Method of and apparatus for analyzing immunity by Raman spectrometry

Abstract: A cell(15) storing a sample prepared by adsorbing an immunocomplex which is formed by antigen-antibody reaction on a surface of a noble metal colloid such as a gold colloid as an immunity test material is irradiated with excitation light from a light source(1) by an optical system(10). Raman scattering light generated from the sample is guided to and detected by a spectral detector(30) through an optical system(20). A signal processing arithmetic unit(50) corrects the Raman scattering light which is detected by the spectral detector(30) with an output of the detector(26) indicating intensity of the light source for obtaining a Raman spectrum, thereby identifying or determining a measuring object material.

Description: The present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for immunologically analyzing a measuring object in the field of clinical testing, biochemical sample measurement, drug quality control or the like. Immunological analysis methods employing antigenantibody reaction include fluorescent immunoassay and luminescent immunoassay. These methods are adapted to competitively react an antigen, which is labeled with a fluorescent material or a chemiluminescent material, with a measuring object antigen with respect to an antibody for measuring fluorescence or luminescence from the label of an antigen-antibody reacted immunocomplex, thereby quantitatively analyzing the measuring object material. A method of adding an antigen or an antibody of a measuring object material to an antibody or an antigen and measuring light absorption or scattering by an immunocomplex which is formed by antigen-antibody reaction thereby making quantitative analysis is known as an optical measuring method utilizing neither fluorescence nor luminescence. Quantitative analysis methods employing light scattering include turbidimetry and nephelometry, which are adapted to measure transmitted light attenuated by absorption and scattering and to measure intensity of scattered light respectively. The method employing light scattering measures Rayleigh or Mie scattering, in response to sizes of particles as measured. No wavelength shifting is caused in Rayleigh or Mie scattering, and scattering intensity at an excitation light wavelength is measured. On the other hand, surface-sensitized Raman spectrometry is employed as a method of measuring vibration spectra of molecules. This method utilizes such a phenomenon that strong Raman scattering is caused when a material is adsorbed on the surface of a noble metal electrode or colloid of gold or silver (refer to "Bunseki", 1993, pp. 577 - 585, for example). Protein, bilirubin and the like are studied through such surface-sensitized Raman spectrometry. It is known that vibration spectra are enhanced to 10 7 to 10 8 times upon occurrence of surface-sensitized Raman scattering, to allow measurement of high sensitivity. However, fluorescent or luminescent immunoassay requires complicated chemical treatment for labelling an antigen or an antibody with a fluorescent or chemiluminescent material. In general, further, such immunoassay is a heterogeneous immunoassay, which requires a B-F separating operation for separating an antigen-antibody reacted immunocomplex (B) from a nonreacted antigen (F) and a washing operation, leading to increase in number of analysis steps. On the other hand, the method utilizing light scattering, which is a homogeneous immunoassay, can be simply carried out with requirement for neither B-F separation nor washing. However, the method employing Rayleigh or Mie scattering has a problem of low detection sensitivity and low measurement accuracy as to a low concentration material. Although studies of the surface-sensitized Raman spectrometry were made on protein and bilirubin, there has been made no report on measurement of surface-sensitized Raman scattering in relation to an immunocomplex which is formed through antigen-antibody reaction. In the article of T.E. Rohr et al. "Immuno assay employing surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy" in Analytical Biochemistry, Volume 182, No. 2, November 1989, pages 388 to 398, an immuno assay is disclosed which employs surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. A laser irridates a sample and Raman scattered light emitted by the sample is collected by a quartz lens. The light is measured by a spectrometer, and an increase in the intensity of Raman light scattering is observed when molecules are brought into close proximity to certain metal surfaces. Active molecules conjugated to antigens or antibodies serve as reporter molecules in the immuno assays. In the article of M. Pezolet "Thermoelectrically regulated sample holder for Raman spectroscopy" in Review of Scientific Instruments, Volume 54, No. 10, October 1983, pages 1364 to 1367, a cell holder is shown which is thermoelectrically regulated and controlled by a computer. A temperature sensor and a temperature controller for maintaining the cell at a constant temperature are provided, and the sample is stored in a capillary cell where a laser beam goes to. The emitted light is measured with a spectrometer. It is the object of the present invention to provide a method for qualitatively or quantitatively determining an antigen or antibody binding partner of an immunocomplex in a sample and an immunity analyzer which can measured the immunity in high sensitivity with no requirement for complicated chemical treatment for labelling, and which can also implement a homogenous immunoassay. This object is achieved by a method according to claim 1 and by an immunity analyzer according to claim 7. According to a study made by the inventors, a Raman signal which is obtained in a state of adsorbing an antibody or an antigen on a surface of a noble metal colloid can be distinguished from a Raman scattering signal which is obtained in a state of adding an antigen or an antibody thereto for causing antigen-antibody reaction and adsorbing an immunocomplex on the colloid surface. The present invention has been proposed on the basis of this recognition, and is adapted to enable at least either qualitative or quantitative analysis of an antigen or an antibody by measurement of Raman scattering. The present invention is also applicable to inhomogeneous immunoassay, while an antibody or an antigen is previously adsorbed on surfaces of particles forming a noble metal colloid, an antigen or an antibody of a measuring object which is antigen-antibody reacted with the antibody or the antigen is added to cause antigen-antibody reaction, and thereafter the colloid is irradiated with excitation light with no B-F separation to carry out homogeneous immunoassay in a preferred mode of the present invention. A colloid of gold, silver or copper can be employed as the noble metal colloid. A proper particle diameter for the colloid is 5 to 50 nm. An antigen of a measuring object material is added to a noble metal colloid which is prepared by previously adsorbing an antibody on surfaces of its particles to cause antigen-antibody reaction, so that an immunocomplex which is formed by the antigen-antibody reaction is adsorbed on the colloid surface. In this state, the colloid is irradiated with excitation light, to cause surface sensitized Raman scattering. The wavelength of Raman scattering light is shifted with respect to that of the excitation light by a frequency caused by internal vibration of the immunocomplex material which is adsorbed on the colloid surface. It is possible to identify the immunocomplex as formed from a Raman spectrum by spectroscopically detecting the Raman scattering light, while determining the object material as added from the intensity of the Raman scattering light. When a sample is irradiated with excitation light, the sample temperature is increased. Since surface sensitized Raman scattering is influenced by the temperature, it is possible to avoid an increase of the sample temperature caused by irradiation with the excitation light, by maintaining the cell at a constant temperature by the inventive device. The present invention is adapted to analyze immunity on the basis of the fact that surface sensitized Raman scattering is caused when an immunocomplex is adsorbed on surfaces of particles forming a noble metal colloid, and analysis can be made in high sensitivity since Raman scattering is enhanced to 10 7 to 10 8 times upon sensitization. According to the present invention, the operation is simplified since it is possible to implement a homogeneous immunoassay requiring neither B-F separation nor a washing operation. It is possible to enable analysis of a small amount of sample while avoiding influence caused by a temperature change of the sample, by maintaining the cell for measuring the sample at a constant temperature by means of the electronic cooling/heating element. The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 is a block diagram schematically showing optical systems for carrying out the present invention; Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing optical systems according to an embodiment of the present invention in detail; Fig. 3 is a waveform diagram showing Raman spectra before and after immunity reaction in the embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 4 is a vertical sectional view showing an example of a preferable cell; Fig. 5 is a block diagram showing a temperature control system for the cell shown in Fig. 4; and Fig. 6 is a partially fragmented vertical sectional view showing another example of a preferable cell. Fig. 1 shows an immunity analyzer according to an embodiment of the present invention. A cell 15 stores a colloid sample prepared by adsorbing an immunocomplex which is formed by antigen-antibody reaction on a surface of a noble metal colloid such as a gold colloid as an immunity test material. Numeral 1 denotes an excitation light source, which is formed by a laser unit, for measuring Raman scattering light. The laser unit can be selected from lasers having wide ranges of wavelengths over near-ultraviolet to near-infrared regions such as a continuously oscillating Ar ion laser, a Kr ion laser, an He-Ne laser and an He-Cd laser, and a pulse laser such as an Nd:YAG laser. When spontaneous emission light of the laser unit is screened so that only an oscillation beam is utilized as the excitation light, the laser unit may be combined with an interference filter or a spectroscope. Alternatively, the spontaneous emission light may also be simultaneously applied to carry out a wavelength calibration of a spectrum. The excitation light generated from the light source 1 is separated by an optical system 10 into a measuring beam and a reference beam, so that the measuring beam is adjusted by the optical system 10 and applied to the sample which is stored in the cell 15. Raman scattering light generated from the sample is taken out in a direction which is at an angle of 90 ° with respect to the direction of incidence of the measuring beam, and detected by a spectral detector 30 including a spectroscope through an optical system 20 for adjusting the luminous flux. On the other hand, the reference beam is detected by a detector 26 through an optical system 40 for luminous flux adjustment, in order to correct fluctuation of excitation light intensity. A signal processing arithmetic unit 50 corrects the Raman scattering light which is detected by the spectral detector 30 with an output of the detector 26 indicating light source intensity to obtain a Raman spectrum, thereby identifying or determining the measuring object material. Numeral 35 denotes an output unit such as a printer or a CRT. Fig. 2 shows the optical systems in detail. A beam splitter 2 for separating the luminous flux of the excitation light which is received from the laser light source 1 into the measuring beam and the reference beam, a convex lens 3 for condensing the measuring beam which is separated by the beam splitter 2, convex lenses 6 and 7 for adjusting the luminous flux, and a beam splitter 8 for reflecting the measuring beam and guiding the same to the sample which is stored in the cell 15 are arranged along the optical path of the measuring beam, thus forming the optical system 10 for irradiating the sample with the luminous flux serving as the measuring beam. On the optical path of the measuring beam, further, a filter 4 is provided between the convex lenses 3 and 6 for selecting a laser beam of one wavelength from a plurality of oscillation beams received from the laser light source 1. On the other hand, a convex lens 9 for condensing the Raman scattering light and the measuring beam transmitted through the beam splitter 8 and convex lenses 12 and 13 for adjusting the luminous flux are arranged along the optical path of the Raman scattering beam which is generated from the sample stored in the cell 15, thus forming the optical system 20 for extracting the Raman scattering light in a direction which is at an angle of 180 ° with respect to the direction of incidence of the measuring beam. A filter 11 for removing an excitation light component is provided between the convex lenses 9 and 12. On a reference beam side, further, reflecting mirrors 21 and 22 for bending the optical path and convex lenses 24 and 25 for adjusting the luminous flux are arranged along the optical path, in order to guide the contrast beam to the detector 26. A filter 23 of the same wavelength characteristics as the filter 4 provided on the measuring beam side is provided between the reflecting mirror 2 and the convex lens 24. Fig. 3 shows a Raman spectrum (before immunoreaction) A obtained from an IgG antibody which was adsorbed on surfaces of gold colloid particles and a Raman spectrum (after immunoreaction) B obtained after adding an antigen IgG to the sample in contrast, as exemplary Raman spectra. The ordinate shows the relative scattering light intensity relatively indicating amounts of received light with reference to a level 0 with no light received on the measuring device, and the abscissa shows wavenumbers. The gold colloid adsorbing the IgG antibody on particle surfaces which was employed for carrying out this measurement was prepared by diluting ANTI-MOUSE IgG(H) (Goat) GOLD CONJUGATE, EM (product by BioCell, USA) having a particle diameter of 30 nm and concentration of 15 µg/ml to 100 times with 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) containing 1 % of BSA. Referring to Fig. 3, symbol A indicates the Raman spectrum obtained from the gold colloid adsorbing the antibody itself. On the other hand, symbol B indicates the Raman spectrum obtained after adding the sample to the gold colloid adsorbing the antibody to contain 0.1 ng/ml of a mouse IgG and causing antigen-antibody reaction. The light source 1 was formed by a YAG laser, with an output of 300 mW. Comparing the spectra A and B before and after immunoreaction shown in Fig. 3 with each other, characteristic bands appear in the vicinity of 1460 cm -1 , 1058 cm -1 , 835 cm -1 etc. in the spectrum B after immunoreaction. This characteristic Raman scattering was caused by an immunocomplex which was formed by the antigen-antibody reaction caused on the gold colloid surface. The spectrum B shown in Fig. 3 was obtained by making the measurement without separating (BF separating) an unreacted free antigen after the antigen-antibody reaction. Thus, a characteristic Raman spectrum can be obtained without carrying out BF separation, whereby a homogeneous immunoassay can be constructed. An immunocomplex which is formed by antigen-antibody reaction is generally influenced by excitation light such that the same is decomposed or evaporated by a temperature change caused by heat absorbed in a sample upon irradiation with a laser beam, or altered by light. In particular, a problem is caused in the measurement of a colored sample or a high heat absorbing sample. Therefore, it is preferable to stably maintain a sample at a constant temperature by carrying out temperature control, in order to measure Raman scattering over a long time. In general, measurement is made while fluctuating a sample, wherein for maintaining the sample at a stable temperature, cooled air is blown to a sample for scattering heat, a sample is placed in a nitrogen gas jet, or a rotary cell is rotated at a high speed for making the measurement while moving the same similarly to a centrifuge. Thus, it is conceivable to apply such a method to the inventive Raman spectral measurement. However, it is difficult to apply any of these methods to the present invention. For example, a considerable sample quantity is required for measuring a sample while fluctuating the same, and this method cannot be employed for measurement of a small amount of sample. In the method of placing the sample in cold air or a nitrogen gas jet, a cold gas generator is required and hence the analyzer is increased in size, leading to an inconvenient operation and difficulty in application. The rotary cell has been devised in expectation of preventing influence by high heat over a long time by moving the sample at a sufficiently high speed, while floating substances may adhere to an outer wall of the cell or samples are hardly mixed with each other by action of specific gravity separation caused by highspeed rotation since the cell which is rotated at a high speed acts similarly to a centrifuge. Further, the rotary cell also requires a sample quantity in excess of a certain degree. Fig. 4 shows an exemplary cell for solving these problems. Referring to Fig. 4, numeral 63 denotes an aluminum cell, comprising an aluminum metal block having a hole which is provided in its upper end toward its interior, for storing a sample. An inner surface of this hole is mirror-polished, and subjected to gold plating to be increased in infrared reflectance. A window 65 is provided in a bottom portion of the hole for applying excitation light to a sample 64 from the exterior and for taking out Raman scattering light from the sample 64 toward the exterior, wherein a quartz glass window plate 68 is fitted in this window 65. In the metal block forming the cell 63, Peltier elements 62, 62 serving as electronic cooling/heating elements are provided on side and bottom portions of the hole, respectively. The cell 63 is in contact with heat absorption sides of the Peltier elements 62, 62, while diffusion plates 61 are in contact with heat radiation sides of the Peltier elements 62, 62. A temperature sensor 67 is embedded in the metal block forming the cell 63. In the cell 63 shown in Fig. 4, the direction of incidence of excitation light is at 180° with respect to the direction for taking out the Raman scattering light. In order to maintain this cell 63 at a constant temperature, a temperature controller 70 is provided as shown in Fig. 5, for receiving a detection signal of the temperature sensor 67 and controlling the amounts of currents to be fed to the Peltier elements 62, 62. When the temperature of the sample 64 irradiated with the excitation light is increased, the temperature controller 70 controls the amounts of energization to the Peltier elements 62, 62 for reducing the temperature of the cell 63 to an initial set temperature. Fig. 6 shows another exemplary cell. As compared with the cell 63 shown in Fig. 4 which is integrally formed by hollowing the metal block, a quartz glass cell 66 is employed in Fig. 6. An aluminum metal block is divided into two portions 63a and 63b, while cavities for storing the cell 66 are formed in opposite parts of these portions 63a and 63b, so that the portions 63a and 63b of the metal block are combined with each other to enclose the cell 66 with the cavities. The cell 66 is in contact with the metal block formed by the portions 63a and 63b which are combined with each other. A window 65 is formed in a position of the metal block portion 63a corresponding to a bottom portion of the cell 66, in order to apply excitation light and to take out Raman scattering light. Peltier elements 62, 62 for controlling the temperature are so mounted that heat absorption sides thereof are in contact with the metal block portion 63b, while diffusion plates 61 are provided on heat radiation sides of the Peltier elements 62, 62 and a temperature sensor 67 is embedded in the metal block portion 63a. When the cell shown in Fig. 4 or 6 is employed, it is possible to prevent the influence of a temperature change such as sample decomposition or sample evaporization by light or heat of excitation light for Raman spectral measurement or the destabilization spectrum. This cell also enables analysis of a fine amount of sample.

Claims: A method of qualitatively or quantitatively determining an antigen or antibody binding partner of an immunocomplex in a sample, the method comprising: (a) adsorbing an antigen or antibody on surfaces of particles which form a noble metal colloid; (b) irradiating said colloid having said antigen or antibody adsorbed thereon with monochromatic excitation light of a predetermined wavelength and spectroscopically analyzing Raman scattering light scattered by said antigen or antibody; (c) combining a sample containing an antibody or antigen binding partner with the liquid to form an immunocomplex between said antigen or antibody and said antibody or antigen binding partner; (d) irradiating said colloid having said immunocomplex adsorbed thereon with said monochromatic excitation light of said predetermined wavelength and spectroscopically analyzing Raman scattering light scattered by said immunocomplex; and (e) comparing said Raman scattering light from said steps (b) and (d) to qualitatively or quantitatively determine said antibody or antigen binding partner. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said noble metal colloid is prepared from a metal selected from the group consisting of gold, silver and copper, and said colloid has a diameter of 5 to 50 nm. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said analyzing step in said steps (b) and (d) comprises obtaining an amount of wavelength shifting from said predetermined wavelength of said excitation light and said antibody or antigen binding partner is determined from said amount of wavelength shifting. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said analyzing step in said steps (b) and (d) comprises detecting the intensity of said Raman scattering light. The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said liquid is maintained at a constant temperature during said steps (b) and (d). The method in accordance with claim 1, wherein no separation of bound and free antigen or antibody binding partner is performed. An immunity analyzer characterized by: a sample cell (155) storing a sample being prepared by adsorbing an antigen or antibody on surfaces of particles forming a noble metal colloid; a light source part (1) for irradiating said sample being stored in said sample cell (15) with excitation light; a spectral detection part (30) of spectroscopically detecting Raman scattering light from said sample being stored in said sample cell (15); an optical system (10) for separating said excitation light from said light source part (1) into a measuring beam and a reference beam; and correction means (50) for correcting an output of said spectral detection part (30) through said measuring beam by intensity of said reference beam; said sample cell (15) providing an electronic cooling/heating element (62), a temperature sensor (67), and a temperature controller (70) for controlling energization of said electronic cooling/heating element (62) by an output of said temperature sensor (67) thereby maintaining said cell (15) at a constant temperature. An immunity analyzer in accordance with claim 7, wherein said light source part (1) comprises a laser unit. An immunity analyzer in accordance with claim 8, wherein said light source part (1) further comprises spectral means for selecting an oscillation beam of a specific wavelength from light being generated from said laser unit. An immunity analyzer in accordance with claim 7, wherein said sample cell (15) is formed by a heat conductive metal block (63) having a hole provided in its upper end toward its interior for storing said sample, said hole being provided with a mirror-polished inner surface being subjected to gold plating, and a bottom portion having a window (65) for receiving said excitation light and emitting said Raman scattering light with a quartz glass window plate (68) being fitted therein. An immunity analyzer in accordance with claim 7, wherein said sample cell consists of: a quartz glass cell (66), and a heat conductive metal block (63a, 63b) having a hole in its upper end toward its interior for storing said quartz glass cell, said hole being provided in its bottom portion with a window (65) for receiving said excitation light and emitting said Raman scattering light, said electronic cooling/heating element (62) and said temperature sensor (67) being provided on said metal block (63a, 63b). An immunity analyzer in accordance with claim 11, wherein said metal block consists of two portions (63a, 63b) being combined with each other for defining said hole for storing said quartz glass cell (66).

Inventors: TAKAMA TOSHIO, XIAOMING DOU, TAKAMA, TOSHIO, XIAOMING, DOU, TAKAMA, TOSHIO, C/O KYOTO DAI-ICHI KAGAKU CO.,LTD., XIAOMING, DOU, C/O KYOTO DAI-ICHI KAGAKU CO.,LTD.
Applicants: KYOTO DAIICHI KAGAKU KK, KYOTO DAI-ICHI KAGAKU CO., LTD.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: G01N33, G01N21