DRUG INCORPORATING AND RELEASING POLYMERIC COATING FOR BIOPROSTHESIS

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there are provided prosthetic articles having polyurethane coatings with biologically active compounds incorporated within the interstices of the polymer. Methods for the preparation of such articles are also provided. Thus, a polyurethane coating is applied to a prosthetic article, the coating then swelled (without significantly dissolving the polymer) so that substantial quantities of biologically active compounds can be incorporated within the interstices of the polymer. Upon long term exposure of a prosthetic article of the invention to physiological conditions, the biologically active compound is slowly released by the treated polymer. The biologically active compound is, therefore, released only at the site where it is desired, i.e., where the prosthetic article is positioned.

Description: DRUG INCORPORATING AND RELEASING POLYMERIC COATING FOR BIOPROSTHESIS FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to methods for localized drug delivery, as well as compositions and articles useful therefor. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Currently, balloon angioplasty induced vascular injury resulting in smooth muscle proliferation contributes to a restenosis rate in excess of forty percent, leading to repeat angioplasty and bypass surgery. Despite numerous basic and clinical research efforts employing antiproliferative, antiplatelet, and antiinflammatory drugs given systemically, no effective therapy has been found in humans (McBride et al.. New Encr. J. Med.. 318(26) :1734-1737 (1988); Liu et al., Circulation. 79(6) :1374-1387 (1989)). Increasing the systemic dose of drugs to higher and potentially efficacious levels would also lead to increased toxicity in other organs. Clearly a need exists for a system that concentrates drugs locally without achieving significant systemic levels. In one approach to prevent restenosis, researchers have attempted to deliver drugs locally in the vessel wall. However, the best means of local delivery has not been established, and very little is known of the pharmacokinetics of drugs within the vessel wall and the toxicology of large doses of drug on the integrity of the vessel. Kinetic studies of drugs delivered locally into the vessel wall to date have shown that elution of drug from the vessel wall is rapid, thus diminishing the effectiveness of the drug. Drug delivery from polyurethanes has previously been demonstrated. For example, Kim showed that Biomer™, a hydrophobic polymer, could release prostaglandins in vitro and affect platelet aggregation despite a long period of storage (McRea and Ki , Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs. 24:746-752 (1978); McRea et al.. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs, 27:511-516 (1981)). He noted varying rates of release of compounds from the polymer but did not investigate these differences further. Release of heparin from intravascular catheters in quantities sufficient to decrease thrombosis on the catheter has been achieved by either covalently bonding a charged molecule to the polymer or incorporating a large nonmobile charged molecule on the surface of the polymer (Grode et al., J. Bio ed. Mater. Res. Svmp. , 3:77 (1972); Barbucci et al., Biomaterials. 10:299-307 (1989)). This technology has been used for antibiotics but has not been expanded to the incorporation of other drugs (Henry et al., J. Thorac. Cardiov. Surg.. 82:272-277 (1981)). Recently, silicone based polymers which are capable of delivering various compounds have been implanted perivascularly, but the effect of drug was overshadowed by the inflammatory response to the polymer (Villa et al., The Restenosis Summit IV. 4:24 (1992)). Polyvinyl alcohol based polymer beads, which are capable of delivering large quantities of heparin locally, have inhibited intimal hyperplasia when placed in the perivascular tissue in rats (Okada et al., Neurosurgerv. 25:892-898 (1989)). However, clinical application for bead placement requiring surgery is limited. Delivery of drug from a stent coating has previously been attempted. Cox incorporated methotrexate and heparin in a cellulose ester stent coating, but failed to show a reduction in restenosis when implanted in porcine coronary arteries (Cox et al., Circulation. 84(4): 11-71 (1991)). Local delivery of drug was not quantified, and it was not clear whether tissue levels were sufficient to block smooth muscle proliferation or whether tissue drug concentration was sufficient, but caused additional injury. There is, therefore, a clear need in the art for means for the localized delivery of biologically active compounds to a subject, particularly to vascular tissue of a subject. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, it has been discovered that polyurethane coatings on prosthetic articles can be swelled (without significantly dissolving the polymer) so that substantial quantities of biologically active compounds can be incorporated within the interstices of the polymer. Swelling of the polyurethane allows drug uptake throughout the matrix which provides higher drug content than surface binding techniques. Upon long term exposure of a prosthetic article to physiological conditions, the biologically active compound is slowly released by the treated polymer. The biologically active compound is, therefore, released and concentrated only at the site where it is desired, i.e., where the prosthetic article is positioned. When the target tissue is in contact with the polyurethane, the biologically active compound distributes in the tissue by passive diffusion. Increasing the lipid solubility of the compound slows release from the polyurethane, and increases the tissue retention. More lipid soluble compounds are, therefore, preferred agents for use in the practice of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a system suitable for localized delivery of biologically active compounds to a subject. The invention method comprises subjecting a medical grade polyurethane coated substrate, and a coating expansion solution (comprising at least about 0.1 part of at least one biologically active compound per 100 parts of a suitable organic solvent system) to conditions suitable to allow penetration of the biologically active compound substantially throughout the entire thickness of the polyurethane coating. Preferably, the substrate has a polyurethane coating thickness of at least about 20 microns. The solvent treated article is then dried under conditions sufficient to substantially eliminate organic solvent from the polyurethane coating. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a drug delivery system prepared as described above. Such a drug delivery system comprises a substrate having coated thereon a thickness of at least about 20 microns of a linear, aliphatic polyurethane elastomer coating, and at least one biologically active compound absorbed into the interstices of said coating. In accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for the localized delivery of biologically active compounds to a subject. This invention method comprises implanting the above-described delivery system at a site where the targeted release of said biologically active compound is desired. Biologically active compounds suitable for use in the practice of the present invention may fall anywhere on the spectrum from lipophilic to hydrophilic. However, the method for preparing a system suitable for localized delivery of biologically active compounds will vary depending on the compatibility of the solubility characteristics of the polyurethane coating and the biologically active compounds to be incorporated therein. If, for example, the polyurethane coating is lipophilic and the biologically active compound is hydrophilic, it may be necessary to link the hydrophilic drug to a lipophilic carrier in order to achieve penetration of the biologically active compound through the entire thickness of the polyurethane coating. Alternatively, the polyurethane coating may be modified to make it more amenable to penetration by the biologically active compound. Biologically active compounds suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include antithrombotic agents (e.g., hirulog, D/phenylalanyl- proloyol-L-arginyl chloromethyl ketone, and Ilbllla receptor antagonist) , antiinflammatory drugs such as steroids, (e.g., triamcinolone acetonide, dexamethasone analogs), colchicine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO)), retinoids (antifibrotic) (e.g., etretinate, Retin A™) , probucol (antioxidant, cholesterol lowering agent; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) , tyrophostins, antiproliferative compounds (e.g., colchicine, sphingosine (a protein kinase C inhibitor, Sigma, St. Louis, MO)), angiopeptin (HBI/USA) , vasodilators (e.g., molisdomine, pinacidil cGMP, CAMP, their analogs and activators) , and the like. Sphingosine is of interest because of its ability to modify the polyurethane. Biologically active compounds presently preferred for use in the practice of the present invention include lipophilic compounds, for example, forskolin, sphingosine, etretinate, lipid modified oligonucleotides, and the like. Potential modifications which might aid in improving retention of the biologically active compound by the subject include: (1) adding lipid sidechains to the biologically active compound to enhance lipid solubility and retard diffusion from lipid membranes, (2) using compounds with high affinity receptors in smooth muscle cells, (3) changing the charge of the compound to alter its diffusion kinetics, and (4) binding the biologically active compound to a substance having reactivity with a specific receptor in the target tissue. Increased uptake by the polymer, decreased elution rate from the polymer, and increased tissue retention have been demonstrated using biologically active compounds having one or more 2- 18 carbon sidechains. For example, etretinate which contains a long lipid side chain showed increased uptake by the polymer, decreased elution rate from the polymer and increased tissue retention as compared to forskolin which is also lipid soluble but lacks a side chain. Substrates suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include metallic stents, such as vascular, biliary or ureteral stents, heart valves, metallic prostheses, prosthetic joints, pacemakers, catheters, balloon coatings, ocular implants, contact lenses, and the like. Polyurethanes employed in the practice of the present invention typically have certain flexibility, strength and biocompatibility characteristics so as to enable the application of a stable coating onto substrate (i.e., the coating will be able to withstand certain handling, deformation, abrasion, exposure to various environments, and the like, to which the resulting article will be subjected) . Polyurethanes which are both biocompatible and have the above-described physical properties are characterized as being linear, aliphatic polyurethane elastomers. Suitable medical grade polyurethanes can be described as the reaction product of: a high molecular weight polyether polyol having the structure: H-(0-CH 2 -CH,-CH 2 -CH 2 ) n -OH wherein n is such that the molecular weight of said polyether polyol falls in the range of about 500 up to 5000, with in the range of about 1 up to 5 parts, per part polyether polyol, of an aliphatic diisocyanate, and in the range of about 1 up to 5 parts, per part polyether polyol, of a chain extender. Aliphatic diisocyanates contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention include hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, and the like. Aromatic diisocyanates may also be used in the practice of the present invention, particularly when the substrate for the polymeric coating, for example a heart valve, favors the greater rigidity associated with aromatic linkers. Chain extenders contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention include 1,4-butanediol and other aliphatic diolε. A presently preferred polyurethane for use in the practice of the present invention is commercially available from Thermedicε, Inc. (Woburn, Massachusetts) under the tradename Tecoflex™. A family of related polymers (and details as to the preparation thereof) is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,447,590, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Thickness of the polyurethane coating typically falls in the range of about 25 up to 500 microns. Degree of swelling of the polyurethane coating is dependent on the thickness of the coating, the solvent used for the swelling step and the time for which the solvent and coating are maintained in contact with one another. For example, a polyurethane coating having a thickness of about 50 microns can be expanded by up to about 10 times, without substantially dissolving the coating. Coating expansion solutions contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention comprise a combination of a polymer solvent and a polymer non-solvent capable of expanding the polymer without dissolving it, wherein the ratio of solvent to non-solvent falls in the range of about 1:20 up to 1:1. Typically, the coating expansion solution contains in the range of about 1 up to 100 milligrams of at least one biologically active compound per milliliter of said organic solvent system. The specific ratio of polymer solvent/non- solvent employed in the invention process is dependent upon a number of factors, e.g., the solubility characteristics of the specific polyurethane coating, the solubility characteristics of the biologically active compound, the relative toxicity of the components of the solvent system to the host in the event that the solvent cannot be completely evaporated from the system, and the like. Organic solvents contemplated for use in the coating expansion solution employed in the practice of the present invention are selected from low molecular weight hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, heptane, cyclohexane) , low molecular weight alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol) , polyetherε (e.g., compounds of the structure: R-[0-(CH 2 ) x ] y -OR wherein R iε a lower alkyl group, x iε a whole number from 1-4 and y is a whole number from 1-6, such as ethylene glycol dimethyl ether), cyclic ethers (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyranoside, dioxane) , chlorofluorocarbonε (having in the range of about 1 up to 4 carbon atoms (e.g., dichloromethane) , benzene or alkyl- εubεtituted derivatives thereof, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, as well as mixtures of any two or more thereof. A presently preferred solvent combination employed in the practice of the present invention compriseε a mixture of ethanol and tetrahydrofuran in a volume ratio in the range of about 2:1 up to 20:1 (i.e., in the range of about 70 to 95% ethanol and in the range of about 5 to 30% tetrahydrofuran) . Conditions suitable to allow penetration of biologically active compound throughout the stent coating typically comprise contacting the polymer coated stent with coating expansion solution at room temperature for a time sufficient to substantially swell the coating without significantly disεolving the coating. Such time generally fallε in the range of about 1 to 30 minuteε and varies in accordance with the polyurethane coating and coating expansion solution chosen. For example, if the preferred polyurethane coating is contacted with a coating expansion solution containing 10% of tetrahydrofuran, then a contact time of about 5-10 minutes is suitable to accomplish the desired degree of εwelling of the polyurethane coating. When the tetrahydrofuran content iε increaεed to about 25%, shorter contact times (i.e., only about 3-5 minutes) are suitable to accomplish the desired εwelling of the polyurethane coating. When tetrahydrofuran content iε further increaεed to about 40%, even shorter contact times (i.e., only about 1-3 minutes) are suitable to accomplish the desired swelling of the polyurethane coating. However, at thiε higher tetrahydrofuran-content, the εtructural integrity of the polyurethane coating iε likely to be compromised if extended contact times are allowed. The drying step contemplated for use in the practice of the present invention comprises subjecting the εolvent-treated article to subjecting said subεtrate to a temperature in the range of about 20 up to 100°C under reduced pressure for a time in the range of about 4 up to 16 hours. By "reduced pressure" it is meant preεεure in the range of about 50-500mm Hg, or preferably about 250mm Hg. In a preεently preferred embodiment, the εolvent- treated article is initially dried by subjecting said article to room temperature at atmospheric preεεure, for a time in the range of about 2 up to 15 minutes to avoid irregularities in the polymer that might occur during heat drying. The dried article can be rinsed in saline and should be gas sterilized prior to implantation. Appropriate procedures for implantation of articles of the present invention are well known to those of skill in the art. Of course, the appropriate procedures will vary in accordance with the nature of the article selected to act as the εubstrate, as well as their specific useε. The invention will now be described in greater detail by reference to the following non-limiting exampleε. Example 1 Drug incorporation into polvurethane-coated articleε Nitinol εtentε or εtainleεε steel coils with surface area εimilar to nitinol εtentε were coated with Tecoflex 85A™ polyurethane to a thickness of about 50 microns in accordance with the manufacture's instructions for coating metal surfaceε. Stentε were then incubated in solutions containing the lipophilic dyes: rhodamine B or fluoreεcein dilaurate (Sigma, St. Louiε, MO) , or a εolution of unlabeled (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA) , and tritiated forεkolin (New England Nuclear, Boεton, MA) with a specific activity of 10 μCi/mg. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclaεe activator with antiplatelet aggregation, antismooth muscle proliferation, and vasorelaxant propertieε, was selected for its lipid solubility and availability in tritiated form (Tandon et al., Blood, 67: (2) :366-372 (1986); Vargas et al.. Transplant Proceedings. 21(4) :3702-3704 (1989); Wood et al., Br. J. Pharmacology. 96:718-724 (1989)). The drug loading procedure is carried out as follows: The desired compound is diεεolved in a solution containing 3 parts ethanol and 1 part tetrahydrofuran (100 mg/ml for rhodamine B and 50 mg/ml for fluorescein dilaurate and forεkolin) . Subεequently, 20 mg/ml was used for in vivo stents containing forskolin and etretinate. When a hydrophilic compound εuch as hirulog was loaded in the polyurethane, the polyurethane was first loaded with sphingosine or any charged lipophilic molecule as described above. With thiε modification, the polyurethane will swell in organic solutions containing up to 10% water. The desired compound waε then diεεolved as 50 mg/ml in ethanol/tertrahydrofuran/water in a ratio of 65/25/1-20. The water content will vary according to the solubility of the deεired compound in thiε solvent εyεtem. After incubation, all stentε, coilε, and films were dried overnight at 40°C at reduced pressure. To evaluate the ability of a charged lipid soluble drug to facilitate uptake and release of a water soluble compound, thin filmε containing 20 mg of polyurethane with or without l mg of εphingoεine were produced by pour plating and drying overnight at 40°C under reduced preεεure. The filmε were then incubated in a εolution of fluoreεcein diεodium, a water εoluble dye. After incubation, films were dried as described above. Example 2 In vitro drug releaεe In order to aεεeεε in vitro drug releaεe, nitinol εtentε or εtainleεε steel coilε (coated with polyurethane aε deεcribed in Example 1) were treated aε followε. After a 15 minute preincubation (waεh step) , stentε, coils, or films were incubated for 2-3 days in 2 ml. of phosphate buffered saline (pH = 7.4) or 5% bovine serum albumin in PBS at 37°C in a εhaking water bath. At various times (as indicated in Table l) , media was removed and aliquots analyzed for dye or forskolin content. At the end of incubations, the polyurethane was disεolved in tertrahydrofuran and an aliquot analyzed to determine the quantity of compound remaining in the polymer. Serially diluted aliquots containing Rhodamine B, fluorescein dilaurate, and fluorescein disodium were measured for light absorption at 580, 491, and 491 λ, respectively, and content determined by comparison to abεorption curveε of control εolutions. Solutions containing fluorescein dilaurate required addition of 200 μl of 10M εodium hydroxide to convert the fluoreεcein dilaurate into itε colored form (release the two 16-carbon fatty acid dilaurate chains from the water soluble fluorescein molecule) . Forskolin content was determined by scintillation counting. Results are presented in Table 1. TABLE 1 Release Rate (μq/hr) Compound Vehicle Buffer Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Total .mg. A. Single Drug Rhodamine B Coil PBS 37.0 5.2 ND* 1.5 (n*=3) Forskolin Stents PBS 3.8 3.9 1.6 4.4 (n=3) Fluorescein Coil(n=l) 5% BSA 3.4 2.3 ND ND dilaurate Fluorescein Film(n=2) 5% BSA 4.6 3.7 ND ND dilaurate B. Dual Drug Fluorescein Film 4.0 1.8 1.8 0.3 disodium (n=2) Fluorescein Film + SPH 16.0 4.0 2.0 1.1 disodium (n=2) *ND = not determined *n = number of subjectε Aε εhown in Table IA, releaεe rates from the polyurethane vary with water solubility. Rhodamine B, the most water εoluble of the group, exhibits the highest initial release rate. Forskolin, which is less soluble in aqueous solutionε, concentrates to a greater extent in the hydrophobic polymer and exhibits slower release rate. Fluoreεcein dilaurate is insoluble in water and required 5% albumin to promote releaεe. Table IB reveals improved total content of fluorescein disodium, a water εoluble compound, with the addition of εphingoεine (SPH) to the matrix and a εubεequently higher delivery rate. The reεultε of thiε example demonstrate that polyurethane stent coatings can concentrate and release lipophilic drugs in vitro . While uptake improves with increasing lipid solubility, release rates increaεe with water solubility. Since albumin is the major blood carrier of lipophilic moleculeε, in vitro releaεe experimentε which include albumin probably better simulate in vivo conditions, eεpecially for very hydrophobic moleculeε εuch aε fluorescein dilaurate. Addition of a charged lipid- soluble molecule such as sphingosine can modify the polyurethane matrix to allow uptake of water soluble molecules. Example 3 Delivery of Forskolin to the Vaεcular Wall from a Polyurethane Coated Nitinol Stent For these experiments, nitinol stentε were coated with Tecoflex™, to a thicknesε of about 50-100 micronε, and then incubated in a εolution containing unlabelled and tritiated forskolin with a specific activity of 25 μCi/mg. Resulting stentε contained approximately 1.5 mg. of forskolin in approximately 20 mg of 50-100 micron thick polymer matrix coating. Thirteen 3.5 kg. New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized with intravenouε xylazine and ketamine. The left femoral and right carotid arterieε were εurgically expoεed, a 6F εheath placed in the left femoral artery, and a 22 g. angiocath placed in a branch of the common carotid. A 2.5 mm tranεit time flow probe (Tranεonics) was placed juεt proximal to the carotid bifurcation. After a 1000 u intraarterial bolus of heparin, a polyurethane coated nitinol stent loaded on a 3.0 mm PTCA balloon catheter was pasεed via the right femoral artery εheath and deployed in the right carotid artery by balloon expansion followed by catheter removal. Serial carotid blood flow measurementε and blood εampleε proximal and distal to the deployed stent were collected to calculate forskolin blood levels. To quantify acute tisεue uptake, 6 rabbitε received a drug-containing coated εtent for 4 hourε, and in 3 animalε stentε remained in situ for 24 hourε before euthanaεia under aneεtheεia waε performed. To quantify tisεue waεhout of drug, 4 εtentε were removed at 2 hourε with the recovery catheter advanced from the femoral artery. Two animals survived for 2 hours and two for 24 hours prior to euthanaεia. For tiεεue proceεεing, εampleε of adventitia were removed and the carotid artery waε εectioned into 1 cm. proximal to the εtent, vessel overlying the stent, and 1 cm. incrementε diεtal to the εtent. Additional εamples were obtained from strap muscle, facia, and peritracheal fat adjacent to the stent, contralateral carotid artery, liver and kidney. Tisεue samples were weighed (10 ± 6 mg for media, 12 ± 7 for adventitia, and 23 ± 12 for other tissueε) immediately after collection and digeεted in 1 ml. of BTS-450 (Beckman, Fullerton, CA) at 40°C for 24 hourε and counted for one minute in 10 cc of Ready Organic εcintillation fluid (Beckman, Fullerton, CA) . Blood εampleε (0.5 ml.) were digeεted in 1.5 ml of 1:2 BTS- 450/iεopropanol at 40°C for 24 hours, decolorized with H 2 0 2 and counted in 18 ml. of Safety Sol™ scintillation fluid (RPI) • Scintillation fluid contained 0.7% acetic acid to reduce chemilumineεcence. Inεtantaneous blood releaεe rateε were calculated by the following formula uεing the conεervation of maεε principle: dM/dT = Q (C2-C1) (mg/min = ml/min (mg/ml) ) where dM = change in mass, dT = change in time, M = masε, Q = flow, CI = upεtream concentration, and C2 = downstream concentration. Scintillation countε were then adjuεted for meaεured background and efficiency. The amount of forskolin present waε calculated by comparison of tisεue activity to a 25 uCi/mg εtandard. For compariεon of tissue and blood forskolin concentrations, blood levels were divided by specific gravity of rabbit blood (1.050 g/ml) . Statistical analysis to asεess differenceε between the multiple siteε of the tiεsue εamples was by one-way analyεiε of varianceε (ANOVA) . If significant differences were found (p < 0.05), pairwise co pariεonε were then performed uεing the t-teεt within ANOVA corrected for multiple compariεons (Bonferoni/Least Significant Difference tests) . Following stent delivery, carotid artery flow increased and remained elevated in all cases [10.3 ± 4.2 ml/min vs. 15.9 ± 2.6 ml/min at 1 min. (p < 0.005) and 19.6 ± 4.4 ml/min at 60 min. (p < 0.0001)]. Blood levels revealed an immediate forskolin level of 57 ng/ml followed by a gradual increaεe to a peak level of 140 ng/ml at three to four hourε. The calculated inεtantaneouε releaεe rate of forεkolin into the bloodstream was initially 6900 ng/min which then decreased to 700 ng/min over four hours. The local concentration of forskolin in the removed vascular and organ tiεsues was determined. Media overlying the εtent contained 450 timeε the concentration of forεkolin in the blood and 385 timeε the concentration of forεkolin in the contralateral artery. Adventitia overlying the εtent contained 360 timeε the concentration of forεkolin in the blood and 305 timeε the concentration of forεkolin in the contralateral artery. Veεεel l cm. proximal to the εtent, media and adventitia overlying the stent, and sectionε one and two centimeterε diεtal to the εtent all had significant levels of forskolin when compared to contralateral artery and blood p < 0.001. In a similar model, etretinate, a retanoic acid analog, develops concentrations in the media of 250 ng/mg tisεue at 24 hourε. At 24 hours, this concentration was over 2000 times the concentration in the blood. Etretinate concentrations of 185 ng/mg tisεue were obεerved after 72 hourε of implantation. In addition, ten percent of the etretinate remained in the veεεel wall 4 dayε after removal of coated stents containing etretinate when the stent had been implanted for 72 hourε. The radial and longitudinal diffuεion of forskolin at various points proximal, distal, and radial to the stent show that there is a diffusion gradient in both longitudinal and radial directions away from the stent. Twenty four hour implantε (n=3) produced media levelε of 4.9 ± 1.2 ng/mg tiεεue with concomitant blood level of 68 ± 18 ng/ml giving a tissue to blood ratio of 77 ± 22. Adventitia contained 4.1 ± 1.8 ng FSK/mg tisεue with a tiεεue to blood ratio of 61 ± 18. In drug waεhout experimentε, all four εtentε were succesεfully removed. Media overlying the εtent contained 1.2 ng FSK/mg tiεsue at two hours and 0.2 ng FSK/mg at 24 hours. Adventitia contained 1.7 ng/mg at 2 hours and 0.1 ng/mg at 24 hours. Other adjacent tissues all contained < 0.6 ng/mg at two hours and <0.1 ng/mg at 24 hourε. Theεe data demonεtrate that a polyurethane coated nitinol εtent iε capable of delivering a lipophilic drug in high local concentration in the veεεel wall. The large 600 fold differential of local tiεεue levels of forskolin over blood levels reflects the capability of thiε delivery εyεtem to provide high local concentration and potentially higher efficacy, with lower risk of εyεtemic εide effectε. Diffuεion of drug appears to follow a concentration gradient from stent to media then both radially and longitudinally into adjacent tiεεue. Releaεe rateε in vivo were alεo 10 fold greater than the in vitro releaεe rate (7.0 ug/min vs. 0.5 ug/ in) probably due to increased solubility of forskolin in blood and the constant current of blood and volume of diεtribution not reproduced by the εhaker bath. Waεhout of forεkolin from the veεsel wall was rapid, εuggeεting that the meaεured tiεsue levelε reflect a balance of drug uptake and releaεe from the tiεsue. Example 4 Inhibition of Thrombosis by Forskolin Eluting for a Polyurethane Coated Nitinol Stent To evaluate the thrombogenicity of polyurethane stent coatings, a rabbit carotid crush injury, low flow thrombosis model waε developed. Briefly, New Zealand white rabbits (n = 14) underwent anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine followed by surgical exposure of the right carotid and left femoral arteries. A 6 french sheath was placed in the left femoral artery and a 2.0 mm transit time flow prove (Transonics) was placed in the distal carotid artery. No anticoagulant was given. Repeated crush injury with a plastic coated clamp waε performed at similar force for fifteen times over a one cm. distance usually producing a small decrement in flow rate. After 5 minutes, a bare or polyurethane coated nitinol stent waε advanced to εtraddle the area of injury and balloon expanded. After a 15 minute equilibration period during which a 3.0 mm balloon occluder was placed proximal to the stent, the occluder was inflated to reduce flow to 4 ml/min. (40% of baseline) . Continuouε presεure monitoring via preεεure tranεducer placed on line in the occluder inflation system was performed to enεure maintenance of conεiεtent occluεion. Continuous carotid artery flow and mean blood pressure were recorded by εtrip chart recorder. If the flow remained < 0.5 ml/min, for 5 minutes, the artery was considered occluded and experiment terminated. If the artery exhibited flow < 0.5 ml/min but returned to flows above 0.5 ml/min intermittent occlusion or cyclic flow variation was determined to be preεent. After euthanaεia, the artery was removed and cut longitudinally with a εcalpel. The polyurethane coating waε viεually inεpected for defectε. Preεence of white or red thrombuε was also noted. The time to cyclic flow (TCF) and time to occlusion (TTO) for the above-deεcribed εtentε are εummarized in Table 2. Table 2 Time to Cyclic Flow (TCF) and Time to Occluεion (TTO. for Forεkolin Treated and Control Stents TCF (min) TTO (min. Uncoated (n=5) 16 ± 13 19 ± 18 Polymer Coated 27 ± 17 54 ± 27 (a) (n=4) Forεkolin Treated 208 ± 71 (b) >240 (n=5) (a) p < 0.02 compared to uncoated. (b) p < 0.0001 compared to coated and uncoated. Two of the uncoated εtentε, all of the coated εtentε, and one of the forεkolin impregnated stents exhibited cyclic carotid blood flow. As seen in Table 2, impregnation of forskolin into the polyurethane remarkably increased the time to cyclic flow (TCF) and time to occlusion (TTO) . In comparison, coating with polyurethane alone only had a modeεt impact on time to occluεion and no significant increase in time to cyclic flow. Upon visual inspection, uncoated εtentε appeared to have mixed red and white thrombus, coated stents had predominately white thrombuε, and one forskolin impregnated stent had red thrombuε only. Theεe reεultε εuggeεt that forεkolin releaεed from the polyurethane iε biologically active and prevented thromboεiε of the εtented εegment compared to uncoated and coated εtents. Absence of platelet rich white thrombus in the forskolin treated εtent segments suggeεts that inhibition of platelet aggregation decreased thrombus formation. While the invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that modifications and variations are within the spirit and scope of that which iε deεcribed and claimed.

Claims: Claims : 1. A method for preparing a syεtem εuitable for localized delivery of biologically active compoundε to a εubject, εaid method comprising εubjecting a combination compriεing: an article comprising a subεtrate having a medical grade polyurethane coating at least 20 microns thick thereon, and a coating expansion solution containing at least 0.1 parts, per 100 parts of an organic solvent system, of at least one biologically active compound to conditions suitable to allow penetration of the biologically active compound εubεtantially throughout the entire thickneεε of said polyurethane coating; and thereafter drying the εolvent treated article under conditions sufficient to substantially eliminate organic solvent from said polyurethane coating. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said conditions suitable to allow penetration of the biologically active compound compriεeε contacting εaid article with said coating expansion solution at room temperature for a time sufficient to substantially swell the coating without significantly diεsolving the coating. 3. A method according to claim 2 wherein said article is contacted with said coating expansion solution for a time in the range of about 1 up to 30 minutes. 4. A method according to claim 2 wherein the coating expansion εolution compriεeε a combination of a polymer εolvent and a polymer non-solvent capable of expanding the polymer without diεεolving it, wherein the ratio of εolvent to non-solvent falls in the range of about 1:20 up to 1:1. 5. A method according to claim 2 wherein the coating expanεion solution contains in the range of about 1 up to 100 milligrams of at leaεt one biologically active compound per milliliter of said organic solvent system. 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the organic solvent employed in the coating expansion εolution iε selected from low molecular weight hydrocarbons, low molecular weight alcohols, polyetherε, cyclic etherε, chlorofluorocarbonε, benzene or alkyl-subεtituted derivativeε thereof, N,N-dimethyl acetamide, aε well aε mixtureε of any two or more thereof. 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the organic solvent in the coating expansion solution comprises a mixture of ethanol and tetrahydrofuran in a volume ratio in the range of about 2:1 up to 20:1. 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is selected from a metallic stent, a heart valve, a metallic proεtheεiε,a proεthetic joint, a pacemaker, a catheter, a balloon coating, an ocular implant or a contact lenε. 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the thickneεs of said polyurethane coating falls in the range of about 20 up to 500 microns. 10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the medical grade polyurethane is a linear, aliphatic polyurethane elastomer. 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein εaid medical grade polyurethane iε the reaction product of: a high molecular weight polyether polyol having the εtructure: H-(0-CH 2 -CH : -CH-.-CH 2 ) n -OH wherein n iε εuch that the molecular weight of εaid polyether polyol falls in the range of about 500 up to 5000, with in the range of about 1 up to 5 parts, per part polyether polyol, of an aliphatic diisocyanate, and in the range of about 1 up to 5 parts, per part polyether polyol, of a chain extender. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein said aliphatic diisocyanate is selected from hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate, or dicyclohexylmethane diiεocyanate. 13. A method according to claim 11 wherein εaid chain extender is 1,4-butanediol. 14. A method according to claim 1, wherein the biologically active compound iε a lipophilic compound. 15. A method according to claim 14 wherein εaid biologically active compound iε εelected from forεkolin, sphingosine, atretinate or a lipid modified oligonucleotide. 16. A method according to claim 14 wherein said drug is a hydrophilic drug, said method further comprising linking the hydrophilic drug to a lipophilic carrier. 17. A method according to claim 1, wherein εaid drying step compriseε subjecting the solvent-treated article to a temperature in the range of about 20°C up to about 100°C under reduced pressure for a time in the range of about 4 up to 16 hours. 18. A method according to claim 17 wherein the solvent-treated article is initially dried by subjecting said article to room temperature at atmospheric presεure, for a time in the range of about 2 up to 15 minuteε. 19. A method of preparing a system suitable for the localized delivery of biologically active compounds to a εubject, εaid method compriεing: contacting an article compriεing a metallic εtent having a subεtantially uniform coating thereon of medical grade polyurethane having a thickness of at least about 20 microns, with a coating expansion solution containing at least 50 mg of at least one drug per ml of an organic solvent syεtem, wherein said organic εolvent εyεtem compriεeε a mixture of ethanol and tetrahydrofuran in a volume ratio in the range of about 2:1 up to 20:1; wherein εaid contacting iε carried out at room temperature for a time in the range of 1 up to 30 minuteε; wherein εaid medical grade polyurethane is the reaction product of: a high molecular weight polyether polyol having the structure: H-(0-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 ) n -OH wherein n is such that the molecular weight of said polyether polyol fallε in the range of about 500 up to 5000, with in the range of about 1 up to 5 partε, per part polyether polyol, of an aliphatic diiεocyanate, wherein εaid aliphatic diiεocyanate iε εelected from hexamethylene diiεocyanate, iεophorone diiεocyanate, trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate, or dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate; and in the range of about 1 up to 5 parts, per part polyether polyol, of 1,4-butanediol, as a chain extender, and drying the solvent-treated article by first εubjecting said article to room temperature and atmospheric presεure, for a time in the range of about 2 up to 15 minuteε, and thereafter subjecting the solvent- treated article to a temperature in the range of about 20 up to 100°C at a pressure in the range of about 100 up to 500 mm Hg for a time in the range of about 4 up to 16 hours. 20. A syεtem εuitable for localized delivery of biologically active compoundε to a εubject, εaid εyεtem prepared by the method of claim 1. 21. A drug delivery system comprising a subεtrate having coated thereon a thickneεε of at least 20 micronε of a medical grade polyurethane coating, and at leaεt one biologically active compound abεorbed into the interstices of said coating. 22. A drug delivery system according to claim 21, wherein εaid medical grade polyurethane is a linear, aliphatic polyurethane elastomer. 23. A drug delivery system according to claim 22 wherein said linear, aliphatic polyurethane elastomer coating is the reaction product of: a high molecular weight polyether polyol having the structure: H-(0-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 ) n -OH wherein n is such that the molecular weight of said polyether polyol falls in the range of about 500 up to 5000, with in the range of about 1 up to 5 parts, per part polyether polyol, of an aliphatic diisocyanate, and in the range of about 1 up to 5 parts, per part polyether polyol, of a chain extender. 24. A drug delivery syεtem according to claim 23 wherein said aliphatic diisocyanate is selected from hexamethylene diisocyanate, iεophorone diiεocyanate, trimethyl hexamethylene diiεocyanate, or dicyclohexylmethane diiεocyanate. 25. A drug delivery system according to claim 23 wherein said chain extender is 1,4-butanediol. 26. A drug delivery system according to claim 21 wherein said biologically active compound iε a lipophilic compound. 27. A method for the localized delivery of biologically active compounds to a subject, said method comprising implanting the delivery system of claim 21 at a site where the targeted release of said biologically active compound is deεired.

Inventors: LAMBERT THOMAS L DR, LAMBERT, THOMAS, L., DR.
Applicants: CEDARS SINAI MEDICAL CENTER, CEDARS-SINAI MEDICAL CENTER
Application year: 1994
Main classification: A61L27
IPC codes: A61L27, A61L29, A61L31, A61M25, A61M29, A61M31