Magnetic resonance systems

Abstract: A magnetic resonance system has a toroidal vacuum dewer (22) which holds a superconducting magnet assembly (10) which generates a substantially temporally constant magnetic field through a central bore (12). A whole body gradient coil (30) and a whole body RF coil assembly (32) are mounted to a cylindrical member (24) of the dewar. An insertable gradient coil assembly (40) is selectively insertable into and removable from the bore. The insertable gradient coil assembly includes gradient coils for selectively generating magnetic field gradients along three mutually orthogonal axes, e.g. x, y, and z-axes. A flexible cable (42) connects the insertable gradient coil with a series of current amplifiers (44). The current amplifiers selectively supply current pulses which are fed along feed conductors of the cable and which return along return conductors of the cable. The feed and return conductors are configured such that the net feed and the net return current traverse the same effective path in opposite directions. Stated mathematically, where is the distance of the i-th conductor from the common path, is the current carried by the i-th conductor, and is the temporally constant magnetic field generated by the main magnetic field assembly. Because the net feed and return current pulses follow the same path, i.e. are coaxial, the net force on the cable from the interaction between the current pulses and the temporally constant magnetic field is zero.

Description: The present invention relates to magnetic resonance systems. More particularly the present invention relates to conveying electrical currents through high magnetic fields, particularly strong, pulsed magnetic fields, in magnetic resonance systems. It finds particular application in conjunction with magnetic resonance medical diagnostic imaging systems and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, the present invention also finds application in other kinds of magnetic resonance systems in which high magnetic fields are present. Commonly, magnetic resonance medical diagnostic imaging systems have a built-in gradient coil surrounding the patient receiving bore. For imaging smaller areas of the patient and conducting specialized studies, insertable gradient coils are sometimes inserted into the bore. These insertable coils include surface coils, head coils, biplanar gradient coils, and other gradient coils which can be received in the main field bore. The insertable gradient coils are powered by current pulses to generate magnetic field gradients along selectable x, y, and z-axes. Flexible electrical cables which extend through the bore from an external current source to the inserted coil carry these electrical pulses. The cables which carry the current pulses to the insertable gradient coils for MR imaging must conduct large currents. The cables must also be able to retract, i.e. coil and flex, within the bore to allow the insertable coil to be moved into and out of the magnet. When a current pases through a conducting cable in the presence of a strong external magnetic field, as is present in an MRI magnet bore, an orthogonal Lorentz force is generated. The Lorentz force, i.e. the force caused by the interaction of orthogonal components of current and magnetic fields, causes mechanical displacement of the cable. The forces can manifest themselves in the mechanical translational displacements of the cable or may give rise to torques which cause cable rotation. Mechanical movement of the cable is disruptive and potentially dangerous to the patient. Further, the movements cause offensive acoustic noise which can be unnerving to the patient. Moreover, the movement and torques cause fatigue of the cable, particularly at the interconnection betwen the cable and the insertable gradient coil. In the past, others have used paired, parallel conductors for insertable gradient coils. Such parallel or biaxial coils are particularly susceptible to mechanical movement. The two currents flow along displaced axes and through the same magnetic field. This causes opposite forces orthogonal to each of the displaced cable conductors causing torques and mechan ical movement of the cable. Others have suggested using twisted wire pairs. The twisted pairs of leads were twisted in a helix around the central axis and were mechanically constrained into the helical configuration. With the two wires of the twisted pair mechanically fixed together, the opposing forces balance and cancel, i.e. the net mechanical displacement force is zero. However, the torque is not zero. Due to the non-zero torque, each current pulse to the gradient coils causes the cable pairs to twist, leading to vibration, mechanical noise, and potential connection and component fatigue. The present invention provides a magnetic resonance system wherein the above-described problems are overcome. According to the invention there is provided a magnetic resonance system comprising: a main magnetic field coil assembly which generates a substantially temporally constant magnetic field through a central bore thereof; an insertable gradient coil assembly removably inserted in the bore; a gradient coil current pulse supply means; and a cable including at least one feed conductor for feeding feed current pulses from the supply means to the insertable gradient coil assembly and at least one return conductor for conveying return current pulses from the insertable gradient coil assembly to the supply means, characterised in that the at least one feed conductor and the at least one return conductor are configured such that the effective feed and return current paths of the cable are coaxial along a common axis, the number and placement of the conductors of said cable being described by: Σ R i ×( I i × B ext )=0 where B ext is the temporally constant magnetic field from the main magnetic field coil assembly, I i is a current pulse carried by the i-th conductor and R i is a vector from the common axis to the i-th conductor. A magnetic resonance system in accordance with the invention and various embodiments of a gradient coil assembly supply cable assembly of the system will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a magnetic resonance medical diagnostic imaging system; Figure 2 illustrates a preferred three-conductor cable assembly for feeding an insertable gradient coil of the system; Figure 3 illustrates a planar four-conductor cable arrangement for feeding the insertable gradient coil; Figure 4 illustrates another four-conductor embodiment of the cable for feeding the insertable gradient coil; Figure 5 is an end view of the cable of Figure 4; Figure 6 illustrates another four-conductor embodiment of the cable for feeding the insertable gradient coil; Figure 7 illustrates an n+1 conductor cable for feeding the insertable gradient coil; and, Figure 8 illustrates a limit as n approaches infinity in which the cable of Figure 7 is a coaxial two-conductor cable. Referring to Figure 1, the system includes a self-shielded superconducting magnetic field coil assembly 10 which generates a temporally constant magnetic field along a longitudinal or z-axis of a central bore 12. Windings of a main coil 10 m and a shield coil 10 s are mounted on a dielectric formers 14 which are received in a toroidal helium vessel or can 16. The helium vessel is filled with liquid helium to maintain the coils at a sufficiently low temperature that the coils remain superconducting in the presence of the imposed magnetic fields. The toroidal helium vessel 16 is surrounded by a series of cold shields 20 1 , 20 2 , ..., 20 n . The cold shields are maintained at progressively colder temperatures toward the helium reservoir. In the preferred embodiment, two cold shields at about 20°K. and 60°K., respectively, are provided. A toroidal, outer vacuum vessel 22 encases the cold shields to define a toroidal vacuum reservoir therearound. Layers of thin mylar insulation are preferably arranged between the vacuum vessel 24 and the cold shields. The vacuum vessel 22 includes a cylindrical member 24 through which the temporally constant magnetic field is generated. A circularly cylindrical, whole body gradient coil assembly 30 is mounted to the cylindrical member 24 of the vacuum vessel. Preferably, the gradient coil assembly is a self-shielded whole body gradient coil assembly. A circularly cylindrical whole body RF coil assembly 32 is also supported by the cylindrical member 24 of the vacuum reservoir. Preferably, an RF shield is disposed between the whole body RF coil and the whole body gradient coil assembly. A circularly cylindrical dielectric cosmetic sleeve 34 protects the whole body RF coil and the whole body gradient coil assembly from damage and provides support therefor. An insertable gradient coil assembly 40 is selectively inserted into and removable from the bore for creating gradient magnetic fields in limited regions and for procedures for which the whole body gradient coil assembly is not appropriate. In the illustrated embodiment, the insertable gradient coil assembly 40 is a biplanar gradient coil of the construction illustrated in U.S. Patent No. 5,036,282. Other insertable gradient coils, including those designed for specific regions of the body, e.g. the head, are also contemplated. A flexible cable assembly 42 connects the insertable gradient coil assembly 40 with a series of gradient amplifiers 44. The gradient amplifiers are controlled by a gradient control means 46 to produce high current gradient pulses in accordance with a magnetic resonance imaging sequence provided by a sequence control means 48. The cable assembly 42 includes a plurality of cables, preferably including a cable for each of x, y, and z-coils of the insertable gradient coil assembly 40. The gradient amplifiers 44 are selectively connectable between the gradient control means 46 and the whole body gradient coil assembly 30 or the insertable gradient coil assembly 40. The sequence control 48 further controls a radio frequency transmitter 50, preferably a digital transmitter. The digital transmitter generates radio frequency signals which are conveyed to the whole body RF coils 32. The RF transmitters 50 are selectively connectable by a quadrature combiner/divider circuit 52 and a cable 54 with an insertable RF coil 56, a surface coil in the illustrated embodiment. The insertable and whole body RF coils are connected by way of the quadrature combiner/divider circuit 52 with a digital receiver means 58. The receiver means demodulates received magnetic resonance signals. Analog-to-digital converters 60 and other interface circuitry convert the magnetic resonance signals to digital signals which are stored in a data memory 64. A reconstruction means 66 reconstructs the magnetic resonance signals into a digital image representation which is stored in a digital image memory 68. A video processor means 70 converts the digital image representations into the appropriate format for display on a video monitor 72. In accordance with the invention, each coil cable assembly 42 is designed to minimise resultant Lorentz forces on the assembly 42 when the assembly 42 carries current. Referring to Figure 2, in a first embodiment each cable of the insertable gradient coil cable assembly 42 includes a coplanar central conductor 80 and pair of side conductors 82 1 and 82 2 The two side conductors 82 1 and 82 2 are disposed parallel to and equidistant from the central conductor 80. In this manner, when the side conductors each carry one half of the feed or return current, the effective return and feed current paths are coaxial. When one of the side conductors carries 1/m of the current and the second carries (m-1)/m of the current, the first side conductor is (m-1) times as far from the central conductor as the second. Various other configurations are contemplated in which the effective feed and return paths are coaxial. For example, as illustrated in Figure 3, in another embodiment there are a pair of feed conductors 84 1 and 84 2 which are displaced a distance R 1 from a geometric center, and a pair of return conductors 86 1 and 86 2 which are displaced from the effective center by a distance R 2 . When these conductors each carry the same current, the effective current paths for the feed and return current are coaxial. The invention can be carried out using any conductor configuration which meets the requirement Σ R i ×( I i × B ext )=0 where R i is the distance between the effective axis of current flow and a center of the i-th individual conductor, I i is the current flow through the i-th conductor, and B ext is an arbitrary external magnetic field from the magnetic field coil assembly 10. Figure 4 and 5 illustrate another four conductor embodiment which is symmetric in two dimensions relative to a geometric center. With reference to Figure 6, the feed current is divided into three conductors 84 1 , 84 2 , 84 3 which are spaced equidistant from the central axis of a central return conductor 86 and symmetrically thereabout, i.e. at 120° intervals. The three feed conductors each carry one third of the current of each current pulse. With reference to Figure 7, this relationship can be extended to n+1 conductors. That is, one of the feed and return currents are conveyed along a central conductor 80 and the other is conveyed along n equidistant surrounding conductors 82 1 , 82 2, ..., 82 n at 360°/n intervals, with each carrying 1/n of the current. With reference to Figure 8, as n approaches infinity, the surrounding conductors 82 merge into a single cylindrical conductor 88 of a coaxial conductor. Electrical insulation 90 is provided between the feed and return conductors. For simplicity of manufacture, the above-embodiments have one or both of the current flows divided in equal parts and have the relative current flows a common distance or distances from the common axis. It is to be appreciated that there are two additional degrees of freedom from meeting Equation (1) by varying the relative percentage of the current flow through each conductor and the radii or distance of each conductor from the common axis. With reference again to Figures 4 and 5, the conditions of Equation (1) can be satisfied with no conductor at the geometric center. In this embodiment, the four conductors carry the same level of current along paths equidistant from the geometric center, i.e. on corners of a rectangle. This provides an easily manufactured cable feed that is immune to inductively induced forces. Similar multi-conductor cables are provide by the invention for supplying current to and returning current from each of three orthogonally-oriented gradient coil sets.

Claims: A magnetic resonance system comprising: a main magnetic field coil assembly (10) which generates a substantially temporally constant magnetic field through a central bore (12) thereof; an insertable gradient coil assembly (40) removably inserted in the bore (12); a gradient coil current pulse supply means (44, 46, 48); and a cable (42) including at least one feed conductor (80, 82, 84, 86 or 88) for feeding feed current pulses from the supply means (44, 46, 48) to the insertable gradient coil assembly (40) and at least one return conductor (80, 82, 84, 86 or 88) for conveying return current pulses from the insertable gradient coil assembly (40) to the supply means (44, 46, 48), characterised in that the at least one feed conductor (80, 82, 84, 86 or 88) and the at least one return conductor (80, 82, 84, 86, 88)are configured such that the effective feed and return current paths of the cable (42) are coaxial along a common axis, the number and placement of the conductors (80, 82, 84, 86 or 88) of said cable (42) being described by: Σ R i ×( I i × B ext )=0 where B ext is the temporally constant magnetic field from the main magnetic field coil assembly (10), I i is a current pulse carried by the i-th conductor (80, 82, 84, 86 or 88) and R i is a vector from the common axis to the i-th conductor (80, 82, 84, 86 or 88). A system as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the cable (42) is a coaxial cable including a central conductor (80) surrounded by insulation (90) and a circumferentially surrounding conductor (88), one of the central and surrounding conductors (80, 88) carrying the feed current pulses and the other of the central and surrounding conductors (80, 88) carrying the return current pulses. A system as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the cable has a central conductor (80) and a pair of equispaced conductors (82), the central and equispaced conductors (80, 82) being coplanar, the central conductor (80) carrying one of the feed and return current pulses and the equispaced conductors (82) each carrying half of the other of the feed and return current pulses. A system as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the cable has a central conductor (80 or 86) and n peripheral conductors (82, 84) spaced equidistantly from the central conductor (80 or 86), the n peripheral conductors (82, 84) being displaced at 360°/n angular increments and each carrying 1/n of one of the return and feed current pulses and the central conductor (80 or 86) carrying the other of the feed and return current pulses. A system as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the cable has two pairs of parallel conductors (84, 86) which carry current in opposite directions, the conductors being disposed at corners of a rectangle with diagonally opposite conductors (84 or 86) carrying current in the same direction. A system as set forth in any preceding claim wherein said supply means (44, 46, 48) incorporates an amplifier (44) mounted exterior to the bore (12) which is controlled by a gradient amplitude control means (46). A system as set forth in any preceding claim further including: a radio frequency coil (56) disposed within the insertable gradient coil (40) for receiving magnetic resonance signals emanating from the subject; a radio frequency receiver (58) connected with the radio frequency coil (56); and a reconstruction means (66) for reconstructing magnetic resonance signals from the radio frequency receiver (58) into image representations. A system as set forth in Claim 7 further including a radio frequency transmitter (50), the radio frequency transmitter (50) being selectively connectable with the insertable radio frequency coil (56) or a whole body radio frequency coil (32) mounted to the bore (12). A system as set forth in any preceding claim further including a whole body gradient coil (30) permanently mounted to the bore (12).

Inventors: MASTANDREA NICHOLAS J, ORLANDO PAUL T, PATRICK JOHN L, MASTANDREA, NICHOLAS J., ORLANDO, PAUL T., PATRICK, JOHN L.
Applicants: PICKER INT INC, PICKER INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G01R33
IPC codes: G01R33