Ferrofluid switch for a light pipe

Abstract: A ferrofluid controlled switch for a light pipe has a light pipe (10) having a first index of refraction, a fluid (18) responsive to a magnetic field having a second index of refraction, and an enclosure (14) concentrically located around at least a portion of the light pipe for retaining the fluid such that the fluid is capable of assuming two configurations, one adjacent to the light pipe and one separate from the light pipe. A controllable magnetic field device (22,23) such as a permanent magnet or wire coils are used to transfer the magnetically responsive fluid (18) between said two configurations to reduce the output of the light pipe (18) when the fluid is adjacent to the light pipe.

Description: The present invention relates generally to a switch for a light pipe, and more specifically to a device for modulating the intensity of light travelling through a light pipe using ferrofluid to scatter the evanescent field of the light in the light pipe. In the operation of light pipes it is often desirable to control the intensity of the light propagating in the light pipe. When using high intensity discharge lamps as the light source for light distribution via light pipes, it is desirable to control the light in the light pipe without modulating the light source. Several methods have been used in the past to control the modulation of the light through the light pipe. A light switch using ferrofluid is described in US Patent 4,384,761. The light pipe is physically separated by a chamber containing ferrofluid. When the coil near the end of the light pipe is energised, the two light pipes cease to be optically coupled. Several problems exist with a system that breaks the continuity of the light pipe. For example, the intensity of propagating light is reduced when the light travels through media with different indices of refraction. The present invention seeks further improvements in manufacturability. It is a primary advantage of the present invention that light modulation is achieved without breaking the optical continuity of the light pipe in an easily manufactured switch. According to claim 1 the present optical switch includes a light pipe having a first index of refraction, fluid responsive to a magnetic field having a second index of refraction, and an enclosure concentrically located around at least a portion of the light pipe for retaining the fluid so that the fluid is capable of assuming two configurations, one adjacent to the light pipe and one separate from the light pipe. A controllable magnetic field device such as a permanent magnet or wire coils are used to transfer the magnetically responsive fluid between the two configurations to selectably reduce the light transmission of the light pipe when the fluid is adjacent to the light pipe. The invention will now be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is an axial cross section of a light pipe of the present invention. Figure 2 is a longitudinal cross section of a light pipe of the present invention in the on state; Figure 3 is a longitudinal cross section of a light pipe of the present invention in the off state, and Figure 4 is an alternative embodiment of the present invention having the fluid reservoir in an alternative position. Referring now to Figures 1, 2, and 3 light pipe 10 is a cylindrical optic element made of a common material such as plastic or glass. Light pipe 10 has an insulative cladding 12 applied thereto which is removed at the location of a switch for controlling light transmission. A typical light pipe made by the Lumenyte Corp. having a light pipe index of refraction of 1.48 and a cladding index of refraction 1.33 may be employed. Light pipe 10 as shown in FIGS. 1-3 is shown as being straight for simplicity; however, it would also be within the scope of the invention to form the switch on a curved portion of a light pipe. A cylindrical outer enclosure 14 concentrically surrounds light pipe 10 forming a space therebetween. Outer enclosure 14 is made of a rigid non-magnetic material such as plastic, glass or metal. Plastic is preferred because it has the desired property of being easily workable. The inner surface of outer enclosure 14 if not inherently light absorbing is coated with an absorbing layer such as black paint to prevent light reflection. Outer enclosure 14 is held in a fixed location with respect to light pipe 10 by a pair of gaskets 16. A chamber 17, defined by light pipe 10, outer enclosure 14 and gaskets 16, is filled with a mixture 15 of ferrofluid 18 and buoyant fluid 20. Buoyant fluid 20 and ferrofluid 18 must remain immiscible (separated) throughout the operating conditions of the switch. Ferrofluid 18 is magnetically permeable and thus is drawn toward magnetic fields, even fields of relatively low magnetic field strengths. Ferrofluids are described in a brochure entitled "Ferrofluids-- Physical Properties and Applications", published by Ferrofluidics Corporation of Nashua, New Hampshire. They may be either hydrocarbon based or water based. In particular, ferrofluid 18 is a colloidal suspension having very small (typically < 10 nm in diameter) ferromagnetic particles 19. The size of particles 19 allows them to interact strongly with the light, yet allows them to make close contact with the surface of the light pipe 10. Particles 19 are coated with a stabilising dispersing agent which prevents particle agglomeration even when a strong magnetic field is applied to the ferrofluid. When mixture 15 is subjected to a magnetic field, ferrofluid 18 is driven towards the magnetic field. Ferrofluid 18 has the desirable physical properties of relatively low viscosity and is stabilised against sedimentation of the magnetic particles contained therein. It is preferred that if a glass light pipe 10 is used, inner walls of outer enclosure 14 and the uncladded surface of light pipe 10 are treated with a coupling liquid such as dodecyltriclorosilane to prevent ferrofluid 18 from attaching (sticking) to light pipe 10 and outer enclosure 14. Buoyant fluid 20 is preferably a transparent, non-conducting liquid whose refractive index is comparable to or slightly smaller than cladding 11 and remains in a liquid state through the operating range of the device, which for automotive applications is -40° C to 80° C. Buoyant fluid is not essential to the operation of the switch, however, it is preferred because it facilities the movement of ferrofluid 18 within the switch by providing a buoyant environment. The composition of buoyant fluid 20 depends on the type of ferrofluid 18 used. For example, buoyant fluid 20 can be a common low-index hydrophilic liquid like water, alcohol, or acetonitrile if the ferrofluid is hydrocarbon-based. If the ferrofluid 18 is water based, hydrophobic liquids such as silicones and hydrocarbons are appropriate. One example of a hydrophobic liquid is dodecane. A controllable magnetic field means is used to control the movement of ferrofluid 18 in chamber 17. The magnetic field means is preferably comprised of two coils, however, a movable permanent magnet can also be used. The coils are adjacent chamber 17 to create a magnetic field in the chamber when energised. When energised, first coil 22 attracts ferrofluid 18 to the end of chamber 17 where cladding 12 has been removed from light pipe 10, thereby reducing light transmission. When second coil 23 is energised and first coil 22 is deenergized, ferrofluid 18 is attracted to the end of chamber 17 where cladding has not been removed, thereby providing an on state. The coils can alternatively be incorporated integrally within outer enclosure 14 or insulative cladding 12. Second coil 23 can also be eliminated if a fast switching time is not desired. In the preferred embodiment, the switch is manufactured by first stripping the cladding material from a portion of commercially available light pipe. The length of the switch may vary depending on the actual material used and the intensity of the output desired. For example, a switch according to FIGS. 1-3 was constructed approximately 4.5 cm. in length on a light pipe having a 1 cm. diameter. Outer enclosure 14 having a diameter larger than light pipe 10 (e.g., 1.5 cm.) is then placed concentrically around light pipe 10 in a sleeve-like manner. Outer enclosure 14 is held in place by a gasket 16 placed at one end of the switch. Chamber 17 is filled with ferrofluid 18 and buoyant fluid 20. The other end of the switch is then sealed with another gasket 16 to hold outer enclosure 14 and the fluids in place. The width of gaskets 16 in the preferred embodiment is 1 mm. The thickness can be reduced to the thickness of the evanescent field (discussed below). First coil 22 and second coil 23 are then placed concentrically around outer enclosure 14. As an alternative method of assembly, the switch can be fully assembled without the fluids. The fluids can be injected into a sealable hole in outer enclosure 14. The switches may be manufactured on an existing light pipe or made separately and butt-coupled into an existing light pipe. Butt-coupling switches into a light pipe wherein the refractive index is the same as that in the switch will not cause reflective losses to occur. Referring now to Figure 2, the light switch further includes a toggle switch 26 and a voltage source 24. Switch 26 is a relay or solid state switch. Voltage source 24 is an automobile battery, for example. Switch 26 selectably couples voltage source 24 to either first coil 22 or second coil 23. FIG. 2 illustrates the case where second coil 23 is energised by voltage source 24. The light switch is in the on state, (i.e., the light output of the light pipe is not reduced by the switch). The buoyant fluid/light pipe boundary causes the light rays travelling within light pipe 10 to internally reflect within light pipe 10. Referring now to Figure 3, first coil 22 is energised through switch 26. The light switch is in the off state, (i.e., the light output of the light pipe is reduced by the switch). Ferrofluid 18 is attracted to the end of light pipe 10 where cladding 12 is removed. Particles 19 scatter and/or absorb light rays in light pipe 10 that would normally undergo internal reflection. The propagating light enters ferrofluid 18 creating an evanescent field of light around inner conductor 12 extending 0.1 to 0.5 microns into ferrofluid 18. The field of light interacts with the particles 19 which reduce the light propagating down the light pipe 10. Referring now to Figure 4, an alternative placement of second coil 23 is shown. A reservoir 30 is formed in outer enclosure 14 rather than coaxially as shown in Figures 1-3. Second coil 23 is placed around reservoir 30 to control the off state. As shown in Figure 3, to increase the efficiency of the switch, a gentle curve 32 can be place in the light pipe to ensure light propagating down light pipe 10 contacts the area of the switch at least once. Another method to ensure at least one reflection at the switch would be to form light pipe 10 into a slight arc and form the switch around it. Many variations from the described invention would be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, light pipe 10 can take the form of a fibre optic. Also, dye molecules can be added to the fluids to increase their light absorption.

Claims: A device for modulating light, comprising: a light pipe (10) having a first index of refraction; fluid (18) responsive to a magnetic field having a second index of refraction being higher than said first index; retaining means (14,16) concentrically located around at last a portion of said light pipe (10) for retaining said fluid (18) so that said fluid is capable of assuming two configurations, one adjacent to said light pipe and one separate from said light pipe; and controllable magnetic field means (22,23) for transferring said magnetically responsive fluid between said two configurations; whereby the output of said light pipe (20) is reduced when said fluid is adjacent to said light pipe. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fluid (18) responsive to a magnetic field comprises ferrofluid. A device as claimed in claim 2, further comprising an immiscible non-magnetic fluid (20), said non-magnetic fluid also retained within said retaining means. A device as claimed in claim 3, wherein said ferrofluid (18) is water-based. A device as claimed in claim 4, wherein said non-magnetic fluid (20) is hydrophobic. A device as claimed in claim 3, wherein said ferrofluid (18) comprises hydrocarbon base. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said light pipe (10) and said retaining means (14,16) are treated with a liquid coupling agent to prevent fluid from coating said light pipe (10) and said retaining means (14,16). A device as claimed in claim 3, wherein said non-magnetic fluid (20) has a third index of refraction less than said first index of refraction. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said retaining means (14,16) comprises a cylindrical walled member (14) concentrically located about said light pipe (10) and a pair of O-rings (16) disposed at opposite ends of said cylindrically walled member (14) forming a chamber (17) for receiving said fluid. A device as claimed in claim 9, wherein said light pipe (10) includes an insulative cladding (12) surrounding said light pipe (10), said cladding (12) containing a discontinuity around said light pipe (10) in said chamber (17) so that when said magnetic fluid is separate from said light pipe (10) said magnetic fluid between said cladding (12) and said retaining means (14,16). A device as claimed in claim 10, wherein said portion of said light pipe (10) having said cladding (12) removed within said chamber (17) has a curved portion formed in the outer surface of said light pipe (10) by reducing the diameter of said light pipe (10). A device as claimed in claim 10, wherein said controllable magnetic field means (22,23) comprises a first coil (22) concentrically located about said light pipe (10). A device as claimed in claim 12, wherein said first coil (22) is located adjacent to the portion of said light pipe (10) having cladding (12) removed. A device as claimed in claim 13, wherein said controllable magnetic means (22,23) comprises a second coil (23) spaced apart from said first coil (22) and adjacent to a portion of said light pipe having cladding (12). A device as claimed in claim 14, wherein said first and second coils (22,23) are located within said chamber. A device as claimed in claim 14, wherein said first and second coils (22,23) are adjacent to said cylindrically walled member (14). A device as claimed in claim 14, wherein said second coil (23) is located concentrically around said walled member (14) in the portion of said light pipe having cladding (12) so that when said second coil (23) is energised, the output of said light pipe (10) is not reduced and when said first coil (22) is energised the output of said light pipe (10) is reduced. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said controllable magnetic field means (22,23) comprises a permanent magnet. A method of operating the device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said device also comprises a non-magnetic fluid (20) immiscible in said magnetic fluid (18), retained by said retaining means (14,16) said method comprising the step of: energising said controllable magnetic field means (22,23) to control the movement of said fluid responsive to a magnetic field between said two configurations whereby when said fluid responsive to magnetic field is adjacent to said light pipe, the output of said light pipe (10) is reduced. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein said fluid (18) responsive to magnetic field is a ferrofluid comprising small ferromagnetic particles (19) and wherein when said fluid responsive to a magnetic field is adjacent to said light pipe (10), the propagating light enters into the ferrofluid creating an evanescent field of light which interacts with the ferromagnetic particles (19), thereby reducing the light output of the light pipe (10).

Inventors: GINDER JOHN MATTHEW, REMILLARD JEFFREY THOMAS, WEBER WILLES HENRY, GINDER, JOHN MATTHEW, REMILLARD, JEFFREY THOMAS, WEBER, WILLES HENRY
Applicants: FORD FRANCE, FORD MOTOR CO, FORD WERKE AG, FORD FRANCE SOCIETE ANONYME, FORD MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, FORD-WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G02B26
IPC codes: G02B6, G02B26