Transparent functional membrane containing functional ultrafine particles, transparent functional film, and process for producing the same

Abstract: The present invention provides a transparent functional film comprising a transparent plastic substrate film and a hard coat layer provided thereon, wherein functional ultrafine particles are present in a highly localized form, thereby enabling the functional ultrafine particles to effectively exhibit their function and, at the same time, the hard coat layer to have a good adhesion to the functional ultrafine particle layer; and also an antireflection film and processes for producing the transparent functional film and the antireflection film. A functional ultrafine particle layer 2 is formed on a release film 1. Separately, a resin composition for a hard coat layer is coated on a transparent plastic substrate film 3. The coated release film is laminated by press bonding to the coated transparent plastic substrate film so that the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 faces the resin composition coating, thereby causing part of the functional ultrafine particles 5 to be embedded in the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer. The resultant laminate is cured, and the release film 1 is then peeled off. In the resultant transparent functional film, the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 is partly embedded in and fixed to the hard coat layer 4, and the functional ultrafine particles 5 are localized in the hard coat layer 4 on its surface side.

Description: The present invention relates to a transparent functional membrane wherein functional ultrafine particles having an antireflection effect, are localized in a coating (antireflection membrane), a transparent functional film including the transparent functional membrane (antireflection film) and a process for producing the latter. It is known that a transparent functional film having functions, such as a UV screening property, an antistatic property, or an antireflection property, can be produced by coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a transparent resin composition with functional ultrafine particles having particular properties, such as a UV screening effect, an antistatic effect, and an antireflection effect, being dispersed therein, thereby forming a functional coating. Further, it is also known that, in order to impart additional properties, such as scratch resistance and chemical resistance, to the above transparent functional film, a transparent functional film having a hard property can be produced by forming as an intermediate layer a hard coat layer of, for example, an ionizing radiation curing resin on a transparent plastic substrate film and coating thereon a transparent resin composition with functional ultrafine particles being dispersed therein. In the transparent functional film containing the above functional ultrafine particles, the functional ultrafine particles are present in a dispersed form in a transparent functional membrane due to the nature of the process. The incorporation of a larger amount of functional ultrafine particles in the membrane can further enhance the function of the functional ultrafine particles. In this case, however, the filling ratio of the functional ultrafine particles dispersed in the resin should be increased, making it difficult to form a film. Further, the transparent functional film having a hard coat layer of an ionizing radiation curing resin or the like has a problem that the adhesion between the hard coat layer and the transparent functional membrane is so low that the transparent functional membrane is likely to peel off. An object of the present invention is to provide a transparent functional membrane, wherein functional ultrafine particles having an antireflection effect are localized in a high density as a functional ultrafine particle layer in a hard coat layer, thereby enabling the function of the functional ultrafine particles to be developed and, at the same time, the hard coat layer and the functional ultrafine particles to have excellent adhesion to each other, a transparent functional film including the transparent functional membrane (antireflection film) and a process for producing the latter. The first transparent functional membrane of the present invention comprises a hard coat layer and functional ultrafine particles localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer on the side of at least one surface thereof in contact with an external atmosphere. The second transparent functional membrane comprises a hard coat layer and functional ultrafine particles localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer on the side of at least one surface thereof in contact with an external atmosphere, a thin film of said hard coat layer being absent in the functional ultrafine particles in their portions in contact with an air layer (an external atmosphere) to cause part of the functional ultrafine particles to be exposed particularly on the hard coat layer. The transparent functional films of the present invention respectively comprise the first and second transparent functional membranes each formed on a transparent plastic substrate film. The first process for producing the first and second transparent functional films comprises the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2), as such, when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains no solvent, or after removing a solvent when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains a solvent as a diluent, to the coated release film prepared in said step (1) so that the layer of functional ultrafine particles on the release film faces the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer on said transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; and (4) full curing said laminate prepared in said step (3) and peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of functional ultrafine particles to said transparent plastic substrate film. Further, the present invention includes other embodiment of the above production process, which will be described in detail later. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. A1 is a cross-sectional view of the first transparent functional film of the present invention; Fig. A2 is a cross-sectional view of the second transparent functional film of the present invention; Fig. A3 is a flow diagram showing the first process for producing the first transparent functional film of the present invention; Fig. A4 is a flow diagram showing the second process for producing the first transparent functional film of the present invention; Fig. A5 is a flow diagram showing the third process for producing the first transparent functional film of the present invention; Fig. A6 is a flow diagram showing a process for producing the second transparent functional film of the present invention; Fig. A7 is a cross-sectional view of a transparent functional film prepared in Example A2; Fig. A8 is a cross-sectional view of a transparent functional film prepared in Example A3; Fig. A9 is a cross-sectional view of a transparent functional film prepared in Example A5; Fig. A10 is a cross-sectional view of a transparent functional film prepared in Example A12; Fig. A11 is a cross-sectional view of a transparent functional film prepared in Example A13; Fig. A12 is a cross-sectional view of a transparent functional film prepared in Example A14; Fig. A13 is a diagram showing a layer construction of a polarizing sheet with the antireflection film of the present invention being laminated thereto; Fig. A14 is a diagram showing a layer construction of a liquid crystal display using a polarizing sheet with the antireflection film of the present invention being laminated thereto;. Transparent functional membrane and transparent functional film: The first transparent functional membrane of the present invention belonging to group A comprises a hard coat layer and functional ultrafine particles localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer in a region from the interface of said hard coat layer and an air layer (an external atmosphere) to the interior of said hard coat layer. That is, functional ultrafine particles are localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer on the side of at least one surface thereof in contact with an external atmosphere. The second transparent functional membrane of the present invention comprises a hard coat layer and functional ultrafine particles localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer on the side of a surface thereof, no thin film of the hard coat layer being present on the functional ultrafine particles in contact with an air layer (external atmosphere), part of the functional ultrafine particles being exposed particularly on the hard coat layer. The transparent functional films of the present invention respectively comprise the first and second membranes each formed on a transparent plastic substrate film. Fig. A1 shows a cross-sectional view of the first transparent functional film of the present invention. The transparent functional film has functional ultrafine particle layers 2 formed in a region from the surface to the interior of a hard coat layer 4 coated on a transparent plastic film 3. As shown in Fig. A1, the functional ultrafine particle layers 2 are mutually bound by the binding action of the functional ultrafine particles 5 per se, or the binding action of a binder resin used in such an amount that the functional ultrafine particles are not entirely embedded in the binder resin. The uppermost layer of the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 is embedded in the hard coat layer 4 to such an extent that a thin film of the resin for a hard coat layer is formed. It is noted that the hard coat layer 4 having the functional ultrafine particle layer 2, as such, is the first transparent functional membrane of the present invention. Fig. A2 is a cross-sectional view of the second transparent functional film of the present invention. The transparent functional film has functional ultrafine particle layers 2 formed in a region from the interior to the surface of a hard coat layer 4 coated on a transparent plastic substrate film 3. As shown in Fig. A2, the functional ultrafine particle layers 2 are mutually bound by the binding action of the functional ultrafine particles 5 per se, or the binding action of a binder resin used in such an amount that the functional ultrafine particles 5 are not entirely embedded in the binder resin. The whole functional ultrafine particle layer 2 is not embedded in the hard coat layer 4, and part of the functional ultrafine particles 5 is exposed on the surface of the hard coat layer 4. Therefore, the surface of the functional ultrafine particles has no thin film of the resin for a hard coat layer and is in direct contact with an air layer. The hard coat layer 4 having a functional ultrafine particle layer 2, part of which is exposed, as such, is the second transparent functional membrane of the present invention. In the first and second transparent functional membranes or transparent functional films according to the present invention, the functional ultrafine particles are localized in and fixed to the hard coat layer in a region from the interface of the hard coat layer and an air layer to the interior of the hard coat layer. This constitution enables the properties of the functional ultrafine particles to be easily developed without use of the functional ultrafine particles in a large amount and, at the same time, has the effect of providing a better adhesion between the functional ultrafine particles and the hard coat layer than the case where a layer containing functional ultrafine particles is simply formed on a hard coat layer. Process for producing transparent functional film: The first process for producing the first and second transparent functional films according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2), as such, when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains no solvent, or after removing a solvent when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains a solvent as a diluent, to the coated release film prepared in said step (1) so that the layer of functional ultrafine particles on the release film faces the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer on said transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; and (4) full curing said laminate prepared in said step (3) and peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of functional ultrafine particles to said transparent plastic substrate film. A modified embodiment of the first process for producing the first and second transparent functional films according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2), as such, when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains no solvent, or after removing a solvent when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains a solvent as a diluent, to the coated release film prepared in said step (1) so that the layer of functional ultrafine particles on the release film faces the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer on said transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (4) half curing said laminate prepared in said step (3) and peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of functional ultrafine particles to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming another functional membrane on said half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full curing the resultant assembly. Fig. A3 is a flow diagram showing the above first process for producing the first and second transparent functional films of the present invention. Fig. A3 (a) shows the step of coating a sol of functional ultrafine particles 5 on a release film 1 to form a functional ultrafine particle layer 2. Fig. A3 (b) shows the step of press-bonding the above functional ultrafine particle layer 2 formed on a release film 1 to a hard coat layer 4 provided on a transparent plastic substrate film 3. Fig. A3 (c) shows the state of the functional ultrafine particle layer which has been press-bonded to the hard coat layer. Fig. A3 (d) shows the step of peeling off the release film 1 after curing, in the press-bonded state, a resin constituting the hard coat layer. In the step (c), the resin constituting the hard coat layer may be full cured (the first process). Alternatively, it is possible to use a method wherein the resin constituting the hard coat layer is half cured in the step (c) and transferred to the step (d) of peeling off the release film 1 and the resin constituting the hard coat layer is full cured (a modified embodiment of the first process). Curing of the hard coat layer in two stages, i.e., half cure and full cure, offers the advantage that, for example, when a layer is further provided on the hard coat layer after half curing, the adhesion between the hard coat layer and the layer provided thereon can be increased. The second process for producing the first and second transparent functional films according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on said layer of functional ultrafine particles a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than said layer of functional ultrafine particles, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer, and full curing the coating to form a hard coat layer; (3) laminating said release film with said hard coat layer formed thereon to a transparent plastic substrate film through an adhesive layer so that said hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film; and (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film. A modified embodiment of the second process for producing the first transparent functional films according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on said layer of functional ultrafine particles a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than said layer of functional ultrafine particles, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer, and half curing the coating to form a hard coat layer; (3) laminating said release film with said hard coat layer formed thereon to a transparent plastic substrate film through an adhesive layer so that said hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film; (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming another functional membrane on said half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full curing said hard coat layer. Fig. A4 is a flow diagram showing the second process for producing the first and second transparent functional films according to the present invention. Fig. A4 (a) shows the step of coating a sol of functional ultrafine particles 5 on a release film 1 to form a functional ultrafine particle layer 2 and coating thereon a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than the functional ultrafine particle layer 2, thereby forming a hard coat layer 4. In the step (a), the hard coat layer 4 may be full cured, or alternatively may be half cured (a modified embodiment). Fig. A4 (b) shows the step of laminating the hard coat layer 4 provided on the release film 1 in the step (a) to a transparent plastic substrate film 3 through an adhesive layer 6. The adhesive layer 6 may be formed by coating on the hard coat layer 4 or coating on the transparent plastic substrate film 3. Fig. A4 (c) shows the state of the hard coat layer 4 which has been press-bonded to the transparent plastic substrate film 3. Fig. A4 (d) shows the step of peeling off, in this press-bonded state, the release film 1. When the resin for a hard coat layer is half cured in the step (a) of Fig. A4, the resin for a hard coat layer can be full cured after peeling off the release film 1 in the step (d). Curing of the hard coat layer in two stages, i.e., half cure and full cure, offers the advantage that, for example, when a layer is further provided on the hard coat layer after half curing, the adhesion between the hard coat layer and the layer provided thereon can be increased. The third process for producing the first and second transparent functional film according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on said layer of functional ultrafine particles a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than said layer of functional ultrafine particles, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating a transparent plastic substrate film to said release film coated with said resin composition for a hard coat layer so that said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film, and full curing the resultant laminate to form a hard coat layer; and (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hardcoat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film. A modified embodiment of the third process for producing the first and second transparent functional films according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on said layer of functional ultrafine particles a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than said layer of functional ultrafine particles, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating a transparent plastic substrate film to said release film coated with said resin composition for a hard coat layer so that said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film, and half curing the resultant laminate to form a hard coat layer; (4) peeling off said release film from the half cured laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming another functional membrane on the half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full curing the hard coat layer. Fig. A5 is a flow diagram showing the third process for producing the first and second transparent functional films according to the present invention. Fig. A5 (a) shows the step of coating a sol of functional ultrafine particles 5 on a release film 1 to form a functional ultrafine particle layer 2 and coating thereon a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than the functional ultrafine particle layer 2, thereby forming a hard coat layer 4. In the step (a), the hard coat layer 4 has not been yet subjected to a curing treatment. Fig. A5 (b) shows the step of laminating the uncured hard coat layer 4 formed on the release film 1 prepared in the above step (a) to a transparent plastic substrate film 3. Fig. A5 (c) shows the state of the uncured hard coat layer press-bonded to the transparent substrate film. In the state shown in Fig. A5 (c), the laminate is subjected to a curing treatment to full cure or half cure the hard coat layer 4. Fig. A5 (d) shows the step of peeling off the release film 1. In the step (c), the resin composition for a hard coat layer may be full cured. Alternatively, it is also possible to a method wherein the resin composition for a hard coat layer 4 is half cured in the step (c) and then full cured after peeling off the release film 1 in the step (d). Curing of the hard coat layer 4 in two stages, i.e., half cure and full cure, offers the advantage that, for example, when a layer is further provided on the hard coat layer after half curing, the adhesion between the hard coat layer 4 and the layer provided thereon can be increased. In the above processes for producing transparent functional films, particularly in the production of a transparent functional film wherein the functional ultrafine particle layer is not entirely embedded in the hard coat layer and part thereof is exposed on the surface of the hard coat layer (the second transparent functional film of the present invention), consideration should be given to the viscosity of a resin for a hard coat layer, the kind of the resin, the surface tension of the resin, the particle diameter of functional ultrafine particles, the filling ratio of the ultrafine particles, the wettability of the functional ultrafine particles by the resin for a hard coat layer, and the like. More specifically, when a resin which has a high viscosity or becomes dry to the touch (described below) upon coating is selected as the resin for a hard coat layer, part of the functional ultrafine particles is likely to expose. Further, the selection of a resin having a low surface tension or functional ultrafine particles having a small particle diameter, which can provide a high filling ratio, gives the same results. Furthermore, the same results can be obtained when the resin and the ultrafine particles are selected so that the wettability of the ultrafine particles by the resin is poor. Fig. A6 is a flow diagram showing an embodiment of a process for producing the second transparent functional film according to the present invention. Fig. A6 (a) shows the step of coating a sol of functional ultrafine particles 5 on a release film 1 to form a functional ultrafine particle layer 2. Fig. A6 (b) shows the step of coating a resin composition for a hard coat layer on a transparent plastic substrate film 3 and press-bonding the resultant coating, which is dry to the touch, to the above functional ultrafine particle layer 2 provided on the release film 1. Fig. A6 (c) shows the state of the coating for a hard coat layer, which has been press-bonded to the above functional ultrafine particle layer 2. Since the release film 1 with the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 being formed thereon is press-bonded to the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer in such a state that the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer is dry to touch, the whole functional ultrafine particle layer 2 provided on the release film 1 is not entirely embedded in the hard coat layer 4 with part of the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 remaining outside the hard coat layer. Fig. A6 (d) shows the step of peeling off the release film 1 after irradiating a laminate in the press-bonded state with an ionizing radiation, such as an electron beam or ultraviolet light, to full cure the ionizing radiation curing resin. Release film: A sheet, the surface of which has been subject to or not been subjected to a treatment with a silicone, fluorine, acryl-melamine, or the like for rendering the surface of the sheet releasable, is generally used. The surface of the sheet may be uneven. In this case, since the unevenness is formed on the surface of the final product, it is possible to impart an antireflection effect or a glare protection effect to the transparent functional film. Functional ultrafine particles: The functional ultrafine particles used in the functional ultrafine particle layer have a size of not more than 200 nm and exhibit an antireflection property. For example, ultrafine particles having a low refractive index, such as MgF 2 and SiO 2 , or ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, such as Sb 2 O 5 , ZnO, ITO, SnO 2 , and TiO 2 , are used for the purpose of imparting an antireflection property. The antireflection film using the ultrafine particles having a high refractive index can be prepared by forming, on a coating containing ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, a thin film having a single layer or multilayer structure using an inorganic material having a low refractive index, such as MgF 2 or SiO 2 , or a metallic material by vapor deposition, sputtering, plasma CVD or the like, or alternatively forming, on a coating containing ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, a coating layer having a single layer or multilayer structure using a resin composition, having a low refractive index, containing an inorganic material having a low refractive index, such as MgF 2 or SiO 2 , a metallic material, or the like. On the other hand, ultrafine particles, such as Sb 2 O 5 , ZnO, and TiO 2 , are used for the purpose of imparting the UV screening property. In the present invention, the term "ultrafine particles" means particles having an average particle diameter of not more than 200 nm, preferably not more than 100 nm, still preferably in the range of from 5 to 70 nm. This definition is true of the inventions belonging to group B and group C which will be described later. These functional ultrafine particles may be those which have been subjected to a treatment with a coupling agent for rendering the surface thereof hydrophobic. The treatment for rendering the surface hydrophobic introduces a hydrophobic group onto the surface of the functional ultrafine particles, so that the affinity of the ultrafine particles for the ionizing radiation curing resin is increased, enhancing the bond between the ultrafine particles and the ionizing radiation curing resin. Examples of the coupling agent include a silane coupling agent, a titanate coupling agent, and an alumina coupling agent. The amount of the coupling agent added is 0 (zero) exclusive to 30 parts by weight, preferably 0 exclusive to 10 parts by weight. When the functional ultrafine particles is those having an inert surface, such as MgF 2 , it is possible to use a method which comprises previously adding a sol of SiO 2 to coat SiO 2 on the surface of the functional ultrafine particles and treating the coated functional ultrafine particles with a coupling agent. The above coating treatment with SiO 2 enables a large amount of a hydrophilic group to be introduced onto the surface of the functional ultrafine particles, which in turn enables the subsequent treatment with a coupling agent thereby to ensurely introduce a larger amount of a hydrophobic group, so that the affinity of the functional ultrafine particles for the resin is further increased to enhance the bond strength between the functional ultrafine particles and the resin. Method for forming functional ultrafine particle layer on release film: A functional ultrafine particle layer is formed on a release film by coating on a release film a sol of functional ultrafine particles, as such, or a sol of functional ultrafine particles containing a binder resin. The functional ultrafine particle layer can be successfully formed on the release film by the binding action of the functional ultrafine particles per se without using any binder resin. If the binding action is weak, the binder resin may be, if necessary, used. The amount of the binder resin is preferably such that the functional ultrafine particles are not entirely embedded in the binder resin, because the functional ultrafine particles are mutually bound with the surface of the functional ultrafine particles being exposed. This is favorable to develop the function of the functional ultrafine particles, particularly when the functional ultrafine particle layer is used as an antireflection film. The above binder resin may be the conventional binder resins, such as a thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, and an ionizing radiation curing resin. However, when the adhesion to the underlayer (an ionizing radiation curing resin layer) is taken into consideration, the use of an ionizing radiation curing resin is preferred. In this case, the ionizing radiation curing resin is preferably of a solvent semicuring resin. A colorant may be added to the binder resin. Transparent plastic substrate film: Any transparent plastic film may be suitably used as the transparent plastic substrate film for the transparent functional film, and example thereof include a triacetyl cellulose film, a diacetyl cellulose film, a cellulose acetate butyrate film, a polyether sulfone film, a polyacrylic resin film, a polyurethane resin film, a polyester film, a polycarbonate film, a polysulfone film, a polyether film, a trimethylpentane film, a polyether ketone film, and a (meth)acrylonitrile film. Among them, a triacetyl cellulose film and a uniaxial stretched polyester film are particularly favorable because they have excellent transparency and no optical anisotropy. The thickness of the transparent substrate film is, in general, preferably in the range of from about 8 to 1000 µm. Hard coat layer: The binder resin used in the hard coat layer may be any resin (for example, a thermoplastic resin, a thermosetting resin, and an ionizing radiation curing resin) so far as it is transparent. In order to impart a hard property, the thickness of the hard coat layer is not less than 0.5 µm, preferably not less than 3 µm. When the thickness falls within the above range, it is possible to maintain the hardness, so that the hard property can be imparted to the antireflection film. In the present invention, "having a hard property" or "hard coat" refers to a coating having a hardness of not less than H as measured by a pencil hardness test specified in JIS K5400. In order to further improve the hardness of the hard coat layer, it is preferred to use, as the binder resin for the hard coat layer, a reaction curing resin, i.e., a thermosetting resin and/or an ionizing radiation curing resin. Examples of the thermosetting resin include a phenolic resin, a urea resin, a diallyl phthalate resin, a melamine resin, a guanamine resin, an unsaturated polyester resin, a polyurethane resin, an epoxy resin, an aminoalkyd resin, a melamine-urea copolycondensed resin, a silicon resin, and a polysiloxane resin. If necessary, curing agents, such as crosslinking agents and polymerization initiators, polymerization accelerators, solvents, viscosity modifiers, and the like may be added to these resins. The ionizing radiation curing resin is preferably one having an acrylate functional group, and examples thereof include a polyester resin, a polyether resin, an acrylic resin, an epoxy resin, a urethane resin, an alkyd resin, a spiroacetal resin, a polybutadiene resin, and a polythiol-polyene resin having a relatively low molecular weight, an oligomer or a prepolymer of a (meth)acrylate or the like of a polyfunctional compound, such as a polyhydric alcohol, and those containing a relatively large amount of a reactive diluent, such as a monofunctional monomer, such as ethyl (meth)acrylate, ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, styrene, methylstyrene, or N-vinylpyrrolidone, and a polyfunctional monomer, for example, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, hexanediol (meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, or neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate. Among them, a mixture of a polyester acrylate with polyurethane acrylate is particularly preferred. The reason for this is as follows. The polyester acrylate provides a coating having a very high hardness and is, therefore, suitable for the formation of a hard coat. Since, however, a coating consisting of polyester acrylate alone has low impact resistance and is fragile, the polyurethane acrylate is used in combination with the polyester acrylate to impart the impact resistance and flexibility to the coating. The proportion of the polyurethane acrylate incorporated based on 100 parts by weight of the polyester acrylate is not more than 30 parts by weight. This is because the incorporation of the polyurethane acrylate in an amount exceeding the above upper limit 30 parts by weight makes the coating so flexible that the hard property is lost. In order to bring the above ionizing radiation curing resin composition to UV curing type, it is preferred to incorporate, into the ionizing radiation curing resin composition, a photopolymerization initiator, such as an acetophenone compound, a benzophenone compound, Michler's benzoylbenzoate, an α-amyloxime ester, tetramethyl thiuram monosulfide, or a thioxanthone compound, and a photosensitizer, such as n-butylamine, triethylamine, or tri-n-butylphosphine. In the present invention, it is particularly preferred to incorporate urethane acrylate or the like as an oligomer and dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate or the like as a monomer. In order to impart particularly flexibility to the hard coat layer, a solvent type resin may be incorporated in an amount of 10 to 100 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the ionizing radiation curing resin. A thermoplastic resin is mainly used as the solvent type resin. The solvent type thermoplastic resin added to the ionizing radiation curing resin may be any conventional resin used in the art. In particular, when a blend of a polyester acrylate with a polyurethane acrylate is used as the ionizing radiation curing resin, the use of polymethyl methacrylate acrylate or polybutyl methacrylate acrylate as the solvent type resin enables the hardness of the coating to be kept high. Further, this is advantageous also from the viewpoint of transparency, particularly, low haze value, high transmittance, and compatibility, because since the refractive index of the polymethyl methacrylate acrylate or polybutyl methacrylate acrylate is close to that of the main ionizing radiation curing resin, the transparency of the coating is not lost. Further, particularly when a cellulosic resin, such as triacetyl cellulose, is used as the transparent plastic substrate film, the use of a cellulosic resin, such as nitrocellulose, acetyl cellulose, cellulose acetate propionate, or ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, is advantageous from the viewpoint of the adhesion and transparency of the coating. The reason for this is as follows. If toluene is used as a solvent for the above cellulosic resin, despite the fact that toluene does not dissolve triacetyl cellulose as the transparent plastic substrate film, when a coating solution containing this solvent type resin is coated on the transparent plastic substrate film, the adhesion between the transparent plastic substrate film and the coating resin can be improved. Further, in this case, since toluene does not dissolve triacetyl cellulose as the transparent plastic substrate film, the surface of the transparent plastic substrate film is not whitened, enabling the transparency to be maintained. In the hard coat layer, when an ionizing radiation curing resin is used as the binder resin, the ionizing radiation curing resin may be cured by the conventional curing method usually employed for curing ionizing radiation curing resins, that is, applying an electron beam or ultraviolet light. For example, in the case of curing with an electron beam, use may be made of an electron beam or the like having an energy of 50 to 1000 KeV, preferably 100 to 300 Kev, emitted from various electron beam accelerators, such as a Cockcroft-Walton (type) accelerator, a van de Graaff accelerator, a resonance transformer accelerator, an insulation core transformer accelerator, a linear accelerator, a dynatron accelerator, and a high frequency accelerator. On the other hand, in the case of curing with UV, use may be made of ultraviolet light emitted from an ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp, a high pressure mercury lamp, a low pressure mercury lamp, a carbon arc, a xenon arc, a metal halide lamp, and the like. Half cure: In the process for producing a transparent functional film according to the present invention, the half cure include a. ionizing radiation curing resin semicrosslinking type half cure, b. ionizing radiation curing resin/thermosetting resin (or thermoplastic resin) blend type half cure, and c. solvent type/half cure type combined half cure. a. Ionizing radiation curing resin semicrosslinking type half cure The ionizing radiation curing resin semicrosslinking type half cure refers to a half cured state created by coating the conventional ionizing radiation curing resin and irradiating the coating with an ionizing radiation, such as UV or an electron beam, under regulated irradiation conditions to cause semicrosslinking. b. Ionizing radiation curing resin/thermosetting resin (or thermoplastic resin) blend type half cure The ionizing radiation curing resin/thermosetting resin (or thermoplastic resin) blend type half cure refers to a half cured state created by coating a resin composition comprising a mixture of an ionizing radiation curing resin with a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin and, when the thermosetting resin is used, applying heat to the coating. c. Solvent type/half cure type combined half cure The solvent type/half cure type combined half cure refers to a half cured state created by coating the conventional ionizing radiation curing resin with a solvent being added thereto, removing the solvent to form a coating, and irradiating the dried coating with an ionizing radiation. This half cured state is the same as the semi-cured state described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 20249/1989. Dry-to-touch state: In the production of the second transparent functional film of the present invention, it is necessary to expose part of the functional ultrafine particle layer on the hard coat layer. When the coating of the resin composition for a hard coat layer is dry to the touch, it has a high viscosity. In this state, when a functional ultrafine particle layer is brought into contact with the coating, the whole functional ultrafine particle layer is not entirely embedded in the hard coat layer with part of the functional ultrafine particle layer being exposed. That the hard coat layer is brought to the dry-to-touch state offers the advantage that the adhesion between the hard coat layer and the functional ultrafine particle layer can be improved. The coating of the resin composition for a hard coat layer can be made dry to the touch by a a method wherein an ionizing radiation curing resin, which is dry to the touch, is used, b a method wherein a resin having a pressure-sensitive adhesive property is incorporated in the ionizing radiation curing resin. In the method a wherein an ionizing radiation curing resin, which is dry to the touch, is used, for example, ionizing radiation curing resins as described in the following (i) and (ii), which are dry to the touch, may be used. (i) Resin comprising a polymer having a glass transition temperature of 0 to 250°C with a radical polymerizable unsaturated group being introduced therein Specifically, mention may be made of resins prepared by polymerizing or copolymerizing the following monomers and introducing a radical copolymerizable unsaturated group into the polymers or copolymers by the methods a) to d) which will be described later. Monomers having a hydroxyl group: for example, N-methylol (meth)acrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, and 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate. Monomers having a carboxyl group: for example, (meth)acrylic acid and (meth)acryloyloxyethyl monosuccinate. Monomers having an epoxy group: for example, glycidyl (meth)acrylate. Monomers having an aziridinyl group: for example, 2-aziridinyl ethyl (meth)acrylate and 2-aziridinyl allyl propionate. Monomers having an amino group: for example, (meth)acrylamide, diacetone (meth)acrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate, and diethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate. Monomers having a sulfone group: for example, 2-(meth)acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid. Monomers having an isocyanate group: for example, an adduct of a diisocyanate with a radical copolymer having an active hydrogen, such as an adduct of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate with 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate (mole ratio = 1 : 1). Further, in order to adjust the glass transition temperature of the copolymer or adjust the properties of the cured membrane, it is possible to copolymerize the above monomer with the following copolymerizable compound. Examples of the copolymerizable monomer include methyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl (meth)acrylate, t-butyl (meth)acrylate, isoamyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, and 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate. Ionizing radiation curing resins, such as UV curing resins or electron beam curing resins, can be prepared by introducing a radical polymerizable unsaturated group into homopolymers or copolymers of the above monomers by the following methods a) to d). a) When the homopolymer or copolymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer of a monomer having a hydroxyl group, it is condensed with a monomer having a carboxyl group, such as methacrylic acid, or the like. b) When the homopolymer or copolymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer of a monomer having a carboxyl group or a sulfonate group, it is condensed with the above monomer having a hydroxyl group. c) When the homopolymer or copolymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer of a monomer having an epoxy group, an isocyanate group, or an aziridinyl group, it is subjected to an addition reaction with the above monomer having a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group. d) When the homopolymer or copolymer is a homopolymer or a copolymer of a monomer having a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group, it is subjected to an addition reaction with a monomer having an epoxy group, a monomer having an aziridinyl group or a 1 : 1 adduct of a diisocyanate compound and an acrylic ester monomer having a hydroxyl group. (ii) Resin, having a radical polymerizable unsaturated group, which has a melting point in the range of from room temperature (20°C) to 250°C In the above reactions, it is preferred to add a very small amount of a polymerization inhibitor, such as hydroquinone, to the reaction systems, and the reactions are carried out while feeding dried air to the reaction systems. Specific example thereof include stearyl acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, triacryl isocyanate, cyclohexanediol (meth)acrylate, spiroglycol diacrylate, and spiroglycol (meth)acrylate. The resin having an adhesive property used in the above method b wherein a resin having an adhesive property is incorporated in an ionizing radiation curing resin is a resin which can impart an adhesive property to the ionizing radiation curing resin. Such a resin generally comprises a mixture of a pressure sensitive adhesive with an ionizing radiation curing resin. When the ionizing radiation curing resin is in an uncrosslinked state and not liquid and has an adhesive property, it, as such, may be used. In particular, in order to keep the hardness of the coating high, thermoplastic resins, such as polymethyl methacrylate and polybutyl methacrylate, are suitable for imparting an adhesive property to the ionizing radiation curing resin. Other resins suitable for imparting the adhesive property to the ionizing radiation curing resin include the conventional resins used for pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes and pressure-sensitive adhesive seals, and examples thereof include rubber resins, such as polyisoprene rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, styrenebutadiene rubber, and butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber, a (meth)acrylic ester resin, a polyvinyl ether resin, a polyvinyl acetate resin, a polyvinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer resin, a polystyrene resin, a polyamide resin, a polychlorinated olefin resin, and a polyvinyl butyral resin. They contain proper tackifiers, such as a rosin, a dammar, a polymerized rosin, a partially hydrogenated rosin, an ester rosin, a polyterpene resin, a modified terpene, a petroleum resin, a cyclopentadiene resin, a phenolic resin, and a coumarone-indene resin, and, if necessary, a softener, a filler, an antioxidant, and the like. The proportion of the resin having an adhesive property incorporated in the ionizing radiation curing resin is preferably not more than 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the ionizing radiation curing resin, from the viewpoint of forming a dry-to-touch coating. Antireflection film and process for producing the same: The antireflection film of the present invention can be classified into four types, two types of which are such that ultrafine particles having a low refractive index are used as the functional ultrafine particles and the other two types are such that ultrafine particles having a high refractive index are used as the functional ultrafine particles. The first antireflection film of the present invention comprises: a hard coat layer with ultrafine particles having a low refractive index being localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer in a region from the interface of the hard coat layer and an air layer to the interior of the hard coat layer; and a transparent plastic substrate film having said hard coat layer fixed thereon, said hard coat layer having a higher refractive index than said ultrafine particles having a low refractive index. This antireflection film is the same as the transparent functional film shown in Fig. 1, except that the functional ultrafine particles are ultrafine particles having a low refractive index. The second antireflection film of the present invention comprises: a hard coat layer with ultrafine particles having a low refractive index being localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer in a region from the interface of the hard coat layer and an air layer to the interior of the hard coat layer, part of said ultrafine particles having a low refractive index being exposed on the surface of said hard coat layer; and a transparent plastic substrate film having said hard coat layer fixed thereon, said hard coat layer having a higher refractive index than said ultrafine particles having a low refractive index. This antireflection film is the same as the transparent functional film shown in Fig. A2, except that the functional ultrafine particles are ultrafine particles having a low refractive index. The third antireflection film of the present invention comprises: a hard coat layer with ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer in a region from the surface of said hard coat layer to the interior of said hard coat layer; a transparent plastic substrate film with said hard coat layer being fixed to the reverse surface thereof; and a layer, having a low refractive index, formed on the surface of said hard coat layer with said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being localized therein, said hard coat layer having a lower refractive index than said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index. This antireflection film corresponds to a transparent functional film shown in Fig. A9, wherein the functional ultrafine particles are ultrafine particles having a high refractive index. The fourth antireflection film of the present invention comprises: a hard coat layer with ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer in a region from the surface of said hard coat layer to the interior of said hard coat layer, part of said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being exposed on the surface of said hard coat layer; a transparent plastic substrate film with said hard coat layer being fixed thereon; and a layer, having a low refractive index, formed on the surface of said hard coat layer with said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being localized therein and part of said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being exposed thereon, said hard coat layer having a lower refractive index than said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index. This antireflection film corresponds to a transparent functional film shown in Fig. A12, wherein the functional ultrafine particles are ultrafine particles having a high refractive index. The process for producing the first antireflection film of the present invention is characterized in that, in the above first process for producing the first transparent functional film, ultrafine particles having a low refractive index are used as the functional ultrafine particles and a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a higher refractive index than the ultrafine particles having a low refractive index, is used as the resin composition for a hard coat layer. The process for producing the second antireflection film of the present invention is characterized in that, in the above process for producing the second transparent functional film, ultrafine particles having a low refractive index are used as the functional ultrafine particles and a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a higher refractive index than the ultrafine particles having a low refractive index, is used as the resin composition for a hard coat layer. The first process for producing the third antireflection film of the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming on a release film a layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a lower refractive index than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2), as such, when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains no solvent, or after removing a solvent when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains a solvent as a diluent, to the coated release film prepared in said step (1) so that the layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index on the release film faces the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer on said transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (4) full curing said laminate prepared in said step (3) to form a hard coat layer and peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to said transparent plastic substrate film; and (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on said hard coat layer. A modified embodiment of the first process for producing the third antireflection film according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming on a release film a layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a lower refractive index than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2), as such, when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains no solvent, or after removing a solvent when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains a solvent as a diluent, to the coated release film prepared in said step (1) so that the layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index on the release film faces the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer on said transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (4) half curing said laminate prepared in said step (3) to form a hard coat layer and peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on the half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full cure said hard coat layer. The second process for producing the third antireflection film according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming on a release film a layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (2) coating on said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a lower refractive index than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, to a larger thickness than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, thereby causing said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer, and full curing the coating to form a hard coat layer; (3) laminating said release film with said hard coat layer formed thereon to a transparent plastic substrate film through an adhesive layer so that said hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film; (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film; and (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on said hard coat layer. A modified embodiment of the second process for producing the third antireflection film according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming on a release film a layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (2) coating on said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a lower refractive index than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, to a larger thickness than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, thereby causing said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer, and half curing the coating to form a hard coat layer; (3) laminating said release film with said hard coat layer formed thereon to a transparent plastic substrate film through an adhesive layer so that said hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film; (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on the half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full curing said hard coat layer. The third process for producing the third antireflection film according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming on a release film a layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (2) coating on said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a lower refractive index than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, to a larger thickness than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, thereby causing said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating a transparent plastic substrate film to said release film coated with said resin composition for a hard coat layer so that said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film, and full curing the resultant laminate to form a hard coat layer; (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film; and (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on the cured hard coat layer. A modified embodiment of the third process for producing the third antireflection film according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming on a release film a layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (2) coating on said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a lower refractive index than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, to a larger thickness than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, thereby causing said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating a transparent plastic substrate film to said release film coated with said resin composition for a hard coat layer so that said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film, and half curing the resultant laminate to form a hard coat layer; (4) peeling off said release film from the half cured laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on the half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full curing said hard coat layer. In the above processes for producing antireflection films, particularly an antireflection film, wherein ultrafine particles having a high refractive index are not entirely embedded in the hard coat layer with part of the ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being exposed on the surface of the hard coat layer (the fourth antireflection film of the present invention), can be produced by increasing the viscosity of the resin for a hard coat layer, properly selecting the kind of the resin, properly selecting a resin having a high surface tension as the above type of resin, and taking into consideration the particle diameter of the ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, the filling ratio of the ultrafine particles, the wettability of the ultrafine particles having a high refractive index by the resin for a hard coat layer, and the like. An embodiment of a process for producing the fourth antireflection film according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming on a release film a layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a lower refractive index than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2) to the coated release film prepared in said step (1), when the coating of the resin composition for a hard coat layer is dry to the touch, so that the layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index on the release film faces the coating on said transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to be partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (4) full curing said laminate prepared in said step (3) to form a hard coat layer and peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to said transparent plastic substrate film; and (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on said layer of ultrafine particles, having a high refractive index, part of which is exposed on said hard coat layer. Another embodiment of a process for producing the forth antireflection film according to the present invention comprises the steps of: (1) forming on a release film a layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer, having a lower refractive index than said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2) to the coated release film prepared in said step (1), when the coating of the resin composition for a hard coat layer is dry to the touch, so that the layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index on the release film faces the coating on the transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to be partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (4) half curing said laminate prepared in said step (3) to form a hard coat layer and peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of ultrafine particles having a high refractive index to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on said layer of ultrafine particles, having a high refractive index, part of which is exposed on said hard coat layer; and (6) full curing said hard coat layer. In the processes for producing antireflection films according to the present invention, when a layer having a low refractive index is formed on the hard coat layer by coating or a vapor growth process, the formation of the layer having a low refractive index on the half cured hard coat layer followed by full curing offers the advantage that the adhesion of the layer having a low refractive index can be improved. The half cure is the same as described above in connection with the transparent functional film. Ultrafine particle layer having high refractive index in antireflection film: Examples of the ultrafine particles having a high refractive index used in the ultrafine particle layer having a high refractive index in the antireflection film of the present invention include ZnO (refractive index: 1.90), TiO 2 (refractive index: 2.3-2.7), CeO 2 (refractive index: 1.95), Sb 2 O 5 (refractive index: 1.71), SnO 2 , ITO (refractive index: 1.95), Y 2 O 3 (refractive index: 1.87), La 2 O 3 (refractive index: 1.95), ZrO 2 (refractive index: 2.05), and Al 2 O 3 (refractive index: 1.63). Among the above ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, ZnO, TiO 2 , CeO 2 , and the like are preferred because UV screening properties can be further imparted to the antireflection film of the present invention. Further, the use of an antimony-doped SnO 2 or ITO is preferred from the viewpoint of improving electronic conductivity to prevent the adherence of dust by virtue of an antistatic effect, or to attain an electromagnetic wave shielding effect when the antireflection film of the present invention is used in CRT. In order to make the hard coat layer transparent, the particle diameter of the ultrafine particle having a high refractive index is preferably not more than 400 nm. Ultrafine particle layer having low refractive index in antireflection film: Examples of the ultrafine particles having a low refractive index used in the ultrafine particle layer having a low refractive index in the antireflection film of the present invention include inorganic materials, such as LiF (refractive index: 1.4), MgF 2 (refractive index: 1.4), 3NaF·AlF 3 (refractive index: 1.4), AlF 3 (refractive index: 1.4), Na 3 AlF 6 (cryolite, refractive index: 1.33), and SiO x (x: 1.50≤x≤2.00)(refractive index: 1.35-1.48). Layer having low refractive index in antireflection film: In the antireflection film of the present invention, a layer having a low refractive index is further provided on the surface of the hard coat layer with ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being localized therein. The refractive index of the layer having a low refractive index is lower than those of the hard coat layer and the ultrafine particle layer having a high refractive index. The refractive index n L of the layer having a low refractive index is, of course, lower than the refractive index n H of the hard coat layer. Further, when the relationship between the refractive index n L of the layer having a low refractive index and the refractive index n H of the hard coat layer is closer to a requirement represented by the following formula, the antireflection effect attained is better. Therefore, it is preferred to provide the layer having a low refractive index and the hard coat layer so that the relationship between the refractive index n L of the layer having a low refractive index and the refractive index n H of the hard coat layer is as closer to a requirement represented by the following formula as possible. n L = n H The layer having a low refractive index may be formed using any material having a low refractive index so far as the above requirement is met. The material may be any of inorganic materials and organic materials. Examples of the inorganic material having a low refractive index include LiF (refractive index: 1.4), MgF 2 (refractive index: 1.4), 3NaF·AlF 3 (refractive index: 1.4), AlF 3 (refractive index: 1.4), Na 3 AlF 6 (cryolite, refractive index: 1.33), and SiO x (x: 1.50≤x≤2.00)(refractive index: 1.35-1.48). It is preferred to form the layer having a low refractive index using an inorganic material having a low refractive index because the formed layer has a high hardness. In particular, when a layer of SiO x (wherein x is 1.50≤x≤4.00, preferably 1.70≤x≤2.20) is formed by the plasma CVD process, it has a good hardness and an excellent adhesion to the hard coat layer and, further, heat damage to the transparent plastic substrate film can be reduced as compared with the case where other vapor growth processes are used. The organic material having a low refractive index is preferably an organic material, such as a polymer with a fluorine atom being introduced thereinto, because the refractive index is low and not more than 1.45. Polyvinylidene fluoride (refractive index n = 1.40) can be mentioned as a resin usable with a solvent because it is easy to handle. When polyvinylidene fluoride is used as the organic material having a low refractive index, the refractive index of the layer having a low refractive index becomes about 1.40. It is also possible to add an acrylate having a low refractive index, such as trifluoroethyl acrylate (refractive index n = 1.32), in an amount of 10 to 300 parts by weight, preferably 100 to 200 parts by weight, for the purpose of further lowering the refractive index of the layer having a low refractive index. It is noted that the trifluoroethyl acrylate is of monofunctional type and, therefore, the strength of the layer having a low refractive index is not satisfactory. For this reason, it is preferred to further add a polyfunctional acrylate, for example, dipentaerythritol hexacrylate (abbreviation: DPHA, tetrafunctional type), which is an ionizing radiation curing resin. The larger the amount of DPHA added, the higher the strength of the layer. However, the lower the amount of DPHA added, the lower the refractive index. For this reason, it is recommended that the amount of DPHA is 1 to 50 parts by weight, preferably 5 to 20 parts by weight. The layer having a low refractive index can be prepared by forming, on a hard coat layer having a high refractive index, a film having a single layer structure or a multilayer structure using an inorganic material having a low refractive index by a vapor growth process, such as vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, or plasma CVD, or alternatively coating, on a hard coat layer having a high refractive index, a resin composition, having a low refractive index, with an inorganic material having a low refractive index being incorporated therein, or an organic material having a low refractive index to form a coating having a single layer structure or a multilayer structure. In particular, an SiO x film formed by the plasma CVD process has a higher density than the conventional vacuum-deposited films and, hence, a higher gas barrier property. Therefore, it has excellent moisture resistance and has the advantage that, when the antireflection film of the present invention is used with the antireflection film being laminated to a polarizing element, it can serve as a barrier to moisture for the polarizing element which is recognized as having poor resistance to moisture. Table 1 shows experimental data showing the superiority of an SiO x film formed by the plasma CVD process. Films used in the experiment on moistureproofness were a triacetyl cellulose film (hereinafter referred to as "TAC"), a triacetyl cellulose film with a coating of a 7 µm-thick hard coat resin coating being formed thereon [hereinafter referred to as "HC (7 µm)/TAC"], a triacetyl cellulose film with a 1 µm-thick vinylidene fluoride coating being formed thereon [hereinafter referred to as "K coat: vinylidene fluoride (1 µm)/TAC")], and a triacetyl cellulose film with a 1000 Å-thick SiOx film being formed thereon by the plasma CVD process [hereinafter referred to as "SiO x (1000 Å)/TAC"]. The moisture permeability per day of the above films was measured at a humidity of 90% and a temperature of 40°C according to a moistureproof test specified in JIS. Layer construction (layer indicated on the left side be consisting the uppermost layer) Moisture permeability (per day) TAC 600 g/m 2 HC(7 µm)/TAC 300 g/m 2 K coat: Vinylidene fluoride (1 µM)/TAC 20 g/m 2 SiO x (1000 Å)/TAC Not more than 5 g/m 2 From the above table, it is apparent that SiO x (1000 Å)/TAC has the lowest moisture permeability, i.e., excellent moistureproof. Although the K coat: vinylidene fluoride (1 µm)/TAC has somewhat good moistureproofness, the coating is excessively flexible and yellows with time, rendering this film unsuitable for use as an optical material. Further, when a dye or the like is used in the polarizing element or other layers, the plasma CVD film can prevent the deterioration of the dye or the like. Furthermore, the SiO x film formed by the plasma CVD process has a high density and, hence, is resistant to scratching. Furthermore, as compared with the conventional vacuum deposited films, the x value in the SiO x film formed by the plasma CVD process can be relatively easily varied. Furthermore, the x value in the conventional vacuum deposited film is less than 2 at the highest, whereas the x value in the SiO x film formed by the plasma CVD process can exceed 2. Therefore, the SiO x film formed by the plasma CVD process can have a lower refractive index than the conventional vacuum deposited films and, hence, a higher transparency. Furthermore, it is superior to,the conventional vacuum deposited films in adhesion to the substrate. Refractive index of hard coat layer in antireflection film: In the first and second antireflection films of the present invention, the refractive index of the hard coat layer is higher than that of the ultrafine particles having a low refractive index. A layer construction having such a refractive index relationship can enhance the antireflection effect and prevent light reflection from the interface of the hard coat layer and other layers. In order to further enhance the antireflection effect, it is preferred for the refractive index of the hard coat layer to be higher than that of the transparent plastic substrate film. The refractive index of the hard coat layer can be enhanced by a method wherein a binder resin having a high refractive index is used in the hard coat layer, a method wherein ultrafine particles having a higher refractive index than the hard coat layer is added to the hard coat layer, or a method wherein the above two methods are combined. Examples of the binder resin having a high refractive index include a a resin containing an aromatic ring, b a resin containing a halogen atom other than F, for example, Br, I or Cl, c a resin containing an atom, such as S, N or P, and a resin meeting at least one of the above requirements has a high refractive index and, hence, is preferred. Examples of the resin a include a styrol resin, such as polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl carbazole, polycarbonate of bisphenol A. Examples of the resin b include polyvinyl chloride and polytetrabromobisphenol A glycidyl ether. In the third and fourth antireflection film of the present invention, the refractive index of the hard coat layer in its portion where the ultrafine particle layer having a high refractive index is absent is lower than that of the ultrafine particle layer having a high refractive index. A layer construction having such a refractive index relationship can enhance the antireflection effect and prevent light reflection from the interface of the hard coat layer and other layers. In order to further enhance the antireflection effect, it is preferred for the refractive index of the hard coat layer to be higher than that of the transparent plastic substrate film. Other layers In the antireflection film of the present invention, layers for imparting various functions may be further provided besides the above-described layers. For example, a primer layer or an adhesive layer may be provided on the transparent plastic substrate film for the purpose of improving the adhesion between the hard coat layer and the transparent plastic substrate film. Further, a plurality of hard coat layers may be provided for the purpose of improving the hard property. The refractive index of the above additional layer interposed between the transparent plastic substrate film and the hard coat layer is preferably intermediate between the refractive index of the transparent plastic substrate film and the refractive index of the hard coat layer. The above additional layer may be formed by coating directly or indirectly on the transparent plastic substrate film. Alternatively, when a hard coat layer is formed on the transparent plastic substrate film by the transfer process, it is possible to use a method wherein the above additional layer is formed by coating on a hard coat layer, which have been previously formed on a transfer film, and the hard coat layer with the above additional layer being formed thereon is transferred to the transparent plastic substrate film. A pressure-sensitive adhesive may be coated on the underside of the antireflection film of the present invention, and the antireflection film may be used by applying it to an object of antireflection, for example, a polarizing element. Polarizing plate and liquid crystal display: A polarizing plate having improved antireflection effect can be prepared by laminating the antireflection film of the present invention to a polarizing element. A polyvinyl alcohol film, a polyvinyl formal film, a polyvinyl acetal film, and a saponified film of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, these films having been dyed with iodine or a dye and stretched, may be used in the polarizing element. In the lamination of the antireflection film to the polarizing plate, when the substrate film of the antireflection film is, for example, a triacetyl cellulose film, the triacetyl cellulose film is saponified in order to improve the adhesion and for destaticization purposes. The saponification treatment may be carried out before or after the application of the hard coat on the triacetyl cellulose film. Fig. A13 is an embodiment of a polarizing plate using the antireflection film of the present invention. In the drawing, numeral 12 designates the antireflection film of the present invention, and the antireflection film 12 is laminated onto a polarizing element 13. A triacetyl cellulose film (abbreviation: TAC film) 14 is laminated onto the other side of the polarizing element 13. The antireflection film 12 of the present invention may be laminated onto both sides of the polarizing element 13. Fig. A14 is an embodiment of a liquid crystal display using the antireflection film of the present invention. A polarizing plate shown in Fig. A13, that is, a polarizing plate having a layer construction of TAC film/polarizing element/antireflection film is laminated onto a liquid crystal display device 15. On the other hand, a polarizing plate having a layer construction of TAC film/polarizing element/TAC film is laminated onto the other side of the liquid crystal display device 15. In the case of an STN type liquid crystal display, a phase plate is inserted between the liquid crystal display device and the polarizing plate. [Example A1] An MgF 2 sol having a refractive index of 1.4 (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) was coated on a release film (MC-19 (trade name) manufactured by REIKO CO., LTD.; the surface thereof having been treated with acryl-melamine) to a thickness of 100 nm. Separately, an electron beam curing resin (EXG (trade name) manufactured by Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Manufacturing. Co., Ltd.) was coated on an 80 µm-thick triacetyl cellulose film to a thickness of 5 µm on a dry basis. The coated triacetyl cellulose film was then put on the coated release film so that the coating surfaces faced each other. The assembly was subjected to press bonding to prepare a laminate which was then irradiated with an electron beam under conditions of 4 Mrad and 10 m/min to cure the electron beam curing resin. Then, the release film was peeled off from the laminate. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 95% (the total light transmittance of the triacetyl cellulose film as the substrate film being 92%), and the surface thereof was resistant to scratching with a nail. The above results show that the transparent functional film can serve as an antireflection film. The transparent functional film prepared in the present Example A1 corresponds to a film shown in Fig. A1. [Example A2] A 1 : 2 mixture of an MgF 2 sol having a refractive index of 1.4 (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) and a fluoroacrylate (manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.) was coated on the same release film as used in Example A1 to a thickness of 100 nm. A 1 : 2 mixture of an electron beam curing resin (X-12-2400 manufactured by The Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) and an Sb 2 O 5 having a refractive index of 1.68 (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) was coated on a PET film to a thickness of 5 µm on a dry basis, and the above coated release film was laminated thereto. The resultant laminate was irradiated with an electron beam under conditions of 4 Mrad and 10 m/min to cure the electron beam curing resin. Then, the release film was peeled off from the laminate. The transparent functional film thus formed had a total light transmittance of 91% (the total light transmittance of the PET film as the substrate film being 87%), and the surface thereof was resistant to scratching with a nail. The above results show that the transparent functional film can serve as an antireflection film. Fig. A7 shows a cross-sectional view of the transparent functional film formed in the present Example A2. The transparent functional film comprises a transparent plastic substrate film 3, a hard coat layer 4 of an electron beam curing resin coated thereon, and a functional ultrafine particle layer 2 formed in a region from within the hard coat layer 4 to on the surface of the hard coat layer 4. As shown in Fig. A7, the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 is bound by the binding capability of each functional ultrafine particles 5 per se and a binder resin 7. The whole functional ultrafine particle layer 2 is entirely embedded in the hard coat layer 4 comprising an electron beam curing resin. Further, ultrafine particles 8 of Sb 2 O 5 (refractive index: 1.68) are included in the hard coat layer 4. [Example A3] A transparent functional film having an antireflection effect was formed in the same manner as in Example A1, except that Matt PET (X-45 (trade name) manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) having a finely uneven surface was used as the release film instead of the release film MC-19 used in Example A1. Fig. A8 shows a cross-sectional view of the transparent functional film formed in the present Example A3. The transparent functional film comprises a transparent plastic substrate film 3, a hard coat layer 4 of an electron beam curing resin coated thereon, and a functional ultrafine particle layer 2 formed in a region from within the hard coat layer 4 to on the surface of the hard coat layer 4. As shown in Fig. A8, the surface of the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 has a fine uneven pattern corresponding to that on the surface of the release film. [Example A4] A transparent functional film having an antireflection effect was formed in the same manner as in Example A2, except that Matt PET (X-45 (trade name) manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) having a finely uneven surface was used as the release film instead of the release film MC-19 used in Example A2. [Example A5] A dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles having a refractive index of 1.9 was coated on a release film (MC-19 (trade name) manufactured by REIKO CO., LTD.; the surface thereof having been treated with acryl-melamine) to a thickness of 72 nm. Separately, an electron beam curing resin (EXG (trade name) manufactured by Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Manufacturing. Co., Ltd.) was coated on an 80 µm-thick triacetyl cellulose film (TAC film) to a thickness of 5 µm on a dry basis. The coated triacetyl cellulose film was then put on and laminated to the coated release film so that the coating surfaces faced each other. The laminate was then irradiated with an electron beam at 2 Mrad to half cure the resin. Then, the release film was peeled off from the laminate, thereby transferring the layer of ultrafine ZnO particles to the electron beam curing resin layer. A fluoroacrylate (Viscoat 8F (trade name) manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.) was coated on the above transferred layer to a thickness of 100 nm. The coated layer was then irradiated with an electron beam at 3 Mrad to full cure the resin layer, thereby forming a transparent functional film having an antireflection effect. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 95%. Fig. A9 shows a cross-sectional view of the transparent functional film formed in the present Example A5. The transparent functional film comprises: a transparent plastic substrate film 3; a hard coat layer 4 of an electron beam curing resin formed thereon; a functional ultrafine particle layer 2 comprised of functional ultrafine particles 5 having a high refractive index, which are localized and fixed in a region from within the hard coat layer 4 to on the surface of the hard coat layer 4, and a thin film of the electron curing resin covering the whole outermost surface of the ultrafine particles 5; and, further, a layer 9 having a low refractive index provided on the thin film of the electron curing resin, thereby forming a transparent functional film having an antireflection effect. [Example A6] A dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles having a refractive index of 1.9 was coated on a release film (MC-19 (trade name) manufactured by REIKO CO., LTD.; the surface thereof having been treated with acryl-melamine) to a thickness of 72 nm. Separately, a resin (refractive index: 1.65) comprising a 2 : 1 (weight ratio) mixture of a dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles and an electron beam curing resin (HN-5A (trade name) manufactured by Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd.) was coated on an 80 µm-thick triacetyl cellulose film (TAC film) to a thickness of 5 µm on a dry basis. The coated triacetyl cellulose film was then put on and laminated to the coated release film so that the coating surfaces faced each other. The laminate was then irradiated with an electron beam at 2 Mrad to half cure the resin. Then, the release film was peeled off from the laminate, thereby transferring the layer of ultrafine ZnO particles to the electron beam curing resin layer with ultrafine particles being dispersed therein. A fluoroacrylate (Viscoat 8F (trade name) manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.) was coated on the above transferred layer to a thickness of 100 nm. The coated layer was then irradiated with an electron beam at 3 Mrad to full cure the resin layer, thereby forming a transparent functional film having an antireflection effect. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 95%. [Example A7] A dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles having a refractive index of 1.9 was coated on a release film (MC-19 (trade name) manufactured by REIKO CO., LTD.; the surface thereof having been treated with acryl-melamine) to a thickness of 72 nm. A resin (refractive index: 1.65) comprising a 2 : 1 (weight ratio) mixture of a dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles and an electron beam curing resin (HN-5A (trade name) manufactured by Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd.) was coated thereon to a thickness of 3 µm on a dry basis. The film was then irradiated with an electron beam at 10 Mrad to full cure the resin. A 6 : 1 mixture of a urethane adhesive (Takelac (trade name) manufactured by Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and a curing agent was coated thereon. The coated film was then laminated to an 80 µm-thick triacetyl cellulose film. The laminate was aged at 40°C for 3 days, and the release film was peeled off from the laminate. A 100 nm-thick SiO x film was then formed on the aged layer by plasma deposition. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 95.1%. [Example A8] A dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles having a refractive index of 1.9 was coated on a release film (MC-19 (trade name) manufactured by REIKO CO., LTD.; the surface thereof having been treated with acryl-melamine) to a thickness of 72 nm. A resin (refractive index: 1.65) comprising a 2 : 1 (weight ratio) mixture of a dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles and an electron beam curing resin (HN-5A (trade name) manufactured by Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd.) was coated thereon to a thickness of 3 µm on a dry basis. The film was then irradiated with an electron beam at 2 Mrad to half cure the resin. A 6 : 1 mixture of a urethane adhesive (Takelac (trade name) manufactured by Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and a curing agent was coated thereon. The coated film was laminated to an 80 µm-thick triacetyl cellulose film. The laminate was aged at 40°C for 3 days, and the release film was then peeled off from the laminate. A fluoroacrylate (Viscoat 8F (trade name) manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.) was then coated on the aged layer to a thickness of 100 nm. Thereafter, the coated film was irradiated with an electron beam at 3 Mrad to full cure the resin layer, thereby forming a transparent functional film having an antireflection effect. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 95%. [Example A9] A dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles having a refractive index of 1.9 was coated on a release film (MC-19 (trade name) manufactured by REIKO CO., LTD.; the surface thereof having been treated with acryl-melamine) to a thickness of 72 nm. An electron beam curing resin (EXG (trade name) manufactured by Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Manufacturing. Co., Ltd.) was coated thereon to a thickness of 5 µm on a dry basis. An 80 µm-thick triacetyl cellulose film was laminated to the coated film so that the triacetyl cellulose film faced the electron beam curing resin. Thereafter, the laminate was irradiated with an electron beam at 5 Mrad to full cure the resin, and the release film was then peeled off from the laminate. A 100 nm-thick SiO x film was formed on the cured resin layer by plasma deposition. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 95.1%. [Example A10] A dispersion of ultrafine ZnO particles having a refractive index of 1.9 was coated on a release film (MC-19 (trade name) manufactured by REIKO CO., LTD.; the surface thereof having been treated with acryl-melamine) to a thickness of 72 nm. An electron beam curing resin (EXG (trade name) manufactured by Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals Manufacturing. Co., Ltd.) was coated thereon to a thickness of 5 µm on a dry basis. An 80 µm-thick triacetyl cellulose film was laminated to the coated film so that the triacetyl cellulose film faced the electron beam curing resin. Thereafter, the laminate was irradiated with an electron beam at 2 Mrad to half cure the resin, and the release film was then peeled off from the laminate. A fluoroacrylate (Viscoat 8F (trade name) manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.) was coated on the cured resin layer to a thickness of 100 nm. Thereafter, the coated layer was irradiated with an electron beam at 3 Mrad to full cure the resin layer, thereby forming a transparent functional film having an antireflection effect. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 95.3%. [Example A11] An MgF 2 sol having a refractive index of 1.4 (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) was coated on a release film (MC-19 (trade name) manufactured by REIKO CO., LTD.; the surface thereof having been treated with acryl-melamine) to a thickness of 100 nm. Separately, a resin blend of an electron beam curing pressure-sensitive adhesive with an electron beam curing resin was coated on a 100 µm-thick PET film to a thickness of 5 µm on a dry basis. The resultant coating was dried by evaporating the solvent (at 100°C for 30 min). The coated PET film was then put on the coated release film so that the coating surfaces faced each other. The assembly was subjected to press bonding to prepare a laminate which was then irradiated with an electron beam under conditions of 4 Mrad and 10 m/min to cure the electron beam curing resin blend. Then, the release film was peeled off from the laminate. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 92% (the total light transmittance of the PET film as the substrate film being 87%), and the surface thereof was resistant to scratching with a nail. The above results show that the transparent functional film can serve as an antireflection film. The transparent functional film prepared in the present Example A11 corresponds to a film shown in Fig. A2. [Example A12] A 1 : 2 mixture of an MgF 2 sol having a refractive index of 1.4 (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) and a fluoroacrylate (manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.) was coated on the same release film as used in Example A11 to a thickness of 100 nm. Separately, a 1 : 2 mixture of a resin blend of an electron beam curing pressure-sensitive adhesive and an electron beam curing resin and an Sb 2 O 5 having a refractive index of 1.68 (manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries Ltd.) was coated on a PET film to a thickness of 5 µm on a dry basis. The coated PET film was put on and laminated to the above coated release film so that the coating surfaces faced each other, and the laminate was irradiated with an electron beam under conditions of 4 Mrad and 10 m/min to cure the electron beam curing resin blend. Then, the release film was peeled off from the laminate. The transparent functional film thus formed had a total light transmittance of 93% (the total light transmittance of the PET film as the substrate film being 87%), and the surface thereof was resistant to scratching with a nail. The above results show that the transparent functional film can serve as an antireflection film. Fig. A10 shows a cross-sectional view of the transparent functional film formed in the present Example A12. The transparent functional film comprises a transparent plastic substrate film 3, a hard coat layer 4 coated thereon, the hard coat layer 4 comprising a resin blend of an electron beam curing pressure-sensitive adhesive with an electron beam curing resin, and a functional ultrafine particle layer 2 formed in a region from within the hard coat layer 4 to on the surface of the hard coat layer 4. As shown in Fig. A10, the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 is bound by the binding capability of each functional ultrafine particles 5 per se and a binder rein 7. The functional ultrafine particle layer 2 is not entirely embedded in the hard coat layer 4 of an electron beam curing resin blend, and the surface thereof is in direct contact with an air layer. Further, ultrafine particles 8 of Sb 2 O 5 (refractive index: 1.68) are included in the hard coat layer 4. [Example A13] An antireflection film was formed in the same manner as in Example A11, except that Matt PET (X-45 (trade name) manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) having a finely uneven surface was used as the release film instead of the release film MC-19 used in Example A11. Fig. A11 shows a cross-sectional view of the transparent functional film formed in the present Example A13. The transparent functional film comprises a transparent plastic substrate film 3; a hard coat layer 4, coated on the transparent plastic substrate film 3, comprising a resin blend of an electron beam curing pressure-sensitive adhesive with an electron beam curing resin; and a functional ultrafine particle layer 2 formed in a region from within the hard coat layer 4 to on the surface of the hard coat layer 4. As shown in Fig. A11, the surface of the functional ultrafine particle layer 2 had a finely uneven pattern corresponding to that on the surface of the release film. [Example A14] A fluoroacrylate (Viscoat 8F (trade name) manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.) was coated on the transparent functional film formed in the above Example A11 to a thickness of 100 nm. The coated film was then irradiated with an electron beam at 3 Mrad to full cure the resin layer, thereby forming a transparent functional film having an antireflection effect. The transparent functional film thus obtained had a total light transmittance of 95%. Fig. A12 shows a cross-sectional view of the transparent functional film formed in the present Example A14. The transparent functional film comprises: a transparent plastic substrate film 3; coated on the transparent plastic substrate film 3, a hard coat layer 4 of a resin blend of an electron beam curing pressure-sensitive adhesive with an electron beam curing resin; a functional ultrafine particle layer 2 formed in a region from within the hard coat layer 4 to on the surface of the hard coat layer 4; and, further, a layer 9 having a low refractive index provided on the functional ultrafine particle layer 2, thereby forming a transparent functional film having an antireflection effect. The first and second transparent functional membranes or transparent functional films of the present invention contain functional ultrafine particles localized in and fixed to a hard coat layer in a region from the interface of the hard coat layer and an air layer to within the hard coat layer. Unlike the case of mere incorporation of functional ultrafine particles in a coating, the above constitution enables the properties of functional ultrafine particles to be easily developed even when the amount of the functional ultrafine particle used is small. Further, in the above constitution, the adhesion between the functional ultrafine particles and the hard coat layer is better than the case where a layer containing functional ultrafine particles is merely formed on a hard coat layer. The antireflection films of the present invention using, as functional ultrafine particles, ultrafine particles having a low refractive index or a high refractive index can also exhibit the same effects as attained by the above transparent functional films. In the first and second antireflection films of the present invention, the refractive index of the hard coat layer is higher than that of ultrafine particles having a low refractive index and higher than that of a transparent plastic substrate film, which enhances the antireflection effect and can prevent light from being reflected by the interface of the hard coat layer and other layers. In the third and fourth antireflection films of the present invention, the refractive index of the hard coat layer in its portion, where the ultrafine particles having a high refractive index is absent, is higher than that of the transparent plastic substrate film to such an extent as not to exceed the refractive index of the ultrafine particle layer having a high refractive index, which enhances the antireflection effect and can prevent light from being reflected by the interface of the hard coat layer and other layers.

Claims: An antireflection membrane comprising: a hard coat layer comprising a resin, said hard coat layer having a pencil hardness of not less than H as measured by a pencil hardness test specified in JIS-K-5400; and a functional ultrafine particle layer wherein the ultrafine particles have an average particle diameter of not more than 200 nm, wherein said hard coat layer has a higher refractive index than said ultrafine particles having a low refractive index or said hard coat layer has a lower refractive index than said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index, and said ultrafine particle layer is localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer on the side of at least one surface thereof in contact with an external atmosphere. The antireflection membrane according to claim 1, wherein at least part of said functional ultrafine particles are exposed on the surface of said hard coat layer. The antireflection membrane according to claim 1 or 2, the surface of which is finely uneven. The antireflection membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said hard coat layer comprises a resin layer having a thickness of not less than 0.5 µm. The antireflection membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said hard coat layer is composed mainly of an ionizing radiation curing resin. The antireflection membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said hard coat layer has substantially no interface therein. An antireflection film comprising a transparent plastic substrate film and, formed thereon, an antireflection membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 6. The antireflection film according to claim 7, wherein the antireflection membrane is formed on the transparent plastic substrate film through an intermediate layer. An antireflection film comprising: (1) an antireflection membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the ultrafine particles being localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer on the side of the interface of said hard coat layer and an air layer (an external atmosphere) have a low refractive index; and (2) a transparent plastic substrate film having said hard coat layer fixed thereon, said hard coat layer having a higher refractive index than said ultrafine particles having a low refractive index. An antireflection film comprising: (1) an antireflection membrane according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the ultrafine particles being localized in and fixed to said hard coat layer on the side of a surface thereof have a high refractive index; (2) a transparent plastic substrate film with said hard coat layer being fixed to the reverse surface thereof; and (3) a layer, having a low refractive index, formed on the surface of said hard coat layer with said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index being localized therein, said hard coat layer having a lower refractive index than said ultrafine particles having a high refractive index. The antireflection film according to claim 10, wherein said hard coat layer of said antireflection membrane has a higher refractive index than said transparent plastic substrate film. The antireflection film according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein an intermediate layer is interposed between said hard coat layer and said transparent plastic substrate film. A process for producing an antireflection film according to claim 7 or 8, comprising the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2), as such, when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains no solvent, or after removing a solvent when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains a solvent as a diluent, to the coated release film prepared in said step (1) so that the layer of functional ultrafine particles on the release film faces the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer on said transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer, and full curing said laminate; and (4) peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of functional ultrafine particles to said transparent plastic substrate film. A process for producing an antireflection film according to claim 7 or 8, comprising the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on a transparent plastic substrate film a resin composition for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating, by press-bonding, the coated transparent plastic substrate film prepared in said step (2), as such, when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains no solvent, or after removing a solvent when said resin composition for a hard coat layer contains a solvent as a diluent, to the coated release film prepared in said step (1) so that the layer of functional ultrafine particles on the release film faces the resin composition coating for a hard coat layer on said transparent plastic substrate film, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer and half curing said laminate prepared in said step (3); (4) peeling off said release film to transfer said layer of functional ultrafine particles to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming another functional membrane on said half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full curing the resultant assembly. A process for producing an antireflection film according to claim 7 or 8, comprising the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on said layer of functional ultrafine particles a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than said layer of functional ultrafine particles, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer, and full curing the coating to form a hard coat layer; (3) laminating said release film with said hard coat layer formed thereon to a transparent plastic substrate film through an adhesive layer so that said hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film; and (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film. A process for producing an antireflection film according to claim 7 or 8, comprising the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on said layer of functional ultrafine particles a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than said layer of functional ultrafine particles, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer, and half curing the coating to form a hard coat layer; (3) laminating said release film with said hard coat layer formed thereon to a transparent plastic substrate film through an adhesive layer so that said hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film; (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming another functional membrane on said half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full curing the resultant assembly. A process for producing an antireflection film according to claim 7 or 8, comprising the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on said layer of functional ultrafine particles a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than said layer of functional ultrafine particles, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating a transparent plastic substrate film to said release film coated with said resin composition for a hard coat layer so that said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film, and full curing the resultant laminate to form a hard coat layer; and (4) peeling off said release film from the laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film. A process for producing an antireflection film according to claim 7 or 8, comprising the steps of: (1) forming a layer of functional ultrafine particles on a release film; (2) coating on said layer of functional ultrafine particles a resin composition for a hard coat layer to a larger thickness than said layer of functional ultrafine particles, thereby causing said layer of functional ultrafine particles to be entirely or partly embedded in said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer; (3) laminating a transparent plastic substrate film to said release film coated with said resin composition for a hard coat layer so that said resin composition coating for a hard coat layer faces said transparent plastic substrate film, and half curing the resultant laminate to form a hard coat layer; (4) peeling off said release film from the half cured laminate prepared in said step (3) to transfer said hard coat layer to said transparent plastic substrate film; (5) forming another functional membrane on the half cured hard coat layer; and (6) full curing the hard coat layer. The process according to any one of claims 13 to 18 for producing an antireflection film according to claim 9, wherein said ultrafine particles have a lower refractive index than said hard coat layer. The process according to any one of claims 13, 15 or 17 for producing an antireflection film according to claims 10 to 12, wherein said ultrafine particles have a higher refractive index than said hard coat layer and which further comprises after step (4) the step of: (5) forming a layer having a low refractive index on said hard coat layer. The process according to any one of claims 14, 16 or 18 for producing an antireflection film according to claims 10 to 12, wherein said ultrafine particles have a higher refractive index than said hard coat layer and wherein said another functional membrane on said half cured hard coat layer is a layer having a low refractive index. The process according to claim 20 or 21, wherein entire or partial embedding of said layer of functional ultrafine particles in said resin for a hard coat layer is regulated by the viscosity of the resin for a hard coat layer, the kind of said resin, the surface tension of said resin, the particle diameter of said functional ultrafine particles, the degree of filling of said ultrafine particles, and the wettability of said functional ultrafine particles by said resin for a hard coat layer. The process according to any one of claims 13 to 22, wherein said resin composition for a hard coat layer is dry to the touch at the time of coating. The process according to any one of claims 13 to 23, wherein said resin composition for a hard coat layer is composed mainly of an ionizing radiation curing resin. The process according to any one of claims 13 to 24, wherein said resin composition for a hard coat layer comprises an ionizing radiation curing resin as a main component and a thermosetting resin. The process according to any one of claims 13 to 25, wherein said layer of functional ultrafine particles contains a binder resin in such an amount that said functional ultrafine particles are not entirely embedded in said binder resin. The process according to any one of claims 13 to 26, wherein the surface of said functional ultrafine particles has a hydrophobic nature which has been imparted by a coupling agent. The process according to any one of claims 13 to 27, wherein said release film has a finely uneven surface. The process according to any one of claims 19 to 21, wherein said layer having a low refractive index is formed by coating. The process according to any one of claims 19 to 21, wherein said layer having a low refractive index is formed by a vapour growth process.

Inventors: KATAGIRI HIROOMI, NAKAMURA NORINAGA, OKA MOTOHIRO, OTA YURIE, SUZUKI HIROKO, TAKEMATSU KIYOTAKA, TSUCHIYA MITSURU, YAMADA HIROSHI, YAMASHITA NATSUKO, YOSHIHARA TOSHIO, KATAGIRI, HIROOMI, NAKAMURA, NORINAGA, OKA, MOTOHIRO, OTA, YURIE, SUZUKI, HIROKO, TAKEMATSU, KIYOTAKA, TSUCHIYA, MITSURU, YAMADA, HIROSHI, YAMASHITA, NATSUKO, YOSHIHARA, TOSHIO, KATAGIRI, HIROOMI, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO.,, NAKAMURA, NORINAGA, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO.,, OKA, MOTOHIRO, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO., LTD., OTA, YURIE, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO., LTD., SUZUKI, HIROKO, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO., LTD., TAKEMATSU, KIYOTAKA, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO.,, TSUCHIYA, MITSURU, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO.,, YAMADA, HIROSHI, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO., LTD., YAMASHITA, NATSUKO, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO.,, YOSHIHARA, TOSHIO, C/O DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO.,
Applicants: DAINIPPON PRINTING CO LTD, DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO., LTD.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: B32B33
IPC codes: B29D11, B29C70, B32B38, G02B1