PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF SYNDIOTACTIC VINYL AROMATIC POLYMERS USING REDUCED METAL CATIONIC CATALYST

Abstract: A process for preparing syndiotactic vinylidene aromatic polymers comprising contacting one or more vinylidene aromatic monomers with a catalyst comprising a cationic Group 4 metal complex wherein the metal is in the +3 oxidation state formed from the corresponding metal hydrocarbyloxy containing complex in the presence of a hydrocarbylation agent.

Description: PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF SYNDIOTACTIC VINYL AROMATIC POLYMERS USING REDUCED METAL CATIONIC CATALYSTS The present invention relates to a process for polymerizing vinylidene aromatic monomers, such as styrene, to produce polymers having a high degree of syndiotacticity using cationic Group 4 metal catalysts wherein the metal is in the + 3 oxidation state. Such polymers may be usefully employed in the preparation of solid objects and articles such as a moldings, films, sheets and foamed objects by molding, casting or the like process. In US-A-4,680,353 there is disclosed a process for the preparation of polymers of vinylidene aromatic monomers having a stereoregular structure of high syndiotacticity, by the use of Group 4 metal coordination catalysts in the + 4 oxidation state and an aluminoxane cocatalyst. In US-A-5,066,741 there are disclosed certain cationic metal compounds formed by reacting certain Group 4 metal complexes including both + 3 and + 4 metal complexes with ammonium or phosphonium salts of Bronsted acids containing a non-coordinating compatible anion or with cationic oxidizers containing a non-coordinating compatible anion. The complexes are usefully employed as catalysts in the polymerization of polymers of vinylidene aromatic monomers having a stereoregular structure of high syndiotacticity In WO 93/19104, certain stabilized Group 4 metal complexes wherein the metal is in the + 3 oxidation state and their use as addition polymerization catalysts are disclosed. Finally, in EP-A-493678, processes for syndiotactic polystyrene using certain additional cationic metal compounds formed by reacting Group 4 meta! alkoxides or similar complexes in the + 4 oxidation state, alkylating agents and cation forming activating cocatalysts (including ammonium or phosphonium salts of Bronsted acids or cationic oxidizers containing a non-coordinating compatible anions) are disclosed. According to the present invention there is now provided a novel process for preparing polymers of vinylidene aromatic monomers having a high degree of syndiotacticity. The process comprises contacting at least one polymerizable vinylidene aromatic monomer under polymerization conditions with a catalyst comprising the combination of: (1) a Group 4 metal hydrocarbyloxy complex corresponding to the formula: Cp m MX n X ' p wherein: Cp is a single η s -cyclopentadienyl or η 5 -substituted c dopentadienyl group; M is a metal of Group 4 or the Lanthanide Series of the Periodic Table in the * 3 oxidation state; X each occurrence is OR wherein R is Cι -2 o hydrocarbyl; X ' is an inert, neutral donor ligand; m and p are independently 0 or 1 ; n is an integer greater than or equal to 2, and (2) a cation forming activating cocatalyst comprising an inert, noncoordinating anion, and (3) an organometallic hydrocarbylation agent The present process allows the use of hydrocarbyloxy metal complexes, especially alkoxide complexes lacking in hydrocarbyl substituents Such complexes are more soluble in common solvents used in the catalyst preparation than their corresponding hydrocarbyl substituted derivatives and are also more readily comercially available than alkyl or aryl substituted metal complexes In addition, it has been discovered that the metal complexes in the + 3 oxidation state achieve a significantly improved conversion of monomer and increased efficiency in use compared to similar catalysts based on complexes in the + 4 oxidation state All reference to the Periodic Table of the Elements herein shall refer to the Periodic Table of the Elements, published and copyrighted by CRC Press, Inc , 1989 Also, any reference to a Group or Series shall be to the Group or Series as reflected in this Periodic Table of the Elements, utilizing the IUPAC system for numbering Groups As used herein, the term "syndiotactic" refers to polymers having a stereoregular structure of greater than 50 percent syndiotactic of a racemic triad as determined by ,3 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Such polymers may be usefully employed in the preparation of articles and objects (for example, via compression molding, injection molding or other suitable technique) having an extremely high resistance to deformation due to the effects of temperature Illustrative but nonlimiting examples of X include alkoxide, aryloxide and arylalkoxide groups Preferably X independently, each occurrence is a Cι -4 alkoxy group, especially methoxy Illustrative but nonlimiting examples of X' include ROR, RSR, NR 3 , PR 3 , and C 2 o olefins or diolefins, wherein R is as previously defined Such donor ligands are able to form shared electron bonds but not a formal covalent bond with the metal Monocyclopentadienyl and substituted monocyclopentadienyl groups for use according to the present invention are more specifically depicted by the formula wherein: R ' each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, R, N-R 2 , P-R 2 ; OR; SR or BR 2 , wherein R is as previously defined, or one or two pairs of adjacent R ' hydrocarbyl groups are joined together forming a fused ring system Preferably, R ' is alkyl or haioalkyl of up to 6 carbons. Most highly preferably Cp is cyclopentadienyl or pentamethylcyclopentadienyl. Illustrative, but not limiting examples of metal complexes which may be used in the preparation of the compounds of this invention are derivatives of titanium and zirconium. Titanium is the preferred metal. Most highly preferred metal complexes comprise cyclopentadienyl titanium Cι -4 dialkoxides or pentamethylcyclopentadienyl titanium Cι -4 dialkoxides. In a highly preferred embodiment of the present invention Cp is η 5 - cyclopentadienyl or ηS-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, m is one, M is titanium, p is zero, and X is methoxide. Suitable cation forming activating cocatalysts include the salts of a Bronsted acid and an inert, noncoordinating anion (A " ) as well as cationic oxidizers such as silver or ferrocenium salts where the anion is such an inert, noncoordi nation anion. The term "inert" means noninterfering with the desired catalyst preparation or with the use of the resulting metal complex containing compound as a polymerization catalyst. The recitation "non-coordinating, compatible anion" means an anion which either does not coordinate with the first component or .erivative thereof; or which is only weakly coordinated to said component thereby remaining sufficiently labile to be displaced by the vinylidene aromatic monomer to be polymerized The recitation "non-coordinating, compatible anion" specifically refers to an anion which when functioning as a charge balancing anion in the catalyst system of this invention does not transfer an anionic substituent or fragment thereof to the cationic portion of the catalyst. Compatible anions are also anions which are not degraded to neutrality under the reaction conditions of the present invention. Preferred inert, non-coordinating, compatible anions are those of the formula BX" 4 wherein X " is a fiuorinated aryl group, especially pentafluorophenyl. Preferred salts of Bronsted acids are tertiary substituted ammonium salts, especially trimethylammonium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate or N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate. Preferred cationic oxidizers are silver tetrakisperfluorophenylborate or ferrocenium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate. Suitable organometallic hydrocarbylation agents include hydrocarbyl substituted metals of Groups 1 , 2, or 13 of the Periodic Table and zinc, especially C 1 .4trialk.yl aluminum compounds. Examples include triethyl aluminum, tri n-propyl aluminum, triisopropyl aluminum, tri n-butyl aluminum, triisobutyl aluminum, and mixtures thereof The resulting cationic catalytic species is believed to be formed (without consenting to be bound by such belief) by action of the hydrocarbylation agent to first replace an hydrocarbyioxy ligand of the metal complex followed by protonation thereof by the Bronsted acid salt or molecular oxidation of the resulting complex by the cationic oxidizer. Accordingly the resulting complex corresponds to the formula: [Cp m MX n-1 X ' p] + A- wherein Cp, M, X, X', m, n, p and A ' are as previously defined. The catalyst can be prepared in a suitable solvent or diluent at a temperature within the range from about -100°C to about 300°C. The catalyst system can also form in situ if the components thereof are added directly to the polymerization process and a suitable solvent or diluent, including the monovinylidene aromatic monomer, is used in said polymerization process. It is preferred, however, to form the catalyst in a separate step prior to adding the same to the polymerization reactor. The catalyst components are generally sensitive to both moisture and oxygen and should be handled and transferred in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen, argon or helium. Suitable diluents for the catalyst preparation and for the polymerization include any of the compounds known in the prior art including, but not necessarily limited to, straight and branched-chain hydrocarbons such as C6-20 alkanes (especially hexane, heptane, octane, and mixtures thereof); Ce -2 o cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof, and Ce- 2 0 aromatic and alkyl-substituted aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, xylene, decalin, and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of ail the foregoing may be used as well. The catalysts may be employed as homogeneous catalysts or supported on the surface of a suitable support such as alumina, silica or a polymer. In the practice of the present invention, suitable vinylidene aromatic monomers include those represented by the formula: wherein each R* is independently hydrogen; an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 10, more suitably from 1 to 6, most suitably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms; or a halogen atom. Examples of such monomers include, styrene, chlorostyrene, n-butylstyrene, p-vinyltoluene, α-methyistyrene, etc., with styrene being especially suitable. Copolymers of styrene and the above vinylidene aromatic monomers other than styrene can also be prepared. The polymerization may be conducted under slurry, bulk or suspension polymerization conditions or other suitable reaction conditions including solid, powdered reaction conditions. The polymerization can be conducted at temperatures of from 0°C to 160°C, preferably from 25°C to 100°C, more preferably from 30°C to 80°C, for a time sufficient to produce the desired polymer. Typical reaction times are from one minute to 100 hours, preferably from 1 to 10 hours. The optimum reaction time or reactor residence time will vary depending upon the temperature, solvent and other reaction conditions employed. The polymerization can be conducted at subatmospheric pressure as well as super-aτ ~>ospheric pressure, suitably at a pressure within the range of 1 to 500 psig (6.9 kPa-3,400 kPa). The use of ambient or low pressures, for example, 1-5 psig (6.9-34.5 kPa) is preferred in view of lower capital and equipment costs. The polymerization may be conducted in the presence of the previously mentioned inert diluents or solvents or in the absence thereof, such as, in the presence of excess monomer. Suitable amounts of diluent or solvent are employed to provide a monomer concentration from 5 percent to 100 percent by weight. The molar ratio of the vinylidene aromatic monomer:metal complex may range from 100: 1 to 1x10 l0 : 1, preferably from 1000:1 to 1x10 6 : 1. The molar ratio of hydrocarbylation agent:metal complex should be in the range from 2: 1 to 100: 1 , preferably from 10: 1 to 50: 1. As in other similar polymerizations, it is highly desirable that the monomers and solvents employed be of sufficiently high purity that catalyst deactivation not occur. Any suitable technique for monomer purification such as devolatilization at reduced pressures or contacting with molecular sieves or high surface area alumina may be employed. Purification of the resulting polymer to remove entrained catalyst and cocatalyst may also be desired by the practitioner. Such contaminants may generally be identified by residues of ash on pyrolysis of the polymer that are attributable to residual metal complex or hydrocarbylation agent values. A suitable technique for removing such compounds is by solvent extraction, for example, extraction utilizing hot, high boiling chlorinated solvents, acids or bases such as caustic followed by filtration. Having described the invention, the following examples are provided as further illustrative and are not to be construed as limiting. Unless stated to the contrary, all parts and percentages are based on weight. Examples 1-6 All reactions and manipulations were carried out under inert atmosphere in a dry box. Solvent and styrene monomer wer* purified by sparging with N 2 and passing through activated alumina and handled using standard inert atmosphere techniques. Catalyst solutions were prepared in volumetric flasks using toluene solvent. The required amount of N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakispentafluorophenyl borate [C6H 5 N(CH 3 ) 2 ! * [B(C6F 5 ) 4 ]\ was weighed and added to the flask. Various amounts of 1 molar tri n-propylaluminum (TNPA)/toluene solution were then added. The required amount of metal complex, pentamethylcyclopentadienyltitanium (III) dimethoxide, 0.03M in toluene, was added to this mixture. Toluene was then added to the marke of the volumetric flask The inai concentration of titanium complex and ammonium salt activator was 0 003 molar Polymerizations were carried out in septum capped, crimp sealed ampoules The ampoules were charged with 10 ml of styrene and various amounts of the catalyst solution The ampoules were then sealed and equilibrated at 70 c C ιn a water bath The polymerization was quenched by the addition of methanoi after 2 hours polymerization time. Each polymer sample was isolated and dried in order to determine the percent conversion. Molecular weight of the resulting syndiotactic polymer was determined via standard solution viscometry using atactic polystyrene standards. All polymers had melting points in excess of 260°C consistent with tacticities of greater than 50 percent based on a racemic triad Results are shown in Table I. Table I I Ei*X.. a ^lumli n n^um Molar ratio Styrene :Al :Ti ^÷ The use of pentamethylcyclopentadienyititanium (111) dimethoxide catalyst in combination with an aluminum trialkyl hydrocarbylation agent and cation forming cocatalyst is seen to be extremely effective for the polymerization of vinylidene aromatic monomers to prepare syndiotactic polymers therefrom. Comparative 1-2 The reaction conditions of Example 1 were substantially repeated using pentamethylcyclopentadienyltitanium (III) dimethoxide and N,N-dimethylanιlinιum tetrakispentafluorophenyl borate without a hydrocarbylation agent. Results are contained in Table II. Table II Molar ratio Styrene :Al :Ti % Con¬ version 1 2 200 ,000 : 0 : 1 1 2 1 175 ,000:0: 1 3 The forgoing results indicate that poor yields are obtained in the absence of hydrocarbylation agent. Example 7 The reaction conditions of Example 1 were substantially repeated using pentamethylcyclopentadienyltitanium (III) dimethoxide catalyst and N,N-dimethyl anilinium tetrakispentafluorophenyl borate cocatalyst. Tri n-propyl aluminum hydrocarbylating agent was added to the styrene monomer thereby simulating formation of the desired catalyst in situ Results are contained in Table III. Table III Ex. Molar ratio Styrene:TNPA:Ti:A- % Con- version 200,000:70:1:1 37

Claims: Cl aims : 1 A process for preparing syndiotactic polymers of vinylidene aromatic monomers comprising contacting one or more vinylidene aromatic monomers under polymerization conditions with a cataiytically effective amount of a catalyst comprising (1 ) a metal complex corresponding to the formula Cp m MX n X p wherein Cp is a single η 5 -cyclopentadιenyl or η 5 -substιtuted cyclopentadienyl group, M is a metal of Group 4 or the Lanthanide Series of the Periodic Table in the ' 3 oxidation state, X each occurrence is OR wherein R is C 1 -2 o hydrocarbyl, X 's an inert, neutral donor gand, m and p are independently 0 or 1 ; n is an integer greater than or equal to 2; and (2) a cation forming activating cocatalyst comprising an inert, noncoordinating anion; and (3) an organometallic hydrocarbylation agent the molar ratio of monovmylidene aromatic monomer metal complex being from 100 1 to 1x10 10 : 1 , and the molar ratio of hydrocarbylation agent: metal complex being from 2 1 to 100: 1 2 The process according to claim 1 wherein the vinylidene aromatic monomer is represented by the formula wherein each R* is independently hydrogen; an aliphatic, cycloa phatic or aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom 3 The process according to claim 2 wherein the vinylidene aromatic monomer is styrene 4. the process according to claim 1 wherein Cp corresponds to the formula wherein: R ' each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, R, N-R 2 , P-R 2 ; OR; SR or BR 2 , wherein R is as previously defined, or one ortwo pairs of adjacent R ' hydrocarbyl groups are joined together forming a fused ring system. 5. The process according to claim 1 wherein M is titanium. 6. The process according to claim 5 wherein Cp is η 5 -cyclopentadienyl or η5- pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, m is one, n is two, p is zero, and X is Cι -4 alkoxy. 7. The process of claim 1 wherein the catalyst comprises the reaction product of a pentamethylcyclopentadienyltitanium C1.4 dialkoxide or cyclopentadienyltitanium C 1 . 4 dialkoxide, a Cι -4 aluminum trialkyl and trimethylammonium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate, silvertetrakisperfluorophenyl borate or ferrocenium tetrakisperfluorophenylborate. 8. The process of claim 7 wherein the catalyst comprises the reaction product of pentamethylcyclopentadienyltitanium trimethoxide, tri n-propyl aluminum and N,N- dimethylanilinium tetrakispentafluorophenyl borate.

Inventors: BORODYCHUK KAREN K, NEWMAN THOMAS H, BORODYCHUK, KAREN, K., NEWMAN, THOMAS, H.
Applicants: DOW CHEMICAL CO, THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C08F12
IPC codes: C08F4, C08F12