Pneumatic tyre

Abstract: A pneumatic tyre comprising a tread part (T) having two circumferential grooves (7) continuously extending in the circumferential direction on either side of the tyre's equator (CL) so as to divide the tread part (T) into a pair of shoulder parts (8), which are located outside outer bottom edges (7b) of the circumferential grooves (7) in the axial direction of tyre, and a central part (9), which is located between inner bottom edges (7a) of the circumferential grooves (7) in the axial direction of tyre, characterised in that the central part (9) has a surface comprising successive convex curves composed of a pair of inner groove walls (9A) extending inwards, in the axial direction of tyre, along a curve convex outwardly in the radial direction from the inner bottom edges (7a) of the circumferential grooves (7) and a central ground-contacting surface (9B) smoothly connected between the pair of the inner groove walls (9A), the central ground-contacting surface (9) is substantially in contact with a virtual tread line (10) between outer surfaces (12) of the shoulder parts, and when the tyre is mounted on a regular rim, inflated to its regular internal pressure and has applied its normal load, a ground-contacting area Fc where the central part (9) contacts the ground has a length Lc in the tyre's circumferential direction which is 0.9 to 1.1 times a length Ls in the tyre's circumferential direction of a ground-contacting area FS where the shoulder part contacts the ground.

Description: The present invention relates to a pneumatic tyre, particularly a low aspect radial tyre for passenger vehicles, capable of providing higher wet grip performance and reduction of tyre noise and maintaining steering stability. Recently, as automobiles become quieter tyre noise has come to contribute a higher ratio of the total noise level of an automobile, and its reduction is demanded. Such noise reduction is specifically desired in a range around 1 kHz from the peak frequency of tyre noise, and sounds due to a columnar resonance generated by circumferential grooves is one of the main sound sources in such a frequency range. On the other hand, in order to maintain the wet grip performance, the tread of a tyre is generally provided with plural circumferential grooves continuously extending in the circumferential direction of tyre. In such a tyre, when it is in contact with the ground, a kind of air column is formed by the road surface and the circumferential groove. Then a sound of a specific wavelength, which is double the wave length of the air column is caused by airflow within the column during running. Such a phenomenon is referred to as the columnar resonance, and provides the main source of noise at 800 Hz to 1.2 kHz. The wavelength of the columnar resonance sound is approximately constant to give a constant frequency regardless of the tyre's speed, and this increases sound inside and outside an automobile. Incidentally, since this noise around 1 kHz is a sound easily heard by a human ear, the increase of noise with such a frequency range influences the tyre noise performance greatly. In order to prevent the columnar resonance, although reduction of the number or volume of the circumferential grooves is known, such reductions lead to a lower wet grip performance. On the other hand, although the wet grip performance can be increased contrarily by increasing the number or volume of circumferential grooves, a simple increase causes reduction of the dry grip performance, because the ground-contact area is reduced. Also, this causes a reduction of steering stability as the rigidity of the tread pattern is reduced, in addition to the increase in tyre noise. Conventionally, a tyre's performance has been adjusted by sacrificing one or more performances factors. EP-A-0 593 288, document falling under Art. 54(3), shows a similar tyre in which the ratio Lc/Ls of central to shoulder lengths of the footprint is greater than 1. It is hence a primary object of the invention to provide a pneumatic tyre having improved wet grip performance without loss of dry grip performance or steering stability, and yet having reduced noise. According to the present invention, a pneumatic tyre comprises a tread part having two circumferential grooves continuously extending in the circumferential direction on either side of the tyre's equator so as to divide the tread part into a pair of shoulder parts, which are located outside outer bottom edges of the circumferential grooves in the axial direction of tyre, and a central part, which is located between inner bottom edges of the circumferential grooves in the axial direction of tyre, characterised in that the central part has a surface comprising successive convex curves composed of a pair of inner groove walls extending inwards, in the axial direction of tyre, along a curve convex outwardly in the radial direction from the inner bottom edges of the circumferential grooves and a central ground-contacting surface smoothly connected between the pair of the inner groove walls, the central ground-contacting surface is substantially in contact with a virtual tread line between outer surfaces of the shoulder parts, and when the tyre is mounted on a regular rim, inflated to its regular internal pressure and has applied its normal load, a ground-contacting area Fc where the central part contacts the ground has a length Lc in the tyre's circumferential direction which is 0.9 to 0.96 times a length Ls in the tyre's circumferential direction of a ground-contacting area FS where the shoulder part contacts the ground. In the invention, as the groove depth of the circumferential groove is gradually increased toward the outside in the tyre's axial direction because of the surface of the central part formed by a convex curve, the draining performance is increased, thereby improving the wet grip performance. The circumferential groove, also, forms widened parts as shown in Fig. 7 at the front and the back of a ground-contacting centre Q, when the tyre comes in contact with the ground. Then, these widened parts prevent the columnar resonance and reduce the tyre noise effectively. In addition, the convex form of the central part contributes to heightening of stiffness of the central part, and since the ground-contacting length Lc of the central part is in a range of 0.9 to 1.1 times the ground-contacting length Ls of the shoulder part, the steering stability is enhanced, and the ground-contacting performance in a limited ground-contacting width is improved. An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example, referring to the attached diagrammatic drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a sectional view showing an embodiment of the invention; Fig. 2 is a enlarged sectional view showing the configuration of the a central part; Fig. 3(A) is an enlarged partial sectional view for explanation of the groove bottom ends; Fig. 3(B) is another enlarged partial sectional view for explanation of the groove bottom ends; Fig. 4 is a partial flat view showing a tread pattern; Fig. 5 is a diagram showing the relation between the total groove width ratio and cornering power; Fig. 6 is a graph showing the relation between the total groove width ratio and hydroplaning-inducing speed; Fig. 7 is a plan view showing the ground-contacting tread area of an embodiment of the invention when a normal load is applied; Fig. 8 is a diagram showing the result of a noise test; Fig. 9 is a sectional view of a tyre showing another example of a central part configuration; Fig. 10 is a sectional view of a tyre showing still another example of a central part configuration; Fig. 11 is a sectional view of a tyre showing yet another example of a central part configuration; Fig. 12 is a plan view showing the typical ground-contacting tread area of the tyre in Fig.10 and 11; Fig. 13 is a graph showing the result of a frequency analysis of tyre noise for an embodiment of the invention; Fig. 14 is a partial flat view of a tread pattern showing another example of circumferential grooves and circumferential radiation grooves; and Fig. 15 is a sectional view showing a tread profile of a conventional tyre. Fig. 1 shows a tyre 1 of the invention in its normal state mounted on its regular rim R and inflated with regular internal pressure. The regular rim is the rim officially approved for the tyre by for example JATMA (Japan), TRA (USA), ETRTO (Europe) and the like; the regular internal pressure is the maximum air pressure for the tyre officially specified in Air-pressure/Max.-loads Table by for example JATMA, TRA, ETRTO and the like; and a normal load is the maximum load for the tyre officially specified in Air-pressure/Max.-loads Table by for example JATMA, TRA, ETRTO and the like. The tyre 1 comprises a pair of bead parts B each having a bead core 2, sidewall parts S extending from the bead parts B outwardly in the radial direction of tyre, and a tread part T linking their outer ends. The aspect ratio is between 0.4 and 0.6 to provide a low aspect tyre for passenger vehicles. (Aspect ratio = sectional height / tyre width.) A radial carcass 3 extends between the bead parts B. The edges of the carcass 3 are folded back from inside to outside one around the bead core 2, and a belt layer 4 is provided above the carcass 3 and radially inwards of the tread part T. In addition, a rubber bead apex 6 extending radially outward from each bead core 2 is provided between the main part of the carcass 3 and the folded back part thereof so as to maintain the shape and rigidity of the bead part B. The belt layer 4 comprises plural belt plies of cords aligned at an angle of 15 to 30 degrees to the tyre equator CL and coated by a topping rubber. The belt cords have a high tensile strength, such as steel or aromatic polyamide, and are arranged to cross to each other between the belt plies. For the carcass cords, in the case of a tyre for passenger vehicles, such organic fibre cords as nylon, rayon or polyester may be generally employed. The tread part T has two wide circumferential grooves 7, which are positioned one at either side of the tyre's equator CL and which continuously extend substantially in the circumferential direction, so that the tread part T is divided into a pair of shoulder parts 8 and a central part 9. Each shoulder part 8 is defined as the region outside an outer bottom edge 7b of the circumferential groove 7 in the axial direction of tyre. The central part 9 is defined as the region between the inner bottom edges 7a, 7a of the circumferential grooves 7 in the axial direction of tyre. The circumferential grooves 7 are positioned symmetrically about the tyre's equatorial surface. The two circumferential grooves 7 have the same groove depth D to each other, and this groove depth D is set in a range of 4 to 8% of the ground-contacting width TW of the tread such as 7.5 to 15.0 mm, preferably 8.4 mm for a tyre of 205/55R15 in size. The central part 9 has a surface with a smooth convex curve composed of a pair of inner groove walls 9A extending inwards in the axial direction of the tyre along a curve convexed outwardly in the radial direction of tyre from the inner bottom edges 7a of the grooves 7 and a central ground-contacting surface 9B smoothly connected between the inner groove walls 9A, 9A. Incidentally, when a normal load is applied to the tyre in the normal state, as shown in Fig. 4, a ground-contacting tread area F is obtained shown by the broken lines where the tread T contacts with the ground. The ground-contacting tread area F has a ground-contacting area Fc for the central part 9 having a thin elliptic form and two ground-contacting areas Fs for the shoulder parts 8 each having a semicircular form. Then, the central ground-contacting surface 9B is defined as the part of the tread surface between the circumferential lines e3, e3 passing through the axially outer edges of the ground-contacting area Fc. The shoulder ground-contacting surface 12 is defined as the part of the tread surface between the circumferential lines e1, e2 passing through the axially outer and inner edges of the ground-contacting area Fs. The ground-contacting width TW is defined as an axially length between the circumferental lines e1, e1. The shoulder ground-contacting surface 12 is also crossed by an outer groove wall 8a extending radially outwards from the outer bottom edge 7b of the groove 7, thus, the circumferential groove 7 is defined by the groove bottom 7S and inner and outer groove wall 9A, 8A. The groove width GW of the circumferential groove 7 is defined as the axial length between the circumferential lines e2, e3. The groove bottom edges 7a, 7b may be formed, when the groove bottom 7S is approximately a flat surface as in the embodiment, as bending points between the groove bottom 7S and groove walls 8A, 9A. When the groove bottom 7S is a concave surface as shown in Figs. 3(A) and 3(B), the groove bottom edges 7a, 7b may be formed as bending points or inflection points. The central ground-contacting surface 9B is substantially in contacting with a virtual tread line 10 connecting between the shoulder ground-contacting surfaces 12. Here, the expression "substantially in contact" means that the minimum distance L between the central ground-contacting surface 9B and the virtual tread line 10 is within 2% of the ground-contacting tread width TW. If it is 2% or more, because the difference between the ground-contacting pressures of the shoulder part and central part is increased, the grip performance is reduced, and the wear resistance is affected. Thus, it should be preferably 1% or less, more preferably 0.5% or less. Additionally, the virtual tread line 10 is defined as the arcuate curve of a single radius of curvature which extends between the axially inner edges Ea, Ea of the shoulder ground-contacting surfaces 12 and is in contact with tangent lines to the shoulder ground-contacting surfaces 12 at the axially inner edges Ea thereof. When the tangent is approximately parallel, the virtual tread line 10 is formed as a straight line connecting between the inner edges Ea, Ea. In the invention, the convex central part 9 provides a sub-tread having a radius of curvature which is comparatively small and a width sufficiently narrower than the tyre's width in the centre of tyre, thus, the hydroplaning phenomenon is prevented, and the wet grip performance is increased. By reducing the radius of curvature of the central part 9, specifically that of the central ground-contacting surface 9B, the water draining performance to the outside in both directions is increased, and the water clearing effect on a wet road is enhanced. Incidentally, in the case where the radius of curvature R2 of the shoulder ground-contacting surface 12 is also reduced, the grip performance on a dry road and steering stability in cornering are reduced due to a reduction of ground-contacting width. Therefore, the radius of curvature R2 of the shoulder ground-contacting surface 12 should be comparatively large, preferably 3 or more times the ground-contacting width TW. It is also allowable for the shoulder ground-contacting surface 12 to be approximately a straight line parallel to the tyre's axis. Figs. 1 and 2 show an example with the surface of the central part 9 formed by an arc with a radius of curvature R1. The radius of curvature R1 is substantially smaller than the radius of curvature R2 of the shoulder part 8, and the convex curve of the central part 9 is inscribed with the virtual tread line 10 in the example. In Fig. 1, the distance L is drawn on purpose to explain the phrase "substantially in contact". It is also preferable that the radius of curvature R1 is set within a range of 0.4 to 1.5 times, more preferably 0.45 to 0.55 times the ground-contacting tread width TW. If it is less than 0.4 times, the width CW of the central ground-contacting surface 9B is too small, and the dry grip performance tends to be significantly reduced. If it is more than 1.5 times, the draining effect is insufficient, and the wet grip performance is inferior. In the embodiment, both radii of curvature R1, R2 have their centres on the tyre's equatorial surface, and the shoulder part 8 is provided with an arcuate part with a radius of curvature smaller than the radius of curvature R2 in the vicinity of the axially outer edge of the ground-contacting tread area F. Furthermore, in the shoulder part 8, it is desirable that the outer groove wall 8A of the groove 7 is formed by a relatively steep and non-arcuate line such as a straight line, at an angle α of 0 to 40 degrees, preferably 5 to 25 degrees to a radial line X, so that an edge effect on a road surface is provided at the inner edge Ea of the shoulder part 8 with a high ground-contacting pressure to help maintain the dry grip performance by increasing lateral force, and thereby cornering power. The outer groove wall 8A may be formed as a convex curve similar to the inner groove wall 9A, or extended in a zigzag, as shown in Fig. 14, to increase traction. Regarding the circumferential groove 7, it was found that a total groove width ratio 2GW/TW of the groove width 2GW of the circumferential grooves 7 to the ground-contact tread width TW affects the cornering power and wet grip performance. Fig. 5 shows the result of measuring the cornering power of a tyre 205/55 R15 in size with a central part in the form of a single arc as shown in Fig. 1 and a conventional tyre with four circumferential grooves G as shown in Fig. 15 by changing the total groove width ratio ΣGW/TW. For the total groove width ratio, the value of the ratio 2GW/TW was employed for the embodiment, and the value of the ratio (ΣGW)/TW for the conventional example. The cornering power was measured on a drum tester in the normal state. It was shown that the embodiment shows a higher value in comparison with the conventional tyre. This is considered to be because, when the total groove width ratio defined as above is constant, the inner groove wall 9A of the convex curve contributes to increasing the tyre's lateral rigidity. Fig. 6 shows the result of measuring, in a similar manner, the hydroplaning inducing speed. It was shown that the hydroplaning phenomenon occurred at a higher speed in the embodiment, compared to the conventional tyre. This is considered to be because the circumferential groove 7 forms a widened part 13 as shown in Fig. 7 at the front and the back of the ground-contacting centre Q, when the tyre comes in contact with the ground. The widened part 13 increases the draining performance. Incidentally, in the case where the value of the ratio (ΣGW)/TW exceeds 50%, the increasing of the inhibitory effect of hydroplaning phenomenon is not expected as shown in Fig. 6, and the cornering power becomes insufficient. Therefore, the value of the ratio (ΣGW)/TW is preferably less than 50%, more preferably less than 45%. Also, the widened part 13 prevents occurrence of the columnar resonance in the circumferential groove 7, thereby there is a reduction in tyre noise. To further enhance the inhibitory effect of air column resonance, the groove width GW of the circumferential groove 7 must be 35 mm or more, preferably 40 mm or more. It is known from the result in Fig. 8 showing the measurement of pass-by noise for different groove widths GW at a fixed groove depth of the circumferential groove 7. As shown in Fig. 8, the pass-by noise reaches a peak at a groove width GW of 25 mm, and then drops suddenly, and an excellent low noise characteristic is noted at 35 mm and over. Nevertheless, although the tyre of the invention has a high cornering power as shown in Fig. 5, the increase in the groove width GW causes a decrease in the ground contact area, and then the balance of the ground-contacting stability tends to be lost, thereby lowering steering stability. In the invention, therefore, in order to maintain a high steering stability while exhibiting low noise performance and hydroplaning resistance, the length Lc of the ground-contacting area Fc in the circumferential direction is defined at 0.9 or more times the length Ls of the ground-contacting area Fs in the circumferential direction as shown in Fig. 7. Thus, since the length Lc of the ground-contacting area Fc of the central part 9 is increased, the directional stability is enhanced, and the ground-contacting performance in a limited ground-contacting width is improved, so that the steering stability may be upgraded. Meanwhile, if the length Lc is smaller than 0.9 times the length Ls, the steering stability is insufficient, and if exceeding 1.1 times, the steering stability is enhanced, but the wear rate in the central part 9 increases remarkably, and tyre life is shortened. Hence, the length Lc should be 0.9 to 1.1 times the length Ls. This embodiment relates to a symmetrical tread profile having the same groove width GW in the right and left circumferential grooves 7, but it may be asymmetrical by varying the groove width GW, or, as shown in Fig. 9, the central plane KL of the central part 9 may be deviated to a position remote from the equatorial plane of the tyre. Incidentally, although the surface of the central part 9 is formed by a single arc in the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, it may be formed in an elliptic shape, as shown in Fig. 10, or a curve approximating to an ellipse. Fig. 11 shows that the groove wall 9A and the central ground-contacting surface 9B have different radii of curvature R3, R4. The radius of curvature R3 is less than the radius of curvature R4 of the central ground-contacting surface 9B and the radius of curvature R2 of the shoulder ground-contacting surface 12, respectively, and the lower limit thereof is preferably 5% or more of the ground-contacting tread width TW. If it is less than 5%, the draining effect tends to be insufficient. The higher limit is at a value identical to the radius of curvature R4, and then the central surface is formed by a single arc. The radius of curvature R4 can be close to the radius of curvature R2 as far as the wet grip performance is not inferior. Incidentally, when the surface of the central part 9 is formed in an elliptic shape, as shown in Fig. 10, or a curve approximating to an ellipse by a plurality of arcs, as shown in Fig. 11, the radius of the central ground-contacting surface 9B becomes relatively greater. As a result, the shape of the ground-contacting area Fc approximates to a rectangle, as shown in Fig. 12, thereby increasing the ground-contacting area and improving wear durability and steering stability. In the embodiment, also, the central part 9 is provided with radiation grooves 21 heat release as shown in Fig. 4. The radiation grooves 21 comprise, in the embodiment, a circumferential radiation groove 20 and a lateral radiation groove 22. The circumferential radiation groove 20 is formed as a narrow groove extending continuously substantially along the central plane KL. The radiation groove 20 is capable of maintaining the pattern rigidity, while providing a heat radiation effect, by setting the groove depth D1 thereof at 0.4 to 0.9 times the groove depth D of the circumferential groove 7, and the groove width W1 at 5 mm or less. If the groove width W1 is more than 5 mm, and the groove depth D1 is more than 0.9 times the groove depth D, then columnar resonance is caused. If the groove depth D1 is less than 0.4 times the groove depth D, the heat radiation effect is insufficient. The lateral radiation groove 22 extends from an inner end spaced from the circumferential radiation groove 20 towards the outside in the axial direction of tyre at an inclination  of 10 degrees or more to the axial direction of tyre, and has an outer end thereof open into the circumferential groove 7. Thus, because the lateral radiation groove 22 is spaced from the circumferential radiation groove 20, the rigidity of the central part 9 is maintained, and the steering stability is assured. The groove depth D2 of the lateral radiation groove 22 is also 0.4 to 0.9 times the groove depth D. If the groove depth D2 is more than 0.9 times the groove depth D, and the inclination  is less than 10 degrees, then the pitch noise of the lateral radiation groove 22 is excessively high. If the groove depth D2 is less than 0.4 times the groove depth D, a sufficient heat radiation effect cannot be expected. In the circumferential and lateral radiation grooves 20 and 22, the angle subtended by the groove walls and the normal to the tread surface, that is, the inclination gradient of the groove walls is set at 15 degrees or less, more preferably 5 degrees or less, respectively, and thus dimensional change of the radiation grooves 21 as the tyre wears is thereby very limited. In the embodiment, a shoulder groove 23 is additionally formed in the shoulder part 8. Each shoulder groove 23 is an open groove with an inner end thereof open to the circumferential groove 7 and the outer end to the tread edge. Thus, by opening it to the circumferential groove, the heat radiation effect is further increased, increase of temperature in the shoulder groove 8 is significantly reduced, and the draining performance is enhanced. An average pitch length of a lateral groove in the circumferential direction of tyre is generally about 30 mm, and the resultant primary frequency at a speed of 60 km/h, for example, is 500 to 600 Hz, thus, showing a coincidence with a frequency of noise peak in a tyre with a tread profile having the convex central part 9, as shown in Fig. 13. Therefore, in the embodiment, the average pitch length P1 of the lateral radiation grooves 22 and the average pitch length P2 of the shoulder grooves 23 are preferably set at 40 mm or more, respectively, so that the primary pitch frequencies of the grooves 22, 23 are both different from the noise peak. Fig. 14 shows another example of radiation grooves 21 and circumferential grooves 7. The groove walls of the circumferential radiation grooves 20 and the groove wall 8A of the circumferential groove 7 may be formed as a zigzag. Example A tyre of 205/55 R15 in size was produced according to specifications shown in Table 1, and measured for steering stability and wear durability. The results of the measurements are shown in the Table. The test tyres had the same tread profile, and the balance between the lengths Lc, Ls was changed by changing the width of the belt layer 4, the angle of the belt cords or constructions of bandage layer provided on the belt layer 4. The tyres were tested and measured mounted on its regular rim R and inflated with regular internal pressure (2.4 kg/cm 2 ) and with the with normal load (450 kg) applied. Embodiment Comparative 1 2 3 1 2 Tread Profile Fig.2 Fig.2 Fig.2 Fig.2 Fig.2 Groove Width GW(mm) 42 40 41 42 42 Ground-Contacting Tread Width TW(mm) 166 160 152 170 150 Length Lc(mm) 112 110 122 107 130 Length Ls(mm) 119 115 114 126 113 Ratio Lc/Ls 0.94 0.96 1.07 0.85 1.15 Steering Stability 3 3∼3 - 3 - 3 - ∼2.5 3 - ∼2.5 Wear Durability of Central Part 94 100 105 92 113

Claims: A pneumatic tyre comprising a tread part (T) having two circumferential grooves (7) continuously extending in the circumferential direction on either side of the tyre's equator (CL) so as to divide the tread part (T) into a pair of shoulder parts (8), which are located outside outer bottom edges (7b) of the circumferential grooves (7) in the axial direction of tyre, and a central part (9), which is located between inner bottom edges (7a) of the circumferential grooves (7) in the axial direction of tyre, characterised in that the central part (9) has a surface comprising successive convex curves composed of a pair of inner groove walls (9A) extending inwards, in the axial direction of tyre, along a curve convex outwardly in the radial direction from the inner bottom edges (7a) of the circumferential grooves (7) and a central ground-contacting surface (9B) smoothly connected between the pair of the inner groove walls (9A), the central ground-contacting surface (9) is substantially in contact with a virtual tread line (10) between outer surfaces (12) of the shoulder parts, and when the tyre is mounted on a regular rim, inflated to its regular internal pressure and has applied its normal load, a ground-contacting area Fc where the central part (9) contacts the ground having a length Lc in the tyre's circumferential direction which is 0.9 to 0.96 times a length Ls in the tyre's circumferential direction of a ground-contacting area FS where the shoulder part contacts the ground. A pneumatic tyre according to claim 1, characterised in that the circumferential grooves (7) have a groove width GW in a range of 35 mm or more. A pneumatic tyre according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the ground-contacting area Fc of the central part has an elliptic shape. A pneumatic tyre according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the ratio Lc/Ls of the length Lc to the length Ls is 0.94 to 0.96. A pneumatic tyre according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the ratio Lc/Ls of the length Lc to the length Ls is 0.94. A pneumatic tyre according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the surface of the central part (9) is composed of an arc of a single radius of curvature R1 being in a range of 0.45 to 0.55 times a ground-contact tread width TW. A pneumatic tyre according to any of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the groove width GW of one of the circumferential grooves (7) differs from the groove width GW of the other of the circumferential grooves (7). A pneumatic tyre according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the central plane (KL) of the central part (9) is deviated to a position remote from the equatorial plane (CL) of the tyre.

Inventors: SUGIHARA HIDEAKI, SUGIHARA, HIDEAKI
Applicants: SUMITOMO RUBBER IND, SUMITOMO RUBBER INDUSTRIES LTD.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: B60C11
IPC codes: B60C11, G10K11