Methods of constructing paddle and shaft assemblies for twin screw mixer and/or processors and the resulting apparatus

Abstract: A method of constructing or reconstituting a shaft (12) and paddle (22) assembly for mixers and processors wherein radially aligned paddles on parallel shafts revolving at the same speed in the same direction of rotation both co-wipe and completely wipe the interior of the barrel of the mixer or processor which has a mixer chamber comprising interconnecting cylindrical bores. The co-wiping paddles are formed with paddle bores (BR) of a configuration comprising alternating lobular projections (38) and root recesses (39), and arcuate corner portions (43) on the lobular projections and root recesses. The arcuate corner portions of the projections are tangential to the arcuate corner portions of the root recesses. The shafts are formed with intermeshing matching projections and root recesses.

Description: The invention relates to a method of constructing or reconstructing drive assemblies according to claim 1 and to a drive assembly having a shaft and an element in driving interrelationship therewith according to claim 6. The present invention especially refers to twin screw mixers, extruders or processors and, more particularly, to new and useful improvements in methods of making the paddle shaft assemblies which are employed to enable increases in the mixing power obtained without consequent reduction of the free volume in the twin screw mixer or compounder which would limit the volume of throughput material proceeding through such continuously operating machines. The present invention has been developed for use in twin screw mixing-compounding machines of the type used in the plastics industry, for example, and illustrated in the present assignee's prior patents US 3,195,868 and US 4,826,323. The larger machines of this type utilize preferably hydraulic motor-driven shafts with radially mating co-wiping, individual paddles, or worm sections thereon, both of which, hereinafter, are to be included within the term "paddle", as used hereinafter. In machines of this character, the shafts which mount the paddles must be rotated at the same speed, and in the same direction of rotation, in order for the paddles to completely co-wipe one another, and, at the same time, completely wipe the interior of the barrel bore in which they are operative. Whether the paddle employed is of the single or multi-lobe type, the geometry of the surface of one of the paddle components must be generated by the mating paddle component for co-wiping to occur, and these geometric forms are a direct function of barrel bore diameter to shaft center-to-center distance. Normally, to increase the power supplied to the paddles of such machines for mixing purposes and increased output, it is necessary to increase the dimensions of both the paddles and the shafts which drive them, to carry the increased loads at acceptable stress levels. However, to increase shaft diameter for a machine having a given size barrel, it is necessary to alter the bore to center-to-center distance ratio of the twin screw-paddle assembly, which adds to its width. The paddle component wall thickness, accordingly, increases in relationship to the increased shaft diameter and, with thicker paddle elements, the open volume of the machine for the same bore diameter is significantly decreased. Thus, present day machines which are to produce an increased rate of processing product cannot tolerate the power increases which are necessary for processing the materials. Typically, today, involute gear teeth splines are used to transfer the power from the shafts to the paddles, as disclosed in prior U.S. patent 4,591,487, but various keys, and hexagonal shaft configurations, have also been proposed. While all are not considered germane to the field of the present invention, applicants are aware of the following prior patents: US 2,668,756 Carney US 2,777,353 Willis US 3,584,667 Reiland US 4,073,013 Blach US 4,236,833 Blach US 4,269,246 Larson et al US 4,591,487 Fritsch US 5,171,117 Seidl Furthermore, an alternative embodiment of a splined joint as generally shown in Figure 4 is known from DE-3 635 916. The present invention is concerned with the supply of greater power at lower stress levels to the mixer paddles in given size mixer barrels which presently employ the involute spline shafts which are, at this time, the state of the art in this field. While maintaining adequate hoop strength in the paddles, the method and apparatus of the present invention employs a series of lobes, alternating with root recesses to which they tangentially join, as a configuration for the internal bores of the mixer paddles. These match the lobes and root recesses provided on the exterior periphery of the mixer shafts. For a given size mixer or devolatilizer, with a given size barrel, increased power can be generated. Since much processing in such processors is horsepower hour per pound dependent, more material can be moved through the processor with the increased horsepower to process it. One of the prime objects of the present invention is to increase the power which is supplied, without decreasing the free volume of the mixer and inhibiting the throughput of material. A further object of the invention is to promote the use of more reliable equipment which does not risk the imposition of higher load stresses, and potential unreliable equipment operation with consequent premature failure rates. It is a further object of the invention to provide a twin screw mixer in which the shaft and paddle assemblies are able to generate more power at lower stress levels than in present machines and greatly increase production rates. A further object of the invention is to provide a twin screw mixer having a paddle and shaft assembly wherein the lobular configuration to be described effects decreases in the shear stresses imposed at certain critical paddle locations, even though stresses increase at other locations to provide, however, a decreased stress ratio, taking into account assembly fit and practical manufacturing tolerances. Still another object of the invention is to provide higher strength shaft and paddle assemblies, with lower overall stresses involved in the power transfer, through use of an optimum number of novel lobes and lobular root recesses for the configuration. Still a further object of the invention is to provide an assembly which permits the transmission of higher torques than heretofore possible, with mixers of the same size. Still another object of the invention is to design a system of the character disclosed wherein the paddles have adequate hoop strength to accept and transmit the increased torque received, without spreading to interfere with the operation of the paddles in their wiping relationship with the barrel walls. The objects are solved according to the invention by the features of claims 1 and 6. Further embodiments are disclose in the subclaims. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent with reference to the accompanying drawings and the accompanying descriptive matter. In the drawings, Figure 1 is a schematic, side elevational, partly sectional view through a twin screw mixer of the type disclosed in some of the present assignee's previous patents. Figure 2 is an enlarged, schematic, fragmentary, cross-sectional view, taken on the line 2-2 of Figure 1, disclosing an involute gear configuration for the paddle bores and shaft perimeters. Figure 3 is an enlarged, fragmentary, schematic, cross-sectional view of the present prior art paddle bore involute spline structure. Figure 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view, similar to Figure 2 but disclosing a different, true sine wave, lobular configuration as disclosed e.g. in document DE-3 635 916. Figure 5 is a schematic view, similar to Figure 2, of a shaft and paddle assembly of the present invention, utilized in a mixer barrel of much the same size as in Figure 2, and demonstrating the increased throughput volume which is available. Figure 6 is an enlarged, cross-sectional, elevational view of one of the preferred paddles and shafts only, wherein the lobe and root corner radii ratio is five to one; and Figure 7 is an enlarged fragmentary, cross-sectional, elevational view of another embodiment, with tangentially mating corner radii utilized on a three-to-one scale. Referring now to Figures 1 and 2 particularly for a description of prior art machinery, a mixer-processor, generally designated M, is shown as comprising a base 10 on which uprights 10a support a mixing barrel generally designated MB. The mixing barrel MB, as Figure 2 particularly indicates, is of Figure-8-configuration and provides a Figure-8-shaped mixing chamber 11 within which twin mixing shafts 12 and 13 are revolved. Fixed on the shafts 12 and 13, are paddles in the form of co-wiping screws or worms 20 and 21. Also provided as paddles, and fixed to the shafts 12 and 13, are co-wiping elements 22 and 23 which may be of the lenticular configuration disclosed in Figure 2. It is to be understood that the pairs of radially co-wiping members 22 and 23 are displaced angularly from one another to provide a successive helical formation, and that a cross section through the elements 20 and 21 would provide the lenticular configuration disclosed in Figure 2. As Figure 2 particularly indicates, the shafts 12 and 13 have an involute gear external configuration which mates with an involute gear configuration provided in the bores of paddles 22 and 23. These involute configurations comprise teeth 24 and roots 25 provided on the shafts 12 and 13 and intermeshed teeth 26 and roots 27 provided in the bore configurations, generally designated BR, of the paddle sections 20 and 21, and 22 and 23. As shown particularly in Figure 3, the involute teeth 24 and 26 provided on the shaft and paddle bore configurations, respectively, include convex side walls 28 on the teeth 24 and concave side walls 29 on the teeth 26. The convex walls 28 connect the outer peripheral surfaces 30 of the teeth 24 with the inner peripheral surfaces 31 or roots of the involute configurations, surfaces 30 and 31 being taken on radii extending from the shaft center c. Similarly, the concave surfaces 29 connect the peripheral surfaces 32 of teeth 26 with the root surfaces 33 provided in each paddle bore configuration. The surfaces 32 and 33 match the surfaces 31 and 30 respectively, as indicated in Figure 3, with the exception there is a minor sliding clearance involved between them for manufacturing and assembly purposes. In Figure 4, a different configuration is disclosed in which the same numerals are employed to identify the same parts of the machine. In Figure 4, the shafts 12 and 13 are provided with lobes 34 separated by recesses 35 which interfit with alternating lobes 36 and recesses 37 provided in the paddle bore BR configurations. The configuration of these lobes and recesses is a sine wave configuration, with the lobes 34 and recesses 35 formed of curves of the same radius which are fully relatively tangential, and tangentially merge one with the other. The configuration of the bore surfaces 36 and 37 is the same, and matches, except for the manufacturing and assembly clearance mentioned. Torque transmission with the configurations disclosed in Figure 4 can be accomplished with greater power than involute configurations as used in Figures 1 to 3, and with less stress at critical areas via the twelve lobe configuration disclosed. In Figures 5 and 6, the invention is illustrated and again the same numerals have been used to identify components which they have previously identified. In Figures 5 and 6, the bore BR of each of the paddles 22 and 23 is shown as having twelve alternating element lobular projections and element root recesses, generally designated 38 and 39, respectively. The intermediate peripheral surface portions 39a of the element root recesses 39 are taken on a radius 40 from the bore center 41. The shaft 12 includes matching shaft lobular projections 42 and shaft root recesses 43. As Figure 6 demonstrates, each shaft root recess 43 includes an intermediate peripheral surface portion 43a taken on a radius 55 from shaft center 41 and it is to be noted that the radii 55 at the ends of each intermediate peripheral surface portion 43a subtend an angle of 7.5°. The element lobular projections 38 include matching intermediate peripheral surface portions 38a, subtending the same angle, as Figure 6 indicates. There are, of course, the usual operating sliding clearances between the intermeshing surfaces on the paddles and shafts which permit manufacture and assembly of these component parts. Provided to connect the intermediate peripheral surface portions 42a of the shaft, which are generated on radii 40 and the intermediate peripheral surfaces portions 43a which are generated on radii 55 are tangentially merging arcuate corner portions 42b on the shaft lobular projections 42 and arcuate corner portions 43b which tangentially merge with the intermediate peripheral surfaces portions 43a. Matching-merging arcuate corner portions 38b and 39b are provided in the paddle bore configurations BR. In the representative paddles disclosed in Figure 6, where dimensions are utilized to illustrate the specific formation of the paddle and shaft, it will be noted that the arcuate corner portions 42b are taken on a radius of 0.376 mm (.0148 inches) about a point 44 located on a radius 54. The arcuate corner portions 38b are taken on radii of 1.88 mm (.0741 inches) from points 45 which are located to provide tangency between the portions 39b and 38a. The relationship between the radii which provide arcuate corner portions 42b and 38b is linear and in the preferred embodiment is five-to-one. Of course, matching the arcuate paddle bore surfaces 38b and the arcuate paddle corner surfaces 42b are shaft surfaces 43b and paddle surfaces 39b respectively. It is to be noted that the paddle exterior surfaces include mid-surfaces 56 generated about radii 46 and arcuate portions 47 extending endwisely from surfaces 56 which are generated about radii 48 (taken from points 49) subtended by angles of 11.25° from the radius 46. The end surfaces 50 are taken on radii 51 from the center 41. In Figure 7, we have disclosed a paddle and shaft assembly which is very similar to the paddle and shaft assembly disclosed in Figure 6, except that the ratio between the arcuate corner portions 38b and 39b of the paddle is three-to-one, rather than five-to-one as in Figure 6. In Figure 6, the transmission stress in the components was further reduced by changing the root radius at 43b as a function of the tip radius of the lobe at 42b in a linear fashion. Better results were achieved in the Figure 6 version than in the Figure 7 version. The Figure 7 version is however superior to the known sinusoidal configuration disclosed in Figure 4, which is still superior to the prior art involute configuration disclosed in Figures 1-3. Comparing now Figures 2 and 5, which are close to scale, although not exactly, it will be evident that a considerably greater free volume within chamber 11 is provided in Figure 5 i.e. about twenty-three percent more net volume. The shafts and paddles in Figures 2 and 5 are transferring the same power but, because of improved stress characteristics, the Figure 5 shafts 12 and 13 can be somewhat smaller. This permits the center-to-center distance of the shafts 12 and 13 to be reduced in Figure 5 and accordingly the paddles 22 and 23 to be considerably thinner. It is to be emphasized that the configurations developed by applicant are developed as the result of the balancing of the various stresses to which the assemblies are subjected in performing their function. In the case of applicants' Figure 6, the stresses were, by test, considered to provide a stress balance which enabled the greater power to be transferred. One of the tests which is important to applicants' assignee in marketing its twin screw equipment is the torsional stress analysis and what is termed the shear concentration, which is defined as the shear stress at a point B divided by the shear stress at a point A. For the involute configuration of Figure 3 and the preferred configuration shown in Figure 6, point A is located at the root diameter recess while point B is located at the root of the tooth. The stress concentration for the involute convolution shown in Figures 2 and 3 was 12.48 kPa (1.81 psi) in tests which were conducted. For a twelve splined involute configuration it was higher at 14.55 kPa (2.11 psi). In contrast, the comparable stress concentration for the Figure 4 configuration was 9.45 kPa (1.37 psi). For the configuration using a tooth root radius to tip radius of three-to-one (Figure 7), the stress concentration was 8.76 kPa (1.27 psi), and, when that tooth root radius-to tip radius ratio was five-to-one, the stress concentration had decreased to 8.48 kPa (1.23 psi). Applicants, in the preferred embodiment of the invention disclosed in Figure 6, have greatly increased the size of the radius at the root of the lobe at point B to avoid a failure situation in which the shear stress at point B was such that yield strength in shear was exceeded. The hoop strength of the paddle elements 22 and 23 is also a consideration, and must be held within permissible values. In applicants' embodiments, sufficient material remains between the lobular projections of the shaft and the paddle wall portions 56 for the paddle to have sufficient hoop strength. In operation it is to be assumed that the machine shown in Figure 1 is the machine utilizing applicants' invention. Material to be blended continuously is fed through opening 17, advanced by paddles 20 and 21, more intimately blended by paddles 22 and 23 and continuously discharged at 20. In prior art machinery a maximum of about 75 horsepower can be utilized to obtain a production rate of about 907 kg (2000 pounds) per hour. With applicants new method, with the mixing chamber shafts, and paddles remaining the same size, and the speed of operation remaining the same the horsepower can be safely about doubled with the result that twice as much material can be charged through opening 17 and blended with the increased power. Whereas, previously about fifty percent of the available volume was filled with material, now about 75% can be. The relationship between mixing horsepower and output is linear. In summary, from a paddle torsional stress consideration, the inventor's configurations disclosed here are clearly superior. Sufficient hoop strength was retained, as was what is termed contact stress strength, when clearances were in the nature of 0.127 mm (.005 inches). Applicant has essentially been able to achieve the greater throughput volume with configurations which are superior in terms of torsional stress analysis, while holding the other stresses imposed within acceptable limits.

Claims: A method of constructing or reconstituting drive assemblies having a shaft (12, 13) and an element (22, 23) in driving interrelationship therewith, comprising the steps of: a) forming the element (22, 23) with a bore (BR) of a configuration comprising alternating element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39) with alternate peripheral surface portions (38a, 39a) taken on a major and minor radius (40, 55), respectively, from the axis (41) of the bore (BR), b) forming said shaft (12, 13) with intermeshing matching shaft lobular projections (42) and shaft root recesses (43) and mounting said element (22, 23) on said shaft with the lobular projections (38) and the root recesses (39) of the element (22, 23) and the root recesses (43) and the lobular projections (34, 42) of the shaft (12, 13) in intermeshing relation, c) forming said alternating element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39) of the element bore (BR) with arcuate corner portions (38b, 39b) together joining the surfaces of said element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39), and together forming a pair of oppositely curved, tangentially merging arcuate surfaces (38b, 39b) which also tangentially merge with the peripheral surface portions (38a, 39a) of said element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39); d) wherein stress concentrations are reduced by generating the arcuate corner portions (38b) of the element lobular projections (38) on greater radii which are a multiple of the radii on which the arcuate corner portions (39b) of the element root recesses (39) are generated, e) forming said shaft lobular projections (42) and shaft root recesses (43) of the shaft (12, 13) with a configuration which interfit with the configuration of said element root recesses (39) and said element lobular projections (38), respectively, so as to form said matching intermeshing relationship of said lobular projections (38, 42) and root recesses (39, 43) on said shaft (12, 13) and element bore (BR), respectively. Method according to claim 1, wherein said element is a paddle (22, 23) for mixers and processors, wherein radially aligned paddles on parallel shafts (12, 13), revolving at the same speed and in the same direction of rotation, both co-wipe and wipe the interior of the barrel (MB) of the mixer or processor, which has a mixer chamber (11) comprising interconnected cylindrical bores which receive material near one end (17) and discharge it near the other end (20a) continuously, characterised by the following additional steps: (c) providing a pair of such shafts (12, 13) with said shaft lobular projections (42) and shaft root recesses (43), (d) forming a plurality of said paddles (22, 23) with said element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39), (e) mounting a plurality of said paddles (22, 23) on said shafts (12, 13) with the element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39) of said paddles and the shaft lobular projections (42) and the shaft root recesses (43) of said shafts in matching intermeshing relations, (f) installing said shafts (12, 13) in spaced apart parallel relation in the mixer chamber (11) with their axes spaced apart to provide a predetermined center to center distance between them to achieve complete mixer chamber (MB) wiping with said paddles (22, 23). Method of claim 1, wherein element and shaft lobular projections (38, 42) and element and shaft root recesses (39, 43) are respectively formed with intermediate peripheral surface portions (38a, 39a, 42a, 43a) between the arcuate corner portions (38b, 39b, 42b, 43b) each of which generated on radii (40, 55) taken from the center (41) of said bore (BR) and merging tangentially with said arcuate element and shaft corner portions, wherein said bore (BR) is formed with intermediate peripheral surface portions (38a) on the element lobular projections (38) which are greater in length than the intermediate peripheral surface portions (39a) provided on the element root recesses (39) of the bore, and there are twelve such element lobular projections and twelve such element root recesses. Method of claim 1, in which the multiple is 3:1. Method of claim 1, in which the multiple is 5:1. Drive assembly having a shaft (12, 13) and an element (22, 23) in driving interrelationship therewith, wherein a) said element (22, 23) is provided with a bore (BR) having an axis (41) corresponding to said shaft axis, which bore is configured to receive such shaft (12, 13) in driving relationship, b) said bore configuration comprising alternating element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39) with alternate peripheral surface portions (38a, 39a) taken on a major and minor radius (40, 55), respectively, from the axis (41) of the bore (BR), c) said shaft (12, 13) having intermeshing matching shaft lobular projections (42) and shaft root recesses (43) received by the element root recesses (39) and element lobular projections (38) of said bore (BR), respectively, d) said alternating element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39) comprising arcuate corner portions (38b, 39b) together joining the surfaces of said element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39), and together forming a pair of oppositely curved, tangentially merging arcuate surfaces (38b, 39b) which also tangentially merge with the peripheral surface portions (38a, 39a) of said element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39), the arcuate corner portions (38b) of said element lobular projections (36, 38) being taken on greater radii which are a multiple of the radii on which said arcuate corner portions (39b) of said element root recesses are taken; and e) said shaft lobular projections (42) and shaft root recesses (43) having a configuration which interfit with the configuration of said alternate element root recesses (39) and element lobular projections (38), respectively, so as to form said matching intermeshing relationship of said lobular projections (38; 42) and root recesses (39; 43) on said shaft (12, 13) and element bore (BR), respectively. Assembly of claim 6, wherein a pair of said shafts (12, 13) are provided and a plurality of said elements in the form of paddles (22, 23) are mounted on each of said shafts in radially aligned interrelationship, and a drive provided for driving the shafts at the same speed in the same direction of rotation, said shafts and paddles being mounted in a mixer barrel (MB) consisting of a plurality of interconnected parallel cylindrical bores which axially receive said shafts. Assembly of claim 6, wherein there are twelve such element lobular projections (38). Assembly of claim 6, wherein the element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39) have intermediate peripheral surface portions (38a, 39a) generated on radii (40, 55) taken from the axis (41) of said bore (BR) and said peripheral surfaces of the intermediate surface portions (38a) of the element lobular projections (38) are substantially greater than the peripheral lengths of the intermediate surface portions (39a) of said element root recesses (39). Assembly according to claim 6, which is in the form of a twin shaft mixer or processor, having a mixer barrel (MB) with a material inlet (17) at one end and a material discharge (20a) at the other end, comprising: (a) twin shafts (12, 13) extending longitudinally in the barrel (MB) ; (b) mechanism for driving the shafts (12, 13) at the same speed in the same direction of rotation; (c) said elements being in the form of paddles (22, 23) which are provided with bores (BR) having axes (41) substantially corresponding to said shaft axes, which are configured to receive said shafts (12, 13) in driving relationship; (d) said paddle bore configurations (BR) comprising said alternating element lobular projections (38) and element root recesses (39), and arcuate juncture portions formed by said arcuate corner portions (38b, 39b) joining said element lobular projections and element root recesses, the arcuate juncture portions (38b) of said element lobular projections (38) merging tangentially with the arcuate juncture portions (39b) of said element root recesses (39); and (e) said shafts (12, 13) having matching shaft lobular projections (42) and shaft root recesses (43) received by the element root recesses (39) and element lobular projections (38) of said paddles (22, 23), respectively. Assembly of claim 10, wherein for reducing stress concentrations in said paddles (22, 23) at the arcuate corner surfaces (38b) of the element lobular projections (38) have greater radii which are a multiple of the radii on which the arcuate corner portions (39b) of the element root recesses (39) are generated. Assembly of claim 6, wherein the multiple is 3:1. Assembly of claim 6 or 11, wherein the multiple is 5:1.

Inventors: KOWALCZYK JAMES E, LOOMANS BERNARD A, KOWALCZYK, JAMES E., LOOMANS, BERNARD A.
Applicants: APV CHEM MACH INC, APV CHEMICAL MACHINERY INC.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: F16D3
IPC codes: B29B7