CT scanners

Abstract: A CT scanner (10) has an x-ray source (12) which transmits a plurality (N) of x-ray fans across an examination region (14) to a plurality of rings of radiation detectors (24). An adjustable septum (80) of a collimator (18) adjusts a gap between the fan beams and outer collimator members (82) adjust the width of the fan beams. The x-ray source rotates around the examination region as a subject support (30) moves longitudinally through the examination region such that the x-ray fans move along interleaved spiral trajectories. Radiation attenuation data from each of the x-ray fans is combined and reconstructed into a plurality of images along parallel slices orthogonal to the longitudinal axis. The spacing between the x-ray beams is adjusted relative to the effective pitch of the spirals such that the leading edges of the x-ray fans intersect a common transverse plane at 180°/N angular intervals around the longitudinal axis.

Description: The present invention relates to CT (computer tomography) scanners. It finds particular application in conjunction with spiral volume imaging CT scanners and methods for medical diagnostic purposes and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the invention may also find application in conjunction with other types of CT scanners and methods, e.g. for imaging manufactured articles to detect internal structures or flaws, and the like. In conventional spiral or helical CT scanning, an x-ray tube rotates continuously as the subject support table moves at a constant, linear velocity. In this manner, the collected data effectively represents a helical path of constant pitch through the subject. In some spiral scanners, a second spiral scan is collected in either the same direction after retrace or in the opposite direction during retrace. Retrace is the return of the subject support to the initial starting position. Rather than collecting the second helical path of data after the retrace, the data along the second or larger plurality of helical paths can be collected concurrently with the first helix. Multiple rings of detectors enable data to be collected along two or more helical paths concurrently. Commonly, the image data are stored and handled as a series of parallel planar images or slices transverse to the longitudinal axis of the subject. More specifically, the collection of planar slices is typically treated as a three dimensional rectangular matrix of image information. That is, the data collected along the helical paths is reconstructed into a series of planar slices. One technique for reconstructing image slices from spiral data is to use interpolation or weighting to convert the spiral data to planar data. For example, for each plane, the corresponding rays in the two closest spirals to either side of the plane are interpolated to generate one of the rays of the planar data set. This same interpolating procedure is repeated for each ray of a complete data set, e.g. a 180 degrees plus fan beam data set. This data can then be reconstructed into a planar image representation using conventional reconstruction techniques. In order to optimize the resolution of the reconstructed data and resultant images, it would be advantageous to minimize the pitch of the helixes, i.e. minimize longitudinal movement of the subject support per revolution. However, the pitch is often constrained by the selected size of the imaged volume and the selected duration within which the data is to be collected. For human subjects, particularly in areas where organs are moving, the volume scan must be conducted sufficiently quickly that image degradation from organ movement is minimized. Once the image scan time and the size of the volume are fixed, the pitch is constrained. Another factor for optimizing the resolution is the spacing between the adjacent detector rings. At first blush, it might appear that minimizing the detector spacing would optimize resolution. The inventors herein have determined that minimizing the detector spacing in most cases does not optimize the resolution. Previously, dual slice spiral CT scanning was considered to aid only in x-ray photon utilization. Using two interleaved spirals does not necessarily generate higher resolution data. Much of the data is redundant or partially redundant, i.e. taken along time displaced fully or partially overlapping rays. The redundant rays are combined to double the x-ray photon utilization, but the redundant rays do not in general double the sampling. FR-A-2679435 discloses a CT scanner including a portal cabinet and a bed for supporting a body to be scanned inside an opening in the cabinet. An x-ray beam source is attached to the cabinet and a drive unit rotates the x-ray source around the body. An x-ray detector system is arranged on the side of the body opposite to the x-ray source. The detector system has detectors for simultaneously detecting x-ray beams which have passed through the body to provide beam intensity data. The cabinet is also moved axially relative to the body during scanning. Data is recorded by the detector system while the source rotates around the body and during the axial relative movement to produce a spiral scan. A processor reconstructs images in a single plane from the scan data. More specifically FR-A- 2679435 discloses a spiral CT scanner including a subject support, an x-ray source, means for rotating the x-ray source around the support, a plurality of detector arcs, for receiving radiation from the x-ray source which has traversed the subject, and means for coordinating rotational movement of the x-ray source and relatively longitudinal movement between the subject support and the x-ray source and detector arcs, such that x-rays traverse the subject along at least two generally parallel fan-shaped paths between the source and the detector arcs, which x-ray fans spiral concurrently around the subject in a longitudinally offset relationship, and means for reconstructing output data from the detector arcs into a volume image representation. The present application provides CT scanners and methods which overcome the above-referenced problems. According to the present invention there is provided a spiral CT scanner including a subject support, an x-ray source, means for rotating the x-ray source around the support, a plurality of detector arcs for receiving radiation from the x-ray source which has traversed the subject, and means for coordinating rotational movement of the x-ray source and relatively longitudinal movement between the subject support and the x-ray source and detector arcs, such that x-rays traverse the subject along at least two generally parallel fan-shaped paths between the source and the detector arcs, which x-ray fans spiral concurrently around the subject in a longitudinally offset relationship, and means for reconstructing output data from the detector arcs into a volume image representation, the scanner further including: means for adjusting the longitudinal spacing between the x-ray fans; means for selection of slice thickness, effective pitch factor, and longitudinal extent of a volume to be imaged; and means for determining the longitudinal spacing between the x-ray fans in accordance with the selected slice thickness and pitch factor. One CT scanner in accordance with the invention and its method of use will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of the CT scanner; Figure 2 is a side view in partial section of a portion of an x-ray source, segmented detector array, adjustable septum, and adjustable outer collimators for adjusting the effective slice width and the effective detector ring spacing; Figure 3 illustrates a spiral trajectory for a pitch factor of 2 with abutting rings; Figure 4 illustrates the spiral trajectory of Figure 3 with the ray direction redundancy removed; Figure 5 is a top view of a patient illustrating a spiral trajectory with a pitch factor of 2 and half ring gaps; Figure 6 is a graphic illustration of the spiral trajectory for a pitch factor of 2 with half gap rings; Figure 7 illustrates the pitch factor equal to 2 and half gap detector ring spacing with the ray direction redundancy removed; Figure 8 is a flow diagram for multiple spiral ring scanning; Figure 9 illustrates the spiral trajectory with a pitch factor equal to 4 and four rings with a half gap effective detector spacing; and, Figure 10 illustrates the spiral trajectory with a pitch factor equal to 4 and four rings with half gaps, but with the ray redundancy removed. With reference to Figure 1, the CT scanner 10 includes a radiation source 12, such as an x-ray tube, for projecting a fan beam of radiation through an examination region or scan circle 14. The x-ray tube is mounted on a rotatable gantry 16 to rotate the fan beam of radiation around the examination region. A collimator and shutter means 18 collimates the radiation to a pair or more narrow planar beams and selectively gates the beam on and off. The beams may be also gated on and off electronically at the x-ray tube. A motor 20 provides motive power for rotating the gantry 16 continuously around the examination region. A rotational position encoder 22 is connected with the motor and the gantry to measure the rotational position of the gantry. In the illustrated fourth generation CT scanner, a ring of radiation detectors 24 are mounted peripherally around the examination region. In a source fan geometry, an arc of detectors which span the radiation emanating from the source are sampled concurrently at short time intervals as the radiation source 12 rotates in back of the examination region 14 to generate views or fan data sets. The path between the x-ray source and each of the detectors is denoted as a "ray". The apex of each fan has an absolute angular orientation Φ within the orientation of the slice. Within each fan, the relative angle of each ray is denoted by the angle . The ray angle  determines a radius r of each ray from a scan center, i.e. a centerline of the scan. As the x-ray source rotates around the subject, the rightmost ray of the source fans, for example, will rotate through 360°. However, because radiation attenuation is direction independent, in each 360° of rotation, each ray will be collected twice. A patient couch 30 supports a subject, particularly a human patient, in a reclined position. A means, such as a motor 32 , advances the patient supporting surface of the couch through the examination region at a selectable velocity. An encoder 34 is connected with the motor 32 , the moveable patient supporting portion 30 , and the drive mechanism therebetween for monitoring the actual position of the patient supporting surface as it moves the patient through the scan circle 14 . A sampling means 40 samples the fan views or data sets corresponding to each angular position around the examination region 14 for each of a multiplicity of helical scans. A view processor 42 converts the spiral sampled views of each helical scan into data sets ready for reconstruction into a plurality of parallel image planes sampled over a limited time range. The view processor includes a view memory 44 in which the stored view data is addressable by a combination of the scan number (or time), rotation number, view angle, and ray angle within the view. The view processor 42 further includes a filter or interpolation means 46 for interpolating the data of each helical scan in the spiral view memory 44 into parallel slice data. The interpolation means 46 operates on a plurality of views of corresponding view angle with a filter or interpolation function supplied by a filter function memory 48 . The filter function memory means 48 stores a plurality of filter or interpolation functions such as a linear weighting function, a cubic weighting function or other appropriate helical weighting function. A control means 50 indexes the view angle to each of the view angles in a complete helical scan, e.g. the views disposed at regular increments around the examination region. Each view is stored in interpolated view memory means 52 until the interpolated views corresponding to each interpolated slice are generated. An image reconstruction means 54 uses a conventional filtered backprojection or other reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct each of a plurality of data slices and store the resultant image slices in a three-dimensional volume image memory 56 . A control means 60 controls the motor 20 such that the x-ray source is rotated at a constant rate, e.g. about 1 second per revolution. The control means 60 also controls the motor 32 which control movement of the subject table 30 . To cover a volume which is 15 cm in the axial or z-direction in 10 seconds, the patient table is moved at about 15 mm per second. The control 60 also gates the x-ray tube off or closes the shutter 18 such that the patient is not irradiated during return or retrace periods. An image and video processor 70 is controlled by a console 72 to select two-dimensional images from the three-dimensional image data set for display. The processor means selects various two-dimensional image representations such as planar slices through the volume at various angles and at various times, series of images through the same slice showing evolution over time, projection images, segmented or cut-away images, or the like. The processor can also superimpose data from two or more images, such as superimposing a contrast agent image and a surrounding tissue image. The video processor converts the selected image representation(s) into appropriate format for display on a video monitor 74 . Optionally, additional image processing means, image memory storage and archiving means, and the like may be provided. With particular reference to FIGURE 2, a plurality of detector rings are provided, such as detector rings 28a and 28b . The collimator 18 includes an adjustable septum 80 . The septum adjusts the width of the x-ray beams, hence an effective slice width SW. Adjustable outer collimator blades 82a, 82b located either in the collimator or on the x-ray detector array adjust the width of the beams. A collimation control 84 adjusts the septum 80 and the outer collimators 82a, 82b in accordance with settings from a look-up table 86 to adjust both the slice width SW and an effective detector spacing SP. The look-up table is preprogrammed in accordance with the tables and formulas described below. A gap 88 between fans is equal to the distance between the detector spacing and the slice width, i.e. SP-SW, for a two-slice system. A gap ratio, i.e. the gap divided by the slice width, can be described mathematically as: (SP-SW)/SW. As illustrated in FIGURE 3, if the septum 80 is removed such that the two helices abut, there is only one sample per slice width, for any ray direction (,Φ). This is shown more clearly in FIGURE 4 in which the redundancy is removed. With reference to FIGURES 5 and 6, the pitch is twice the slice thickness, i.e. a pitch factor of 2. To get an effective pitch factor of 1, for good image quality, the gap 88 between the fans is set to exactly 1/2 the slice width SW. In this manner, as will be obvious from FIGURE 7 with the redundancy removed, setting the gap 88 at 1/2 the slice width SW causes an equal 2 samples per slice width SW to be generated for any ray direction (,Φ). By using a completely adjustable gap between the x-ray fans, a complete freedom in the selection of the spiral pitch and the "effective pitch factor" can be improved by a factor of 2 relative to a single detector ring of the same pitch. As illustrated in FIGURE 5 , the traj ectory of the two helices should be such that a central ray of the fan of a leading helix 90 crosses a central plane of each slice 90° ahead of a central ray of the corresponding fan of a trailing helix 92. Stated another way with reference to FIGURES 6 and 7, in a two helix system, the trajectory of the second helix should be selected such that a leading edge 90ℓ of one of the fan beams crosses an arbitrary plane perpendicular to the z-axis at the same angle as a leading edge 92ℓ of the other fan. More specifically, the second helix should trail the leading helix by 90° in a two-ring system, 60° in a three-ring system, or 180°/N in a N-ring system. With reference to FIGURE 8, the method for selecting the gaps starts with a step or means 100 for selecting a CT protocol. This includes responding to operator selections of a console of x-ray parameters such as intensity, duration, filtration, and the like by generating corresponding electronic selection signals. Next, a step or means 102 selects the desired z-axis x-ray resolution, i.e. the slice thickness in millimeters and an effective pitch factor. The slice thickness and effective pitch factors determine the pitch, preferably in millimeters. The pitch is the distance which the subject is advanced relative to the x-ray fan beams for each revolution of the x-ray source. The x-ray beam thickness SW, for each of a plurality of x-ray fans equally spaced in z is commonly called the slice width in non-spiral CT terminology. The ratio of the pitch to the slice width in a single ring CT scanner which would give the same axis sampling as would the present multi-ring spiral CT is designated as the effective pitch factor, EPF. A z-axis sampling spacing Δ is equal to the pitch divided by 2N, where N is the number of rings. The effective pitch factor EPF is the pitch divided by N multiplied by the slice width, i.e.: PITCH = N · EPF · SW Δ = PITCH 2N = EPF · SW 2 For a dual ring spiral, N=2. A spacing SP between two distinct x-ray fan beams, center-to-center, can be selected from Δ, 3Δ, 5Δ, ... , i.e.: SP = (2k+1)Δ for k=0, 1, 2, ..., and (2k+1)≥2/EPF. The requirement that 2k+1 be greater than or equal to 2 divided by the effective pitch factor forces the physical constraint SP to be greater than or equal to SW. Stated another way, the gap between the x-ray fan is: GAP = SP-SW A gap ratio of the gap to the slice width is: GAP RATIO = GAP SW = (2k+1) · EPF 2 -1 The value of k is selected based on practical reasons. However, in general, the smallest value of k is preferred because it both permits optimal use of the beginning and end of the spiral data and minimizes the fan skew angle. TABLE 1 illustrates likely choices for N=2 and EPF<2. PITCH (mm) MIN k=1 GAP (mm) k=2 GAP (mm) k=3 GAP (mm) N=2, SW=4mm, EPF=1.333 10.667 4.000 9.333 14.67 N=2, SW=6mm, EPF=1.333 16.000 6.000 14.00 22.00 N=2, SW=8mm, EPF=1.333 21.333 8.000 18.67 29.33 N=2, SW=4mm, EPF=1.250 10.000 3.500 8.500 13.50 N=2, SW=6mm, EPF=1.500 18.000 7.500 16.50 25.50 N=2, SW=8mm, EPF=1.000 16.000 4.000 12.00 20.00 N=2, SW=10mm, EPF=1.167 23.333 7.500 19.17 40.83 For N=2 and EPF<2, the minimum gap ratio can be defined as: MIN . GAP RATIO = 0.5+1.5 · (EPF-1) As illustrated in TABLE 2, the effective pitch factor can also be greater than or equal to 2. For EPF≥2, we can also have k=0 and abutting x-ray fans, GAP=0, are acceptable. PITCH (mm) MIN k=0 GAP (mm) k=1 GAP (mm) k=2 GAP (mm) N=2, SW=4mm, EPF=2.00 16.000 0 8 16 Generalizing to even N>2, TABLE 3 illustrates the above-formulas. PITCH (mm) MIN k=1 GAP (mm) k=2 GAP (mm) k=3 GAP (mm) N=4, SW=4mm, EPF=1.333 21.333 4.000 9.333 14.67 N=4, SW=6mm, EPF=1.333 32.000 6.000 14.00 22.00 N=4, SW=8mm, EPF=1.333 42.666 8.000 18.67 29.33 N=6, SW=4mm, EPF=1.250 30.000 3.500 8.500 13.50 N=6, SW=6mm, EPF=1.500 54.000 7.500 16.50 25.50 N=6, SW=8mm, EPF=1.000 48.000 4.000 12.00 20.00 N=8, SW=10mm, EPF=1.167 93.333 7.500 19.17 40.83 TABLE 4 continues the illustration for a zero gap and the effective pitch factor equal to 2. For EPF≥2, we can also have k=0: PITCH (mm) MIN k=0 GAP (mm) k=1 GAP (mm) k=2 GAP (mm) N=8, SW=4mm, EPF=2.00 64.000 0 8 16 and abutting x-ray fans (GAP=0) are acceptable for even N only for EPF≥2. For the N odd case, N≥3, we still have PITCH=N·EPF·SW and Δ=EPF·SW/2, but now SP=k·Δ {k=1,2,...; k≥2/EPF; k≠jN(j=1,2,...)}. The second k condition again enforces the physical constraint SP≥SW. The third k condition is unique to the odd N case and is needed to ensure full use of ray direction redundancy to improve z-axis sampling. TABLE 5 illustrates several examples for N odd and the effective pitch factor greater than or equal to 1 and less than 2. PITCH (mm) MIN k=2 GAP (mm) k=4 GAP (mm) k=5 GAP (mm) N=3, SW=4mm, EPF=1.333 16.000 1.333 6.667 9.333 N=3, SW=6mm, EPF=1.333 24.000 2.000 10.00 14.00 N=3, SW=8mm, EPF=1.000 24.000 0.000 8.000 12.00 PITCH (mm) k=2 GAP (mm) k=3 GAP (mm) k=4 GAP (mm) N=5, SW=4mm, EPF=1.250 25.000 1.000 3.500 6.000 N=5, SW=6mm, EPF=1.500 45.000 3.000 7.500 12.00 N=5, SW=8mm, EPF=1.000 40.000 0.000 4.000 8.000 N=7, SW=10mm, EPF=1.167 81.667 1.667 7.500 13.33 Generally, we see that PITCH=N·EPF·SW. We have made the above choices of N, SW, and EPF to illustrate that for odd N, unlike the even N case, abutting x-ray fans (GAP=0) are always possible for EPF= 1.00. Thus, the gaps are the same as for N=2. In this situation, the spacing SP is defined as: SP = k · Δ for k=1, 2, ..., k≥ 2/EPF, k≠jN, (j=1, 2, ...). These conditions on k again enforce the physical constraint that the spacing is greater than or equal to the slice width. The requirement that k not equal jN is unique to the odd case and is used to ensure full use of the ray direction redundancy to improve z-axis sampling. Now, the minimum gap ratio is not as simply summarized as in the N even case. TABLE 6 illustrates examples for N odd and the effective pitch factor equal to 2. For EPF≥2, we can also have k=1: PITCH (mm) MIN k=1 GAP (mm) k=2 GAP (mm) k=3 GAP (mm) N=5, SW=4mm, EPF=2.00 40.000 0 4 8 With reference to FIGURE 9, when there are four slices, i.e. N=4, a pitch factor of 4 can be used with half gaps. With the ray redundancy removed in FIGURE 10, two samples are obtained per slice width. A step or means 104 selects the effective pitch factor. A step or means 106 responds to operator selection of the desired coverage, i.e. the length of the imaged volume along the z-axis to provide a corresponding electronic selection signal. A step or means 108 computes the optimal x-ray beam gap in accordance with the above-equations or tables for the selected scan parameters from the electronic selection signals. The computing means or step 108 sets the system position, the collimator position, and the speed of the motor 32 . The z-axis slice positions are selected or designated in a step or means 110 . More specifically to the preferred embodiment, the number of equally-spaced slices within the selected volume is designated or conversely, the thickness or resolution between adjacent image slices. The step or means 112 combines data from several rings to reconstruct images at the desired slice positions using data from nearest adjacent corresponding rays to either side of the slice. For two detector rings, one of the two spirals lags the other by 90°. The data from each detector ring are weighted by a function with half the width of a normal weighted function of a single ring. These data are then combined together in order to reconstruct a cross-section. For three detector rings, the spirals are 60° offset such that the three data sets abut and have their central ray on the plane of the slice. Generalizing to N rings of detectors, the spirals are 180°/N offset such that the data sets abut and are centered on the plane of the slice. The invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment. Obviously, modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the preceding detailed description. It is intended that the invention be construed as including all such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: A spiral CT scanner (10) including a subject support (30), an x-ray source (12), means (16) for rotating the x-ray source (12) around the support (30), a plurality of detector arcs (28a,b) for receiving radiation from the x-ray source (12) which has traversed the subject, and means (60) for coordinating rotational movement of the x-ray source (12) and relatively longitudinal movement between the subject support (30) and the x-ray source (12) and detector arcs (28a, b), such that x-rays traverse the subject along at least two generally parallel fan-shaped paths between the source (12) and the detector arcs (28a, b), which x-ray fans spiral concurrently around the subject in a longitudinally offset relationship, and means (54) for reconstructing output data from the detector arcs (28a, b) into a volume image representation, the scanner (10) further including: means (80, 82a, b) for adjusting the longitudinal spacing between the x-ray fans; means (84) for selection of slice thickness, effective pitch factor, and longitudinal extent of a volume to be imaged; and means (86) for determining the longitudinal spacing between the x-ray fans in accordance with the selected slice thickness and pitch factor. A spiral CT scanner as set forth in claim 1 further including means (80, 82a, b) for adjusting the width of the x-ray fans, said means (86) determining the longitudinal spacing between and width of the x-ray fans in accordance with the selected slice thickness and pitch factor. A spiral CT scanner as set forth in Claim 2 wherein the means (86) for determining the longitudinal spacing between and width of the x-ray fans includes a plurality of look-up tables. A spiral CT scanner as set forth in any one of Claims 1 to 3 in which there are two x-ray fans, each of which has a leading edge and a trailing edge, and said means (86) for determining adjusts the longitudinal spacing between the two x-ray fans such that the leading edge of both fans intersect a common plane transverse to the longitudinal axis at 90 degrees offset angular orientations around the longitudinal axis. A spiral CT scanner as set forth in any one of Claims 1 to 3 in which there are, N x-ray fans, where N is a positive integer greater than 2, each of the x-ray fans having a leading edge and a trailing edge, and said means (86) for determining adjusts the longitudinal spacing between x-ray fans such that a leading edge of each fan intersects a common plane transverse to the longitudinal axis at 180 degrees/N offset angular orientations relative to each other around the longitudinal axis. A spiral CT scanner (10) as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the means (80, 82a,b) for adjusting includes an adjustable septum (80), arranged to control both the longitudinal spacing between the fan beams and the width of each beam. A spiral CT scanner (10) as set forth in Claim 6 wherein the means (80, 82a,b) for adjusting further includes adjustable outer collimator members (82a,b) for further selectively adjusting the width of the fan beams. A spiral CT scanner (10) as set forth in Claim 7 further including control means (84) for controlling the septum (80) and collimator members (82a,b) for coordinately setting the longitudinal spacing between the fan beams and fan beam width. A spiral CT scanner (10) as set forth in Claim 8 further including a look-up table (86) connected with the control means (84) for storing longitudinal spacing and fan beam width characteristics corresponding to each of a plurality of preselected diagnostic examinations. A spiral CT scanner (10) as set forth in Claim 9 further including an operator control console (72) for designating one of the preselected diagnostic examinations, the control console (72) being connected with the look-up table (86) and control means (84) such that the septum (80) and collimator members (82a,b) are positioned to define the longitudinal spacing and fan beam width corresponding to the selected diagnostic examination. A spiral CT scanner (10) as set forth in any one of Claims 1 and 6 to 10 further including: a sampling means (40) for sampling radiation attenuation data from the radiation detector arcs (28a,b); and a view processor means (42) for combining sampled radiation data from the at least two generally parallel x-ray fan shaped paths into common data sets, said reconstruction means (54) reconstructing the common data sets into a plurality of parallel slice image representations.

Inventors: HEUSCHER DOMINIC J, LINDSTROM WALTER W, TUY HEANG K, HEUSCHER, DOMINIC J., LINDSTROM, WALTER W., TUY, HEANG K.
Applicants: KONINKL PHILIPS ELECTRONICS NV, KONINKLIJKE PHILIPS ELECTRONICS N.V.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: A61B6
IPC codes: A61B6