CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES WHICH HYDROLYZE PRIMARY AMIDES AND METHODS FOR ELICITING SUCH ANTIBODIES

Abstract: Described and claimed are compounds of formula (I) wherein Y is a polypeptide, R1 is bonded to the N-terminus of Y and is hydrogen or a branched or linear, substituted or unsubstituted, C1-21 alkyl, alkene, or alkyne group, R2 is a side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid, and X is (a), (b), (c). Such compounds are useful as haptens and immunogens for the elicitation of antibodies which catalytically enhance the rate of formation or hydrolysis of primary amide bonds. Also described and claimed are methods employing the compounds and antibodies.

Description: CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES WHICH HYDROLYZE PRIMARY AMIDES AND METHODS FOR ELICITING SUCH ANTIBODIES ♦ 5 <. CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This International Application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty claims priority benefits under the Paris Convention based upon and is a continuation-in-part of United States Patent Application Serial No. 08/052,490 filed 10 April 23, 1993 as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Serial No. 07/190,271 filed May 4, 1988. U.S. Serial No. 08/052,490 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Serial No. 07/773,042 filed October 10, 1991 as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Serial No. 07/740,501 filed August 5, 1991. U.S. Serial No. 08/052,490 is also a continuation- in-part of U.S. Serial No. 07/761 ,868 filed September 3, 1991 as a continuation-in- 15 part of U.S. Serial No. 07/190,271 filed May 4, 1988. All of these above-identified United States Patent Applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to analogs of primary amide bonds and methods of 20 using such analogs such as for eliciting catalytic antibodies for hydrolysis of primary amide bonds. The invention also relates to catalytic antibodies capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis or formation of primary amide bonds. This invention further relates to novel methods for using such catalytic antibodies as therapeutic agents wherein said catalytic antibodies cause hydrolysis of primary amide bonds of peptides and proteins. This invention also relates to novel methods for using such catalytic antibodies as catalysts for hydrolysis of formation of primary amide bonds in the synthesis of chemicals. Still further, this application relates to novel methods for selecting or screening for catalytic activity by catalytic antibodies in samples containing antibodies as well as other biological molecules. Such methods for selecting or screening are rapid and efficient and thus, allow the routine screening of larger numbers of potential catalytic antibodies. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Various documents are cited parenthetically throughout the text of this disclosure, with full citation to these documents appearing as a list immediately preceding the claims. Other documents are cited parenthetically, in full, throughout the text of this disclosure. These documents pertain to the field of this invention, and each of these documents is hereby incorporated herein by reference. One of the most frequently cited goals of catalytic antibody research is the generation of antibodies capable of efficient, specific hydrolysis of amide bonds (1- 14). This goal partly results from the scientific challenge of generating an antibody to catalyze a relatively kinetically inert reaction and partly from the potentially vast range of practical applications for proteolytic antibodies. Until now, no haptens have been designed which have demonstrably elicited antibodies that hydrolyze unactivated amides without cofactor assistance. The difficulty in eliciting amide-hydrolyzing antibodies stems primarily from the difficulties associated with screening the antibodies for catalysis. The uncatalyzed rate (k uncat ) of amide hydrolysis (with a half-life on the order of 7 years at neutral pH (15)) is much slower than that of typical esters (16), carbonates (17), or activated amides (8, 18). Correspondingly, it is much more difficult to detect antibodies that catalyze amide hydrolysis. If two separate reactions of different uncatalyzed rates (kun cat ) are catalyzed by two antibodies with identical rate enhancements (k cat /k uncat ), it will be more difficult to detect the antibody that is slower in absolute terms (k cat ). There are two main reasons for this. One reason is that in the slower reaction there will be fewer turnovers per unit of time and the assay system must be able to detect extremely low levels of formed product. The second reason is that reactions with slower k uncat values typically require longer periods of antibody-substrate incubation (days or weeks) than do faster reactions (minutes or hours). Long incubation periods may lead to false results because of the possible appearance of by¬ products, the antibody may denature, especially at non-neutral pH values, and traces of adventitious enzymes may catalyze the reaction in question. As mentioned above, until now no catalytic antibodies have been generated that are capable of unassisted catalytic hydrolysis of an unactivated amide bond. Documentation of rationally-designed catalytic antibody transformations of amide bonds have been limited to antibodies capable of activated amide hydrolysis (8), metallo-cofactor-assisted amide hydrolysis (20), and amide bond rearrangement (21 ). Also, naturally-occurring peptide hydrolysis by autoantibodies have been reported (22). It should be pointed out that in the last example the reported antibody activities were discovered rather than designed. Here we describe the first successful design of a catalytic antibody capable of unassisted hydrolysis of an unactivated amide bond. In nature, the most commonly encountered amide bonds are found in peptides and proteins. Three principle types of amide bonds are found in peptide and proteins: as peptide bonds linking individual amino acids, in asparagine and glutamine amino acid side chains, and at the C-terminus of some peptides (i.e. C- terminal carboxamide). Hydrolyses of both types of amide bonds, peptide bonds and primary amide bonds (asparagine, glutamine and C-terminal amides), have the same or very similar Gibbs free energies of activation (23-25). Hence, they require the same amount of transition state stabilization to be catalyzed with similar rate enhancements. Amidated peptide hormones that are important in disease states include: calcitonin (29), calcitonin gene-related peptide (30,31), big gastrin (32,33), and bombesin-like peptides [BLP, otherwise known as bombesin-related peptides (BRP) or gastrin-releasing peptides (GRP)] (34,35). Elevated calcitonin levels have been associated with several disease states including medullary thyroid carcinoma, C-cell hyperplasia, chronic renal failure, pancreatitis, mineral and bone disorders, and hyperthyroidism (29). Elevated gastrin is associated with gastrinomas, BLP with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (33). Experimental treatments are underway to neutralize the effects of these hormones in disease states using monoclonal antibodies (anti-BLP)(36), neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (BLP hydrolysis)(37), and synthetic antagonists (BLP)(38-41). Also of potential therapeutic relevance are peptides and proteins containing amino acids with amide side chains (e.g., asparagine and glutamine). Administration of bacterial asparaginase, which hydrolyzes the side chain carboxamide of free asparagine, has been shown to be an effective anti-leukemia agent (42). U.S. patent application Serial No. 190,271 of which this application is a continuation-in-part, describes analogs of peptide bonds and methods for eliciting catalytic antibodies which hydrolyze such peptide bonds. The analogs and antibodies described therein are directed towards the modification of peptide bonds which are secondary amide bonds whereas the present application is related to modification of primary amide bonds. U.S. patent application Serial No. 08/007,684 which is a continuation-in-part of International Application WO Serial No. 92/01047 (PCT/GB91/01134) describes the isolation and production of catalytic antibodies displayed on bacteriphage and the isolation and production of human catalytic antibodies. The disclosures of both of these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Based on the observations described above, it is desired to develop transition state analogs of primary amides to elicit catalytic antibodies which can cleave primary amide bonds in peptides and proteins. It is desired to employ catalytic antibodies which catalyze the hydrolysis or formation of primary amide bonds as therapeutic agents by administration to living organisms. Modification of primary amide bonds in target peptides and proteins would expectedly alter their physiological function and therefore provide beneficial therapeutic effect on the living organisms. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention herein described provides methods for the production of catalytic antibodies which can hydrolyze primary amide bonds. Such antibodies can 5 be directed to hydrolyze and/or form primary amide bonds specifically in selected peptides and other molecules. A direct result of this invention is the production of many different therapeutic products having benefit to the public which could not be developed based on the prior art. It has surprisingly been found that compounds of this invention elicit 10 antibodies which enhance the rate of hydrolysis (cleavage) or formation of primary amide bonds and, that such catalytic antibodies have therapeutic and industrial utility. The present invention accordingly provides a compound of formula (I): wherein: Y is a polypeptide, Ri is bonded to the N-terminus of Y and is hydrogen or a branched or linear, substituted or unsubstituted, C^ alkyl, alkene, or alkyne group, 20 R 2 is a side chain of a naturally occuring amino acid, and X is « The present invention further provides for a compound of formula (i) wherein the polypeptide, Y, consists of the polypeptide sequence of a protein containing a C- terminal carboxamide with the C-terminal amino acid is omitted. Also contemplated by the present invention are compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 comprises a reactive group such as where n is an integer of 1 to 21 , attached to the N-terminal amino acid of the polypeptide such that the comound of formula (I) can be chemically reacted with and attached to a carrier molecule. Accordingly, immunogens are contemplated by the present invention wherein the compounds of formula (i) are attached to a carrier molecule. The present invention also provides a compound of formula (II): R-Y-KCH 2 ) n -X] m (I I) wherein: R is hydrogen or a branched or linear, substituted or unsubstituted, C-_ 2 i alkyl, alkene, or alkyne group, Y is a polypeptide, the -(CH 2 ) n -X groups replace side chains of asparagine or glutamine of said polypeptide, n is 1 or 2, m is an integer greater than or equal to one and less than or equal to the total number of asparagine and glutamine amino acids in said polypeptide, and X is Also contemplated by the present invention are compounds of formula (I I) wherein R- comprises a reactive group such as where n is an integer of 1 to 21, attached to the polypeptide such that the comound of formula (I I) can be chemically reacted with and attached to a carrier molecule. Accordingly, immunogens are contemplated by the present invention wherein the compounds of formula (I I) are attached to a carrier molecule. The present invention also provides for compounds of the formula (i) or (I I) in which the peptide consists of 1 to 20 naturally occuring amino acids. The present invention further provides a compound of the formula (in): A (I I J) wherein: R. is a branched or linear, substituted or unsubstituted, Cι_ 2 ι alkyl, alkene, or alkyne group, R 2 is a side chain of a naturally occuring amino acid, and X is Also contemplated by the present invention are compounds of formula (in) wherein R* comprises a reactive moiety such as where n is an integer of 1 to 21 , such that the comound of formula (in) can be chemically reacted with and attached to a carrier molecule. Accordingly, immunogens are contemplated by the present invention wherein the compounds of formula (in) are attached to carrier molecules. The present invention further contemplates antibodies which are capable of enhancing the rate of hydrolysis and/or the rate of formation of a primary amide bond. Also contemplated are antibodies which are capable of enhancing the rate of hydrolysis and/or the rate of formation of a primary amide bond produced by the method comprising the steps of: (i) generating a gene library of antibody-derived domains; (ii) inserting coding for said domains into a phage expression vector; and (iii) isolating said catalytic antibodies. Further contemplated are antibodies which are capable of enhancing the rate of hydrolysis and/or the rate of formation of a primary amide bond produced by the method comprising the steps of: (i) immunizing an animal with a composition comprising an analog of a reactant, reaction intermediate, or product of the hydrolysis reaction; (ii) removing antibody-producing lymphocytes from said animal; and, (iii) fusing the lymphocytes with myeloma cells and thereby producing hybridoma cells producing the antibody. Also contemplated are antibodies which are capable of enhancing the rate of hydrolysis and/or the rate of formation of a primary amide bond obtained by the method comprising: (i) raising antibodies against a hapten (ii) immobilizing said antibodies (iii) adding a substrate to said antibodies, and (iv) identifying antibodies capable of catalyzing the conversion of said substrate to a product. Further contemplated are antibodies obtained by the above method further comprising, after step (i): (i) concentrating said antibodies and (ii) purifying said antibodies. Also provided by the present invention are methods for providing therapy in an animal or individual in need of said therapy comprising administering to said individual or animal an antibody capable of enhancing the rate of hydrolysis and/or formation of a primary amide bond. The animal or individual can be a patient. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following Detailed Description of the Invention will be better understood with reference to the accompanying Figures wherein: Fig. 1 shows the chemical structures of molecules used as haptens and inhibitors used for elicitation, screening and selection, and characterization of catalytic antibodies. Fig. 2 shows the chemical structures of molecules used as substrates used for screening and selection as well as in characterization of catalytic antibodies. Figs. 3-13 show reaction schemes for the synthesis of haptens, inhibitors, and substrates used in the elicitation, screening and selection, and characterization of catalytic antibodies. Figure 14 shows the effect of buffer concentration on catalyzed and uncatalyzed amide hydrolysis. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION For the sake of clarity and convenience, the following definitions will be used in describing the invention: An antibody-derived domain refers to a peptide sequence or multiple individual peptide sequences which are physically or chemically associated with one another derived from an antibody molecule. Single-chain antibodies and single chain domains of antibodies are included in the meaning of antibody-derived domain. Throughout the application the term antibody is used in a generic sense and is meant to include antibody-derived domains. An amino acid consists of a tetrahedral carbon atom to which is bonded an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a distinctive group referred to as a "side chain." Naturally occuring amino acids are those amino acids that are synthesized by living organisms and can be polymerized via condensation to form peptides and proteins. Examples include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, 4- hydroxyproline, 5-hydroxylysine, epsilon-N-methyllysine, 3-methyl histidine, beta- alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, homocystein, homoserine, citrulline, ornithine, canavanine, djenkolic acid, and beta-cyanoalanine. The C-terminus of a protein or peptide is the end of a linear polymer of amino acids in which the ultimate amino acid is bonded to the polymer by an amide bond via its amino group. The N-terminus of a protein or peptide is the end of a linear polymer of amino acids in which the ultimate amino acid is bonded to the polymer by an amide bond via its carboxylic acid group. A C-terminal carboxamide is a derivative of the ultimate amino acid on the C- terminal carboxylic acid of a peptide of protein in which the -OH of the carboxylic acid is replaced by -NH 2 . A primary amide bond is an amide bond in which the amide nitrogen is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms at neutral pH. Peptide as used herein includes dipeptides and polypeptides. A carrier molecule used in immunization with haptens is a molecule of high molecular weight (>10,000 daltons) to which a small molecule (hapten) can be covalently attached to cause the small molecule to become more immunogenic to an organism. Examples of carriers are keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). A polypeptide sequence of a peptide containing a C-terminal carboxamide with the C-terminal amino acid omitted means the amino acid sequence of a protein or peptide which normally contains a C-terminal carboxamide in which the ultimate C-terminal amino acid is removed by hydrolysis of the ultimate peptide bond or is omitted and is replaced by an -OH group. The compounds of the present invention can contain alkyl, alkene, or alkyne groups which are substituted or unsubstituted. The term "substituted" means that one or more carbon or hydrogen atom is replaced by a substituent. Examples of suitable substituents, but to which the invention is not limited, include -OH, alkyl, chloro, fluoro, bromo, iodo, -NH 2 , -NH(OH), -NH-NH 2 , -N=NH, -N0 2 , -OP(0)(OH) 2 , -P(0)(OH) 2 , -SO 3 H, -S0 2 H, aryl, -SH, -S-, -C(0)OH, -C(0)H, amide groups, ester groups, ether groups, alkenyl, alkynyl, -C(O)-, cyano, epoxide groups, and heterocyclic groups. The invention disclosed herein entails the production of catalytic antibodies which are capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis or formation of primary amide bonds. Such primary amide bonds are found naturally in peptides and proteins such as in the side chains of asparagine and glutamine amino acids and occasionally at the carboxy terminus. Many naturally occuring peptides and proteins having various physiological functions are known to contain such primary amide bonds. The administration of catalytic antibodies which are capable of modifying such primary amide bonds as therapeutic agents alter physiological function of the peptides and proteins and provide therapeutic benefit to the subject. Accordingly, the first successful design of a catalytic antibody capable of unassisted hydrolysis of an unactivated amide bond is described herein. The catalytic antibodies of the present invention can be employed in either the hydrolysis of primary amide bonds or the formation of a primary amide bonds. Because any chemical reaction is reversible, a catalyst (e.g., a catalytic antibody) which catalyzes the reaction in one direction will also catalyze the reaction in the opposite derection. A catalyst does not alter the final equilibrium concentrations when included in a reaction medium, it only alters the rate at which equilibrium conditions are reached. Hence, the direction (forward or reverse reaction) in which a catalytic antibody (or other catalyst) enhances the reaction is dependent upon the concentrations of the reactants and products and the reaction conditions. A catalytic antibody prepared with a "forward" reaction as its intended catalytic function is equally able to catalyze the same reaction in the "reverse" direction. The invention is exemplified by the design of haptens that elicit antibodies capable of the hydrolysis of C-terminal amide bonds. Antibodies with such activities have therapeutic and industrial applications. A number of peptide hormones terminate in biologically active carboxamide groups whose hydrolysis is valuable in treatments of various diseases (Table I) (26-28). One of many additional therapeutic targets are antibodies that hydrolyze the asparagine or glutamine side-chain in peptides. In addition, as described below, catalytic antibodies are useful in the industrial synthesis of amidated peptides of therapeutic value. Table I Selected Naturally-Occurring Bioactive α-Amidated Peptides (26-28) a-Amidated (C-terminal) Residue Peptide A alanine b,o CRH, μ-Conotoxin C cysteine crustacean cardioactive peptide, conotoxins G1 , M1 , S1 D aspartic acid deltorphm E glutamic acid joining peptide, melittin (bee) F phenylalanme FMRF-NH 2 , gastrm, cholecystokimn, CGRP, γ^SH G glycine oxytocin, vasopressin, GnRH, pancreastatin, leucokmin I, II, Manduca adipokinetic hormone, lutropin releasing hormone H histidine apamin (bee), scorpion toxin II I Isoleucme h, r CRH, PHI, Manduca diuretic hormone, rat neuropeptide El (melanin concentrating hormone) K lysine cecropin A, PACAP38 (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide 38), conotoxin G1A, egg laying hormone (snail), tertiapin (bee) L leucine b, h GHRH, β-amidorphm, mastoparan, cecropin B, buccalm, myomodulin, PACAP27, proglucagon (111- 123) M methionine Substance P, Substance K, PHM, gastrm releasing peptide, neurokinin A, B, neuromedin B, C, bombesin (frog) N asparagine VIP (mammalian), neuromedin U, corazonin, mast cell degranulating peptide P prolme calcitonin, Thyrotropin releasing hormone Q glutamine melittin, levitide R arginme preproglucagon (111-123), short insectotoxin (scorpion) S serme frog granulibeπn-R, cecropin B (moth), dermorphin (frog) T threonme rat galanm, avian VIP, locust adipokinetic hormone V valme αMSH, r, p, h secretin, metorphamide/adrenorphin, urotensm I (fish) Wtryptophan cockroach myoactive peptide, sea anemone peptide, crustacean erythrophore concentrating peptide Y tyrosine Neuropeptide Y, PYY, PP, ω-conotoxin, amy n SCLC is a particularly attractive therapeutic target for de-amidating antibodies. A great majority of patients with SCLC die despite current conventional chemotherapeutic regimens (34). SCLC has been shown to have "neuroendocrine" properties associated with it (34,43,44). SCLC cells release a number of C- terminally-amitated peptide growth factor hormones. As shown in Table II, SCLC cells not only produce the peptide hormones but also receptors for the hormones (34). Thus, SCLC tumors probably accelerate their own growth by an autocrine mechanism (43). A catalytic antibody capable of de-amidating one or more of these peptides, or preferably a battery of different catalytic antibodies each capable of de- amidating a different peptide expressed by SCLC cells, can have therapeutically value. Such catalytic antibodies can be especially effective if directed to a tumor site by being conjugated to a tumor-binding agent such as a tumor antigen-binding monoclonal antibody (45). /0 437 Table II: Hormones Produced and Receptors Expressed by Human SCLC (34) Hormone Name Produced by SCLC Receptor Expressed bv SCLC GRP + (Met-NH 2 terminus) + IGF-1 + (Pro-NH 2 terminus) + Transferrin + + Calcitonin + + AVP + (Gly-NH 2 terminus) + Opioid Peptides + + Neurotensin + + Glucagon + ? Substance P + (Met-NH 2 terminus) ? Somatostatin + ? CCK - (Phe-NH 2 terminus) + TGFα + + IP - (Asn-NH 2 terminus) + ACTH + ? GGAP + + ANF + ? Galanin ? (Ala-NH 2 terminus (Porcine), + Thr-NH 2 terminus (Rat), unknown for Human) Bradykinin ? + Interferon-γ ? + GM-CSF ? + Neurokinin A + (Met-NH 2 terminus) + Neurokinin B + (Met-NH 2 terminus) + In industrial synthesis, there is a need for new methods for producing amidated peptides (46-50). Peptides such as growth-hormone-releasing factor (48), calcitonin (49,50), calcitonin gene related peptide (30), and neurokinin A (51 ,52) have therapeutic value and tailor-made catalytic synthetic methods are extremely useful. Methods under investigatyon are the use of recombinant rat α-amidating enzyme (48,49) and yeast carboxypeptidase Y (50). Catalytic antibodies capable of amide hydrolysis can be used industrially for preparation of C-terminai peptide amides. Peptide hydrolysis is thermodynamically a reversible reaction and accordingly can be made to go in the opposite (synthetic) direction. The back reaction is facilitated by using anhydrous organic or organic/aqueous solvents. There is a large body of literature on using organic solvents to encourage enzymic reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable in water (53,54). This literature includes a study demonstrating the retention of antibody-antigen binding in organic solvents (55). Indeed, in other work a catalytic antibody has been shown to function catalytically in organic solvents (56). Amide synthesis using catalytic antibodies in a transesterification reaction has been reported (57,58), but a specific binding site for r the incoming primary amine reactant is required in that work. Because primary amide synthesis using that method would be extremely difficult since it would require the design of an antibody with a specific binding site for ammonium hydroxide, a very small molecule. Antibodies to formula (i), (I I) and (in) compounds can be administered in any suitable form which is effective, for instance, orally, intravenously, subcutaneously, intradermally, intratumorally, and the like. Antibodies to formula (i), (ii) and (ill) compounds can be administered in any suitable carrier, such as saline. These formulations can be coadministered with other treatments; for instance, antibodies to formula (I), (I I) and (in) compounds can be administered with antibiotics. Furthermore, the antibodies to formula (i), (ii) and (in) compounds can be administered as a mixture with other antibodies, for instance with antibodies to other formula (I), (n) or (in) compounds., i.e., the antibodies of the present invention can be administered as a "cocktail." This cocktail can include both IgG and IgM antibodies as well as both binding and catalytic antibodies. The term "antibodies," is meant to included either binding or catalytically active fragments of antibodies and/or also includes single-chain antibodies and single-chain fragments of antibodies. In addition, the invention contemplates that the antibodies to formula (i), (ii) and (in) compounds can be dispensed in concentrated form or lyophiiized form for dilution by the ultimate user. These preparations can be in kit form. The kit form can also include suitable instructions for administration in accordance with this invention. The following non-limiting Examples are given by way of illustration only and are not to be considered a limitation of the invention. SYNTHESIS AND PREPARATION OF HAPTEN. INHIBITOR. AND SUBSTRATE COMPOUNDS. The synthesis of the compounds depicted in Figs. 1 and 2 was achieved according to the schemes depicted in Figs. 3-13 accompanying this description. It should be noted that, whereas some synthetic methods and compounds are specific as to a particular stereochemistry, this is not meant in any way to exclude methods and compounds of different stereochemistry or of a mixture of stereochemistries (or stereoisomers). The compounds depicted in Fig. 1 , used herein as haptens and inhibitors, all include tetrahedral atoms as analogs of the transition state at the position of the carbonyl carbon atom of the primary amide bond. Compounds 1-6 all include phosphorous as this tetrahedral atom whereas the tetrahedral geometry in compounds 7 and 8 is provided by hydration of the trifluoroketone. Such trifluoroketones are known to exist in equilibrium with their hydrated tetrahedral form (Begue et al., Tetrahedron, Vol. 47 (1991); 3207-3258): O HO \ ,C, H 2 0 R CF 3 R CF 3 The equilibrium under aqueous conditions is known to exist far to the right, i.e., most of the compound exists in the hydrated form. Hence, trifluoroketones can act as tetrahedral transition state analogs for hydrolysis of ester and amide bonds. The synthesis of the compounds in Figs. 1 and 2 generally followed the following description: The synthesis of the (±) 1-Amino-2-phenylethyl phosphonous acid (19, Fig. 3) was essentially carried out as described by E. Baylis et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1. 12, (1984):2845-2853. The NA-1 hapten was prepared as outlined in Fig. 4. (±) 1-Amino-2- phenylethyl phosphonous acid (19) was amino protected using benzyl chloroformate to give (±) N-CBZ-1-amino-2-phenylethyl phosphonous acid (20). Compound 20 was converted to Compound 22 by a direct method that uses N,0- Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide and methyl iodide. This reaction can be unpredictable so an alternate more reliable method was found. Compound 20 was first O- methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane followed by methanol and then P- methylated using sodium hydride and methyl iodide to give Compound 21. Hydrolysis of Compound 21 with lithium hydroxide afforded the same intermediate, Compound 22 (Fig. 4). Removal of the CBZ group from Compound 22 by catalytic hydrogenation and subsequent acylation by the symmetrical anhydride of 6- Maleimidocaproic acid (24) yielded the final NA-1 hapten (1). The symmetrical anhydride of 6-Maleimidocaproic acid (Compound 24, Fig. 5) was prepared by the reaction of maleic anhydride and ε-Amino-n-caproic acid in the presence of acetic acid to give 6-Maleimidocaproic acid (Compound 23) which was then converted to Compound 24 using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCCI). The synthesis of (±)diphenyl 1-(N-Benzyloxycarbonyl)-amino-2-phenylethyl phosphonate 25 (Fig. 6) followed the procedure reported by J. Oleksyszyn et al., Synthesis (1979):985-986. The preparation of the methylphosphonate 26 (Fig. 6) was adapted from the paper by Y. Vo-Quang et al., Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 28, (1987):6167-6170. Removal of the CBZ group from Compound 26 by catalytic hydrogenation and subsequent acylation by the symmetrical anhydride of 6- Maleimidocaproic acid (24) yielded the final RT-2 hapten (3, RT-2). The synthesis of the β-amino trifluoroalcohol hydrochloride 28 (Fig. 7) through intermediate 27 followed the procedure described by B. Imperiali and R. H. Abeles, Tetrahedron Letters. Vol. 27 (1986):135-138. Acylation of Compound 28 with the symmetrical anhydride of 6-Maleimidocaproic acid (24) afforded the alcohol Compound 29, which on oxidation with Dess-Martin Oxidant yielded the final WH-2 hapten (8). Dansylated-ε-amino-n-caproic acid (30, Fig. 8) was prepared from the coupling of dansyl chloride and ε-Amino-n-caproic acid. Activation of Compound 30 with DCCI and N-Hydroxysuccinimide yielded Compound 31. The preparation of BOC-L-Phe-NH 2 (32, Fig. 8) followed the procedure reported by Shui-Tein Chen et al., Synthesis. Vol. 1 (1988):37-38. Deprotection of Compound 32 with trifluoroacetic acid gave Compound 33, which was then reacted with Compound 31 in the presence of triethylamine which gave the final product, Compound 9 (Fig. 8). The synthesis of 10 (Fig. 9) followed the same set of reactions as for the synthesis of 9 (Fig 8.) except that BOC-D-Phe-NH 2 (34, Fig. 9) was used instead of 32. Compound 34 was prepared by the procedure of Shui-Tein Chen et al., Synthesis (1988.:37-38. (±) 1-Amino-2-phenylethyl phosphonous acid (19) was resolved by first converting to its (±) N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative (20, Fig. 10) and then recrystallizing its (+)(R)- and (-)(S)-α-methylbenzylamine salts as described by E. Baylis et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perk. Trans I. Vol. 12 (1984):2845-2853. After acidification, the pure enantiomers of Compound 20 were separately converted to the two enantiomers of Compound 22 by the same method as shown in Fig. 4. Removal of the CBZ group from Compound 22 by catalytic hydrogenation, and the subsequent acylation by the symmetrical anhydride of N-Acetyl-6-amιno n caproic acid (35), yielded the purified enantiomers of NA-1-hapten (4 and 5, Fig. 10). The synthesis of 6 (Fig. 1) followed the same chemical steps as for the synthesis of Compound 3 (FIG. 6) except that acetic anhydride was used instead of the symmetrical anhydride of 6-Maleimidocaproic acid (24). Similarly, the synthesis of 7 (Fig. 1) followed the same chemical steps as the synthesis of Compound 8 (Fig. 7) except that acetic anhydride was used instead of Compound 24. Preparation of substituted or alkene or alkyne compounds within the definitions of formula (i), (ii) and (ill) was as presented below, except that the appropriate substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkene or alkyne precursor compound was substituted in the chemical synthesis. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily develop the necessary synthetic procedures based on the examples and description herein, without undue experimention. Example 1 - Synthesis and preparation of NA-1 hapten. compound 1 Synthesis of (±)N-CBZ-1-amino-2-phenylethyl phosphonous acid (20) To a solution of (±)1-Amino-2-phenylethyl phosphonous acid (19) (12.95 g, 70 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) and aqueous 1M NaOH (75 mL) at 0° C was added dropwise benzyl chloroformate (20 mL). The pH of the solution during this addition was kept at 8-9 with the simultaneous addition of aqueous 1M NaOH (75 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for a further 16 hours and then was concentrated in vacuo to half volume. Washed with diethyl ether (2 x 75 mL) and then acidified to pH1 with the addition of concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid. Extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 80 mL) and the combined organic phases were washed with water (1 x 20 mL), dried over anhydrous MgS0 4 , filtered and evaporated in vacuo which gave after crystallization from ethyl acetate - light petroleum (±)N-CBZ-1-amino-2-phenylethyl phosphonous acid (20) (15.44 g) (mp 136-137° C) (Baylis, E. K.; Campbell, C. D.; Dingwall, J.G., J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. 1 , 1984, 12, 2845, reports mp 137° C). This was confirmed by spectroscopy as follows: 1 H NMR (300 MHz) (CD 3 OD) δ 2.76 (m, 1H), 3.11 (m, 1H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 4.91 (d, 1H, J = 12.7), 4.97 (d, 1 H, J = 12.7), 6.93 (d, 1 H, J * 540), 7.10 (m, 10H) 13 C NMR (300 MHz) (CD 4 OD) δ 33.83 (d, 2 J (P-C) = 2.9), 53.81 (d, J(P-C) = 105.21 ), 67.53, 127.55, 128.50, 128.82, 129.38, 130.22, 138.13, 138.74, 138.93, 158.54 FABMS 342 (M+Na)\ 320 (M+1) + Preparation of Compound 21 (±)N-CBZ-1-amino-2-phenylethyl phosphonous acid (20) (510 mg, 1.60 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (5 mL) and methanol (1 mL) and a solution of trimethylsilyldiazomethane (10% by weight in hexane) was added until the yellow color persisted. Glacial acetic acid was then added until the yellow color disappeared. The solution was evaporated in vacuo to dryness. The residue was redissolved in dry THF (2 mL) and the solution transferred to a suspension of sodium hydride (37 mg, 1.53 mmol) in THF (2 mL), which was cooled to 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and then iodomethane (2.25 mmol) was added. After a further 3 hours of stirring, the reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated aqueous NH 4 CI solution (35 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (75 mL). The organic phase was washed with water (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , filtered, concentrated in vacuo and chromatographed on silica gel using methanohmethylene chloride (8:92) which gave Compound 21 (0.190 g). This was confirmed as a mixture of diastereomers by spectroscopy as follows- 1 H NMR (300 MHz) (CDCI 3 ) δ 1.43 (d, 3H, J = 13.6), 1.44 (d, 3H, J = 13.6), 2.87 (m, 2H), 3.24 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 6H), 4.29 (m, 2H), 5.00 (bs, 4H), 5.44 (d, 1 H, J = 10), 5.87 (d, 1 H, J = 9.9), 7.27 (m, 20H) 13 C NMR (300 MHz) (CDCI 3 ) δ 11.10 (d, J(P-C) = 90.2), 11.50 (d, J(P-C) = 89.4), 33.76, 34.35, 50.73 (d, J(P-C) = 46.9), 51.41 , 51.49, 52.14 (d, J (P-C) = 42.5), 66.71 , 66.84, 126.62, 126.71 , 127.53, 127.75, 127.88, 127.99, 128.37, 128.48, 128.98, 129.04, 136.12, 136.19, 136.43, 136.47, 136.55, 136.63, 155.73, 155.99, 156.04 31 P NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 53.76, 53.98 Preparation of Compound 22 Compound 21 (178 mg, 0.530 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (0.55 mL) and water (0.50 mL). To this solution was added aqueous 2M LiOH (0.55 mL) and the mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. Water (25 mL) was added and the aqueous solution was washed with ethyl acetate (1 x 25 mL), acidified to pH 0 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the aqueous phase extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 40 mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and evaporated in vacuo to give after crystallization from ethyl acetate Compound 22 (0.153 g) (mp 153-154° C). This was confirmed by spectroscopy as follows: 1 H NMR (300 MHz) (CD 3 OD) δ 1.46 (d, 3H, J = 13.8), 2.76 (ddd, 1 H, J = 19.2, 12.4, 6.8), 3.21 (dt, 1 H, J = 14.2, 3.7), 4.09 (ddd, 1 H, J = 15.3, 10.19, 3.1), 4.91 (d. 1 H, J = 12.7), 4.99 (d, 1 H, J = 12.7), 7.22 (m, 5H) 13 C NMR ((300 MHz) (CD 4 OD) δ 12.50 (d, J(P-C) = 91.3), 34.46, 53.89 (d, J(P-C) = 108.2), 67.47, 127.61 , 128.42, 128.81 , 129.40, 130.14, 138.22, 138.85, 139.03, 158.44 31 P NMR (CD 3 OD) δ 52.48 FABMS 334 (M+1) + Preparation of Compound 1. NA-1 A mixture of 10% Pd-C (30 mg) and Compound 22 (103 mg, 0.31 mmol) in methanol (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of hydrogen until the starting material was consumed as observed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) (4 hours). The catalyst was filtered out through a pad of celite, washed with methanol (20 mL) and watermethanol (1 :9, 10 mL). All solvents were combined and evaporated in vacuo to give a solid (40 mg). The solid was dissolved in DMF (2 mL) and a solution of 6-Maleimidocaproic symmetrical anhydride (24) (0.20 mmol) in DMF ( 2 mL) was added followed by triethylamine (0.10 mL). The reaction was stirred for 16 hours and then quenched by the addition of aqueous 1 M potassium phosphate pH6 (2 mL). The product, Compound 1 (12 mg) was isolated pure using reverse phase C 18 hplc. Buffer A was water, Buffer B was acetonitrile:water (95:5), flow rate 3.5 mL min "1 and gradient was 2-30% Buffer B over 30 minutes. This was confirmed by spectroscopy as follows- 1 H NMR (300 MHz) (CD 3 CN - D 2 0; 1 :1 v/v) δ 0.85 (m, 2H), 1.19 (d, 3H, J = 13.6), 1.2 (m, 2H), 1.32 (m, 2H), 1.96 (t, 2H, J = 2.5), 2.60 (dt, 1H, J = 13.3, 6.5), 3.13 (bd, 1 H, J = 14.3), 3.29 (t, 2H, J = 7.4), 4.17 (m, 1 H), 6.75 (s, 2H), 7.20 (m, 5H) 13 C NMR (300 Mhz) (CD 3 CN - D 2 0; 1 :1 v/v) δ 13.62 (d, J(P-C) = 92), 25.78, 26.23, 28.47, 33.86, 36.43, 38.16, 51.91 (d, J(P-C) = 103.3), 127.24, 129.17, 130.05, 135.20, 139.26 (d, 3 J(P-C) = 12.3), 173.30, 175.58 FABMS 431 (M+K) + , 415 (M+Na) + , 393 (M+1) + Example 2 - Synthesis and preparation of hapten RT-2. compound 3 Preparation of 6-Maleimidocaproic Acid 23 A solution of maleic anhydride (0.05 mole) in acetic acid (20 mL) was mixed with a solution of ε-Amino-n-caproic acid (0.05 mole) in acetic acid (50 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. An additional amount of acetic acid (150 mL) was added and the reaction mixture refluxed for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuo to an oil and chloroform was then added (50 mL). The solution was left to stand for 16 hours at room temperature whereupon impurities were precipitated out of the solution. The precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was collected, evaporated under vacuo and chromatographed on silica gel using chloroform:acetic acid (95:5) to give 6-Maleimidocaproic acid 23 (8 g). This was confirmed by spectroscopy -- 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ) δ 1.30 (m, 2H), 1.6 (m, 4H), 2.35 (t, 2H), 3.5 (t, 2H), 6.7 (s, 2H). Preparation of Compound 24 6-Maleimidocaproic acid 23 (9.8 mmol) was dissolved in dry methylenechloride (10 mL) and DCCI (4.10 mmol) was added. After 3 hours stirring at room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to give Compound 24 (1.9 g). Preparation of RT-2 Hapten (3) A mixture of 10% Pd-C (10% by weight, 40 mg) and Methyl-N-CBZ-1-amino- 2-phenylethyl phosphonous acid (26) (0.43 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 2 hours. The catalyst was filtered out through a pad of celite, washing with methanol:water (1 :1 , 20 mL) and all solvents were combined and evaporated in vacuo to give a solid (87 mg). This solid was divided into five portions of 13 mg. Each portion was treated separately by the addition of a solution of Compound 24 (0.12 mmol) in DMF (0.2 mL) followed by triethyiamine (0.02 mL). The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred, and after 10 minutes, was quenched by the addition of aqueous 1M potassium phosphate pH 5.5 (0.20 mL). All the portions, after being quenched, were combined and the product, compound RT-2 Hapten (3) (60 mg), was isolated pure as its triethylammonium salt using reverse phase C 18 hplc. Buffer A was water, Buffer B was acetonitrile:water (95:5) flow rate 3.5 mL min "1 and gradient was 1-60% Buffer B over 30 minutes. Product peak eluted with a retention time of 19 minutes. This was confirmed by spectroscopy -- 1 H NMR (D 2 0) δ 0.80 (m, 2H), 1.25 (t, 9H), 1.30 (m, 4H), 2.05 (t, 2H), 2.70 (m, 1 H), 3.20 (m, 1 H), 3.25 (q, 6H), 3.40 (t, 2H), 3.60 (d, 3H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 6.75 (s, 2H), 7.30 (m, 5H). Example 3 - Synthesis and preparation of hapten WH-2. compound 8 Preparation of Compound 29 β-Aminotrifluoroalcohol hydrochloride 28 (0.082 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of aqueous 1 M potassium phosphate pH6 (1 mL) and acetonitrile (2 mL). Compound 24 (0.164 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hours at room temperature. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo to a solid, acetonitrile (2 mL) added and the supernatant was purified by reverse phase C 1B hplc to give Compound 29 (20 mg) as two peaks of retention times of 16.36 minutes and 16.58 minutes. Buffer A was aqueous 25mM Triethylammonium acetate pH 5.5, Buffer B was acetonitrile:water (95:5), flow rate 3 mL min "1 and the gradient was 5- 80% Buffer B over 35 minutes. This was confirmed as a mixture of diastereomers by spectroscopy -- 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ) δ 1.25 (m, 2H), 1.58 (m, 2H), 2.10 and 2.15 (2t, 2H), 2.96 (m, 1 H), 3.07 (m, 1 H), 3.50 (m, 2H), 3.92 and 4.15 (2m, 1 H), 4.23 and 4.38 (2m, 1 H), 5.85 and 6.38 (2d, 1 H), 6.69 and 6.70 (2s, 2H), 7.30 (m, 5H). Preparation of WH-2 Hapten (8) Compound 29 (0.0485 mmol) was dissolved in CH 2 CI 2 (1 mL) and Dess- Martin Oxidant (0.179 mmol) was added. After 3 hours stirring at room temperature, the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo. A mixture of water (1 mL) and acetonitrile (2 mL) were added and after centrifugation, the supernatant was purified by reverse phase C 18 hplc to give WH-2 Hapten (8) (10 mg) as a single peak of retention time of 15.33 minutes. Buffer A was aqueous 25mM Triethylammonium acetate pH 5.5, Buffer B was acetonitrile:water (95:5), flow rate 3 mL min "1 and the gradient was 5-80% Buffer B over 35 minutes. Example 4 - Synthesis and preparation of substrate compound 9 Preparation of Dansylated-ε-Amino-n-caproic Acid (30) To a solution of ε-Amino-n-caproic acid (12.7 mmol) and triethylamine (70 mmol) in methanol (35 mL) was added dansyl chloride (11.48 mmol). After 2 hours stirring at room temperature, the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo. Aqueous 1M NaOH (100 mL) was added and the mixture was washed with diethyl ether (2 X 75 mL). The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2-3 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with chloroform (2 X 100 mL). The organic phases were combined, dried over anhydrous Na 2 S0 4 , filtered and evaporated in vacuo to give Compound 30 (2.6 g). This was confirmed by spectroscopy - H NMR (CDCI 3 ) δ 1.20 (m, 2H), 1.40 (m, 4H), 2.20 (t, 2H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 3.00 (s, 6H), 4.90 (t, 1H), 7.60 (m, 3H), 8.25 (d, 1 H), 8.40 (d, 1 H), 8.65 (d, 1 H). Preparation of Compound 33 BOC-L-Phe-NH 2 (32) (1 mmol) was dissolved in methylene chloride (6 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added. After 90 minutes stirring at room temperature, the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo. Methylene chloride (1 mL) was added and this solution was dropwise added to stirred. diethyl ether (100 mL). The resultant precipitate was collected and washed with more diethyl ether (5 mL). Dried the precipitate under vacuo to give Compound 33 (0.240 g). This was confirmed by spectroscopy - 1 H NMR (D 2 0) δ 3.20 (m, 2H), 4.30 (m, 1 H), 7.40 (m, 5H). Preparation of Compound 9 Compound 30 (0.65 mmol) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (0.65 mmol) were dissolved in methylene chloride (2 mL) and DCCI (0.65 mmol) was added. After 5 hours stirring at room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to a solid (31). The solid was dissolved in DMF (2 mL) and Compound 33 (0.54 mmol) was added followed by triethylamine (1.30 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours and the mixtrue was then evaporated in vacuo to a solid. The solid was dissolved in methylene chloride (2 mL) and chromatographed on silica gel using methanol:methylene chloride (5:95) which gave Compound 9 (0.230 g). This was confirmed by spectroscopy - 1 H NMR (CDCI 3 ) δ 1.20 (m, 2H), 1.40 (m, 4H), 2.10 (t, 2H), 3.85 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 6H), 4.70 (q, 1 H), 5.40 (t, 1 H), 5.60 (bs, 1 H), 6.00 (bs, 1 H), 6.35 (d, 1 H), 7.25 (m, 5H), 7.60 (m, 3H), 8.25 (d, 1 H), 8.35 (d, 1H), 8.60 (d, 1 H). Example 5 - Synthesis and preparation of inhibitor compounds 4 and 5 A mixture of 10% Pd-C (100 mg) and Compound 22 (0.683 mmol) resolved by using (+)(R)-α-methylbenzylamine) in methanol (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 3 hours. The catalyst was filtered out through a pad of celite, washed with methanol (10 mL) and watermethanol (1 :9, 5 mL). All solvents were combined and evaporated in vacuo to a solid. In a separate flask, 6-N-Acetyl n caproic acid (0.70 g, 4.05 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of methylenechloride (25 mL) and DMF (3 mL). To this solution was added DCCI (0.412 g, 2 mmol) in methylenechloride (10 mL). After one hour stirring at room temperature, the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo to a small volume (~ 3 mL). The solution was transferred to the above solid and triethylamine (0.42 mL, 3 mmol) was added to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and to it was then added water: methanol (1 :2 v/v, 20 mL) and the mixture was evaporated in vacuo. Methanol (3 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was collected. The filtrate was purified on preparative silica plates (1 mm thick) using methanol:methylene chloride (20:80) to give Compound 4 (0.083 g) ([α] D 24 -33.8° (c = 0.157, MeOH)). A mixture of 10% Pd-C (100 mg) and Compound 22 (0.683 mmol) resolved by using (-)(S)-α-methylbenzylamine) in methanol (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 3 hours. The catalyst was filtered out through a pad of celite, washed with methanol (10 mL) and wateπmethanol (1 :9, 5 mL). All solvents were combined and evaporated in vacuo to a solid. In a separate flask, 6-N-Acetyl n caproic acid (4.05 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of methylenechloride (25 mL) and DMF (3 mL). To this solution was added DCCI (2 mmol) in methylenechloride (10 mL). After one hour stirring at room temperature, the reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo to a small volume (~ 3 mL). The solution was transferred to the above solid and triethylamine (0.42 mL, 3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and to it was then added water: methanol (1:2 v/v, 20 mL) and the mixture was then evaporated in vacuo. Methanol (3 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was collected. The filtrate was purified on preparative silica plates (1 mm thick) using methanol:methylene chloride (20:80) which gave Compound 5 (0.083 g) ([α] D 24 +33.5° (c = 0.155, MeOH)). The synthesis of Compounds 4 and 5 was confirmed by spectroscopy as follows: 1 H NMR (300 MHz) (CD 3 OD) δ 1.18 (d, H, J = 13.4), 1.34 (m, 2H), 1.49 (m, 2H), 1.6 (m, 2H), 1.90 (s, 3H), 2.15 (t, 2H, J = 7.6), 2.63 (dt, 1 H, J = 13.8, 5.9), 3.14 (t, 2H, J = 7.0), 3.25 (m, 1 H), 3.87 (m, 1 H), 7.20 (m, 5H) 13 C NMR (300 MHz) (CD 3 OD) δ 14.67 (d, J(P-C) = 92.4), 22.53, 26.56, 27.32, 29.93, 34.53, 37.02, 40.32, 52.76, (d, J(P-C) = 103.2), 127.16, 129.15, 130.19, 140.39 (d, 3 J(P-C) = 12.1 ), 173.10, 175.17 CI NH 3 MS 377 (M+Na) + Example 6 - Synthesis and Preparation of inhibitor compound 6 The synthesis of inhibitor compound 6 followed the same chemical reaction sequence as the synthesis of hapten compound 3, RT-2, except that acetic anhydride was substituted for the symmetrical anhydride of 6-maleimidocaproic acid (24). The correct synthesis of 6 as its triethylammonium salt was confirmed by spectroscopy - 1 H NMR (D 2 0) δ 1.25 (t, 9H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 2.75 (m, 1 H), 3.20 (m, 7H), 3.55 (d, 3H), 4.25 (m, 1 H), 7.25 (m, 5H). Example 7 - Synthesis and Preparation of inhibitor compound 7 The synthesis of inhibitor compound 7 followed the same chemical reaction sequence as the synthesis of hapten compound 8, WH-2, except that acetic anhydride was substituted for the symmetrical anhydride of 6-maleimidocaproic acid (24). The correct synthesis of 7 as its triethylammonium salt was confirmed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Example 8 - Synthesis and Preparation of Substrate Compounds 11 through 16 Preparation of compounds 11 and 12 followed the synthetic procedure described for compound 9 (Fig. 8) except that N-t-BOC-L-phenylalanine methyl ester and N-t-BOC-D-phenylalanine methyl ester were used, respectively, rather than N-t- BOC-L-Phenylalanine amide 32. Preparation of compound 13 followed the same synthetic procedure as for compound 9 except that acetic anhydride was used rather than compound 31. Preparation of compound 14 followed the same synthetic procedure as for compound 9 except that N-t-BOC-D-phenylalanine amide was used instead of N-t- BOC-L-phenylalanine amide 32 and that acetic anhydride was used rather than compound 31. Preparation of compound 15 followed the same synthetic procedure as for compound 9 except that N-t-BOC-L-phenylalanine methyl ester was used in place of compound 32 and acetic anhydride was used in place of compound 31. Preparation of compound 16 followed the same synthetic procedure as for compound 9 except that N-t-BOC-D-phenylalanine methyl ester was used in place of compound 32 and acetic anhydride was used in place of compound 31. Example 9 - Synthesis and Preparation of Haptens Corresponding to Other Amino Acids A wide range of different 1-aminoalkylphosphonous acids (e.g., compound 19, Fig. 3) useful in the synthesis of transition-state analog haptens for the elicitation of catalytic antibodies specific for the deamidation of many different amino acids have been described in the scientific literature (e.g., E. Baylis et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1. 12, (1984):2845-2853). Such 1-aminoalkylphosphonous acids can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of haptens corresponding to each of the naturally occurring amino acids. Subsequent chemical reactions in the synthesis of such haptens using these compounds rather than 19 as depicted in Fig. 4 yield NA-1 versions of other amino acids. Alternatively, as revealed by E. Baylis et al., oxidation of the 1-aminoalkylphosphonous acids with either mercuric chloride of bromine water produces the corresponding 1-aminoalkylphosphonic acids. Conversion of the latter to RT-2 versions of other amino acids follows the sequence of 1) amino protection using benzyl chloroformate, 2) O-methylation using trimethylsilyldiazomethane in methanol and 3) hydrolysis with NaOH to give methylphosphonate versions of other amino acids (analogs of compound 26, Fig. 6). Continuation of the reaction scheme as depicted in Fig. 6 yields the RT-2 hapten version of the desired amino acid. WH-2 versions of haptens corresponding to other amino acids are synthesized by the method depicted in Fig. 7 by substituting the proper nitro compound (corresponding to the side chain of the desired amino acid) in the first step of the synthesis. One of ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis can readily prepare appropriate nitro compounds to generate the desired amino acid analogs. Example 10 - Incorporation of Haptens into Peptides Incorporation of all transition-state analogs described herein, i.e., compounds of formula (I), (II), and (III), is readily accomplished by those of ordinary skill in the art without undue experimentation. Standard techniques are commonly described in the scientific literature; by way of example, the inventors refer to J. Jones, The Chemical Synthesis of Peptides. Clarendon PressOxford, 1991. Example 11 - Synthesis and Preparation of Peptides Containing Transition-State Analogs in Amino Acid Side Chains Asparagine Side Chain Analogs Synthesis of a protected dimethylphosphonate asparagine compound, namely (S)-3-(dimethylphosphono)-2-((9-fluoroenyl)methoxycarbamoyl) propionic acid, has been described by J. Hutchinson, et al. (Tet. Lett., 1992, 33, 7065-7066), hereby incorporated herein by reference. This asparagine analog is incorporated in peptides or protein by standard peptide synthesis techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, J. Jones, The Chemical Synthesis of Peptides. Clarendon PressOxford, 1991). Treatment of the peptide with lithium hydroxide hydrolyzes one of the -OMe groups from the phosphonate to yield the RT- 2 type hapten in the side chain of asparagine in the peptides. Synthesis of the analogous NA-1 hapten version is achieved according to the procedure described by J. Hutchinson, et al. (Tet. Lett., 1992, 33, 7065-7066) except that CH 3 (Me 3 SiO)P(OMe) is substituted for (ME 3 SiO)P(OMe) 2 in the synthetic procedure. Incorporation in a peptide by standard techniques and subsequent hydrolysis with lithium hydroxide yields the peptide with the NA-1 hapten in the side chain of asparagine. Synthesis of the trifluoro ketone analog in the side chain of asparagine is shown in Fig. 11. The synthesis of 36 is according to the procedure of G. Coppola et al. (Asvmetric Synthesis, p. 209, John Wiley:New York, 1987), hereby incorporated herein by reference. Conversion of 36 to the desired trifluoro ketone compound is according to the procedure of P. Edwards (Tet. Lett., 1992, 33, 4279- 4282), hereby incorporated herein by reference. Accordingly, 36 is first treated with CF 3 Znl and oxidized with Dess Martin Periodinane, yielding the trifluoroketone derivative 37. Compound 37 can be readily incorporated into peptides using standard procedures by deprotection and standard peptide synthetic techniques (see, for example, J. Jones, The Chemical S y nthesis of Peptides. Clarendon PressOxford, 1991). Glutamine Side Chain Analogs The synthesis of the phosphorous analog in the side chain of glutamine is depicted in Fig. 12. Synthesis of the bromo derivative 38 has been reported by G. Coppola et al. (Asvmetric S y nthesis, p. 222, John Wiley:New York, 1987). Synthesis of the NA-1 hapten version in the side chain of glutamine is achieved by the Arbusor reaction of 38 with dimethylmethylphosphite to yield 39, while the RT-2 version is synthesized using trimethyl phosphite to yield 40. Both phosphorous derivatives are extended into peptides and proteins using standard techniques after deprotection with catalytic hydrogenation using Pd-C to remove the CBz group and NaOH to remove the methyl ester group. Final deprotection of the phosphorous methoxy group(s) is achieved with trimethylsilylbromide yielding the desired haptens in the side chain of glutamine. The synthesis of the trifiuoroketone analog in the side chain of glutamine is depicted in Fig. 13. Synthesis of the aldehyde 41 has been reported by G. Coppola et al. . Asvmetric Synthesis, p. 220, John Wiley:New York, 1987). Reaction of 41 with CF 3 Znl reagent as reported by P. Edwards (Tet. Lett., 1992, 33, 4279-4282) followed by oxidation with Dess Martin periodinane yields the trifiuoroketone derivative 42. Ring opening is achieved using NaOH and the fully deprotected trifiuoroketone amino acid is obtained after catalytic hydrogenation with 10% Pd-C to yield the trifiuoroketone analog of glutamine, compound 43. Incorporation of each of these side chain analogs into peptides is readily accomplished by those of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, J. Jones, The Chemical Synthesis of Peptides. Clarendon PressOxford, 1991). PRODUCTION OF CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES Following synthesis of the hapten compounds, conjugates with suitable carrier proteins were prepared and immunization of mice was performed. Hybridomas were prepared from spleen cells of the immunized mice and screened for binding to hapten. Those clones which demonstrated binding affinity for the haptens were subjected to an early screening for catalysis as well as a secondary screening. Fab' fragments were prepared from one antibody which catalyzed the hydrolysis of the primary amide bond in the substrate of Fig. 2. Example 12 - Preparation of transition state analog hapten conjugations: The NA-1 hapten was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), via the maleimide-group attached to the linker of the hapten. This was accomplished by modifying the BSA and KLH carrier proteins with Traut's reagent (2-iminothiolane HCI), which replaced the N-terminal amine of groups such as lysine with amidine-linked sulfhydryl groups, and then the modified proteins were mixed with the maleimide-hapten. More specifically, approximately 5 mg of each protein was dissolved in 1 ml of 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 8.4. The BSA was combined with 0.25 ml of an 8 mg/ml solution of Traut's reagent in 1 M triethanolamine, pH 8.1. The KLH was mixed with 0.5 ml of the Traut's reagent. BSA was incubated for 90 min at room temperature and the KLH for 120 min at room temperature. The reaction was stopped and the modified protein recovered by desalting on a PD-10 column (Pharmacia) equilibrated with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. A small sample of each of the modified proteins was saved for a free thiol assay. The hapten (5 mg) was dissolved in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, and then divided between the two proteins. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then dialyzed against phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4 °C with two exchanges of the dialysate. After the dialysis, the protein concentrations of the modified proteins and the hapten-protein conjugates were determined by the micro-bicinchonic acid assay using BSA as the protein standard. The concentration of free thiols for all four modified proteins was determined with Ellman's reagent using cysteine as the standard. Before hapten conjugation, each mole of the modified BSA contained 33 moles of free thiol and after conjugation to the hapten 10 moles remained. Before conjugation, each mole of modified KLH contained 20 moles of free thiol and after conjugation 5 moles remained. Therefore, the hapten to protein ratio was calculated to be 23:1 for the NA-1-BSA conjugate and 15:1 for the NA-1-KLH conjugate, using a molecular weight of 64,000 for both proteins. Example 13 - Immunizations: BALB/cAnN female mice, 11 -weeks-old, were injected intraperitoneally with 20 μg of NA-1-KLH emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. The mice were boosted with 20 μg of NA-1-KLH emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant after four weeks. The immune response after the second injection was determined by ELISA. The inverse IgG titer of the antiserum against NA-1-BSA was 51 ,200 (dilution which gives 50% maximum optical density). The mice were boosted 7 months later with 10 μg of antigen in PBS intrasplenically. Example 14 - Hybridoma Production and Screening: One mouse was sacrificed three days after the last injection and the spleen used as a source of splenocytes for production of hybridomas. SP2/0 cells were used as the fusion partner. After 11 days of growth, the hybridoma supernatant fluids were assayed for specific antibodies against NA-1-BSA by ELISA. Of the 4149 colonies obtained, 384 hybridomas produced IgG antibodies which reacted with the conjugate. These cells were expanded and re-assayed 7 days later for binding to NA-1-BSA, BSA and KLH. Seventy-one hybridomas produced antibodies which could bind to NA-1-BSA but did not react with BSA or KLH. These hybridomas were expanded further for freezing. The supernatant fluids from these hybridomas were collected from the cells for catalytic activity assays. The hybridomas which appeared to be producing antibodies with catalytic activity were cloned by limiting dilution. Clones were expanded for ascites fluids production in BALB/cAnN mice previously primed with 0.5 ml of pristane (2,6,10,14- tetramethylpentadecane). Each mouse was injected with 5 x 10 5 hybridomas and the ascites fluids collected and pooled. Example 15 - Preparation of 13D11 Fab' Fragment One ml of 13D11 , a catalytic antibody which was shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of primary amides, at 5.8 mg/ml was combined with 0.11 ml of 1 M citrate buffer, 1.5 M NaCI, pH 3.6. Insoluble pepsin-agarose (15 mg; 21 units/ml solid) was resuspended and washed with 0.1 M citrate buffer, 0.15 M NaCI pH 4.2. The antibody and pepsin-agarose were combined at 37 °C for 15 hours. The reaction was stopped by adjusting the pH to 7.5 with 3 M Tris-HCI buffer, 0.15 M NaCI, pH 8.5. The extent of the digestion was checked by FPLC gel filtration chromatography on a Superose 12 prepacked HR10/30 column. All of the antibody was digested to Fab' 2 after the overnight incubation. The Fab' 2 was converted to Fab' by stepwise reduction with 10 mM cysteine for 1 hour at room temperature and alkylation with 30 mM iodoacetamide for 2 hours at room temperature. The Fab' fragments were purified by gel filtration on the Superose 12 column equilibrated with 0.1 M Na phosphate, buffer 0.14 M NaCI, pH 7.0. All the column fractions were assayed for antibody binding to NA-1-BSA by ELISA using a Fab' specific secondary antibody (goat anti-mouse Fab') labeled with peroxidase. The peak Fab' fractions were pooled and concentrated with a Centriprep-10 concentrator. Example 16 - WH-2 AND RT-2 CONJUGATION AND ANTIBODY GENERATION: The WH-2 and RT-2 haptens were conjugated to BSA and KLH in a manner similar to NA-1. The conjugation ratio for WH-2 was 38:1 for WH-2:BSA and 11.5:1 for WH-2:KLH. The ratio for RT-2 was 22:1 for RT-2:BSA and 8:1 for RT-2:KLH. BALB/c mice were immunized in a similar manner to NA-1-KLH, and an immune response generated. Hybridomas were produced and selected as described above for NA-1. Example 17 - Initial NA-1 Antibody Catalytic Selection An early screen protocol was used to select a subset of potentially catalytic antibodies from the large number of antibodies that had been selected on the basis of hapten affinity. The procedure entailed screening antibodies present in hybridoma supernatants for catalytic activity. Because antibody in culture supernatants is very dilute (typically 1-10 μg antibody per mL) and impure (potentially containing adventitious enzymes that may catalyze the reactions), the results of the procedure are usually improved if the antibodies are concentrated and purified before they are assayed. Both concentration and purification were carried out quickly and conveniently by immobilizing and washing the antibodies on anti- mouse IgG affinity gel. a) Preparation of the Supernatants for Immobilization: A total of 68 hybridoma supernatants were extracted from exhausted cultures and the pH of each was adjusted to 7.0-7.5 with 2N NaOH. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation for 30 min. at 2700 rpm and supernatants were decanted into polypropylene tubes. Total volumes of the supernatants varied between 4.0 and 13.2 mL (mean = 10.8 mL). Each supernatant was then divided into four equal aliquots in individual 15-mL polypropylene tubes (4 x 68 = 272 tubes). The 4 sets of 68 supernatants were frozen at -70° C until immobilized on affinity gel. b) Antibody Immobilization: The following immobilization procedure was done four times, each time using one of the four sets of 68 aliquoted supernatants described above. Anti-mouse immunoglobulin affinity gel (Calbiochem, binding capacity 0.5-2.0 mg of immunoglobulin per mL of gel) was added to each tube as a 50% slurry in PBS (140 μL containing 70 μL gel) and the resulting suspensions were mixed gently for 16 hours at room temperature. After 16 hours, a 96-well Millititer GV filtration plate (Millipore) was pre-wetted and washed in PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. The affinity gel suspensions were spun in a centrifuge at 2500 rpm for 15 min., the bulk of the supernatant was removed by aspiration, and the residual - slurries (250 μL) from each polypropylene tube were each transferred to separate wells in the filtration plate. Residual supernatant was removed by aspiration through the plate and the immobilized antibody was washed at 4° C with PBS/Tween (5 x 200 μL), PBS (3 x 200 μL), and 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.2 (3 x 200 μL). c) Incubation of Immobilized Antibodies and Substrate: Because of the large number of desired assays (68 antibodies x 8 substrates x 3 pH values = 1632 assays) the following strategy was adopted to accelerate the screening process and economize on immobilized antibody. As described above, four filter plates were prepared, each containing the 68 immobilized antibodies. To reduce the required number of assays in half, the D and L isomers of each of the four types of substrates were mixed and the D/L mixtures of each substrate were assayed together (8 individual substrates were thus reduced to 4 mixtures). Each plate was dedicated to a D/L mixture of a single type of substrate but used three times at three different pH values; pH 7.0, 5.0, and 9.0. To immobilized washed antibody in the filtration plate was added 100 μL of D and 100 μL of L substrate, both in 200 μM stock solutions in 25 mM Hepes, pH 7.0, 140 mM NaCI, 0.01 % NaN 3 . The plates were incubated at room temperature (approximately 22° C) for approximately 24 hours (for both amides and esters). Following the incubation, the substrate solution (but not beads) was withdrawn and frozen (-20° C) until later analyzed by either TLC or HPLC as described below. The same 96 well plate, still containing immobilized antibody, was washed with 4 x 200 μUwell with 25 mM MES, pH 5.0, 140 mM NaCI. Again, 100 μL of 200 μM of both D and L substrate was added (200 μL total volume), this time in the pH 5.0 buffer. Incubation at room temperature was carried out for approximately 24 hours (amide substrates) or 14 hours (ester substrates). Substrate solution was withdrawn and frozen at pH 7.0 until analysis for product formation. Finally, using the same immobilized antibody, the procedure was repeated at pH 9.0 in 25 mM Tris, 140 mM NaCI. The substrate mixture was incubated with immobilized antibody for 24 hours (amides) or for 3 hours (esters), after which time the substrate solutions were withdrawn and frozen until analyzed. d) Anal y sis of Reaction Mixtures for Product Formation: Reaction mixtures were analyzed for product formation either by TLC (dansylated substrates) or HPLC (acetylated substrates). i) TLC Substrate mixtures were centrifuged briefly in an Eppendorf centrifuge to prevent any carry-over of the affinity beads. Samples were spotted onto a TLC plate (HPTLC Silica Gel 60 pre-coated plates (E. Merck, Darmstadt), with concentrating zone) and developed in a solvent system of (by volume) 90% acetone, 8% methanol, and 2% triethylamine. After air drying, the plates were dipped in 20% triethanolamine in isopropanol and again air dried. Fluorescent spots were visualized under UV irradiation in a darkroom. Because substantial uncatalyzed formation of product was sometimes seen, especially with ester substrates at pH 9.0, identification of positives was judged subjectively. A positive result was one in which the intensity of the TLC product spot was judged to be substantially brighter than the product spot in the lane representing a reaction mixture that contained substrate but no antibody. ii) HPLC Substrate mixtures were centrifuged briefly in an Eppendorf centrifuge to prevent any carry-over of the affinity beads onto the HPLC system. An analytical reverse phase column (Vydac 218TP54 C18) was used to separate substrate and product on a Waters HPLC system. Analytes were separated using a linear gradient over 20 minutes from 85% water/15% acetonitrile to 28% water/72% acetonitrile. All HPLC solvents contained 0.1 % TFA. Product was detected and quantitated spectrophotometrically using a Waters 490 Multiwavelength Detector, typically set at 215 and/or 260 nm. Product peak areas were quantitated and varied substantially. d) Choice of Antibodies to Screen Further Many of the antibodies showed potential activity toward at least one substrate. It was decided to pursue further those antibodies which showed activity in the greatest number of experiments. To facilitate this decision, Table III was prepared. Antibodies were chosen both on the basis of total number of positives (shown in Table), for consistent positive results for a given type of reaction (e.g., esterolysis), or consistency for a given pH. The 8 antibodies chosen for continued study are denoted by asterisks; Table III: Positive Assays in Screening of NA-1 Antibodies. Antibodies were generally screened 12 times (3 pH values x 4 substrate mixtures). ntibody #Positives Antibody #Positives Antibody #Positives 28E8 1 9H12 3 29B11 3 5B11 1 19D7 1 30G7 3 24F2 2 8C2 2 16D6 3 15F7 1 9H11 1 30D6 4 16E9* 6 21 F6 2 29G6 2 11C1 1 2E1* 5 14E10 1 16D7 1 19H5 1 13F12* 3 8B8 0 16H12 1 14B3 2 11 D10* 6 18C7 1 27B9 1 1G10 4 11 F3 * 4 9C12 3 14D12 0 6F12 0 26D3 3 11 B6 0 13E4 2 27F4 1 3B4 4 18E1 0 12D2 0 6G8 2 24B2 3 28C9 4 10A10 2 6F8 1 23H5 * 5 14A8* 6 2B3 4 20C12 1 2F4 2 26B10 3 7E5 0 13D11 * 4 3C4 3 6D1 1 1 F4 1 27B1 1 5H9 2 20C11 3 24G8 1 20F12 2 19E10 2 9A12 3 12E3 3 2F4 1 20A1 2 213C8 2 12C8 4 8C3 4 * Selected for further screening. Example 18 - Secondary Screening of NA-1 Antibodies for Catalytic Activity To further examine the antibodies selected from the early screen for catalytic activity, the proteins identified in the early screen were individually grown in ascites and purified. Unfortunately, 2 of the 8 chosen cell lines were unable to produce antibody for further testing (16E9 and 2E1). Initially, the following four antibodies were prepared and screened; 125NA-1 K-13D11-2F9 ("13D11"), 125NA-1 K-14A8- 1A2 ("14A8"), 125NA-1 K-23H5-2C7 ("23H5"), and 125NA-1 K-11 D10-4F6 ("11 D10"). Assays were performed in the same buffer systems and pH values as in the early screen but the antibodies were tested individually and they were not immobilized but free in solution. Monoclonal antibodies (13.5-15.0 μM in the reactions) were first individually assayed at 37° C and pH 7.0 (25 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCI, 0.01 % NaN 3 ) with 9 (500 μM), 10 (500 μM), 13 (1.0 mM), 14 (1.0 mM), 15 (1.0 mM), and 16 (1.0 mM). Dansyl substrates were screened by TLC and acetyl substrates were screened by HPLC as described above. None of the antibodies showed any hydrolysis above background toward 9 or 10 after 3 days. One antibody, 11 D10, showed some activity toward 15 and 16 but this activity was not inhibited with 6 suggesting that the activity was due to a contaminating esterolytic enzyme. Compound 6, which closely resembles the haptens 1 was used because hapten-based inhibitors 4 and 5 were not then available. After 4 days, 13D11 alone showed activity toward 10. None of the antibodies showed any activity toward 9. The four NA-1 antibodies were individually re-screened at pH 5.0, 7.0, and 8.8 toward the four amide substrates 9, 10, 13, and 14. Antibody combining site concentrations were; 13D11 = 14.5 μM, 14A8 = 14.8 μM, 23H5 = 15.0 μM, and 11D10 = 6.8 μM. The reaction was run at room temperature and product formation was measured at 13 or 16 days. After 16 days, no activity was seen toward 13 or 14 at any pH with any antibody. Only 13D11 showed activity toward 10 and only at pH 8.8 (13 days). No antibody showed activity toward 9 at any pH (13 days). Antibody 13D11 (14.5 μM) was re-screened for activity toward 10 (nominally 500 μM) in the absence and presence of 63 μM (RT-2 hapten)(D/L mixture). The activity was estimated to be inhibited approximately 50% by 3, RT-2 CHES buffer was tried as an alternative to Tris but was found to inhibit the hydrolysis of 10 by 13D11. Antibody 23H5 re-screened together with 13D11 showed no activity toward 10. Until this point, 13D11 antibody had been purified by Protein A and DEAE chromatography. To determine whether the activity toward 10 was due to a contaminating enzyme, 13D11 was further purified on a Mono Q column (Pharmacia) by FPLC. The antibody retained activity toward 10 which was inhibitable by 6, although some hydrolysis was seen in controls. Later experiments showed no hydrolysis in controls indicating that this was probably due to laboratory contamination of the controls. Attempts to quantitate the rate of 10 hydrolysis by 13D11 using the Waters HPLC system failed. Instead of a single product peak, multiple small peaks were detected. The substrate 10 was designed for early detection based on its potent fluorescence rather than its meager molar extinction coefficient (ε 328 = 2100 M "1 cm "1 ) which was measured with the HPLC. The occurrence of multiple peaks is believed to result from anomalous behavior of the nonpolar dansyl group under HPLC conditions. The final two untested antibodies chosen from the early screen were grown in ascites, purified, and assayed individually. The antibodies, designated 125NA-1 K- 11 F3-1A8 ("11 F3") and 125NA-1 K-13F12-2F3 ("13F12"), were assayed at pH 5.0 (100 mM sodium acetate, 140 mM NaCI, 0.01% NaN 3 ), pH 7.0 (100 mM HEPES, 140 mM NaCI, 0.01% NaN 3 ), and pH 9.0 (100 mM Tris, 140 mM NaCI, 0.01% NaN 3 ). Each antibody was assayed with the dansylated substrates 9, 10, 11 , and 12 (x 3 pH values = 12 assays). Initial substrate concentrations were 200 μM and antibody concentrations were 18.4 μM (11 F3) and 3.4 μM (13F12). The results of the ester hydrolysis assays showed no activity above background for either antibody after 3 hours at pH 9.0 or after 24 hours and 5 days, both at pH 7.0. There was no apparent activity at pH 5.0 after 24 hours but after 5 days at pH 5.0 there appeared to be some hydrolysis of 12 by 11 F3. Neither antibody showed activity toward the amide 10 after 6 days at pH 5.0, 7.0, or 9.0, but 11 F3 showed activity toward 9 after 6 days at pH 5.0, 9.0, and possibly 7.0. A second ascites preparation of 13D11 was purified and assayed for activity toward 10. Initially, no hydrolysis of 10 was seen at pH 9.0 using this new antibody preparation. It was determined that the antibody had been dialyzed by mistake into PBS (10.0 mM phosphate). As a precaution against potential inhibition by phosphate, PBS is routinely avoided in catalytic assays of antibodies raised against tetrahedral phosphorous haptenic groups. Following dialysis into 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 140 mM NaCI, 0.01 % NaN 3 to remove all phosphate, 13D11 was re-assayed (at pH 9.0 in Tris assay buffer). Hydrolytic activity was now seen when 13D11 was incubated for 7 days with 10. The antibody was also re-assayed with the D- ester, 12. No activity was seen above (relatively rapid) background hydrolysis at pH 9.0. Example 19 - Partial Screening of Anti-WH-2 Antibodies for Catalytic Activity An early screen of antibodies raised against the WH-2 hapten (2) was carried out at a single pH (7.0) with only a subset of the available substrates. The general method of early screening using a 96-weII filter plate was as described above. A total of 48 hybridoma supernatants (4 mL each) were shaken overnight at 4° C with 20 μL of anti-mouse antibody beads (Calbiochem, described above). After washing with buffer, beads were washed with 25 μL of a solution of the dansylated esters 11 and 12 (approx. 100 μM of each in HEPES buffer, pH 7.0). The beads were then incubated with 50 μL of this substrate mixture for 1 hour at 37° C. Reaction mixtures were analyzed on TLC plates as described above and formation of the fluorescent dansylated product was detected by UV illumination. Background product formation was detected in all lanes, but no catalytic activity was apparent. After washing the beads with buffer, a second screen (with the same beads) was carried out with a mixture of the amides 9 (106 μM) and 10 (100 μM)(50 μL total volume at pH 7.0). TLC analysis after 6 hours at 37° C showed faint background for all lanes, but no catalytic activity for any of the antibodies. Example 20 - Partial Screening of Anti-RT-2 Antibodies for Catalytic Activity An early screen of antibodies raised against the RT-2 hapten (3) was carried out at a single pH (7.0) with only a subset of the available substrates. The general method of early screening using a 96-well filter plate was as described above. A total of 11 hybridoma supernatants (4 mL each) were shaken overnight at 4° C with 20 μL of anti-mouse antibody beads (Affi-gel beads coated with goat anti-mouse antibody). The mixture was stored at 4° C for 2 weeks, after which the beads were transferred to 96-well filter plates as described above and washed with phosphate- buffered saline (PBS), PBS containing Tween detergent (3 washes), and MTEN, pH 7.0 (3 washes). MTEN buffer consists of 50 mM MES, 25 mM Tris, 25 mM ethanolamine, 100 mM NaCI. a) Dansylated D-ester: Beads were washed with 2 x 50 μL of 18 μM of the dansylated D-ester 12 (MTEN buffer, pH 7.0). Beads (and control wells) were incubated with 50 μL of 18 μM 12 for 12 hour at 25° C. After 5 and 12 hours samples were withdrawn from the wells and screened by TLC for appearance of the carboxylic acid product. After 5 hours no product was seen and after 12 hours product was seen in all lanes, including controls. b) Dansylated L-ester: After 12 hours incubation with the D-ester, the beads were stored at 4° C for a further 10 hours, then substrate solution was removed by vacuum filtration, and the beads were washed with 2 x 50 μL of the dansylated L- ester, 11 (24 μM). Beads and control wells were incubated with 50 μL of 24 μM 11 for 13 hours at 25° C. After 13 hours, product formation was observed by TLC in all reaction mixtures, including controls. No catalysis was apparent. c) Dansylated D/L-amide: After 13 hours incubation with 11 at 25° C the beads were filtered dry, washed with MTEN, pH 7.0 (3 x 200 μL), and prepared for amide hydrolysis screening. A mixture of the D- and L-amides (9 and 10) was prepared in MTEN buffer (pH 7.0). The solution contained 50 μM of each of the two potential substrates. Beads and control well were washed with the 9/10 mixture (2 x 50 μL) and incubated with 50 μL of the mixture for 15 hours at 25° C. After 15 hours background product was visible by TLC analysis in all lanes, antibody as well as control. None of the antibodies gave rise to product spots that were any brighter than the controls. None of the RT-2 antibodies showed activity at pH 7.0 with any of the four dansyl substrates, 9-12. CHARACTERIZATION OF CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES Example 21 - Verification and Characterization of 13D11 Catalytic Activity a) Kinetic Characterization: Antibody was routinely assayed at pH 9.0 and 37.0° C in MTEN buffer (50mM MES, 25 mM Tris, 25 mM ethanolamine, 100 mM NaCI) (Morrison, J.F. & Ellis, K.J. Methods Enzymol. 1982, £7, 405) containing 0.01% NaN 3 . The effect of temperature on the pH of this buffer was taken into consideration. Hydrolysis of the dansylated substrate 10 was quantitated by HPLC as described above (Example 17-d-ii) except solvent A was 25 mM sodium acetate (pH 6.5)-acetonitrile-methanol (70:20:10, v/v/v) and solvent B was 25 mM sodium acetate (pH 6.5)-acetonitrile-methanol (10:45:45, v/v/v). Elution consisted of two linear gradients; from 0-50% B (0-20 minutes), 50-100% B (20-27 minutes), followed by 100% B (27-32 minutes). Kinetic parameters of 13D11 hydrolysis of 2b were determined by fitting initial substrate concentrations (57-1000 μM) and velocities (generally after 6 days) to a form of the Michaelis-Menten equation adapted for non-negligible catalyst concentrations; V/[E t ] = (k cat [S])/([S] + [E t ] + K m ) (G.D. Smith et al., Anal. Biochem. 1977, 79, 643). Antibody combining site concentration was generally 13 μM. All reported kinetic parameters were corrected to account for buffer-catalyzed substrate hydrolysis. Hapten K| was determined by quantitating the effect of the concentration of 1b or 1c on the velocity of 13D11 hydrolysis of 2b. Rates obtained at fixed antibody and substrate concentrations were fitted to the equation; Vj/V 0 = (2[Ab] - [I] - K,' + {([I] + Kj' - 2[Ab]) 2 + 4Ki'2[Ab]}° 5 )/4[Ab], where V, and V 0 are, respectively, the velocities in the presence and absence of hapten, 2[Ab] is the total concentration of antibody combining sites, [I] is hapten concentration, K|' = K s /(1 + [S]/K m ), and K| is the inhibition constant (S. Cha, Biochem. Pharmacol. 1975, 24, 2177). Selwyn's test (M.J. Selwyn, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1965, 1£5, 193.) showed no antibody inactivation over at least 6 days in pH 9.0 MTEN buffer at 37.0° C. A study of the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of hydrolysis at pH 9.0 showed 13D 11 to have a k cat = 1.65 (± 0.24) x 10 "7 sec "1 and a K m = 432 (±132) μM. Although less than one turnover of substrate was generally measured in reactions, prolonged incubations demonstrated that 13D11 was indeed catalytic. Because there are two amide bonds in 10, appreciable hydrolysis of the internal amide bond or or both amide bonds could conceivably change the apparent rate of formation of the desired product. However, the described kinetic experiments involved hydrolysis of only a small percentage of substrate and little or no depletion of the desired product HPLC peak area occurred due to double hydrolysis. Indeed, no evidence of cleavage at the alternate amide bond was observed by HPLC. b) pH Studies: Kinetic characterization showed that 13D 11 -catalyzed hydrolysis of 10 has a pH optimum of 9.5 (data not shown). At higher pH values, 13D11 may have denatured over the relatively long reaction times (typically 3-8 days). c) Hapten Inhibition: Control experiments verified that the hydrolytic activity was not due to a contaminating protease. Only one of the hapten enantiomers 4 and 5, presumably the (L)-isomer 5, inhibited 13D11. (The (L)-hapten spatially corresponds to the (D)-amide substrate.) The inhibition constant, K j , was determined by an HPLC assay to be 14.0 (±1.6) μM. d) Substrate Specificity: The substrate specificity of 13D11 was more rigorously determined by monitoring its activity towards the dansylated amides 9 and 10, dansylated esters 11 and 12, acetylated amides 13 and 14, and acetylated esters 15 and 16. The esterolytic activity of 13D11 with the dansylated or acetylated esters (45 μM-1.0 mM) was examined at 25°C in an assay mixture containing MTEN, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM PMSF, 0.01% NaN 3 , and 13D11 (7-14 μM). Aliquots were removed from the incubation mixtures every hour for 4 hours and kept in ice prior to analysis. The dansylated esters were analyzed by TLC while the acetylated esters were subjected to HPLC analysis. The results showed the absence of catalyzed-hydrolysis above background for the esters 12, 15, and 16. Product formation was observed for dansylated ester 11 , however, this activity was not inhibited by hapten 5. The observed esterase activity may be due to a trace of a contaminating enzyme in the antibody preparation. The amidase activity of 13D11 was likewise examined using the same buffer system as the one mentioned above in the presence of 13D11 (17 μM), and the acetylated amide 13 or 14 (0.5-1.0 mM). The HPLC analyses showed no product formation after 3 days of incubation at 25°C. The ability of 13D11 to discriminate between the dansylated amides 9 and 10 was investigated by determining the formation of the hydrolysis product by TLC. The reaction samples containing 150 μM of either amide 9 or 10, 30 μM 13D11 , with or without hapten 5 (0.5 mM) in the above buffer system were assayed after 5 days of incubation at 25°C. Analysis showed an intense fluorescent product spot for amide 10 but not for 9. The preference of 13D11 for amide 10 as well as the inhibition of its amidase activity by the phosphonate assumed hapten 5 were confirmed further. Thus, the activity of the catalytic antibody requires the alkyl linker that was present during immunization, and has a stereospecificity opposite of known natural proteolytic enzymes. e) Other Control Experiments: An important control in the examination of the catalytic activity of 13D11 IgG molecule is the retention of the haptenic and substrate binding abilities by its Fab' fragment. Accordingly, the amidase activities of 13D 11 (whole IgG molecule) and the 13D11 Fab' fragment were compared. The reaction mixtures contained MTEN, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM PMSF, 0.01% NaN 3 , 150 μM dansylated amide 9 or 10, 30 μM 13D11 (IgG) or Fab', with or without (assumed) hapten 5 (0.5 mM). TLC analyses done after 3 days (and again after 8 days) showed positive results for both IgG and Fab' with the dansylated amide 10. The amidase activities exhibited by both molecules were inhibited by the phosphonate hapten 5. The esterase activity for the Fab' fragment was also examined in the above buffer system containing 100 μM of either ester 11 or 12, and 7 μM 13D11 (Fab'). Aliquots were removed at various time points and analyzed by TLC. No hydrolysis (above background) of the dansylated esters 11 and 12 was observed. The contaminating enzyme in the antibody solution may have been removed during the purification of the Fab' fragment. Equally active 13D11 was purified from two different batches of ascites. Extensive purification of 13D11 was carried out. Monoclonal antibodies were purified from ascites using standard procedures of lipid extraction and ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by column chromatography on protein A, DEAE, Mono Q, and finally Alkyl Superose (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ). Finally, nine common inhibitors of known proteases were tested at concentrations sufficient to completely abolish all for their effect on the antibody-catalyzed reaction. Amidolytic activity was essentially unaffected by PMSF, EDTA, aprotinin, antipain, leupeptin, and phosphoramidon. Partial inhibition was seen with zinc aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin, the aspartic protease inhibitor pepstatin, and the irreversible inhibitor of cysteine proteases E-64, due presumably to nonspecific interactions with the antibody combining site. f) Effect of Buffer: Under the normal assay conditions, slow hydrolysis of 10 was observed in the absence of antibody. Incubation of 10 (100 μM) in various dilutions of the assay buffer showed that the rate of background hydrolysis linearly dependent on buffer concentration and virtually disappeared as the buffer concentration approached zero (Figure 14, lower line). This indicates that background hydrolysis is due almost entirely to the buffer solutes rather than to inherent instability of 10 at pH 9.0 and 37.0° C. Buffer hydrolysis had no effect on ' antibody catalysis; when antibody (13 μM) and substrate (100 μM) were reacted in a range of buffer dilutions, a resulting plot of buffer dilution versus product formation gave a parallel line to that obtained with substrate alone (Figure 14, upper line). The observation that buffer can catalyze substrate hydrolysis but does not affect antibody catalysis shows that the rate-limiting step in the mechanism of antibody catalysis cannot be accelerated by the buffer acting as a nucleophile or a proton donor. A more rigorous study of the linear dependence of 10 hydrolysis on buffer concentration was carried out to determine of the uncatalyzed hydrolysis rate at zero buffer concentration. A constant substrate concentration (100 μM) was incubated in a series of 7 different buffer dilutions and the amount of product formed was determined after 9.0 days. Linear extrapolation of the rates to zero buffer concentration (data not shown) gave an uncatalyzed rate of 1.25 (±0.23) x 10 "9 sec "1 at pH 9.0 and 37.0° C, indicating a catalytic rate enhancement of 13D11 (k cat /k uncat ) is 132. The half life of the primary amide of 10 is thus reduced from 17 years when free in solution to 42 days when bound to antibody 13D11. The uncatalyzed rate of. the corresponding methyl ester 16 was similarly measured and found to be 1.06 (±0.06) x 10 "5 sec "1 at pH 9.0 and 37° C. The difference between the measured rates of uncatalyed hydrolysis of 10 and 16 are reasonable and consistent with the predicted differences between base hydrolysis rates of methyl acetate (J.M. Kovach et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 1£2, 1991) and acetamide (J. Packer et al., J. Chem. Soc. 1955, 2601) extrapolated to pH 9.0 and 37° C. The Gibbs free energies of activation for hydrolysis of primary amides and secondary amides such as those found in typical peptide bonds are similar, although structure reactivity correlations have shown that primary amides may be somewhat more reactive than internal peptide bonds for steric reasons (H. Morawetz and P.S. Otaki, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, £5, 463). Our experimental determination of k uncat for 10 gives a hydrolysis rate close to previous estimates and determinations of peptide bond hydrolysis (D. Kahn & W.C. Still, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, HO, 7529) at 25° C and pH 7.0. THERAPEUTIC USE OF AMIDOLYTIC CATALYTIC ANTIBODIES Example 22 - Specific Tissue Targeting of Therapeutic Amidolytic Catalytic Antibodies a) Preparation of bi-specific molecules: Catalytic antibodies capable of hydrolyzing primary amides will sometimes be more therapeutically effective if specifically directed to a tissue target, such as a tumor. Such catalytic antibodies will be capable of hydrolyzing primary amides that are generated and/or consumed by tissues such as tumors and whose destruction results in effective treatment of a disease state. Some therapeutically important amides are described in the background of the invention. Antibodies are conjugated to a molecule that is able to specifically bind to that tissue target, such as a monoclonal antibody which recognizes, as its antigen, a tumor-associated antigen. Conjugation will be by any of a number of well-known chemical crosslinking agents or, if the targeting agent is a protein, by DNA technology. In the latter strategy the catalytic antibody (or fragment thereof) and the targeting agent (e.g., anti-tumor antibody) are expressed as a single fusion protein. Methods of generating chemical crosslinks and fusion proteins are available and can be carried out by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation. In some cases, such as in the use of catalytic antibodies with asparaginase activity used to treat leukemias, it is not necessary to direct the antibody to a particular site for therapeutic effectiveness. b) Administration of therapeutic bi-specific molecules: The bi-specific molecule consisting of a tissue-targeting molecule such as an anti-tumor antibody and a catalytic antibody capable of hydrolyzing a primary amide bond from a therapeutic target are administered to a patient in such a way as not to destroy the molecule (i.e., intravenous injection is preferred over oral administration). 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Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound of the formula: wherein: Y is a polypeptide, R 1 is bonded to the N-terminus of Y and is hydrogen or a branched or linear, substituted or unsubstituted, C.,_ 21 alkyl, alkene, or alkyne group, R 2 is a side chain of a naturally occuring amino acid, and X is H V / ' - OH . u Vn ' N° nir-u or v I «I CF; 3 2. The compound of claim 1 wherein said polypeptide consists of 1 to 20 naturally occurring amino acids. 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein said polypeptide consists of the polypeptide sequence of a protein containing a C-terminal carboxamide with the C- terminal amino acid omitted. 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein the side chain is the side chain of phenylalanine. 5. The compound of claim 1 wherein R Ϊ is and n is an integer of 1 to 21. 6. An immunogen comprising: the compound of claim 1 wherein R is attached to a carrier molecule. 7. A compound of the formula: R-Y-[(CH 2 ) n -X] m wherein: R is hydrogen or a branched or linear, substituted or unsubstituted, C 21 alkyl, alkene, or alkyne group, Y is a polypeptide, the -(CH 2 ) n -X groups replace side chains of asparagine or glutamine of said polypeptide, n is 1 or 2, m is an integer greater than or equal to one and less than or equal to the total number of asparagine and glutamine amino acids in said polypeptide, and X is 8. The compound of claim 7 wherein m is one. 9. The compound of claim 7 wherein said polypeptide consists of 1 to 20 naturally occurring amino acids. 10. The compound of claim 7 wherein R^ is and n is an integer of 1 to 21. 11. An immunogen comprising: the compound of claim 7 wherein R* is attached to a carrier molecule. 12. A compound of the formula: O R, RX Λ NH X wherein: R-, is a branched or linear, substituted or unsubstituted, C^ alkyl, alkene, or alkyne group, R 2 is a side chain of a naturally occuring amino acid, and X is 13. The compound of claim 12 wherein R., is and n is an integer of 1 to 21. 14. The compound of claim 12 or 13 wherein the side chain is the side chain of phenylalanine. 15. An immunogen comprising: the compound of claim 12 wherein R 1 is attached to a carrier molecule. 16. An antibody capable of enhancing the rate of hydrolysis of a primary amide bond. 17. An antibody capable of enhancing the rate of formation of a primary amide bond. 18. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein the antibody is produced by the method comprising the steps of: (i) generating a gene library of antibody-derived domains; (ii) inserting coding for said domains into a phage expression vector; and (iii) isolating said catalytic antibodies. 19. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein the antibody is produced by the method comprising the steps of: (i) immunizing an animal with a composition comprising an analog of a reactant, reaction intermediate, or product of the hydrolysis reaction; (ii) removing antibody-producing lymphocytes from said animal; and, (iii) fusing the lymphocytes with myeloma cells and thereby producing hybridoma cells producing the antibody. 20. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein said primary amide bond is contained in a polypeptide. 21. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein said primary amide bond is contained in a C-terminal carboxamide. 22. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein said primary amide bond is contained in a side chain of arginine or glutamine. 23. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein said primary amide bond is contained in calcitonin. 24. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein said primary amide bond is contained in calcitonin gene-related peptide. 25. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein said primary amide bond is contained in big gastrin. 26. An antibody of claim 16 or 17 wherein said primary amide bond is contained in bombesin-like peptide. 27. An antibody capable of enhancing the rate of hydrolysis or formation of a primary amide bond, said antibody being obtained by the method comprising: (i) raising antibodies against a hapten (ii) immobilizing said antibodies (iii) adding a substrate to said antibodies, and (iv) identifying antibodies capable of catalyzing the conversion of said substrate to a product. 28. The antibody of claim 27 wherein the method further comprises, after step (i), (i) concentrating said antibodies and (ii) purifying said antibodies. 29. A method for providing therapy in an individual in need of said therapy comprising administering to said individual an antibody capable of enhancing the rate of hydrolysis of a primary amide bond. 30. A method for providing therapy in an individual in need of said therapy comprising administering to said individual an antibody capable of enhancing the rate of formation of a primary amide bond.

Inventors: HONG WONPYO, MARTIN MARK T, NAPPER ANDREW D, TITMAS RICHARD C, HONG, WONPYO, MARTIN, MARK, T., NAPPER, ANDREW, D., TITMAS, RICHARD, C.
Applicants: HONG WONPYO, IGEN INC, MARTIN MARK T, NAPPER ANDREW D, TITMAS RICHARD C, HONG, WONPYO, IGEN, INC., MARTIN, MARK, T., NAPPER, ANDREW, D., TITMAS, RICHARD, C.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C12N9
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K38, A61K39, A61P43, C07D207, C07F9, C07K5, C07K7, C07K14, C12N9