Guitar vibrato apparatus

Abstract: An apparatus (12) by which both tremolo action and string clamping and string intonation adjustment are achieved effectively and in a very small space in a guitar has adjustment screw shanks (42) threaded into bores in the inertia bar (20) or block of the tremolo, and bear against the heads (40) of pull screws (39) that are connected to string clamping saddles (22). The heads (40) of the pull screws (39) are received in recesses (37) in the inertia bar (20); the inertia bar (20) is connected to the bridge plate (13) by several screws (47) that do not interfere with the screw shanks (42). To adjust intonation, the bridge plate (13) is pivoted upwardly and a wrench (46, Fig. 5) is employed to rotate the screw shanks (42) which in turn bear against the heads (40) of the pull screws (39). Furthermore, the pull screws (39) are rotated to release positions while the bridge plate (13) is in its upwardly pivoted position. After intonation is adjusted, the pull screws (39) are rotated to lock the saddles (22) in their desired positions.

Description: Since Leo Fender's creation of the "Stratocaster" (trade mark) guitar in mid-century, vast numbers of these guitars (and copies of them) have been sold throughout the world. In addition, there have been sold throughout the world large numbers of string clamping vibrato devices that were invented by Floyd Rose. It is greatly desired to create a compact vibrato apparatus whereby the vibrato device may be fitted or retro-fitted into the conventional body opening of Stratocaster guitars, and which has certain string clamping features of vibrato devices invented by Floyd Rose, and has adequate and easily operated string length adjustment for intonation purposes, and is practical and economical. US 4742750 discloses a fine tuning bridge system and vibrato device that is pivotally mounted on the guitar. For each string there is provided individual tuning means mounted in the upper surface of a bridge plate. According to this invention, a bridge apparatus for guitars, comprises: (a) a bridge plate; (b) means to pivotally mount said bridge plate over and in proximity to the face of a guitar body; (c) a plurality of string engaging elements each associated with an individual guitar string movably mounted on the upper surface of said bridge plate; and (d) a plurality of adjustment means, movably mounted beneath said bridge plate, each associated with a respective one of said string engaging elements, adapted to be individually manually moved in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the guitar strings, whilst being mounted on said guitar body, to thereby individually alter the length of the freely vibrating part of each of the guitar strings. In a preferred embodiment the bridge apparatus further comprises: (e) means including spring means to connect said bridge plate to said guitar body to counter-act the forces of said strings; (f) a control arm connected to said bridge plate to pivot the same away from a neutral position at which it rests in response to the forces created on said bridge plate by said spring means and by said strings; The present invention provides a retro-fittable vibrato device for existing (and original equipment) Stratocaster guitars, which has the above indicated string clamping and intonation adjustment. Adjustment elements are threaded into the inertia bar (block) of the vibrato apparatus, and are adapted when turned to pull the string saddles to desired longitudinal positions; conversely, the adjustment elements are adapted to progressively reduce the pulling forces on the saddles so that they may be shifted by string tension toward the head of the guitar. The saddles are string clamping saddles, in the preferred embodiment. The adjustment elements are preferably screw shanks that can be turned by wrenches when the bridge plate is pivoted upwardly sufficiently far. The tail ends of the screw shanks bear against the heads of upwardly extending pull screws that extend through bridge plate slots into the saddles. Above the upper ends of the pull screws are clamping screws that bear against string clamp elements and thus pinch or clamp the string ends. Other screws adjust the height of the bridge plate and thus of the strings. The upwardly extending pull screws are adapted to be rotated, when the bridge plate is pivoted upwardly sufficiently far, by a wrench so as to lock the saddles in desired positions at which the intonation is correct. The inertia bar is not connected to the bridge plate by the usual few large screws. Instead, such connection is effected by more small screws, and these are so spaced as to prevent interference with the screw shanks. Upper regions of the bar are recessed to receive portions of the screw shanks, and also of the heads of the pull screws. A preferred example of a bridge and vibrato device for a guitar will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is an isometric view showing the vibrato device as mounted on a guitar body that is shown fragmentarily; Figure 2 is an exploded view of the vibrato device and a portion of the guitar body; Figure 3 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view showing the vibrato device in its free or rest condition, and indicating a guitar string at substantially maximum length; Figure 4 is a view corresponding to Figure 3 but showing the guitar string at substantially minimum length; and Figure 5 is a fragmentary vertical sectional view illustrating the method step of adjusting string length. The present compact vibrato may be combined with various types and brands of guitars, but is particularly adapted to be combined with a "Stratocaster" (trade mark) guitar such as is shown and described in US-A-2,741,146. The patent US-A-3,143,028 shows the full length of the neck of an electric guitar including the bridge ("nut") at the junction between the outer end of the neck and the inner end of the head of the guitar. The present electric guitar has substantially the construction of US-A- 2,741,146, but with substantially the neck of US-A- 3,143,028, and with the major change that the tremolo described in the present application is substituted for that described in US-A- 2,741,146. The solid wooden body of the present guitar is indicated at 10, having formed therein a deep slot or recess 11 that is adapted to receive the lower portions of the tremolo apparatus 12. Vibrato device 12 comprises a bridge plate (base plate) 13 that is relatively thick except at two fulcrum recesses 14 (FIG. 2) at the front edge thereof. The fulcrum recesses receive fulcrum screws or posts 16 having annular grooves 17 therein. The posts are threaded into bushings 18 that in turn are anchored in body 10. The posts are adapted to be vertically adjusted in order to regulate the height of bridge plate 13 and thus of the guitar strings. The relationships are such that bridge plate 13 overlaps the upper end of slot or recess 11, and is generally parallel to the face of the guitar body. An inertia bar or block 20 is connected to the underside of bridge plate 13 perpendicularly thereof, and extends downwardly into recess 11. At its lower end, the bar or block is connected to tension springs 20a which extend toward the neck of the guitar and are secured to body 10, for example as shown in the cited US-A-2,741,146. The tail side of the lower portion of bar 20 is beveled in order to permit a relatively large degree of upward pivoting of bridge plate 13, as shown in FIG. 5. Such pivoting, and all pivotal movements of the are effected by a control arm 21 that extends through one lateral edge portion of plate 13, and that corresponds generally to the control arm shown in the US-A-2,741,146. Six substantially identical string-engaging elements, namely saddles 22, are mounted on the upper surface of bridge plate 13 for sliding movement toward and away from the head of the guitar. As shown in FIG. 2, each saddle has feet 23 that rest on bridge plate 13. Means are provided to maintain the six saddles 22 parallel to each other and in laterally-spaced relationship relative to each other at all times, the saddles being elongate in a direction longitudinal to the neck (center line) of the guitar. For each saddle 22, the first such means is a vertical pin 25 that is anchored in plate 13, the upper pin end extending into a longitudinal groove 26 (FIG. 3) in the underside of the saddle. Groove 26 is sufficiently long to permit the full adjustment allowed by the means described in the following paragraph. The second means for maintaining saddles 22 parallel to each other, and which is part of the mechanism for performing the crucial function of pulling on the strings, is (for each saddle) a wide slot 27 extending through plate 13 at the tail edge portion thereof. Slots 27 are parallel to each other and to the neck (center line) of the guitar. Each slot 27 receives in close-fitting but slidable relationship a cylindrical vertical tube 28 that is interiorly threaded, and is preferably integral with the associated saddle 22, and extends downwardly from the tail end thereof. The amount of projection of tube 28 into the associated slot 27 is somewhat less than the thickness of plate 13, so that the bottom tube end does not reach the plane of the bottom surface of the bridge plate. The remaining portion of each saddle 22 is a combination string-clamping and bridge means. A relatively deep recess 30 is formed in the upper region of each saddle 22 (FIG. 2 and 3), and communicates with a groove 31 that extends toward the guitar head. The bottom wall of such groove, at a point relatively near the head end of the saddle, is a bridge region for an associated string 32. The tail end of the string extends along the groove 31 and down to the bottom of recess 30, and is pinched by a cylindrical clamp block 33 which fits into the recess 30 with sufficient clearance to make room for the string end. A clamping screw 34 is threaded through an inclined bore in the tail end of each saddle, and has a reduced-diameter cylindrical inner end that seats rotatably in a cylindrical recess in each block 33. Each clamping screw has an Allen head 36 which permits very high-force tightening of block 33 against the string end which, in turn, is clamped very tightly against the forward wall of recess 30. Block 33 and saddle 22 are formed of hard steel. The described clamping relationship maintains the end of each of the six strings of the guitar fixedly clamped to an associated saddle despite the presence of numerous forces such as, for example, result from bending of the guitar strings 32 (bending of notes). Adjustment means are provided to shift the various saddles 22 longitudinally of the guitar, to thus vary string length for intonation (or other) purposes. For each wide slot 27 in bridge plate 13, there is formed in the upper-rear region of inertia bar 20 a recess 37 (FIG. 2). Each recess 37 is sufficiently deep to permit full travel of associated screws, as described subsequently. Thus, for example, the forward (closest to the neck) wall of each recess is sufficiently far forward to permit adjustment of the saddle to the substantially full-forward position of FIG. 4. Recesses 37 are also sufficiently wide to prevent any interference with the below-described adjustment screws. A pull screw 39, which is also a locking screw, is threaded upwardly into and through each cylindrical vertical tube 28, and also into the body of the saddle 22 above such tube 28 in order to provide a very strong connection. Such screw, and the threaded bore therefor, do not extend upwardly sufficiently far to interfere with the associated clamping screw 34. Each screw 39 has an Allen head 40, at the lower end of the screw shank and disposed in a recess 37. A washer 41 is provided between the Allen head 40 and the under surface of bridge plate 13, to permit strong tightening of the pull screw 39 in order to lock the associated saddle 22 at any desired adjusted position along the length of a wide slot 27. Such length of each slot 27 is sufficient to permit saddle adjustment, when it is not locked, between the substantially extreme positions shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. To provide an extremely compact mechanism for moving each pull screw 39, and thus tube 28 and saddle 22, longitudinally of the associated slot 27, a large-diameter screw shank (slug) 42 is threaded into a horizontal internally-threaded bore 43 that is formed in the inertia bar (FIG. 5) at the bottom of each recess 37. The diameter of each shank 42, and the vertical position of bore 43, are so correlated to the position of Allen head 40 of pull screw 39 that the upper peripheral edge region of the shank engages such Allen head, but the Allen head 40 does not block an Allen opening 44 in shank 42 (FIGS. 2 and 5). Furthermore, the positioning of the screw shank 42, and of the Allen head 40 of pull screw 39, are such that both may be operated by an angular Allen wrench 46 (FIG. 5) when the control arm 21 of the vibrato device 12 is pushed downwardly sufficiently far to pivot bridge plate 13 upwardly to the position of FIG. 5. It is to be understood that in conventional vibrato devices the inertia bar is secured to the bridge plate by a small number (for example, 3) of relatively large screws. In the present vibrato device, on the other hand, a greater number (for example, five) of smaller-diameter screws are employed to secure the inertia bar to the bridge plate. One such screw is shown in FIG. 2 and is numbered 47. The holes for the five screws 47 are indicated at 48 and 48a in FIG. 2, being positioned between and forwardly of the wide slots 27 so as not to interfere with adjustment of the positions of the saddles, while still maintaining the strength of the plate-inertia bar connection. Let it be assumed that a guitarist owns a "Stratocaster" (trademark) guitar such as the one shown in the US-A- 2,741,146. To replace the vibrato device shown in such patent with the one described in the present application, the technician removes the screws 16 shown in such patent and replaces them with bushings 18 and screws 16 described above. Then, the present vibrato device is dropped into the slot or recess 11, with the sharp edges at fulcrum recesses 14 engaging the bottoms of grooves 17. The springs 20a at the bottom of inertia bar 20 are connected to the guitar body, and the six strings 32 are clamped as described above and are also connected to the tuning screws (tuning machines) on the head of the guitar. The tension relationships are caused to be such that, when no force is supplied to control arm 21, bridge plate 13 is at substantially the angle shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. This is done when all the strings are tuned to correct pitch. To adjust the intonation of any string, the wrench 46 (FIG. 5) is used to loosen somewhat the pull screw 39,40 for that string, the amount of loosening being just sufficient to permit longitudinal movement of the saddle 22 in response to string tension, or in response to rotation of the associated screw shank 42. The string 32 is then pressed lightly at a point above the twelfth fret, so that the string does not touch the fret. The string is then plucked at its region between the twelfth fret and the bridge, following which the pressing on the string is immediately terminated. This generates the second harmonic. The pitch of the second harmonic is then retained by the musician in his or her head, or in a tuning meter. Thereafter, the string is pressed hard against the twelfth fret and again plucked. It is then determined whether or not the pitch resulting from the last-mentioned plucking is the same as that of the previously-determined second harmonic. If it is, the intonation is correct and nothing remains to be done except to employ wrench 46 to tighten pull screw 39,40. The loosening or tightening of the pull screw 39,40 is done while the tail edge of bridge plate 13 is pivoted upwardly (by downward pressing on the control arm) to approximately the position shown in FIG. 5. Assuming, however, that the intonation is not correct, the pull screw 39,40 is not tightened. Instead, wrench 46 is employed as illustrated in FIG. 5 (with the bridge plate pivoted upwardly) to rotate screw shank 42 and thus shift the saddle 22 a small amount in a direction that either lengthens or shortens the string, as appropriate. As above indicated, the saddle moves either in response to string tension (when shank 42 is threaded to the left) or in response to rightward pressure against screw head 40 (when shank 42 is threaded to the right). After this occurs, the associated tuning screw on the guitar head is employed to bring the string 32 to the correct pitch. Then, the above-described twelfth-fret procedure is repeated to see whether or not the second harmonic has the same pitch as that which is generated when the string is pressed tightly against the twelfth fret. If so, wrench 46 is employed to tighten pull screw 39,40. If not, the screw shank 42 is again employed to shift the saddle in the appropriate direction and the fretting procedure is repeated. It is possible to replace the washer 41 of each pull screw 39,40 with a resilient steel washer that is somewhat frustoconical (belleville spring). Then, each pull screw is never fully tightened. This, however, is not the preferred construction. The nut between the head and neck of the instrument is caused to be very low in friction. Thus, for example, the nut may be a roller, may be formed of graphite, etc. It is preferred that the nut be a roller. It is preferred that the strings not be clamped at the nut. The heights of the various saddle bodies are caused to be different, in such manner that the six strings 22 will lie substantially on the surface of large-diameter imaginary cylinder, the axis of such cylinder lying in a plane that contains the center line of the guitar and is perpendicular to the guitar body. Furthermore, the axis of the imaginary cylinder is parallel to the center line of the guitar and is spaced far below the guitar neck. The present vibrato device (and guitar-vibrato device combination) achieves an accurate zeroing after the control arm 21 is released. In other words, each string then returns to the same pitch it had when tremolo action was started. A preferred diameter for each adjustment screw 42 is 1/4 inch, (6 mm), which is relatively large.

Claims: A bridge apparatus (12) for guitars, which comprises: (a) a bridge plate (13); (b) means (16, 17, 18) to pivotally mount said bridge plate (13) over and in proximity to the face of a guitar body (10); and, (c) a plurality of string engaging elements (22), each associated with an individual guitar string (32), movably mounted on the upper surface of said bridge plate (13); characterised by, (d) a plurality of adjustment means (39,42), movably mounted beneath said bridge plate (13), each associated with a respective one of said string engaging elements (22), adapted to be individually manually moved in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the guitar strings (32), whilst mounted on said guitar body (10), to thereby individually alter the length of the freely vibrating part of each of the guitar strings (32). A bridge apparatus acccording to claim 1, further comprising: (e) means (20) including spring means (20a) to connect said bridge plate (13) to said guitar body (10) to counter-act the forces of said strings (32); and, (f) a control arm (21) connected to said bridge plate (13) to pivot the same away from a neutral position at which it rests in response to the forces created on said bridge plate (13) by said spring means (20a) and by said strings (32). A bridge apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a bar (20) connected transversely to the underside of said bridge plate (13) and extending downwardly therefrom for a substantial distance, said bar (20) being adapted to extend downwardly into a slot or recess (11) in the body (10) of a guitar, the relationships being such that when said bar so extends said bridge plate (13) is in proximity to the face of said guitar body (10), and in which spring means (20a) is connected to said bar (20). A bridge apparatus as claimed in claim 3, in which said adjustment elements (42) are threaded elements (42) that are threadedly associated with said bar (20). A bridge apparatus according to claim 4 ,further comprising, screw receiving means (37) provided on the lower side of said plate (13, 20), said screw receiving means having a plurality of threaded openings therein, the axes of said threaded openings being generally parallel to each other and generally parallel to said plate; wherein the plurality of threaded elements (42) are threadedly mounted in said threaded openings. A bridge apparatus as claimed in claim 4 or 5, in which said means to associate said adjustment elements (42) with said string engaging elements (22) are pull elements (39) that extend downwardly from said string engaging elements (22) for respective engagement by said threaded elements (42), and in which each of said threaded elements (42) is a large diameter screw shank, each screw shank being so disposed that an upper peripheral end edge thereof is forwardly adjacent the lower end of one of said pull elements (39). A bridge apparatus as claimed in claim 6, in which said screws (42) are headless, and have Allen opening (44) in ends thereof, and in which said Allen openings (44) are not in line with said pull means (39) and are not blocked thereby. An electric guitar having a body (10) and a bridge as claimed in claims 1 to 7, in which bridge strings (32) of said guitar are clamped at their inner ends to said respective string engaging elements (22). A guitar as claimed in claim 8, in which said guitar strings (32) extend, at their outer end portions, over a nut of said guitar, said nut being a low friction type, said strings (32) not being clamped at said nut. A bridge or a guitar as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which means (33) are provided on each of said string engaging elements (22) to clamp the end of a guitar string (32).

Inventors: BLANDA JR GEORGE F, BLANDA JR.,GEORGE F.
Applicants: FENDER MUSICAL INSTR CORP, FENDER MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G10D3
IPC codes: G10D3, G10D1