AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES HAVING MODIFIED TERMINALS

Abstract: Compounds which have one of structural formulae (I) or (II). AA is an amino acid residue or an amino acid chain of two or more amino acid residues, excluding the N-terminal and the C-terminal from said amino acid residue or amino acid chain of two or more amino acid residues; R1 is hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R2 is selected from the group consisting of (i) a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and (ii) (a). R4 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. R4 may be substituted or unsubstituted. R3 is selected from the group consisting of (i) hydrogen; (ii) (b), wherein R5 is hydrogen or a nitro group; and (iii) (c), wherein each of R6, R7, and R8 is hydrogen or methyl. The above compounds are useful as pharmaceuticals for inhibiting the growth of target cells, viruses, or virally-infected cells.

Description: Amino Acids and Peptides having modified Terminals. This application iε a continuation-in-part of Application Serial No. 004,313, filed January 14, 1993. This invention relates to biologically active amino acids and peptides. More particularly, this invention relates to biologically active amino acids and peptides having modified C-terminals and modified N-terminalε. Certain peptides, proteins, and dipeptideε having C-terminal or N-terminal subεtitutions have been disclosed previouεly. Molinero, et al., Peptides (Giralt, et al., eds., pgs. 436-437 (1990)), disclose dipeptides substituted at the N-terminal with a lauroyl group. The dipeptides have surfactant activity, as well aε antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity waε tested against Bacillus pumilus, Micrococcus lateus, Staphylococcuε epidermidis, Corynebacterium aσropγri, Micrococcus aurantaleus, Streptococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Copending U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 713,716, filed June 12, 1991, discloses amphiphilic ion channel-forming peptides or proteins which have C-terminal substitutions. The C-terminal substitutions may be C-terminal esters, C-terminal hydrazideε, C-terminal hydroxylamineε, or C- terminal amides. In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compound having the following structural formula: I II I I II I R 3 - N - AA - C - N - R 2 - N - C - AA - N - R 3 . AA is an amino acid or a chain of two or more amino acids, excluding the N-terminuε and C-terminuε from the amino acid or chain of two or more amino acids. R, is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. R 2 iε εelected from the group consisting of (i) a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic (i.e., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynl) hydrocarbon having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and (ii) R 4 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. > may be substituted or unsubεtituted. R 3 is selected from the group consiεting of (i) hydrogen; (ii) - C - NH II I NH R 5 ,wherein R 5 is hydrogen or a nitro group; and R 7 , and R 8 iε hydrogen or methyl. In one embodiment, R, iε hydrogen. In another embodiment, R j iε an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atomε. In another embodiment, R j iε an alkyl group and preferably an alkyl group having from 7 to 16 carbon atomε. In yet another embodiment, R 2 iε / wherein R 4 iε an aliphatic hydrocarbon having rom 1 to 4 carbon atomε. Preferably, R 4 άε an alkenyl group, more preferably an alkenyl group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and moεt preferably R 4 is an alkenyl group having 2 carbon atomε. In one embodiment, R 3 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 3 iε: —C - NH NH R s . In one embodiment, R 5 is hydrogen, while in another embodiment, R 5 is a nitro group. In yet another embodiment, R 5 iε In one embodiment, each of R^ R 7 , and R 8 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, each of R^, R 7 , and R 8 is methyl. The amino acid reεidueε which may be contained in the compound can be amino acid reεidueε known to those skilled in the art. Such reεidueε include, but are not limited to, hydrophobic amino acid reεidues, basic hydrophilic amino acid residues, and neutral hydrophilic amino acid residues. The hydrophobic amino acids are Ala, Cys, Gly, lie, Leu, Met, Phe, Pro, Trp, Tyr, Val, cyclohexylalanine (Cha), norleucine (Nle), norvaline (Nva), and aminobutyric acid. The basic hydrophilic amino acids are Lys, Arg, Hiε, ornithine (Orn), p-aminophenylalanine, and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Dbu), and homoarginine (Har) . The neutral hydrophilic amino acidε are Asn, Gin, Ser, Thr, and homoserine (Hse). Within the scope of the present invention, the amino acid residueε may contain εubεtituentε εuch aε, for example, halogenε, amino groupε, amidino groupε, or NH-C-HN II I NH Rs groups (wherein R j is as hereinabove deεcribed), at poεitionε other than the carboxyl or amino terminus. For example, when a phenylalanine residue iε employed, the phenylalanine residue may be εubstituted at one or more poεitionε of the phenyl group with one or more of the substituentL hereinabove described. As an illustrative example, the phenyl group may be substituted at the para-poεition with a halogen atom (εuch aε fluorine, for example) or an amino group. In another embodiment, AA iε an amino acid or a chain of at least two and no greater than 20 amino acids, wherein the C-terminal and the N-terminal of the amino acid or chain of amino acidε iε excluded. In one embodiment, one or more of the amino acid reεidueε which iε not a glycine residue iε a D-amino acid residue. Compounds in which each of the amino acid residues iε a D-amino acid residue or a glycine residue have increased resistance to proteolytic enzymes found in the gut, and thuε may be adminiεtered orally. Representative exampleε of such compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following: 1. [1-nitroamidino phenylalanyl-12-nitroamidino phenylalanyl] 1, 12 diaminododecane 0,N-HN -N0 2 2. [1-nitroamidino phenylalanyl-12-amidino-phenylalanyl] 1, 12- diaminododecane. 0 2 N-NH- NH, 3. 1, 12-[biε-N-α- amidino-phenylalanyl] diammododecane 2 4. 1, 12-[bis-N-α-amidino-tyroεyl] diammododecane. H 2 N 2 5. [ l-nitroamidino-seryl-12 amidino-εeryl]-l, 12 -diammododecane . -NH-C-NH 2 6. 1, 7-[bis-N-α-amidino-phenylalanyl] diaminoheptane, 7. 1, 7-[biε-N-α-amidino-seryl] diaminoheptane. H 2 N 8. 1, ' 12 - [di-arginyl] diammododecane. H 2 N - 9. 1, 12 - [di-arginyl-phenylalanyl] diammododecane. H 2 N - 2 10. 1, 12 - [di-N-α-amidino-arginyl-phenylalanyl] diaminododecane , NH,-C-N 11. 1, 12-[bis-N- ° -amidino-p-f luoro-phenylalanyl ] diaminododecane F — < - CH 2 - CH - CONH (CH 2 ) 12 NHCO - CH - CH 2 - ~~OV~ F NH NH I I C=NH C=NH NH, NH, 12. l,12-[di-B-alanyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl] dia ino dodecane H 2 N-CH 2 CH 2 CO-NH-CH-CO-NH-CH-CO-NH ( CH 2 ) 12 NH-CO-CH-NH-CO-CH-NH-COCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 2 CH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 NH (0} cj NH C=NH C=NH I / NH, NH, 13. 1,12-[di-(N-α-amidino-seryl) ] diaminododecane. NH,-C-NH-CH-CONH ( CH 2 ) ,, NHCO-CH-NH-C-NH 2 II I I II NH CH 2 CH 2 NH OH OH 14. 1 , 12- [ di-amidino-jS-alanyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl ) ] diaminododecane . 15. 1-12 , - [ di- [ Boc-γ-aminobutyryl-arginyl-phenylalanyl ) ] diaminododecane . o o II it ( CH 3 ) 3 -C-OC-NH 2 - ( CH 2 ) 3 - ( CH 2 ) 3 NH-C-0-C- ( CH 3 ) 3 16. l,12-[di-(Boc-alanyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl) ] diaminododecane. // /x ( CH 3 ) 3 CO-C-NHCHCGNHCHCONHCHCONH ( CH 2 ) 12 NHCOCHNHCOCHNHCOCHNH-C-OC ( CH 3 ) 3 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 2 CH 2 (CH ) 3 CH 3 N NHH (θl /"Of NH C=NH C=NH / / NH 2 NH 2 17. l,12-[di ( 7-aminobutyryl-arginyl-phenylalanyl ) ] diaminododecane . NH 2 ( CH 2 ) CO ( CH 2 ) 3 NH 2 18. 1 , 12- [ di ( alanyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl ) ] diaminododecane . 19. 1 , 12-[di-(p-F-phenylalanyl ) ] diaminododecane. CH 2 ) 12 NHCOCH-NH 2 20. l,12-[di-(arginyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl) ] diaminododecane. NH 2 -CHCONHCHCONH-CHCONH ( CH 2 ) 12 NHCOCHNHCOCHNHCOCH-NH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 " (CH 2 ) 3 CH 2 CH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 (CH 2 ) 3 NH NH to (θl NH NH \ ' v ^ t I C=NH C=NH C=NH C=NH I / / \ NH 2 NH 2 NH 2 NH 2 21. 1 , 12- [ di- ( glutamyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl ) ] diaminododecane . 22. 1 , 12- [ di-phenyalanyl-arginyl ) ] diaminododecane . 23. 1,2-[di-(arginyl-phenylalanyl-threonyl-threonyl) ]diaminoethane NH 2 , 24. 4- (N-α-amidino-pheny lalany 1) -4 '-pheny lalany 1-diaminoεtilbene 25. 4,4'-[ i-(arginy1-phenylalany1) ]dia inostilbene The above compounds are sometimeε hereinafter referred to aε Co poundε 1 through 25, respectively. In accordance with another aεpect of the present invention, there is provided a compound having the following structural formula: R AA is an amino acid or a chain or two or more amino acids, excluding the N-terminuε and C-terminuε from εaid amino acid or chain of two or more amino acidε. R j iε hydrogen or an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. R 2 iε selected from the group consiεting of (i) a εubεtituted or unεubstituted an aliphatic hydrocarbon having from 1 to 20 carbon atomε, and wherein R 4 iε an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atomε. R 4 may be substituted or unsubstituted. R 3 iε selected from the group conεiεting of (i) hydrogen; (ii) - C - NH N IIH RI 5 , wherein R 5 iε hydrogen or a nitro group; and SUBSTITUTESHEET R 8 , wherein each of Rg, R 7 , and R g iε hydrogen or methyl. In one embodiment, R ! is hydrogen. In another embodiment, Rj iε an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. In a preferred embodiment, R 2 is an alkyl group, and preferably an alkyl group having from 7 to 16 carbon atomε. In another embodiment, R 2 is -ζ - R t ~" / wherein R, is an aliphatic hydrocarbon having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferably, R 4 is an alkenyl group, more preferably an alkenyl group having from 2 to 4 carbon atomε, and most preferably R 4 iε an alkenyl group having 2 carbon atomε. In one embodiment, R 3 iε hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 3 iε: -C - NH II I NH R 5 , wherein R 5 iε hydrogen or a nitro group. In one embodiment, R 5 iε hydrogen, whereaε in another embodiment, R 5 iε a nitro group. In another embodiment, R 3 iε: R g , wherein each of Rg, R 7 , and R 8 iε hydrogen or methyl. In one embodiment, each of Rg, R 7 , and R 8 iε hydrogen. In another embodiment, each of Rg, R 7 , and R 8 iε methyl. In another embodiment, AA is an amino acid or a chain of at least two and no greater than 20 amino acids, excluding the C- terminal and the N-terminal of the amino acid or chain of at leaεt two and no greater than 20 amino acidε. The amino acid(s) which are part of the compound may be those hereinabove described. The amino acid residue(s) may be εubεtituted at poεitionε other than the carboxyl terminus or the amino terminus with subεtituent groupε εuch aε thoεe hereinabove described. In one embodiment, the amino acid(s) iε a hydrophobic amino acid residue, and preferably a phenylalanine residue. When the amino acid residue iε a phenylalanine reεidue, εuch residue may, in one embodiment, be further modified such that the compound haε the following structural formula: wherein R,, R 2 , and R 3 are aε hereinabove deεcribed. In one embodiment, R 3 iε hydrogen, and in another embodiment, R 3 iε: -C - NH II I NH R 5 , wherein R 5 iε aε hereinabove deεcribed. In one embodiment, Rj iε hydrogen, whereaε in another embodiment, R j iε a nitro group. Each of the amino acid reεidue(ε) which iε not a glycine reεidue, may be a D-amino acid reεidue. Representative examples of compounds having the structural formula hereinabove described include the following: 26. phenylalany1 heptylamide (θ>- CH 2 - CH - CO - NH(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 NH 2 27. N-α - amidino phenylalanyl heptylamide ζ CHi - CH - CO - NH(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 NH 28. p-amino-pheny lalany 1 heptylamide H 2 N -ζO^- CH 2 - CH - CO - NH(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 NH 2 29 p-guanyl-N-α-amidino-pheny lalany 1 heptylamide H 2 N C - HN - CH - CO - NH(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 NH NH I C-NH I NH 2 30. p-amino-N-α-amidino-phenylalanyl heptylamide H 2 N ~ζθ - CH 2 - CH - CO - NH(CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 I NH I C=NH NH, 31. N-α-amidino-pheynlalanyl dodecylamide H 2 N - - CONH(CH 2 ) π CH 3 32. N-α-amidino-phenylalanyl dioctylamide ( CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 / H 2 N - C-HN - CH - CO - N II I \ ( H2 ) 7CH3 2 33. N-α-amidino phenylalanyl tetradecylamide CH 2 -CH-CO-NH-(CH 2 ) n CH 3 NH I C=NH NH 2 34 . N-α-amidino phenylalanyl hexadecylamide ζθ CH 2 -CH-CO-NH ( CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 35. arginyl-phenylalanyl dioctylamide (CH 2 ) 7 -CH 3 / H 2 N-CH-CO-NH-CH-CO-N \ NH 2 Such compoundε are εometimes hereinafter referred to aε Compoundε 26 through 35, reεpectively. SUBSTITUTE SHEET In accordance with another aεpect of the preεent invention, there iε provided a proceεε for inhibiting the growth of a target cell, virus, or virally-infected cell in a hoεt. The process comprises administering to a hoεt a compound having the following εtructural formula: Ri R. / / R 3 -N-R 2 -N-R 3 R ] , R 2 and R 3 are aε hereinabove deεcribed. In one embodiment, R, iε hydrogen. In another embodiment, R 3 iε: -C- NH N «H R I 5 , wherein R 5 lε hydrogen or a nitro group. In one embodiment, R 5 iε hydrogen, whereas in another embodiment, R 5 is a nitro group. A representative example of εuch a compound which may be administered in accordance with the present invention is 1,12 [bis- guanyl] diaminododecane, which haε the following εtructure: H 2 N-C-HN-(CH 2 ) 12 - NH-C-NH 2 II I NH NH This compound is sometimeε hereinafter referred to aε Compound 36. In general, εuch compoundε may be prepared from a diaminoalkane, which may be reacted with l-methyl-3-nitro-l- nitrosoguanidine, and the nitro-guanylated product iε the hydrogenated and purified by preparative HPLC to obtain the desired compound. The compoundε of the present invention may be administered to a host; for example a human or non-human animal, in an amount effective to inhibit growth of a target cell or virus. Thus, for example, the compoundε may be uεed aε antimicrobial agentε, anti¬ viral agents, anti-bacterial agents, anti-tumor agents, anti- parasitic agents, spermicideε, as well as exhibiting other bioactive functions. The tf».rm "antimicrobial" as used herein means that the compounds of the present invention inhibit, prevent, or destroy the growth or proliferation of microbes εuch aε bacteria, fungi, viruεeε, or the like. The term "anti-bacterial" aε uεed herein meanε that the compoundε employed in the preεent invention produce effectε adverεe to the normal biological functionε of bacteria, including death or deεtruction and prevention of the growth or proliferation of the bacteria when contacted with the compoundε. The term "antibiotic" aε uεed herein meanε that the compoundε employed in the preεent invention produce effectε adverεe to the normal biological functionε of the non-host cell, tissue or organiεm, including death or deεtruction and prevention of the growth or proliferation of the non-hoεt cell, tisεue, or organism when contacted with the compoundε. The term "εpermicidal" aε uεed herein meanε that the compounds employed in the preεent invention, inhibit, prevent, or deεtroy the motility of εperm. The term "antiviral" as used herein means that the compounds employed in the present invention inhibit, prevent, or destroy the growth or proliferation of viruεeε, or of virally-infected cellε. The term "anti-tumor" aε used herein meanε that the compoundε inhibit the growth of or destroy tumors, including cancerouε tumorε. The term "anti-paraεitic" as used herein means that the compounds employed in the present invention inhibit, prevent, or deεtroy the growth or proliferation of paraεiteε. The compoundε of the preεent invention have a broad range of potent antibiotic activity againεt a plurality of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and the like, as well as parasiteε. The compoundε of the SUBSTITUTE SHEET present invention allow a method for treating or controlling microbial infection caused by organisms which are sensitive to the compoundε. Such treatment may comprise adminiεtering to a hoεt organiεm or tiεsue suεceptible to or affiliated with a microbial in ection an antimicrobial amount of at leaεt one of the compoundε. Because of the antibiotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antibacterial propertieε of the compounds, they may also be used as preservatives or sterilants or diεinfectantε of materialε susceptible to microbial or viral contamination. The compoundε may be administered in combination with a non- toxic pharmaceutical carrier or vehicle such as a filler, non-toxic buffer, or physiological saline solution. Such pharmaceutical compositionε may be uεed topically or εystemically and may be in any suitable form such aε a liquid, εolid, εemi-εolid, injectable solution, tablet, ointment, lotion, paste, capsule, or the like. The compositions containing the compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with adjuvantε, proteaεe inhibitorε, or compatible drugε where such a combination is seen to be deεirable or advantageouε in controlling infection caused by harmful microorganisms including protozoa, viruseε, and the like, as well as by paraεites. The compoundε of the preεent invention may be adminiεtered to a host; in particular a human or non-human animal, in an effective antibiotic and/or anti-tumor and/or anti-viral and/or anti¬ microbial and/or antibacterial and/or anti-parasitic and/or an antispermicidal amount. Depending on the use, a composition in accordance with the invention will contain an effective anti- icrobial amount and/or an effective antispermicidal amount and/or an effective anti-viral amount and/or an effective anti-tumor amount and/or an effective anti-parasitic and/or an effective antibiotic amount of one or more of the hereinabove described compounds which have such activity. The compoundε may be adminiεtered by direct application of the compoundε to the target cell or virus or virally-infected cell, or indirectly applied through systemic administration. The compounds of the preεent invention may also be employed in promoting or stimulating healing of a wound in a host. The term "wound healing" aε used herein includes variouε aεpectε of the wound healing proceεε. These aspects include, but are limited to, increased contraction of the wound, increased deposition of connective tisεue, aε evidenced by, for example, increased deposition of collagen in the wound, and increaεed tenεile εtrength of the wound, i.e., the compounds increase wound breaking strengt . The compoundε of the preεent invention may alεo be employed εo aε to reverεe the inhibition of wound healing cauεed by conditionε which depreεs or compromiεe the immune εystem. The compoundε of the preεent invention may be uεed in the treatment of external burnε and to treat and/or prevent εkin and burn infectionε. In particular, the compoundε may be uεed to treat εkin and burn infectionε caused by organiεmε εuch aε, but not limited to, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The compoundε are alεo uεeful in the prevention or treatment of eye infections. Such infections may be caused by bacteria εuch aε, but not limited to, P. aeruσinoεa, S. aureuε. and N. σonorrhoea, by fungi εuch aε but not limited to C. albicanε and A. fumiσatuε , by paraεiteε εuch aε but not limited to A. caεtellani, or by viruses. The compoundε may alεo be effective in killing cyεtε, εporeε, or trophozoiteε of infection - cauεing organiεmε. Such organiεmε include, but are not limited to Acanthamoeba which for ε trophozoiteε or cysts, C. albicans, which forms εporeε, and A. fumiσatuε. which formε εporeε as well. The compoundε may also be administered to plants in an effective antimicrobial or antiviral or antiparasitic amount to SUBSTITUTE SHEET prevent or treat microbial or viral or parasitic contamination thereof. The compoundε, when used in topical compoεitionε, are generally preεent in an amount of at least 0.1%, by weight. In most cases, it is not neceεεary to employ the compound in an amount greater than 2.0%, by weight. In employing εuch compoεitionε εyεtemically (intramuεcular, intravenouε, intraperitoneal) , the compound is present in an amount to achieve a serum level of the compound of at leaεt about 5 ug/ml. In general, the serum level of the compound need not exceed 500 ug/ml. A preferred serum level iε about 100 ug/ml. Such serum levels may be achieved by incorporating the compound in a composition to be administered syεtemically at a doεe of from 1 to about 100 mg/kg. In general, the compound need not be adminiεtered at a dose exceeding 10 mg/kg. The compoundε of the present invention, having modified C- terminalε and modified N-terminalε, may be prepared by any acceptable methodε for modifying the C-terminal and the N-terminal of amino acidε or peptideε to provide the compoundε hereinabove described. For example, an amino acid or peptide may be reacted with an alkyl amine in the presence of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to form an amino acid or peptide having an alkyl amide at the C-terminal. The C-terminal modified amino acid or peptide may then be reacted with a guanyl group to form an amino acid or peptide having an alkyl amide at the C-terminal and a guanyl group at the N-terminal. It is to be underεtood, however, that the εcope of the preεent invention iε not to be limited to any εpecific moietieε at the C-terminal or N-terminal, or to any εpecific reaction scheme for preparing the compoundε. The amino acidε or peptideε (including 2 or more amino acidε), prior to the modification thereof, may be obtained iε εubεtantially pure form. When a peptide iε deεired to be modified in accordance with the present invention, the unmodified peptide may be εynthesized on an automatic peptide syntheεizer. Journal of the American Chemical Society. Vol. 85, pgs. 2149-54 (1963). It is alεo possible to produce unmodified peptides by genetic engineering techniques. Thus, within the εcope of the present invention there may be provided DNA which encodes the peptides prior to the modification thereof. Such DNA may be expresεed by meanε known to thoεe skilled in the art. In accordance with another embodiment, the compounds may be employed in combination with an ion having pharmacological properties for the purposes hereinabove described. An ion having pharmacological properties is one which when introduced into a target cell, virus, or virally-infected cell, inhibits and/or prevents and/or deεtroyε the growth of the target cell, virus, or virally-infected cell. Such an ion having pharmacological propertieε is one which in the abεence of an ion channel-forming peptide iε unable to croεs a natural or synthetic lipid membrane; in particular a cell membrane, in sufficient amounts to affect a cell or viruε adversely. The compound and ion having pharmacological propertieε may be administered as a single compoεition or in εeparate compoεitionε, and the εingle or separate compositions may include additional materials, actives and/or inactiveε, in addition to the compound and ion having pharmacological propertieε. Aε repreεentative examples of ions having pharmacological properties which may be employed, there may be mentioned fluoride, peroxide, bicarbonate, εilver, zinc, mercury, arεenic, copper, platinum, antimony, gold, thallium, nickel, εelenium, biεmuth, and cadmium ionε. The compound and the ion having pharmacological propertieε, whether administered or prepared in a single compoεition or in εeparate compoεitionε, are employed in a ountε effective to inhibit and/or prevent and/or deεtroy the growth of the target cell. In effect, the ion potentiateε the action of the compound. SUBSTITUTE SHEET i.e., the amount of ion is effective to reduce the minimum effective concentration of the compound for inhibiting growth of a target cell, virus, or virally-infected cell. The ion having pharmacological propertieε, when used topically, iε generally employed in a concentration of from 0.05% to 2.0%. When used systemically, the ion iε generally employed in an amount of from 1 to 10 mg. per kg. of hoεt weight. Dosages of the compound may be within the ranges hereinabove described. It is also to be understood that the compound and ion having pharmacological properties, may be delivered or administered in different forms; for example, the ion may be administered orally, while the compound may be administered by IV or IP. Aε repreεentative exampleε of adminiεtering the compound and ion for topical or local administration, the compound could be administered in an amount of up to about 1% weight to weight and the ion delivered in an amount of about 50mM (about 0.1%). Alternatively, the ion, in the form of a salt such as sodium fluoride, could be adminiεtered orally in conjunction with εyεtemic administration of the compound. For example, the compound may be administered IV or IP to achieve a serum dose of 100 microgramε per milliliter (10 milligramε per kilogram) in conjunction with an oral doεe of ion, in particular, εodium fluoride, of 10 meq per kilogram. In accordance with another embodiment, the compoundε of the present invention may be administered to a host in combination with an antibiotic selected from the claεε conεiεting of bacitracinε, gramicidin, polymyxin, vancomycin, teichoplanin, aminoglycoεideε, pεeudomonic acidε, cephalosporinε, pene antibioticε, hydrophobic antibioticε, penicillinε, onobactamε, or derivativeε or analogueε thereof. The bacitracinε, gramicidin, polymyxin, vancomycin, teichoplanin, and derivatives and analogues thereof, are a group of polypeptide antibiotics. A preferred bacitracin is bacitracin A. Aminoglycoside antibiotics include tobramycin, kanamycin, amikacin, the gentamicinε (e.g., gentamicin C,, gentamicin C 2 , gentamicin C ), netilmicin, and derivatives and analogues thereof. The preferred aminoglycoεides are tobramycin and the gentamicins. The aminoglycoεides, and the bacitracinε hereinabove deεcribed, tend to be hydrophilic and water-εoluble. Penicillins which may be employed include, but are not limited to benzyl penicillin, ampicillin, ethicillin (dimethoxyphenyl penicillin), ticaricillin, penicillin V (phenoxymethyl penicillin), oxacillin, cloxaci ' llin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin, and amidinocillin. Preferred penicillins which may be employed are benzyl penicillin and ampicillin. A preferred monobactam which may be employed is aztreonam. Aε representative examples of hydrophobic antibiotics which may be used in the present invention, there may be mentioned macrolides such aε erythromycin, roxythromycin, clarithromycin, etc.; 9-N-alkyl derivativeε of erythromycin; midecamycin acetate; azithromycin; flurithromycin; rifabutin; rokitamycin; a 6-0-methyl erythromycin A known aε TE-031 (Taisho); rifapentine; benzypiperazinyl rifamycinε εuch as CGP-7040, CGP-5909, CGP-279353 (Ciba-Geigy); an erythromycin A derivative with a cyclic carbamate fused to the C π /C 12 position of a macrolide ring known as A-62514 (Abbott); AC-7230 (Toyo Jozo); benzoxazinorifamycin; difficidin; dirithromycin; a 3-N-piperdinomethylzaino methyl rifamycin SV known as FCE-22250 (Farmitalia); M-119-a (Kirin Brewery); a 6-0-methyl-l- 4"-0-carbamoyl erythromycin known aε A-63075 (Abbott); 3- formylrifamycin SV-hydrazoneε with diazabicycloalkyl side chains such as CGP-27557 and CGP-2986 (Ciba-Geigy); and 16-membered macrolides having a 3-0-alpha-L-cladinoεyl moiety, such as 3-0- alpha-L-cladinoεyldeepoxy roεaramicin; tyloεinε and acyl de ycinosyl tyloεinε. In addition to the macrolideε hereinabove deεcribed, rifamycin, carbenicillin, and nafcillin may be employed aε well. Other antibioticε which may be used (whether or not hydrophobic) are antibiotics which are 50-S riboεome inhibitorε such as lincomycin; clindamycin; and chloramphenicol; etc.; antibioticε which have a large lipid like lactone ring, εuch as mystatin; pimaricin, etc. The compound and antibiotic may be adminiεtered by direct adminiεtration to a target cell or by εyεtemic or topical adminiεtration to a host which includeε the target cell, in order to prevent, deεtroy or inhibit the growth of a target cell. Target cells whose growth may be prevented, inhibited, or destroyed by the adminiεtration of the compoundε and antibiotic include Gram- poεitive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungal cellε. The antibiotic, εuch aε those hereinabove described, or derivativeε or analogueε thereof, when used topically, is generally employed in a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10%. When used εyεtemically, the antibiotic or derivative or analogue thereof iε generally employed in an amount of from 1.25 mg. to about 45 mg. per kg. of hoεt weight per day. Doεageε of the compound may be thoεe aε hereinabove deεcribed. Aε repreεentative exampleε of adminiεtering the compound and antibiotic for topical or local adminiεtration, the compound could be adminiεtered in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 10% weight to weight, and the antibiotic iε delivered in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 10% weight to weight. In accordance with another embodiment, the compoundε of the preεent invention may be adminiεtered in combination with an antiparaεitic agent or an antifungal agent. Antiparaεitic agentε which may be employed include, but are not limited to, anti-protozoan agents. Examples of specific anti- parasitic agents which may be employed include, but are not limited to, pentamidine isethionate, and propamidine isethionate (Brolene) . Anti-fungal agentε which may be employed include, but are not limited to, ketoconazole. It is alεo to be understood that certain anti-pairasitic agentε, may alεo have anti-fungal activity, and that certain anti-fungal agentε may have anti-paraεitic activity. In accordance with another embodiment, the compoundε of the present invention may be administered in combination with an antibiotic which inhibits DNA gyrase, which iε an enzyme involved in the formation of bondε between individual coiling εtrandε of replicating bacterial DNA. Thuε, DNA gyraεe iε neceεεary for the normal replication of bacterial DNA, and, therefore, antibiotics which inhibit DNA gyrase inhibit the normal replication of bacterial DNA. Examples of antibiotics which inhibit DNA gyrase include nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, cinoxacin, and quinolone antibioticε which include ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, όfloxacin, enoxacin, pefloxacin, lo efloxacin, fleroxacin, toεulfloxacin, temafloxacin, and rufloxacin. In accordance with another embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may be adminiεtered for the purpoεe hereinabove deεcribed in combination with biologically active amphiphilic peptideε, or in combination with ion channel-forming proteins. The preεent invention will be further described with respect to the following examples; however, the scope of the invention is not to be limited thereby. Example 1 A. Preparation of Compounds 1-25, 27, 29, 31, 33, and 34 Procedure fi) N- si / -tert - butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) amino acid(ε) waε (were) placed into a DMF or DMF/CH 2 C1 2 (10 ml/g) solvent system, and an equivalent amount of l-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) was added and the mixture was stirred in an ice-salt temperature bath. A coupling reagent, l-ethyl-3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide/Hcl (equimolar amounts) waε added and stirring continued for 20 minutes SUBSTITUTESHEET at about -15° C. To this reaction mixture, an amino component (either as an alkyl amine or a suitably protected amino acid), as a free base, was added and stirring continued overnight at room temperature. After concentrating the solvent to about half the original volume the reaction mixture was poured into a cold stirred solution of NaHC0 3 . After stirring for about 30 minutes the precipitate waε filtered, waεhed with water, then 5% citric acid, then water, and then dried. The homogeneity of the product waε checked by thin layer chromatography (TLC) in different εolvent εyεtemε. Procedure (ii^ The compound waε then treated with either trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or 50% TFA in CHC1 3 (10 ml/g) for 30 minuteε, and concentrated at reduced preεεure at about 30°C in order to remove the Boc group. The residue was treated with ether, filtered, waεhed with ether, petroleum ether, and then dried. Procedure (iii) - Guanylation The reεidue waε then treated with l-methyl-3-nitro-l- nitroεoguanidine at about 55°C for εeveral dayε while following the progreεε of the reaction by thin layer chromatography. Solvent waε removed under reduced preεεure, triturated with ether and decanted. The reεidue then was triturated with water and decanted. The nitroguanylated product was purified in some caseε and checked for antibacterial activitieε. The crude product waε placed into a mixture of CH 3 OH: acetic acid: water (9:1:1), and hydrogenated overnight at 40 psi in the presence of 10% Pd/C catalyst (0.5-1.0 equivalent amount by weight). The catalyst was filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with ether, filtered, washed with ether, and then with petroleum ether, and then dried. The purification of the compound waε carried out by reverse phase HPLC (C-18 Dyna ax, 300A) . The homogeneity of the product was checked by thin layer chromatography and maεε εpectrophotometry. B. Preparation of Compound 26 Compound 26 waε prepared by following Procedureε (i) and (ii). C. Preparation of Compounds 28 and 29 Compound 28 waε prepared by reacting N - α - Boc - p - benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) amino phenylalanine with heptyla ine followed by treatment with HBr/hydroxyacetate and neutralization. Compound 29 waε prepared from Compound 15 by following Procedure (iii). D. Preparation of Compound 30 Compound 30 waε prepared by reacting N - α- Boc - p - NH 2 (Z) phenylalanine with heptylamine after phenylalanine waε εubjected to Procedure (i), and then εubjecting the product to Procedureε (ii) and (iii) . E. Preparation of Compound 32 Boc-phenylalaninewaε treatedwithbiε-[ (2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl) phoεphinic chloride] and triethylamine at ice bath temperature. Dioctylamine waε added and εtirring continued overnight in a cold room, and then at room temperature for one more day. Solvent waε removed and the residue waε placed in ethyl acetate and extracted with 0.5 N HCl, water, 5% NaHC0 3 εolution, water, and then dried over anhydrouε Na 2 S0 4 . The εolvent waε removed, and the product waε characterized by thin layer chromatography. The product waε then treated according to Procedureε (ii) and (iii) to provide Compound 32. F. Preparation of Compound 35 Compound 32 was deblocked according to Procedure (ii), and coupled with BOC-arginine (N0 2 )-OH. Hydrogenolyεiε followed by TFA treatment yielded Compound 35. G. Preparation of Compound 36 1,12-diaminododecane was reacted with l-methyl-3-nitro-l- nitroεoguanidine at about 55°C for εeveral days while following the progress of the reaction by thin layer chromatography. Solvent waε removed under reduced preεεure, triturated with ether and decanted. The reεidue then waε triturated with water and decanted. The nitroguanylated product waε purified in some caseε and checked for antibacterial activitieε. The crude product waε placed into a mixture of CH 3 OH:acetic acid:water (9:1:1), and hydrogenated overnight at 40 pεi in the preεence of 10% Pd/C catalyst (0.5-1.0 equivalent amount by weight). The catalyεt waε filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The reεidue was triturated with ether, filtered, washed with ether, and then with petroleum ether, and then dried.- The purification of the compound waε carried out by preparative HPLC to obtain the deεired compound. Example 2 Antimicrobial Aεεav The procedure for the antimicrobial aεεay iε baεed upon the guidelineε of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standardε, Document M7-T2, Volume 8, No. 8, 1988. Stock εolutionε of Compoundε 3, 4, 6, and 8 through 12, 26, 27, 29, and 31 through 36, aε well aε Compoundε 3-D, 9-D, 12-D, wherein each of the amino acid reεidueε of Compoundε 3, 9 and 12 iε D-amino acid reεidue, are prepared aε hereinabove deεcribed in Example 1, at a concentration of 512 μg/ml in εterile deionized diεtilled water and εtored at -70°C. The stock modified solutions of Compoundε 1 through 12, 26 through 36, and 3-D, 9-D, and 12-D are diluted in εerial dilutionε (1:2) down the wellε of a microtiter plate so that the final concentrations of the compoundε in the wellε are 0.25, 0.50, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 μg/ml. 1-5 X 10 5 CFUε/ml of either 5. aureuε ATCC 25923, E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruσinoεa ATCC 27853, or C. albicanε were added to the wellε in full εtrength Mueller Hinton broth (BBL 11443) from a mid-log culture. The inoculum is standardized spectrophoto etrically at 600 nm and iε verified by colony countε. The plateε are incubated for 16-20 hourε at 37°C, and the minimal inhibitory concentrationε (MIC) for the compoundε are determined. Minimal inhibitory concentration is defined as the lowest concentration of amino acid or peptide which produceε a clear well in the icrotiter plate. The MIC valueε for each of Compoundε 3, 4, 6, and 8 through 12, 26, 27, 29, and 31 through 36, and 3-D, 9-D and 12-D, againεt S. aureuε. P. aeruσinoεa. E. coli, and C. albicanε are given in Table I below. C ompoundε 9-D, 12-D, 15, 16, 17, and 18 were prepared as described in Example 1, and were tested for minimal inhibitory concentration against various organisms listed in Table II according to the assay procedure given Example 2. The results are given in Table II below. ble II Organism S.aureuB 29313 E. coli 25922 P.aeruσmosa 27853 E. faec um 26143 E.faecalis 19052 E.faecalis 19290 E.faecalis 23296 E.faecalis 29212 C.difficile TTU614 C.difficile P324 B.fraqilj- g 25285 . ferment urn 23271 P.σ nαvaliB 381 P.σmσvalis FAY-19M-1 P.α nσvalis 9-14K-1 P.αinαvalis W50 P.σmgval s A7A1-28 C.albicaπs 14053 C.tropicaliB 13803 C.tropicalis 28707 C.parapsilos s 10233 C.parpailoais 22109 C. e yr 28838 T . ttieπt aσrophrtβB 18748 T . rubrum 36262 H.caπiB 11621 E.flocossum 52062 Example 4 Compoundε 3-D, 6, 10, 11, 12, and 14 were prepared aε deεcribed in Example 1, and teεted for minimal inhibitory concentration against various organiεmε according to the aεsay procedure of Example 2. The reεultε are given in Table III below. Table III Organism S.aureuε 29213 E.coli 25922 P. eruginosa 27853 S.aureua 19564 S.aureus 10175 S.aureus 10185 S.aureuε 20846 S.aureus 20979 S.aureus 6538 S.aureus 10164 S. ureus 20776 S.aureus 21945 S.aureus 28447 S.aureuB MCP-101 S.aureus KMF S.aureus 1096 S.aureus 1093 S.epidermidis 12228 S.epider idis 1050 S.epidermidis 1090 P.aeruginoaa El Salvador P.aeruginoaa 1133 P.mirabilis 23147 MIC (μg/ml) Compound Organism 3-D 10 11 14 c.tropicaliε 13803 2 2 N/A N/A .troplcalJB 28707 1,2 0.5 N/A N/A -■parapailosis 10232 64 1,2 N/A N/A . araPBJloBis 22709 16 1 N/A N/A C.ke yr 28838 2 1 N/A N/A T.mentagro - hvtes 18748 8 4 8 N/A T.rubrum 36262 8 8 16 N/A M.canis 11621 16 4 N/A N/A E.floccosum 52062 16 4 N/A N/A Example 5 Compounds 3, 4, 9, and 36 were prepared as described in Example 1, and teεted for minimal inhibitory concentration against various organiεmε listed in Table IV below according to the assay procedure of Example 2. The resultε are given in Table IV below. P.gingvaliB 9-14K-1 N/A P.gjngvaliB 50 N/A P.gingvaliB A7A1-28 N/A C.albican 14053 4,32 C.tropicalis 13083 0.5 C.tropicalJB 28707 <0.25 C.parapsilosis 10232 0.5 C.parapsilOBiB 22109 4 C.ke yr 28838 4 T.metagro phvteB 18748 N/A T.rubrum36262 N/A M.canis 11621 N/A E.floccoaum 52062 N/A Compounds 19 through 22, 24, and 25 were prepared aε described in Example 1, and tested for minimal inhibitory concentration against various organisms given in Table V below according to the assay procedure of Example 2. The results are given in Table V below. Organism ii S.aureuB 29213 4 E.coli 25922 16 P.aeruginoaa 27853 256 c.difficile TTU61 N/A C.difficile P324 N/A B.fragilis 25285 N/A L.fermentum 23171 N/A C.albicana 14053 32 T.mentagrophvtes 18748 4 T.rubrium 36262 16 M.canis 11621 32 E. floccoBum 52062 16 The compounds of the present invention, whether administered alone or in combination with agents such aε antibioticε or biologically active peptides or proteins aε hereinabove described, may be employed in a wide variety of pharmaceutical compositions in combination with a non-toxic pharmaceutical carrier or vehicle such as a filler, non-toxic buffer, or physiological saline solution. Such pharmaceutical compositionε may be used topically or systemically and may be in any εuitable form such as a liquid, solid, semi-solid, injectable solution, tablet, ointment, lotion, paste, capsule or the like. The compound or agent aε hereinabove deεcribed may alεo be used in combination with adjuvants, protease inhibitors, or compatible drugε where such a combination is seen to be desirable or advantageous in controlling infection caused by harmful microorganismε including protozoa, viruses, parasites, fungi, and the like. The compound may be administered to a hoεt in particular an animal, in an effective antibiotic and/or anti-tumor and/or antiviral and/or antimicrobial and/or antispermicidal and/or antifungal and/or antiparasitic amount, or in an amount effective to stimulate wound healing in a host. The compoundε may be adminiεtered either alone or in combination with an antibiotic or ion channel forming peptide or protein aε hereinabove deεcribed. When the compound iε administered in combination with an agent as hereinabove described, it iε poεsible to administer the compound and agent in separate formε. For example, the agent may be adminiεtered εyεte ically and the compound may be administered topically. When the compound iε adminiεtered topically, it may be administered in combination with a water-soluble vehicle, said water-soluble vehicle being in the form of an ointment. cream, lotion, paste or the like. Examples of water-soluble vehicles which may be employed include, but are not limited to, glycols, such as polyethylene glycol, hydroxycellulose, and KY Jelly. The water-εoluble vehicle iε preferably free of an oily εubstance. The compounds may also be employed in combination with a ion having pharmacological properties, as hereinabove described, in the form of an oral composition for oral hygiene. Such a composition may be incorporated into a wide variety of compositionε and materialε uεed for oral hygiene purposes, which include, but are not limited to, toothpasteε, mouthwasheε, tooth gelε, and tooth powderε. Such compoεition may thuε be used to treat or prevent periodontal disease, to prevent or reduce plaque, and/or to prevent or treat or reduce dental caries. The compound and toxic ion may be uεed to inhibit, prevent, or deεtroy the growth of Streptococcuε mutants. which iε aεεociated with dental carieε and periodontal disease. Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are poεεible in light of the above teachingε; therefore, within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as particularly described. SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A compound having the following εtructural formula: - rC - AA - ΪN - R 3 , wherein AA iε an amino acid or a chain of two or more amino acidε, excluding the N-terminuε and C-terminuε from εaid amino acid or chain of two or more amino acidε; R, iε hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of: (i) a subεtituted or unεubεtituted aliphatic hydrocarbon having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; and (ii) : <θ)-R — θ), wherein R 4 iε an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atomε, and R 4 may be εubεtituted or unεubstituted; and R 3 iε εelected from the group conεisting of: (i) hydrogen; (ii) - C - NH II NH R s , wherein R s iε hydrogen or a nitro group; and (iii) R 8 , wherein each of Rg, R 7 and R g iε hydrogen or methyl. 2. The compound of Claim 1 wherein R x iε hydrogen. 3. The compound of Claim 1 wherein R 2 iε an alkyl group having from 7 to 16 carbon atomε. 4. The compound of Claim 1 wherein R 2 wherein R 4 iε an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atomε, and R 4 may be εubεtituted or unsubstituted. 5. The compound of Claim 4 wherein R 4 is an alkenyl group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 6. The compound of Claim 5 wherein R 4 is an alkenyl group having 2 carbon atoms. 7. The compound of Claim 1 wherein R 3 iε hydrogen. 8. The compound of Claim 1 wherein R 3 is: - NH N fHTR j , wherein R 5 is hydrogen or nitro. 9. The compound of Claim 8 wherein R j is hydrogen. 10. The compound of Claim 8 wherein R 5 is nitro. 11. The compound of Claim 8 wherein R 3 is: erein each of Rg, R 7 , and R 8 is hydrogen or methyl. 12. The compound of Claim 11 wherein each of Rg, R 7 , and R 8 is methyl. 13. The compound of Claim 11 wherein each of Rg, R 7 , and R 8 iε hydrogen. 14. The compound of Claim 1 wherein said compound is 1, 12-[di-arginyl-phenylalanyl] diaminododecane. 15. A compound having the following structural formula: R3 wherein AA iε an amino acid or a chain of two or more amino acidε, excluding the N-terminuε and C-terminuε from said amino acid or chain of two or more amino acids; Rj is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atomε; R 2 iε εelected from the group conεiεting of : (i) a εubstituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and (ii) : ζθ - R 4 ~ζ ^, wherein R 4 iε an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atomε, and R, may be substituted or unsubεtituted; and R 3 iε selected from the group conεiεting of: (i) hydrogen; (ii) - C - NH N rH rR 5/ wherein R 5 iε hydrogen or a nitro group; and (iii) R g; wherein each of Rg, R 7 , and R g iε hydrogen or methyl. 16. The compound of Claim 15 wherein R 1 iε hydrogen. 17. The compound of Claim 15 wherein R 2 iε an alkyl group having from 7 to 16 carbon atomε. 18. The compound of Claim 15 wherein R 2 iε -R 4 -v5), wherein R 4 iε an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atomε, and R 4 may be εubεtituted or unεubεtituted. 19. The compound of Claim 18 wherein R 4 iε an alkenyl group having from 2 to 4 carbon atomε. 20. The compound of Claim 19 wherein R, iε an alkenyl group having 2 carbon atoms. 21. The compound of Claim 20 wherein R 3 is hydrogen. 22. The compound of Claim 15 wherein R 3 iε: - NH if ■ r NH R j , wherein RJ- iε hydrogen or nitro. 23. The compound of Claim 22 wherein R 5 iε hydrogen. SUBSTITUTESHEET 24. The compound of Claim 15 wherein R 3 is: 0 Rg - C i - O - C r- R, R g , wherein each of Rg, R 7 , and R g is hydrogen or methyl. 25. The compound of Claim 24 wherein each of Rg, R 7 , and R 8 iε methyl. 26. The compound of Claim 24 wherein each of Rg, R 7 , and R g is hydrogen. 27. The compound of Claim 15 wherein AA is a phenylalanine reεidue without the C-terminuε and N-terminuε. 28. The compound of Claim 27 wherein said compound has the following structural formula: HN - £ CH, - CH - C N - R, 29. The compound of Claim 28 wherein R 3 iε hydrogen. 30. The compound of Claim 28 wherein R 3 iε: NH R 5 , wherein R 5 iε hydrogen or nitro. 31. The compound of Claim 21 wherein R 5 is hydrogen. 32. A procesε for inhibiting the growth of a target cell, viruε, or virally-infected cell in a hoεt, compriεing: adminiεtering to a hoεt the compound of Claim 1, εaid compound being adminiεtered in an amount effective to inhibit growth of a target cell, viruε, or virally-infected cell in a host. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 33. The process of Claim 32 wherein said compound iε administered in an effective anti-bacterial amount. 34. The process of Claim 32 wherein said compound iε adminiεtered in an effective antimicrobial amount. 35. The proceεε of Claim 32 wherein said compound is administered in an effective anti-viral amount. 36. The procesε of Claim 32 wherein εaid compound iε adminiεtered in an effective anti-tumor amount. 37. The proceεε of Claim 32 wherein εaid compound iε administered in an effective anti-parasitic amount. 38. The procesε of Claim 32 wherein said compound iε administered in an effective antispermicidal amount. 39. A process for inhibiting the growth of a target cell, virus, or virally-infected cell in a host, compriεing: administering to a hoεt the compound of Claim 15, εaid compound being administered in an amount effective to inhibit growth of a target cell, viruε, or virally-infected cell in a hoεt. 40. The process of Claim 39 wherein said compound iε administered in an effective antibacterial amount. 41. The proceεε of Claim 39 wherein εaid compound iε administered in an effective antimicrobial amount. 42. The procesε of Claim 39 wherein said compound is administered in an effective antibiotic amount. 43. The procesε of Claim 39 wherein εaid compound iε administered in an effective anti-viral amount. 44. The proceεε of Claim 39 wherein said compound is adminiεtered in an effective anti-tumor amount. 45. The process of Claim 39 wherein said compound iε adminiεtered in an effective anti-paraεitic amount. 46. The proceεε of Claim 39 wherein εaid compound iε adminiεtered in an effective anti-sper icidal amount. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 47. A procesε for inhibiting the growth of a target cell, virus, or virally-infected cell in a host, comprising: administering to a host a compound having the following structural formula: R 3 - N - R 2 - N - R 3 , wherein AA is an amino acid or a chain of two or more amino acidε, excluding the N-terminuε and C-terminuε from εaid amino acid or chain of two or more amino acidε; R, is hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atomε; R 2 iε εelected from the group conεiεting of: (i) a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon having from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and (ii): (d)-R 4 -^), wherein R 4 is an aliphatic hydrocarbon having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R 4 may be substituted or unsubεtituted; and R 3 is selected from the group consiεting of: (i) hydrogen; (ii) - C - NH N IH RI 5 , wherein R s is hydrogen or a nitro group; said compound being adminiεtered in an amount effective to inhibit growth of a target cell, viruε, or virally-infected cell in a host. 48. The process of Claim 47 wherein Rj is hydrogen. 49. The proceεε of Claim 47 wherein R 3 iε: -C- NH N rH rR 5 , wherein R 5 iε hydrogen or nitro. 50. The proceεε of Claim 49 wherein R 5 iε hydrogen. 51. The proceεε of Claim 47 wherein said compound iε administered in an effective antibacterial amount. 52. The proceεε of Claim 47 wherein εaid compound iε administered in an effective antimicrobial amount. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 53. ' The procesε of Claim 47 wherein said compound is administered in an effective antibiotic amount. 54. The process of Claim 47 wherein said compound is administered in an effective anti-viral amount. 55. The procesε of Claim 47 wherein said compound iε adminiεtered in an effective anti-tumor amount. 56. The proceεε of Claim 47 wherein said compound is administered in an effective anti-parasitic amount. 57. The process of Claim 47 wherein said compound is adminiεtered in an effective anti-spermicidal amount. SUBSTITUTESHEET

Inventors: KARI U PRASAD, KARI, U., PRASAD
Applicants: MAGAININ PHARMA, MAGAININ PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C07C279
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K38, A61P31, A61P33, C07C237, C07C279, C07K5