H«0 and the aqueous mixture was extracted with three 15 ml portions of ether. The com¬ bined organic phase was washed with 10 ml portionε of H 2 0 and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated to a viscous yellow oil which was purified by flash chromatography (10 g silica, 30-40% ethyl acetate/ hexane) to yield 40 mg (67%) of product as a white solid. Step 32c To a solution of 35 mg (0.065 mmol) of compound 32b in 2 ml of MeOH was added 3 mg (0.078 mmol) of NaBH 4 in one por¬ tion. The reaction was εtirred for 15 minutes at room tem¬ perature, then poured into 10 ml of saturated NaHCO-, solu¬ tion. The aqueouε phaεe was extracted with two 15 ml por¬ tionε of ethyl acetate, the combined organic phaεe waε washed with 10 ml of H 2 0 and dried over MgS0 4 . The organic phase was then filtered and concentrated to a white foam which was purified by flash chromatography (10 g of silica, 30-40% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 29 mg (83%) of product aε a white εolid. EXAMPLE 33 Preparation of To a solution of 4.97 gm (0.043 mole) of hydroxyethyl-t-butyl amine and 18 ml of trimethyl amine in 100 ml of CH 2 C1 2 , cooled to 0°C, was added 11 ml (0.085 mole) of o-toluoyl chloride, dropwiεe. The reaction mixture waε allowed to warm to room temperature and waε εtirred for 24 hourε. The reaction waε then quenched by pouring the reac¬ tion mixture into 100 ml of H 2 0 and extracted once with 100 ml of CH 2 C1 2 . The organic phaεe waε waεhed with 100 ml por¬ tionε of H 2 0, 10% citric acid, H 2 0, and εaturated NaHC0 3 , then dried over MgS0 4 . The dried εolution waε filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a viεcouε yellow oil which was disεolved in 100 ml of 90% aqueouε methanol. To this solu¬ tion was added 5.5 ml of 45% KOH and the mixture waε kept at room temperature for 45 minuteε. It waε then concentrated under vacuum, diluted with 100 ml of H 2 0 and extracted three timeε with 100 ml portionε of diethyl ether. The combined organic phaεes were dried over MgS0 4 , then filtered and con¬ centrated under vacuum to a light yellow oil. This oil was disεolved in a 30% ethyl acetate/hexane mixture. The product was crystallized from thiε εolution in two crops to yield 6.5 g (64% yield) To a solution of 1.58 gm (7.21 mmol) of compound 33a and 0.15 ml of diisopropyl amine in 30 ml of anhydrous THF, cooled to -78°C, was added 14 ml of a 1.3M solution of s-BuLi (1.3M, 14 ml, 15.5 mmol) in hexane, dropwise over 5 minutes. The solution waε εtirred at -78°C for 45 minuteε and 0.42 ml (3.6 mmol) of 1,3-dichloroiεobutene waε added, dropwiεe. The εolution waε εtirred at -78°C for 1.5 hours and the reaction was then quenched by the addition of 75 ml of dilute NH 4 C1 solution and the aqueouε phaεe waε extracted with two 60 ml portionε of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phaεe was washed with 50 ml portions of 10% citric acid, H 2 0 and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concen¬ trated to a colorless foam which waε purified by flash chro¬ matography (200 g silica, 50-65% ethyl acetate/hexane) to yield 0.50 g (28%) of product as a colorless, viscous oil. To a solution of 250 mg (0.48 mmol) of compound 33b in 10 ml of dioxane and 5 ml of H~0 was added two drops of 2.5% Os0 4 solution in t-butyl alcohol. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and 308 mg (1.44 mmol) of NaI0 4 was added over 30 minutes and the mixture was then stirred at room tempera¬ ture for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into 30 ml of H 2 0 and the aqueous mixture was extracted with three 20 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with 25 ml portions of H 2 0 and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated to a vis¬ cous brown oil which was purified by flash chromatography (50 g silica, 8-15% ethyl acetate/ethyl ether) to yield 180 mg (71%) of product as a viscous oil. Step 33d To a solution of 110 mg (0.21 mmol) of compound 33c in 5 ml of methanol was added 48 mg (1.26 mmol) of NaBH 4 in one portion. The reaction mixture was εtirred for one hour at room temperature and then poured into 15 ml of εaturated NaHCO, εolution. The aqueous phase was extracted three times with 15 ml portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with 10 ml of water, then dried over MgS0 4 . The organic εolution was filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a white foam. This foam was purified by flash chromatography (15 g εilica, 10-25% ethyl acetate/ether) to yield 70 mg (35%) of product as a stiff white foam. EXAMPLE 34 Preparation of Step 34a Chromium trioxide (14.4 gm, 144 mmol) was added slowly to 23.3 ml of pyridine and the mixture was diluted with 300 ml CH 2 C1 ? . The alcohol 13b (6.16 gm, 26.2 mmol) was added to the chromium trioxide solution at 25°C and the reaction was stirred for 2 hours. After dilution with ether, the reaction was washed twice with 150 ml of IN HCl, IN NaOH, saturated NaHC0 3 , and brine. Drying over MgS0 4 and concentration afforded a yellow oil, which chromatographed on silica (1:1 ether/hexane), yielding 4 gm (65%) of aldehyde 34a as a white amorphous εolid. The εtructure waε confirmed by NMR. 34b To 764 mg (6.42 mmol) of methyl magnesium bromide in 10 ml of dry ether was added 500 mg (2.14 mmol) of compound 34a in 15 ml of dry ether at 0°C, resulting in a milky white εo¬ lution. The ice bath was removed and the mixture was warmed to room temperature. After 1 hour at room temperature, TLC indicated that some starting material remained. Another equivalent (119 mg) of methyl magnesium bromide was added and the solution changed from milky white to clear. The reaction was quenched with ice and IN HCl, extracted with ethyl ac¬ etate and ether, washed with brine, then dried over MgS0 4 . Concentration under vacuum yielded 576 mg of a clear oil which was then purified by flash chromatography (Si0 2 : 2/1 ether-hexane) yielding 358 mg (76%) of product. The structure was confirmed by 'HNMR. Step 34c CrO, (580 mg - 5.8 mmol) was added to 1 mL of pyridine and a paste formed with exotherm. Three ml of CH 2 C1 2 were added and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes more. An - 135 - additional 12 ml of CH 2 C1 2 were added (total=15ml) and (360 mg, 1.4 mmol) of compound 34b in 3 ml of CH 2 G1 2 was added, dropwise. The solution turned dark. After 1 hour, TLC indicated that about 20% of the starting material remained. An additional 2 equivalents of the Cr0 3 /pyridine reagent in 3 mL of CH ? C1~ was added. The reaction was essentially complete after 3 more hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ether and CH 2 C1 2 and filtered through Si0 2 and concentrated under vacuum to yield 309 mg of a white solid, which was purified by flash chromatography (Si0 2 , 1:1 ether/hexane) yielding 228 mg (66%) of the product as a white solid. Step 34d To 281 mg (1.47 mmol) of N-t-butyl toluamide, which had been pumped down on highvac equipment, was added 341 mg (2.93 mmol) of TMEDA and 8 ml of THF. The mixture was cooled to -78°C using a dry ice/acetone bath, and s-butyl lithium (2.7 ml, 2.93 mmol) was added dropwiεe. The color turned to deep orange. The mixture was stirred at -78°C for 45 min¬ utes, at which time 165 mg (0.667 mmol) of compound 34c in 5 ml of THF was added via cannula. The color changed to light orange. The temperature waε allowed to rise to -30°C at which point the color disappeared. The reaction was quenched with IN HCl, washed with brine, extracted with CH 2 C1 2 and dried over MgS0 4 . Concentration under vacuum yielded 550 mg of clear oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography using initially 1:1 ether/hexane, changing to 2:1 ether/hexane solvent, yielding 41 mg of product (14% yield) . EXAMPLE 35 Preparation of Step 35a s-Butyl lithium (1.34 ml, 1.34 mmol) was added to a solution of 0.158 gm (0.67 mmol) of compound 33a ' and 28 μl of diisopropyl amine in THF at -78°C. A red color started to develop after about 70 μl of s-butyl lithium had been added. After all of the s-BuLi waε added, εolution became deep blue. The mixture waε εtirred at -78°C for 1 hour, then 0.117 gm (0.335 mmole) of compound 7e in 1 ml of THF was added, dropwise. After about 30 minutes the solution became less colored (deep blue changed to very light blue). The reaction mixture was quenched 40 minutes later. The product was purified by flash chromatography. The chromatography was carried out twice; first with 70:30 methylene chloride/ethyl acetate, then with 80:20 methylene chloride/acetone. The yield was 87 mg (50%) of product. Step 35b NaBH 4 (13.5 mg, 0.3 mmol) was added to a εolution of 0.8 gm(0.15 mmol) of compound 35a in 2 ml of EtOH at room temperature and the solution was εtirred for 0.5 hour. TLC analysis showed reaction waε complete. The mixture waε then quenched with H 2 0 and extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phaεe was dried over MgS0 4 . Removal of solvent under vacuum yielded 0.077g of a white εolid. Purification by flaεh chromatography uεing Si0 2 with 70% CH 2 Cl 2 /30% ethanol εolvent, yielded 44 mg (78.7%) of clean product. 'HNMR confirmed the structure. EXAMPLE 36 Preparation of Step 36a 36a To a solution of 0.86 g (7.32 mmol) of N-t-butyl-ethanol amine in 30 ml of toluene waε added 3.66 ml of a 2M εolution of trimethylaluminum at 0°C and the mixture waε εtirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. A solution of 0.40 g (1.22 mmol) of compound 23c in 5 ml CH^Cl- was added and the mix¬ ture was heated to 90°C for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and quenched with 20 ml of saturated NH 4 C1 solu¬ tion. The mixture was then extracted three timeε with 30 ml portions of ethyl acetate and the combined organic phase was dried over MgS0 4 . The solution waε filtered and concentrated under vacuum to a yellow viεcouε oil which waε purified by flaεh chromatography (75 g εilica gel, 5-10% ethyl acetate/ CH 2 C1 2 ) to yield 0.16 g (32% yield) of the product as a white solid. 36b To a solution of 170 mg (1.45 mmol) of t-butyl amine in 5 ml of toluene cooled to 0°C was added, dropwise, 0.73 ml of 2 M solution of trimethylaluminum in toluene. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes and 60 mg (0.5- mmol) of compound 23c in 1 ml of dichloroethane was added, dropwise. The mixture was heated for 5 hours at 110°C, cooled and quenched with 10 ml of saturated NH 4 CL εolution. The mixture waε extracted three timeε with 15 ml portions of ethyl acetate and the combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 S0 4 - The solution was filtered and concentrated to a viscous yellow oil, which was purified by flash chromatography using 15-30% ethyl acetate/methylene chloride and 20 gm of εilica gel to yield to 45 mg (76%) of product as a viscouε oil. EXAMPLE 37 Preparation of - 140 - To a solution of 0.12 ml (1.09 mmol) of TMEDA in benzene at 0°C was added 0.53 ml (1.06 mmol) of trimethyl aluminum and the solution was heated to room temperature for 1 hour. A solution of 0.07 g of compound 23c in 1 ml of benzene was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for about 40 minutes, allowed to cool slowly to room temperature and was then stirred overnight. Reflux was then continued for 2 more hours at which time TLC indicated that the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was poured into 20 ml of water, extracted twice with 100 ml portions of ethyl acetate, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. Yield was 0.84 g of material which was purified by flash chromatography (8% NH 3 -methanol/methylene chloride) yielding 0.65 g (65%) of product. The structure was confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 38 Preparation .of Step 38a 38a A suspension of .075 g (.918 mmol) of ethylamine hydrochloride in 2 ml of benzene was cooled to 0°C and 0.46 ml (0.92 mmol) of trimethyl aluminum was added. The solution was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. It was then cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 0.15 g (0.461 mmol) of compound 23c in 2 ml of benzene was added. The solution was then warmed to room temperature and the reaction waε allowed to continue overnight. The reaction waε complete in the morning. It was poured into 0.5N HCl, extracted twice with ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried over Na 2 S0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. Yield was 0.166 g. The product was purified by flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/methylene chloride) yielding 0.133 g (77%) of an oil. NMR confirmed the structure of the product. Step 38b A solution of 0.4 ml (0.364 mmol) of N-N- dimethylethylenediamine in 2 ml of benzene at 0°C was added to 1.8 ml (0.36 mmol) of trimethyl aluminum. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and allowed to stir for 1 hour at which time 0.066 g (0.177 mmol) of compound 38a in 1 ml of benzene was added. The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours, at which time TLC indicated the reaction was complete. The mixture was then poured into 20 ml of water, extracted twice with 100 ml portions of ethyl acetate, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 0.058 g of product which was then purified by flash chromatography (5% methanol/ methylene chloride changing to 1% NH 3 ~methanol/50% methanol/ methylene chloride). The yield was 0.04 g (53% of a white solid). The structure was confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 39 Preparation of Step 39a To a solution of 0.13 ml (1.237 mmol) of t-butylamine in 2 ml of benzene at 0°C was added 0.6 ml (1.2 mmol) of trimethylaluminum. The solution was warmed to room tempera¬ ture and stirred for 1 hour at which time 0.2 g (0.608 mmol) of compound 23c in 2 ml of benzene was added. After 4 hours, the reaction was warmed to 40°C; after 2 more hours, TLC indicated the reaction about 90% complete. The reaction mixture was then allowed to cool to room temperature overnight and the reaction was complete by morning. The mixture was then poured into 0.5N HCl, extracted twice with ethyl acetate, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. Purification by flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/methylene chloride) yielded 0.165 g (68%) of a yellow-white εolid. Structure was confirmed by NMR. Step 39b To a solution of 0.05 gm (0.124 mmol) of compound 39a and 0.3 ml (0.273 mmol) of N-N-dimethylethylenediamine in 2 ml benzene at 0°C was added 0.125 ml (0.25 mmol) of trimethylaluminum. The mixture was warmed to room tempera¬ ture and stirred for 1 hour. A solution of 0.05 gm of com¬ pound 39a in 1 ml of benzene waε added and the mixture waε heated to reflux for about 2 hourε. At thiε time, it waε poured into 10 ml of water and extracted twice with 50 ml portionε of ethyl acetate, then dried over MgS0 4 , and concen¬ trated under vacuum. Crude weight of product waε 0.064 gm, which was purified by flash chromatography (10% methanol/ methylene chloride) yielding 0.448 gm (78%) of a white solid. Structure of the product was confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 40 Preparation of To a solution of 0.42 ml (0.251 mmol) of N-N-dimethyl- neopentyldiamine in 2 ml of benzene at 0°C was added 0.125 ml (0.25 mmol) of trimethylaluminum. The solution was warmed to room temperature and εtirred for 1 hour at which time 0.05 g (0.124 mmol) of compound 39a in 1 ml of benzene waε added. The mixture waε heated to reflux for about 1 hour and worked up as described for example 39, step b. Purification was effected by flash chromatography, using 8% methanol/methylene chloride. Yield waε 0.058 gm (87%) of the product aε an oil which solidified after pumping down. The structure was confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 41 Preparation of To a solution of 0.0366 g (0.083 mmol) of compound 23 in 0.5 ml of DMSO at room temperature was added 0.1 g (0.151 mmol) of 85% potaεsium hydroxide solution and 0.1 ml (1.61 mmol) of iodomethane. The reaction mixture was stirred for about 30 minutes then diluted with ethyl acetate, washed twice with water, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated. Purifi¬ cation by flash chromatography (40% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielded 0.33 g (88%) of a white solid. Structure was con¬ firmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 42 Preparation of A solution was prepared of 0.56 ml (1.12 mmol) of trimethylaluminum and 0.1 ml (1.15 mmol) of morpholine in 2 ml of toluene at 0°C. The solution was warmed to room tem¬ perature and stirred for 1 hour at which point 0.091 g (0.0225 mmol) of compound 39a in 2 ml of toluene waε added. The reaction mixture waε heated to reflux for 45 minuteε whereupon all εtarting material had been conεumed. The mix¬ ture was cooled, poured into water, extracted three times with a total of 100 ml of ethyl acetate, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The yield was 0.118 g of crude material. Purification by flaεh chromatography (40% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielded 49 mg of a firεt product and 35 mg of a εecond product. Both were yellow-white foams. The prod¬ ucts were vacuum pumped overnight and NMR confirmed that the second product was the desired compound. EXAMPLE 43 Preparation of Step 43a 43a A mixture of 10 g (50 mmol) of 1 chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid in 100 ml of 3% HCl in methanol waε εtirred at room tem¬ perature for 1 hour then heated to reflux for a total of 5 hourε. At this time the reaction was substantially complete. It waε cooled and concentrated under vacuum to a yellow white εolid which waε diεεolved in ethyl acetate, washed sequen¬ tially with saturated NaHC0 3 , water and then brine. The ex¬ tract was dried over MgS0 4 , concentrated under vacuum to 9.2 g (45 mmol, 85%) of a white solid. Structure of the solid was confirmed by NMR. A solution of 5 g (23.2 mmol) of compound 43a in 50 ml of DMSO was reacted with NaSH at 50° C. A large quantity of solid formed. An additional 20 ml of DMSO was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. A dark brown mixture was formed and after 6 hours TLC indicated that all of the starting material had been consumed. The mixture was allowed to cool slowly and was stirred over a weekend. A brown εludge waε poured εlowly into water while εtirring, yielding a yellow precipitate. The precipitate was filtered out, dis¬ solved in hot ethyl acetate, reduced under vacuum to 400 ml volume, then purified by flash chromatography (10% ethyl acetate/40% hexane/methylene chloride). No εeparation oc¬ curred and the material was chromatographed once again using 20% hexane/methylene chloride. A yield of 1.75 g (36%) of the disulfide product waε recovered. The εtructure waε con¬ firmed by NMR. Step 43c A εolution waε prepared of 1.54 g (3.63 mmol) of com¬ pound 43b in 40 ml of DMF with heating. The εolution was then cooled in an ice bath. Sodium hydroxide was added, whereupon the solution turned dark red. It was stirred for one hour at room temperature. The solution was then cooled to 0° and 2.16 g (7.5 mmol) of compound 23b in 5 ml of etha¬ nol was added and the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature. After two hours of εtirring, TLC showed all compound 43b had reacted. The mixture was poured into IN HCL and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic layerε were washed sequentially with water and brine, dried over MgSO. and concentrated under vacuum. A crude weight of 4 g was recovered and purified by flash chromatography, in 33% yield, using methylene chloride. NMR confirmed the structure except that an ester interchange had taken place and the ester was now the ethyl ester. Step 43d To a solution of 0.63 ml (1.26 mmol) of trimethylaluminum in 2 ml of toluene at 0°C waε added 0.13 ml (1.24 mmol) of t-butyl amine. The temperature was increased to room temperature and the mixture waε εtirred for 1 hour. Compound 43c (0.94 gm/0.225 mmol) in toluene waε added and the mixture waε heated to reflux. After 15 minutes, TLC in¬ dicated that all compound 43c had been consumed forming two products. After another 30 minutes of heating, the reaction waε complete. The reaction mixture waε poured into water, extracted twice with ethyl acetate, dried over MgS0 4 and con¬ centrated under vacuum. Purification by flaεh chromatography (50% ethyl acetate/methylene chloride) yielded 0.63 gm (51%) of product. The εtructure waε confirmed by 'HNMR. EXAMPLE 44 Preparation of A εolution of 0.03 g (0.061 mmol) of compound 43d in 2 ml of glacial acetic acid waε treated with 20 mg of metal¬ lic zinc at room temperature. No reaction waε noted after one hour εo an additional 20 mg of zinc waε added. The reaction waε complete after 1.5 additional hours. The product was filtered through Celite, concentrated under vacuum, disεolved with ethyl acetate, washed with εaturated NaHC0 3 , dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated by vacuum. Purification by flaεh chromatography, uεing 50% ethyl acetate/hexane, yielded 7.6 mg of product. Structure waε confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 45 Preparation of A εolution of 0.37 g (0.082 mmol) of compound 44a and 17 microliters of pyridine in 0.5 ml of methylene chloride was cooled to -15°C and reacted with 0.18 gm (0.103 mmol) of 3-pyridine carboxylic acid chloride hydrochloride salt. After 30 minuteε, clean converεion to a more polar product had taken place. The reaction mixture was poured into water, extracted twice with ethyl acetate, washed with water, then brine and dried over MgS0 4 . The extract waε concentrated under vacuum to yield 30 mg of a yellow εolid. The yellow εolid waε purified by flaεh chromatography (5% methanol/ methylene chloride) yielding 0.27 gm (59%) of a yellow white εolid. The εtructure waε confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 46 Preparation of A εolution of 0.5 g (0.108 mmol) of compound 44a, 10 μl of 4-pyridine-carboxaldehyde (0.105 mmol) in 1 ml of metha¬ nol and 0.5 ml of 6% hydrochloric acid in methanol waε treated at room temperature with NaCNBH 3 and was allowed to stir overnight. By morning, a εmall amount of a polar compound had formed but the mixture was still mostly starting material. An additional 20 μl (2 equivalents) of the 4- pyridine-carboxaldehyde was added and the reaction was al¬ lowed to continue stirring at room temperature. After 4 ad¬ ditional hours, TLC indicated that all starting material had been conεumed and 2 polar products had been formed. After one more hour of stirring, the reaction mixture was poured into IN NaOH and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The ex¬ tract was dried over and concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography using ethyl acetate yielded 29 mg of a first fraction and 14 mg of a second fraction. NMR confirmed the structure of the larger fraction to be the desired com¬ pound. This product was repurified by flash chromatography ' (3% methanol/methylene chloride) yielding 7 mg of the pure product. NMR confirmed the εtructure. EXAMPLE 47 Preparation of Step 47a A εolution of 10 g (53 mmol) of 2-hydroxy-naphthalene carboxylic acid in 200 ml of ethanol was added, dropwise, to a solution of excess diazomethane in ether at -5°C. Ad¬ ditional starting material (7.18 g) was added to kill the excess diazomethane. Acetic acid was added, the reaction mixture was diluted with ether and extracted with sodium hy¬ droxide εolution at a pH of about 8 to 9. The extract was waεhed with ether and brine, treated with charcoal and dried over MgS0 4 . Concentration under vacuum yielded 18 g of crude light yellow εolid. Structure of thiε material was confirmed by NMR. The product was then recrystallized from ether/ hexane yielding a total of 14.94 g (82%). Step 47b 47b A solution of 2 g (9.915 mmol) of compound 47a in 15 ml of DMF was cooled to 0°C and 0.40 g of sodium hydride was slowly added. Gas was evolved and the mixture waε εtirred for 5 -minutes then warmed to room temperature. After ten minutes another 5 ml of DMF waε added. The solution was then cooled to 0°C and 1.61 gm of N,N-dimethyl-thio-carbamoyl chloride was added. The mixture was εtirred 5 minuteε and then warmed back to room temperature. After one hour, the reaction was indicated by TLC to be about 90% complete. The temperature was raised to 50° and the reaction was complete after one more hour. The reaction mixture was poured into ether, extracted with IN NaOH then with brine. The aqueous layers were then extracted again. The extracts were washed with IN HCl and dried over MgS0 4 . The maεs was then concentrated under vacuum to about 200 ml and 1.64 gm of a white solid was filtered off. The filtrate was also collected and concentrated under vacuum to 1.08 g of a yellow oil. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (40% ethanol/hexane loaded on methylene chloride) yielding 0.23 g of a white solid. The 1.64 gmε of white εolid was also purified by flash chromatography yielding 1.55 gm. The two products were combined. NNR confirmed the structure. Step 47c A mixture of 0.9 gm (3.11 mmol) of compound 47b in 25 ml of sulfolane was subjected to 2 freeze-pump-thaw cycles then heated to 180°C. After approximately 2 hours and 45 minutes of heating, TLC indicated that the reaction was complete and it was allowed to cool. The mixture was then poured into wa¬ ter, extracted twice with ether, washed twice with water, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The yield was 0 ^ 901 g which was purified by flaεh chromatography in a 1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane. Some impurity remained and the chromatography waε repeated yielding a total of 0.46 g (51%). NMR confirmed the εtructure of the product. A solution of 0.206 g (.711 mmol) of compound 47c in 8 ml of methanol was treated at room temperature with 0.35 ml of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide. When no reaction was ob¬ served after 20 minutes, the material was warmed to 40°C for 30 minutes and stored cold overnight. Another ml of the 10% sodium hydroxide was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour, at which time, the temperature was increased to 40°C for 3 additional hours. The mixture was then washed with IN HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The reaction was repeated and the products from the two runs were combined and purified by flash chromatography (30% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielding 0.262 g (83%). The structure was confirmed by NMR. Step 47e 23b A solution of 0.08 g of potaεεium hydroxide in a mixture of 0.8 ml of water and 4 ml of ethanol waε cooled to 0°C and a εolution of 0.253 g of compound 47d in 1 ml of ethanol was added. The mixture was stirred for 20 minur.es and then 0.324 g (1.125 mmol) of compound 23b and 1 ml of ethanol was added. The mixture was allowed to warm overnight. The reac¬ tion mixture was then poured into water, extracted twice with ethyl acetate, then washed with brine and dried over MgS0 4 . Concentration under vacuum yielded 0.381 g. The product was purified by flash chromatography (20% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielding 0.289 g (66%) of product. NMR confirmed the struc¬ ture. To a solution of 0.66 ml (1.32 mmol) of trimethylaluminum in toluene at 0°C was added 0.14 ml (1.33 mmol) of t-butylamine. The mixture waε warmed and εtirred at room temperature for one hour, at which time a εolution of 0.09 g (0.238 mmol) of compound 47e in 2 ml of toluene waε added. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for one hour, at which time, TLC showed complete converεion to a more polar product. The maεε waε cooled, poured into water, extracted twice with ethyl acetate and dried over MgS0 4 , yielding a crude weight of 0.118 g. Thiε waε purified by flaεh chromatography (40% ethyl acetate/hexane) yielding 0.089 g (76%) of a white εolid. NMR confirmed the εtructure. Step 47q A solution of 2.35 gm (5.2 mmol) of compound 47f in a mixture 60 ml of methanol and 30 ml of 3N NaOH was heated to 60°C and held at that temperature for about 2.5 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool and was then poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated. The product was purified by flash chromatography uεing 50% methanol/ methylene chloride, yielding 1.46 gm (64%) of compound 47g. Step 47h A εolution of .0937 gm of dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC) in 4 ml of ethyl acetate was cooled to 0°C and 0.1979 gm of pentafluorophenol in 2 ml of ethyl acetate was added followed by 0.1254 gm of compound 47g. The reaction progreεεed until about 80% of compound 47g was esterified, at which time an additional 0.629 gm of the pentafluorophenol in 1 ml of ethyl acetate was added. After one hour, very little additional reaction had taken place. The mixture was filtered to remove DCC, washed 3 times with saturated Na 2 HC0 3 , dried over MgS0 4 , concentrated under vacuum. Purification by flash chromatography using 40% ethyl acetate/ hexane yielded 0.107 gm (59%) of the product as a white solid. Step 47i 7 tBuNH 2 47i A solution of 0.10 gm (0.168 mmol) of compound 47h in 3 ml of THF waε cooled to 0°C and 50 μl (0.476 mmol) of t- butylamine waε added. After ten minuteε εtirring, the mixture waε warmed to room temperature for one hour, then heated to reflux for one hour, cooled to room temperature and εtirred overnight. The mixture waε reheated to reflux, 2 ml of DMF waε added and εtirring waε continued for 24 hours. The mixture was then diluted in ethyl acetate, waεhed with H-O, then with IN HCl, then with brine, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The product waε isolated by flash chromatography, yielding 8 mg (10%). EXAMPLE 48 Preparation of Step 48a A εolution of 6.31 g (1.3 mol) of the amidopyridine de¬ rivative in 5 ml of THF containing 0.3 ml of TMEDA waε cooled to -78°C and 2.6 mmol of ε-butyl lithium waε added. A yellow color reεulted. The mixture waε εtirred for 1.5 hours at - 78°C. At this time 0.247 gm (0.649 mmol) of compound 9e in 7 ml of THF waε added. A red/brown εolution resulted. This εolution waε εtirred at -78°C for one hour, then quenched with water, extracted with ethyl acetate and concentrated under vacuum. NMR confirmed the εtructure of the product contaminated with a εmall amount of reεidual amidopyridine derivative. To a εolution of 0.39 g (0.69 mmol) of compound 48a in 3 ml of methanol was added 30 mg of NaBH.. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for two hours and methanol ' was stripped off under vacuum. The compound was dried over MgS0 4 . Purification by flash chromatography (15% ethyl acetate/methylene chloride/1% methanol) followed by precipi¬ tation with ether yielded 0.02 gm of the product. EXAMPLE 49 Preparation of Step 49a 49a About 2.2 gm (11.82 mmol) of 2-methyl-l-naphthoic acid waε partially dissolved in 30 ml of benzene and the solution was cooled to 0°C. To the cold solution was added 1.34 ml (15.37 mmol) of oxalyl chloride and one drop of DMF. Vigor¬ ous bubbling reεulted when the εolution waε warmed to room temperature. Then the temperature was raised to near reflux for a total of 1 hour. TLC indicated fair amount of reεidual starting material remaining so another equivalent of oxalyl chloride and DMF was added. The temperature was raised back to reflux and allowed to reflux for 20 minutes. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under vacuum to an orange solid. The material was partially redissolved in 30 ml of methylene chloride and 2.73 ml of t-butyl amine was added. Reaction then proceeded cleanly but was allowed to continue overnight. The maεε waε washed with water and ethyl acetate and purified by flash chromatography using a 4:1 hexane/ether mixture. Yield was 2.6 gm (92%). Structure was confirmed by NMR. Step 49b A solution of 1.2 g of compound 49a and 15 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C and 11.7 ml of s-butyl lithium waε added. The εolution waε εtirred for 1.5 hourε, at which time 1.14 g (4.97 mmol) of S-glycidyl toεylate waε added. The reaction mix was stirred for one half hour at -78°C, then quenched with NH4CI, extracted with ethyl acetate and waεhed with water followed by brine and dried over MgS0 4 . > The extract was then concentrated on 7 ml of Florisil and purified by flash chromatography (20% THF/hexane). The yield was 0.75 g of product (51%). Structure was confirmed by NMR. To 0.459 g (2.02 mmol) of N-(t-butyl)naphthamide at -12°C was added 4 ml of s-butyl lithium, and the mix was warmed to 0°C and stirred for 45 minuteε. A εolution of 0.3 g (1.01 mmol) of compound 49b in 10 ml of THF was added. The red solution turned to a milky yellow/brown. In about 18 minutes following addition of compound 49b, 80% of the com¬ pound had been consumed. The reaction was then quenched with εaturated NH.C1 and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ma¬ terial waε purified by flaεh chromatography in a 1:1 hexane/ ethyl acetate. The maεε waε then concentrated on 7 ml of Floriεil, and εubjected again to flaεh chromatography using THF/hexane. A total of about 0.16 g of product was re¬ covered. NMR confirmed the εtructure. EXAMPLE 50 Preparation Step 50a To a solution of 1 naphthol in 100 ml of acetone was added 13.7 g of K 2 CO.,, then 6.6 ml (76.29 mmol) of allyl bro¬ mide. The solution was heated to reflux for four hours, at . which time TLC indicated the reaction to be about 80% com¬ plete. Another 3.3 ml of allyl bromide was added and the solution was refluxed mildly overnight. The reaction mass was then filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 13.7 g (98%) of product. Structure was confirmed by NMR. Step 50b 50b A solution of 16.32 g of compound 50a in 125 ml of N,N- dimethyl aniline was heated to reflux under an argon atmo- εphere. Reflux waε continued for four hours, at which time TLC showed the reaction to be complete. The reaction mixture was allowed to sit overnight at room temperature, then poured into 100 ml of 3N HCl and then 200 ml of ether were added. The organic layer waε εeparated, washed six timeε with 100 ml portionε of 3N HCl and then four times with 200 ml of IN HCl. The extract was then washed with four 200 ml portions of wa¬ ter and dried on MgS0 4 . The dried product was distilled through a short path column at 130°C under an atmosphere of argon. Yield was 15.58 gm of an orange oil which solidified upon standing. 50c A solution of 4.1 gm (22.26 mmol) of compound 50b in 50 ml of methylene chloride was cooled to 0°C and 1.89 ml of pyridine waε added, followed by dropwiεe addition of 6.6 g (23.37 mmol) of triflic anhydride. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours, while allowing the temperature to rise from 0°C to room temperature. The maεε waε poured in 100 ml of IN HCl and extracted with methylene chloride. The ex¬ tractε were waεhed with εaturated NaHCO,, then concentrated on 20 ml of Floriεil. Flaεh chromatography using a 20:1 hexane/ethyl acetate yielded 5.60 gm of product. A solution of 5.6 g (17.7 mmol) of compound 50c in 60 ml of methylene chloride was cooled to 0°C and 6.11 g of m- chloro-perbenzoic acid (MCPBA) was added. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at 0°C, then at room temperature for 5 hours at which time another 1.3 g of MCPBA was added and the solution, warmed to 35°C and allowed to stir overnight. The mixture was then poured into 0.5N NaOH, extracted with two 50 ml portions of methylene chloride, washed, dried and filtered through silica gel, then concentrated under vacuum. Flash chromatography in an 8:1 hexane ethyl acetate mixture yielded 5.4 g of product. The structure was confirmed by NMR. Step 50e 50e A mixture consiεting of 1.41 gm (4.42 mmol) of compound 50d, 0.068 gm of palladium (II) acetate, 0.125 gm of 1,3-bis diphenylphosphino propane (DPPP), 1.4 ml of triethyl amine, 15 ml of DMSO and 10 ml of methanol was prepared and heated to 75°C under a carbon monoxide atmosphere. Heating was continued for three hours at which time an additional 17 mg of the palladium acetate and 35 mg of DPPP was added. The mass was heated at 70°C overnight, at which time TLC indi¬ cated that the reaction was finished. The masε waε poured into 50 ml of water, then into 50 ml of εaturated NH.C1 and extracted with ethyl acetate followed by waεhing with NaHCO, and brine. Flaεh chromatography in 4:1 hexane/ethyl acetate yielded 0.25 g (24.3%) of product. Structure was confirmed by NMR. Step 50f 50f To a εolution of 0.255 g (1.053 mmol) of compound 50e, 0.353 g of magneεium perchlorate in 3.5 ml of acetonitrile, waε added 0.204 ml (1.58 mmol) of 2-amino methyl benzoate. The mixture waε stirred overnight at room temperature, then poured into water, extracted with ethyl acetate, then con¬ centrated in 3 ml of Florisil. Flaεh chromatography in 1:1 hexane/ether εolution yielded 0.25 g of a white εticky foam. Step 50σ A solution of 2.34 ml of trimethyl aluminum in 4 ml of toluene was cooled to 0°C and .504 ml (4 mmol) of t-butyl amine was added and the mixture was stirred for one hour at room temperature. After an hour, 0.23 g (.0585 mmol) of compound 50f in 3 ml of toluene was added, dropwise, and the solution was heated to 95°C for about 2.5 hours. Temperature was reduced to 65°C and stirring was continued for 4 more hours at which point the heat was turned back up to 120°C and continued at that temperature for a total of 22 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into IN HCl and then extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water and concentrated on 3 ml of Florisil. Flaεh chromatograph yielded 0.075 gm (80%) of product. Structure waε confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 51 Preparation of compound 50 by alternate route. 50d A solution of 0.068 g (0.205 mmol) of compound 50d and. 0.046 g of magnesium perchlorate in 1 ml of acetonitrile was prepared. At room temperature, 26 microliters (0.205 mmol) of 2-amino-methyl benzoate was added. The mixture waε εtirred at room temperature for one hour at which time an¬ other 13 μl of the 2-amino-methyl benzoate was added and another 0.024 g of magnesium perchlorate. The reaction mixture waε εtirred overnight at room temperature, after which the εolution was warmed to 45°C and stirred for 4 more hours. The reaction mix was poured into water, extracted with ethyl acetate, then washed with brine. After concentra¬ tion on 2 ml of Floriεil, the mixture waε purified by flash chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate), yielding 0.068 g (68.7%) of product. NMR confirmed the structure. Step 51b 51b Under a carbon monoxide atmosphere, a mixture consisting of 0.068 g of compound 51a, 3 mg of palladium (II) acetate, 4 mg of DPPP, 70 μl of triethyl amine, 1 ml of DMSO, 0.6 ml of methanol and 250 μl of 1,2-dichloroethane was heated under a carbon monoxide atmosphere to about 65°C for three hours and then for one more hour at 70°C. The reaction mixture was poured into dilute HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with NaHCO, and brine and dried over MgS0 4 , then filtered through Celite and concentrated on 3 ml of Florisil. Flash chromatography in a 3:2 hexane/ether yielded about 0.06 g of a white solid product. NMR confirmed the structure. Step 51c To 0.44 ml of a 2.0M εolution of trimethyl aluminum in toluene at 0°C waε added 95 microliterε (0.904 mol) of t- butyl amine. The mixture was stirred for one hour at room temperature, at which time a solution of 0.04 g of compound 51b in 2 ml of toluene waε εlowly added. The mixture was heated at 95°C for 45 minutes, at which time TLC indicated that the reaction waε eεεentially complete. The εolution was then refluxed mildly for three hours. Following reflux, the εolution waε poured into dilute HCl, extracted with ethyl acetate, and waεhed with water and brine. Following con¬ centration on 2 ml of Floriεil, the product waε purified by flaεh chromatography in a 3:2 ethyl hexane εolution. Struc¬ ture was confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 52 Preparation of Step 52a 52. To a solution of 107 μl (0.776 mmol) of 1-mercapto methylbenzoate in 2 ml of THF was added 23 mg of sodium hy¬ dride. Bubbling occurred and the reaction mixture turned yellow and was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes. A solution of 0.188 g (0.776 mmol) of compound 50e in 1 ml of THF was added to the mass at room temperature. After one hour at 35°C, the mixture was warmed to 55°C In about 20 minutes, reaction was complete. The reaction mass was worked up with IN HCl and water and was combined with another portion of the same material derived in an earlier experiment using the same procedure. Flash chromatography in 3:1 hexane/ethyl acetate eluent yielded 0.19 gm of product. Structure was confirmed by NMR. Step 52b To 3 ml of a 2.0 M solution of trimethyl aluminum in toluene at 0°C, was added 0.293 μl (2.78 mmol) of t-butyl amine. The mix was left εtirring for one hour at room temperature, at which time 0.17 g (0.449 mmol) of compound 52a in 2 ml of toluene waε added, dropwiεe. The mixture waε heated to mild reflux (75-80°C) for about 15 minuteε at which time reflux waε increaεed to 100°C. The mixture waε then poured into 50 ml of water, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried under vacuum on 3 ml of Floriεil, then purified by flaεh chromatography uεing a 1:1 hexane ethyl acetate. Structure of the product waε confirmed by NMR. EXAMPLE 53 Preparation of A 3 neck flask fitted with a septum and a stopper was flame dried in vacuum and purged with argon, after which 0.436 gm (3.78 mmol) of 2,2-dimethyl morpholine in 5 ml of benzene was charged into it. The flask and contents were cooled in an ice bath and 1.9 ml of a 2M solution of trimethyl aluminum was added over 2 minuteε while maintaining the temperature between 5 and 8°C. The clear εolution waε warmed to room temperature and εtirred for 45 minuteε. In one portion, 0.195 gm (0.63 mmol) of compound 25e in one ml of benzene was added by syringe. The syringe was rinεed with 0.5 ml of benzene, which waε alεo charged to the reaction flaεk. The mixture was stirred at 50°C under argon for 5 hourε at which time the temperature was increased to 70-75°C overnight. The reaction masε quenched with 2 ml of 0.5N NH 4 C1, poured into water and extracted twice with 20 ml portionε of ethyl acetate. The organic layerε were combined, dried and filtered. Solvent was removed under vacuum, yielding 212 mg of a yellow, oily masε. By flaεh chromatography uεing 30% hexane/ethyl acetate, 26.1 mg of a firεt product and 77 mg of a εecond product were iεolated. Following εolvent removal, theεe were identified aε compound 53, the title compound, and compound 53a, an amide-ester. EXAMPLE 54 Following subεtantially the identical procedure aε was used in Example 53, 49.1 mg (0.125 mmol of) compound 53a was reacted with t-butylamine in toluene, Thirty (30) mg (52%) of product was recovered. EXAMPLE 55 Preparation of Following subεtantially the identical procedure aε was used in Example 53, 0.197 gm (0.637 mmol) of compound 25e was reacted with N-methyl-t-butylamine in toluene medium. Yield was 44 mg (19.7%) of the desired product. EXAMPLE 56 Preparation of In a 50 ml 3-neck flask previously flame-dried and purged with argon, 1 gm (5.23 mmol) of N-t-butyl toluamide waε diεεolved in dry THF. The εolution waε εtirred under argon then cooled to -78°C in a dry ice/acetone bath. Dropwiεe 0.85 ml of ε-butyl lithium waε added by syringe over a 15 minute period. The temperature remained below -65°C. The mixture was stirred for one hour at -78°C and 0.92 gm (5.23 mmol) of N, N' , -dimethyl-dimethoxyoxalamide was added in one portion at -78°C. The mixture waε εtirred for one ad¬ ditional hour at -78°C, then waε allowed to warm to room temperature over a two hour period. The reεulting product waε εtirred at room temperature overnight, then poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were washed with saturated NaHC0 3 , water and brine, then dried over Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography using a 10% ethyl acetate/hexane εolution followed by a 25% ethyl acetate εolution. The appropriate fractionε were collected and concentrated yielding 1.1 gm of the product. Step 56b 56b A solution of 0.7 gm (2.3 mmol) of compound 56a in 15 ml of alcohol was cooled to 0°C in a 50 ml flask. In one portion, 0.086 gm of NaBH. was added and the mixture stirred for two hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into saturated NaHCO., and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were washed with water, then with brine and the product waε dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum yielding 0.51 gm of product. Step 56c A εolution of 1.55 gm (8.1 mmol) of N-t-butyl-toluamide in 30 ml of THF waε εtirred under an argon atmosphere and cooled to -78°C. Dropwise, over a ten minute time period, 13.11 ml (17 mmol) of s-butyl lithium was added and the reaction was stirred at -78°C for one hour. After one hour of stirring 0.5 gm (1.6 mmol) of compound 56b in THF was added, dropwiεe, over a ten minute period. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78°C for two hours, then allowed to warm slowly to room temperature and quenched with saturated NH.C1. The reaction mixture was then diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were washed with saturated brine, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by flaεh chromatography using a 10% ethyl acetate/hexane solution followed by a 20% εolution then by a 30% εolution. The appropriate fractionε were collected and concentrated under vacuum yielding 0.193 mg of product. 56d A εolution of 150 mg (.3425 mmol) of compound 56c in 3 ml of alcohol waε cooled to 0°C in a 10 ml round bottom flaεk and 0.013 gm of NaBH. is added in a single portion. The mixture waε εtirred at 0°C for two hourε then poured into εaturated NaHC0 3 and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were washed with water, dried over MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified using 1.5% methanol in methylene chloride yielding the product aε a mixture of diaεtereomerε. EXAMPLE 57 Preparation of Step 57a A solution of 500 mg (2.614 mmol) of N-t-butyl toluamide in 10 ml of THF was cooled to -78°C and treated with 6.2 ml of s-butyl lithium dropwise from a syringe while maintaining temperature below -65°C. After one hour at the low temperature, a εolution of 280 mg (1.307 mmol) of 1,4- dibromobut-2-ene and 5 ml of THF was added dropwise while not allowing the temperature to exceed -60°C. After one hour of stirring, the reaction mixture was quenched with εaturated NH 4 C1 εolution, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water and brine, then dried and concentrated under vacuum yielding a yellow solid. 57b A solution of 9.3 mg of Os0 4 in t-butanol and 43 mg of N-methyl morpholine in a 2:1 acetone/water mixture were mixed. To thiε was added 160 mg (0.368 mmol) of compound 57a and the mixture was εtirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction waε then quenched with εaturated NH 4 C1 and extracted with ethyl acetate, waεhed with water and brine, then dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The product was purified by flash chromatography using 50% ethyl alcohol/hexane, yielding 85 mg (50%) of an oily product. EXAMPLE 58 Step 58a In a 100 ml round bottom flaεk, 2.25 gm (9.5 mmol) of compound 33a was dissolved in 22.5 ml of DMF. To this solution was added 4.32 gm (28.7 mmol) of t-butyl- dimethylεilyl chloride and 2.3 gm of imidazole. This reaction mixture was heated to 55°C and stirred for 16 hourε At thiε time the reaction waε completed and the reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic phases were washed with water and brine, dried over MgS0 4 and concentrated under vacuum. The reεidue waε purified by flash chromatography using 10% ethyl acetate/hexane. The productε were concentrated and pumped dry under vacuum yielding 1.6 gm of product. 58b A solution of 1 gm (2.9 mmol) of compound 58a was dissolved in 10 ml of dry THF, cooled under an argon blanket to -78°C and stirred. In one portion, 43 mg of diisopropylamine was added followed by dropwise addition of 3.9 ml of s-butyl lithium at a rate such that the temperature remainε below -65°C. The reaction maεs was then stirred for 2 hourε at -78°C and a εolution of N, N'-dimethyl- dimethoxyloxalylamide and 2 ml of THF was added dropwise again maintaining the temperature at no greater than -65°C. Stirring waε continued for 2.5 hours at which time the reaction was quenched at -78°C with saturated NH 4 C1. The quenched reaction mixture was then poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extractε were waεhed with, water and brine, then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by flash chromatography uεing 10% ethyl acetate/ hexane. The appropriate fractionε were combined and concentrated under vacuum yielding 0.5 gm of product. Step 58c 58c A εolution of 0.5 gm (1.1 mmol) of compound 58b in 10 ml of ethyl alcohol waε εtirred and cooled to 0°C. In a εingle portion, 0.041 gm of NaBH. waε added and εtirring waε continued for two hourε. The reaction mixture waε poured into an exceεε of εaturated NaHCO, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extractε were waεhed with water and brine, and dried over MgS0 4 . The organic εolution waε filtered and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 0.45 gm of material suitable for use without further purification Step 58d Following subεtantially the εame procedure aε waε used in Step 58b the product from Step 58c was reacted with 0.45 gm (0.96 mmol) of compound 58a. Flaεh chromatography with a 15% ethyl acetate/hexane εolution yielded 0.17 gm of product, 58e A εolution of 0.17 gm of compound 58d was dissolved in 3.4 ml of ethanol, stirred and cooled to about 0°C. In one portion, 0.01 gm of NaBH. was added and the mixture was stirred for an additional two hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into saturated brine and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract waε dried over MgS0 4 yielding 0.15 gm of product suitable for use without further purification. Step 58f To a solution of 0.15 gm of compound 58e in 2 ml of THF was added 2 equivalents of tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride and the mixture waε εtirred at room temperature overnight, then poured into 0.5 N HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract waε washed with water and brine, then purified by flash chromatography uεing 5% ethyl acetate/hexane. The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum, yielding 0.022 gm of product. EXAMPLES 59-115 Using eεεentially the εame chemiεtry and the εame reaction εequenceε deεcribed in Exampleε 1 through 58, the following compounds have also been synthesized: EXAMPLE # STRUCTURE OH 65 68 71 OH H 87 90 93 96 99 103 105 109 112 115 Example 116 Using a Chiralcel OD HPLC column (J.T. Baker) and a mobile phaεe of 90/10 hexane-ethanol and a flow rate of 1 mL/min, racemic 18m was separated into individual pure enantiomers, the more polar compound (HPLC retention = 15.79 min) designated example 116a. This enantiomer was the more active against the HIV protease enzyme and in the antiviral asεay (see table 1) relative to example 116b (the leεs polar, and less active enantiomer, HPLC retention time = 11.26 min). Optical Rotation: 116a D = +9.1 ° [CHC1 3 ] 116b c *D = 10.9 ° [CHCL 3 ] The structure of the compound of Example 116a iε εhown - in Example 112. The terms "essentially enantiomerically pure" or "esεentially diastereomerically pure" mean that a compound so described iε eεεentially free of either itε enantiomer or of other diastereomers. Thus, such a compound haε a εignificantly lower Ki than a compound that iε not eεεentially free of itε enantiomer or of other diaεtereomers. The compounds of the subject invention alεo include prodrugε, i.e. Exampleε 110 and 114. As a further embodiment, the present invention also includes a method for preparing a compound of the formula XII wherein: A' and B' are individually εelected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, εaturated or partially εaturated 5, 6 or 7 member ringε which can be further εubεtituted; R' , R' 2 R, 3 and R 4 are individually selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and εubεtituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and R' and R'~ or R'., and R'. can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R 17 and R-n are individually εelected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, εubstituted or unsubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR'.R'-, nitro, alkyl, aryl and εubsti¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R._ can form a fused ring struc¬ ture with A' and R 1R can form a fuεed ring εtructure with B'; which method compriεeε carrying out the following reac- tionε: wherein: a) the compound of the formula VIII is oxidized under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula IX; b) the compound of the formula IX is reacted with the compound HN(OR 24 )R' 24 under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula X, wherein R-. and R' 24 are individually εelected from alkyl groupε; c) the compound of the formula X is reacted with the compound of the formula Xa under conditions εufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XI; and d) the compound of the formula XI iε reduced under conditionε εufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XII. The HIV-proteaεe inhibitory compoundε were εcreened by a variety of aεεayε to determine their biological utility. Among the teεtε performed were the proteolytic inhibition rateε and antiviral effect on HIV-infected cell lines. The procedures for each experiment are described in detail below, the IC50 and Ki data were generated by Agouron εcientiεtε, whereaε the proteaεe activity with the cell cultureε waε meaεured by independent, outεide laboratorieε. The reεults from these asεays for Examples 1-115 are summarized in Table I, which is set forth following the descriptionε below of the experimental procedureε. IC50 and Ki Determination of HIV Proteaεe Inhibitorε 1. Proteolytic activity of purified HIV-1 proteaεe was routinely meaεured uεing the chromogenic aεεay developed by Richardε et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 265: 7733 (1990)). Synthetic peptide Hiε-Lyε-Ala-Arg-Val-Leu-Phe (pN02)- Glu-Ala-Nle-Ser-NH2 (American Peptide Company) was used as the substrate. 2. The asεay waε carried out in 0.5M NaCl, 50mM MES pH 5.6, 2% DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) at 37°C. Cleavage of the scissile bond between leucine and paranitro- phenylalanine (Phe(pN02)) was asεayed by spectrophotometric monitoring of the decrease in absorbance at 305nm. Initial velocity was determined as the rate of decline of absorbance during the first 100 seconds of reaction. Under standard conditions, the Michaelis constant (Km) for this subεtrate is 52 +_ 16 μM. 3. For determination of inhibition rates of HIV-1 protease inhibitors, saturated concentration of substrate (200μM) was uεed. Between 15-25 concentrationε of inhibitor were added and velocity of reaction was measured at each of the concentrations, as described above. 4. Inhibition conεtantε were calculated uεing the method of Jackεon et al. (Adv. in Enzyme Regulation .2_2 : 187 (1984)). In the above deεcribed aεεay, Pepεtatin A-a εtandard inhibitor of aεpartic proteaεes has a Ki app = 3.1 + 0.1 μM and IC 5Q = 3.8 ± 0.7 μM. Primary Drug Screening of Anti-HIV Compounds at Southern Research Inεtitute (SRI) 1. Principle of MTT Aεεay: SRI haε an eεtabliεhed program for the primary antiviral analyεiε of compoundε in microtiter aεεayε which meaεure the ability of a εelected compound to inhibit HIV-induced cell killing. Thiε aεεay involveε the converεion of the tetrazolium dye MTT to a colored formazan product by mitochondrial enzymes in metabolically active cells. This asεay εyεtem iε preεently uεed at SRI to screen over 30,000 compounds per year. Briefly, the assay involves the infection of CEM or MT2 cells in round bottom 96-well plates. The compound of interest iε added juεt prior to infection. Following 6 dayε of incubation at 37°C the plateε are εtained with MTT. The results of the assay are quantitated spec- trophotometrically on a Molecular Devices Vmax plate reader. The data is analyzed by linear regression utilizing an in- house software program to calculate antiviral activity. (IC 25 , IC CQ , IC Q5 ) and toxicity (TC 25 , TC 5Q , TC g5 ) as well as other values. Primary antiviral assays are routinely performed in CEM or MT-2 cells. SRI has found that all active compounds have been identified in CEM cells while experiments performed in the MT-2 cell line miss a small proportion of the active compounds. 2. Standard Screening Assays in CEM and MT-2 Cells a. Compound dilution and delivery to the plates Drugs will be soiubiiized in the appropriate vehicle such as distilled water or DMSO if neceεεary. Latex gloves, : lab coats and maskε are uεed during all phaεes of the handling procesε to prevent expoεure to potentially harmful agents. The drug is prepared at the appropriate concentration and stored at -20°C until uεed by the εcreening laboratory. The firεt dilution of each compound is made in a dilution tube with medium to yield a concentration two-fold that of the highest test concentration. Sterile titer tubes are then used to make εerial one half-log dilutionε of each compound. Following drug dilution, the diluted compound is added to the appropriate well of a 96-well microtiter plate. Up to 12 dilutions can be aεεayed conveniently in triplicate on a εingle plate with all appropriate controlε including cell control, viruε control, toxicity control, drug color control, medium control and plaεtic (background) control. When teεting includeε only εix dilutions, two drugs can be assayed on a single microtiter plate. The drugε are added to the plate in a final volume of 100 microliterε. b. Cellε and viruε During the time the drug dilutionε are prepared, cells are washed and counted. Viability iε monitored by trypan blue dye excluεion and aεsays are not performed if the viability falls below 90%. Cells are maintained in an exponential growth phase and are εplit 1:2 on the day prior to aεεay to aεεure exponential growth rate. For the primary screen, the cell lines utilized are CEM and MT-2. Unless otherwise indicated, the medium used is RPMI 1640 with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FBS), glutamine and antibiotics. Cells are propagated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% C0~ in air. The virus employed for this work is HIV-1 isolates IIIB and/or RF, which are prepared by an acute infection process. Briefly, virus-infected cells are pelleted on a daily basiε beginning at three days post-infection until the virus has killed all of the cells in the culture. Reverse transcriptaεe activity and p24 ELISA are used to identify pools with the greateεt amount of virus. These 24-hour harvests are pooled, filtered and frozen at -90°C. Prior to use in the asεay, the infectious pool of virus iε titered on all available cell lineε in order to determine the amount of viruε required in the antiviral assay. In general, pools produced by the acute infection method require the addition of one microliter of infectious viruε per well reεulting in the εcreening of drugε at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01. In thiε manner enough viruε iε prepared and frozen to complete over one thouεand microtiter plateε, allowing the teεting of up to two thouεand compoundε from a εingle εtock of infectiouε viruε. The uεe of a εingle εtock of viruε for a long period of teεting haε very favorable effects on the repeatability of the asεay εyεtemε. Virus infection of the CEM and MT-2 cells for the antiviral aεεay iε carried out in a bulk infection proceεs. The appropriate number of cells required to complete the aεεay iε mixed with infectiouε viruε in a conical centrifuge tube in a εmall total volume of 1-2 milliliterε. Following a 4-hour incubation the infected cellε are 4 brought to the appropriate final concentration of 5 x 10 cells per milliliter with fresh tisεue culture medium and 100 microliterε are added to the appropriate experimental and virus control wells. Uninfected cells at the same concentration are plated for the toxicity controls and for the cell controls. Asεays can also be performed using an in- well infection method. In this case, drug, cells and virus are added to the well individually. In each case the MOI is adjusted to give complete cell killing in the virus control wells by Day 6. c. Evaluation of CPE-inhibition Following the addition of cells and drugs to the microtiter plate the plate is incubated for 6 days at 37°C. Experience has determined that incubation for longer periods of time (7-8 days) or the use of higher input cell numbers (1 4 x 10 ) results in significant decreases in cell control viability and a narrowing in the differential in optical density between cell and virus controls upon staining with MTT. The method of evaluating the antiviral aεεay involves the addition of 20 microliters of the tetrazolium εalt MTT at 5mg/ml to each well of the plate for 4-8 hourε. After this incubation period the cells are diεrupted by the addition of 50 μl of 20% SDS in 0.01N HCl. The metabolic activity of the viable cells in the culture result in a colored reaction product which iε meaεured εpectropotometrically in a Molecular Deviceε Vmax plate reader at 570nm. The optical density (O.D.) value is a function of the amount of formazan product which is proportional to the number of viable cells. The plate reader is on-line to the screening laboratory microcomputer which evaluateε the plate data and calculates plate data. The plate report provides a rundown of all pertinent information including the raw O.D. valueε, the calculated mean O.D.'ε and the percent reduction in viral CPE aε well as calculations including TC 50 , Ϊ-C EQ and antiviral and specificity indices. Finally, the resultε include a plot which viεually depictε the effect of the compound on uninfected cells (toxicity) and the protective or nonprotective effect of the compound on the infected cells. Table I Notes about the table: (1) If I J -Γ, or Ki values are not indicated, the test was not performed for the particular compound. (2) The anti-viral data are given for 2 cell lines, representing testing done at Southern Research Institute. The first position of each line representε data obtained for the CEM cell line and the εecond position indicates the viral inhibition of MT-2 cells. If no data are listed, then the compound has not been teεted for its anti-viral effects. -/- 6.01/- -/- -/- 0.49/0.63 -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- 40% - -/- at 100 1.19 0.84 -/- 25 - -/- >500 . - -/- >500 - -/- >500 - -/- >500 - -/- >500 - -/- 150-200 - -/- 20% - -/- at 200 20% - -/- at 200 60 - -/- 200 - -/- 50 - -/- 70 - -/- 0.88 0.48 -/- 120 - -/- 120 - -/- 25 - -/- 42 - -/- 9 - -/- 6.3 - -/- 64 56 -/- 93% - -/- at 200 9.6 7.7 -/- 20% - -/- at 100 -/- -/- 2.86/4.98 -/- -/ - 0.89/1.76 4.53/12.71 -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- 5.54/17.9 >10/>10 3.69/5.54 -/- -/- 7.57/16.4 >10/6.64 -/- 0.53/0.68 4.39/5.58 0.75/0.64 >100/>100 >100/>100 -/- -/- -/- -/- 1.0/1.79 -/- 1.95/5.28 2.12/5.06 1.35/1.67 0.52/1.47. 0.60/1.45 0.57/1.18 1.58/>10 0.48/1.94 1.62/5.75 0.48/1.94 4.16/1.67 0.42/0.47 0.64/1.15 0.58/0.55 0.47/0.49 3.91/1.7 1.44/1.34 0.64/0.56 0.79/0.59 0.69/1.72 1.03/1.81 0.54/1.47 113 0.103 0 . 010 1.73/1.58 114 0.398 0 . 230 2.11/1.75 115 0.290 0 . 017 4.16/6.34 With respect to all compounds of formula I described both in the specification and the claims, there is a proviso to exclude certain compounds otherwise falling within the scope of formula I. In other words, compounds of the formula wherein R is independently alkyl or substituted alkyl are not included within the scope of formula I.

Claims: Claims : 1. A compound having the formula I wherein : A and B are independently selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, monocyclic or fuεed or unfuεed polycyclic ring syεte ε which can be further εubεtituted; n = 0 to 6 and m = 0 to 6 with the further proviεo that n and m cannot both be zero; X, Y, Z, W. and W~ are independently εelected from ni¬ trogen, oxygen, carbon, εulfur and selenium and, in the case of Y, when m is from 2 to 6, all Y'ε need not be the εame, U iε carbon, boron, εelenium, εulfur or phoεphoruε; R. , R 2 , R 3 and R. are independently εelected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and εubεtituted alkyl or aryl and at leaεt one of R 1 and R 2 can form a ring with W., and at least one of R 3 and R. can form a ring with W 2 ; R e , R fi , R_ and R fi are independently selected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, εubstituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, alkyl, aryl, and substituted alkyl or aryl and when n is greater than 1, all Rj-'s need not be the εame and all Rg's need not be the same and when m is greater than one, all R_'s need not be the same and all R fi 's need not be the same; R g and R 1Q are independently selected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted P T/US94/00419 - 214 - alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, car¬ bonyl oxygen, substituted or unsubstitute- alkyl and substi¬ tuted or unsubstituted aryl; R 1;L to R lβ are independently selected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, sub¬ stituted or unsubstituted alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and at least one of R^., R. ^1 . , 2 , a. * n-.d« R_ ^ .- 3 ., can form a ring with X and at least one of 14 ,, R ^1 . 5e a •~n ^ d-- R".,g,- can form a ring with Z; and W.. and X can be included in a ring and 2 and Z can be included in a ring with the proviso that W. and X can be in¬ cluded together in only one ring and 2 and Z can be included together in only one ring; or a pharmaceutically acceptable εalt thereof, with the proviso that compounds of the formula wherein R is alkyl or substituted alkyl are not included within the scope of formula I. 2. A compound having the formula II wherein: f is 0, 1, or 2; A' and B' are individually selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further substituted; n' is 0, 1 or 2; X' and Z' are individually selected from oxygen and sul¬ phur; when f is 2, Y' is a substituted or unsubεtituted amino group, oxygen, sulphur, or -CH--; when f is 1, Y' is -CH=; when f is 0, Y' is C≡ ; R' , R' , R' 3 and R'. are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and substituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' and R'» or R' 3 and R'. can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R 17 and R. p are individually selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR'.R'-, nitro, alkyl, aryl and substi¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R._ can form a fused ring struc¬ ture with A' and R.,„ can form a fused ring εtructure with B' ; and R. Q is hydrogen or a 1 to 3 carbon substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein further substituentε on the A' and B' are individually εelected from halogen, hydroxyl, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR'.R' j , nitro, alkyl, aryl and εubsti¬ tuted alkyl or aryl. 4. A compound according to claim 2, wherein substitu¬ entε on the Y' amino group are individually εelected from thoεe recited for R' , R ' , R' ; and ' 4 « 5. A compound according to claim 2 wherein X' and Z' are oxygen. 6. A compound according to claim 5 wherein R. q is hy¬ drogen. 7. A compound according to claim 6 wherein one of R' and R' 2 is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and one of R'_ and R'. is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. 8. A compound according to claim 6 wherein R' 3 and R' are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R' and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups or substituted alkyl groups. 9. A compound according to claim 6 wherein R- 7 and R.- are both hydrogen. 10. A compound according to claim 6 wherein one of R._ and R lg forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 11. A compound according to claim 6 wherein each of R- 7 and R- o forms a fused ring εtructure with the ring to which it is attached. 12. A compound according to claim 6, wherein R'ι R ' / R' 3 and R'. are independently selected from alkyl or subεti¬ tuted alkyl groups. 13. A compound according to claim 6, wherein each of R 17 and R-.- is independently εelected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groups. 14. A compound according to claim 13, wherein said thioether group is of the formula S-R, wherein R is substi¬ tuted or unsubεtituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein εaid εubεtituted alkyl is of the formula CH 2 R. 15. A compound according to claim 6 wherein Y' is εul- phur. 16. A compound according to claim 15 wherein R' , R ' ' R' 3 and R'. are independently εelected from alkyl or εubεti¬ tuted alkyl groupε. 17. A compound according to claim 15, wherein one of R' and R' 2 is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group and one of R' and R' 4 iε hydrogen and one is an alkyl or subεtituted alkyl group. 18. A compound according to claim 15 wherein R'_ and R'. are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen -atom to which they are attached and R' and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups or substituted alkyl groups. 19. A compound according to claim 15 wherein R. - and R 18 are both hydrogen. 20. A compound according to claim 15 wherein one of R. η and R- g forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 21. A compound according to claim 15 wherein each of R 17 and R. R forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 22. A compound according to claim 15, wherein each of R. 7 and R lβ is independently selected from alkyl, substituted " alkyl, mercapto and thioether groups. 23. A compound according to claim 22, wherein said thioether group is of the formula S-R, wherein R is subεti¬ tuted or unεubεtituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein εaid εubεtituted alkyl iε of the formula CH 2 R. 24. A compound according to claim 6 wherein Y' is an amino group. 25. A compound according to claim 24 wherein R'-,, R ' 2/ R' 3 and R' are independently selected from alkyl or substi¬ tuted alkyl groupε. 26. A compound according to claim 24 wherein one of R' and R' 2 is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group and one of R' 3 and R'. iε hydrogen and one is an alkyl or subεtituted alkyl group. 27. A compound according to claim 24 wherein R' 3 and R' 4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R'. and R' 2 are individually εelected from hydrogen and alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl groupε. 28. A compound according to claim 24 wherein R 17 and R- o are both hydrogen. 29. A compound according to claim 24 wherein one of R._ and R 1 p formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 30. A compound according to claim 24, wherein each of R 17 and R 18 is independently selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groups. 31. A compound according to claim 30, wherein said thioether group is of the formula S-R, wherein R is substi¬ tuted or unεubstituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein said subεtituted alkyl iε of the formula CH 2 R. 32. A compound according to claim 24 wherein each of R- 7 and R lβ forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 33. A compound according to claim 6 wherein Y' is -CH 2 -, -CH=, or -Ce. 34. A compound according to claim 33 wherein ' R ' 2 ' R' 3 and R' 4 are independently selected from alkyl or s-ubεti- tuted alkyl groupε. 35. A compound according to claim 33 wherein one of R'. and R' iε hydrogen and one is an alkyl or subεtituted alkyl group and one of R'. and R' 4 is hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. 36. A compound according to claim 33 wherein R' 3 and R'. are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R' . and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl or subεtituted alkyl groupε. 37. A compound according to claim 33 wherein R- 7 and R 18 are both hydrogen. 38. A compound according to claim 33 wherein one of R 17 and R lfi formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 39. A compound according to claim 33 wherein each of R 17 and R lβ formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 40. A compound according to claim 33, wherein each of R 17 and R. Q is independently selected from alkyl, subεtituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groupε. 41. A compound according to claim 40, wherein said thioether group is of the formula S-R, wherein R.is substi¬ tuted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein said substituted alkyl is of the formula CH 2 R. 42. A compound having the formula 43. A compound having the formula 44. A compound having the formula 45. A compound having the formula 46. A compound having the formula 47. A compound having the formula 48. A compound having the formula 49. A compound having the formula 50. A compound having the formula 51. A r mpound having the formula 52. A composition useful for inhibiting HIV protease which compriseε (1) a compound having the formula I wherein : A and B are independently εelected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, monocyclic or fuεed or unfuεed polycyclic ring εyεtems which can be further substituted; n = 0 to 6 and m = 0 to 6 with the further proviso that n and m cannot both be zero; X, Y, Z, W 1 and 2 are independently selected from ni¬ trogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur and selenium and, in the case of Y, when m is from 2 to 6, all Y'ε need not be the εame, U is carbon, boron, selenium, εulfur or phoεphoruε; R. , R 2 , R- and R 4 are independently εelected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and εubεtituted alkyl or aryl and at leaεt one of R.. and R 2 can form a ring with W. and at least one of R 3 and R 4 can form a ring with W 2 ; R-, Ry., R 7 and R„ are independently selected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, subεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubεtituted aryloxy, nitrogen, alkyl, aryl, and εubεtituted alkyl or aryl and when n iε greater than 1, all R-.'ε need not be the εame and all Rg'ε need not be the εame and when m iε greater than one, all R 7 's need not be the εame and all R β 's need not be the εame; R q and R 1Q are independently εelected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, car¬ bonyl oxygen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and substi¬ tuted or unsubstituted aryl; R... to R 16 are independently selected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, subεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, εubstituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, sub¬ εtituted or unεubstituted alkyl, and subεtituted or unεubεtituted aryl, and at leaεt one of Rii, 12 and R 13 can form a ring with X and at leaεt one of R-, 4 , R 15 and R. g can form a ring with Z; and 1 and X can be included in a ring and W 2 and Z can be included in a ring with the proviεo that W.. and X can be in¬ cluded together in only one ring and W 2 and Z can be included together in only one ring; or a pharmaceutically acceptable εalt thereof, with the proviεo that compoundε of the formula wherein R iε alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl are not. included within the scope of formula I; and (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 53. A composition uεeful for inhibiting HIV protease which compriseε (1) a compound having the formula II A' and B' are individually selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further substituted; n' is 0, 1 or 2; X' and Z' are individually selected from oxygen and sul¬ phur; when, f is 2, Y' is a substituted or unsubεtituted amino group, oxygen, εulphur, or -CH 2 ~; when f is 1, Y' is -CH=; when f is 0, Y' is -C≡; R' , R' , R' 3 and R' are individually εelected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, εubεtituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, εubstituted or unsubεtituted non-cyclic amino and εubεtituted or unεubεtituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' and R' 2 or R' 3 and R' can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R- 7 and R lg are individually selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR' R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and εubsti¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R. 7 can form a fuεed ring εtruc¬ ture with A' and R lg can form a fuεed ring εtructure with B'; and R- Q is hydrogen or a 1 to 3 carbon subεtituted or unεubεtituted alkyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable εalt thereof; and (2) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 54. A compoεition according to claim 53 wherein X' and Z' are oxygen. 55. A compoεition according to claim 53 wherein R ιg iε hydrogen. 56. A compoεition according to claim 55 wherein one of R' and R' 2 iε hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group and one of R', and R' 4 iε hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group. 57. A composition according to claim 55 wherein R' 3 and R'4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R' and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups or substituted alkyl groups. 58. A composition according to claim 55 wherein R. _ and R. 8 are both hydrogen. 59. A composition according to claim 55 wherein one of R. 7 and R. 8 forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 60. A composition according to claim 55 wherein each of R 17 and R- 8 forms a fused ring εtructure with the ring to which it is attached. 61. A composition according to claim 55 wherein R'-,, R' 2 , R' 3 and R' 4 are independently selected from alkyl or subεtituted alkyl groupε. 62. A compoεition according to claim 55, wherein each of R 17 and R 18 iε independently εelected from alkyl, εubεtituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groupε. 63. A compoεition according to claim 62, wherein εaid thioether group iε of the formula S-R, wherein R iε εubεti¬ tuted or unεubεtituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein εaid substituted alkyl iε of the formula CH 2 R. 64. A composition according to claim 55 wherein Y' is sulphur. 65. A compoεition according to claim 64 wherein R' R' 2 , R' 3 and R' 4 are independently εelected from alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl groupε. 66. A compoεition according to claim 64, wherein each of R- 7 and R- 8 iε independently εelected from alkyl, εubεtituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groupε. 67. A compoεition according to claim 66, wherein εaid thioether group iε of the formula S-R, wherein R iε εubεti¬ tuted or unεubεtituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein said subεtituted alkyl iε of the formula CH 2 R. 68. A compoεition according to claim 64 wherein one of R' and R' 2 is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and one of R', and R' 4 is hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubstituted alkyl group. 69. A composition according to claim 64 wherein R' 3 and R' 4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen -atom to which they are attached and R' and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups or substituted alkyl groups. 70. A composition according to claim 64 wherein R-_ and R- 8 are both hydrogen. 71. A composition according to claim 64 wherein one of R. 7 and R. R formε a fuεed ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 72. A composition according to claim 64 wherein each of R, 7 and R 18 forms a fused ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 73. A compoεition according to claim 55 wherein Y' is an amino group. 74. A composition according to claim 73 wherein R' R' 2 , R' 3 and R'. are independently εelected from alkyl or substituted alkyl groups. 75. A composition according to claim 73, wherein each of R._ and R lβ iε independently εelected from alkyl, εubεtituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groupε. 76. A compoεition according to claim 75, wherein εaid thioether group iε of the formula S-R, wherein R iε εubεti¬ tuted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein said subεtituted alkyl iε of the formula CH 2 R. 77. A compoεition according to claim 73 wherein one of R'. and R'„ iε hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group and one of R' 3 and R' 4 iε hydrogen and one is an alkyl or subεtituted alkyl group. 78. A compoεition according to claim 73 wherein R' 3 and R' 4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R'. and R' 2 are individually εelected from hydrogen and alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl groupε. 79. A compoεition according to claim 73 wherein R._ and R.g are both hydrogen. 80. A compoεition according to claim 73 wherein one of R. η and R. R formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 81. A composition according to claim 73 wherein each of R 17 and R. R forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 82. A composition according to claim 55 wherein Y' is -CH 2 -, -CH=, or -C≡ . 83. A composition according to claim 82 wherein R'-,, R' 2 , R'-. and R' 4 are independently selected from alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl groups. 84. A composition according to claim 82, wherein each of R- 7 and R 18 is independently selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groups. 85. A composition according to claim 84, wherein said thioether group iε of the formula S-R, wherein R is subεti- - tuted or unεubεtituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein εaid εubεtituted alkyl iε of the formula CH 2 R. 86. A compoεition according to claim 82 wherein one of R'- and R' iε hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group and one R' 3 and R' 4 iε hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group. 87. A compoεition according to claim 82 wherein R' 3 and R' 4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R' and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl or substituted alkyl groups. 88. A composition according to claim 82 wherein R.. η and R- 8 are both hydrogen. 89. A composition according to claim 82 wherein one of R- 7 and R lβ forms a fused ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 90. A compoεition according to claim 82 wherein each of R 17 and R 18 formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 91. A process for inhibiting the action of the HIV vi¬ rus which proceεε compriεeε adminiεtering to a host in recog¬ nized need of such treatment an effective amount of a com¬ pound having the formula I wherein : A and B are independently εelected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, monocyclic or fused or unfused polycyclic ring systems which can be further substituted; n = 0 to 6 and m = 0 to 6 with the further proviso that n and m cannot both be zero; X, Y, Z, W. and W 2 are independently εelected from ni¬ trogen, oxygen, carbon, εulfur and εelenium and, in the case of Y, when m is from 2 to 6, all Y's need not be the εame, U iε carbon, boron, εelenium, εulfur or phoεphoruε; 1' R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently εelected from noth- ing, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and εubεtituted alkyl or aryl and at leaεt one of R., and R 2 can form a ring with W 1 and at leaεt one of R 3 and R 4 can form a ring with 2 ; Re, R g , R 7 and R R are independently εelected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, εubεtituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, subεtituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, alkyl, aryl, and subεtituted alkyl or aryl and when n iε greater than 1, all R ς 'ε need not be the εame and all R fi 'ε need not be the εame and when m iε greater than one, all R 'ε need not be the εame and all Rg' s need not be the εame; R„ and R 10 are independently εelected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, εubεtituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, car¬ bonyl oxygen, subεtituted or unεubεtituted alkyl and εubεti¬ tuted or unεubεtituted aryl; R.. to R. r are independently εelected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, εubstituted or unsubstituted aryloxy, nitrogen, sub¬ stituted or unsubεtituted alkyl, and substituted or unsubεtituted aryl, and at least one of R.., R, 2 and R. _ can form a ring with X and at least one of R 14 , Ric and R., can form a ring with Z; and W. and X can be included in a ring and 2 and Z can be included in a ring with the proviso that W. and X can be in¬ cluded together in only one ring and 2 and Z can be included together in only one ring; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with the proviso that compounds of the formula wherein R is alkyl or subεtituted alkyl are not included within the εcope of formula I. 92. A proceεs for inhibiting the action of the HIV vi¬ rus which process compriseε adminiεtering to a hoεt in recog¬ nized need of εuch treatment an effective amount of a com¬ pound of the formula II wherein: f is 0, 1, or 2; A' and B' are individually selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member ringε which can be further εubεtituted; n' iε 0, 1 or 2; X' and Z' are individually εelected from oxygen and εul- phur; when f is 2, Y' is a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, oxygen, sulphur, or -CH 2 ~; when f is 1, Y' is -CH=; when f is 0, Y' is -C≡; R',, R' 2 , R' 3 and R' 4 are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, subεtituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and subεtituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R', and R' 2 or R', and R' 4 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R 17 and R. R are individually selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, subεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR' R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substi¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R. η can form a fused ring struc¬ ture with A' and R 1R can form a fused ring εtructure with B'; and R. Q iε hydrogen or a 1 to 3 carbon substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 93. A procesε according to claim 92 wherein X' and Z' are oxygen. 94. A process according to claim 93 wherein R ιg is hy¬ drogen. 95. A proceεε according to claim 94 wherein one of R' and R' 2 is hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group and one of R' 3 and R' 4 iε hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group. 96. A proceεε according to claim 94 wherein R' 3 and R' 4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R'. and R' 2 are individually εelected from hydrogen and alkyl groupε or εubεtituted alkyl groupε. 97. A proceεs according to claim 94 wherein R-_ and R. p are both hydrogen. 98. A procesε according to claim 94 wherein one of R- 7 and R- p formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it is attached. 99. A procesε according to claim 94 wherein each of R 17 and R lg forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it iε attached. 100. A compound according to claim 94, wherein R'. ( R ' » R' 3 and R' 4 are independently εelected from alkyl or εubεti¬ tuted alkyl groups. 101.* A compound according to claim 94, wherein each of R 17 and R. p is independently selected from alkyl, subεtituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groupε. 102. A compound according to claim 94, wherein εaid thioether group iε of the formula S-R, wherein R iε εubεti¬ tuted or unεubεtituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein said substituted alkyl is of the formula CH 2 R. 103. A procesε according to claim 94 wherein Y' iε sul¬ phur. 104. A process according to claim 103 wherein R'., R ' / R' 3 and R'. are independently selected from alkyl or subεti¬ tuted alkyl groups. 105. A compound according to claim 103, wherein each of R« 7 and R lβ iε independently εelected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groups. 106. A compound according to claim 105, wherein said thioether group is of the formula S-R, wherein R iε εubεti¬ tuted or unεubstituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein said substituted alkyl is of the formula CH 2 R. 107. A process according to claim 103 wherein one of R' and R' 2 is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or unsubstituted alkyl group and one of R' 3 and R' 4 is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. 108. A process according to claim 103 wherein R' 3 and R' 4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R'.. and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups or subεtituted alkyl groups. 109. A procesε according to claim 103 wherein R 17 and Rl8 are both hydrogen. 110. A process according to claim 103 wherein one of R - and R. p forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 111. A process according to claim 103 wherein each of R« 7 and R. g forms a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 112. A process according to claim 94 wherein Y' is an amino group. 113. A procesε according to claim 112 wherein R' ., R' 2 , R' 3 and R' 4 are independently selected from alkyl or substi¬ tuted alkyl groups. 114. A process according to claim 112 wherein each of R 17 and R lg is independently selected from alkyl, subεtituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groups. 115. A procesε according to claim 114, wherein εaid thioether group is of the formula S-R, wherein R is εubεti¬ tuted or unεubεtituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein εaid εubεtituted alkyl iε of the formula CH 2 R. 116. A proceεε according to claim 112 wherein one of R' and R' 2 iε hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group and one of R', and R' 4 iε hydrogen and one iε an alkyl or substituted alkyl group. 117. A process according to claim 112 wherein R' 3 and R' 4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R'.. and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl groupε. 118. A proceεε according to claim 112 wherein R-_ and R lg are both hydrogen. 119. A proceεε according to claim 112 wherein one of R- 7 and R. p formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 120. A proceεε according to claim 112 wherein each of R 17 and R lg formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it iε attached. 121. A proceεε according to claim 94 wherein Y' iε -CH2-, -CH*, or -CB. 122. A process according to claim 121 wherein R'», ' 2 / R' 3 and R' 4 are independently selected from alkyl or substi¬ tuted alkyl groups. 123. A process according to claim 121, wherein each of R. 7 and R lg is independently selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, mercapto and thioether groups. 124. A process according to claim 123, wherein said thioether group is of the formula S-R, wherein R is substi¬ tuted or unsubεtituted alkyl, aryl, or non-aryl heterocycle and wherein εaid εubεtituted alkyl iε of the formula CH 2 R. 125. A proceεε according to claim 121 wherein one of R' and R' 2 is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or εubεtituted alkyl group and one R' 3 and R' 4 is hydrogen and one is an alkyl or εubstituted alkyl group. 126. A process according to claim 121 wherein R' 3 and R' 4 are joined to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached and R' and R' 2 are individually selected from hydrogen and alkyl or subεtituted alkyl groupε. 127. A proceεε according to claim 121 wherein R- 7 and R. P are both hydrogen. 128. A proceεε according to claim 121 wherein one of R 17 and R lg formε a fuεed ring εtructure with the ring to which it is attached. 129. A procesε according to claim 121 wherein each of R- 7 and R lg formε a fused ring structure with the ring to which it is attached. 130. A compound having the formula III in wherein: A' iε selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further subεtituted; R, 7 is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, - NR' R' , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substituted alkyl or aryl, wherein R- 7 can form a fused ring structure with A' ; R' and R' 2 are individually εelected from hydro¬ gen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, subεtituted or unεubstituted non-cyclic amino and subεtituted or unεubεtituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' and R' 2 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are at¬ tached; a = 0, 1, or 2; b = 0, 1, or 2; and R 20 iε halogen or a group having the formula IV wherein : when b iε 2, Y' ' iε a εubstituted or unsubstituted amino group, oxygen, sulphur, or -CH 2 ~; when b is 1, Y' ' is -CH=; when b is 0, Y' ' is -C≡; B' iε εelected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, εaturated or partially εaturated 5, 6 or 7 member ringε which can be further εubεtituted; R lg is selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, subεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, - NR'.R' j , nitro, alkyl, aryl and εubεtituted alkyl or aryl, wherein R. g can form a fuεed ring εtructure with B' ; and R21 iε (1) amino, (2) nitro or (3) a group con- vertible to a group of the formula V, wherein Z' is oxygen or sulphur; and R' 3 and R' 4 are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, subεtituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, εubεtituted oxygen, hydroxyl, εubstituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and subεtituted or unεubεtituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' 3 and R' 4 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are at¬ tached. 131. A compound according to claim 130, wherein R 2fi is halogen. 132. A compound according to claim 130, wherein R 2Q is a group of the formula IV. 133. A compound according to claim 132, wherein R 21 is alkyl carboxylate. 134. A compound according to claim 133, wherein alkyl carboxylate iε methyl carboxylate. 135. A compound according to claim 134, wherein A' iε phenyl or naphthyl. 136. A compound according to claim 132, wherein Y' ' iε εulphur. 137. A compound according to claim 136, wherein R 21 iε nitro. 138. A compound according to claim 136, wherein R 21 iε methyl carboxylate. 139. A compound according to claim 138, wherein A' iε phenyl. 140. A compound according to claim 138, wherein A' iε naphthyl. 141. A compound according to claim 137, wherein A' iε phenyl. 142. A compound according to claim 132, wherein Y' ' is r -CH=, or -C≡ . 143. A compound according to claim 142, wherein Y" is - ≡ . 144. A compound according to claim 143, wherein A' is phenyl. 145. A compound according to claim 143, wherein A' is naphthyl. 146. A method for preparing a compound of the formula XVI wherein: A' and B' are individually selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, εaturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further substituted; R ' l ' R 2 ' R 3 an< ~ R 4 are individuall selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, subεtituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, subεtituted oxygen, hydroxyl, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted non-cyclic amino and εubεtituted or unεubεtituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R'. and R' 2 or R' 3 and R' 4 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R 17 and R. g are individually εelected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, εubεtituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR' R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and subεti¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R- 7 can form a fuεed ring εtruc¬ ture with A' and R]_8 can form a fuεed ring εtructure with B' ; which method comprises carrying out the following reac¬ tions: wherein: a) the compound of the formula XIII, wherein R 24 and R' 24 are individually εelected from alkyl groupε, iε reacted with a compound of the formula XIV under conditions sufficient to form a compound of the formula XV; and b) the compound of the formula XV is εequentially reduced, followed by reaction of the reduced compound with at leaεt one amine selected from R'..R' 2 NH and R' 3 R' 4 NH under conditions sufficient to form a compound of the formula XVI. 147. The method of claim 146, further comprising the step of converting the compound of formula XVI to a pharma¬ ceutically acceptable salt thereof. 148. The method of claim 146, wherein in εtep b), the reduction is carried out before the reaction of compound XV with said at least one amine to form compound XVI. 149. The method of claim 146, wherein in εtep b), the reaction of compound XV with said at least one amine to form compound XVI is carried out before the reduction. 150. The method according to claim 146, wherein in εtep b), the reduction iε continued to form a compound of the formula XVII 151. A method for preparing a compound of the formula XXI wherein: A' and B' are individually εelected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, εaturated or partially εaturated 5, 6 or 7 member ringε which can be further εubεtituted; n' iε 0, 1, or 2; Y''' is oxygen, sulphur or -NH-; R' , R'~, R', and R' are individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, subεtituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, substituted oxygen, hydroxyl, subεtituted or unsubstituted non-cyclic amino and substituted or unsubεtituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' and R' 2 or R' 3 and R' 4 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R 17 and R lg are individually εelected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR' R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substi¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R. η can form a fused ring εtruc- ture with A and R lg can form a fused ring structure with B' ; which method comprises carrying out the following reac¬ tions: wherein : a) the compound of the formula XVIII is re¬ acted with the compound of the formula XIX, wherein R 24 is an alkyl group, under conditions sufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XX; and b) the compound of the formula XX is reacted with at least one amine selected from R' R' 2 NH and R' 3 R' 4 NH under conditionε εufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XXI. 152. The method of claim 151, further compriεing the εtep of converting the compound of formula XXI to a pharma- . ceutically acceptable salt thereof. 153. A method according to claim 151, wherein the reac¬ tion of the compound of formula XX with R'..R' 2 NH or R' 3 R' 4 NH is carried out in two steps, whereby in the first step, one of either R' R' 2 NH or R' 3 R' 4 NH is reacted with trimethyl aluminum, followed by reaction with the compound of the formula XX at room temperature, and whereby in the second step the other of R' R' 2 NH or R' 3 R' 4 NH is reacted with trimethyl aluminum, followed by reaction with the previously reacted compound of the formula XX at elevated temperature to obtain the compound of the formula XXI. 154. A method according to claim 151, wherein n' is 0, step b) is conducted in the preεence of N-butyl lithium at a temperature of -78° C for a time sufficient to obtain a com¬ pound of the formula XXI. 155. A method according to claim 151, wherein Y' ' ' is sulphur. 156. A method for preparing a compound of the formula XXIV wherein: A' and B' are individually selected from carbocyclic or . heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially εaturated 5, 6 or 7 member ringε which can be further εubεtituted; a iε 0, 1, or 2; R 17 and R lβ are individually εelected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR' R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substi¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R- 7 can form a fused ring εtruc¬ ture with A' and R 18 can form a fuεed ring εtructure with B'; R' and R' 2 are individually εelected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, εubεtituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, εubεtituted oxygen, hydroxyl, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted non-cyclic amino and εubεtituted or unεubεtituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R'.. and R' 2 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are at¬ tached; which method compriεes carrying out the following reac¬ tion: wherein the compound of the formula XXII iε reacted with the compound of the formula XXIII under conditionε εufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XXIV. 157. A method according to claim 156, wherein the reac¬ tion iε accompliεhed in the preεence of potaεεium hydroxide. 158. A method according to claim 156, further compriεing the reduction of the compound of the formula XXIV, followed by reaction of the reduced compound with a compound of the formula C1C(0)R' 5 to form a compound of the formula XXV wherein: R' c is individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl cycloalkyl or aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted non-aryl heterocycle. 159. A method according to claim 158, further compris¬ ing the additional step of opening the lactone ring and form¬ ing an amide with the reεultant carbonyl carbon atom by re¬ acting the compound of the formula XXV with dimethyl aluminum-substituted amine, formed by reacting an amine of the formula NR' R' 2 H with trimethyl aluminum, to obtain a compound of the formula XXVI 160. A composition uεeful for inhibiting HIV proteaεe which compriεes (1) a compound having the formula I wherein: A and B are independently selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, monocyclic or fused or unfused polycyclic ring syεtems which can be further subεtituted; n = 0 to 6 and m = 0 to 6 with the further proviεo that n and m cannot both be zero; X, Y, Z, 1 and 2 are independently εelected from ni¬ trogen, oxygen, carbon, sulfur and selenium and, in the case of Y, when m is from 2 to 6, all Y's need not be the εame, U is carbon, boron, selenium, sulfur or phosphorus; R 1' R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, and substituted alkyl or aryl and at least one of R 1 and R 2 can form a ring with W 1 and at leaεt one of R 3 and R 4 can form a ring with W 2 ; R ; R β , R 7 and R g are independently εelected from noth¬ ing, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, subεtituted or unεubεtituted aryloxy, nitrogen, alkyl, aryl, and εubεtituted alkyl or aryl and when n iε greater than 1, all R 's need not be the same and all Rg's need not be the same and when m is greater than one, all R 7 's need not be the same and all R 's need not be the same; R n and R 10 are independently selected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, subεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubεtituted aryloxy, nitrogen, car¬ bonyl oxygen, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkyl and εubεti¬ tuted or unεubεtituted aryl; R,, to R,g are independently εelected from nothing, hy¬ drogen, halogen, hydroxy, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted alkoxy, subεtituted or unεubεtituted aryloxy, nitrogen, εub¬ εtituted or unεubεtituted alkyl, and εubεtituted or unεubεtituted aryl, and at leaεt one of R 11' R 12 and R. 3 can form a ring with X and at leaεt one of R 14 , R 15 an d R.g can form a ring with Z; and 1 and X can be included in a ring and W 2 and Z can be included in a ring with the proviεo that W 1 and X can be in¬ cluded together in only one ring and 2 and Z can be included together in only one ring; or a pharmaceutically acceptable εalt thereof, with the proviεo that compoundε of the formula wherein R is alkyl or substituted alkyl are not included within the scope of formula I; (2) azidothymidine or at least one other anti-viral agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (3) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 161. A composition useful for inhibiting HIV protease which compriseε (1) a compound having the formula II wherein : f iε 0 , 1 , or 2 ; A' and B' are individually εelected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, εaturated or partially εaturated 5, 6 or 7 member ringε which can be further substituted; n' is 0, 1 or 2; X' and Z' are individually εelected from oxygen and εul- phur; when f iε 2, Y' iε a εubεtituted or unεubεtituted amino group, oxygen, εulphur, or -CH 2 ~; when f iε 1, Y' iε -CH=; R' , R' 2 , R' 3 and R' 4 are individually εelected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, εubεtituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, εubεtituted oxygen, hydroxyl, εubεtituted or unεubεtituted non-cyclic amino and εubεtituted or unεubεtituted non-aryl heterocycle, wherein R' and R' 2 or R' 3 and R' 4 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R. 7 and R. g are individually εelected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unεubstituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR' R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and substi¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R. - can form a fused ring struc¬ ture with A' and R. R can form a fused ring structure with B'; and R.. Q is hydrogen or a 1 to 3 carbon subεtituted or nεubstituted alkyl group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (2) azidothymidine or at least one other anti-viral agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (3) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 162. A compound having the formula 163. A compound having the formula 164. A method for preparing a compound of the formula XII l8 wherein : A' and B' are individually selected from carbocyclic or heterocyclic, aromatic, saturated or partially saturated 5, 6 or 7 member rings which can be further subεtituted; R' , R' 2 , R' 3 and R' 4 are individually εelected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and εubεtituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and R' and R' 2 or R' 3 and R' 4 can form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; R. - and R lg are individually selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, substituted or unsubεtituted alkoxy, mercapto, thioether, -NR'-R' 2 , nitro, alkyl, aryl and εubsti¬ tuted alkyl or aryl, wherein R 17 can form a fused ring εtruc¬ ture with A' and R lg can form a fuεed ring εtructure with B' ; which method compriεeε carrying out the following reac¬ tions : vra wherein: a) the compound of the formula VIII is oxidized under conditions εufficient to obtain the compound of the formula IX; b) the compound of the formula IX iε reacted with the compound HN(OR 24 )R' 24 under conditionε εufficient to obtain the compound of the formula X, wherein R 24 and R' 24 are individually εelected from alkyl groupε; c) the compound of the formula X iε reacted with the compound of the formula Xa under conditionε εufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XI; and d) the compound of the formula XI iε reduced under conditionε εufficient to obtain the compound of the formula XII. 165. The method of claim 164, further compriεing the εtep of converting the compound of formula XII to a pharma¬ ceutically acceptable εalt thereof. 166. The method of claim 164, wherein in εtep a), the oxidation iε accompliεhed uεing chromic oxide or pyridinium dichromate. 167. The method of claim 164, wherein in εtep c), the compound of the formula Xa iε reacted with an alkyl lithium, followed by reaction with the compound of the formula X to obtain the compound of the formula XI. 168. The method of claim 164, wherein one or more of R'l, R'2, R'3, and R'4 is alkyl substituted with a protected hydroxyl group, and further compriεing, after the reduction εtep d), carrying out the εtep e) of deprotecting εaid one or more of R'-,, R' 2 , R' 3 , and R' 4 alkyl groupε εubεtituted with a protected hydroxyl group, wherein said deprotecting step e) iε carried out uεing tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride.

Inventors: FUHRY MARY ANN M, KALDOR STEPHEN WARREN, LEWIS KATHLEEN, MELNICK MICHAEL, REICH SIEGFRIED H, FUHRY, MARY, ANN, M., KALDOR, STEPHEN, WARREN, LEWIS, KATHLEEN, MELNICK, MICHAEL, REICH, SIEGFRIED, H.
Applicants: AGOURON PHARMA, FUHRY MARY ANN M, KALDOR STEPHEN WARREN, LEWIS KATHLEEN, MELNICK MICHAEL, REICH SIEGFRIED H, AGOURON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., FUHRY, MARY, ANN, M., KALDOR, STEPHEN, WARREN, LEWIS, KATHLEEN, MELNICK, MICHAEL, REICH, SIEGFRIED, H.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K38, C07C235, C07C237, C07C323, C07D207, C07D211, C07D213, C07D215, C07D217, C07D233, C07D263, C07D295, C07D307, C07D311, C07D319, C07D327, C07K5