CLONING OF THE ZYMOCIN GENE AND USE OF ZYMOCIN IN BEVERAGES

Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for the preservation of beverages comprising the use of a killer toxin. Specifically, zymocin is used in carbonated drinks. The zymocin is shown to be active against a wide range of different yeast strains. The invention further discloses a DNA fragment encoding zymocin. The DNA sequence is also disclosed.

Description: Cloning of the zymocin gene and use of zymocin in beverages Technical field The present invention discloses a method for preserving beverages comprising the use of a killer toxin. Specifically an effective amount of a zymocin is used. The zymocin is particularly used in carbonated drinks. The invention also discloses the cloning of the Williopsis rakii DNA and the DNA sequence encoding zymocin. This makes possible overexpression and large scale production of zymocin. Background of the invention Spoilage of food by yeasts is a well known problem in food industry. In some products yeasts are the main source of spoilage. Fruits belong to the natural habitat of yeasts. Therefore, it is not surprising that fruit derived products and fruit containing products are susceptible to contamination " by yeasts. Examples are fruit pulp, fruit juice, fruit containing softdrinks and carbonated beverages, which sometimes contain high percentages of fruit juice. Spoilage of those products is even a major problem in industry. Softdrinks and carbonated beverages are to be considered as a very selective environment for the growth of yeasts. This environment has peculiar physical characteristics specifically low pH, low oxygen concentration and high sugar concentration. Furthermore storage is at low temperature. Yeasts have the ability to ferment the sugars introduced as such or those introduced with the fruits. Out- growth of yeasts is responsible for off-flavours, there is loss of texture quality and gas is produced. The production of gas can cause swelling or even blowing up of the container. In the case of carbonated beverages bottled in glass this phenomenon has caused severe injuries. Sellar. P. . and P.B. Johnston (BMJ (1991) 303 : 176-177)) describe how the seriousness of ocular injuries caused by exploding bottles has been underestimated. T. illhoft (New Scientist (1986) 21 Aug., 28-30) also reports the popping bottle problem. The problem is due to carbon dioxide and although not specifically reported it is known that this gas is also produced by yeasts. Yeast genera most frequently isolated from fruit and fruit products are Saccharomvces. Kluweromvces. Zygosaccharo vces. Debarvomvces, Hansenula, Candida. Pichia and Torulopsis. The yeasts are introduced into the products with the ingredients such as the fruits. The yeasts also may grow on the surfaces of the production equipment. In spite of good hygienic production methods and the use of preservatives like sorbate and benzoate spoilage of fruit products is still very common. Chemical preservatives like sorbic acid and benzoic acid pose their own problems. The concentration of these chemicals needed to prevent the outgrowth of some yeast species commonly detected in fruit derived products is very high. The concentration of benzoate and/or sorbate permitted in those products is too low to prevent outgrowth of these yeasts. Killer toxins are inhibitory molecules produced by a wide range of yeasts. The inhibitory molecules are polypeptides or polypeptide containing molecules which kill sensitive yeast cells. Killer toxins were first observed in certain strains of the genus Saccharo yces (Makower M. et al. (1963) Proc. 11th Int. Congr. Genet. I, 1202) . Today many different killer toxin-producing yeast species are known (Young T.W. (1987) in The Yeasts, Rose A.H. et al. Eds. Acad. Press, London. 2: 131-164). The majority of the killer toxins are not very stable and therefore not useful as a preservative. However, various Hansenula species make an exception to this rule and produce very heat- and pH-stable killer toxins (Nomoto, H. et al. (1984) Agric. Biol. Chem. 48 : 807-809). For commercial use as an anti-yeast preservative it is preferred to employ a stable killer toxin with a broad spectrum anti-yeast activity. An example of such a killer toxin is the killer toxin produced and secreted by Hansenula rakii IFO 0895. The killer toxin of Hansenula mrakii IFO 0895 is very stable against heat and in a pH range of 4-11. A broad spectrum activity was demonstrated (Ashida S (1983) Agric. Biol. Chem. 47: 2953-2955). Further characterization showed that the killer toxin is a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 10721 Da. The molecule contains 88 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of this polypeptide has been published (Yama- oto T. et al. (1986) FEBS 195: 253-257). The name of this microorganism has in the meantime been changed to Williopsis mrakii. Another example of a stable killer toxin is the killer toxin produced by Hansenula saturnus. This killer toxin shows a large similarity in activity spectrum and heat stability with the Williopsis mrakii killer toxin, hereinafter further indicated as zymocin. The Hansenula saturnus killer toxin is a small polypeptide with a molecular mass of 8500 Da and an isoelectric point of 5.8 (Ohta, T. et al. (1984) Agric. Biol. Chem. 48 : 903-908) . The potential use of killer toxins -especially the above mentioned killer toxin- as a preservative against yeast spoilage in several food products is described, in Japanese patent application JP 62-40272. The use of a killer toxin for the prevention of outgrowth of yeasts in fruit containing carbonated beverages, which are to be considered as products that are very sensitive for spoilage by yeasts, has not been reported to date. Summary of the invention The present invention describes a method for the preservation of beverages comprising the use of a killer toxin. The killer toxin is specifically used in carbonated beverages. The zymocin is used as such or in combination with other preservation systems. The zymocin prevents the outgrowth of a wide range of yeast species in carbonated beverages, especially fruit containing beverages. The present invention also discloses the DNA sequence encoding zymocin obtainable from Williopsis mrakii. The invention further discloses a DNA fragment containing the gene encoding the said zymocin. Another aspect of the invention discloses vectors and host strains for producing zymocin. The present invention makes possible the cloning, overexpression and large scale production of zymocins. Brief description of the figures Figure 1 shows the partial nucleotide sequence of a 5 kb PstI fragment of Williopsis mrakii DNA containing the zymocin gene and the amino acid sequence of the coding region. Detailed description of the invention The present invention describes the use of killer toxins. The killer toxins can be used as such they can also be used in combination with other preservation systems. Killer toxins can also be used together with other killer toxins. They asure the prevention of outgrowth of a wide range of yeast species in carbonated beverages, especially fruit containing beverages. In general the yeasts or other species are introduced in the drinks together with the fruits. It is also possible that the contamination occurs during the processing of the fluids or the fruits. The invention is therefore not restricted to beverages containing fruit material. The killer toxins of the present invention are obtainable from Williopsis mrakii. They are characterized by their high pH- and thermal stability. Similar killer toxins also suitable in the uses claimed in the present invention are obtainable from Hansenula saturnus. Collectively these killer toxins are indicated as zymocins. It is shown that the zymocins of the present invention are active against yeasts in carbonated beverages, both alcoholic- and non-alcoholic. Specifically, the zymocins are active in Bron Orange m , Jaffa Drink tm , 7-Up tm , Cerise t and Stender Bier tm . It is also demonstrated that the zymocins are active in fruit juices such as apple juice, orange juice and pear juice and black currant drink. As representatives of yeasts of which the outgrowth can be controlled Saccharomyces and Zvgosaccharomyces were used. It is further shown that the killer toxins of the present invention is active against a wide range of yeasts and fungi. Activity is shown against Brettanomvces anomalus. Brettanomyces intermedius. Candida glabrata. Debarvomvces hansenii. Dekkera anomala. Dekkera naardenensis. Hansenula arabitolgenus. Hanseniaspora uvaru . Pichia anomala. Pichia angusta. Pichia kluyveri. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces exiguus, Williopsis saturnus, Zygosaccharomvces bailii. Zygosaccharomvces microellipsoides. Zvgosaccharomyces rouxii. Candida boidinii. Candida etchellsii. Hanseniaspora osmophila. Pichia membraneafaciens. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Schizosaccharomvces pombe The invention further discloses a DNA fragment containing the gene encoding zymocin. The DNA is isolated using standard procedures. The present invention also discloses the DNA sequence encoding zymocin obtainable from Williopsis mrakii. It is understood that these sequences can be used to device probes suitable for the identification of zymocin encoding genes from other Hansenula and Williopsis species. After identification the detected genes can be cloned and used for protein production as examplified herein by the Williopsis mrakii gene. The sequence encoding the zymocins from other species can be cloned in suitable expression systems as shown in the examples for the Williopsis mrakii gene. Furthermore cloning and expression vectors and host species for obtaining zymocin are disclosed. The present invention makes possible the cloning, overexpression and large scale production of zymocin. The zymocin can thus be obtained in large amounts and with a high purity. The zymocin gene can be cloned in suitable expression vectors, the choice of such vectors is dependent on the host organism. The host organism is preferably chosen from among species which are not susceptible to the activity of the zymocin. Examples of such organisms are Bacilli and Aspergilli. Preferred species are Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus licheniformis. Bacillus alkaligenes. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Bacillus lentus and Bacillus stearothermophilus. Preferred Aspergilli are Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus nidulans. For the majority of species indicated cloning and expression vectors are known in the art and can be used for zymocin. This method for preparing the zymocin is especially advantages since it is known that the Williopsis mrakii produces other killer toxines as well. By heterologous cloning and expression of the zymocin this source of contamination is avoided. The zymocin can be used without extensive purification either in the presence or in the absence of the production host. Alternatively the zymocin can be purified, methods are known in the art. In the present examples FPLC is used, HPLC is another possibility. If zymocin is to be produced on a large scale different chromatographic methods are available, including ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Example 1 Isolation of Zymocin from Williopsis Strains Williopsis mrakii IFO 895, Hansenula saturnus IFO 117 and Hansenula saturnus IFO 1466 were used as the zymocin pro¬ ducers. Hansenula anomala IFO 569 was used as a sensitive tester strain. Both strains were obtained from the Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, Japan. All other strains were obtained from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) , Baarn, The Netherlands. Media YEPD-broth consisted of Bacto-yeast extract (Difco) 1%, Bacto-peptone (Difco) 2% and glucose 2% in 50 mM citrate- phosphate buffer (pH 4.8). The complex medium was used to prepare seed cultures. Bacto-yeast nitrogen base (YNB) 1%, glucose 10% in 50 mM citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 4.4) was used as minimal production medium in shake flask fermenta¬ tions. Detection of the activity Serial dilutions (1:1) of the culture broth were made in microtiter plates. To each well an equal volume (100 μl) of a suspension of Hansenula anomala IFO 569 (2.10 4 - 2.10 5 cells per ml) was pipetted. The plates were incubated for 3 days at 25 β C. The minimal concentration of zymocin, that inhibited the growth (MIC) of Hansenula anomala IFO 569 under these conditions, was defined to contain 1 arbitrary unit (AU) per ml. To determine the Minimal Lethal Concentration (MLC) of zymocin, 5 μl from each well was spotted on YEPD, 2% agar plates. The plates were incubated for 2 days at 25 β C. Production Small scale fermentations (100 ml) were carried out with Hansenula mrakii IFO 895 and both Hansenula saturnus strains, in 500 ml shake flasks with baffles. The flasks were incubated in an Incubator Shaker (New Brunswick Scientific, Edison, NJ, USA), at 250 r.p.m. at 25"C for 72 hours. Large scale fermentations were carried out in a 10 litre fer entor unit (L. Eschweiler & Co., Kiel, Germany). Four litre of YNB 2.5%, glucose 2.5% was inoculated with 1 litre of an overnight culture of Williopsis mrakii IFO 895 in YNB 1%, glucose 2.5%. After a batch phase of 15 hours a glucose solution (27.5%) was fed to the culture (100 gram per hour) for another 34 hours. The pH was kept at pH 5.0 using 4N NaOH/ 4N H 2 S0 4 , the temperature was kept at 25 β C. The stirring rate was 300 rpm. Purification Cells were harvested by centrifugation. The filtrate was filter sterilized and the zymocin was precipitated by addition of 2 volumes of methanol. The precipitate was collected by filtration over sintered stainless steel and dried under vacuum at room temperature. The precipitate was dissolved (1.7%) in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.4) and loaded on S Sepharose Fast Flow HR 16/9.4 using a BioPilot FPLC unit (Pharmacia LKB, Uppsala, Sweden) . Zymocin was eluted with 1 M NaCl in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.4). The fractions, that contained zymocin activity were pooled, dialysed against 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 4.4) and stored frozen at -20 β C. Characterization of zvmocin Stability of zvmocin at different pH values Fermentation broth of Williopsis mrakii with a zymocin activity between 64 and 128 AU/ml and of both Hansenula saturnus strains (32-64AU/ml) , was adjusted to various pH values using either IM H 3 P0 4 or NaOH. After stirring for 1 hour on a magnetic stirring device at room temperature, the solution was neutralized and the zymocin activity was determined. The results are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Zymocin activity (AU/ml) Williopsis mrakii Hansenula saturnus PH IFO 895 IFO 117 IFO 1466 1 32-64 n.d. n.d. 2 64-128 n.d. n.d. 3-9 64-128 32-64 32-64 10 64-128 n.d. n.d. 11 64-128 n.d. n.d. 12 16-32 n.d. n.d. n.d. not detected Stability of zvmocin at high temperatures Fermentation broth of Williopsis mrakii (64-128 AU zymocin/ml) and of both Hansenula saturnus strains (32-64 AU/ml) was heated for 10 minutes at 80, 100 and 120°C, respectively. The samples were cooled to room temperature and the zymocin activity was measured. The results are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Zymocin activity (AU/ml) Temperature Williopsis mrakii Hansenula saturnus IFO 895 IFO 117 IFO 1466 25 β C 64-128 32-64 32-64 80 β C 64-128 32-64 32-64 100-C 64-128 16-32 16-32 120°C 16-32 8-16 4-8 Example 2 Activity of Zvmocin against various yeast strains Twenty-six strains of various yeast species were used as indicator organism in the activity tests described in example 1. The MIC and MLC-values are given in Table 3. Table 3 sis mrakii Species n: Lliop IFO 895 Strain MIC MLC CBS No. (AU/ml) (AU/ml) Brettanomvces ano alus 77 64 128 Brettanomyces intermedius 1940 16 16 Candida glabrata 2663 4 4 Debarvomyces hansenii 4373 128 256 Dekkera anomala 8138 64 128 Dekkera naardenensis 6115 16 32 Dekkera naardenensis 6041 4 8 Hansenula arabitolgenus 7164 8 16 Hanseniaspora uvarum 5934 1024 1024 Pichia anomala 1683 16 16 Pichia angusta 1976 128 1024 Pichia kluweri 6859 4 4 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 425 256 512 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1552 32 64 Saccharomyces exiguus 6946 8 8 Williopsis saturnus 7192 >1024 >1024 Zygosaccharomvces bailii 1097 16 16 Zygosaccharomvces 427 16 32 microelliosoides Zygosaccharomvces rouxii 711 512 1024 Zygosaccharomvces rouxii 4564 256 512 Candida boidinii 6368 inhibited inhibited Candida etchelsii 2987 inhibited inhibited Hanseniaspora osmophila 4266 inhibited inhibited Pichia membraneafaciens 5756 inhibited inhibited Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 334 inhibited inhibited Schizosaccharomvces pombe 1042 inhibited inhibited to be continued. Hansenula saturnus IFO 117 IFO 1466 Strain MIC MLC MIC MLC CBS No. (AU/ml) (AU/ml) (AU/ml) (AU/ml) 77 >512 >512 1024 1024 1940 256 >512 64 1024 2663 2 4 1 2 4373 >512 >512 >1024 >1024 8138 8 8 4 4 6115 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 6041 >512 >512 1024 1024 7164 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 5934 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1683 16 16 8 8 1976 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 6859 4 8 4 4 425 >512 >512 512 512 1552 16 32 16 16 6946 16 16 16 16 7192 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1097 256 256 8 8 427 32 32 16 16 711 256 256 256 256 4564 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 6368 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 2987 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 4266 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 5756 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 334 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1042 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Example 3 Activity of zvmocin against yeasts in carbonated beverages Two yeast strains: Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 425 and Zvgosaccharomyces rouxii CBS 711, were grown in YEPD as described in Example 1. Suspensions (2.10 5 cells/ml) were made in various carbonated beverages. The same beverages were used to make serial dilutions (1:1) of zymocin (2048 - 2 AU/ml) . Aliquot of lOOμl of the zymocin solution were brought into the wells of a microtiter plate. An equal volume of the yeast suspension in the carbonated beverages was pipetted into the wells and the MIC and MLC values were determined as described in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 4. The zymocin shows a high activity especially against S.cerevisi¬ ae. Table 4 Product S.cerevisiae CBS 425 Z.rouxii CBS 711 MIC MLC MIC MLC (AU/ml) (AU/ml) (AU/ml) (AU/ml) Apple-juice 128 256 128 256 Pear-juice 128 256 128 256 Orange-juice 256 512 128 256 I Orange-juice 128 n.d. 128 n.d. II Grape-juice >512 >512 512 512 Vegetable- 512 1024 256 >1024 juice Bron Orange* 16 16 256 256 Jaffa Drink* 16 16 128 128 Stender B- 16 16 64 64 ier** Control:YEPD 256 256 512 1024 Carbonated lemonades Non-alcoholic beer n.d. Not detected Bron Orange, Jaffa and Stender are Trademarks. - 16 - Example 4 Activity of zvmocin against Zygosaccharomvces bailli in black currant drink Zymocin is tested in black currant drink. Zygosaccharo¬ mvces bailii CBS 1097 was grown for 24 hours at 30 β C in 25 ml BHI medium in a 100 ml shake flasks at 250 rpm in a sha¬ king incubator (New Brunswick Scientific, Edison, NJ, USA) . Serial dilutions of Zymocin in 25 ml black currant drink were made (0 to 250 AU/ml) and pipetted in 100 ml erlenmeyers. The Zymocin solutions were inoculated with the test strain in a concentration of 10 3 cells per ml. The flasks were incubated at 30 β C. After 1 day, the number of viable cells was deter- mined by total plate counting on YEPD-agar. Table 5 Zymocin cone. (U/ml) Number of viable cells /ml 0 >100.000 10 6000 50 3015 125 1770 250 1040 Example 5 Activity of various zvmocin against yeasts strains in non-alcoholic beer Four yeast strains : Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 425, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 1552, Saccharomyces exiguus CBS 6946 and Zvgosaccharomyces bailii CBS 1097 were tested for their sensitivity to variuos zymocins in non-alcoholic beer. The MIC and MLC values were determined the results are presented in Table 6. Zymocin activity (AU/ml) W. rakii Hansenula saturnus Strains IFO 895 IFO 117 IFO 1466 MIC MLC MIC MLC MIC MLC S.cerevisiae CBS 425 8 16 32 64 16 32 S.cerevisiae. CBS 1552 2 4 8 8 4 8 S.exiguus CBS 6946 8 8 8 8 8 8 Z.bailii CBS 1097 1 1 4 4 0.5 0.5 Example 6 Activity of various zymocins against yeasts in Cerise*" 1 and 7-Up tnι Two yeast strains : Zygosaccharomyces bailii CBS 1097 and Saccharomyces exiguus CBS 6946 were grown in Cerise tm and 7-Up tm , respectively. The MIC values were determined as described in Example 3. The results are presented in Table 7. Table 7 Zymocin activity (AU/ml) W. rakii Hansenula saturnus IFO 895 IFO 117 IFO 1466 Drink Strain MIC MIC MIC Cerise t Z.bailii CBS 1097 256 256 256 7-Up tm S.exiguus CBS 6946 128 128 128 Example 7 Cloning of the zvmocin gene of Williopsis mrakii The amino acid sequence of Williopsis mrakii Zymocin is published earlier by Yamamoto, T., FEBS Letters 195 (1986) 253-257. Using these data a set of degenerated oligonucleoti- des was derived which coded for a chosen string of amino acids. The following oligonucleotides were synthesized: 7 8 9 10 11 12 - 5'- Met Cys Lys Asn Cys Asp - 3' (Seq. ID No: 1 and 1) ATG TGT AAA AAT TGT GAT C G C C 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 - 5'- Tyr Phe Gly Thr Asn lie Asn Cys - 3' (Seq. ID No: 3 and 4) ATA AAA ACC AGT ATT AAT ATT ACA G G T T G T G G C C G G G A PCR experiment was carried out using the given oligo nucleotides as primers and chromosomal DNA of Williopsis mrakii IFO 895 as a template. In doing the PCR experiment a DNA fragment from Williopsis mrakii was amplified, with a length of 222 bp as expected. This fragment was used as a hybridization probe for a Southern blots of chromosomal Williopsis mrakii DNA, digested with various restriction enzymes. Positive hybridization signals were found with a Pst I fragments of 5 kb. Subsequently Pst I digested chromosomal DNA of Williopsis mrakii was separated by agarose gel elec- trophoresis on preparative scale. Fragments of 5 ± 0.5 kb were isolated from the gel and ligated with the commercial available cloning vector pUClδ (Appligene, Strassbourg, France) . The ligation mixtures were transformed to Escheri- RECTIFIED SHEET(RULE91) chia coli XLl-Blue (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) . The 222 bp PCR fragment was used as a probe in a colony hybridization experiment to select for clones giving a positive hybridiza¬ tion signal. Two types of transformants were obtained, carrying pUC18 derived plasmids with the same 5 kb PstI fragment in 2 different orientations. The plasmids were called pUC18Kl and PUC18K2. A part of the 5 kb fragment was sequenced using the oligo nucleotides mentioned above. The nucleotide sequence was translated in 3 different reading frames. One of these reading frames showed an amino acid sequence that contained the identical sequence of 88 amino acid, published before. Therefore we conclude we cloned the gene coding for the zymocin of Williopsis mrakii. The nucleotide sequence and the derived amino acid sequence of the zymocin gene is shown in Figure 1 (Seq. ID No: 5 and 6) . ** ∞ ϊ ISA!Jg&P ' a ' m SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: (A) NAME: Gist-brocades b.v. (B) STREET: Wateringse eg 1 (C) CITY: Delft (E) COUNTRY: The Netherlands (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP): 2611 XT (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Cloning of the zymocine gene and use of zymocine in beverages (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 6 (iv) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: Patentln Release #1.0, Version #1.25 (EPO) (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 6 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (A) ORGANISM: Williopsis mrakii (B) STRAIN: IFO 895 (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: peptidel (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1: Met Cys Lys Asn Cys Asp 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 18 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (A) ORGANISM: Williopsis mrakii (B) STRAIN: IFO 895 (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: oligol (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2: ATGTGYAARA AYTGYGAT 18 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 8 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (A) ORGANISM: Williopsis mrakii (B) STRAIN: IFO 895 (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: peptide2 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3: Cys Asn lie Asn Thr Gly Phe Tyr 1 5 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: YES (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (A) ORGANISM: Williopsis mrakii (B) STRAIN: IFO 895 (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: oligo2 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4: RTARAANCCN GTRTTDATRT TRCA 24 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1250 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: double (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (A) ORGANISM: Williopsis mrakii (B) STRAIN: IFO 895 (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS B) LOCATION: 424..801 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /codon_start= 424 /product= "Zymocin" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 5: TTAGCATGAT TGCCTATTGG ATCGGTGCTT CACAGTAATT GTTGTTCAAA CTGATCAAGA 60 AGCACAAGGA AGGGTGCGCT CAATTGGTAC TTTCGCAGCA AGATCAGGAA GCAGGTCGCA 120 GACTTCGACC ACTTGCGGTC TCGAGAAGTT GTCAGCGAAG AAAGAAAACA GAGTTCAGCA 180 ACTTGTCGGA TTAGGAAAAC TGTATGCAAT GCAATGCGCA AAAACGCTGT CTGATCACTG 240 GGTGTTTATC CATCAGAGAG TGAAGCACGC GGAGCTGCCA CAAACCAACT TCGAAGATTT 300 TCGTTAGATG GGTATATAAA GACTTCCACT TCCCTGACAA GTCCCATACA CTGTCTTCCC 360 ACATCTTTCC CCTTGAATCA CGAAAAAAGT CAGGAACTTT TGTACTTGAC ATTTCCGCCC 420 AAC ATG AAA TTT TCC TTC GTT TAC GGT TTG ACA GGC TTC TTA GCA GCA 468 Met Lys Phe Ser Phe Val Tyr Gly Leu Thr Gly Phe Leu Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 ACC TCA TCA GCT TTG CCT TCC GAA ATC TTA TCA ACT GGC TAT GAA AGA 516 Thr Ser Ser Ala Leu Pro Ser Glu lie Leu Ser Thr Gly Tyr Glu Arg 20 25 30 AGT GCA TTG GAG AAG CGT GGT GAT GGA TAC CTG ATT ATG TGC AAA AAC 564 Ser Ala Leu Glu Lys Arg Gly Asp Gly Tyr Leu He Met Cys Lys Asn 35 40 45 TGT GAC CCA AAC ACG GGT AGC TGT GAT TGG AAG CAG AAC TGG AAT ACT 612 Cys Asp Pro Asn Thr Gly Ser Cys Asp Trp Lys Gin Asn Trp Asn Thr 50 55 60 TGT GTA GGC ATA GGA GCT AAT GTC CAC TGG ATG GTT ACA GGC GGC AGC 660 Cys Val Gly He Gly Ala Asn Val His Trp Met Val Thr Gly Gly Ser 65 70 75 ACT GAT GGG AAG CAA GGG TGT GCT ACA ATC TGG GAA GGC TCA GGA TGT 708 Thr Asp Gly Lys Gin Gly Cys Ala T r He Trp Glu Gly Ser Gly Cys 80 85 90 95 GTG GGT AGA TCA ACC ACA ATG TGT TGT CCG GCC AAT ACT TGT TGC AAC 756 Val Gly Arg Ser Thr Thr Met Cys Cys Pro Ala Asn Thr Cys Cys Asn 100 105 110 ATC AAC ACA GGG TTC TAC ATT CGC TCT TAC AGA CGT GTG GAA TAGGTGATTA 808 He Asn Thr Gly Phe Tyr He Arg Ser Tyr Arg Arg Val Glu 115 120 125 ACTATATCAA CCGTAATGGA AAATTCGTGA ACCGAAATTT CATTTTTGAG GATACCACAC 868 CAACTTGCGC TCAGATCCGT CACGTTATAT ATTTCTATAA TTTACGCTTT AATAGGTGAA 928 TGTACTATGA AGGCCTCTTT AGAAATTTAT ACCTCTTTTG ATTATAGTGG CACTATGATT 988 ATATAGTGCG TGTGATTGCT AGAGAAAATT TCAGAAAACT TCCGTATCGT CTGCACTGAC 1048 ATTGCTCAAG CACCAAAAAA GCAGTCTCCT GATATGTCAC TTAAGATCAA GAATAGATGT 1108 TTAGATGTAG CTAGTGTTTA TCTGACAATA AAAGGACTCC TAAGGTACAA ACGGCTGAGA 1168 GGCAAAGACT TTGAGGAATT TTGCTCAAGA TTCTGTGATT CAGCCTTTAC CAGCGACCTA 1228 TCCATGCACG AAGTACTCTC TA 1250 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 125 amino acids ϋB) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6: Met Lys Phe Ser Phe Val Tyr Gly Leu Thr Gly Phe Leu Ala Ala Thr 1 5 10 15 Ser Ser Ala Leu Pro Ser Glu He Leu Ser Thr Gly Tyr Glu Arg Ser 20 25 30 Ala Leu Glu Lys Arg Gly Asp Gly Tyr Leu He Met Cys Lys Asn Cys 35 40 45 Asp Pro Asn Thr Gly Ser Cys Asp Trp Lys Gin Asn Trp Asn Thr Cys 50 55 60 Val Gly He Gly Ala Asn Val His Trp Met Val Thr Gly Gly Ser Thr 65 70 75 80 Asp Gly Lys Gin Gly Cys Ala Thr He Trp Glu Gly Ser Gly Cys Val 85 90 95 Gly Arg Ser Thr Thr Met Cys Cys Pro Ala Asn Thr Cys Cys Asn He 100 105 110 Asn Thr Gly Phe Tyr He Arg Ser Tyr Arg Arg Val Glu 115 120 125

Claims: Claims 1. A method for preserving beverages characterized in that a effective amount of a killer toxin is used. 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the beverage contains fruit, fruit juice or a fruit extract. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the beverage is carbonated. 4. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the beverage is selected from the group consisting of: Bron Orange*", Jaffa Drink*", 7-Up*", Cerise*", a non-alcoholic beer (for example Stender Bier*") , apple juice, orange juice, pear juice and black currant drink. 5. A method according to any one of the previous claims characterized in that the killer toxin is a zymocin. 6. A method according to claim 5, characterized in that the zymocin is obtainable from a Hansenula or Williopsis strain. 7. A fruit containing drink characterized in that it contains a zymocin. 8. A DNA fragment encoding a zymocin. 9. A DNA fragment according to claim 8 obtainable from • Williopsis mrakii or Hansenula saturnus. 10. A DNA fragment corresponding substantially to the sequen¬ ce depicted in Figure 1. 11. A vector containing the DNA fragment according to claim 8 to 10. 12. A vector according to claim 11 containing the zymocin encoding gene in an expressible form. 13. A host cell transformed with a vector according to claim 11 or 12. 14. A process for obtaining zymocin comprising culturing the host cell of claim 13 in a suitable medium and isolating the expressed protein. Gist-brocades N.V. ' PCT2631 Cloning of the zvmocin σene and use of zvmocin in beverages Abstract The present invention discloses a method for the preservation of beverages comprising the use of a killer toxin. Specifically, zymocin is used in carbonated drinks. The zymocin is shown to be active against a wide range of different yeast strains . The invention further discloses a DNA fragment encoding zymocin. The DNA sequence is also disclosed.

Inventors: LANGEVELD PIETER CORNELIS, STARK JACOBUS, VAN SOLINGEN PIETER, VOLLEBREGT ADRIANUS WILHELMUS, LANGEVELD, PIETER, CORNELIS, STARK, JACOBUS, VAN SOLINGEN, PIETER, VOLLEBREGT, ADRIANUS, WILHELMUS, HERMANUS
Applicants: GIST BROCADES NV, LANGEVELD PIETER CORNELIS, SOLINGEN PIETER VAN, STARK JACOBUS, VOLLEBREGT ADRIANUS WILHELMUS, GIST-BROCADES N.V., LANGEVELD, PIETER, CORNELIS, STARK, JACOBUS, VAN SOLINGEN, PIETER, VOLLEBREGT, ADRIANUS, WILHELMUS, HERMANUS
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A01N37, A01N43, A01N63, A23L2, C07H21, C07K14, C12N15, C12P21, C12R1