METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING FUEL GAS

Abstract: The present invention generates a fuel gas which generates limited amounts of nitrogen oxides at the time of combustion, drastically increases a combustion duration time of a fuel per unit volume and can effect high temperature combustion. A primary fuel gas generated by burning a liquid fuel such as an alcohol in a fuel layer (20) of a combustion chamber (18) is mixed with a pressure air jetted from an air nozzle (16) inside a gas stream pipe (14). At this time, surrounding air entrapped in jet air forms a swirl stream. The flow passage sectional area of the primary fuel gas is first contracted with respect to the flow passage sectional area of jet air from the air nozzle (16) and is then increased, so that eddy flows occur at portions where the changes of the flow passage sectional area occur. Hydrocarbons in the primary fuel gas are decomposed into carbon and hydrogen having high activity due to the reaction of the primary fuel gas with air, and a fuel gas capable of combustion with less nitrogen oxides at a high temperature is produced.

Description: The present invention relates to a method of fuel gas production and apparatus for production of fuel gas especially for such devices as internal and external combustion engines, boilers, stoves, and fuel cells. Conventional fuels for devices listed above have included fossile fuels such as petroleum and coal, alcohol, natural gas, or gases obtained from fossile fuels. These substances need steady high temperatures for efficient combustion. However, a disadvantage of high-temperature combustion is formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx). In automobile engines, for example, without a denitrifying device have therefore to use a lower combustion temperature, which imposes a limit to the thermal efficiency (or, fuel consumption) of the engines. In addition, emission of NOx cannot be sufficiently controlled even with low combustion temperatures. Another disadvantage is that the fuels listed above, except alcohol, are nonrenewable, and therefore lead possibly to depletion of the resources or damages on environment in mining. Alcohol is renewable by a cycle: plants (biomasses) → alcohol → CO 2 + H 2 O → plants. It is also free from the problem of uneven distribution of resources. However, the volume of alcohol needed to obtain a given amount of energy is three times as much as that of gasoline, which results in problems such as high costs for transportation and storage, large volumes of fuel tanks for automotive application, low power per vehicle weight, and difficult cold start. From prior art document EP-A-0 002 936 a process and an apparatus for operating a gas turbine on vaporized fuel oil is known. Said apparatus comprises a vaporized fuel oil unit to generate and supply vaporized fuel oil or gasiform hydro-carbon fuel to a combuster. Said combuster comprises an outer housing and a tube accommodated therein serving as a passage way to a driven turbine. Said inner tube comprises primary air holes and dilution holes formed in the outer surface thereof, to provide a communication between the passage way and an annular chamber formed between said tube and the outer housing. Compressed air for the combustion enters through the annular chamber directing air through the primary air holes into the inner wall of the combuster. The conventional dilution holes are provided downstream in the inner wall to provide additional air flow. In said passage way a gasiform fuel injection nozzle is directed to inject gasiform fuel into the air flow within said passage way. It is an objective of the present invention to provide a method of fuel gas production and an apparatus for production of fuel gas, wherein the combustion property of the produced fuel gas is improved. According to the method aspect of the present invention this objective is solved by a method of fuel gas production with the following steps: providing a primary fuel gas flow obtained by heating a fuel up to a temperature equal to or higher than boiling point, but lower than a flash point thereof within a single channel, providing an airflow which has a same flowing direction than the primary fuel gas flow within said single channel, generating a spiral flow of the primary fuel gas or the air around the respective other one in the single channel around the center line thereof, and/or generating vortices of the primary fuel gas flow and the airflow, mixing the primary fuel gas and the air by the spiral flow and/or the vortices to obtain a secondary fuel gas. Furthermore, according to the apparatus aspect of the present invention, this objective is solved by an apparatus for production of fuel gas comprising: a fuel gas source for supplying primary fuel gas obtained by heating fuel to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point and lower than the flash point, a gas pipe which leads the primary fuel gas from said fuel gas source in a predetermined direction, an air nozzle means with at least one tip located in said gas pipe to eject pressurized air downstream into said primary fuel gas in the predetermined direction, and means for generating a spiral flow of the primary fuel gas or the air around the respective other one in the gas pipe around the center line thereof, and/or generating vortices of the primary fuel gas flow and the airflow for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air by the spiral flow and/or the vortices to obtain a secondary fuel gas. Accordingly, it is a special advantage of the present invention to provide a fuel gas from sources such as alcohol, petroleum or natural gas which can be burned at high temperatures with very low amounts of nitrogen oxides formed and having a caloric value three times higher than what is expected from conventional fuels, thus enabling the renovated alcohol to be employed as automotive fuel. The invention is based on discovery of a reaction in which a primary fuel gas, obtained by heating or combustion of a fuel, is mixed with air in spiral and/or vortex flow to decompose hydrocarbons in the primary fuel gas into carbon and hydrogen. The reaction produces carbon and hydrogen with increased reactivity which facilitates combustion at high temperatures. Combustion of carbon and hydrogen forms lower amounts of nitrogen oxides. The arrangement according to claim 12 promotes the reaction of the primary fuel gas with air by ejecting pressurized air into the primary fuel gas to form a mixed spiral and/or vortex flow in which the two components are mixed, thus providing efficiently at a high temperature a secondary fuel gas that burns efficiently at a high temperature with little nitrogen oxides formed. Mixing of the primary fuel gas with air as flows in the same direction in a single channel decomposes hydrocarbons in the primary fuel gas into carbon and hydrogen with enhanced reactivity, thus forming a secondary fuel gas containing the easily burning hydrogen and carbon. Preferably, one of said primary fuel gas and air is injected into said channel at a position at or around the center of its cross section, while the other is flowing down the same channel. The simple injection of the one into the other results in a mixed flow which promotes the reaction. Preferably, the ratio of the cross section of the flow of said primary fuel gas to that of air is initially decreased, and again increased downstream. Said primary fuel gas is mixed with pressurized air at a point upstream to the point where the diameter of the channel is increased. Here the ratio of the cross section of the primary fuel gas to that of air flow is decreased, and again increased at the point where the inner diameter of the gas pipe is increased. At this point vortices are formed along the boundary to promote the reaction continuously and efficiently. Preferably, one of said primary fuel gas and air flows in a cross section smaller than that of said channel along the center line of said channel, while the other party flows spirally around said center line. This arrangement forms a strong spiral flow to promote the reaction. Preferably, said primary fuel gas contains the combustion gas formed by combustion of said fuel. The primary fuel gas at a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point and lower than the flash point is obtained at low costs by simple combustion of said fuel. An optimum condition for the reaction is easily found due to the simplicity of the reaction process. Preferably, said primary fuel gas may contain the combustion gas formed by combustion of said fuel and unreacted gases, which help formation of highly active carbon and hydrogen atoms on reaction with air by mixing with the latter, in addition to generation of the primary fuel gas at low costs by simple combustion of said fuel. Preferably, said primary fuel gas may contain air, which prevents excessively high temperature of the primary fuel gas and thus protects the reaction vessel. Preferably, said fuel is at least one of liquid, gaseous and solid fuel, thus providing a wide range of selection of fuels. Preferably, said liquid fuel is at least one of alcohol or liquid hydrocarbon, which assures continuous combustion. Alcohol is renewable and can easily be obtained from plants. Preferably, said gaseous fuel is at least one of natural gas, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, propane and butane, which facilitates control of the fuel gas generating process. Preferably, said solid fuel is at least one of coal, wax, charcoal, cellulose and coke, which enables application of the present invention even when liquid or gaseous fuel is unavailable. Preferably, said air nozzle means is located on the center line of the gas pipe and is arranged so that its position along the center line is adjustable. By adjusting the position of the air nozzle the reaction generating the secondary fuel gas may be controlled. Preferably, the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air includes an inner surface of said gas pipe, closely downstream to the tip of said air nozzle, which limits to a specific value the expansion outwardly in the radial direction of pressurized air flow coming out of said air nozzle. This surface reflects the pressurized air flow from said air nozzle impinging on it, forming vortices that promotes the mixing of air with the primary fuel gas to render the reaction more efficient. Preferably, the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air includes at least one air inlet hole pierced through the wall of said gas pipe at a position close to the tip of said air nozzle means. External air introduced into the pipe through said hole(s) generates vortices in the gas pipe at the position around the hole(s), again promoting the reaction of air with the primary fuel gas. Preferably, a portion of said gas pipe closely downstream to the tip of the air nozzle means at which the inner diameter is increased. When the pressurized air from the air nozzle passes through the portion of said gas pipe closely downstream to the tip of the air nozzle at which the inner diameter is increased, vortices are formed at this stepped portion, which promotes the reaction of air with the primary fuel gas. Preferably, the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air comprise fins to form a spiral flow placed around the tip of said air nozzle means and arranged in the same oblique angle against the gas flow, so that said primary fuel gas form a spiral flow around the pressurized air from said air nozzle means, promoting the reaction of the primary fuel gas with air. Preferably, the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air comprise a gas nozzle which is connected to said fuel gas source, located close to the tip of said air nozzle means in a direction oblique to the center line of said air nozzle means to form mixed flow, and ejects the primary fuel gas, producing easily spiral flow that promotes the reaction of the two components. Preferably, said air nozzle means consists of two or more small nozzles with different lengths arranged around the center line of said gas pipe, serving also as a means to form mixed flow, through which air is ejected to form a strong mixed flow that promotes the reaction. Preferably, said small nozzles be located spirally along a virtual conical surface around the center line of said gas pipe, placed with its apex directed downstream but not protruding from the end of the pipe. This arrangement assures easy formation of mixed flow by ejecting pressurized air. Preferably, a virtual spiral formed by the tip of said small nozzles is right-handed when viewed downstream, which arrangement has experimentally proved to be more effective in enhancement of the reaction. Preferably, the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air is, made of a heat-resistant material, and consists of a surface inclined to the center line of said air nozzle means and at least one orifice formed through the surface, and is located in said gas pipe between the end of said gas pipe and the tip of said air nozzle means to modify the cross section of the channel. The inclined surface and the orifice therein modifies the ratio of the cross section of air flow from the air nozzle and that of primary fuel gas flow around it when the two components pass through the orifice, thus promoting formation of vortices. Preferably, the means to modify the cross section of the channel consist of a plate through which a number of orifices are formed. This can be realized using punched metal, for example, and is capable of forming many vortices with a simple structure. Preferably, said means to modify the cross section of the channel may be constructed by forming metal mesh in a conical spiral. This arrangement allows a simple realization of the means to modify the cross section, through which the primary fuel gas and air pass to form many vortices. A layered construction of the mesh leads to a more vigorous reaction. Preferably, the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air comprises a first reaction cylinder made of a heat-resistant material with a number of through holes formed as a hollow cone with the base directed downstream in said gas pipe, and a second reaction coil formed by winding spirally a plate of a heat-resistant material with a number of through holes with one of the ends connected to the base of said first reaction cylinder, said air nozzle means being connected to the apex of said first reaction cylinder to eject pressurized air into the latter. This arrangement allows formation of vortices in several steps when the primary fuel gas and pressurized air from the air nozzle pass through the spiral second reaction coil, thus promoting the reaction further. Preferably, the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air comprises a reaction cylinder made of a heat-resistant material with a number of through holes formed by spirally winding a sheet of the material as a hollow truncated cone with the larger base directed downstream, said air nozzle means being connected to the center of the smaller base of said reaction cylinder to eject pressurized air into the latter. This arrangement comprising of a reaction cylinder formed spirally as a truncated cone inclined to the air and primary fuel gas flow allows formation of vortices that mix the primary fuel gas with air in several steps. Preferably, said fuel gas source consists of a combustion chamber, in which the fuel is burnt, provided with an air inlet and a combustion air outlet, the latter being connected with the bottom end of said gas pipe. This arrangement allows formation of the primary fuel gas by simply burning the fuel in the combustion chamber, thus presenting a device with simple structure, which can be easily controlled, at a low cost. Preferably, said combustion chamber may be a cylinder with an air inlet at the one end and a combustion gas outlet on the other end, the fuel being formed into a layer covering at least a part of the inner surface of said cylinder, resulting in efficient generation of a large amount of the primary fuel gas. Preferably, the fuel layer in said combustion chamber may be formed using a porous material impregnated with a liquid fuel, which assures stable combustion of the liquid fuel. Preferably, said fuel gas source may comprise a vessel to contain the fuel and a means to heat the fuel. This arrangement allows formation of the primary fuel gas simply by heating the fuel in the vessel, thus eliminating the combustion device for the primary fuel. Hereinafter, the present invention is illustrated and explained by means of preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, wherein: Fig. 1 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the apparatus for production of fuel gas including block diagrams for some components, Fig. 2 is a perspective view showing generation of spiral flow by compressed air flow, Fig. 3 is a sectional view of formation of vortices by compressed air flow, Fig. 4 is a sectional view of an essential part of a second embodiment of the apparatus for production of fuel gas, Fig. 5 is a sectional view of an essential part of a third embodiment, Fig. 6 is a sectional view of an essential part of a fourth embodiment, Fig. 7 is a sectional view of an essential part of a fifth embodiment, Fig. 8 is a frontal view of an essential part of the fifth embodiment, Fig. 9 is a frontal view of an essential part of a sixth embodiment, Fig. 10 is a perspective view of an essential part of a seventh embodiment, Fig. 11 is a partially sectioned perspective view of an eighth embodiment, Fig. 12 is a perspective view of a ninth embodiment. Fig. 13 is a sectional view of another embodiment of the fuel gas source to generate the primary fuel gas. Fig. 1 shows a fuel gas generating unit 10 associated with a first embodiment comprising of a fuel gas source 12 which generates the primary fuel gas by burning a liquid fuel such as alcohol; a gas pipe 14 which directs the primary fuel gas generated by the fuel gas source 12 to a definite direction (from left to right in the figure); an air nozzle 16 with the tip in the gas pipe 14 which ejects pressurized air in the same direction as that of the primary fuel gas; and a means to form mixed flow which mixes the primary fuel gas with air from the air nozzle 16 in spiral and/or vortex flow in the gas pipe 14. Said fuel gas source 12 has a combustion chamber 18 made of cylindrical shaped metallic material. The inner surface of the combustion chamber 18 is provided with a fuel layer 20, consisting of a metal with continuous pores, for example, to which liquid fuel is circulated and supplied from a fuel tank 22 by a pump 24. Fig. 1 shows in addition a motor 26 to drive the pump 24, and an ignition plug 28 which ignites fuel at the surface of the fuel layer 20. In the figure, the right end of said combustion chamber 18 is open and is connected to said gas pipe 14, while the left end has a cover 30 with air inlet holes 30A. Said gas pipe 14 comprises a portion of a smaller diameter 14A connected to said combustion chamber 18 and a portion of a larger diameter 14B connected to the right end of the portion 14A in the figure. Several air inlet holes 14C are pierced peripherally through said portion 14A at an appropriate distance. The inner surface 17A of said portion 14A, the step 17B between the portions 14A and 14B, and the air inlet holes 14C constitute a means to form mixed flow. Said air nozzle 16 runs through the center of said cover 30 of said combustion chamber 18, and the tip is located in the portion of a smaller diameter 14A close to said air inlet holes 14C on the center line of said gas pipe 14. Said air nozzle 16 is formed by a metallic pipe and held by a pipe guide 30B formed on the cover 30 so that the nozzle can be shifted in the axial direction. In Fig. 1, numeral 32 denotes a pump to supply pressurized air to the air nozzle 16, 34 denotes a motor to drive the pump 32, 24A denotes a fuel nozzle to supply fuel to the combustion chamber 18, and 24B denotes a fuel purge nozzle to purge excess fuel not reacted in the fuel layer 20. The angle  formed by a straight line from the tip of the air nozzle 16 to the corner 14D forming transition from the portion 14A to 14B and the center line of said air nozzle 16 is preferably 30-65 degrees. The action of the first embodiment shown in Fig. 1 is described below. A liquid fuel, for example alcohol, is supplied to the fuel layer 20 in the combustion chamber 18 by the pump 24, and ignited by the ignition plug 28 at the surface of the fuel layer 20, where it burns mildly oozing out of the layer 20. In the meantime, pressurized air is supplied to the air nozzle 16 by the pump 32 and ejected into the portion 14A in the gas pipe 14. Air flow thus produced causes the combustion gas and unburnt gas, and air in the combustion chamber 18 flow into the gas pipe 14. Air sustaining the combustion of the fuel in the chamber 18 flows into the chamber 18 through the air inlet holes 30A in the cover 30. A part of said combustion gas, unburnt gas and air forms spiral flow around the strong air flow from the air nozzle 16 and eventually mixed with the latter (see Fig. 2). At the position of the tip of the air nozzle, the cross section of the pressurized air increases when it is ejected from the air nozzle 16 into the gas pipe 14 under the normal pressure, but the increase is limited by the inner surface 17A of the portion of a smaller diameter 14A of the gas pipe, and, as a result, vortices are generated as shown in Fig. 3 along the boundary with the combustion gas from the chamber 18 (primary fuel gas), whose cross section relatively diminishes in the same portion, and mixes the two streams vigorously to promote the reaction. Air intake through the air inlet holes 14C in the portion 14A near the tip of the air nozzle 16 also produces vortices along the boundary with the primary fuel gas. The total cross section of the flow of the primary fuel gas and pressurized air from the air nozzle 16 increases considerably when the flow reaches the portion of a greater diameter 14B of the gas pipe 14, whereupon the boundary between the primary fuel gas and air passes through the corner 14D. Vortices are generated near the step 17B, which promotes the reaction of the primary fuel gas with air, thus providing a secondary fuel gas at the outlet 14E of the gas pipe 14. The reaction can be controlled by adjusting the amount of fuel supplied to the fuel layer 20, air flow to be ejected from the air nozzle 16, and the position of the tip of the air nozzle 16. Experiments performed by the inventor have shown that combustion of a secondary fuel gas obtained from alcohol (methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or a mixture thereof) endured three times longer than that of simple combustion, with a maximum combustion temperature of 1,600 °C (as compared with 800 °C obtained in normal combustion). The longer duration of combustion and higher combustion temperature result from an excited state of carbon and hydrogen atoms, obtained by decomposition of the primary fuel gas in reaction with air, which burn at a high rate and high temperature. Measurements have shown that the exhaust gas after combustion of the secondary fuel gas contained very small amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx), since the nitrogen content of the fuel gas was very low in comparison with the combustible components. The air inlet holes 14C in the portion of a smaller diameter 14A of the gas pipe 14 in said first embodiment shown in Fig. 1 do not limit the scope of the invention, and can be eliminated as in a second embodiment shown in Fig. 4 as far as the reaction proceeds satisfactorily with pressurized air from the air nozzle 16. A third embodiment shown in Fig. 5 is described below. In the third embodiment, fins 36 to form a spiral flow, arranged in the same oblique angle against the gas flow, are placed around the air nozzle 16 at a position upstream to the tip in the gas pipe 14 connected to the combustion chamber 18 as in the first embodiment. The fins 36, the air inlet holes 14C, the inner surface 17A and the step 17B constitutes a means to form mixed flow 38. In this particular embodiment, the fins 36 are directed to form a right-handed screw in order to produce a right-handed spiral flow of the primary fuel gas around the air nozzle 16. Therefore, the primary fuel gas leaving the combustion chamber 18 and to be involved in the pressurized air flow from the air nozzle 16 is forcibly turned into right-handed spiral flow by the fins 36. This arrangement provides vigorous mixing of air ejected from the air nozzle 16 with the primary fuel gas in a strong spiral flow, thus promoting the reaction. In addition to the spiral flow formed by the fins 36, the boundary areas of air flow from the air intake holes 14C and from the air nozzle 16, and at the step 17B, as in the first embodiment, contribute to formation of vortices which promote reaction of the primary fuel gas with air. A fourth embodiment shown in Fig. 6 is described below. In this fourth embodiment, gas nozzles 40 are provided at the connecting part of said combustion chamber 18 and said gas pipe 14, in such an arrangement that the nozzles eject the primary fuel gas in right-handed spiral flow around the center line 16A of the air nozzle 16. In this fourth embodiment, the primary fuel gas from the combustion chamber 18 is forcibly turned into right-handed spiral flow, as in the third embodiment, by the obliquely arranged gas nozzles 40, thus mixing the primary fuel gas with air effectively and vigorously and promoting the reaction. A fifth embodiment shown in Figs. 7 and 8 is described below. In this fifth embodiment, seven air nozzles 44A-44G are located spirally along a virtual conical surface 42 placed with its apex directed downstream in the gas pipe 14 connected to a combustion chamber 18 similar to that in the first embodiment. In this embodiment, pressurized air ejected from the nozzles 44A-44G forms spiral flow in the gas pipe 14, thus promoting reaction of the primary fuel gas with air. A sixth embodiment shown in Fig. 9 is described below. In the sixth embodiment, a punched metal sheet 46 is provided in the gas pipe 14, connected to a combustion chamber 18 similar to that in the first embodiment, closely downstream to the tip of the air nozzle 16, in an arrangement oblique to the air flow. In this embodiment, vortices are formed when the primary fuel gas from the combustion chamber 18 and pressurized air flow from the air nozzle 16 pass through a number of orifices 46A formed through the punched metal sheet 46 due to decrease and increase in relative cross sections of the flows, giving rise to the same reaction as in the first embodiment. A seventh embodiment shown in Fig. 10 is described below. In this seventh embodiment, a means to modify the cross section of the channel 48 constructed by forming metal mesh in a conical spiral is provided in the gas pipe 14 connected to a combustion chamber 18 similar to that in the first embodiment. In this seventh embodiment, a number of vortices are generated when the primary fuel gas and pressurized air from the air nozzle 16 pass through the spiral mesh due to changes in relative cross sections of the flows, thus promoting the reaction. An eighth embodiment shown in Fig. 11 is described below. In the eighth embodiment, a combustion chamber 50, similar to that in the first embodiment, is extended beyond the end of the fuel layer 52, thus constituting a gas pipe 54, in which a reaction cylinder portion 56 is provided as a principal element of a means to form mixed flow. The reaction cylinder portion 56 consists of a first reaction cylinder made of a heat-resistant material, such as a metal or a ceramic, with a number of through holes 58A formed as a hollow cone with the base directed downstream, and a reaction coil 60 formed by winding spirally a plate of a heat-resistant material, as used in the first reaction cylinder 56, with a number of through holes 60A with one of the ends connected to the base of the first reaction cylinder 58. The tapered apex of said reaction cylinder 58 is connected to an air nozzle 62 to eject pressurized air into the cylinder 58. The connecting part of the cylinder 58 has the same diameter as that of the air nozzle 62, and provided with through holes 60A in the wall. In Fig. 11, numeral 64 denotes a stay to hold the reaction cylinder 56 in the combustion chamber 50, and other components are numbered by the same numerals of the same components in the first embodiment shown in Fig. 1 and description of the other components is omitted. In this embodiment, vortices are generated when the primary fuel gas generated in the combustion chamber 50 enters the first reaction cylinder 58 through the holes 60A by the action of pressurized air ejected from the air nozzle 62 into the central region of the apex of the reaction cylinder 56 to give rise to reaction with the air. Additionally, a number of vortices are formed when the mixture moves from the central region of the reaction coil 60 outwardly passing through the holes 58A therein repeatedly, causing the reaction at a number of sites and thus producing a secondary fuel gas capable of sustaining high temperature combustion. In this embodiment, the maximum combustion temperature of the gas formed is increased by increasing the number of turns of the reaction coil 60. The total calorific value is determined by the amount of fuel supplied to the fuel layer 52 and the amount of air supply from the air nozzle 62. A ninth embodiment shown in Fig. 12 is described below. In the ninth embodiment, a reaction cylinder 66 with a number of through holes 66A, formed by spirally winding a sheet of a heat-resistant material, such as a metal or a ceramic, as a hollow truncated cone with the larger base directed downstream, is provided instead of the reaction cylinder 58 in the eighth embodiment (Fig. 11), and the air nozzle 62 is connected to the center of the smaller end surface (base end side) of the reaction cylinder 66 to eject pressurized air into the latter. In this embodiment, vortices are formed and reaction occurs when the primary fuel gas flows into the reaction cylinder 66, pressurized air ejected into the central region of the cylinder 66. The reaction of the primary fuel gas is further enhanced when the mixture passes through the each layer of the coil in the reaction cylinder 66, thus producing a secondary fuel gas capable of sustaining high temperature combustion. An advantage of this embodiment is that the reaction cylinder 66 can be fabricated simply by winding spirally a punched metal sheet to form a truncated cone. In the embodiments described above, the primary fuel gas is obtained by burning a liquid fuel, such as alcohol, supplied to the fuel layer in the combustion chamber 50. This feature, however, does not limit the scope of the invention: any fuel gas obtained by heating a liquid, gaseous, or solid fuel or a mixture thereof to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point and lower than the flash point can be employed. For example, as shown in Fig. 13, a primary fuel gas source 68 may consist of a fuel chamber 70 to contain a liquid, solid or gaseous fuel, and a heating means 72, such as an electric heating coil, to heat the fuel in the fuel chamber 70 to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point and lower than the flash point, the fuel gas generated by heating being sent to the gas pipe. In the above, a throttle valve 75 provided at the air inlet 74 of the fuel chamber 70 can be used to adjust the air flow into the latter, thus controlling the gas generation. In the embodiment described above, the fuel layer in the combustion chamber is made of foamed metal with continuous pores. This feature, however, does not limit the scope of the invention: any material with satisfactory heat resistance capable of impregnation of a liquid fuel may be employed, such as asbestos or metallic fibers. In the embodiment described above, a liquid fuel such as alcohol is used. This feature, however, does not limit the scope of the invention: gaseous fuels such as city gas, natural gas, propane, methane, butane, carbon monoxide or hydrogen, may be used if the gas is heated in an appropriate location in the path. In addition, a solid fuel such as coal, charcoal, cellulose, wax or coke may be used in the invention if a means of continuous generation of the primary fuel gas capable of supplying the fuel and discharging the combustion gas continuously. This means may be eliminated if only a short-period combustion is required. CAPABILITY OF EXPLOITATION IN INDUSTRY The fuel gas thus obtained can be supplied to an internal combustion engine with air and ignited to give a high efficiency in combustion. The fuel gas can equally be used with air in external combustion engines, boilers and stoves. The fuel gas as generated may be used in fuel cells, in which case the high temperature of the gas generated lead to a high efficiency in generating electricitY.

Claims: Method of fuel gas production with the following steps: providing a primary fuel gas flow obtained by heating a fuel up to a temperature equal to or higher than boiling point, but lower than a flash point thereof within a single channel (14,54), providing an airflow which has a same flowing direction as the primary fuel gas flow within said single channel (14,54), generating a spiral flow of the primary fuel gas or the air around the respective other one in the single channel (14,54) around the center line thereof, and/or generating vortices of the primary fuel gas flow and the airflow, mixing the primary fuel gas and the air by the spiral flow and/or the vortices to obtain a secondary fuel gas. Method of fuel gas production according to claim 1, characterized by injecting the primary fuel gas or the air into the channel (14) at a position at or around a center of its cross section, while the respective other one is flowing down the channel (14). Method of fuel gas production according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a ratio of the cross section of the flow of the primary fuel gas in the channel (14) to that of air is initially decreased, and then increased. Method of fuel gas production according to claim 1, characterized in that the primary fuel gas or the air flows in a cross section smaller than that of the channel (14) along the center line of the channel (14), while the respective one flows spirally around the center line. Method of fuel gas production according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the primary fuel gas contains a combustion gas formed by combustion of the fuel. Method of fuel gas production according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the primary fuel gas contains a combustion gas formed by combustion of the fuel and unreacted gases. Method of fuel gas production according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the primary fuel gas contains air. Method of fuel gas production according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the fuel is at least one of liquid, gaseous and solid fuel. Method of fuel gas production according to claim 8, characterized in that the liquid fuel is at least one of alcohol and liquid hydrocarbon. Method of fuel gas production according to claim 8, characterized in that gaseous fuel is at least one of natural gas, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, propane and butane. Method of fuel gas production according claim 8, characterized in that the solid fuel is at least one of coal, wax, charcoal, cellulose and coke. Apparatus for production of fuel gas comprising: a fuel gas source (12,68) for supplying primary fuel gas obtained by heating fuel to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point and lower than the flash point, a gas pipe (14,54) which leads the primary fuel gas from said fuel gas source (12) in a predetermined direction, an air nozzle means (16,44A-G,62) with at least one tip located in said gas pipe (14) to eject pressurized air downstream into said primary fuel gas in the predetermined direction, and means (14A-D,17A,17B,38,46,56,66) for generating a spiral flow of the primary fuel gas or the air around the respective other one in the gas pipe around the center line thereof, and/or generating vortices of the primary fuel gas flow and the airflow for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air by the spiral flow and/or the vortices to obtain a secondary fuel gas. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12, characterized in that the gas pipe (14) comprises a portion of small diameter (14A) located downstream with regard to the fuel gas source (12,68) and a portion of large diameter (40B) located downstream with regard to the portion of small diameter (14A). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the tip of the air nozzle means (16) is located on the center line of the gas pipe 14. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12, characterized in that the air nozzle means (16) is adjustable along the center line of the gas pipe (14). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to one of the preceding claims 12 to 15, characterized in that the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air includes an inner surface (17) of the gas pipe (14), closely downstream to the tip of the air nozzle means (16), which limits to a specific value the expansion outwardly in the radial direction of pressurized air flow coming out of the air nozzle means (16). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to one of the preceding claims 12 to 17 characterized in that the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air includes at least one air inlet hole (14C) pierced through the wall of the gas pipe (14) at a position close to the tip of the air nozzle means(16). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12, characterized in that the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air comprises fins (36) to form a spiral flow placed around the tip of said air nozzle means(16) and arranged in the same oblique angle against the gas flow, so that the primary fuel gas form a spiral flow around the pressurized air from the air nozzle means (16). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12, characterized in that the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air comprises a gas nozzle (40) which is connected to the fuel gas source (12), located close to the tip of the air nozzle means (16) in a direction oblique to the center line of the air nozzle means (16) and ejects the primary fuel gas. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12, characterized in that the air nozzle means consists of two or more small nozzles (44A-44G) with different lengths arranged around the center line of the gas pipe (14), serving as a means through which air is ejected to form a mixed flow. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 20, characterized in that the small nozzles (44A-44G) are arranged spirally along a virtual conical surface (42) around the center line of the gas pipe (14) placed with its apex directed downstream but not protruding from the end of the pipe (14). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 21, characterized in that a virtual spiral (42) formed by the tip of the small nozzles (44A-44G) is right-handed when viewed downstream. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12, characterized in that the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air is made of a heat-resistant material, and consists of a surface inclined to the center line of the air nozzle means (16) and comprises at least one orifice (46A) formed through the surface, and is located in the gas pipe (14) between the end of the gas pipe (14) and the tip of the air nozzle means (16) to modify the cross section of the channel. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 23, characterized in that the means to modify the cross section of the channel consists of a plate (46) through which a number of orifices (46A) are formed. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 21, characterized in that the means (48) to modify the cross section of the channel is a conically spirally formed metal mesh. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12, characterized in that the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air comprises a first reaction cylinder (58) made of a heat-resistant material with a number of through holes formed as a hollow cone with the base directed downstream; and a second reaction coil (60) formed by a spirally round plate of a heat-resistant material with a number of through holes (60A) with one of the ends connected to a base of the first reaction cylinder (58), the air nozzle means (62) being connected to the apex of the first reaction cylinder (58) to eject pressurized air into the first reaction cylinder (58). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 12, characterized in that the means for mixing the primary fuel gas and the air comprises a reaction cylinder (66) made of a heat-resistant material with a number of through holes (66A) formed by a spirally wound sheet of the material as a hollow truncated cone with a larger base directed downstream, the air nozzle means (62) being connected to the center of a smaller base of the reaction cylinder (66) to eject pressurized air into the reaction cylinder (66). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to according to one of the preceding claims 12 to 26, characterized in that the fuel gas source consists of a combustion chamber (18), in which the fuel is burnt, provided with an air inlet (30A) and a combustion air outlet, the combustion air outlet being connected with the bottom end of the gas pipe (14). Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 28, characterized in that the combustion chamber (18) is a cylinder with the air inlet (30A) at the one end and a combustion gas outlet on the other end, the fuel being formed into a layer (20) covering at least a part of the inner surface of said cylinder. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to claim 29, characterized in that the layer (20) in the combustion chamber (18) is formed using a porous material impregnated with a liquid fuel. Apparatus for production of fuel gas according to one of the preceding claims 12 to 27, characterized in that the fuel gas source (68) comprises a vessel (70) to contain the fuel and a means (72) to heat the fuel.

Inventors: KUDO HIDEOKI, KUDO, HIDEOKI
Applicants: YUGEN KAISHA LIBO
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C10L3
IPC codes: C10L3, C10G9