Transmission system and method incorporating optical amplifiers

Abstract: In a wavelength multiplexed optical transmission system incorporating a concatenation of optical amplifiers (13, 15) the multiplexed signal passes through a limited number of amplifiers (13) in which all channels are amplified together, after which, at the next amplifier (15), the signal is demultiplexed, each channel is separately amplified, and then the channels are remultiplexed.

Description: It is known that in an optical transmission system it is possible to insert an optical amplifier or a concatenation of such amplifiers in the transmission path between an optical transmitter and its co-operating receiver in order to extend the range of the system. Such a concatenation is for instance described in EP 0 440 276 A. In this instance a communication channel is wavelength multiplexed with a service channel. At each amplifier it is only the communication channel that is optically amplified. The service channel is demultiplexed from the communication channel upstream of each amplifier, is detected, electronically amplified, and converted back into an optical signal before being remultiplexed with the communication channel downstream of the optical amplifier. It is also known, for instance from JP 3 269 522, that optical amplifiers can be used to amplify wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) signals. In the instance of JP 3 269 522, the spectral width of the WDM signal is too broad for amplification by a single amplifier, and so the WDM signal is demultiplexed into separate wavebands, each of which is separately amplified by an optical amplifier that has an amplification bandwidth sufficient to amplify that particular separated waveband, and then the amplified wavebands are remultiplexed. EP 0 242 802 A discloses an optical transmission system in which there is a concatenation of optical amplifiers in the transmission path, these amplifiers being used to amplify a WDM signal whose spectral bandwidth is narrow enough to lie entirely within the amplification band of a single optical amplifier. This specification is particularly concerned with problems of excessive amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) liable to be encountered in systems having a large amplification bandwidth. To overcome this problem, after each amplifier, the WDM signal is demultiplexed, filtered and then remultiplexed. A single optical signal channel can be transmitted through a cascade of quite a number of optical amplifiers before it requires full regeneration. The spectral gain characteristic of a typical optical amplifier, such as an erbium doped fibre amplifier, is wide enough to support amplification of several wavelength multiplexed signal channels. However the spectral gain characteristic is not entirely uniform over its full usable spectral range. Thus an erbium doped fibre amplifier may show a significant peak in its gain characteristic near the short wavelength end of that characteristic. The use of filters to flatten such characteristics is known, but is still liable to leave the characteristic with residual undulations. Therefore, if a wavelength multiplexed set of signal channels is transmitted through a concatenation of such amplifiers, those channels registering with any slight troughs in the gain characteristic will not be amplified as much as other channels registering with any slight peaks. Quite a small difference in gain per amplifier can become quite significant in a long concatenation of amplifiers because the difference is multiplied by the number of amplifiers. Thus for instance if there is 0.5 dB difference in gain per amplifier between a channel at wavelength λ 1 and a channel at wavelength λ 2 then, if both channels were launched with equal power, after passage through a concatenation of 20 such amplifiers, those channels would differ in power by 10 dB, thereby bringing the weaker channel much closer to, or even beneath, the noise floor. The present invention is directed to the achieving of a measure of gain compensation in a concatenation of amplifiers in order to ameliorate this problem. The invention also provides a convenient way of arranging for channel dropping and insertion at intermediate points in the concatenation, this being readily combinable with the gain compensation. According to the present invention there is provided an optical transmission system for the transmission of a set of wavelength division multiplexed optical signal channels, said set consisting of a set of mutually exclusive subsets, each of at least one signal channel, which system includes a concatenation of optical amplifiers, which concatenation is characterised in that it includes, together with a plurality of amplifiers in each of which amplification is performed in a transmission path that is common to all signal channels of the set, at least one other amplifier in which amplification is performed in a set of transmission paths, one assigned to each subset of signal channels. The invention also provides an optical transmission system for the transmission of a set of wavelength division multiplexed optical signal channels, which system includes a concatenation of optical amplifiers, which concatenation is characterised in that it includes, together with a plurality of amplifiers in each of which amplifiers amplification is performed in a transmission path that is common to all signal channels of the set, at least one drop and insertion amplifier in which the channels are demultiplexed, the signal in at least one channel of the set is dropped and a different signal inserted in its place, and in which drop and insertion amplifier the remaining channels of the set are separately amplified and then remultiplexed with said at least one inserted signal bearing channel. The system's use of an optically pumped amplifier in which amplification is performed in a set of transmission paths, one assigned to each subset of the signal channels, can be implemented in a manner in which the power output from a single optical pump, or group of such pumps, can be conveniently shared between all members of the set of transmission paths thereby ensuring substantial equality of pumping. The invention further provides a method of transmitting, along a transmission path, optical signals in a set of wavelength division multiplexed optical signal channels, said set consisting of a set of mutually exclusive subsets, each of at least one signal channel, wherein the optical signals are optically amplified at each of a plurality of different locations along the transmission path, which method is characterised in that optical amplification of said optical signals at some members of said plurality of different locations is performed while said signals are wavelength division multiplexed in their set of mutually exclusive signal channel subsets, while optical amplification of said optical signals at at least one other member of said plurality of locations is performed separately while said signals are demultiplexed into signals present in different members of said set of mutually exclusive signal channel subsets. There follows a description of an optical transmission systems embodying the invention in preferred forms. The description refers to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a block diagram of a wavelength division multiplexed optical transmission system incorporating a concatenation of optical amplifiers comprising a number of channel separated optical amplifiers interleaved between a larger number of common channel amplifiers, Figure 2 is a diagram of one of the channel separated optical amplifiers of the system of Figure 1, and Figure 3 is a diagram of a drop and insert amplifier. The wavelength division multiplexed optical transmission system of Figure 1 has a transmitter 10 transmitting a set of wavelength multiplexed optical signal on a single optical fibre transmission path 11 to a receiver 12. In this transmission path is inserted a concatenation of n.m common-channel optical amplifiers 13, for instance erbium doped optical fibre amplifiers. These amplifiers, which are operated under saturation conditions, are separated into short sequences 14 by the interleaving of individual members of a set of (m-1) channel-separated optical amplifiers 15 which divide the common channel amplifiers into m sequences 14, each comprising an uninterrupted sequence of n common-channel amplifiers. By way of example there may be twenty common-channel amplifiers per sequence, the actual number being determined principally in relation to the limits placed upon an individual common-channel amplifier concerning the flatness of its amplification characteristic over the whole waveband of the wavelength division multiplexed signal transmitted along the transmission path 11. In each common-channel amplifier the incoming signal is amplified without being divided into its component channels for that amplification. The transmitter 10 is arranged to provide substantially equal power output into each one of the channels. If, as a result of the lack of flatness in its amplification characteristic, the first common-channel amplifier after the transmitter provides x dB less amplification for the channel it amplifies least in comparison with the amplification it provides for the channel it amplifies most, then, assuming no differential attenuation in the transmission path 11, by the time the signal has passed through the interrupted sequence of n common-channel amplifiers, all having identical amplification characteristics, the signal strength of the least amplified channel will be n.x dB less than that of the most amplified channel. After the nth common-channel amplifier, the last one in the sequence, the next amplification stage takes place in a channel-separated amplifier 15. In a channel-separated amplifier the incoming signal is first separated into its individual channels by a wavelength demultiplexer 15a. Each one of these separated channels is separately amplified in an associated one of a set of amplifiers 15b, and then all the channels are recombined in a wavelength multiplexer 15c for onward transmission. In instances where the set of channels may be grouped into subsets of channels for which the individual channel spacing between all the members of each subset is so close that any different amplification is negligible, then, instead of dividing this incoming signal into individual channels for separate amplification, it may be beneficial to divide it into mutually exclusive sub groups of channels, where one or more subsets comprise two or more closely wavelength spaced channels. By way of example, the form of channel-separated amplifier 15 depicted in Figure 2 uses integrated optics format wavelength multiplexers and demultiplexers that employ radiative stars interconnected by arrayed waveguide gratings. The general principles of operation of such coupled radiative stars are described for instance by C. Dragone et al., 'Integrated Optics N x N Multiplexer on Silicon'. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 3, No. 10, October 1991, pages 896-9. In the integrated optics demultiplexer 15a, the multiplexed signal input from transmission line 11 is coupled into a single input waveguide 151, which is a conventional 2-dimensional waveguide terminating at its other end in a planar (1-dimensional) waveguide region 152 within which the signal power fans out laterally. At the far side of this planar waveguide region 152, the light is intercepted by an array of 2-dimensional waveguides 153. These waveguides 153 are shaped to provide the same incremental optical path length difference between each pair of adjacent waveguides in the array. By this means there is produced a wavelength dependent phase shift at their far ends. From these far ends, the light is launched into a second planar waveguide region 154. As the result of the wavelength dependent phase shift, the propagation direction of the converging wave in this second planar waveguide region is wavelength dependent, and hence the different channels are laterally separated at the far side of this second planar waveguide region, where they are launched into laterally separated 2-dimensional waveguides 155. Each of the waveguides 155 is coupled to an associated one of a set of individual fibre amplifiers 15b and, at the far end of these fibre amplifiers, the separated channels are recombined in the multiplexer 15c which may be identical in construction to the demultiplexer 15a, but connected the other way round. Conveniently, but not necessarily, the individual amplifiers 15b may all be pumped from a common source. The demultiplexer 15a of Figure 2 includes an additional 2-dimensional waveguide 156, one end of which is optically coupled with a pump laser 157, while the other end terminates in the second planar waveguide region 154 so that the pump power from the laser 157 fans out to illuminate the ends of all the 2-dimensional waveguides 155. As specifically illustrated in Figure 2 the separated-channel amplifier is co-pumped. Connecting it the other way round, it would be counter-pumped. Alternatively both integrated circuits can be provided with waveguides 156 and associated pump lasers 157 so as to provide amplifiers which are bi-directionally pumped. The pumping of the separated channel amplifier 15 is arranged so that each of its individual amplifiers 15b operated as a saturating amplifier. Thus the differences in signal power between the various channels at the input to the separated channel amplifier are substantially ironed out by it, so that at its output the power in each channel is substantially equalised. Accordingly the emergent signal can be amplified by a further sequence of n common channel amplifiers before once again it becomes desirable to employ a separated channel amplifier. In a modification of Figure 1, one or more of the separated channel amplifiers 15 may be replaced on an individual basis by a drop and insert amplifier 16. Such a drop and insert amplifier 16 is a special form of channel separated amplifier and, like the channel separated amplifiers of Figure 1 and 2, has a demultiplexer 15a, a set of amplifiers 15b, and a multiplexer 15c. It is only the interconnections that are different. In the channel separated amplifiers of Figures 1 and 2 every one of the demultiplexed channels output by the demultiplexer 15a is fed via its associated amplifier 15b direct to the multiplexer 15c; whereas in the case of the drop and insert amplifier 16 of Figure 3 at least one of the demultiplexed channels output by the demultiplexer is instead fed to an output port 16d associated with that particular channel, while an input port 16e provides, for a different signal on this channel, one of the inputs to the demultiplexer 15c. In this drop and insert amplifier 16 the dropped channel appearing at output port 16d is an amplified output if the demultiplexer is of the construction specifically illustrated in Figure 2 that has the one pump source 157 arranged as a common pump for all channels. Similarly the insert signal applied to the input port 16e will be amplified if the multiplexer 15c is of the type arranged for common counter-pumping.

Claims: An optical transmission system for the transmission of a set of wavelength division multiplexed optical signal channels, said set consisting of a set of mutually exclusive subsets, each of at least one signal channel, which system includes a concatenation of optical amplifiers, which concatenation is characterised in that it includes, together with a plurality of amplifiers (13) in each of which amplification is performed in a transmission path that is common to all signal channels of the set, at least one other amplifier (15) in which amplification is performed in a set of transmission paths, one assigned to each subset of signal channels. An optical transmission system as claimed in claim 1, wherein in said at least one amplifier (15), the set of transmission paths is a set of optically pumped amplifying transmission paths, and the wavelength division multiplexed signal is divided by a demultiplexer (15a) which includes an input waveguide (151) optically coupled with each member of a first set of waveguides (153) of different optical path length, each member of which first set is itself optically coupled with each member of a second set of waveguides (155), wherein the members of the second set of waveguides of the demultiplexer are individually optically coupled with individual members of said set of optically pumped amplifying transmission paths, and wherein optical pump power for all members of the set of optically pumped amplifying transmission paths is provided by way of an additional waveguide (156) optically coupled with each member of the second set of waveguides. An optical transmission system for the transmission of a set of wavelength division multiplexed optical signal channels, which system includes a concatenation of optical amplifiers, which concatenation is characterised in that it includes, together with a plurality of amplifiers in each of which amplifiers amplification is performed in a transmission path that is common to all signal channels of the set, at least one drop and insertion amplifier (16) in which the channels are demultiplexed, the signal in at least one channel of the set is dropped and a different signal inserted in its place, and in which drop and insertion amplifier the remaining channels of the set are separately amplified and then remultiplexed with said at least one inserted signal bearing channel. An optical transmission system as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein each subset consists of a single optical signal channel. A method of transmitting, along a transmission path, optical signals in a set of wavelength division multiplexed optical signal channels, said set consisting of a set of mutually exclusive subsets, each of at least one signal channel, wherein the optical signals are optically amplified at each of a plurality of different locations along the transmission path, which method is characterised in that optical amplification of said optical signals at some members of said plurality of different locations is performed while said signals are wavelength division multiplexed in their set of mutually exclusive signal channel subsets, while optical amplification of said optical signals at at least one other member of said plurality of locations is performed separately while said signals are demultiplexed into signals present in different members of said set of mutually exclusive signal channel subsets.

Inventors: EPWORTH RICHARD EDWARD, KIRKBY PAUL ANTHONY, EPWORTH, RICHARD EDWARD, KIRKBY, PAUL ANTHONY
Applicants: NORTEL NETWORKS CORP, NORTEL NETWORKS CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: H04B10
IPC codes: H01S3, H04B10, H04J14