Vehicle wheel speed sensor employing an adaptable rotor cap

Abstract: A vehicle wheel speed sensor incorporated on an axle spindle (10) hub (18) and hub cap (22) assembly of the type using permanent magnets (56) to generate a magnetic field having a magnetic path (57) conducted through a plurality of teeth (32) on a flange (19) extending from the hub cap (22) into a plurality of teeth (37) on a stator (36) with relative motion therebetween upon rotation of the wheel where the frequency of the change in the magnetic reluctance varies at a frequency proportional to the wheel speed. The stator (36) is mounted to the end of the axle spindle (10) by a securing bolt (52) so that the stator (36) can be easily removed for service without disturbing the axle bearings (14). As a part of the stator (36) assembly, a locating plate (46) is provided which allows the operating gap between the teeth (32) formed in the flange (19) and the teeth (37) formed in the stator (36) to be easily established upon assembly of the hub cap (22) to the wheel hub (18) by allowing the rotor (30) to contact the locating plate (46) when the hub cap securing bolts (24) have been loosened and the axle is supported. The flange (19) pilots on the inner annular surface in the wheel hub (18) thereby reducing the cost of assembly and improving overall functionality.

Description: Field of the Invention This invention relates to a wheel speed sensor assembly and, specifically, to a wheel speed sensor assembly whose operating clearance is easily adjusted. Background of the Invention Prior art wheel speed sensors for vehicles have generally fallen into two broad categories, those employing other active or passive sensors. Active sensors require a power signal to be fed to a sensor component, whereas passive sensors need no outside power and usually consist of a coil surrounding a magnet material which is positioned in close proximity to a circular shaped element having a plurality of teeth which rotates with the wheel hub. The coil and magnet are mounted to a stationary part of the vehicle or axle assembly and the relative motion of the teeth in the rotor passing over a magnetized pole piece induces a change in reluctance which can be detected in an electronics package which is connected to the coil. A device of this type is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,986,605, where a pulsar and sensor unit are located inside the wheel hub mounted on the axle spindle in close proximity to a rotor connected to the wheel hub having a series of rectangular teeth. Another type of passive wheel speed sensor is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,887,046 and describes a sensor having a stator and a rotor where the stator is mounted on an axle and includes an electrical coil of wire surrounding the axle where the coil sets in a metal carrier having pole pieces and a plurality of magnets angularly disposed where the pole pieces are in close proximity to a multi-segmented rotor which is mounted to a hub cap which turns with the wheel hub. A problem with these types of wheel speed sensors is that they require precision fabrication of the components so that, upon assembly, the limited clearance of the pole pieces to the rotor is maintained throughout the rotation of the wheel hub and hub cap assembly so that the signal due to the passing of the rotor teeth over the pole pieces is maximized. Also, another problem with devices of this type is that the mounting of the stator piece is secured by the axle mount and is piloted on the outside diameter of the axle spindle which results in a large and complicated mounting system for the stator disc. If service of the stator is required, the prior art systems require that the spindle retention nut be disturbed which complicates the servicing process. Another problem occurs upon reassembly where the clearance between the rotor and the stator pole pieces is difficult to set and poor sensor performance is the potential result of that difficulty. Another problem with wheel speed sensor assemblies is that the rotor cap often sets the clearance between the stator and the rotor and this rotor cap is simply clamped through some type of fastening means making the setting of the operator clearance between the stator and the rotor quite difficult. Some method of piloting the rotor cap to the hub and wheel structure would facilitate sensor assembly setup for proper operating clearance. In the prior art, the rotor and hub cap were two different parts which were assembled together. This assembly process involved pressing into the hub cap a preshaped rotor. However, during this process it is very difficult to maintain the required roundness and tolerances for the rotor to be properly functional and rotate in close proximity relative to the stator. To assure this function, the rotor typically has to be machined after assembly with the attendant adding machining and pre-shaping adding considerable cost to the product. Another concept for a vehicle wheel speed sensor is shown in EP 0 542 064 A1 which is not prepublished. With this arrangement the hub cap is mounted to the hub by means of a radially extending flange. The hub cap has a cup-like shape comprising a cylindrical inner circumference. A tubular rotor ring is fitted into this opening and comprises a plurality of axially extending teeth which are uniform in dimension and extend along an axis parallel to the axis of the spindle. Summary of the Invention This invention provides a convenient method of securing the stator plate disc to the vehicle axle by way of a tapped pole in the axle centerline where the stator is piloted by the end of the axle shaft on an inside diameter surface machined into the stator and is held in place by a nut that engages a threaded shaft that extends and engages the threaded portion of the vehicle axle. In this manner, the stator assembly, which includes the coil and the magnets, is easily removed from the vehicle without disturbing the spindle nut or spindle bearing. The invention also provides for a convenient method of setting the operating gap between the stator teeth and the teeth residing in the rotor where the stator assembly includes a clearance plate having an outside diameter approximately the same as that of the stator. Upon assembly, the hub cap is loosened and the rotor is allowed to contact the clearance plate due to the force of gravity acting on the hub cap while the axle is supported by a separate means (such as vehicle jack stands) instead of the vehicle wheel and tire assembly. Thereupon, the hub cap bolts are tightened and the vehicle is lowered upon the tires and wheels which results in a loading of the wheel hub bearings, thereby providing the desired operating gap between the stator and the rotor. Using the present invention, the assembly of the wheel speed sensor is easier with higher reliability and integrity of the functionality of the wheel speed sensor assembly. The manufacturability of the wheel speed sensor assembly is also improved by reducing machining operations. Also, using the present invention, a spacer can be used to locate the rotor at the required distance from the hub base thereby providing for a parts commonality which reduces costs and facilitates assembly and manufacturing environment. It is therefore, a provision of the present invention to provide a wheel speed sensor whose operating gap between the rotor and the stator can be easily set and secured. Another provision of the present invention is to provide a wheel speed sensor that can be adapted to a variety of hub widths where a spacer is used to locate the rotor at the desired distance from the hub base. Another provision of the present invention is to provide a wheel speed sensor whose operating gap between the rotor and the stator can be easily set and secured where the rotor is piloted to the hub assembly. Still another provision of the present invention is to provide a wheel speed sensor assembly that can be easily removed and then reassembled to the vehicle axle with the correct operating gap between the stator and the rotor. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of the present invention as installed on the end of a vehicle axle and hub assembly; Figure 2 is a perspective view of the wheel speed sensor assembly of the present invention; and Figure 3 is a perspective view of the hub cap of the wheel speed sensor of the present invention. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Referring to Figure 1, a typical installation of a truck wheel and hub assembly is shown mounted on an axle spindle (10) where the wheel hub (18) rotates about the axle spindle (10) by way of bearing member (14) where the wheel speed sensor of the present invention is carried on the axle spindle (10) and a hub cap (22) which is secured to the wheel hub (18) by way of a plurality of mounting bolts (24) which pass through a like number of bolt holes (21) formed in a flange section (25) of the hub cap (22). The bearing member (14) is held in place and preloaded by spindle hub (16) which is secured in position by lock ring (17). The truck axle spindle (10) contains an axial hole (12) running along the centerline and ending with a tapped region (20) so as to accept a threaded bolt which is sealed by an "O"-ring (23). The hub cap cover (26) is secured to the hub cap (22) with a plurality of securing bolts (28). The function of the hub cap cover (26) is to prevent contaminants from entering the speed sensor and bearing components. The hub cap (22) has a pilot extension (19) that axially extends and pilots on the wheel and hub assembly on the wheel hub (18). The pilot extension (19) has a multiplicity of teeth axially extending and cut into the pilot extension (19) where the gap between the multiplicity of teeth radially extends from the axis of rotation. By machining the teeth (32) directly into the hub cap (22), and then piloting the hub cap (22) into the wheel and hub assembly by means of pilot extension (19), the operating gap between the teeth (32) and the stator teeth (37) is more accurately maintained as opposed to other methods which typically use a separate machined member for the rotor (22) and the rotor teeth (32) which is pressed into a hub cap (22) where the hub cap (22) is not piloted to the wheel hub (18) similar to that described in EP-A-0 542 064. The pilot extension (19) made of a magnetically conductive material which includes a multiplicity of teeth (32) formed therein that are uniform in dimension and extended along an axis parallel to the axle spindle (10) centerline and provide a magnetic flux path that is segmented by the voids between the teeth (32). The rotor (30) and pilot extension (19) are constructed of a material that easily conducts magnetic flux such as SAE 1010 steel or a high iron content powder metal material. The speed sensor of the present invention includes a number of components that are carried inside a cavity formed by the hub cap (22), the hub cap cover (26) and the wheel hub (18). The stator disc (36) is secured to and piloted by the axle spindle (10) with a bolt (52) which engages the threads of the axle spindle (10) at taped region (20) where a securing nut (50) is threaded onto the end of the securing bolt (52) and secures the stator disc (36) to the axle spindle (10). Other components are mounted to the stator disc (36) and include an electrical coil (38) which consists of a multiplicity of turns of electrical wire which encircle the axle spindle (10) centerline and are wound on the outside section of support housing (47) which is attached to the stator disc (36). The output leads (39) of electrical coil (38) are routed to electrical terminals (41) which are in contact with two lead bolts (48) which are electrically connected to two lead wires (43) which are routed through the bolt (52) into the axial hole in the axle spindle (10). The lead wires (43) are routed to a commonly used signal conditioning circuit whose output is routed to any number of truck systems such as an antilock braking system or an electronic transmission control unit. Also contained on the stator disc (36) are a number of magnets (56) which are shaped to fit into a like number of cavities contained in support housing (47) which is more clearly shown in Figure 2. The magnets (56) are arranged so that the north poles face in the same direction relative to the stator disc (36) and are inserted in cavities (49) formed in the support housing (47). The support housing (47) can be made of a plastic material which is non-magnetic in nature and carries a pair of metal inserts (55) which are internally drilled and tapped to accept the terminal lead bolts (48). On the outside face of the support housing (47) is a spacer plate (46) which is secured to the support housing (47) by a plurality of rivets (54) which are secured on one side at the support housing and pass through the support housing (47) and are secured on the opposite side of the stator disc (36) . The spacer plate (46) has an outside diameter that is approximately the same as the stator disc (36) which are in turn slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the rotor (30). The stator disc (36) contains a multiplicity of stator teeth (37) evenly spaced and of uniform dimension which are preferably of the same number of teeth as are contained at the peripheral edge of the rotor (30). The stator disc (36) is secured to the end of the axle spindle (10) by way of a securing nut (50) which is threaded on the bolt (52) and is piloted on the outside diameter of the end portion of axle spindle (10) where a key (51) is extended form the stator disc (36) into a key way in the axle spindle (10) to prevent relative rotation between the stator disc (36) and the axle spindle (10). In operation, the rotor (30) rotates with the truck wheel which is mounted to the wheel hub (18). The stator disc (36) is stationary relative to the axle spindle (10) and thus, there is relative motion between the rotor (30) and the stator disc (36) where the rotor teeth (32) pass over the stator teeth (37) and thereby change the magnetic reluctance from a high value to a low value as the rotor teeth (32) and the stator teeth (37) align one with another. A magnetic field is produced by the magnets (56) and is shown by magnetic flux line (57). A magnetic reluctance variation causes a voltage to be induced in the stator electrical coil (38) where this voltage is routed to an electronics package by way of output leads (39) and into electrical terminals (41) and into lead wires (43). the frequency of the induced voltage increases proportionally with the speed of the truck wheel, thus allowing a vehicle speed to be calculated. The magnetic reluctance is minimized when the rotor teeth (32) coincide or are in alignment with the stator teeth (37) and is maximized when the rotor teeth (32) are in alignment with the gap between the stator teeth (37). Conventional signal conditioning and measurement techniques are used to interpret the signal generated in the electrical coil (38). During the initial assembly process or upon reassembly after servicing, the operating gap between the stator teeth (37) and the inside diameter of the rotor (30) can be easily established with the use of a spacer plate (46). The truck axle is supported so that none of the vehicle weight is carried on the wheel hub (18) and the wheel assembly mounted thereto. This action unloads the wheel bearings (14) so that the weight of the wheel hub (18) and the hub cap (22) cause the free play in the axle bearing (14) to be taken up on a side opposite to that when the vehicle is in a normal operating configuration. The mounting bolts (24) that secure the hub cap (22) to the wheel hub (18) are loosened so that the hub cap (22) can be shifted around to a slight degree and the hub cap (22) is then shifted to one side so that the rotor (30) comes in contact with the spacer plate (46) at a point opposite that established by a line running from the normal tire-road contact point through the centerline of the axle and where it intersects the rotor (30). Once the hub cap (22) has been shifted so that the rotor (30) contacts the spacer plate (46) at the point described supra, the hub cap mounting bolts (24) are tightened. Once the axle is lowered so that the tire comes in contact with the road surface and supports the vehicle, the free play in the wheel bearing (1 4) allows the rotor (30) to separate from the spacer plate (46) so that the proper operating clearance between the rotor teeth (32) and the stator teeth (37) is established. Thus, the spacer plate (46) functions to set the operating clearance between the rotor (30) and the stator (36) and also conducts the magnetic field generated by the magnets (56) and must be fabricated from a material that is magnetically conductive. Although the invention has here and above been described with respect to the illustrated embodiment, it will be understood that the invention is capable of modification and variation and is therefore intended as limited only by the following claims.

Claims: A vehicle wheel speed sensor comprising: a wheel hub (18) having an axis of rotation rotationally mounted to a vehicle axle spindle (10) having an axial passageway (12) therethrough, said wheel hub (18) having a hub cavity therein where said hub cavity has an inner annular surface; a hub cap (22) secured to said wheel hub (18) forming a cavity surrounding the wheel speed sensor and having a flange (19) extending from said hub cap (22) and piloting on said inner annular surface of said hub cavity, said flange (19) having a plurality of flange teeth (32) extending in an axial direction and axially-extending into said hub cavity; a stator disc (36) having a plurality of stator teeth (37) formed on a peripheral edge, said stator disc (36) being nonrotatably attached to said axle spindle (10); a plurality of annular magnets (56) having a curved inner and outer radial surface mounted on said stator (36), said magnets (56) oriented having matching magnetic poles facing axially inward to create a magnetic field (57) which travels through said stator teeth (37) and said flange teeth (32); an annular sensing coil (38) having a multiplicity of turns of electrical wire surrounding the centerline of said axle (10) and interposed between said magnets (56) and said hub cap (22) and attached to said stator disc (36); electronic circuit means (45) for processing electrical signal; a lead wire (39) connected to said sensing coil (38) and extending into said spindle axial passageway (12) and connected to said electronic circuit means (45); securing means (50,52) holding said stator disc (36) to said axle (10); and a locating plate (46) nonrotatably attached to said stator (36), said locating plate (46) having a peripheral edge in close continuous proximity to said hub cap (22). The vehicle wheel speed sensor of claim 1, wherein said securing means is a threaded bolt (52) engaging a threaded region (20) in said spindle axial passageway (12). The vehicle wheel speed sensor of claim 1, wherein said hub cap (22) and said flange (19) are made of a ferromagnetic material, said flange (19) cylindrically shaped surrounding said stator disc (36). The vehicle wheel speed sensor of claim 1, wherein said hub cap (22) and said flange (19) are made of a high iron content powdered metal material. The vehicle wheel speed sensor of claim 1, wherein said annular sensing coil (38) is located adjacent to said stator disc (36). The vehicle wheel speed sensor of claim 1, wherein each of said annular magnets is a semicircular magnet segment (56) mounted adjacent to said stator disc (36) in close proximity to said sensing coil (38), said magnet segments (56) having magnetic poles oriented to create a magnetic field (57) travelling through said stator teeth (37) into said flange teeth (32).

Inventors: KENDZIOR JAMES MICHAEL, KENDZIOR, JAMES MICHAEL
Applicants: EATON CORP, EATON CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G01P3
IPC codes: B60T8, G01P3