MICROBIAL TRANSFORMANTS OF HANSENULA THAT EXPRESS GLYCOLATE OXIDASE AND CATALASE

Abstract: This invention relates to Hansenula strains that have been genetically engineered to produce glycolate oxidase, optionally to also produce catalase, which serve as biocatalysts in the conversion of glycolic acid to glyoxylic acid.

Description: TITLE MICROBIAL TRANSFORMANTS OF HANSENULA THAT EXPRESS GLYCOLATE OXIDASE AND CATALASE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of Invention: The present invention relates to novel microbial transformants that express enzymatically active glycolate oxidase. More specifically, the invention relates to cultuiing a transformant of Hansenula methylotrophic yeast species containing a DNA fragment coding for the expression of glycolate oxidase and optionally transformed with the heterologous gene for a catalase for the production of enzymatically active glycolate oxidase and, optionally, an enzymatically active heterologous catalase. 2. Description of the Related Art: Glyoxylic acid is an important intermediate in the manufacture of various agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and fragrances. Typical commercial production of glyoxylic acid employs either oxidation chemistry or electrochemical means. Electrochemical manufacture involves either the reduction of oxalic acid or the anodic oxidation of glyoxal to form glyoxylic acid, whereas chemical oxidation generally involves the oxidation of glyoxal in the presence of a strong acid such as HNO3. A consequence of these commercial processes is the production of waste streams containing various toxic acids and heavy metals. Increased public concern coupled with mounting government regulations surrounding the production of toxic wastes has provided impetus for a search for an alternative, cost effective, yet environmentally acceptable method of glyoxylic acid production. One such potential route lies in microbially mediated enzymatic catalysis involving the oxidation of glycolic acid by glycolate oxidase such as disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,219,745. Glycolic acid and oxygen were reacted in an aqueous solution and in the presence of an amine buffer and two enzyme catalysts, glycolate oxidase and catalase. This process demonstrated the synergistic effect of using both catalase (to destroy byproduct hydrogen peroxide responsible for formate production) and an amine additive capable of forming oxidation-resistant N-substituted hemiaminal and/or imine complexes with glyoxylate (limiting its further oxidation). A related process for the preparation of mixtures of glyoxylic acid and aminomethyl- phosphonic acid (AMP A) has been described in U.S. Patent 5,135,860. In U.S. Patent 5,180,846, the resulting mixtures of glyoxylic acid and AMPA were used for the preparation of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, a post-emergent phytotoxicant and herbicide. Glycolate oxidase is an enzyme available from various sources, including green leafy plants and mammalian cells. N. E. Tolbert et al. (J. Biol. Chem., (1949) 181:905) first reported an enzyme, extracted from tobacco leaves, which catalyzed the oxidation of glycolic acid to formic acid and CO2 via the inteimediate formation of glyoxylic acid. Similarly, K. E. Richardson and N. E. Tolbert (J. Biol. Chem., (1961) 236:1280) reported the formation of oxalic acid during the glycolate oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of glycolic acid to glyoxylic acid, using enzymes isolated from tobacco, sugar beet, Swiss chard, spinach, or rat liver. C. O. Clagett, N. E. Tolbert and R. H. Burris (J. Biol. Chem., (1949) 78:977) reported that the optimum pH for the glycolate oxidase catalyzed oxidation of glycolic acid with oxygen was about 7.8-8.6, and the optimum temperature was 35-40 °C. Recent advances in recombinant DNA technology, combined with the isolation of cDNA coding for the spinach enzyme (see Volokita et al., J. Biol. Chem., (1987) 262(33): 15825) have allowed for the construction of microbial strains that are intended to serve as alternative, economic enzyme sources. To date, the host organism of choice for expression of heterologous proteins in commercial applications has been Escherichia coli. However, in some situations Escherichia coli may prove to be an unsuitable host. For example, Escherichia coli contains a number of proteolytic factors that may interfere with the activity of the expressed enzyme and may also produce toxic pyrogenic factors requiring further purification. These and other considerations have led to increased interest in alternative hosts, in particular yeast, for the production of active enzymes. Yeast offer several advantages to commercial applications over Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Yeast can generally be grown to higher densities than bacteria and are readily adaptable to continuous fermentation processing. Additional advantages of yeast hosts include the fact that many critical functions of the organism, such as oxidative phosphorylations, are located within organelles and thus are not exposed to the possible deleterious effects of the organism's over- expression of foreign enzymatic products. Furthermore, yeast appear to be capable of glycosylation of expressed polypeptide products where such glycosylation is important to the bioactivity of the polypeptide product. Despite having the genetic capacity to produce glycolate oxidase, the typical microbial hosts used to date have performed poorly, producing either inactive enzyme, or producing the enzyme at very modest levels. Although early data indicated that Escherichia coli was unable to produce glycolate oxidase in enzymatically active form following introduction of the enzyme-encoding gene in expressible form (see Macheroux et al., Biochemistry (1991) 30: 4612), it has since been determined that active enzyme could indeed be expressed in this host using a T7 RNA polymerase promoter, albeit in very modest amounts (Macheroux et al., Biochem. Biophys., (1992), Acta., 1132: 11-16). It has been possible to achieve expression of active glycolate oxidase from various species of fungi including those of the genus Saccharomyces (Macheroux et al., supra (1991)); however, these hosts have only been capable of producing enzymes at levels far below what would be considered commercially useful. Catalase (e.g., EC 1.11.1.6) is an enzyme widely distributed in nature, and found in virtually all aerobic organisms. It functions to disproportionate hydrogen peroxide formed either by the reaction of oxidase enzymes or by reactions of molecular oxygen. The reaction is as follows: 2H 2 O 2 → 2H 2 O + O 2 In eukaryotic organisms the catalase is often present in at least two different forms: cytosolic, and peroxisomal; for example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae these two forms are catalase T (CTT1 gene product, Spevak, W., et al., Mol. Cell Biol., (1983), 3:1545) and catalase A (CTAl gene product, Cohen et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., (1985), 200:74-79), respectively. Catalase A and catalase T have been reported to be actively expressed in Hansenula polymorpha under the control of their native Saccharomyces cerevisiae promoters, however, only catalase A has been found to functionally complement catalase-defective peroxisomes (Hansen and Roggenkamp, Eur. J. Biochem., (1989), 184:173-179). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a DNA fusion for the expression of enzymatically active glycolate oxidase comprising a first DNA fragment encoding a suitable promoter from a Hansenula strain operably and expressibly linked to a second DNA fragment encoding a glycolate oxidase gene. The present invention also provides a DNA fusion for the expression of enzymatically active heterologous catalase comprising a first DNA fragment encoding a suitable promoter from a Hansenula strain operably and expressibly connected to a second DNA fragment encoding a catalase gene. The present invention further provides a transformed Hansenula host yeast for the expression of the enzymatically active glycolate oxidase wherein the transformed Hansenula host yeast contains the heterologous DNA fusion capable of expressing glycolate oxidase. Preferably the transformed Hansenula host yeast is also capable of expressing an endogenous catalase gene. In one specific embodiment of the invention, a doubly transformed Hansenula polymorpha is provided which co-expresses enzymatically active, heterologously produced catalase along with the enzymatically active glycolate oxidase. Preferably, the doubly transformed Hansenula host yeast is capable of expressing an exogenously derived catalase gene selected so as not to be inhibited by aminomethylphosphonic acid. A further specific embodiment uses heterologous DNA that encodes for spinach glycolate oxidase or an enzymatically active variant thereof. In all embodiments the heterologous DNA is stably integrated within the host chromosome. The present invention also provides a process for the production of enzymatically active glycolate oxidase comprising the steps of culturing a transformed Hansenula strain containing a heterologous DNA construct encoding enzymatically active glycolate oxidase and maintaining the growth of said yeast under conditions suitable for the maximal production of glycolate oxidase. Optionally, a method is also provided where exogenous catalase is co-expressed with said glycolate oxidase. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS. SEQUENCE LISTING AND BIOLOGICAL DEPOSITS Figure 1 illustrates the amino acid sequence of spinach glycolate oxidase (SEQ ID NO.:l) Figure 2 illustrates the plasmid pFPMT130 expression vector indicating the respective components and restriction sites. Figure 3 illustrates the plasmid pRB expression vector indicating the respective components and restriction sites. Figure 4 illustrates the plasmid pFMDGO expression vector indicating the respective components and restriction sites. Figure 5 illustrates the plasmid pRBGO expression vector indicating the respective components and restriction sites. Figure 6 illustrates the plasmid pHK2 expression vector indicating the respective components and restriction sites. Figure 7 illustrates the plasmid pHCTKm2 expression vector indicating the respective components and restriction sites. Figure 8 illustrates the plasmid pRBCATT expression vector indicating the respective components and restriction sites. Applicants have provided a sequence listing for SEQ ID NO.:l in conformity with "Rules for the Standard Representation of Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences in Patent Applications" (Annexes I and II to the Decision of the President of the EPO, published in Supplement No. 2 to OJ EPO 12/1992). This sequence corresponds to Figure 1. Applicants have made the following biological deposits under the terms of the Budapest Treaty: Depositor's Identification Reference NRRL Designation Deposit Date Hansenula polymorpha, G01 NRRL Y-21065 30 March 1993 Hansenula polymorpha, G02 NRRL Y-21113 25 June 1993 Hansenula polymorpha, G03 NRRL Y-21114 25 June 1993 As used herein, the designation "NRRL" refers to the Northern Regional Research Laboratories, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the production of enzymatically active glycolate oxidase (GO) by yeast of the genus Hansenula in commercially useful quantities. In using the term "Hansenula strain" it should be understood that term encompasses any species that shares the same or similar taxonomy of a methyloltropic Hansenula yeast and as such it is felt that the designation of the host as a species of the genus Hansenula is not controlling but rather the methyloltropic yeast taxonomy is a more appropriate criteria. This would include by way of example but not limited thereto such species as Hansenula polymorpha. Hansenula augusta, Hansenula anomala, Hansenula capsulata, Hansenula saturnus, and Hansenula wingei. For purpose of this invention it should also be appreciated that the phrase "enzymatically active glycolate oxidase" refers to any glycolate oxidase in a form capable of converting glycolate to glyoxylate (i.e., converting glycolic acid to glyoxylic acid) as determined by assays of conventional design. It should be further understood that the phrase also encompasses enzyme contained within vesicles such as inclusion bodies where the enzyme must be isolated and refolded in order to catalyze the glycolate to glyoxylate reaction. Further, for purposes of this invention, it is understood that "commercially useful quantities" refers to production of the specific proteins in concentrations per unit of cells that are economically feasible. Thus the glycolate oxidase of the present invention may have a structure corresponding to any naturally occurring form of the enzyme, or may have a genetically engineered variant structure, provided, however, that enzymatically active glycolate oxidase, as defined above, is retained. Naturally occurring forms of glycolate oxidase include, for example, spinach-produced glycolate oxidase. As shown in Figure 1 herein, spinach glycolate oxidase consists, in its mature form, of 369 amino acids arranged in the indicated sequence (SEQ ID NO.:l). According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the glycolate oxidase is spinach glycolate oxidase or an enzymatically active variant of spinach glycolate oxidase, e.g. an enzymatically active fragment of the enzyme, or an analog in which one or more amino acids is replaced using conservative amino acid replacements, or a variant in which the region of the enzyme which directs its peroxisomal accumulation is deleted (see for example Macheroux et al., supra (1991)). The catalase from Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (catalase T), Hansenula polymorpha, Pichia pastoris, and bovine liver have now each been examined as catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide generated during the oxidation of glycolic acid/AMPA mixtures, and a previously-unrcported, reversible inhibition of the catalase from H. polymorpha, P. pastoris, and bovine liver by AMPA has been discovered. This inhibition occurs regardless of whether a soluble catalase, immobilized catalase, or catalase-containing whole cell catalyst is employed. As an alternative to adding an additional source of inhibition-resistant catalase to glycolic acid AMPA reaction mixtures which use as catalyst a microbial cell transformant whose endogenous catalase is inhibited by AMPA (e.g., H. polymorpha transformants), the microbial transformant (which expresses the exogenous enzyme glycolate oxidase) has been re-engineered to express an additional exogenous catalase (e.g., catalase T from S. cerevisiae) which is not inhibited by AMPA. Using this microbial cell "double" transformant as catalyst in the absence of an added catalase which is not inhibited by AMPA has resulted in a significant increase in glyoxylate yield and reduction in formate production when compared to that obtained with a microbial cell "single" transformant (i.e., exogenous glycolate oxidase and an endogenous catalase) whose catalase is inhibited by AMPA. It should be appreciated that for enzymatic conversion of glycolate to glyoxylate in the presence of AMPA the heterologous catalase is to be chosen by virtue of its lack of inhibition by AMPA. These include by way of example but are not limited to the catalase T from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the catalase from Aspergillus niger, or the like. It is preferred to use the catalase T from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; however, it should be further appreciated that for enzymatic conversion of glycolate to glyoxylate in the absence of AMPA any compatible heterologous catalase is contemplated as being useful for purposes of this invention. The methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been developed as an expression system for heterologous proteins (Roggenkamp et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics, (1986), 202: 302; HoUenberg and Janowicz, EPA No. 0299108 (1987)). As a facultative methylotroph this yeast species is able to use methanol as sole energy and carbon source; other possible carbon sources are glucose or glycerol. Upon addition of methanol into culture media, key enzymes of the methanol metabolism are strongly expressed. The expression is regulated at a transcriptional level. The genes for these key enzymes dihydroxy acetone synthase (DHAS), formate dehydrogenase (FMD; i.e., FMDH) and methanol oxidase (MOX) have been cloned and characterized (Ledeboer et al., Nucleic Acids Res., (1985), 13: 3060; Janowicz et al., Nucleic Acids Res., (1985), 13: 2043; HoUenberg and Janowicz, supra (1987)). The promoters of these key enzymes are repressed using glucose, derepressed using glycerol and induced using methanol as carbon source. The promoter elements of these genes can be used for heterologous gene expression. Accordingly, they are components of expression vectors for the generation of recombinant Hansenula polymorpha strains. A standard expression vector harbors the coding sequence of a foreign gene integrated between the promoter, for example but not by way of limitation, an FMD- promoter, a MOX - promoter or the like, and generally any terminator, again by way of example but not by way of limitation, a MOX-terminator sequence or the like. In addition, the vectors contain selection markers and a HARS1 (Hansenula autonomously replicating sequence) for selection and propagation in suitable H. polymorpha hosts and a bacterial origin of replication (oil) and an ampicillin-resistance (amp) gene for propagation and selection in E. coli (Gellissen et al., Biotech Adv., (1992), 10, 179; GeUissen et al., Tibtech, (1992), 10, 413). After uptake, the heterologous DNA is stably integrated into the host's genome. Transformations result in a variety of strains harboring a varying copy number of the integrated DNA in a head-to-tail arrangement. This stable multimeric integration of expression cassettes makes Hansenula polymorpha an ideal host for the co-expression of several proteins in a fixed ratio (Janowicz et al., Yeast, (1991), 7: 431). The construction of an expression cassette for the expression of glycolate oxidase or catalase in Hansenula may be accompUshed by means weU known to those skiUed in the art. The source of the glycolate oxidase gene (or the catalase gene) may either be chromosomal DNA or a previously constructed vector containing the gene. GeneraUy, it is most preferred to isolate the glycolate oxidase gene from an already existing vector. It is also preferred that the glycolate oxidase gene be bounded on both the 5' and 3' ends by convenient restrictions sites. Any vector or plasmid containing a suitable glycolate oxidase gene may be used, however, for the purpose of the present invention the plasmid pDA-PCR#l is most preferred. pDA-PCR#l is derived from the Aspergillus transformation plasmid pTAwtS-GOD. More specificaUy, pTAwtS-GOD contains a spinach glycolate oxidase gene under the control of a Aspergillus nidulans alcA promoter and bounded at the 5' end by a BglΗ. site and at the 3' end by an EcøRI site. The glycolate oxidase gene in pTAwtS-GOD is amplified by conventional PCR protocols using primers which incorporated an Xbal site at one end and an EcσRI site at the opposite end. The PCR fragment is ligated between the Xbal and EcσRI sites in the Bluescript plasmid (Stratagene, La JoUa, CA) to give the plasmid pDA-PCR#l. Isolated DNA encoding the glycolate oxidase protein is qptionaUy amplified by techniques weU known in the art for the purpose of cloning into a suitable Hansenula transformation vector. Any method of amplification may be used including Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) or Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR) where PCR is most preferred. Amplified glycolate oxidase DNA is then cloned into a suitable Hansenula transformation vector. A number of transformation vectors are suitable where the vector contains a promoter capable of driving the glycolate oxidase gene and where the promoter contains, downstream, a restriction site compatible with the restriction sites flanking the glycolate oxidase gene. Any suitable transformation vector may be used, including pFPMT130 or pRB described in detail in Figures 2 and 3. The restricted fragment is cloned into the multiple cloning site of the basic vector pFPMT130 (see Figure 2) using the EcoRI and the Bam l site for insertion. A second series is constructed in the pRB vector harboring a chloramphenicol resistance sequence as a selection marker (Figure 3). Restriction, ligation, propagation, and isolation of the newly generated plasmid DNA foUows standard procedures as described by Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: a laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, (1982). The insertion of the cDNA sequence results in the expression vectors pFMDGO and pRBGO (Figures 4 and 5). Transformation of H. polymorpha The vectors described above are used to transform competent H. polymorpha ceUs of strain RBI 1, deficient in orotidine 5' phosphate dehydrogenase (ura"). The auxσtrophic strain RBI 1 is generated basicaUy as described by Roggenkamp et al., supra, 1986. Competent ceUs of this strain are generated according to established protocols (Dohmen et al., Yeast (1991), 7, 691) as foUows: 10 mL yeast medium (YPD; i.e., yeast, peptone, and glucose) are inoculated with ceUs and cultured at 37 °C overnight. This culture is subsequently used to inoculate 200 mL of YPD. CeU are cultured at 37 °C until the OD 600 is between 0.6 and 1.0. CeUs are harvested by centrifugation, washed at room temperature with 100 mL of a solution A (1 M sorbitol, 10 mM bicine pH 8.35, 3% ethylene glycol) and then resuspended in 4 mL of this solution A; 11 μL of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is added and the competent ceUs are stored at -70 °C. For transformation, 10 μg of plasmid DNA and 100 μl of cold 0.1 M CaCl 2 are added to the frozen ceU aliquots; after fast thawing 1.0 mL of a solution B (40% PEG 3350, 200 mM bicine pH 8.35) is added, and the transformation mixtures are incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour. Subsequently, ceUs ;are washed in 1 mL of a solution C (150 mM NaCl, 10 mM bicine pH 8.35) and resuspended in 200 mL. This suspension is plated on selective agar plates (yeast nitrogen base (YNB)-glucose). Plates are incubated at 37 °C for 3 to 5 days. Generation of mitoticaUy stable strains with multimeric copies of the heterologous DNA Colonies from developed plates are used to inoculate 3 mL of YNB glucose and cultured at 37 °C. A 50 μL aliquot of the fully grown culture is used to inoculate another 3 mL culture. This procedure is repeated for some 40 generations of growth. During this passaging plasmid DNA is integrated into the genome. Subsequently 3 mL of YPD (non-selective medium) is inoculated and cultured at 37 °C. Plating of a diluted aliquot should result in an identical number of colonies when plated on selective and non-selective agar plates. Identification of recombinant strains expressing glycolate oxidase (GO) For expression of the recombinant GO, the ceUs have to be cultured under derepressive or inductive conditions. The passaged transformants were used to inoculate 3 mL of YNB supplemented with 1% glycerol. After two days of growth the ceUs were transferred to 3 mL YNB supplemented with 1% methanol. After a further day of induction ceUs were harvested by centrifugation (5 min 800 x g) and GO activity was determined in samples prepared from crude extracts. Preparation of crude extract Harvested ceUs are resuspended in 600 mL of extraction buffer (1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.1 mM flavin mononucleotide (FMN), 10 mM phenol methylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 10% DMSO in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 8.3). CeUs are broken with glass beads (0.45-0.5 mm diameter) for 5 minutes, cooling with soUd CO 2 every 30 seconds. CeU debris is removed by centrifugation (15 minutes at 15000 x g at 4 °C). Determination of GO activity 5-20 mL of the crude extracts were analyzed for GO content by quantifying the generation of glyoxylic acid by spectrophotometric assay modified after Soda et al., Agr. Biol. Chem., (1973), 37(6): 1393. Copy number determination of the integrated heterologous DNA in GO-expressing strains The copy number of the integrated heterologous DNA is determined as outlined by GeUissen et al., supra (1992). For DNA determination, DNA is isolated from various transformants and from the untransf ormed host strain RB 11. The isolated DNA is restricted with AspllS/Salϊ, transferred to nitroceUulose and hybridized to a 32 P-labeled EcøRI/A,5p718 fragment. This results in two signals in similar electrophoretic positions for the genuine single copy FMD/GO gene fusion and the heterologous FMD promoter/GO gene fusion. In DNA dilutions the copy number is estimated comparing the signal intensity of the heterologous fragments with that of the intrinsic single copy control. Properties of GO production strains Transformed strains were passaged and analyzed for GO content as described. The foUowing screening results were obtained using pFMDGO and pRBGO for transformation. Glycolate oxidase protein may be detected by Western blot analysis or glycolate oxidase activity may be detected by means of a spectrophotometric assay. Most preferred is the method described by Soda et al., supra, (1973). This assay measures the glyoxylate produced by the glycolate oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of glycolate by reacting said glyoxylate with glycine and o-aminobenzaldehyde to form a yeUow complex having an absorbance maximum at 440 nm. The Hansenula strains were also evaluated for their ability to produce endogenous catalase. For the evaluation of catalase production transformed Hansenula polymorpha RB 11 , was grown according to the procedure described above and analyzed for enzymaticaUy active catalase (i.e., any disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide as determined by assays of conventional design). Several methods of determining catalase activity are available, such as the method of Beers et al., J. Biol. Chem., (1952), 195:133. The foUowing examples are presented to more fuUy demonstrate and further illustrate various individual aspects of the present invention. In doing so, Hansenula polymorpha is intentionaUy employed as the host illustrative of the genus Hansenula and similarly certain specific sources of genetic code and sequences are identified for various purposes as being illustrative only. As such, the example are felt to be non-limiting and are meant to iUustrate the invention but are not meant to be unduly limiting in any way. EXAMPLE 1 The GO gene as found in pDA-PCR#l, which is derived from the Aspergillus transformation plasmid pTAwtS-GOD, was excised using EcoRI and BamHL. More specificaUy, pTAwtS-GOD contains a spinach glycolate oxidase gene under the control of a Aspergillus nidulans alcA promoter and bounded at the 5' end by a BgiU site and at the 3' end by an EcoRI site. The glycolate oxidase gene in pTAwtS-GOD is amplified by conventional PCR protocols using primers which incorporated an Xbal site at one end and an EcoRI site at the opposite end. The PCR fragment is ligated between the Xbal and EcoRI sites in the Bluescript plasmid (Stratagene, La JoUa, CA) to give the plasmid pDA-PCR#l . For a more detailed description of this procedure see copending and commonly assigned U.S. Patent application serial number USSN 08/085,488; PCT , herein incorporated by reference for such purpose. The restricted fragment was cloned into the multiple cloning site of the basic vector pFPMT130 (see Figure 2) using the EcoRI and the -SαmHI site for insertion. Restriction and ligations, propagation and isolation of the newly generated plasmid DNA foUowed standard procedures as described by Maniatis et al., supra, (1982). The insertion of the cDNA sequence resulted in the expression vectors pFMDGO (Figure 4). EXAMPLE 2 A second series was constructed in the pRB vector harboring an chloramphenicol resistance sequence as a selection marker (Figure 3). The GO gene as found in pDA-PCR#l was excised using EcoRI and -BαmHI. The restricted fragment was cloned into the multiple cloning site of the vector pRB (Figure 3) using the EcoRI and the BamHI site for insertion. Restriction and Ugations, propagation and isolation of the newly generated plasmid DNA foUowed standard procedures as described by Maniatis et al., supra, (1982). The insertion of the cDNA sequence resulted in the expression vector pRBGO (Figure 5). EXAMPLE 3 Transformation of H. polymorpha with pFMDGO The vector pFMDGO was used to transform competent H. polymorpha ceUs of strain RB 11 , deficient in ortidin 5' phosphate dehydrogenase (ura"). The auxotrophic strain RBI 1 was generated basicaUy as described by Roggenkamp et al., supra, (1986). Competent ceUs of this strain are generated according to established protocols (Dohmen et al., supra, (1991)) as foUows: 10 mL yeast medium (YPD) were inoculated with ceUs and cultured at 37 °C overnight. This culture was subsequently used to inoculate 200 mL of YPD. CeUs were grown at 37 °C to an ODgøo or" 0-6 to 1.0. CeUs were harvested by centrifugation, washed at room temperature in 100 mL of a solution A (1 M sorbitol, 10 mM bicine pH 8.35 3% ethylene glycol) and then resuspended in 4 mL of solution A; 11 μL DMSO were added and the competent ceUs were stored at -70 °C. For transformation 10 μg of plasmid DNA and 100 mL of cold 0.1 M CaCl were added to the frozen cell aliquots; after fast thawing 1.0 mL of a solution B (40% PEG 3350, 200 mM bicine pH 8.35) was added, the transformation mixtures was incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour. Subsequently ceUs were washed in 1 mL of a solution C (150 mM NaCl, 10 mM bicine pH 8.35) and resuspended in 200 μL. This suspension was plated on selective agar plates (YNB -glucose). Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 3 to 5 days. MitoticaUy stable strains with multimeric copies of the heterologous DNA were generated by passage stabUization. Colonies from developed plates were used to inoculate 3 mL of YNB glucose and cultured at 37 °C. A 50 μL aliquot of the fully grown culture was used to inoculate another 3 mL culture. This procedure was repeated for some 40 generations of growth. During this passaging plasmid DNA was integrated into the genome. Subsequently 3 mL of YPD (non- selective medium) was inoculated and cultured at 37 °C. Diluted aliquots of passage stabilized ceUs resulted in an identical number of colonies when plated on selective and non-selective agar plates. The passaged transformants were used to inoculate 3 mL of YNB supplemented with 1% glycerol. After two day of growth the ceUs were transferred to 3 mL YNB supplemented with 1% methanol. After a further day of induction ceUs were harvested by centrifugation (5 min. at 800 x g). Harvest ceUs were resuspended in 600 mL of extraction buffer (1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM FMN, 10 mM PMSF, 10% DMSO in 0.1 sodium phosphate buffer pH 8.3). CeUs were broken with glass beads (0.45-0.5 mn diameter for 5 minutes cooling with CO every 30 seconds. CeU debris was removed by centrifugation (15 minutes at 15000 x g at 4 °C). Glycolate oxidase activity was measured from ceU lysates using a spectrophotometric assay (with absorbance monitoring at 440 nm) for GO enzyme activity employing o-aminobenzaldehyde and glycine (Soda et al., 1973). Results are summarized in Table I with activities being reported per mg of protein. TABLE I pFMDGO Transformed RB 11 GO activitv Strain No. mU/m 11.2.01 1042 11.2.02 709 11.2.08 772 11.2.12 124 11.2.14 2047 11.2.16 1855 11.2.17 2910 11.2.18 1504 11.2.21 945 11.2.23 467 11.2.24 281 11.2.26 270 EXAMPLE 4 Transformation of H. polymorpha with pRBGO The vector pRBDGO was used to transform competent H. polymorpha ceUs of strain RB 11 , essentiaUy as described in Example 3. After passage stabilization and assay for glycolate oxidase activity the foUowing clones were selected: TABLE π pRBGO Transformed RB 11 GO activity Strain No. mU/mg 11.11.80 5958 11.11.89 3055 11.11.95 4281 11.11.109 3771 11.11.126 7524 11.11.165 3583 11.11.177 4480 11.11.178 4492 11.11.179 3689 11.11.180 3137 One strain, 11.11.126, was selected for further subcloning. The results are shown in Table m. TABLE m Subclones of 11.11.126 GO activity Strain No. mU/mg 11.11.126.1 4111 11.11.126.2 71 11.11.126.3 3495 11.11.126.4 0 11.11.126.5 2266 11.11.126.6 5092 11.11.126.7* 7026 11.11.126.8 4187 11.11.126.9 3274 11.11.126.10 4232 *The best strain from this subcloning, 11.11.126.7, was selected and designated Hansenula polymorpha GO1 and deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Regional Research Laboratories, located in Peoria, IL, and is designated by the accession number NRRL No. Y-21065 EXAMPLE 5 The copy number of the integrated heterologous DNA was determined for Hansenula polymorpha GO1 as outlined by GeUissen et al. (supra, (1992)). DNA was isolated from the transformant and from the untransformed host strain RB 11. The isolated DNA was restricted with Aspll /Sall, transferred to nitroceUulose and hybridized to a 32 P-labeled EcoRI/A.sp718 fragment. This results in two signals in similar electrophoretic positions for the genuine single copy FMD gene and the heterologous FMD promoter/GO fusion. In DNA dilutions the copy number was estimated comparing the signal intensity of the heterologous fragments with that of the intrinsic single copy control. This determination revealed that the Hansenula polymorpha GO1 contains approximately 30 copies of the integrated plasmid. This recombinant strain is mitoticaUy stable and remains unchanged during fermentation. EXAMPLE 6 The expression plasmids for CTTl were designed for super transformation of the GO expressing strain Hansenula polymorpha GO1 described in Example 4. The basic expression vectors harbor an ADH1 promoter/kanamycin resistance fusion as an additional dominant selection marker for the identification of supertransformants from a Hansenula polymorpha GO1 background. The kanamycin resistance gene is derived from E. coli transposon Tn5. The CTTl gene was obtained from the plasmid pHCT-124 (Hansen and Roggenkamp, supra (1989)) harboring the CTTl coding sequence fused to the genuine CTTl promoter. Transformation of H. polymorpha strains with this plasmid is reported to result in recombinant strains expressing CTTl (Hansen and Roggenkamp, supra (1989)). An ADHl/kanamy cin resistance fusion, obtained as a HindUl fragment from the plasmid pHK2 (Figure 6) was inserted into the plasmid pHCT-124 resulting in vector pHCTKm2 (Figure 7). The transformation foUowed essentially the procedure outlined in Example 3 except ceUs of the strain Hansenula polymorpha GO1 served as the host. For selection of transformants, mixtures were plated on YNB plates containing gentamycin (G418 sulfate; GIBCO, 1.5 mg in 400 μL, applied to the surface of hardened 20 mL agar plates). EXAMPLE 7 In a second construction the CTTl coding sequence from pHCT-124 was subcloned into a Ml 3 vector and mutagenized by site-directed mutagenesis to obtain BglΕ restriction sites flanking the ATG start and the TAA stop codon, of the CTTl gene. After insertion of the CTTl gene and the ADHl/kanamycin resistance fusion (described in Example 6) into pRB (Figure 3) the resulting vector is designated pRBCATT and is shown in Figure 4. It contains the CTTl sequence inserted between the E D-promoter and the Λ OX-terminator sequence as described for the GO expression plasmids in Example 1. Transformation of Hansenula polymorpha GO1 with pRBCATT and identification of strains coexpressing GO and catalase T was essentiaUy as described in Example 6. Passaged clones coexpressing GO and catalase T activities were identified by culturing on YNB supplemented with glycerol and then with methanol for promoter induction as described before. The total catalase activity (catalase T plus endogenous H. polymorpha catalase) was determined by preparing extracts of the double transformants and assaying the extracts of 2-5 mg of wet cells into a 3-mL quartz cuvette containing a magnetic stirring bar, then adding 2.0 mL of 16.7 mM phosphate buffer (pΗ 7.0) foUowed by 1.0 mL of 59 mM hydrogen peroxide in 16.7 mM phosphate buffer (pΗ 7.0) and stirring the suspension while measuring the change, in absorption with time at 240 nm (ε = 39.4). The catalase T and endogenous catalase activities of microbial double transformants were each determined by comparison to the activity determined by this procedure at pΗ 4.0; at pΗ 4.0, the endogenous H. polymorpha catalase retains 7% of its activity at pΗ 7.0, while the Catalase T retains 60% of its activity at pΗ 7.0. The catalase T activity can also be estimated in crude extracts by its lower mobiUty relative to H. polymorpha catalase on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Crude extracts from methanol-induced ceUs prepared as described in Example 3 were separated on 7.5% native gels in the Phastgel system (Pharmacia, Sweden). After separation gels were incubated with gentle shaking in H 2 O 2 (100 μL 30% H 2 O 2 in 100 mL water) for 10 minutes. The solution was 5 discarded and the gels were then briefly rinsed in water. Then the gels were incubated with gentle shaking in "Prussian Blue" solution (freshly prepared 1:1 mixture of 2% FeCl3 (Fe(CN)6)). Catalase activity is indicated by a clear zone on a blue background. The relative size of the clear zone is related to the catalase activity. When using plasmid pRBCATT 76 clones with varying expression levels 0 of CTTl in addition to the GO expression in terms of enzyme activity per mg of protein could be identified (Tables IV and V). TABLE IV Hansenula Dolvmorυha DOUBLE TRANSFORMANTS GO catalase total catalase T Transformant** (U/mg) (U/mg) (U/mg) % catalase T Copv (#) 7.13.3 3.95 2780 706 25 2 7.13.24 3.39 2710 873 32 10-12 7.13.168 4.23 2647 873 33 10-12 7.13.171 3.30 2064 412 20 <2 7.13.175 4.32 1202 436 36 10-12 ♦♦ Strains 7.13.168 and 7.13.3 from this subcloning were selected and designated Hansenula polymorpha GO2 and GO3, respectively, and deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty with U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Regional Research Laboratories, located in Peoria, IL, on June 25, 1993 and are designated by the accession numbers NRRL No. Y-21113 and Y-21114. TABLE V GO and Catalase T Expression of Individnalired Clones at a 3 mL Scale Strain GO catalase total catalase T Protein Number Number (U/mg) (U/mg) (U/mg) % catalase T (mg/mL) 1 7.13.7.1 1.3 1058 / / 0.13 2 7.13.7.2 2.4 2117 / / 0.07 3 7.13.7.3 2.6 1814 / / 0.07 4 7.13.7.4 2.2 1653 / / 0.09 5 7.13.7.5 1.8 1628 / / 0.13 6 7.13.7.6 4.5 3705 3008 / 0.04 7 7.13.44.1 2.2 2084 536 26 0.32 8 7.13.44.2 1.1 1861 30 2 0.29 7.13.44.3 1.6 1745 525 30 0.37 7.13.44.4 2.7 1562 839 54 0.21 1 7.13.44.5 2.2 1600 67 4 0.43 7.13.44.6 1.6 1190 93 8 0.48 7.13.44.7 2.3 2531 1538 61 0.736 7.13.44.8 4.0 2487 1080 43 0.52 7.13.44.9 4.6 4969 2194 44 0.392 7.13.44.10 5.7 3269 1358 42 7.13.45.1 4.5 7410 / / 0.02 7.13.45.2 1.9 818 / / - 0.44 7.13.45.3 3.9 2587 1736 67 0.356 7.13.56.1 1.5 2550 299 12 0.22 7.13.56.2 2.3 1672 515 31 0.38 7.13.56.3 2.3 2079 1255 60 0.35 7.13.61.1 2.3 2069 942 45 0.46 7.13.61.2 1.1 2588 324 13 0.18 7.13.63.6 1.8 1482 1002 68 0.05 7.13.63.7 5.1 3148 459 15 7.13.63.8 5.9 4333 2561 59 0.408 7.13.72.3 3.0 1726 508 29 0.19 7.13.72.6 1.7 1989 222 11 0.33 7.13.145.1 5.1 2969 933 31 0.61 7.13.145.3 3.3 814 405 50 0.39 7.13.150.4 2.5 2487 1020 41 0.45 7.13.150.6 2.6 876 160 18 0.29 7.13.155 3.1 3350 1456 43 0.452 7.13.155.3 4.3 1651 493 30 0.59 7.13.155.8 4.4 3448 1695 49 0.344 7.13.155.1 4.2 4337 1831 42 0.332 EXAMPLE 8 Strains with promising levels of catalase T were analyzed for copy number of the integrated CTTl expression cassette and corresponding copy numbers are presented in Table VI. The copy number determination foUows closely the procedure described for copy number determination of the GO expression cassette. DNA from various isolates was restricted with AspllS, transferred to nitroceUulose and hybridized to the FMD-promoter probe described in Example 5. An additional signal originating from the heterologous FMD-promoter/CTTl fusion appears and its signal intensity can be compared with that of the 30 copy E D-promoter/GO fusion determined for the host. TABLE VI Number Strain Copv Number 1 7.13.7.6 3 2 7.13.44.7 15 3 7.13.44.9 25 4 7.13.45.3 10 5 7.13.56.2 20 6 7.13.61.1 12 7 7.13.63.6 1 8 7.13.63.8 2 9 7.13.72.3 15 10 7.13.145.1 2 11 7.13.145.3 2 12 7.13.155.3 7 13 7.13.155.8 7 14 7.13.155.12 7 Transformants of Hansenula hosts which co-express glycolate oxidase and catalase according to the instant invention are useful for the manufacture of glyoxylic acid from glycoUc acid (hydroxyacetic acid). They are also useful as catalysts for the enzymatic conversion of mixtures of glycoUc acid and AMPA to N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, a post-emergent phytotoxicant and herbicide as weU as a source for the enzymes, per se. Having thus described and exemplified the invention with a certain degree of particularity, it should be appreciated that the foUowing claims are not to be so limited but are to be afforded a scope commensurate with the wording of each element of the claim and equivalents thereof. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: (A) NAME: E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY (B) STREET: 1007 MARKET STREET (C) CITY: WILMINGTON (D) STATE: DELAWARE (E) COUNTRY: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP): 19898 (G) TELEPHONE: 302-992-4929 (H) TELEFAX: 302-773-0164 (I) TELEX: 6717325 (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: MICROBIAL TRANSFORMANTS OF HANSENULA THAT EXPRESS GLYCOLATE OXIDASE AND CATALASE (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 1 (iv) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: FLOPPY DISK (B) COMPUTER: IBM (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: MICROSOFT WINDOWS V3.0 (D) SOFTWARE: MICROSOFT WORD V2.0C (v) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: (vi) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 08/085,491 (B) FILING DATE: JULY 1, 1993 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 369 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: unknown (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1: Met Glu He Thr Asn Val Asn Glu Tyr Glu Ala He Ala Lys Gin Lys 1 5 10 15 Leu Pro Lys Met Val Tyr Asp Tyr Tyr Ala Ser Gly Ala Glu Asp Gin 20 25 30 Trp Thr Leu Ala Glu Asn Arg Asn Ala Phe Ser Arg He Leu Phe Arg 35 40 45 Pro Arg He Leu He Asp Val Thr Asn He Asp Met Thr Thr Thr He 50 55 60 Leu Gly Phe Lys He Ser Met Pro He Met He Ala Pro Thr Ala Met 65 70 75 80 Gin Lys Met Ala His Pro Glu Gly Glu Tyr Ala Thr Ala Arg Ala Ala 85 90 95 Ser Ala Ala Gly Thr He Met Thr Leu Ser Ser Trp Ala Thr Ser Ser 100 105 110 Val Glu Glu Val Ala Ser Thr Gly Pro Gly He Arg Phe Phe Gin Leu 115 120 125 Tyr Val Tyr Lys Asp Arg Asn Val Val Ala Gin Leu Val Arg Arg Ala 130 135 140 Glu Arg Ala Gly Phe Lys Ala He Ala Leu Thr Val Asp Thr Pro Arg 145 150 155 160 Leu Gly Arg Arg Glu Ala Asp He Lys Asn Arg Phe Val Leu Pro Pro 165 170 175 Phe Leu Thr Leu Lys Asn Phe Glu Gly He Asp Leu Gly Lys Met Asp 180 185 190 Lys Ala Asn Asp Ser Gly Leu Ser Ser Tyr Val Ala Gly Gin He Asp 195 200 205 Arg Ser Leu Ser Trp Lys Asp Val Ala Trp Leu Gin Thr He Thr Ser 210 215 220 Leu Pro He Leu Val Lys Gly Val He Thr Ala Glu Asp Ala Arg Leu 225 230 235 240 Ala Val Gin His Gly Ala Ala Gly He He Val Ser Asn His Gly Ala 245 250 255 Arg Gin Leu Asp Tyr Val Pro Ala Thr He Met Ala Leu Glu Glu Val 260 265 270 Val Lys Ala Ala Gin Gly Arg He Pro Val Phe Leu Asp Gly Gly Val 275 280 285 Arg Arg Gly Thr Asp Val Phe Lys Ala Leu Ala Leu Gly Ala Ala Gly 290 295 300 Val Phe He Gly Arg Pro Val Val Phe Ser Leu Ala Ala Glu Gly Glu 305 310 315 320 Ala Gly Val Lys Lys Val Leu Gin Met Met Arg Asp Glu Phe Glu Leu 325 330 335 Thr Met Ala Leu Ser Gly Cys Arg Ser Leu Lys Glu He Ser Arg Ser 340 345 350 His He Ala Ala Asp Trp Asp Gly Pro Ser Ser Arg Ala Val Ala Arg 355 360 365 Leu

Claims: WE CLAIM: 1. A Hansenula transformant comprising heterologous DNA encoding a heterologous glycolate oxidase or an enzymaticaUy active variant thereof, wherein the heterologous DNA comprises coding regions operably linked to suitable regulatory sequence elements, and further wherein the heterologous DNA are stably integrated within a host chromosome. 2. The Hansenula strain of Claim 1 further comprising heterologous DNA encoding for a heterologous exogenous catalase or an enzymaticaUy active variant thereof, wherein the heterologous DNA comprises coding regions operably linked to suitable regulatory sequence elements, and further wherein the heterologous DNA are stably integrated within the host chromosome. 3. The Hansenula strain of Claim 1 , wherein said heterologous DNA encodes for spinach glycolate oxidase or an enzymaticaUy active varient thereof. 4. The Hansenula transformant according to Claim 3, wherein said host is a Hansenula species selected from the group consisting of Hansenula polymorpha, Hansenula augusta, Hansenula anomala, Hansenula capsulata, Hansenula saturnus, and Hansenula wingei. 5. The Hansenula transformant according to Claim 3, wherein said host is of the species Hansenula polymorpha and said heterologous DNA encodes for spinach glycolate oxidase. 6. A microorganism Hansenula polymorpha (NRRL Y-21065) 7. A microorganism Hansenula polymorpha (NRRL Y-21113) 8. A microorganism Hansenula polymorpha (NRRL Y-21114) 9. The Hansenula transformant according to Claim 2, wherein said exogenous catalase is not inhibited by aminomethylphosphonic acid. 10. The Hansenula transformant according to Claim 9, wherein said exogenous catalase is derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalase T or Aspergillus niger. 11. A method for producing enzymaticaUy active glycolate oxidase, comprising the step of culturing a Hansenula transformant comprising heterologous DNA encoding a heterologous oxidase or an enzymatically active variant thereof wherein the heterologous DNA comprises coding regions operably linked to suitable regulatory sequence elements, and further wherein the heterologous DNA is stably integrated within a host chromosome. 12. A method for producing enzymaticaUy active glycolate oxidase and catalase, comprising the step of culturing a Hansenula transformant comprising heterologous DNA encoding a heterologous oxidase or an enzymatically active variant thereof and DNA encoding an exogenous catalase or an enzymaticaUy active variant thereof wherein the heterologous DNA comprises coding regions operably linked to suitable regulatory sequence elements, and further wherein the heterologous DNA is stably integrated within a host chromosome.

Inventors: ANTON DAVID LEROY, DAHLEMS ULRIKE MAGDALENE, DICOSIMO ROBERT, GELLISSEN GERD JOHANN, JONOWICZ ZBIGNIEW ALOJZY, PIONTEK MICHAEL, ANTON, DAVID, LEROY, DAHLEMS, ULRIKE, MAGDALENE, DICOSIMO, ROBERT, GELLISSEN, GERD, JOHANN, JONOWICZ, ZBIGNIEW, ALOJZY, PIONTEK, MICHAEL
Applicants: ANTON DAVID LEROY, DAHLEMS ULRIKE MAGDALENE, DICOSIMO ROBERT, DU PONT, GELLISSEN GERD JOHANN, JONOWICZ ZBIGNIEW ALOJZY, PIONTEK MICHAEL, ANTON, DAVID, LEROY, DAHLEMS, ULRIKE, MAGDALENE, DICOSIMO, ROBERT, E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, GELLISSEN, GERD, JOHANN, JONOWICZ, ZBIGNIEW, ALOJZY, PIONTEK, MICHAEL
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12N1, C12N9, C12N15, C12R1