Set value learning apparatus including neural network.

Abstract: A building management set value decision support apparatus includes a thermal environment index calculation/display section, and a pseudo-thermal environment index calculation/display section. The thermal environment index calculation/display section calculates/displays the current value of a thermal environment index on the basis of the measured value of an air-conditioning control target and the measured or preset values of other predetermined parameters. The pseudo-thermal environment index calculation/display section calculates/displays a pseudo-thermal environment index on the basis of a supplied building management set value and the measured or preset values of the other predetermined parameters. A set value learning apparatus, a set value determining apparatus, and a neural network operation apparatus are also disclosed.

Description: Background of the Invention The present invention relates to a set value learning apparatus, and a set value determining apparatus, which can be suitably used for air-conditioning control. A conventional air-conditioning control apparatus is designed to supply, for example, a building management set temperature T BIL as an air-conditioning set value from an integrated management central system to a DDC (direct digital controller) as an air-conditioning controller, and control an air-conditioning unit to make an indoor temperature (air-conditioning control target) Ta coincide with the building management set temperature T BIL . In addition, as an air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus, an apparatus has been proposed, which is designed to measure, for example, a PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) value as an indoor thermal environment index on the basis of various preset values, e.g., measured temperature and humidity in an indoor environment, the human metabolism value, and a thermal resistance of clothing. With the use of this air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus, a comfortable indoor environment can be obtained by controlling an air-conditioning unit to set a measured PMV value to zero. Such a conventional air-conditioning control apparatus is disclosed in prior art document "Neural Networks in Japan" by Kazuo Asakawa/Hideyuki Takagi, in "Communication of the ACM", vol.37, no.3, March 1994, New York, US, pages 106 to 112. In the above-described conventional air-conditioning control apparatus, however, decision of the building management set temperature T BIL in the integrated management central system is dependent on the experience and intuition of a building manager. That is, the building management set temperature T BIL is arbitrarily determined without using any definite criterion. As a result, tenants are dissatisfied. This dissatisfaction can be eliminated, if the tenants perform fine adjustment of temperature to change the building management set temperature T BIL to the respective tenant set temperatures. Such a manner of finely adjusting the building management set temperature T BIL to eliminate the dissatisfaction of each tenant is only a temporary method. That is, an environment which satisfies the tenant cannot be set unless fine adjustment of the building management set temperature T BIL is repeated every time the temperature and humidity in the room change. Furthermore, in the above conventional air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus, since a PMV value is defined as an index of sensation of ordinary man, the personal preference and inclination of a tenant may not be reflected in air-conditioning. That is, even if a certain tenant-is exceedingly sensitive to warmness or coldness as compared with ordinary man, his/her sensation of temperature is not reflected in air-conditioning, resulting in dissatisfaction. Summary of the Invention It is an object of the present invention to provide a set value learning apparatus, and a set value determining apparatus, which can reflect the personal preference or inclination of each tenant in air-conditioning control. In order to achieve the above object, according to the present invention, there is provided a set value learning apparatus comprising: a neural network constituted by an input layer, an intermediate layer and an output layer; intermediate layer unit generation means for generating an intermediate layer unit in said intermediate layer in response to each command, given by an occupant of an air-conditioned space, to change a tenant set value; offset-value storage means for causing a relevant said intermediate layer unit to store, as an offset-value, the difference between a management set value, related to the air-conditioning control target, and the said tenant set value; intrinsic number storage means for causing a said relevant intermediate layer unit to store an intrinsic number indicating the ordinal number of the said relevant intermediate layer unit in a sequence of generation of said intermediate layer units; and membership function storage means for causing a said relevant intermediate layer unit to respectively calculate and store membership functions on the basis of a measured value of the air-conditioning control target and of measured or preset values of other predetermined parameters, all obtained at the time when the said relevant intermediate layer unit is generated. There is furthermore provided a set value determining apparatus comprising said set value learning apparatus in combination with the features defined in claim 2 or 3. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the initial state (before a learning operation) of a set bias value learning/determining section (first embodiment) applied to a building management set value decision support apparatus, a set value learning apparatus, and a set value determining apparatus according to the present invention (first to tenth aspects); Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing a state wherein one intermediate layer unit is generated in the set bias value learning/determining section (first embodiment); Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing a state wherein n intermediate layer units are generated in the set bias value learning/determining section (first embodiment); Fig. 4 is a flow chart for explaining the learning operation of the set bias value learning/determining section (first embodiment); Figs. 5A to 5D are graphs showing membership functions of Ta, RH, Met, and Icl which are stored in an intermediate layer unit when the unit is generated; Fig. 6 is a block diagram showing an air-conditioning controller; Fig. 7 is a flow chart for explaining a determining operation 1 ○ in the set bias value learning/determining section (first embodiment); Fig. 8 is a flow chart for explaining a determining operation 2 ○ in the set bias value learning/determining section (first embodiment); Figs. 9A to 9D are graphs showing membership functions of Ta, RH, Met, and Icl as input data to an intermediate layer unit; Figs. 10A to 10D are graphs showing a state wherein a fuzzy operation is performed between each input data and corresponding stored data in an intermediate layer unit; Fig. 11 is a block diagram for explaining the learning/determining operation of the set bias value learning/determining section (first embodiment) which is performed when the indoor temperature Ta and the indoor humidity RH are to be simultaneously controlled; Fig. 12 is a block diagram showing the initial state (before a learning operation) of a set bias value learning/determining section (second embodiment); Fig. 13 is a block diagram showing a state wherein one intermediate layer unit is generated in the set bias value learning/determining section (second embodiment); Fig. 14 is a flow chart for explaining a learning operation in the set bias value learning/determining section (second embodiment); Figs. 15A to 15E are graphs showing membership functions of Ta, RH, Met, and Icl which are stored in an intermediate layer unit when the unit is generated; Fig. 16 is a block diagram showing a state wherein n intermediate layer units are generated in the set bias value learning/determining section (second embodiment); Fig. 17 is a flow chart for explaining a determining operation 1 ○ in the set bias value learning/determining section (second embodiment); Fig. 18 is a flow chart for explaining a determining operation 2 ○ in the set bias value learning/determining section (second embodiment); Figs. 19A to 19E are graphs showing a state wherein a fuzzy operation is performed between each input data and corresponding stored data in an intermediate layer unit; Fig. 20 is a block diagram for explaining the learning/determining operation of the set bias value learning/determining section (second embodiment) which is performed when the indoor temperature Ta and the indoor humidity RH are to be simultaneously controlled; Fig. 21 is a graph showing a state wherein a triangular membership function is used, and an air-conditioning unit tries to make the indoor temperature reach a desired temperature T UT ; Figs. 22A and 22B are graphs showing cases 1 and 2 of indoor temperature control; Fig. 23 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of an air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus including a neural network operation apparatus according to the present invention (eleventh to nineteenth aspects); Fig. 24 is a flow chart for explaining a learning operation in the first neural network; Figs. 25A to 25D are graphs showing a state wherein a fuzzy operation is performed between each input data and corresponding stored data in an intermediate layer unit; Fig. 26 is a flow chart for explaining a determining operation in the first neural network; Figs. 27A to 27C are graphs showing triangular membership functions held in each intermediate layer unit for each axis; and Fig. 28 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of an air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus including a neural network operation apparatus. Description of the Preferred Embodiments A set value learning apparatus, and a set value determining apparatus according to the present invention will be described first with reference to Figs. 1 to 22. Fig. 6 shows an air-conditioning control apparatus. Referring to Fig. 6, reference numeral 1-1 denotes a building management set value decision support section according to a first aspect not falling within the scope of protection of the present invention; 1-2, a set bias value learning/determining section according to the second to tenth aspects falling within the scope of protection of the present invention; 1-3, a DDC (Direct Digital Controller); and 1-4, a user terminal (to be referred to as a UT hereinafter) for setting a temperature. An air-conditioning control apparatus 1 is constituted by these components. A measured indoor temperature Ta on the tenant side, a measured indoor humidity RH on the tenant side, a preset human metabolism value Met, and a preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl are supplied to the building management set value decision support section 1-1 and the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 in advance. The operation of the air-conditioning control apparatus 1 will be described next together with the function of each component. [First Aspect] The operation of the building management set value decision support section 1-1 will be described first together with its function. The building management set value decision support section 1-1 receives a building management set temperature T BIL set by a building manager in an integrated management central system, and replaces the measured indoor temperature Ta with the building management set temperature T BIL . The section 1-1 then performs pseudo-calculation to obtain a PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) value as a thermal environment index on the basis of the measured indoor temperature Ta, i.e., the building management set temperature T BIL , the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl, and displays the calculated PMV value on a monitor screen. With this operation, the building management set temperature T BIL can be plausibly and scientifically determined as a substantially optimal value by referring to the displayed PMV value and changing the building management set temperature T BIL such that the PMV value becomes a proper value (e.g., within the range of ±1). That is, with the support of the building management set value decision support section 1-1, the building manager can perform a simulation to check whether the building management set temperature T BIL can make the indoor space of each tenant comfortable, before the building management set temperature T BIL is actually set in the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2. The building management set value decision support section 1-1 normally calculates/displays a PMV value as a thermal environment index on the monitor screen on the basis of the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl. If the PMV value on the monitor screen deviates from a predetermined range (e.g., the range of ±1), the building manager can receive support from the building management set value decision support section 1-1 in changing/modifying the building management set temperature T BIL . That is, since a PMV value as a pseudo-value is calculated/displayed when the building management set temperature T BIL is supplied to the building management set value decision support section 1-1, the building manager may decide the building management set temperature T BIL such that this pseudo-PMV value falls within the predetermined range. The building management set value decision support section 1-1 normally displays the degree of comfort (PMV) of an air-conditioning control target. When the building manager determines that the PMV value needs to be changed/modified, the section 1-1 serves as a tool for performing pseudo-calculation of a PMV value and allowing the manager to determine the building management set temperature T BIL upon display and confirmation, unlike the conventional method art in which the building management set temperature T BIL is determined on the basis of the experience and intuition of the manager. With this operation, the possibility of dissatisfaction on the tenant side can be greatly reduced as compared with the conventional method in which the building management set temperature T BIL is determined without any definite criterion. In this embodiment, a pseudo-PMV value is calculated/displayed as a thermal environment index. However, ET * (New Effective Temperature) may be calculated/displayed as a pseudo-value. In addition, in the embodiment, a PMV value calculated as a pseudo-value is displayed on the monitor screen. However, this value may be printed at a printer. [Second to Seventh Aspects] The function and operation of the first embodiment of the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 will be described next. The set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 has an input layer 1-21, an intermediate layer 1-22, an output layer 1-23, a re-triggerable counter 1-24, and a unit number register 1-25, as shown in Fig. 1 which shows the main part of the section 1-2. The input layer 1-21 has input layer units IU1 to IU4, each of which receives the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl. Fig. 1 shows the initial state (the state before a learning operation) of the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2. In this state, an intermediate layer unit CU (to be described later) has not been formed yet in the intermediate layer 1-22. The output layer 1-23 has a single output layer unit OU. [Learning Operation: Second Aspect] Referring to Fig. 6, when the UT 1-4 is operated to set a tenant set temperature T TU in accordance with the personal preference of a tenant, the tenant set temperature T UT is supplied to the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2. Upon reception of the tenant set temperature T UT , the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 supplies the input tenant set temperature T UT , as a set value (air-conditioning value), to the DDC 1-3 (see Fig. 2 and step 401 in Fig. 4). Furthermore, in response to a command of changing the tenant set, temperature T UT , the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 generates an intermediate layer unit CU 1 , and determines an intrinsic number (unit number) indicating the ordinal number of the intermediate layer unit CU 1 in a sequence of generation. The set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 then supplies this unit number to the intermediate layer unit CU 1 to cause the unit to store it (step 402). In this case, the unit number is stored, as "1", in the intermediate layer unit CU 1 . The output layer unit OU calculates a difference between the tenant set temperature T UT and the building management set temperature T BIL , and supplies the difference, as a set offset value ΔT1, to the intermediate layer unit CU 1 to cause the unit to store the value (step 404). The intermediate layer unit CU 1 loads the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl at the time of generation of the unit, and forms and stores triangular membership functions having the loaded values as central values, which are respectively shown in Figs. 5B to 5D (step 403). In addition, the intermediate layer unit CU 1 loads the measured indoor temperature Ta at the time of generation of the functions, and forms and stores a trapezoidal membership function like the one shown in Fig. 5A on the basis of the loaded value and the tenant set temperature T UT (step 405). The output layer unit OU sets the unit number, determined in step 402, in the unit number register 1-25 (step 406) and also clears the count value of the re-triggerable counter 1-24 to restart the counter 1-24 (step 407). Subsequently, in the same manner as described above, the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 generates an intermediate layer unit CU every time a command of changing the input tenant set temperature T UT is issued, and sequentially stores the corresponding unit number, the set offset value ΔT1, and the corresponding membership functions (see Fig. 3). In this manner, a learning operation is performed by the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 every time the tenant set temperature T UT is changed. [Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Aspects] Assume that in this embodiment, the number of generated intermediate layer units CU has reached the maximum number of units which can be generated. In this case, in generating the subsequent intermediate layer unit CU, an intermediate layer unit in which the smallest unit number is stored at this time is reused as the corresponding unit. More specifically, referring to Fig. 3, if an intermediate layer unit CU n is the upper limit (the last allowable unit to be generated) of the physical storage capacity, the intermediate layer unit CU 1 is reused as the (n+1)th intermediate layer unit CU in generating the subsequent intermediate layer unit CU. That is, the intermediate layer unit CU 1 is set as an intermediate layer unit CU n+1 , and the corresponding unit number, a set offset value ΔTx, and the corresponding membership functions are newly stored in the intermediate layer unit CU n+1 . With this operation, even if the number of intermediate layer units CU to be generated is limited, a learning operation can be repeatedly performed with changes in the tenant set temperature T UT . Furthermore, even if the number of intermediate layer units CU to be generated is limited, since the unit number increases in the order of generation, the last-in priority function keeps properly working in a determining operation (to be described next). [Determining Operation 1 ○ : Third Aspect] When the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented, a determining operation is performed. This determining operation will be described below with reference to the flow chart shown in Fig. 7. Referring to Fig. 3, assume that after the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is reset in response to a command of changing the air-conditioning set value to the tenant set temperature T UT , the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented (step 701), i.e., the re-triggerable counter 1-24, which has been reset in step 407, is incremented in step 701. In response to this operation, in the intermediate layer 1-22, each intermediate layer unit CU calculates its own activation amount (step 702). Each intermediate layer unit CU calculates its own activation amount in the following manner. The measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl are supplied to each intermediate layer unit CU through the input layer units IU1 to IU4 in advance. In this case, the input layer units IU1 to IU4 convert the respective values Ta, RH, Met, and Icl into fuzzy data, i.e., triangular membership functions (see Figs. 9A to 9D), and supply them to each intermediate layer unit CU. Each intermediate layer unit CU performs a fuzzy operation indicated by equation (1) between each of the membership functions supplied from the input layer units IU1 to IU4 and a corresponding one of the stored membership functions for each axis. That is, each intermediate layer unit CU performs a fuzzy operation between input data and stored data for each of the following axes: a temperature axis, a humidity axis, a metabolism value axis, and a thermal-resistance-of-clothing axis. µim = max{(µsi)min(µuim)} where µim is the activation amount of an axis i of an intermediate layer unit CU m , µsi is the membership function of input data of the axis i , µuim is the stored membership function of the axis i of the intermediate layer unit CU m , max is a maximizing operation, and min is a minimizing operation. Figs. 10A to 10D show how fuzzy operations are performed on the temperature, humidity, metabolism value, and thermal-resistance-of-clothing axes, respectively. Referring to Figs. 10A to 10D, reference symbols µTai, µRHi, µMeti, and µIcli denote the activation amounts obtained for the respective axes. The activation amount of each intermediate layer unit CU is finally obtained from the activation amount obtained for each axis according to equation (2): µm = µ1m × µ2m × µ3m × µ4m where µ1m is µTam, µ2m is µRHm, µ3m is µMetm, and µ4m is µIclm. Upon calculating its own activation amount in this manner, each intermediate layer unit CU, which has obtained the activation amount as a finite value, i.e., has been ignited, supplies the calculated activation amount, the stored unit number, and the set offset value ΔTx, as an information pack, to the output layer unit OU (step 703). The output layer unit OU selects one or a plurality of intermediate layer units CU having the maximum activation amount on the basis of the information packs supplied from the respective intermediate layer units CU (step 704). The output layer unit OU then checks whether a plurality of intermediate layer units CU having the maximum activation amount are present (step 705). If only one unit having the maximum activation amount is present, the flow advances to step 707 to set the unit number of the intermediate layer unit CU in the unit number register 1-25. Otherwise, the output layer unit OU selects one of the intermediate layer units CU which has the largest unit number (step 706), i.e., gives a priority to the last unit, and sets the unit number of the selected unit in the unit number register 1-25 (step 707). The output layer unit OU then clears and restarts the re-triggerable counter 1-24 (step 708). The unit OU outputs the set offset value ΔTx, stored in the intermediate layer unit CU having the above unit number set therein, to the unit number register 1-25 (step 709). The unit OU adds'this set offset value ΔTx as a set bias value ▴ T to the building management set temperature T BIL (step 710), and outputs the sum, as a new air-conditioning value, to the DDC 1-3 in place of the tenant set temperature T UT set as an air-conditioning value (step 711). With this operation, the optimal tenant set temperature T UT is selected from the temperatures set by the tenant in the past in accordance with the values Ta, RH, Met, and Icl in the determining operation, and air-conditioning control is performed by using the selected tenant set temperature T UT as an air-conditioning set value. That is, air-conditioning control corresponding to the personal preference of the tenant is automatically reproduced in accordance with an indoor environment in a determining operation. The determining operation of the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 is performed not only when the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented after an air-conditioning set value is changed to the tenant set temperature T UT , but also whenever the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented while the tenant set temperature T UT is updated. Once a determining operation is performed, the air-conditioning set value set in this determining operation is maintained until the next determining operation is performed. In this embodiment, the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented at 30-min intervals. Without the re-triggerable counter 1-24, the air-conditioning set value is frequently changed, and hunting may occur in the worst case. That is, since the response, i.e., the time constant, of an air-conditioning operation in a building is considerably large, if the air-conditioning set value changes at short time intervals, air-conditioning control is confused. As described above, according to the air-conditioning control apparatus of this embodiment, the difference between the tenant set temperature T UT and the building management set temperature T BIL is learnt as the set offset value ΔTx, and the set bias value ▴ T is determined by a periodical determining operation, thereby reproducing air-conditioning control in accordance with the personal preference of each tenant. Therefore, dissatisfaction of each tenant with respect to air-conditioning can be alleviated. In addition, according to this embodiment, since a learning operation is performed by generating intermediate layer units CU, a high-speed learning operation with respect to a neural network of a back propagation, hop field, or Bolzmann scheme can be realized. In addition, the tenant need not repeatedly perform an operation for learning processing, thereby realizing a user-friendly apparatus. The intermediate layer unit CU having the maximum activation amount is selected in a determining operation with a priority given to the last unit, and the set bias value is extracted therefrom. With this operation, a set value can be properly changed, and a correcting operation for a setting operation error can be properly performed. In addition, since no limitations are imposed on physical storage capacity owing to the allocation of unit numbers to intermediate layer units and the last-in priority function, the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 can be reduced in size. That is, when the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 is to be incorporated in the UT 1-4, a reduction in the size of the UT 1-4 can be realized. Moreover, according to the embodiment, since fuzzy operations are performed in the neural network of the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2, ample margins can be given to the output precision of a temperature sensor 3 and a humidity sensor 4. As a result, an inexpensive sensor which does not have very high measurement precision can be used, and the set position of the sensor need not coincide with a typical point of a room. That is, since input data to the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 are treated as fuzzy values, the condition that input data must be accurate can be alleviated. As a result, determination performed by the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 imitates determination performed by the human body with respect to a thermal environment. [Determining Operation 2 ○ : Fourth Aspect] In this embodiment, when the building management set temperature T BIL is changed (step 801 in Fig. 8), the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 performs a determining operation in the same manner as in the case wherein the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented (step 701 in Fig. 7). The set bias value ▴ T obtained by this determining operation is added to the building management set temperature T BIL after it is changed, and the sum is supplied, as a new air-conditioning set value, to the DDC 1-3. In this embodiment, only the measured indoor temperature Ta is controlled. However, the present invention can be applied to a case wherein both the measured indoor temperature Ta and the measured indoor humidity RH are treated as air-conditioning control targets, and the two targets are simultaneously controlled. In this case, the building management set temperature T BIL and a building management set humidity RH BIL are determined with the support of the building management set value decision support section 1-1, and the determined values are supplied to the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2, as shown in Fig. 11. The set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 performs a learning operation in response to a command of changing the tenant set temperature T UT or a tenant set humidity RH UT . The unit 1-2 then stores temperature and humidity set offset values ΔTx, a unit number, and membership functions in the generated intermediate layer unit CU. In this case, the humidity membership function stored in the intermediate layer unit CU has a trapezoidal shape, similar to the temperature membership function. In a determining operation, the temperature and humidity set offset values ΔTx, unit number, and activation amount of each ignited intermediate layer unit CU are supplied, as an information pack, to the output layer unit OU. The output layer unit OU then adds the set offset values ΔTx and ΔRHx, extracted from the information packs, as set bias values ▴ T and ▴ RH, to the building management set temperature T BIL and the building management set humidity RH BIL , and supplies the sums, as air-conditioning set values, to the DDC 1-3. Furthermore, in the embodiment, the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl are supplied to the building management set value decision support section 1-1 and the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2. In this case, parameters other than an air-conditioning control target, i.e., the parameters RH, Met, and Icl other than the parameter Ta, may be supplied as measured values or preset values. In addition to the parameters Ta, RH, Met, and Icl, an air velocity Vair, a radiant temperature Tr, and the like as indoor environment parameters may be supplied as measured or preset values In this case, it is apparent that a PMV value is calculated by the building management set value decision support section 1-1 on the basis of the parameters Ta, RH, Met, Icl, Vair, and Tr. In addition, as is apparent, in the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2, input layer units for the parameters Vair and Tr are added to the input layer 1-21, and learning and determining operations are performed by using these parameters as well as the above parameters. [Eighth to Tenth Aspects] The function and operation of the second embodiment of a set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 will be described next. The set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 has an input layer 1-21, an intermediate layer 1-22, an output layer 1-23, and a re-triggerable counter 1-24, as shown in Fig. 12, which shows the main part of the section 1-2. The input layer 1-21 has input layer units IU1 to IU4, to which a measured indoor temperature Ta, a measured indoor humidity RH, a preset metabolism value Met, and a preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl are respectively supplied. Fig. 12 shows the initial state (the state before a learning operation) of the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2. In this state, an intermediate layer unit CU (to be described later) has not been formed yet in the intermediate layer 1-22. The output layer 1-23 has a single output layer unit OU. [Learning Operation: Eighth Aspect] Referring to Fig. 6, when the UT 1-4 is operated to set a tenant set temperature T TU in accordance with the personal preference of a tenant, the tenant set temperature T UT is supplied to the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2. Upon reception of the tenant set temperature T UT , the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 supplies the input tenant set temperature T UT , as a set value (air-conditioning value), to the DDC 1-3 (see Fig. 13 and step 401' in Fig. 14). Furthermore, in response to a command of changing the tenant set temperature T UT , the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 generates an intermediate layer unit CU 1 , and determines an intrinsic number (unit number) indicating the ordinal number of the intermediate layer unit CU 1 in a sequence of generation. The set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 then supplies this unit number to the intermediate layer unit CU 1 to cause the unit to store it (step 402'). In this case, the unit number is stored, as "1", in the intermediate layer unit CU 1 . The output layer unit OU calculates the difference between the tenant set temperature T UT and the building management set temperature T BIL , and supplies the difference, as a set offset value ΔT1, to the intermediate layer unit CU 1 to cause the unit to store the value (step 404'). The intermediate layer unit CU 1 loads the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl at the time of generation of the functions, and forms and stores trapezoidal membership functions having the loaded values as central values, which are respectively shown in Figs. 15B to 15D (step 403'). Note that these membership functions need not be trapezoidal and may be triangular. Trapezoidal membership functions can have more margins. In addition, the intermediate layer unit CU 1 loads the measured indoor temperature Ta at the time of generation of the unit, and forms and stores a trapezoidal membership function like the one shown in Fig. 15A on the basis of the loaded value and the tenant set temperature T UT or a trapezoidal membership function like the one shown in Fig. 15E on the basis of the loaded value (step 405'). Subsequently, the intermediate layer unit CU 1 calculates/stores its own activation amount in the same manner as in a determination mode (to be described later) (step 406'), and supplies the activation amount and the set offset value ΔTx, as an information pack, to the output layer unit OU (step 407'). Upon reception of this information pack, the output layer unit OU clears the count value of the re-triggerable counter 1-24 and restarts it (step 408'). Subsequently, in the same manner as described above, the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 generates an intermediate layer unit CU every time a command of changing the input tenant set temperature T UT is issued, and sequentially stores the corresponding unit number, the set offset value ΔT1, the corresponding membership functions, and the activation amount (see Fig. 16). In this manner, a learning operation is performed by the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 every time the tenant set temperature T UT is changed. Assume that in this embodiment, the number of generated intermediate layer units CU has reached the maximum number of units which can be generated. In this case, in generating the subsequent intermediate layer unit CU, an intermediate layer unit in which the smallest unit number is stored at this time is reused as the corresponding unit. More specifically, referring to Fig. 16, if an intermediate layer unit CU n is the upper limit (the last allowable unit to be generated) of the physical storage capacity, the intermediate layer unit CU 1 is reused as the (n+1)th intermediate layer unit CU in generating the subsequent intermediate layer unit CU That is, the intermediate layer unit CU 1 is set as an intermediate layer unit CU n+1 , and the corresponding unit number, a set offset value ΔTx, the corresponding membership functions, and the activation amount are newly stored in the intermediate layer unit CU n+1 . With this operation, even if the number of intermediate layer units CU to be generated is limited, a learning operation can be repeatedly performed with changes in the tenant set temperature T UT . [Determining Operation 1 ○ : Ninth Aspect] When the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented, a determining operation is performed. This determining operation will be described below with reference to the flow chart shown in Fig. 17. Referring to Fig. 16, assume that after the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is reset in response to a command of changing the air-conditioning set value to the tenant set temperature T UT , the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented (step 701'), i.e., the re-triggerable counter 1-24, which has been reset in step 408', is incremented in step 701'. In response to this operation, in the intermediate layer 1-22, each intermediate layer unit CU calculates its own activation amount (step 702'). Each intermediate layer unit CU calculates its own activation amount in the following manner. The measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl are supplied to each intermediate layer unit CU through the input layer units IU1 to IU4 in advance. In this case, the input layer units IU1 to IU4 convert the respective values Ta, RH, Met, and Icl into fuzzy data, i.e., triangular membership functions (see Figs. 9A to 9D), and supply them to each intermediate layer unit CU. Each intermediate layer unit CU performs a fuzzy operation indicated by equation (3) between each of the membership functions supplied from the input layer units IU1 to IU4 and a corresponding one of the stored membership functions for each axis. That is, each intermediate layer unit CU performs a fuzzy operation between input data and stored data for each of the following axes: a temperature axis, a humidity axis, a metabolism value axis, and a thermal-resistance-of-clothing axis. µim = max{(µsi)min(µuim)} where µim is the activation amount of an axis i of an intermediate layer unit CU m , µsi is the membership function of input data of the axis i , µuim is the stored membership function of the axis i of the intermediate layer unit CU m , max is a maximizing operation, and min is a minimizing operation. Figs. 19A or 19E, 19B, 19C, and 19D show how fuzzy operations are performed on the temperature, humidity, metabolism value, and thermal-resistance-of-clothing axes, respectively. Referring to Figs. 19A or 19E, 19B, 19C, and 19D, reference symbols µTai, µRHi, µMeti, and µIcli denote the activation amounts obtained for the respective axes. The activation amount of each intermediate layer unit CU is finally obtained from the activation amount obtained for each axis according to equation (4): µm = µ1m × µ2m × µ3m × µ4m where µ1m is µTam, µ2m is µRHm, µ3m is µMetm, and µ4m is µIclm. Upon calculating its own activation amount in this manner, each intermediate layer unit CU, which has obtained the activation amount as a finite value, i.e., has been ignited, supplies the calculated activation amount and the set offset value ΔTx, as an information pack, to the output layer unit OU (step 703'). The output layer unit OU executes fuzzy inference by using the activation amount and sets bias value of the information pack supplied from each ignited intermediate layer unit CU, thus obtaining a final set bias value ▴ T. More specifically, the output layer unit OU divides the sum total of the products of the activation amounts and set offset values ΔTx of the respective information packs by the sum total of the activation amounts of the respective information packs (equation (5)). With this operation, the final set bias value ▴ T is obtained (step 704'). The re-triggerable counter 1-24 is then cleared and restarted (step 705'), and the calculated set bias value ▴ T is added to the building management set temperature T BIL . The output layer unit OU supplies the sum, as a new air-conditioning value, to the DDC 1-3 in place of the tenant set temperature T UT set as an air-conditioning value (step 707'). With this operation, the optimal set offset value ΔTx is obtained by using the values set by the tenant in the past in accordance with the values Ta, RH, Met, and Icl in the determining operation, and air-conditioning control is performed by using a value obtained by adding the set offset value ΔTx to the building management set temperature T BIL as an air-conditioning set value. That is, air-conditioning control corresponding to the personal preference of the tenant is automatically reproduced in accordance with indoor environment parameters in a determining operation. The determining operation of the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 is performed not only when the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented after an air-conditioning set value is changed to the tenant set temperature T UT , but also whenever the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented while the tenant set temperature T UT is updated. Once a determining operation is performed, the air-conditioning; set value set in this determining operation is maintained until the next determining operation is performed. In this embodiment, the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented at 30-min intervals. Without the re-triggerable counter 1-24, the air-conditioning set value is frequently changed, and hunting may occur in the worst case. That is, since the response, i.e., the time constant, of an air-conditioning operation in a building is considerably large, if the air-conditioning set value changes at short time intervals, air-conditioning control is confused. As described above, according to the air-conditioning control apparatus of this embodiment, the difference between the tenant set temperature T UT and the building management set temperature T BIL is learnt as the set offset value ΔTx, and the set bias value ▴ T is determined by a periodical determining operation, thereby reproducing air-conditioning control in accordance with the personal preference of each tenant. Therefore, dissatisfaction of each tenant with respect to air-conditioning can be alleviated. In addition, according to this embodiment, since a learning operation is performed by generating intermediate layer units CU, a high-speed learning operation with respect to a neural network of a back propagation, hop field, or Bolzmann scheme can be realized. In addition, the tenant need not repeatedly perform an operation for learning processing, thereby realizing a user-friendly apparatus. Furthermore, since no limitations are imposed on physical storage capacity in the intermediate layer 1-22 owing to the reuse of intermediate layer units, the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 can be reduced in size. That is, when the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 is to be incorporated in the UT 1-4, a reduction in the size of the UT 1-4 can be realized. Moreover, according to the embodiment, since fuzzy operations are performed in the neural network of the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2, ample margins can be given to the output precision of a temperature sensor 3 and a humidity sensor 4. As a result, an inexpensive sensor which does not have very high measurement precision can be used, and the set position of the sensor need not coincide with a typical point of a room. That is, since input data to the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 are treated as fuzzy values, the condition that input data must be accurate can be alleviated. As a result, determination performed by the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 imitates determination performed by the human body with respect to a thermal environment. [Determining Operation 2 ○ : Tenth Aspect] In this embodiment, when the building management set temperature T BIL is changed (step 801' in Fig. 18), the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2 performs a determining operation in the same manner as in the case wherein the re-triggerable counter 1-24 is incremented (step 701' in Fig. 17). The set bias value ▴ T obtained by this determining operation is added to the building management set temperature T BIL after it is changed, and the sum is supplied, as a new air-conditioning set value, to the DDC 1-3. In addition, in the embodiment, as the preset metabolism values Met and the preset thermal resistances of clothing Icl, data obtained by measuring the metabolism value and human thermal resistance of clothing, which change with changes in season and time, are stored in database (not shown). A metabolism value and a thermal resistance of clothing are read out from this database to be used as preset values, respectively, in accordance with a situation. With this operation, the preset metabolism value and the preset thermal resistance of clothing are used as rhythmic data, thus allowing air-conditioning control reflecting the real indoor environment. Furthermore, in the embodiment, if the parameters Ta, RH, Met, and Icl indicating the indoor environment, set when the tenant set temperature T UT is changed, and measured outdoor temperature, measured outdoor humidity, and the like indicating the outdoor environment are stored in the database together with the time point at which the tenant set temperature T UT is changed, and these data are processed, edited, and recorded to be arbitrarily displayed and printed, satisfaction and dissatisfaction of each tenant with respect to air-conditioning can be analyzed afterward, contributing to improvements in building maintenance. In the embodiment, only the measured indoor temperature Ta is controlled. However, as shown in Fig. 20, the present invention can be applied to a case wherein both the measured indoor temperature Ta and the measured indoor humidity RH are treated as air-conditioning control targets, and the two targets are simultaneously controlled. Parameters other than an air-conditioning control target, i.e., the parameters RH, Met, and Icl other than the parameter Ta, may be supplied as measured or preset values. In addition to the parameters Ta, RH, Met, and Icl, an air velocity Vair, a radiant temperature Tr, and the like as indoor environment parameters may be supplied as measured or preset values. In the second embodiment of the set bias value learning/determining section 1-2, the membership function shown in Figs. 15A or 15E is used in place of the membership function shown in Fig. 5A for the following reasons. The membership function shown in Fig. 15A will be described first. Referring to Fig. 15A, a trapezoidal membership function is used to continuously control the air-conditioning unit up to the temperature T UT desired by the tenant because he/she is currently dissatisfied with the measured indoor temperature Ta. If a triangular membership function having the measured indoor temperature Ta as the central value is used instead of the trapezoidal membership function, the air-conditioning unit is started at the measured indoor temperature Ta. After a while, the air-conditioning unit changes the indoor temperature. However, since the membership function has no region at the desired temperature T UT as the target value, the indoor temperature will never reach the desired temperature T UT , as is apparent from Fig. 21. The air-conditioning unit controls the indoor temperature to make it approach the desired temperature T UT . As is apparent from Fig. 21, however, as the indoor temperature approaches the desired temperature T UT , the value of the activation amount µTai decreases. A decrease in the activation amount µTai is equivalent to a decrease in the set bias value ▴ T finally supplied to the air-conditioning unit. That is, the set value supplied the air-conditioning unit does not become the desired temperature T UT . Consequently, the air-conditioning unit cannot make the indoor temperature reach the desired temperature T UT . This problem is posed only because the triangular membership function is used. Therefore, in order to keep the air-conditioning unit operating until the indoor temperature reaches the desired temperature T UT , a trapezoidal membership function must be used. The membership function shown in Fig. 5A is formed on the basis of the above-described concept. A careful examination on the actual operation of the air-conditioning unit revealed that the indoor temperature did not necessarily coincide with a set temperature as a target value. That is, the indoor temperature often deviates from the set temperature. If the indoor temperature Ta falls within an allowable range, as shown in Fig. 22A, no problem is posed. If, however, the indoor temperature Ta falls outside the allowable range, as shown in Fig. 22B, a problem is posed. The value of the activation amount µTai in Fig. 22B is smaller than that in Fig. 22A. In this case, if another intermediate layer unit, in which another indoor temperature is stored, exhibits a large value of the activation amount µTai, this unit may be selected by the determination function because of the large activation amount. As a result, a set temperature different from the desired temperature T UT may be supplied to the air-conditioning unit, and the unit may control the indoor temperature in a direction to separate from the currently desired temperature T UT . In order to prevent this problem, the width of the membership function (trapezoidal) must be increased. In addition, if membership functions other than the membership function of indoor temperature are also formed into trapezoidal shapes by increasing their widths, a required region can be covered with a small number of membership functions, allowing the use of a computer having a small memory capacity. That is, a reduction in cost can be achieved, and at the same time, the number of times of calculation of the activation amounts of intermediate layer units can be reduced, contributing an increase in operation speed. The computer can be used for other operations, e.g., prevention of disasters and communication, in a saved time. The membership function shown in Fig. 15E will be described below. The membership function shown in Fig. 15E has the same structure as that of each of the trapezoidal membership functions obtained by increasing the widths of the membership functions of humidity, metabolism, and thermal resistance of clothing. This means that all the membership functions can have the same data structure in the memory. Referring to Fig. 15A, only the indoor temperature has a different data structure, and the desired temperature T UT must be stored in addition to the indoor temperature Ta. Accordingly, a larger memory capacity is required. If the number of membership functions to be stored is basically small, problems are scarcely posed. However, each tenant arbitrarily inputs various set temperatures, a uniform data structure which demands a small memory capacity is advantageous in storing all the input data. In addition, the determining operation in the second embodiment is performed by fuzzy inference, i.e., "dividing sum total of the products of the activation amounts and set offset values ΔTx of information packs by the total sum of the activation amounts of the respective information packs, and using the resultant value as the final set bias value ▴ T". This operation is equivalent to an operation of determining the set bias value ▴ T from the average of the activation amounts of the respective intermediate layer units. Only one definite desired temperature T UT as in the first embodiment need not be used. This means that the membership function of each intermediate layer unit need not hold a specific desired temperature T UT (it is, however, apparent that each information pack still needs to have the set offset value ΔT1). It is apparent from this that the membership function of each intermediate layer unit may have the same data structure as that of other membership functions of humidity, metabolism, and thermal resistance of clothing. Furthermore, software for calculating the above parameters can be commonly used to calculate an activation amount. Otherwise, software for calculating the activation amount of indoor temperature must be prepared independently, resulting in an increase in manufacturing cost. In addition, the memory capacity occupied by the software and the memory cost increase. For the above reasons, in the second embodiment, the membership function shown in Fig. 15A or 15E is used in place of the membership function shown in Fig. 5A. [Eleventh to Seventeenth Aspects] An air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus including a neural network operation apparatus according to the present invention will be described in detail next with reference to Figs. 23 to 28. Fig. 23 shows an embodiment of the air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus. Referring to Fig. 23, reference numeral 10-1 denotes a first neural network; 10-2, a second neural network; 10-3, a second PMV inverse operation section; 10-5, an adder; and 10-6, a user terminal. An air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus 10 is constituted by these components. Reference numeral 20 denotes a DDC (Direct Digital Controller) as an air-conditioning controller; 30, a temperature sensor; and 40, a humidity sensor. [First Neural Network: Eleventh Aspect] The first neural network 10-1 has an input layer 10-11, an intermediate layer 10-12, and an output layer 10-13. The input layer 10-11 has IU11 to IU14, to which a measured indoor temperature Ta, a measured indoor humidity RH, a preset metabolism Met, and a preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl are respectively supplied. 'The intermediate layer 10-12 has intermediate units CU 11 to CU 1n , to which outputs from the input layer units IU11 to IU14 are respectively supplied. The output layer 10-13 has a single output layer unit OU1 and receives outputs from the intermediate units CU 11 to CU 1n . In the first neural network 10-1, the input layer units IU11 to IU14 respectively supply the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl, as fuzzy values, i.e., triangular membership functions (see Figs. 9A to 9D), to each intermediate layer unit. In addition, in the first neural network 10-1, the intermediate units CU 11 to CU 1n are arranged in correspondence with the respective lattice points of feature spaces formed by temperature, humidity, metabolism value, and thermal-resistance-of-clothing axes which are independent of each other. Each intermediate layer unit has a triangular membership function for each axis. This triangular member is centered on the corresponding lattice point and has a region overlapping a triangular membership function centered on an adjacent lattice point. Consider the temperature and humidity axes. In this case, as shown in Fig. 27A, an intermediate layer unit corresponding to a temperature of 24°C has a triangular membership function centered on a temperature of 24°C which has a region overlapping triangular membership functions centered on adjacent temperatures of 23°C and 25°C. In addition, as shown in Fig. 27B, an intermediate layer unit corresponding to a humidity of 40% has a triangular membership function centered on a humidity of 40%, which has a region overlapping triangular membership functions centered on adjacent humidities of 30% and 50%. Therefore, an intermediate layer unit, arranged at a lattice point where a temperature of 24°C and a humidity of 40% intersect with each other, has a membership function obtained by synthesizing the triangular membership functions centered on a temperature of 24°C and a humidity of 40% (see Fig. 27C). That is, when the temperature and humidity axes are considered, overlapping membership functions of the temperature and humidity axes are synthesized, and the membership functions of the respective intermediate layer units are shaped such that adjacent pyramids have common tail portions. [Second Neural Network: Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteen Aspects] The second neural network 10-2 has an input layer 10-21, an intermediate layer 10-22, and an output layer 10-23. The input layer 10-21 has input layer units IU21 to IU24, to which the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl are supplied upon branching. The intermediate layer 10-22 has intermediate layer units CU 21 to CU 2n , to which outputs from the input layer units IU21 to IU24 are supplied, respectively. The output layer 10-23 has a single output layer unit OU2 and receives outputs from the intermediate layer units CU 21 to CU 2n . The second neural network 10-2 is a back propagation learning type neural network, which is disclosed by Rumelhart. In the second neural network 10-2, weighting coefficients used in the intermediate layer units CU 21 to CU 2n and in the output layer unit OU2 are learnt in advance so that a standard measured PMV value (complying with International Standard ISO7730) can be obtained from the output layer unit OU2. In this embodiment, the second neural network 10-2 has a three-layered structure including one intermediate layer. However, the second neural network 10-2 may have a four-layered structure including two intermediate layers. The operation of the air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus 10 will be described below together with the function of each component. The second neural network 10-2 receives the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl, and outputs a standard measured PMV value. In the adder 10-5, a PMV bias value ▴ PMV (to be described later) from the first neural network 10-1 is added to this standard measured PMV value. This sum is supplied, as a measured value PMV PV , to the second PMV inverse operation section 10-4 . The second PMV inverse operation section 10-4 receives the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl, and performs a PMV inverse operation according to equation (6), thus converting the supplied measured value PMV PV into an effective temperature T PV . The second PMV inverse operation section 10-4 then outputs the effective temperature T PV . T PV = f(PMV PV , Ta, RH, Icl, Met) = T SK + (1.0 1.466 × Icl)/8.996 × [(PMV PV /α) + 0.7808 × T SK - 0.8141 × Met × Ta - (0.4067 + 0.133338 × Met) × Pa - 10.2895 - 49.5152 × Met + 0.42 × (Met - 1) × 58.15] where α = 0.303 × EXP(-0.036 × Met × 58.15) + 0.028, Tsk (skin temperature: °C) = 35.7 - 0.0275 × Met × 58.15, and Pa (vapor pressure: mmHg) = (RH/100) × EXP[18.6686-4030.183/(Ta + 235) ≒ (RH/100) × (0.037503 × Ta 2 - 0.3937823 × Ta + 10.035825). The first PMV inverse operation section 10-3 receives the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl, and performs a PMV inverse operation with PMV PV = 0 according to equation (6), thereby converting a set PMV value PMV ST (PMV ST = 0) into a set effective temperature T ST . The first PMV inverse operation section 10-3 then outputs the set effective temperature T ST . The effective temperature T PV and the set effective temperature T ST output from the air-conditioning environment measurement apparatus 10 are supplied to the DDC 20. As a result, air-conditioning control is performed to make the effective temperature T PV coincide with the set effective temperature T ST . Assume that the effective temperature T PV is equal to the set effective temperature T ST , and the tenant feels hot or cold. In this case, the tenant operates the user terminal 10-6 to supply a PMV offset value ΔPMV UT , as dissatisfaction information about the current air-conditioning environment, to the first neural network 10-1 (step 301 in Fig. 24). This PMV offset value ΔPMV UT is supplied as a difference (deviation), currently felt by the tenant, from the measured value PMV PV . [Learning Operation: Twelfth Aspect] Upon reception of the PMV offset value ΔPMV UT through the user terminal 10-6, the first neural network 10-1 performs the following learning operation. Upon receiving the PMV offset value ΔPMV UT externally supplied, each intermediate layer unit calculates its own activation amount (step 302). For example, the activation amount of each intermediate layer unit is calculated as follows. Each intermediate layer unit receives the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl, as fuzzy values, through the input layer units IU11 to IU14. Each intermediate layer unit performs a fuzzy operation indicated by equation (7), for each axis, between each of the fuzzy values (membership functions) supplied from the input layer units IU11 to IU14 and a corresponding one of the membership functions held in each unit. That is, each intermediate layer unit performs a fuzzy operation between input data and stored data for each of the following axes: a temperature axis, a humidity axis, a metabolism value axis, and a thermal-resistance-of-clothing axis. µim = max{(µsi)min(µuim)} where µim is the activation amount of an axis i of an intermediate layer unit CU 1m , µsi is the membership function of the input data of the axis i , µuim is the membership function of the stored data of the axis i of the intermediate layer unit CU 1m , max is a maximizing operation, and min is a minimizing operation. Figs. 25A to 25D show how fuzzy operations are performed on the temperature, humidity, metabolism value, and thermal-resistance-of-clothing axes, respectively. Referring to Figs. 25A to 25D, reference symbols µTam, µRHm, µMetm, and µIclm denote the activation amounts obtained for the respective axes. An activation amount µm of each intermediate layer unit is finally obtained from the activation amount obtained for each axis according to equation (8): µm = µ1m × µ2m × µ3m × µ4m where µ1m is µTam, µ2m is µRHm, µ3m is µMetm, and µ4m is µIclm. Upon calculating its own activation amount in this manner, each intermediate layer unit, which has obtained the activation amount as a finite value, supplies the calculated activation amount to the output layer unit OU1 (step 303). The output layer unit OU1 performs a calculation according to equation (9) on the basis of the activation amount µm supplied from each intermediate layer unit and the PMV offset value ΔPMV UT from the user terminal 10-6 to obtain a weighting coefficient ωback,m for each intermediate layer unit which has supplied the activation amount (step 304), and sends each of the obtained weighting coefficients ωback,m to a corresponding one of the intermediate layer units (step 305). The background of determining equation (9) will be described below. As will be described later, the basic function of the first neural network 10-1 is to output a PMV bias value, i.e., a PMV bias value ΔPMV, in a determining operation. This value ΔPMV is the sum of the products of ωm and the activation amounts µm supplied from the respective intermediate layer units. The value ΔPMV is represented by equation (10): In this case, the following method of determining weighting coefficients may be considered first. In this method, the weighting coefficients ωm to be learnt and stored by the respective intermediate layer units of the first neural network 10-1 are considered as the same value so that the weighting coefficients can be sent back to the intermediate layer units which are activated by the same value. The method is very simple and hence can be easily realized. It seems, however, more practical to make the activated intermediate layer units have the weighting coefficients ωm in accordance with the magnitude of the activation amounts of the units. Therefore, the weighting coefficients ωm are determined in the following manner. The weighting coefficient ωm is considered to be proportional to the activation amount µm. Letting A be the proportional constant, ωm = A x µm. A substitution of ωm = A × µm into the weighting coefficient ωm in equation (10) yields equation (11). From equation (11), the proportional constant A is determined as equation (12). Therefore, the weighting coefficient ωm must be expressed as equation (13). Note that the weighting coefficient ωback,m sent to each intermediate layer unit is proportional to the activation amount of the intermediate layer unit. That is, as the intermediate layer unit is activated, the value of the weighting coefficient ωback,m increases, and vice versa. Each intermediate layer unit performs a calculation according to equation (14) on the basis of the sent weighting coefficient ωback,m and an old weighting coefficient ωold,m stored in each unit to obtain a new weighting coefficient ωnew,m (step 306), and stores the weighting coefficient ωnew,m as its own new weighting coefficient ωm. ωnew,m = (ωback,m + ωold,m)/2 If an intermediate layer unit holds no old weighting coefficient, i.e., is in a state before learning operation, the unit stores the sent weighting coefficient ωback,m as its own weighting coefficient ωm without performing a calculation according to equation (14) and any modification. [Determining Operation: Thirteenth Aspect] The first neural network 10-1 is always in a determining operation state. This determining operation is performed as follows. Each intermediate layer unit calculates its own activation amount (step 501 in Fig. 26) in the same manner as in the above-described learning operation. Each intermediate layer unit then supplies its own activation amount µm and its own weighting coefficient ωm stored therein, as a pair (one-pack information), to the output layer unit OU1 (step 502). The output layer unit OU1 performs a calculation according to equation (15) on the basis of the supplied one-pack information, i.e., calculates the total sum of the products of the activation amounts µm and the weighting coefficients ωm from the respective intermediate layer units (step 503), and outputs the total sum as the PMV bias value ▴ PMV (step 504). Note that one-pack information may be supplied, as the product of the activation amount µm and the weighting coefficient ωm, from each intermediate layer unit to the output layer unit OU1. Consider the PMV bias value ▴ PMV output from the output layer unit OU1. The PMV bias value ▴ PMV is obtained as the optimal value for the current air-conditioning environment on the basis of the past learning result of the PMV offset values ΔPMV UT supplied, as dissatisfaction information, from the tenant. [Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Aspects] The PMV bias value ▴ PMV is added to a standard measured PMV value output from the second neural network 10-2 in the adder 10-5. The sum is supplied to second PMV inverse operation section 10-4 as the measured PMV value PMV PV obtained in consideration of the personal preference or inclination of the tenant with respect to the air-conditioning environment. This value is then output upon conversion into the effective temperature T PV . According to this embodiment, therefore, the personal preference or inclination of each tenant is permanently and automatically reflected in air-conditioning control in accordance with the current air-conditioning environment, thus alleviating the dissatisfaction with air-conditioning. In addition, according to the embodiment, since fuzzy operations are performed in the neural network of the first neural network 10-1, ample margins can be given to the output precision of a temperature sensor 30 and a humidity sensor 40. As a result, an inexpensive sensor which does not have very high measurement precision can be used, and the set position of the sensor need not coincide with a typical point of a room. That is, since input data to the first neural network 10-1 are treated as fuzzy values, the condition that input data must be accurate can be alleviated. As a result, determination performed by the first neural network 10-1 imitates determination performed by the human body with respect to a thermal environment. The embodiment uses the neural network 10-2 which is caused to perform a learning operation in advance to obtain a standard measured PMV value. Therefore, the neural networks 10-1 and 10-2 can commonly use the temperature sensor 30 and the humidity sensor 40. Furthermore, in the embodiment, as the preset metabolism values Met and the preset thermal resistances of clothing Icl, data obtained by measuring the metabolism value and human thermal resistance of clothing, which change with changes in season and time, are stored in database (not shown). A metabolism value and a thermal resistance of clothing are read out from this database to be used as preset values, respectively, in accordance with a situation. With this operation, the preset metabolism value and the preset thermal resistance of clothing are used as rhythmic data, thus allowing air-conditioning control reflecting the real indoor environment. In the embodiment, the PMV bias value ▴ PMV output from the first neural network 10-1 is added to a standard measured PMV value. However, as shown in Fig. 28, the PMV bias value ▴ PMV may be subtracted from the set PMV value PMV ST (PMV ST = 0) set by the first PMV inverse operation section 10-3. In the embodiment, the thermal environment index is described as a PMV value. However, the index may be ET* (New Effective Temperature). In this case, since ET * is on the dimension of temperature, no inverse operation sections such as the PMV inverse operation sections 10-3 and 10-4 are required, and the sum of a standard measured ET * value and a bias ET * value, and a set ET * value are directly supplied to the DDC. Furthermore, in the embodiment, the measured indoor temperature Ta, the measured indoor humidity RH, the preset metabolism value Met, and the preset thermal resistance of clothing Icl are supplied to the neural networks 10-1 and 10-2. In this case, if at least one of the parameters is supplied as a measured value, the remaining parameters may be supplied as measured or preset values. In addition to the parameters Ta, RH, Met, and Icl, an air velocity Vair, a radiant temperature Tr, and the like as indoor environment parameters may be supplied as measured or preset values. In this case, as is apparent, in the neural network 10-1 (10-2), input layer units for the parameters Vair and Tr are added to the input layer 10-11 (10-21), and learning and determining operations are performed by using these parameters as well as the above parameters. Moreover, in the embodiment, a standard measured PMV value is obtained by the second neural network 10-2. However, a standard measured PMV value may be obtained by substituting the following values into equation (16) as a PMV equation: PMV = F(T eq , Ta, RH, Icl, Met) = α × [10.2895 + 49.5152 × Met - 0.42 × (Met - 1) × 58.15 - 0.7808 × T SK + 0.08141 × Met × Ta + (0.4067 + 0.133338 × Met) × Pa - 8.996/(1 + 1.466 × Icl) ×(T SK - T eg )] for T eq = 0.45 × Tr + 0.55 × Ta + (0.24 - 0.75 × Vair ½ )/(1 + Icl) × (36.5 - Ta) where T eq is the equivalent temperature (°C), Tr is the radiant temperature (°C), and Vair is the air velocity (m/s). In the embodiment, in a learning operation, each intermediate layer unit performs a calculation according to equation (14) to obtain the weighting coefficient ωnew,m, and stores the weighting coefficient ωnew,m as its new weighting coefficient ωm. However, each intermediate layer unit may store the supplied weighting coefficient ωback,m as its own weighting coefficient ωm in place of the old weighting coefficient ωold,m. As is apparent from the above description, according to the first aspect of the present invention, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ Since a building management set value is scientifically and plausibly determined on the basis of a PMV index, dissatisfaction with air-conditioning can be alleviated, unlike the case wherein the building manager determines a building management set value depending on his/her experience. 2 ○ Since a building management set value is determined upon confirmation by a simulation, the tenants are free from troubles in terms of air-conditioning. The building manager is free from puzzlement. That is, the building manager can determine a building management set value without puzzlement. According to the second aspect of the present invention, which is basically the same as the eighth aspect, the following effects can be obtained. Since intrinsic numbers are allocated to intermediate layer units, all the intermediate layer units can be discriminated from each other, resulting in facilitation of an operation with which each intermediate layer unit is associated. Therefore, a simple operation algorithm can be used, and a reduction in manufacturing cost and development period can be achieved. According to the third aspect of the present invention, which is basically the same as the ninth aspect, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ An operation of selecting one intermediate layer unit is the only operation required. Therefore, a simple operation algorithm can be used, and a reduction in manufacturing cost and development period can be achieved. 2 ○ Since only one intermediate layer unit is selected, a strong desire or favor of each tenant with respect to air-conditioning can be reproduced. The third aspect provides another mechanism, different from that of the ninth aspect, which can obtain satisfaction from each tenant. 3 ○ The air-cqnditioning unit operates first in accordance with a value set by the tenant. Therefore, the tenant has the satisfaction of controlling the air-conditioning unit. This correction is an effective operation in terms of energy saving. According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ A set value (management set value) set by the building manager is a basic value for air-conditioning control. When, however, the management set value is changed, a determining operation is performed in a neural network to output a new air-conditioning set value. In effect, therefore, a simulation is properly performed to satisfy each tenant as to the degree of comfort. 2 ○ The new set bias value ▴ T is considered as a plausible value obtained by comprehensively determining the preference of the tenant with respect to air-conditioning. According to the fifth to seventh aspects of the present invention, which are basically the same as the second to fourth aspects, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ Even if the number of intermediate layer units to be generated is limited, since the unit number increases in the order of generation, the last-in priority function keeps properly operating in a determining operation. 2 ○ A memory having a finite capacity can be effectively used. Since the oldest unit is eliminated, the apparent memory capacity is infinite. According to the eighth aspect of the present invention, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ Since learning is performed by generating an intermediate layer unit, a learning operation can be performed at high speed as compared with the back propagation or Bolzmann neural network scheme. In addition, only one learning operation needs to be performed. Therefore, the apparatus is easy to handle for the tenants and the building manager. 2 ○ Each intermediate layer unit uses the set offset value ΔTx as basic learning data. With the use of this offset value, even if input data from the input layer falls within a region where no intermediate layer unit is present, an output value from the output layer is only zero. That is, no incorrect values are output when no learning is performed. 3 ○ An intermediate layer unit is a membership function itself, and input data is also a membership function. Therefore, no high-precision indoor measurement device (sensor) is required. In addition, there is no limitation that a sensor must always be set at a typical point in a room. 4 ○ Even if contradictory values are set by the tenant (for example, an offset value of -5°C is set first, and an offset value of +5°C is then set 10 minutes after the first setting operation in spite of the fact that the environment has not changed much), a learning operation can be smoothly performed. Unlike other neural network schemes, intermediate layer units need not be grouped or classified, and the neural network scheme of the present invention can be realized with a simple mechanism. According to the ninth aspect of the present invention, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ Since a neural network is determined when the counter is incremented, proper adjustment of the neural network can be performed by making the time required for a full-count operation coincide with the air-conditioning control response time (e.g., 30 or 60 minutes) of a room. 2 ○ Since activation amounts are obtained by a fuzzy operation, the resultant air-conditioning control somewhat coincides with the human sensations. The human body does not feel temperatures with definite recognition of numerical values, e.g., 25°C and 25.4°C, but vaguely determines coldness or warmness. This is fuzzy determination. A fuzzy operation properly simulates such determination. 3 ○ The finally calculated set bias value ▴ T is equivalent to the average value of the set offset values ΔTx held by intermediate layer units which have undergone a learning operation, and is obtained by comprehensively determining the preference of each tenant with respect to air-conditioning. Therefore, a more suitable value can be obtained. In addition, offset values held by the respective intermediate layer units and representing the personal preferences with respect to air-conditioning are generally different from each other, and an unnatural operation of discontinuously selecting these offset values is not performed. Since smoothing of data is performed by a fuzzy operation, the air-conditioning unit can be smoothly driven. 4 ○ The air-conditioning unit operates first in accordance with a value set by the tenant. Therefore, the tenant has the satisfaction of controlling the air-conditioning unit. Subsequently, this value is automatically corrected by a determining operation using a neural network. This correction is an effective operation in terms of energy saving. According to the tenth aspect of the present invention, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ A set value (management set value) set by the building manager is a basic value for air-conditioning control. When, however, the management set value is changed, a determining operation is performed in a neural network to output a new air-conditioning set value. In effect, therefore, a simulation is properly performed to satisfy each tenant as to the degree of comfort. 2 ○ As described in the ninth aspect, the new set bias value ▴ T is considered as a plausible value obtained by comprehensively determining the personal preference of the tenant with respect to air-conditioning. The eleventh aspect has the following effect. Since intermediate layer units cover a region without any gap (overlap partly), a neural network is free from an error in a determining operation. If any blank is present between the intermediate layer units, no measure can be taken against this portion, and the neural network is subjected to an operation error. According to the twelfth aspect of the present invention, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ The neural network scheme of the present invention can perform a learning operation at a higher speed than other neural network schemes. The user need not repeat instruction several tens or hundreds of times. 2 ○ Since a saved time can be assigned to other operations, even a low-end CPU can be used to reduce the cost. According to the thirteenth aspect of the present invention, the following effects can be obtained: 1 ○ A determining operation can be performed at high speed. 2 ○ Since a condition instructed by the user can be almost accurately reproduced and output, an improvement in reliability and sense of trust can be achieved. 3 ○ Since a saved time can be assigned to other operations, even a low-end CPU can be used to reduce the cost. According to the fourteenth to sixteenth aspects of the present invention, which are basically the same as the eleventh to thirteenth aspects, since the apparatus can be constituted by a smaller number of neural network units, a reduction in cost can be expected. According to the seventeenth to nineteenth aspects of the present invention, which are basically the same as the eleventh to thirteenth aspects, the following effects can further obtained. Although the number of units is as small as 20 to 40, an almost accurate PMV value can be output. In general, a nonlinear function such as PMV is not easily calculated but can be output only when a CPU repeatedly performs calculations. In addition, the CPU and software having considerably complicated structures are required. According to this neural network scheme, however, an almost accurate PMV value can be obtained in spite of the simple arrangement of the neural network.

Claims: A set value learning apparatus (1-2) comprising: a neural network constituted by an input layer (1-21), an intermediate layer (1-22) and an output layer (1-23); intermediate layer unit generation means for generating an intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) in said intermediate layer in response to each command, given by an occupant of an air-conditioned space, to change a tenant set value (T UT ); offset-value storage means for causing a relevant said intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) to store, as an offset-value (ΔTx), the difference between a management set value (T BIL ), related to the air-conditioning control target, and the said tenant set value (T UT ); intrinsic number storage means for causing a said relevant intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) to store an intrinsic number indicating the ordinal number of the said relevant intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) in a sequence of generation of said intermediate layer units (CU 1 - CU n ); and membership function storage means for causing a said relevant intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) to respectively calculate and store membership functions on the basis of a measured value of the air-conditioning control target and of measured or preset values of other predetermined parameters, all obtained at the time when the said relevant intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) is generated. A set value determining apparatus (1-2) comprising: said set value learning apparatus (1-2) defined by claim 1; a re-triggerable counter (1-24) whose count value is cleared to zero in accordance with a command to change an air-conditioning set value to a tenant set value (T UT ); activation amount calculation means for, in response to an incrementing operation of said re-triggerable counter (1-24), calculating an activation amount of each intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) by performing a fuzzy operation between each of membership functions stored in the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) and a corresponding one of membership functions of a measured value of an air-conditioning control target, obtained at the time of the incrementing operation, and measured or preset values of other predetermined parameters; information pack output means for outputting, as an information pack, at least the activation amount calculated by said activation amount calculation means, and a set offset-value (ΔTx) and an intrinsic number, both of which are stored in the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ); and air-conditioning set value calculation means for selecting the set offset-value (ΔTx) of the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) with a maximum activation amount, or the set offset-value (ΔTx) of one of a plurality of intermediate layer units (CU 1 -CU n ) with a maximum activation amount which has a maximum intrinsic number on the basis of information packs output from said information pack output means, adding the selected set offset-value (ΔTx), as a set bias value ( ▴ T), to a management set value (T BIL ), and setting a sum as a new air-conditioning set value in place of the tenant set value (T UT ) set as an air-conditioning set value. A set value determining apparatus (1-2) comprising: said set value learning apparatus (1-2) defined by claim 1; activation amount calculation means for, in response to a command to change a management set value (T BIL ), calculating an activation amount of each intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) by performing a fuzzy operation between each of membership functions stored in the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) and a corresponding one of membership functions of a measured value of an air-conditioning control target, obtained at the time when the command is issued, and measured or preset values of other predetermined parameters; information pack output means for outputting, as an information pack, the activation amount calculated by said activation amount calculation means, and a set offset-value (ΔTx) and an intrinsic number, both of which are stored in the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ); and air-conditioning set value calculation means for selecting the set offset-value (ΔTx) of the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) with a maximum activation amount, or the set offset-value (ΔTx) of one of a plurality of intermediate layer units (CU 1 -CU n ) with a maximum activation amount which has a maximum intrinsic number on the basis of information packs output from said information pack output means, adding the selected set offset-value (ΔTx), as a set bias value ( ▴ T), to a value obtained by changing the management set value (T BIL ), and setting a sum as a new air-conditioning set value. A set value learning apparatus (1-2) according to claim 1, further comprising means for, when the number of intermediate layer units (CU 1 - CU n ) generated reaches a maximum number of units which can be generated, reusing an intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ), in which a minimum intrinsic number is stored at the time point, as an intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) to be subsequently generated. A set value determining apparatus (1-2) according to claim 2 or 3, further comprising means for, when the number of intermediate layer units (CU 1 - CU n ) generated reaches a maximum number of units which can be generated, reusing an intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ), in which a minimum intrinsic number is stored at the time point, as an intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) to be subsequently generated. A set value determining apparatus (1-2) comprising: said set value learning apparatus (1-2) defined by claim 1; a re-triggerable counter (1-24) whose count value is cleared to zero in accordance with a command to change an air-conditioning set value to a tenant set value (T UT ); activation amount calculation means for, in response to an incrementing operation of said re-triggerable counter (1-24), calculating an activation amount of each intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) by performing a fuzzy operation between each of membership functions stored in the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) and a corresponding one of membership functions of a measured value of an air-conditioning control target, obtained at the time of the incrementing operation, and measured or preset values of other predetermined parameters; information pack output means for outputting, as an information pack, at least the activation amount calculated by said activation amount calculation means, and a set offset-value (ΔTx) and an intrinsic number, both of which are stored in the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ); and air-conditioning set value calculation means for obtaining a set bias value ( ▴ T) by dividing a sum total of products of activation amounts and set offset-values (ΔTx) of the respective information packs output from said information pack output means by a sum total of the activation amounts of the information packs, adding the set bias value ( ▴ T) to the management set value (T BIL ), and setting a sum as a new air-conditioning set value in place of the tenant set value (T UT ) set as an air-conditioning set value. A set value determining apparatus (1-2) comprising: said set value learning apparatus (1-2) defined by claim 1; activation amount calculation means for, in response to a command to change a management set value (T BIL ), calculating an activation amount of each intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) by performing a fuzzy operation between each of membership functions stored in the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ) and a corresponding one of membership functions of a measured value of an air-conditioning control target, obtained at the time when the command is issued, and measured or preset values of other predetermined parameters; information pack output means for outputting, as an information pack, the activation amount calculated by said activation amount calculation means, and a set offset-value (ΔTx) and an intrinsic number, both of which are stored in the intermediate layer unit (CU 1 - CU n ); and air-conditioning set value calculation means for obtaining a set bias value ( ▴ T) by dividing a sum total of products of activation amounts and set offset-values (ΔTx) of the respective information packs output from said information pack output means by a sum total of the activation amounts of the information packs, adding the set bias value ( ▴ T) to a value obtained by changing the management set value (T BIL ), and setting a sum as a new air-conditioning set value.

Inventors: KON AKIHIKO, NARUSE AKIHIKO, KON, AKIHIKO, NARUSE, AKIHIKO, KON, AKIHIKO, C/O FUJISAWA FACTORY, YAMATAKE-
Applicants: YAMATAKE CORP, YAMATAKE CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G05D23
IPC codes: G05D23, G06N3, G05D22, G05B13, F24F11