Distance measuring device, and corresponding coordinate input apparatus

Abstract: A distance measuring device is capable, even utilizing the Lamb wave with velocity fluctuating from device to device, of easily setting an approximate wave velocity and of effecting precise distance calculation even with such approximate wave velocity. There is employed a system of measuring the thickness d of the wave transmitting plate, then determining the group velocity Vg of the Lamb wave from the measured thickness, then determining the phase velocity Vp of the Lamb wave from the plate thickness d and the frequency f of the Lamb wave, and deriving the distance from Vg, Vp and the arrival delay time of the Lamb wave.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a distance measuring device, and more particularly to a device for detecting a Lamb wave entered from a vibration source by a sensor provided on a vibration transmitting plate, and calculating the distance from the vibration source to the sensor, based on the transmission time of the vibration entered to the vibration transmitting plate. Related Background Art There is already known a method of calculating the distance between two points utilizing ultrasonic wave, and, as a specific application of such method, there is also known a coordinate input apparatus as disclosed in the U.S. Patent No. 4,931,965. Such apparatus is composed of a vibration transmitting plate capable of transmitting the vibration and constituting a coordinate input plane, a coordinate input pen capable of generating vibration and constituting a coordinate input instrument, plural sensors mounted on the vibration transmitting plate for detecting the vibration, and a circuit for signal processing and coordinate calculation. The apparatus is used for outputting the coordinate of the position designated by the coordinate input pen, to an information processing apparatus such as a personal computer. The algorithm for calculating the distance in the apparatus is constructed such that the distances from the vibration source to the sensors are at first determined on the basis of the arrival delay time of the vibration wave and the velocity thereof, and then the coordinate position is calculated in geometrical manner. The above-mentioned conventional apparatus utilizes a Lamb wave as the wave transmitting in the vibration transmitting plate, and the distance L between the vibration source and the sensor is determined by the following equation: L = Vp·Tp + N·λp wherein: Vp : phase velocity Tp : phase delay time λp : wavelength and an integer N is determined by: N = INT{(Vg·Tg - Vp·Tp)/λp + 0.5} wherein: Vg : group velocity time Tg : group delay time which will be explained in detail in the embodiment later. The precision of distance measurement depends on the accuracy of detection of the phase delay time Tp and the group delay time Tg, but it also depends on the preciseness of the constants employed in the calculation, i.e. group velocity Vg, phase velocity Vp and wavelength λp. The velocity of Lamb wave is known to be generally dependent on the plate thickness d and the frequency f of the Lamb wave. In the mass production of the distance measuring device utilizing the Lamb wave, certain fluctuation is inevitable in the components constituting the device (for example it is impossible to produce the vibration generating pens of identical vibration characteristics because a difference in the frequency characteristics is unavoidable among the vibration generating elements), so that it is difficult to maintain the frequency f and the plate thickness d constant. Stated differently it is difficult to produce the devices of which a wave velocity is constant, or the production of devices of a constant wave velocity increases the production cost because a tolerance for the components becomes more severe, a production yield is lowered or a load for component inspection is increased. It is therefore conceivable to utilize a method of determining the wave velocity in each device to set the constants for coordinate calculation. The velocity of the vibration wave can be generally obtained by determining the relation between the distance L from the vibration source to the sensor and the time t required for the wave to arrive. However, the measurement for determining such relationship between the distance L and the time t requires considerable time, and the mass producibility is affected if such measurement has to be conducted on individual device. For this reason, in order to determine the velocity of the Lamb wave in a simpler manner, EP-A-0 491 132 proposes a method of measuring the phase period of the detected signal waveform and setting the velocity of the wave based on the period. This method, based on a fact that the velocity (group velocity Vg and phase velocity Vp) of the Lamb wave is dependent on product of the frequency f and the plate thickness d, consists of at first measuring the frequency and then determining the group velocity Vg and the phase velocity Vp of the Lamb wave from thus measured frequency and the already known plate thickness d, which can be easily and promptly measured in the mass production for example with a laser measurement. Such conventional method has, however, been associated with the following drawback. When the frequency is derived from the phase period of the detected signal waveform, an error in measurement inevitably is generated, so that the set frequency always involves an error with respect to the actually needed frequency f. Accordingly, the group velocity Vg and the phase velocity Vp of the Lamb wave are determined from the frequency and the plate thickness d, thus becoming different from the actual values. For this reason, there arise a problem that the precision of the distance measurement is lowered. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In consideration of the foregoing, an object of the present invention is to provide a distance measuring device and a coordinate input device, wherein the precision of the distance measurement is raised. This object is solved by the features of present claims 1 and 2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a schematic view representing the configuration of the present invention; Fig. 2 is a block diagram of an operation control circuit; Fig. 3 is a timing chart of signal processing; Fig. 4 is a block diagram of a signal waveform detection circuit; Fig. 5 is a chart showing the relationship between the delay time and the distance; Fig. 6 is a chart showing the behavior of the velocity of the Lamb wave; Fig. 7 is a chart showing the influence of fluctuations of components; Fig. 8 is a chart showing the behavior of the phase velocity Vp; Fig. 9 is a chart showing the behavior of the group velocity Vg; Fig. 10 is a chart showing the relationship between the frequency f and the converted frequency f*; Fig. 11 is a chart showing the dependence of an error ΔN in making integer on distance; Fig. 12 is a chart showing the dependence of distance measurement precision ΔL on distance; Fig. 13 is a chart showing the distance measurement error ΔL in case the frequency f contains an error; Fig. 14 is a chart showing the distance measurement error ΔL in case the phase velocity Vp contains an error; Fig. 15 is a chart showing the cause of phenomenon shown in Fig. 13; Figs. 16 and 17 are views showing the method of correction of set constants; Fig. 18 is a chart showing the dependence of distance L1 on the frequency; Fig. 19 is a chart showing the distance measurement error ΔL in calculation with corrected (approximate) constants; Fig. 20 is a chart showing the error ΔN in making integer in calculation with corrected (approximate) constants; Fig. 21 is a chart showing the error ΔN in making integer in case the group velocity Vg contains a setting error of -20 m/sec; Fig. 22 is a chart showing the error ΔN in making integer in case the group velocity Vg contains a setting error of +20 m/sec; Fig. 23 is a chart showing the relationship between the group velocity Vg and the plate thickness; Figs. 24A and 24B are flow charts showing the signal processing of a second embodiment; Fig. 25 is a block diagram showing the determination of constants according to the present invention; Fig. 26 is a block diagram showing the principal configuration of a coordinate input apparatus; and Fig. 27 is a view showing the principle of position calculation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Now the present invention will be explained in detail by preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings. At first there will be explained with reference to Fig. 1, the configuration of the entire distance measuring device embodying the present invention. An operation control circuit 1 controls the entire device and calculates the distance L. A vibrator driving circuit 2 induces vibration in a vibrator 4 incorporated in a vibration source 3, and the generated vibration is entered through a contactor 5 into a vibration transmitting plate 8. The plate 8 is composed, in the present embodiment, of a glass plate, and the input of the vibration by the vibration source 3 is conducted by touching the vibration transmitting plate 8. The Lamb wave generated on the vibration transmitting plate 8 is detected by a vibration sensor 6 for converting the mechanical vibration into an electrical signal, such as a piezoelectric element, the sensor 6 being fixed on the plate 8 as illustrated. The signal from the vibration sensor 6 is amplified in an unrepresented amplification circuit, and is then supplied to a signal waveform detection circuit 9 for signal processing, of which result is supplied to the operation control circuit 1 for distance calculation. The details of the signal detection circuit 9 and the operation control circuit 1 will be explained later. The vibrator 4 incorporated in the vibration source 3 is driven by the vibrator driving circuit 2. The drive signal for the vibrator 4 is supplied, as a low-level pulse signal from the operation control circuit 1, and is amplified with a predetermined gain by the vibrator driving circuit 2, and then is supplied to the vibrator 4. The electrical drive signal is converted by the vibrator 4 into a mechanical ultrasonic vibration, which is transmitted through the contactor 5 to the vibration transmitting plate 8. The vibration frequency of the vibrator 4 is selected at such a value as to generate a Lamb wave in the vibration transmitting plate 8 composed, for example, of glass. Efficient conversion to the vibration can be achieved by selecting the vibration frequency of the vibrator 4 at a resonance frequency including the contactor 5. The elastic wave thus generated in the vibration transmitting plate 8 is a Lamb wave, which has an advantage that it is less influenced by the scars or obstacles on the surface of on a vibration transmitting plate in comparison with the surface wave. [Operation control circuit (Fig. 2)] In the above-explained configuration, the operation control circuit 1 supplies the vibrator driving circuit 2 with a signal for driving the vibrator 4 in the vibration source 3 at a predetermined interval (for example every 5 ms), and starts time measurement by a timer (composed of a counter) incorporated therein. The vibration generated by the vibration source 3 reaches the vibration sensor 6 with a delay corresponding to the distance thereto. The vibration waveform detection circuit 9 detects the signal from each vibration sensor 6 to generate, by a detection process to be explained later, a signal indicating the timing of arrival of vibration to each vibration sensor. The signal is inputted to the operation control circuit 1 to detect the vibration arrival time to the vibration sensor 6 and to calculate the distance between the vibration source 3 and the sensor 6. The operation control circuit 1 also transmits thus calculated distance information between the vibration source 3 and the sensor 6 to an external equipment (not shown) for example by serial or parallel communication. Fig. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the operation control circuit 1 of the present embodiment, of which components and functions will be explained in the following. A microcomputer 31 for controlling the operation control circuit 1 and the entire measuring device is provided, for example, with an internal counter, a ROM storing control sequences, a RAM used in calculation of the distance and the like, and an involatile memory for storing constants (for example, frequency f, group velocity Vg and phase velocity Vp of Lamb wave). Timers 33a to 33c (composed for example of counters) are provided for counting unrepresented reference clock signals. When a start signal is supplied to the vibrator driving circuit 2 for starting the drive of the vibrator 4 in the vibration source 3, time measurement is initiated by the counter 33a for measuring the phase delay time tp and the counter 33b for measuring the group delay time tg. In this manner the start of time measurement is synchronized with the start of generation of vibration in the vibration source 3, whereby the delay time is measured until the vibration is detected by the sensor. Other component circuits will be explained in the following. Vibration arrival timing signals (for the phase delay time tp relating to the phase velocity Vp of the Lamb wave and for the group delay time tg relating to the group velocity Vg) released from the vibration sensor 6 through the vibration waveform detection circuit 9 are supplied through a detection signal input circuit 35 to the counters 33a, 33b, respectively. The counters 33a, 33b stop counting and latch the measured time upon receiving the timing signal from the sensor. When a judgment circuit 36 judges the release of these timing signals, the circuit 36 supplies the microcomputer 31 with signals indicating the judgment. When the microcomputer 31 receives the signal from the judgment circuit 36, the microcomputer 31 reads the vibration arrival times from the counters, and effects predetermined calculation, thereby determining the distance between the vibration source 3 and the sensor 6 on the vibration transmitting plate 8. Then, the distance information is output through an I/O port 37, for example to an external information equipment. On the other hand, the arrival timing signal for the phase delay time tp functions as a start signal for the counter 33c, and the time measurement is stopped by a signal for measuring the period of the waveform of the detection signal, then the measured time is supplied to the microcomputer. The measurement of the repeating period may be conducted at every coordinate calculation, or in a particular timing (for example at the variation of the constants to be employed in the calculation). Also, the counter 33c may employ the same start signal as that for the counters 33a, 33b, and in such case, the phase period of the detected signal waveform can be obtained as the difference in the counters 33a and 33c because an arrival timing signal is formed which is delayed by a cycle period from the timing signal for the phase delay time tp, to be explained later. It is also possible to achieve similar functions by using only one counter, to input the arrival timing signals into an unrepresented latch circuit, thereby latching the counts respectively corresponding to the arrival timing signals. [Detection of vibration propagation time (Figs. 3 and 4)] Fig. 3 is a chart showing the signal waveform supplied to the vibration waveform detection circuit 9 and explaining the process of measuring the vibration propagation time. As explained in the foregoing, the measurement of the time required for transmission of the vibration to the vibration sensor 6 is started simultaneously with the supply of the start signal to the vibrator driving circuit 2. In this state a drive signal 41 has been supplied from the vibration driving circuit 2 to the vibrator 4. The ultrasonic vibration induced by the drive signal 41 and transmitted from the vibration source 3 to the vibration transmitting plate 8 propagates over a time corresponding to the distance to the vibration sensor 6, thereafter, is detected by the sensor 6. A signal 42 shown in Fig. 3 indicates a signal waveform detected by the sensor 6. As the vibration employed in this embodiment is a Lamb wave as explained before, the propagation velocity (group velocity Vg) of the envelope 421 of the detected waveform is different from the propagation velocity (phase velocity Vp) of each phase 422. Consequently, the relationship between the envelope 421 and the phase 422 in the detected waveform varies in the course of propagation, depending on the distance of propagation. In the present embodiment, the distance between the vibration source 3 and the vibration sensor 6 is determined from the group delay time Tg based on the group velocity Vg and the phase delay time Tp based on the phase velocity Vp. Fig. 4 is a block diagram of the signal waveform detection circuit 9. In the following there will be explained the means for detecting the group delay time Tg and phase delay time Tp, with reference to Figs. 3 and 4. The output signal 42 of the vibration sensor 6 is amplified to a predetermined level by a pre-amplification circuit 51, and then is subjected to the elimination of unnecessary frequency components by a band-pass filter 511, thereby obtaining a signal 44. The envelope of the waveform of the signal propagates with the group velocity Vg, and the delay time tg relating to the group velocity Vg can be obtained by detecting a particular point on the envelope, such as the peak point or the inflection point thereof. Thus, the signal amplified by the pre-amplification circuit 51 and transmitted by the band-pass filter 511 is supplied to an envelope detection circuit 52 composed of an absolute value circuit, a low-pass filter and the like, whereby the envelope 45 alone is extracted from the detected signal. Then, a gate signal generation circuit 56, composed for example of a multivibrator, forms a gate signal 46, having the duration corresponding to a period where the envelope 45 exceeds a predetermined threshold level 441. For detecting the group delay time tg relating to the group velocity Vg, there can be detected the peak point or the inflection point of the envelope as explained above. In the present embodiment, there is detected the first inflection point (downshift zero-cross point of a signal 43 to be explained later) of the envelope. The signal 45 from the envelope detection circuit 52 is supplied to an envelope inflection point detection circuit to obtain a twice differentiated waveform 43 of the envelope. A tg signal detection circuit 54 composed for example of a multivibrator compares the differentiated signal 43 with the gate signal 46, thereby forming a tg signal 49, which is an envelope delay time detection signal and is supplied to the operation control circuit 1. On the other hand, the phase delay time tp relating to the phase velocity Vp is detected in the following manner. A tp,Tp* signal detection circuit 57, composed of a zero-cross comparator, a multivibrator and the like for detecting the phase delay time tp, detects the first upshift zero-cross point (first phase shift from negative to positive) of the phase signal 44 during the duration of the gate signal 46, thereby supplying the operation control circuit 1 with a signal 47 representing the phase delay time tp. Also, the tp,Tp* signal detection circuit 57 detects, for determining the phase period of the detected signal waveform from the sensor 6, a zero-cross point after a cycle period from the above-mentioned detection point for the phase delay time tp, and supplies the operation control circuit 1 with a signal 48 indicating the time Tp* between the zero-cross point and the detection point for the phase delay time tp. [Calculation of distance between vibration source and sensor (Fig. 5)] The calculation of the distance from the vibration source to each sensor, based on thus determined group delay time tg and phase delay time tp, is conducted in the following manner. Fig. 5 schematically shows the relationship among the group delay time tg, phase delay time tp and pen-sensor distance L in the present embodiment. The relation between the group delay time tg and the distance L is continuous but is not satisfactorily linear. On the other hand, the relation between the phase delay time Tp and the distance L is sufficiently linear but not continuous, because of the difference between the group velocity Vg and the phase velocity Vp in Lamb wave. The wave velocities (group velocity Vg, phase velocity Vp) are obtained from these relations and are defined as follows. The group velocity Vg is defined by the inclination of the relation of the distance L to the group delay time Tg, determined by first-order minimum square method. Also the phase velocity Vp is defined by determining the inclination of each straight line by first-order minimum square method and averaging the plural inclinations obtained in the distance measuring range. Also, in order to define the frequency f of the Lamb wave, the intercept of each straight line for the phase delay time tp is at first obtained by the first-order minimum square method by using the phase velocity Vp defined above, thereby obtaining the distances of these straight lines. The wavelength λ is defined by averaging the plural distances obtained in the distance measuring range, and the frequency f is defined as phase velocity Vp/wavelength λ. It will be understood that the precision of distance measurement can be optimized by calculating the distance by a method to be explained in the following, based on thus defined phase velocity Vp, group velocity Vg and frequency f. In the following there will be explained the algorithm of distance calculation. The present embodiment employs the Lamb wave for detection, so that the linearity between the obtained group delay time tg and the distance L may not be sufficiently high. Consequently, the precision of the distance L between the vibration source 3 and the vibration sensor 6 cannot be sufficient if it is determined as the product of the group delay time tg and the group velocity Vg, as indicated in the equation (1): L = Vg·tg Therefore, for the coordinate determination in more precise manner, the calculation is conducted according to the equation (2) based on the phase delay time tp of superior linearity: L = Vp·tp + N·λp wherein λp is a wavelength of the Lamb wave, and N is an integer. In the right-hand side of the equation (2), the first term indicates a distance L0 in Fig. 5, and the difference between the desired distance L and the distance L0 is equal, as will be apparent from Fig. 5, to an integral multiple of the wavelength. (The step width T* corresponds, on the time axis, to a cycle of the signal waveform 44, so that T* = 1/frequency, or corresponds to the wavelength λp in distance.) Consequently, the pen-sensor distance L can be accurately obtained by the determination of the integer N, which can be determined by the following equation (3), based on the foregoing equations (1) and (2): N = INT[(Vg·tg - Vp·tp)/λp + 0.5] This equation indicates that N can be accurately determined, even when the relation between the group delay time tg and the distance is not sufficient in linearity, as long as the generated error is within ±λ/2. Thus the distance L between the vibration source 3 and the vibration sensor 6 can be accurately measured by substituting thus determined N into the equation (2). The vibration transmitting time released from the above-mentioned measuring circuit contains a phase circuit delay time etp and a group circuit delay time etg (cf. Fig. 5). These times also contain, in addition to the circuit delay times, for example a time of propagation of the vibration in the contactor 5 of the vibration source 3. An error, resulting from this fact, is always present in the same amount in the transmission of the vibration from the vibration source through the vibration transmitting plate 8 to the vibration sensor 6. Consequently, there stand following relations: tg0* = tg0 + etg tp0* = tp0 + etp wherein tg0* and tp0* are vibration transmission times actually measured at a point of a known distance from the sensor (hereinafter the point is defined as the original point O and the known distance is defined as Ra), and tg0 and tp0 are actual transmission times of the vibration from the original point O to the sensor. On the other hand, measured values tg*, Tp* at an arbitrary input point P can be represented by: tg* = tg + etg tp* = tp + etp By calculating the difference between the equations (4) and (6) and that between the equations (5) and (7) there are obtained: tg* - tg0* = (tg + etg) - (tg0 + etg) = tg - tg0 tp* - tp0* = (tp + etp) - (tp0 + etp) = tp - tp0 In this manner it is made possible to eliminate the phase circuit delay time etp and the group circuit delay time etg contained in each transmission time and to obtain the difference of the transmission delay times. Thus, the distance from the vibration source 3 to the vibration sensor 6 can be accurately determined by calculating the distance according to the equations (1), (2) and (3), employing following values: tg = tg* - tg0* tp = tp* - tp0* and finally adding, to the obtained distance, the distance Ra from the vibration sensor 6 to the original point O. It is therefore possible, by storing the distance from the vibration sensor 6 to the original point O in advance for example in an involatile memory to determine the distance from the vibration source 3 to the vibration sensor 6. [Properties of Lamb wave and error in distance measurement] The above-explained distance measuring device effects distance calculation, based on the arrival delay time of the Lamb wave, and the frequency f, group velocity Vg and phase velocity Vp of the wave. Consequently, the precision of the distance measurement depends on the accuracy of the measurement of the wave delay time, and also on the precision of setting of the constants (frequency f, group velocity Vg and phase velocity Vp of the wave) employed in the calculation. As already known, the group velocity Vg and the phase velocity Vp of the Lamb wave depend on the product of the frequency f thereof and the plate thickness d. In general, the phase velocity Vp of the Lamb wave can be approximated by the following equation (12): 4RS tanh ( πfdS Vp ) - l (l + S 2 ) 2 tanh ( πfdR Vp ) = 0 R = sqr {l - ( Vp C L ) 2 } S = sqr {l - ( Vp C S ) 2 } C L : velocity of longitudinal wave C S : velocity of transverse wave. On the other hand, the group velocity Vg is given by: Vg = dω dk wherein k = ω/Vp . This relationship is illustrated in Fig. 6. Therefore, in the mass production of a device utilizing the Lamb wave, the wave velocity varies in individual device because of the inevitable fluctuations of the frequency f and the plate thickness d in the components. There is therefore required means for determining the wave velocity, but the determination of the wave velocity from the distance-delay time relationship shown in Fig. 5 requires a long time and is unsuitable for mass production. (In the present case, an X-Y stage employed as the distance setting means is so controlled as to vary the distance between the vibration source 3 and the vibration sensor 6 (for example distance L = 20 to 270 mm; pitch of measurement 0.2 mm), for measuring the corresponding wave arrival time.) It is therefore essential to establish means for setting the wave velocity in a simpler manner. At first there will be explained an experiment Performed for determining the actual influence of the plate thickness d and the frequency f on the wave velocity. Fig. 7 shows the influence of the central frequency of the band-pass filter in the measuring circuit on the frequency f of the Lamb wave with the individual fluctuation of the vibration source taken as a parameter. This chart clearly indicates that the central frequency of the band-pass filter and the individual fluctuation of the vibration source affect the frequency f of the Lamb wave. Stated differently, even if the plate thickness is constant, the frequency varies depending on the circuit characteristics and the individual fluctuation of the vibration source, so that the phase velocity Vp and the group velocity Vg also vary. These experimental data, together with similar ones obtained by varying the plate thickness d, can be rearranged as a relationship between the product of the frequency f and the plate thickness d, and the phase velocity Vp as shown in Fig. 8. A solid line in Fig. 8 indicates the relation obtained from the equation (12), indicating that the actual phenomenon coincides well with the equation (12). It also suggests that the phase velocity Vp can be accurately determined if the frequency f of the Lamb wave can be somehow determined, since the plate thickness d can be precisely measured in a simple manner in the mass production, for example with a laser. Similarly Fig. 9 shows the results rearranged for the group velocity Vg. Different from the relationship for the phase velocity Vp, the group velocity Vg cannot be determined accurately even if the frequency f of the Lamb wave and the plate thickness d can be determined. The setting error in the group velocity Vg affects the equation (3), but there exist certain tolerances for the setting errors of the group velocity Vg, phase velocity Vp and frequency f because the equation (3) performs half-adjusting operation during the calculation, and the integer N can be accurately calculated if the setting errors is less than the tolerances, so that the accuracy of distance calculation according to the equation (2) is not directly influenced. As explained in the foregoing, it is possible to determine the phase velocity Vp accurately and the group velocity Vg approximately if the frequency f of the Lamb wave can be determined by any method. The present embodiment is therefore so constructed as to detect the phase period and to convert the period into the frequency of the Lamb wave (hereinafter such derived value being defined as converted frequency f*). Fig. 10 shows the relationship between the converted frequency f* and the actual frequency f of the Lamb wave to be obtained. Although there exists certain correlation between the converted frequency f* and the actual frequency f of the Lamb wave, a difference of about ±5 kHz exists between the two. It is thus not possible to accurately determine the frequency f from the converted frequency f*, so that the relation in Fig. 8 cannot accurately provide the phase velocity Vp. The phase velocity Vp, determined from the relation of Fig. 8, based on the converted frequency f containing the error will be defined as the converted phase velocity Vp*, different from the correct phase velocity Vp. Figs. 11 and 12 show the error ΔL in distance measurement and the error ΔN in making integer, of the representative data obtained from the aforementioned experiments ( ΔN = N* - N wherein N* = (Vgtg - Vptp)/λp , and N can be obtained from the equation (3)). The original point O in this case (the original point O being already explained in detail with reference to Fig. 5) is at a distance of 145 mm from the sensor, and the following data are all given under this condition. These results are obtained with exact constants determined from the distance-delay time relationship, and indicate that the integer N and the distance L can be precisely calculated. On contrary, the precision of distance measurement is lowered if the setting of the wave velocity contains an error. In the following, therefore, there will be considered the influence of the error in the wave velocity measurement on the equation (2) in the case that the measurement of wave velocity contains an error. The following discussion will be based on an assumption that the influence of the setting error of the group velocity Vg on the equation (3) is within the tolerance (the integer N is exactly calculated), and the actual influence will be described later. The frequency f can only be determined with an accuracy of ±5 KHz according to the experimental results relative to the above-mentioned exact constants. Thus, Fig. 13 shows the error generated in the distance measurement in case the exact frequency with an error of -5 KHz is used as the constant. Also, Fig. 14 shows the result of calculation in the case that the frequency is calculated correctly and only the phase velocity Vp contains an error of -6.9 m/sec. These charts clearly indicate a deterioration in the precision of the distance measurement. Thus, the precision cannot be improved unless the constants relating to the wave velocity are correctly set in individual device. The phenomenon in Fig. 13 will be explained by Fig. 15. The actually measured delay time is indicated by solid lines while the delay time determined by the set constants is represented by broken lines. Because only the frequency f contains an error, both lines have a same inclination, and the precision of distance measurement becomes deteriorated as the distance from the original point increases. The determination of the frequency f in the aforementioned manner cannot provide sufficient precision, and even if the phase velocity Vp can be correctly determined, the precise distance calculation is impossible because of the relation shown in Fig. 15. It should, however, be possible to reduce the error ΔL of distance measurement by correcting the phase velocity Vp as shown in Fig. 16 with respect to the error-containing frequency. It is in fact possible to obtain the relationship as shown in Fig. 16, thereby reducing the error in distance measurement, by setting the phase velocity Vp larger or smaller than the actual value respectively if the frequency used as the constant is set higher or lower than the frequency f of the Lamb wave. Consequently, the properties of the Lamb wave has been investigated for the purpose of correcting the phase velocity Vp. Fig. 17 schematically shows the relationship between the delay time obtained in the present measuring system and the distance, for given plate thickness and frequency. The phase delay time Tp becomes stepwise as already explained before, and, by defining its repeating interval as TL1 in time or L1 in distance, there are obtained: L1 = Vg·TL1 = Vp(TL1 + 1/f) ∴TL1 = Vp/f (Vg - Vp) ∴L1 = VgVp/f (Vg - Vp) The relationship between the distance L1 and the frequency (group velocity Vg and phase velocity Vp being obtained respectively from the equations (12) and (13), based on the frequency f and the plate thickness d) is shown in Fig. 18. In the low-frequency region, if the frequency is assumed to have become lower by Δf with respect to the delay time of the Lamb wave shown in Fig. 17, there can be obtained broken-lined states shown in Fig. 17, since the phase velocity Vp and the group velocity Vg become lower and the distance L1 becomes larger according to the equations (12) and (13). In this state, if the extrapolation of the broken line passes the point A, there stands the relation represented by the equation (16), the distance calculation can be correctly executed, without the actual frequency and phase velocity of the Lamb wave, by employing the converted frequency f* containing a deviation Δf and the converted phase velocity Vp* obtained from the converted frequency and the equation (12) (or an experimentally obtained relation as shown in Fig. 8). The necessary condition for this relation is given by: L1 = TL1·Vp* + Vp*/f* Therefore, from the equations (15) and (16), there can be obtained: Vp(Vg - Vp*)/f(Vg - Vp) - Vp*/f* = 0 If the plate thickness is constant, the group velocity and the phase velocity are functions of the frequency f. Thus a function G(f) is defined as follows: G(f) = Vp(Vg - Vp*)/f(Vg - Vp) - Vp*/f* Also, the phase velocity Vp is approximated by the following equations, within a small section of frequency f: Vp = αfd + β (Plate thickness d: constant) Vp* = α(f + Δf)d + β α can be obtained by differentiating the equation (12) with the frequency f. Since there is employed a Lamb wave having different Vg and Vp, the equation (19) can be rewritten as: G(f) = β(Vg - Vp) - α(f + Δf)dVp f(f + Δf)(Vg - Vp) Δf ≃ 0 Consequently, if the necessary condition equation (18) is satisfied, the distance calculation can be correctly conducted without the actual wave velocity by employing the approximate frequency f* of the Lamb wave and the converted phase velocity Vp* determined from the frequency f* and the equation (12). Fig. 19 shows an example of wave velocity setting utilizing the above-mentioned relation. As the frequency f can only be measured with an accuracy of ±5 KHz as shown in Fig. 10, the calculation was conducted with a frequency of 498.42 KHz (corresponding to the converted frequency f*) in contrast to the actual frequency f = 503.42 KHz, and a converted phase velocity Vp* = 2165.76 m/sec (actual phase velocity Vp = 2172.68 m/sec with a difference ΔVp = -6.9 m/sec) derived from the converted frequency f* and the relation shown in Fig. 8. In comparison with the results shown in Fig. 13 (containing an error of -5 KHz only in the frequency f) and Fig. 14 (containing an error of -6.9 m/sec only in the phase velocity Vp), the result in Fig. 19 represents a significant improvement in the precision of the distance measurement, thus becoming substantially equivalent to the result employing the actual wave velocity as shown in Fig. 12. In the foregoing there has been explained that exact distance calculation can be executed with the approximate converted frequency determined from the phase period of the detected signal waveform and the converted phase velocity Vp* from the converted frequency and the relation shown in Fig. 8. In the following there will be described the influence on the equation (3) when approximate constants are employed. Fig. 11 indicates that ΔN does not exceed 0.1 in the case of using the exact wave velocity, so that the integer N can be exactly determined from the equation (3). Fig. 20 shows the influence on the equation (3) in case the frequency and the phase velocity are set as explained above, assuming that the group velocity can be correctly determined. It will be understood that this result is almost same as that shown in Fig. 11, so that the integer N can be determined without difficulty by the above-mentioned setting of the frequency and the phase velocity. Therefore, the calculation of the integer N can be realized without problem by the setting of the phase velocity Vp and the frequency f according to the above-explained method. In the following there will be described the setting error of the group velocity Vg, based on the foregoing results. Even if the actual frequency f is assumed to be correctly calculable from Fig. 9, it is not well correlated with the group velocity Vg, so that an error of about 20 m/sec at maximum has to be anticipated in the derivation of the group velocity Vg from the frequency f. The error of the group velocity further increases if the frequency f is approximated by the converted frequency f*. If an error of 20 m/sec anticipated in the present constant setting method is included in the group velocity in the calculation, there will be obtained a result as shown in Fig. 21 (with a setting error of -20 m/sec in group velocity Vg) or in Fig. 22 (with a setting error of +20 m/sec in group velocity Vg), so that the error ΔN in making integer resulting from the error in the wave velocity setting becomes about ±0.2, corresponding to a case where the distance between the vibration source 3 and the vibration sensor 6 is 20 to 270 mm (original point O = 145 mm). With a further increase in the distance, the error ΔN in making integer increases further according to the setting error of the group velocity Vg and will eventually exceed the tolerance ±0.5 for the error ΔN in making integer. Consequently, for expanding the area of measurement, it is necessary to more exactly set the group velocity Vg. Since the error ΔN in making integer is also generated by other factors (variation in the ambient conditions or in the waveform of the detected signal), it is desirable to suppress the error as far as possible not only for the purpose of such area expansion but also for improving the reliability. Now, let us review the properties of the Lamb wave again. The group velocity Vg and the phase velocity Vp of the Lamb wave are dependent on the plate thickness d and the frequency f. Based on this fact, the wave velocity setting method explained above consists of at first detecting the frequency f, and calculating the phase velocity Vp and the group velocity Vg from the frequency f and the known plate thickness d. This method is associated with the following factors that: 1) the correlation between the frequency f and the converted frequency f* is poor (exact frequency f being not determinable); 2) the correlation between the phase velocity Vp and (frequency f x plate thickness d) is very high; and 3) the correlation between the group velocity Vg and (frequency f x plate thickness d) is not high. It has already been explained that the distance calculation can be conducted exactly without loss in precision, based on the factors 1) and 2). In the following there will be discussed the factor 3) and its influence on the equation (3). The relationship shown in Fig. 9 is rearranged, in consideration of the foregoing, as Fig. 23, which indicates the group velocity Vg in the ordinate and the product of the plate thickness d and the frequency f in the abscissa, wherein the frequency f is equal to the average of all the data in Fig. 9. Stated differently, all the data are considered as of a same frequency, and the group velocity Vg is represented as a function of the plate thickness d only. By defining as a function of the plate thickness, the group velocity Vg can be obtained relatively satisfactorily, with a setting precision of about +10 m/sec. In consideration of a fact that, even if the actual velocity can be correctly calculated, there has to be anticipated an error of about 20 m/sec in the derivation of the group velocity Vg from the frequency f as shown in Fig. 9, and that the error in the group velocity Vg further increases if the frequency f is approximated by the converted frequency f*, it will be understood that the group velocity Vg can be determined far more precisely as a function of the plate thickness d only as shown in Fig. 23. This phenomenon can be theoretically explained as follows. The detection of the group delay time tg relating to the group velocity Vg involves a filter process, such as with the low-pass filter, for detecting the envelope of the detected signal waveform as shown in Fig. 3, so that the phase information of the detected signal waveform is rounded. It is therefore considered that the actual group velocity Vg can be better estimated by a representative value (for example the average value) rather than the rigorous phase information. The present invention has been reached on this finding, and the actual procedure of wave velocity setting will be explained in the following. The plate thickness d is measured (easily measurable for example with a laser) in advance at the assembling operation and is stored in memory means such as a ROM. This plate thickness d is used in the relationship shown in Fig. 23 for setting the group velocity Vg (Fig. 24A). Also when the vibration is entered by the vibration source, the converted frequency f* is measured and is set as a constant relating to the frequency. Then, the converted frequency f* and the plate thickness d are used in the relationship shown in Fig. 8 for calculating the converted phase velocity Vp*, which is set as a constant relating to the phase velocity (Fig. 24B). In this manner setting of all the necessary constants is completed. This setting operation may be conducted at every distance calculation which is then executed with thus set constants, or may be conducted only at the setting of the reference times tg0, tp0 at the reference distance (original point O). The above-explained configuration also has the following advantages. The device of the configuration, being capable of setting the constants in itself, can avoid the deterioration in the precision of distance measurement by a variation in the set constants, even when the vibration characteristics of the detected waveform vary for example by the abrasion of the contactor of the vibration source. Also in case the contactor or the vibrator is replaced due to abrasion or damage, the vibration characteristics are inevitably altered as shown in Fig. 7, but the reliability of the device can be maintained even in such case, by the automatic correction of the set constants. Stated differently, the maintenance work can be extremely simplified as the wave velocity can be set by the user even in the case of such trouble. [Second embodiment] Fig. 25 is a block diagram showing the signal processing of a second embodiment. Also in this embodiment, the distance between the vibration source 3 and the vibration sensor 6 is detected from the group delay time Tg based on the group velocity Vg and the phase delay time Tp based on the phase velocity Vp. The output signal of the vibration sensor 6 is amplified to a predetermined level by the pre-amplifier circuit 101, and is then supplied to a group delay time tg detection circuit and a phase delay time tp detection circuit. In the following there will at first be explained the phase delay time tp detection circuit. At first a band-pass filter 111 eliminates unnecessary frequency components from the detection signal. A tp,tp* signal detection circuit 107, composed of a zero-cross comparator, a multivibrator and the like for detecting the phase delay time tp, detects the first upshift zero-cross point (initial point of phase shift from negative to positive) of the phase signal during the duration of a gate signal to be explained later, and supplies the operation control circuit 1 with a signal indicating the phase delay time tp. The tp,tp* signal detection circuit also detects a zero-cross point after a cycle period from the above-mentioned detection point of the phase delay time tp, for determining the phase period of the detected signal waveform of the sensor 6, and supplies the operation control circuit 1 with a signal indicating the time Tp* between the above-mentioned zero-cross point and the detection point for the phase delay time tp. In the group delay time tg detection circuit, the signal amplified to a predetermined level by the pre-amplifier circuit 101 is supplied to an envelope detection circuit 102 composed for example of an absolute value circuit and a low-pass filter, whereby the envelope alone of the detection signal is extracted. Then a gate signal generation circuit 106, composed for example of a multivibrator, generates a gate signal of which duration corresponds to a period in which said envelope exceeds a predetermined threshold value. For detecting the group delay time tg relating to the group velocity Vg, there can be detected a peak or an inflection point of the envelope as explained before, and the present embodiment utilizes detection of the first inflection point of the envelope. The signal released from the envelope detection circuit 102 is supplied to an envelope inflection point detection circuit 103 to obtain a twice differentiated waveform of the envelope. A tg signal detection circuit 104 composed for example of a multivibrator compares this differentiated waveform signal with the aforementioned gate signal to generate a tg signal, which is an envelope delay time detection signal of a predetermined waveform. In this embodiment, the band-pass filter is not employed in the detection of the group delay time tg, but filter means such as a low-pass filter is used for the detection, so that the phase information of the detected signal waveform is rounded. Consequently, the filter process for example with a band-pass filter is not required for the detection of the group delay time tg. In fact such circuit configuration satisfactory result as in Fig. 23, and allows to set the group velocity Vg with sufficient precision from the plate thickness d. [Third embodiment] Fig. 26 shows the configuration of a coordinate input device in which the above-explained distance measuring device is applied. In Fig. 26, components equivalent in function to those in the first embodiment are represented by same numbers. An operation control circuit 1 controls the entire device and calculates the coordinate position. A vibrator driving circuit 2 causes vibration of a vibrator 4 incorporated in a vibration source 3, and causes the generated vibration to be transmitted to a vibration transmitting plate 8 through a contactor 5. The vibration transmitting plate 8 is composed, in the present embodiment of a glass plate, and the coordinate input by the vibration source 3 is achieved by the contact thereof in a coordinate input effective area (hereinafter called effective area, and corresponding to an area A indicated by solid lines in Fig. 26) on the vibration transmitting plate 8. On the outer perimeter of the vibration transmitting plate 8, there is provided an antivibration material 7 in order to prevent that the vibration entered by the vibration source 3 is reflected at the end face of the plate 8 toward the central part thereof. In the peripheral part of the vibration transmitting plate 8, there are fixed vibration sensors 6a to 6d such as piezoelectric elements, for converting the mechanical vibration into electrical signals. The signals from the sensors are amplified in unrepresented amplifier circuits, and then supplied to a signal waveform detection circuit 9 for signal processing, of which result is supplied to the operation control circuit 1 for coordinate calculation. The details of the signal detection circuit 9 and operation control circuit 1 will be explained later. A display 11, such as a liquid crystal display unit, capable of display in dot units, is provided behind the vibration transmitting plate 8 and displays, under the control of a display driving circuit 10, a dot in a position contacted by the vibration source 3, the display being observable through the vibration transmitting plate 8 (in case it is translucent). This coordinate input device calculates the distance from the vibration source to each sensor by means of the distance measuring device explained above, and determines the position of the vibration source based on these results. When four vibration sensors 6a to 6d are positioned at the four corners S1 to S4 on the vibration transmitting plate 8 as shown in Fig. 27, the linear distances da to dd from the position P of the vibration source 3 to the positions of said vibration sensors 6a to 6d can be determined according to the principle explained before. Then the operation control circuit 1 determines the coordinate (x, y) of the point P of the vibration source 3 from the linear distances da to dd, according to the following equations: x = (da + db) · (da - db)/2X y = (da + dc) · (da - dc)/2Y wherein X is the distance between the vibration sensors 6a and 6b, while Y is the distance between the vibration sensors 6c and 6d. In this manner the coordinate of the position of the vibration source 3 can be detected on real-time basis. The above-explained calculation is conducted with the distance information to three sensors, and the distance information of the remaining vibration sensor among four sensors employed in the present embodiment is used for confirming the certainty of the obtained coordinate. It is naturally possible to omit the distance information of the sensor of the largest pen-sensor distance L (an increased distance reduces the detected signal level, whereby the probability of influence of noises becomes larger), and to calculate the coordinate by the remaining three sensors. The present embodiment employs four sensors of which three are used for coorcinate calculation, but, geometrically, the coordinate calculation is possible with two sensors at minimum. Thus the number of sensors is to be determined according to the specification of the product. As explained in the foregoing, the distance measuring device and the coordinate input apparatus of the present invention employs the Lamb wave for detection. As already known, the velocity of the Lamb wave depends, in addition of the material constituting the transmitting plate, the frequency f of the Lamb wave and the thickness d of the plate. Consequently, in the mass production of the device utilizing such Lamb wave, the wave velocity varies from device to device because of the fluctuation of the frequency f and the plate thickness d by the tolerance of the components. Stated differently, a constant wave velocity requires no tolerance in the components, so that the cost becomes very high. For avoiding such drawback, there is required means for determining the wave velocity in each individual device, but the conventional determination of the wave velocity from the relationship between the wave arrival time and the distance requires a long time, and such determination, if conducted in each device, hinders the mass producing operation. It is therefore proposed, utilizing the properties of the Lamb wave, to at first measure the plate thickness d (measurable in a simple manner for example with a laser), then to set the group velocity Vg from the thickness, and to calculate the phase velocity Vp from the plate thickness d and the frequency f of the Lamb wave (calculated from the phase period of the detected signal waveform). This method, though incapable of exact values of the frequency f, phase velocity Vp and group velocity Vg, can provide approximate values in a simple manner, and can minimize the error in the distance measurement by such constant setting, thereby preventing the loss in the precision of distance measurement. Thus, in a device utilizing the Lamb wave where the wave velocity fluctuates from device to device, it is rendered possible to set the approximate wave velocity in a simple manner and to effect precise distance calculation even with such approximate wave velocity. Furthermore, the present invention, allowing to simplify the wave velocity setting in a simple manner, enables increase of the dimension of the device and mass production of highly reliable devices in inexpensive manner. Furthermore, the device of the present invention, being capable of setting the constants in itself, can always maintain the precision of detection by a variation in the set constants, even when the vibration characteristics of the detected waveform are varied for example by the abrasion of the contactor of the vibration source. Furthermore, it can maintain reliability by a similar correction of the set constants, in case the contactor or the vibrator is replaced because of abrasion or damage. Consequently the maintenance work is extremely simplified, as the wave velocity setting can be made at the site of the user even in the case of such trouble.

Claims: A distance measuring device comprising: a vibration transmitting plate (8); vibration input means (5) for entering a vibration into the vibration transmitting plate (8); vibration detection means (6) for detecting a Lamb wave induced by the vibration entered by said vibration input means (5) into said vibration transmitting plate (8) and propagating therein; first memory means for storing a thickness (d) of said vibration transmitting plate (8); measuring means for measuring the phase period of the detected signal waveform of the Lamb wave obtained by said vibration detection means (5); second memory means for storing the result obtained by said measuring means; first derivation means for deriving the group velocity Vg of the Lamb wave; second derivation means for deriving the phase velocity Vp of the Lamb wave from the values stored in said first and second memory means; and distance derivation means for calculating the distance from the value stored in said second memory means, the value obtained from said first and second derivation means, and the arrival delay time tg, tp, of the Lamb wave; characterized in that : said first derivation means derives the group velocity Vg solely from the plate thickness stored in said first memory means. A coordinate input apparatus comprising: coordinate derivation means for deriving the coordinate of a vibration entry point, based on the plural distance informations derived by the distance measuring device according to claim 1.

Inventors: KOBAYASHI KATSUYUKI, SATO HAJIME, TANAKA ATSUSHI, TOKIOKA MASAKI, YANAGISAWA RYOZO, YOSHIMURA YUICHIRO, KOBAYASHI, KATSUYUKI, SATO, HAJIME, TANAKA, ATSUSHI, TOKIOKA, MASAKI, YANAGISAWA, RYOZO, YOSHIMURA, YUICHIRO, KOBAYASHI, KATSUYUKI, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, SATO, HAJIME, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, TANAKA, ATSUSHI, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, TOKIOKA, MASAKI, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, YANAGISAWA, RYOZO, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, YOSHIMURA, YUICHIRO, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Applicants: CANON KK, CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G06K11
IPC codes: G06F3, G01B17