Filter for reducing noise and exalting image digital signals edges according to fuzzy logic

Abstract: Filter achieving noise reduction and digital signal image edge exaltation comprising first and second noise reduction circuit means 2 and 3 designed to elect an image edge. Said first and second noise reduction circuit means 2 and 3 comprise each a first and second comparison element (S1,S2,S3,S4) whose input terminals are designed to receive separate digital signals of an image and an inferential circuit (C1,C2) connected to said comparison elements. Each inferential circuit (C1,C2) comprises a fuzzy logic unit designed to define activation levels (Vi) dependent upon signals generated by the comparison elements. The filter (1) comprises also a noise detection circuit (4) and an image edge detection circuit (6) both connected to the noise reduction circuit means (2,3) and designed to perform operations in accordance with fuzzy logic rules on the basis of activation levels (Vi) defined in the inferential circuits (C1,C2). The filter 1 also includes a noise reduction circuit (5) connected to the noise detection circuit (6) and designed to filter the digital image signals on the basis of the operations performed by the circuit (4). In the filter (1) is also included an image edge exalting circuit (7) connected to the noise reduction circuit (5) and to the image edge detection circuit (4) designed to perform on filtered digital image signals an image edge exaltation on the basis of the operations performed by the image edge detection circuit (6).

Description: The present invention relates to a filter for video equipment and in particular a filter operating with fuzzy logic for noise reduction and edge enhancement present in digital image signals. It is known that, in general, reduction of the noise contained in signals of any type is done using low pass filters with pre-set size frequency. In the majority of cases, however, the use of such filters involves reduction of signal components which can contain useful information. In case of image signals, for example, the use of low pass filters involves attenuation of the high frequency components of said signals which contain useful information on the image contours or edges. To reduce this shortcoming there are used adaptive filters which adapt their frequency response to the characteristics of the signals present at their input. Said filters, however, are very complex at the circuit level. In the image signal processing field reduction of noise takes place by means also of non-linear filters among which a filter known in the literature as mean filter, and also filters operating with fuzzy logic. The 'fuzzy' procedures used in filtering techniques employed to reduce the noise contained in image signals are described, for example, in the article 'Fuzzy Operators for Sharpening of Noisy Images' by F. Russo and G. Ramponi appearing in Electronics Letters Vol. 28 No. 18 August 1992. These procedures are also described in the article 'Working on Image Data Using Fuzzy Rules' by F. Russo and G. Ramponi appearing in Signal Processing IV Theories and Applications, Proceedings of EUSIPCO-92, Brussels, Belgium, August 1992 and in the article 'A Fuzzy If-Then Approach to Edge Detection' by C. W. Tao and W. E. Thompson, Proceedings of the Second IEEE Conference on Fuzzy Systems, San Francisco, California, March/April 1993. These filters, however, exhibit a complex structural architecture and are consequently costly to produce. In the framework of image signal processing a basic operation to be performed is image edge enhancement. This operation is performed because, in general, the video signal band is limited for transmission reasons (e.g. TV signals) and for the use of so-called compression algorithms (e.g. those adopted in JPEG and MPEG standards). Video signal band limitation involves attenuation of the high frequency components of the signals and consequently a loss of image edge definition. Exaltation of these image edges requires therefore high pass filtering to compensate attenuation towards the high frequencies. From the foregoing it can be seen that noise reduction and image edge exaltation are two processes difficult to reconcile because the first process requires a further reduction of the video signal band while the second process requires exaltation of the high frequencies of these signals. The solution generally adopted is that of performing the two processes in cascade, i.e. perform first the filtering of the low frequency video signal components to be processed to reduce noise and then perform filtering of the high pass components to exalt the image edges. This solution, however, is not optimal because the first filtering attenuates further the edges while the second filtering again amplifies the noise. EP-A-0,415,648 describes a filter for image processing in which the output values of edge emphasis and smoothing are amended by a control value obtained by fuzzy inference algorithms. The technical problem underlying the present invention is to provide a filter operating on digital image signals capable of discriminating between information on the edges and information on noise. In this manner the filter will provide noise reduction only for digital image signals in which there is noise and an exaltation of edges only when there are digital image signals for said edges. The filter adopted is based on fuzzy logic. The filter architecture will be structurally simple and consequently economical to produce. On the basis of this solution idea the technical problem is solved by a filter operating with fuzzy logic for noise reduction and edge enhancement present in digital image signals as described in the characterizing part of the claims which follow this description. The characteristics and advantages of the filter operating with fuzzy logic for noise reduction and edge enhancement present in digital image signals in accordance with the present invention are set forth in the description of an embodiment thereof given below by way of nonlimiting example with reference to the annexed drawings. In the drawings: FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a filter provided in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 2 shows in detail a schematic view of a detail of the filter of FIG. 1. The diagram of FIG. 1 represents filter 1 operating in accordance with fuzzy logic on digital image signals comprising at least a first and a second processing circuit means 2 and 3 designed to elect an image edge. Each of said circuit command means comprises at least one first and one second comparison element (S1, S2, S3 and S4) having, each, at least a first and a second input terminal and at least one output terminal and said input terminals being designed to received separate digital signals of an image and at least one inferential circuit (C1 and C2) having at least a first and a second input terminal and at least one output terminal. Specifically, the first and second input terminals of the inferential circuit C1 included in the first processing circuit means 2 are connected respectively to the output terminals of the first and second comparison elements S1 and S2 included in said processing circuit means 2. The first and second input terminals of the inferential circuit C2 included in the second processing circuit means 3 are connected respectively to the output terminals of the first and second comparison elements S3 and S4 included in said second processing circuit means 3. The inferential circuits C1 and C2 include each a unit operating in accordance with fuzzy logic designed to define activation levels 'Vi' dependent upon signals generated by the comparison elements. In greater detail, each fuzzy logic unit acts along a certain direction of an image to be processed and each activation level 'Vi' represents a level of reliability that a digital input signal belongs to an image edge located along the direction perpendicular to that on which the unit operates. Each activation level 'Vi' can take on values in the interval [0, 1]. The number of processing circuit means included in the filter 1 depends on the size of an image to be processed and in the second place on the number of directions along which act the fuzzy logic units. The filter 1 includes also a noise detection circuit 4 having at least one first and one second input terminal and at least one output terminal. The first and second input terminals of said noise detection circuit 4 are connected respectively to the output terminal of the inferential circuit C1 included in the first processing circuit means 2 and to the output terminal of the inferential circuit C2 included in the second processing circuit means 3. Said noise detection circuit 4 is designed to perform operations in accordance with fuzzy logic rules on the basis of activation levels 'Vi' defined in the inferential circuits C1 and C2. The result of said operations is represented by a signal K which can take on values included in the interval [0, 1]. Said number K indicates a degree of reliability which the noise detection circuit 4 places in deeming that a digital input signal contains noise or not. The filter 1 includes also a noise reduction circuit 5 having at least a first and a second input terminal and at least one output terminal. The first input terminal for said noise reduction circuit 5 is coupled to the noise detection circuit output terminal 4 and the second input terminal of said noise reduction circuit 5 is designed to receive digital image circuits. The noise reduction circuit 5 is designed to filter the digital image signals on the basis of the value of the signal K, at separate instants in time in accordance with pre = set time intervals. Specifically for K = 1 the digital image signals are filtered while for K = 0 they remain unchanged, and in addition all the intermediate conditions between these two values can occur. The filter 1 includes also an image edge detection circuit 6 having at least one first and one second input terminal and at least one first and one second output terminal. The first and second input terminals of said image edge detection circuit 6 are connected to the output terminal of the inferential circuit C1 included in the first processing circuit means 2 and the first output of the inferential circuit C2 included in the second processing circuit means 3 respectively. The image edge detection circuit 6 includes either at least one memory register in which is memorized at least one fuzzy logic process or one fuzzy logic unit and is designed to perform operations on the basis of activation levels 'Vi' defined in the inferential circuit C1 and C2. The result of said operations is represented by signals Ei which take on values in an appropriate interval and represent, each, a reliability level that a digital input signal belongs to a particular type of image edge rather than another. The filter 1 also includes an image edge exalting circuit 7, shown in FIG. 2, having at least one first, one second and one third input terminals and at least one output circuit. The first and second input terminals of said image edge exalting circuit 7 are connected, respectively, to the first and second output terminals of the image edge detection circuit 6 and the third input terminal of said image edge exalting circuit 7 is connected to the output terminal of the noise reducing circuit 6. Said image edge exalting circuit 7 includes at least one first and one second circuit elements 8 and 9 having each at least a first and a second input terminals and at least one output terminal. The first input terminal of the first and second circuit element 8 and 9 are connected to at least one output terminal of an interface circuit 10 which has at least one input terminal coupled to the output terminal of the noise reduction circuit 5 while the second input terminal of the first circuit element 8 and the second input terminal of the second circuit element 9 are connected respectively to the first and second output terminals of the image edge detection circuit 6. The circuit elements 8 and 9 are designed to perform on filtered digital image signals an exaltation of image edges on the basis of the value of the signals Ei. The image edge exaltation circuit 7 includes also a comparator 11 having at least one first and one second input terminal and at least one first and one second output terminal. The first and second input terminals of said comparator 11 are connected respectively to the first and second output terminals of the image edge detection circuit 6. The image edge exaltation circuit 7 includes also a multiplexer 12 having at least one first, one second, one third and one fourth input terminal and at least one output terminal which is an output terminal of the filter 1. The first and second input terminals of said multiplexer 12 are connected to the output terminal of the first circuit element 8 and to the output terminal of the second circuit element 9 respectively and the third and fourth input terminals of said multiplexer 12 are connected to the first and second output terminals of the comparator respectively 11. Said third and fourth input terminals are command terminals of the multiplexer 12. The comparator 11 determines among the signals Ei the one having the maximum value and on the basis of this value place at 1 logic one of the command terminals of the multiplexer 12. Said multiplexer 12, on the basis of the activated command terminal, selects among output signals of the circuit elements 8 and 9 output signals of the filter 1. It is clear that modification, integration and replacement of elements can be made to the embodiment described above by way of nonlimiting example without thereby going beyond the protective scope of the following claims.

Claims: Filter operating in accordance with fuzzy logic on digital image signals comprising at least a first and a second processing circuit means (2,3) designed to elect an image edge; each of said processing circuit means comprising at least a first and a second comparison element (S1,S2,S3,S4) having, each, at least a first and a second input terminal and at least an output terminal and said input terminals being designed to receive distinct digital signals of an image; at least an inferential circuit (C1,C2) having at least a first and a second input terminal and at least an output terminal, the first and second input terminals of the inferential circuit (C1) included in the processing circuit means (2) being connected to the output terminals of the first and of the second comparison elements (S1,S2) respectively included in said first processing circuit means (2), and the first and second input terminals of the inferential circuit (C2) included in the second processing circuit means (3) being connected to the output terminals of the first and second comparison elements (S3,S4) respectively included in said second processing circuit means (3); each of the inferential circuits (C1,C2) including a unit operating in accordance with fuzzy logic designed to define activation levels depending on signals generated by the comparison elements; a noise detection circuit (4) having at least a first and second input terminals and at least an output terminal, the first and second input terminals of said noise detection circuit (4) being connected to the output terminal of the inferential circuit (C1) included in the first processing circuit means (2) and to the output terminal of the inferential circuit (C2) included in the second processing circuit means (3); said noise detection circuit (4) being designed to perform operations in accordance with fuzzy logic rules on the base of activation levels defined in the inferential circuits (C1,C2); a noise reduction circuit (5) having at least a first and a second input terminal and at least an output terminal and the first input terminal of said noise reduction circuit (5) being coupled to the output terminal of the noise detection circuit (4) and the second input terminal of said noise reduction circuit (5) being designed to receive digital image signals and said noise reduction circuit (5) being designed to filter the digital image signals on the basis of operations performed in accordance with fuzzy logic rules and from the noise detection circuit (4) at separate instants in accordance with pre-set time intervals; the filter (1) being characterized in that it comprises an image edge detection circuit (6) having at least a first and a second input terminal and at least a first and a second output terminal, the first and second input terminals of said image edge detection circuit (6) being connected to the output terminal of the inferential circuit (C1) included in the first processing circuit means (2) and the output terminal of the inferential circuit (C2) included in the second processing circuit means (3) respectively, said image edge detection circuit (6) being designed to perform operations in accordance with fuzzy logic rules on the basis of activation levels defined in the inferential circuits (C1,C2); and an image edge exalting circuit (7) having at least a first, a second and a third input terminal and at least an output terminal and the first and second input terminals of said image edge exalting circuit (7) being connected to the first and second output terminals respectively of the image edge detection circuit (6) and the third input terminal of said image edge exalting circuit (7) being connected to the output terminal of the noise reduction circuit (5), said image edge exalting circuit (7) comprising circuit elements (8,9) designed to perform on filtered digital image signals an exaltation of image edges on the basis of operations performed in accordance with fuzzy logic rules by the image edge detection circuit (5). Filter in accordance with claim 1 characterized in that the image edge detection circuit (6) comprises at least one memory register designed to memorize at least one fuzzy logic process. Filter in accordance with claim 1 characterized in that the image edge detection circuit (6) comprises a unit operating in accordance with fuzzy logic. Filter in accordance with any one of the claims 1, 2 and 3 characterized in that at least a first and a second circuit element (8,9) included in the image edge exalting circuit (7) have each at least a first and a second input terminal and at least an output terminal, the first input terminal of said first and second circuit elements (8,9) being connected to at least an output terminal of an interface circuit (10) which has at least an input terminal coupled to the output terminal of the noise reduction circuit (5), the second input terminal of the first circuit element (8) and the second input terminal of the second circuit element (9) being connected to the first and second output terminals respectively of the image edge detection circuit (6). Filter in accordance with any of claims 1, 2, 3 and 4 characterized in that the image edge exalting circuit (7) comprises a comparator (11) having at least a first and a second input terminal and at least a first and a second output terminal, the first and second input terminals of said comparator (11) being connected to the first and second output terminals respectively of the image edge detection circuit (6). Filter in accordance with any of the claims 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 characterized in that the image edge exalting circuit (7) comprises a multiplexer (12) having at least a first, second, third and fourth input terminal and at least an output terminal which is an output terminal of the filter (1), the first and second input terminals of said multiplexer (12) being connected to the output terminal of the first circuit element (8) and to the output terminal of the second circuit element (9) respectively, the third and fourth input terminals of said multiplexer (12) being connected to the first and second output terminals of the comparator (11) respectively, said third and fourth input terminals being control terminals of said multiplexer (12).

Inventors: MANCUSO MASSIMO, POLUZZI RINALDO, RIZZOTTO GIANGUIDO, MANCUSO, MASSIMO, POLUZZI, RINALDO, RIZZOTTO, GIANGUIDO
Applicants: ST MICROELECTRONICS SRL, STMICROELECTRONICS S.R.L.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G06T5
IPC codes: H03H21, H04N1, H04N5, G06T5