SYNTHETIC MATRIX METALLOPROTEASE INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF

Abstract: Methods and compositions are disclosed that are useful for treating or preventing diseases wherein said diseases include skin disorders, keratoconus, restenosis, and wounds and the compositions include synthetic mammalian matrix metalloprotease inhibitors.

Description: SYNTHETIC MATRIX METALLOPROTEASE INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF This application is a continuation-in-part of United States patent application Serial No. 07/817,039 filed January 7, 1992, and a continuation-in-part of United States patent application Serial No. 07/881,630 filed May 12, 1992. Serial No. 07/817,039 is also a continuation-in-part of United States patent application Serial No. 07/747,752 filed August 20, 1991 and United States patent application Serial No. 07/747,752 filed August 20, 1991, both of which are continuations-in-part of United States patent application Serial No. 07/615,798 filed November 21, 1990. Serial No. 07/881,630 is a continuation of U. S. patent application Serial No. 07/616,021 filed November 21, 1990. Technical Field The invention relates to synthetic compounds that are inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases, and certain medical applications thereof. Relevant Art There are a number of enzymes which effect the breakdown of structural proteins and which are structurally related metalloproteases. These include human skin fibroblast collagenase, human skin fibroblast gelatinase, human neutrophil collagenase and gelatinase, and human stromelysin. These are zinc-containing metalloprotease enzymes, as are the angiotensin-converting enzymes and the enkephalinases. Collagenase and related enzymes are important in mediating the symptomology of a number of diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (Mullins, D.E., et al., Biochim Biophys Acta (1983) 695:117-214); the metastasis of tumor cells (ibid., Broadhurst, M.J., et al., EP application 276436 (1987), Reich, R., et al., Cancer Res (1988) 48:3307- 3312); and various ulcerated conditions. Ulcerative conditions can result in the cornea as the result of alkali burns or as a result of infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acanthamoeba, Herpes simplex and vaccinia viruses. Other conditions characterized by unwanted matrix metalloprotease activity include periodontal disease, epidermolysis bullosa and scleritis. In view of the involvement of collagenase in a number of disease conditions, attempts have been made to prepare inhibitors to this enzyme. A number of such inhibitors are disclosed in EP applications 126,974 (published 1984) and 159,396 (published 1985) assigned to G.D. Searle. These inhibitors are secondary amines which contain oxo substituents at the 2-position in both substituents bonded to the amino nitrogen. More closely related to the compounds of the present invention are those disclosed in U.S. patents 4,599,361 and 4,743,587, also assigned to G.D. Searle. These compounds are hydroxylamine dipeptide derivatives which contain, as a part of the compound, a tyrosine or derivatized tyrosine residue or certain analogs thereof. Other compounds that contain sulfhydryl moieties as well as residues of aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tryptophan are disclosed in PCT application WO 88/06890. Some of these compounds also contain i-butyl side chains. PCT application WO 92/21360, inventors Sahoo, S. et al, describes substituted N-carboxyalkylpeptidyl derivatives and applications of these compounds for treating certain diseases including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, certain cancers and corneal ulceration. EP application 497,192, inventors Lobb., R. et al, presents peptide collagenase inhibitors with pharmacological properties. U.S. Patent No. 4,681,894, inventors Murray., W. et al, presents hydroxamic acids and esters that are useful anti-inflammatory agents. U.S. Patent No. 4,943,587, inventors Cetenko et al., describe hydroxamate derivatives of selected nonsteroidal antiinflammatory acyl residues. Medical applications of the compounds are also shown. U.S. Patent No. 4,918,105, inventors Cartwright, T. et al., presents compounds with collagenase-inhibiting activity. Certain medical applications are described including arthritis, ulceration, and tumor invasion. Inhibitors have also been disclosed for the related protease, thermolysin. These include hydroxamic peptide derivatives described by Nishino, N., et al., Biochemistry (1979) 18:4340-4347; Nishino, N., et al., Biochemistry (1978) 17:2846-2850. Tryptophan is also known to be therapeutic in various conditions, some of which may involve collagenase (see, for example, JP 57/058626; U.S. 4,698,342; 4,291,048). Also, inhibitors of bacterial collagenases have been disclosed in U.S. 4,558,034. It has now been found that the compounds described below have superior inhibiting activity with respect to matrix metalloproteases. The invention compounds add to the repertoire of agents available for the treatment of conditions and diseases which are characterized by unwanted activity by the class of proteins which destroy structural proteins and designated "matrix metalloprotease" herein. Compounds of the invention are also useful for treating diseases that have as one component unwanted angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is defined as the growth of new blood vessels, in particular, capillaries. The ingrowth of such capillaries and ancillary blood vessels is essential for tumor growth and is thus an unwanted physiological response which encourages the spread of malignant tissue and metastases. Inhibition of angiogenesis is therefore envisioned as a component of effective treatment of malignancy. Neovascularization of the eye is a major cause of blindness. One form of this condition, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, results from diabetes; blindness can also be caused by neovascular glaucoma. Inhibition of angiogenesis is useful in treating these conditions also. PCT application WO 91/11193, published 25 January 1991 describes the isolation of a collagenase inhibitor from cartilage which inhibits the formation of blood vessels. This composition, designated cartilage-derived inhibitor (CDI), is reported to inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis in the rabbit corneal pocket assay and to inhibit capillary tube formation. It is further speculated that other collagenase inhibitors such as peptides or antibodies immunoreactive with collagenase will also have the ability to inhibit blood vessel formation. In addition, EP application 424,193 published 24 April 1991, describes the activity of actinonin as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Actinonin is an antibiotic produced by a particular strain of Streptomyces and is a modified peptide structure. As disclosed in the two foregoing applications, unwanted levels of angiogenesis are present not only in association with tumor growth, but also are the cause of blindness resulting from diabetic retinopathy and other ocular pathologies. Disclosure of the Invention The methods and compositions of the invention are preferably utilized for preventing or treating certain diseases that have as their underlying cause the activation and/or the expression of unwanted matrix metalloprotease activity. Such diseases include skin disorders, keratoconus, restenosis, wounds, ulcers, particularly of the cornea or mouth, or those disease states that are benefitted by uncontrolled angiogenesis. Regarding the latter, the invention is directed to a method for treating cancer, preferably by inhibiting angiogenesis which facilitates or is required for the growth and spread of cancer throughout a patients body. Some members of the class of matrix metalloprotease inhibitors are known in the art; others are described and claimed in U.S. Serial No. 07/747,751, filed 20 August 1991; 07/747,752, filed 20 August 1991; and 07/615,798, filed 21 November 1990, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. A summary of the art-known synthetic matrix metalloprotease inhibitors is found in EP application 423,943 published 24 April 1991. This application assembles the structures of the synthetic matrix metalloproteases known in the art and claims their use in the treatment of demyelinating diseases of the nervous system. The present invention is directed to the use of these compounds, as well as those disclosed in the above- referenced U.S. applications, for the above described uses, and other uses set forth below. Figures Figure 1 shows light microscopic photographs of mouse skin exposed to PdiBu (panel A), or PdiBu and compound 5A (panel B) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin three days latter. Figure 2 shows that the protease levels present in mastectomy fluid samples collected on days 1 to 7 after surgery were an average of 0.75 ± 0.06 μg equivalents of collagenase/ml of wound fluid. Figure 3 compares the protease levels present in mastectomy wound fluids collected from closed (collected on different days post operation), open, or chronic wounds. Note that closed wounds exhibited marginal protease activity, while open wound fluid contained an average protease level of 199 ± 59 μg/ml, and fluids collected from chronic wounds contained an average protease level of 125 ± 95 μg/ml. Figure 4 shows the effect of three protease inhibitors on the protease activity of chronic wound fluid. Compound 5A very effectively inhibited proteolytic degradation of Azocoll (approximately 96% of initial proteolytic activity) at final concentrations of 40 μg/ml (100 μM) or 4 μg/ml (10 μM). EDTA, a nonspecific inhibitor of metalloproteinases, also effectively reduced protease activity, approximately 96%. PMSF, a nonspecific inhibitor of serine proteases, reduced proteolytic activity approximately 65% at a concentration of 500 μM. Figure 5 shows the effects of the inhibitors, compound 5A, PMSF and EDTA on protease activity present in open and chronic wounds. Compound 5 A and EDTA were very effective inhibitors while PMSF did not significantly reduce the proteolytic activity of the wound fluids. Figure 6 shows the effects of compound 5 A, SI 209, ULOOl, MP506, and EDTA on the proteolytic degradation of Azocoll by wound fluids. Figure 7 shows the effects of the inhibitors GM6001, GM1339, GM1489 and S1209 on protease activity present in chronic wound fluid. Modes of Carrying Out the Invention The inhibitory compounds of the invention are synthetic inhibitors of mammalian matrix metalloproteases. Matrix metalloproteases include without limitation human skin fibroblast collagenase, human skin fibroblast gelatinase, human neutrophil collagenase and gelatinase, and human stromelysin. These are zinc-containing metalloprotease enzymes, as are the angiotensin-converting enzymes and the enkephalinases. As used herein, "mammalian matrix metalloprotease" means any zinc-containing enzyme found in mammalian sources that is capable of catalyzing the breakdown of collagen, gelatin or proteoglycan under suitable assay conditions. Appropriate assay conditions can be found, for example, in U.S. patent 4,743,587, which references the procedure of Cawston, et al., Anal Biochem (1979) 99:340-345, use of a synthetic substrate is described by Weingarten, H., et al., Biochem Biophys Res Comm (1984) 139:1184-1187. Any standard method for analyzing the breakdown of these structural proteins can, of course, be used. The matrix metallo¬ protease enzymes referred to in the herein invention are all zinc -containing proteases which are similar in structure to, for example, human stromelysin or skin fibroblast collagenase. The ability of candidate compounds to inhibit matrix metalloprotease activity can, of course, be tested in the assays described above. Isolated matrix metalloprotease enzymes can be used to confirm the inhibiting activity of the invention compounds, or crude extracts which contain the range of enzymes capable of tissue breakdown can be used. Specifically, assay of inhibition activity can be conducted as follows. Inhibitors may be assayed against crude or purified human skin fibroblast collagenase using the synthetic thiol ester substrate at pH 6.5 exactly as described by Kortylewicz & Galardy, J Med Chem (1990) 33:263-273, at a collagenase concentration of 1-2 nM. The candidate inhibitors are tested for their ability to inhibit crude collagenase and gelatinase from human skin fibroblasts, crude collagenase and gelatinase from purulent human neutrophil in this assay. The results may be set forth in terms of Ki, i.e., the calculated dissociation constant for the inhibitor complex with enzyme. Ki values for effective inhibitors are < 500 nM for purified enzyme in this assay. For purified human skin collagenase, excellent inhibitors show Ki values of 10 nM. Assays for inhibition of human stromelysin are conducted as described by Teahan, J., et al., Biochemistry (1989) 20:8497-8501. The synthetic compounds that are successful in these assays for mammalian matrix metalloprotease inhibition are generally small molecules containing at least one amide bond and have a variety of sidechain substituents. Examples of such compounds known in the art are given, as set forth above, in EP application 423,943, incorporated herein by reference. Other suitable inhibitors are of the formula: or wherein each R 1 is independently H or alkyl (1-8C) and R 2 is alkyl (1-8C) or wherein the proximal R 1 and R 2 taken together are -(CH 2 ) p - wherein p = 3-5; R 3 is H or alkyl (1-4C); R 4 is fused or conjugated unsubstituted or substituted bicycloaryl methylene; n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; and X is OR 5 or NHR 5 , wherein R 5 is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-12C), aryl (6-12C), aryl alkyl (6-16C); or X is an amino acid residue or amide thereof; or X is the residue of a cyclic amine or heterocyclic amine; and R 6 is H or lower alkyl (1-4C) and R 7 is H, lower alkyl (1-4C) or an acyl group, and wherein the -CONR 3 - amide bond shown is optionally replaced by a modified isosteric bond, such as -CH 2 NR 3 -, -CH 2 CHR 3 -, -CH=CR 3 -, -COCHR 3 -, -CHOHCHR 3 -, -NR 3 CO-, -CF=CR 3 -, and the like. Other compounds useful in the method of the invention include compounds of the formulas CH -CHCON-CHCOX I I I I (3) R 1 R 2 R 3 R < CH -C=CCON-CHCOX I I I I I (4) R 1 R 1 R 2 R 3 R < wherein each R 1 is independently H or alkyl (1-8C) and R 2 is alkyl (1-8C) or wherein the proximal R 1 and R 2 taken together are -(CH 2 ) p - wherein p = 3-5; R 3 is H or alkyl (1-4C); R 4 is fused or conjugated unsubstituted or substituted bicycloaryl methylene; n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; and X is OR 5 or NHR 5 , wherein R 5 is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-12C), aryl (6-12C), aryl alkyl (6-16C); or X is an amino acid residue or amide thereof; or X is the residue of a cyclic amine or heterocyclic amine; Y is selected from the group consisting of R 7 ONR 6 CONR 6 -, R 6 2 NCONOR 7 -, and R 6 CONOR 7 -, wherein each R 6 is independently H or lower alkyl (1-4C); R 7 is H, lower alkyl (1-4C) or an acyl group, and wherein the -CONR 3 - amide bond shown is optionally replaced by a modified isosteric bond, such as -CH 2 NR 3 -, -CH 2 CHR 3 -, -CH=CR 3 -, -COCHR 3 -, -CHOHCHR 3 -, -NR 3 CO-, -CF=CR 3 -, and the like. "Alkyl" has its conventional meaning as a straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated hydrocarbyl residue such as methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, cyclohexyl, t-butyl or the like. The alkyl substituents of the invention are of the number of carbons noted which may be substituted with 1 or 2 substituents. Substituents are generally those which do not interfere with the activity of the compound, including hydroxyl, CBZO-, CBZNH-, amino, and the like. Aryl refers to aromatic ring systems such as phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, quinolyl, indolyl, and the like; aryl alkyl refers to aryl residues linked to the position indicated through an alkyl residue. In all cases the aryl portion may be substituted or unsubstituted. "Acyl" refers to a substituent of the formula RCO- wherein R is alkyl or arylalkyl as above-defined. The number of carbons in the acyl group is generally 1-15; however as the acyl substitute is readily hydroxylized in vivo the nature of the group is relatively unimportant. "Cyclic amines" refer to those amines where the nitrogen is part of a heterocyclic ring, such as piperidine, "heterocyclic amines" refer to such heterocycles which contain an additional heteroatom, such as morpholine. In the compounds of formulas 1 and 3, preferred embodiments for R 1 and R 2 include those wherein each R 1 is H or Me and R 2 is alkyl of 3-8C, especially isobutyl, 2-methyl butyl, or isopropyl. Especially preferred is isobutyl. Preferred also are those compounds of all of formulas 1-4, wherein n=l or m=l. In all of formulas 1-4, preferred embodiments of R 3 are H and methyl, especially H. R 4 is a fused or conjugated bicyclo aromatic system linked through a methylene group to the molecule. By "fused or conjugated bicyclo aromatic system" is meant a two-ringed system with aromatic character which may, further, contain one or more heteroatoms such as S, N, or O. When a heteroatom such as N is included, the system as it forms a part of formulas 1-4, may contain an acyl protecting group (1-5C) attached to the nitrogen. Representative bicyclo fused aromatic systems include naphthyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, and isoquinolinyl. Representative conjugated systems include biphenyl, 4-phenylpyrimidyl, 3-phenylpyridyl and the like. In all cases, any available position of the fused or conjugated bicyclic system can be used for attachment through the methylene. The fused or conjugated aromatic system may further be substituted by 1-2 alkyl (1-4C) residues and/or hydroxy or any ring nitrogens may be acylated. Preferred acylation is acetylation. Preferred embodiments of R 4 include l-(2-methyl naphthyl)methylene; 1-quinolyl methylene; 1-naphthyl methylene; 2-naphthyl methylene; 1-isoquinolyl methylene; 3- isoquinolyl methylene; 3-thionaphthenyl methylene; 3-cumaronyl methylene; 3-(5- methylindolyl)methylene; 3-(5-hydroxyindolyl)methylene; 3-(2- hydroxyindolyl)methylene; biphenyl methylene; and 4-phenylpyrimidyl methylene; and the substituted forms thereof. Many of these substituents as part of an amino acid residue are described in Greenstein and Winitz, "Chemistry of the Amino Acids" (1961) 1:2731-2741 (John Wiley & Sons, NY). A particularly preferred embodiment of R 4 is 3-indolylmethylene or its N- acylated derivative—i.e., that embodiment wherein the "C-terminal" amino acid is a tryptophan residue or a protected form thereof. A preferred configuration at the carbon to which R 4 is bound is that corresponding to L-tryptophan. Preferred embodiments of X are those of the formula NHR 5 wherein R 5 is H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-12C) or aryl alkyl (6-12C). Particularly preferred substitutions on R 5 are a hydroxyl group, or a phenylmethoxycarbamyl (CBZNH-) residue. In addition, the compound may be extended by embodiments wherein X is an additional amino acid residue, particularly a glycyl residue, which may also be amidated as described. In general, the compounds that are hydroxamates are obtained by converting a carboxylic acid or ester precursor of the formulas ROOC- CH -CHCON-CHCOX I (5) R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 n or ROOC- CH -C=CCON-CHCOX I I I I I (6) R 1 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 m wherein R is H or alkyl (1-6C) to the corresponding hydroxamates by treating these compounds or their activated forms with hydroxylamine under conditions which effect the conversion. With respect to starting materials, the components forming the -NR 3 -CHR 4 COX moiety are readily available in the case of tryptophan and its analogs as esters or amides. As set forth above, many analogous fused bicyclo aromatic amino acids are described by Greenstein and Winitz (supra). Amino acids corresponding to those wherein R 4 is l-(2-methyl naphthyl)methylene; 1-quinolyl-methylene; 1-naphthyl methylene; 1-isoquinolyl methylene; and 3-isoquinolyl methylene can be prepared from the bicyclo aromatic methylene halides using the acetamido malonic ester synthesis of amino acids, as is well understood in the art. The methylene halides themselves can be prepared from their corresponding carboxylic acids by reduction with hthium aluminum hydride and bromination of the resulting alcohol with thionyl bromide. In general, the hydroxylamine reagent is formed in situ by mixing the hydroxylamine hydrochloride salt with an excess of KOH in methanol and removing the precipitated potassium chloride by filtration. The filtrate is then stirred with the precursor activated carboxylic acid or ester of formula 5 or 6 for several hours at room temperature, and the mixture is then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue is acidified, then extracted with a suitable organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, the extract washed with aqueous potassium bisulfate and salt, and then dried with a solid drying agent such as anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The extract is then again evaporated to dryness and crystallized. The substituted forms of the hydroxamate which include -NHOR 7 are synthesized in an analogous manner but substituting H 2 NOR 7 , wherein R 7 is lower alkyl or acyl (1-4C) for hydroxylamine per se. The resulting O-alkyl or acyl hydroxamate can then be further alkylated, if desired, to obtain the R 7 ONR 6 - derivative of the carboxylic acid. Similarly, HNR 6 OH may be reacted with the carboxylic acid to obtain the HONR 6 - derivative. HNCH 3 OH and H 2 NOCH 3 are commercially available. To prepare the starting materials of formulas 5 and 6, the monoesterified carboxylic acid of the formula ROOC CH ■CHCOOH I I R 1 R 2 or of the formula OOH is reacted with the acid of the formula NHR 3 CHR 4 COX wherein X is other than OH under conditions wherein the condensation to form the amide bond occurs. Such conditions typically comprise mixture of the two components in a nonaqueous anhydrous polar aprotic solvent in the presence of base and a condensing agent such as a carbodϋmide. Thus, the formation of the amide linkage can be catalyzed in the presence of standard dehydration agents such as the carbodiimides, for example dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, or N, N-carbonyl diimidazole. The product is then recovered as a mixture of diastereomers of formula 5 or 6. This mixture is preferably used for the conversion to the hydroxamate and one of the resulting diastereomers is crystallized directly from the product mixture. Alternatively, the diastereomers are separated by flash chromatography before conversion to the hydroxamate and recovered separately. This process is less preferred as compared to the process wherein separation of the diastereomers is reserved until the final product is obtained. In the notation used in the examples, the "A" isomer is defined as that which migrates faster on TLC; the "B" isomer as that which migrates more slowly. When the "L" form of tryptophan or other amino acid containing a fused bicycloaromatic ring system is used as the residue, and R 1 is H, in general, the "A" form is that which contains the corresponding configuration at the carbon containing the R 2 substituent (providing that is the only other center of asymmetry) in the final hydroxamate product. However, in Example 2, below, where D-tryptophan is included in the composition, the "B" isomer contains what would correspond to an "L" configuration at the carbon containing R 2 in the compounds of formula 1. When R 6 and/or R 7 = alkyl, the corresponding O- or N-alkyl hydroxylamine is reacted with the methyl ester 4A as performed for unsubstituted hydroxylamine in Example 1. Alternatively, the methyl ester 4A can be saponified to its corresponding carboxylic acid and activated with oxalyl chloride or other condensing agent. The alkyl hydroxylamine can then be reacted with the activated carboxyUc acid to give the O- or N-substituted hydroxamic acid. O- and N-methylhydroxylamine can be purchased from the Aldrich Chemical Company. Other N-alkyl hydroxylamines can be synthesized by conversion of aliphatic aldehydes to their oximes, followed by reduction to the N-alkyl hydroxylamine with borane-pyridine complex in the presence of 6N HC1 (Kawase, M. and Kikugawa, Y.J., Chem Soc, Perkin Trans (1979) 1_:643. Other O-alkyl hydroxylamines can be synthesized by the general methods given by Roberts, J.S., "Derivatives of Hydroxylamine," Chapter 6.4 in Barton, D., et al., eds., Comprehensive Organic Chemistry (1979) 2:187-188 (Pergamon Press, Oxford). The two general methods employed are displacement by R 7 O " of a leaving group from hydroxylamine sulf onic acid or chloramine, and O-alkylation of a hydroxamic acid with R 7 -X followed by hydrolysis: R 7 O + NH 2 OSO 3 H (or NH 2 C1) > NH,OR 7 or H 3 O + RCO-NHOH + R 7 X > RCO-NHOR 7 > NH 2 OR 7 For R 7 = acyl, a hydroxamic acid of this invention can be acylated with an acid chloride, anhydride, or other acylating agent to give the compounds of this class. In some cases the derivatized maleic and succinic acid residues required for synthesis of the invention compounds are commercially available. If not, these can readily be prepared, in embodiments wherein R 1 is H or alkyl (1-8C) by reaction of a 2-oxocarboxylic ester of the formula R 2 COCOOR' in a Wittig reaction with an alkyl triphenylphosphoranylidene acetate or α-triphenylphosphoranylidene alkanoate. The methyl acetate or alkanoate is preferred, but any suitable ester can be employed. This reaction is conducted in a nonaqueous, nonpolar solvent usually at room temperature. The resultant compound is of the formula ROOCCR 1 =CR 2 COOR', wherein R and R' are residues of esterifying alkyl or arylalkyl alcohols. If the compounds of formula 6 are desired, this product is condensed with the appropriate tryptophan or analogous derivative; if the compounds of formula 5 are desired, the intermediate is reduced using hydrogen with a suitable catalyst. The sequence of reactions to obtain those embodiments wherein R 1 is H or alkyl, n is 1 and m is 0, and R 2 is alkyl are shown in Reaction Scheme 1. For those embodiments wherein R 1 and R 2 taken together are (CH 2 ) p , the compounds of the invention are prepared analogously to the manner set forth in Reaction Scheme 1, except that the intermediate of the formula ROOCCHR 1 CHR 2 COOH is prepared from the corresponding 1,2-cycloalkane dicarboxylic acid~i.e., 1,2-cyclopentane dicarboxylic acid anhydride; 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic anhydride or 1,2-cycloheptane dicarboxylic anhydride. For compounds wherein -CONR 3 - is in modified isosteric form, these forms can be prepared by methods known in the art. The following references describe preparation of peptide analogs which include these alternative-linking moieties: Spatola, A.F., Vega Data (March 1983), Vol. 1, Issue 3, "Peptide Backbone Modifications" (general review); Spatola, A.F., in "Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins," (1983) B. Weinstein, eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 267 (general review); Morley, J.S., Trends Pharm Sci (1980) pp. 463-468 (general review); Hudson, D., et al., Int J Pept Prot Res (1979) .14:177-185 (-CH 2 NR 3 -, -CH 2 CHR 3 -); Spatola, A.F., et al., Life Sci (1986) 38:1243-1249 (-CH 2 -S); Hann, M.M., J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I (1982) 307-314 (-CH-CR 3 -, cis and trans); Almquist, R.G., et al., J Med Chem (1980) 23:1392-1398 (-COCHR 3 -); Jennings-White, C, et al., Tetrahedron Lett (1982) 23:2533 (-COCHR 3 -); Szelke, M., et al., European application EP 45665 (1982) CA:97:39405 (1982) (-CH(OH)CHR 3 -); Holladay, M.W., et al., Tetrahedron Lett (1983) 24:4401-4404 (-C(OH)CH 2 -); and Hruby, V.J., Life Sci (1982) 31:189-199 (-CH 2 -S-). Preferred compounds of formula (1) or (2) include: HONHCOCH 2 CH(n-hexyl)-CO-L-Trp-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(n-pentyl)-CO-L-Trp-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-pentyl)-CO-L-Trp-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(ethyl)-CO-L-Trp-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(ethyl)-CO-L-Trp-NHCH 2 CH 3 ; HONHCOCH 2 CH(ethyl)-CO-L-Trp-NHCH 2 CH 2 OH; HONHCOCH 2 CH(ethyl)-CO-L-Trp-NHcyclohexyl; MeONHCOCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Trp-NHEt; EtONMeCOCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-T -NHEt; MeONHCOCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; EtONMeCOCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-N-MeTrp-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Trp-NH(CH 2 ) 2 OH; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NH(S)CHMePh; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NH(CH 2 ) 6 NH-CBZ; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NH(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 ; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-piperidine; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NH(CH 2 ) n CH 3 ; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHcyclohexyl; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)-L-Tφ-OH; HONMeCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; HONEtCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; CH 3 COONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; ΦCOONHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; CH 3 COONMeCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; and Φ0COONEtCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe. The reverse hydroxamates and hydroxyureas of formulas 3 and 4 are more stable biologically than the corresponding hydroxamates per se. This has been confirmed in Carter, G.W., et al., J Pharmacol EXP Ther (1991) 256:929-937; Jackson, W.P., et al., J Med Chem (1988) 31:499-500; Young, P.R., et al., FASEB J (1991) 5:A1273; Hahn, R.A., et al., J Pharmacol Ex Ther (1991) 256:94-102; Tramposch, K.M., et al., Agents Actions (1990) 30:443-450; Argentieri, D.C., et al.; Kimball, E., et al., 5th Int Conf Inflammation Research Assoc, Whitehaven, PA, September 23-27, 1990, Abstract 100; and Huang, F., et al., J Med Chem (1989) 32:1836-1842. Thus, while somewhat more complicated to synthesize, these analogs offer physiological characteristics which are advantageous in the applications of these compounds to therapy. The reverse hydroxamates and hydroxyureas of the invention are obtainable using the standard techniques of synthetic organic chemistry (see Challis, B.C., et al., "Amides and Related Compounds" in "Comprehensive Organic Chemistry," Barton, D., et al., eds. (1979) 2:1036-1045), Pergamon Press, Oxford, as further described below. With respect to starting materials, the components forming the -NR 3 -CHR 4 COX moiety are readily available in the case of tryptophan and its analogs as esters or amides. As set forth above, many analogous fused bicyclo aromatic amino acids are described by Greenstein and Winitz (supra). Amino acids corresponding to those wherein R 4 is l-(2-methyl naphthyl)methylene; 1-quinolyl-methylene; 1 -naphthyl methylene; 1-isoquinolyl methylene; and 3-isoquinolyl methylene can be prepared from the bicyclo aromatic methylene halides using the acetamido malonic ester synthesis of amino acids, as is well understood in the art. The methylene halides themselves can be prepared from their corresponding carboxylic acids by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride and bromination of the resulting alcohol with thionyl bromide. Depending on the functional group symbolized by Y, the stage of synthesis at which this moiety is brought into the compound of the invention varies. For those embodiments wherein Y is R 7 ONR 6 CONR 6 -and wherein n = 0, 1 or 2, the compounds are prepared by acylating an α, β or γ amino acid, respectively with methyl or ethyl chloroformate, condensing d e resulting amino acid with a protected form of the moiety -NR 3 CHR 4 COX and reacting the resulting carboethoxy "dipeptide" with hydroxylamine or a substituted hydroxylamine as described by Fieser, L.F., et al., "Reagents for Organic Synthesis" (1967) L479 (John Wiley & Sons, New York). This sequence of reactions is shown in Reaction Scheme 1A. EtOCOCl COX COX REACTION SCHEME 1A Alternatively, the α, β or γ amino acid is temporarily protected using, for example, carbobenzoxy or tertiary butyloxycarbonyl and coupling it to the carboxy- terminal-protected amino acid moiety containing R 4 . The protecting group is then removed by hydrogenolysis or acidolysis as appropriate, and the deprotected α, β or γ amino group is reacted with an activated carbonic acid such as carbonyldiimidazole. The resultant is then reacted with hydroxylamine or substituted hydroxylamine to obtain the desired product. This sequence of reactions is summarized in Reaction Scheme 2. (In the formula Im-Co-Im, Im represents an imidazole residue.) Im-CO— Im HN-OR 7 1< REACTION SCHEME 2 The appropriate α, β or γ amino acids are prepared by general methods as set forth by Jones, J.H., et al., in "Amino Acids," p. 834 (Barton, D., et al., eds.) ("Comprehensive Organic Chemistry" (1979) Vol. 2, Pergamon Press). Such methods include, for example, homologation by Arndt-Eistert synthesis of the corresponding N- protected α-amino acid and more generally the addition of nitrogen nucleophiles such as phthalimide to α,β-unsaturated esters, acids or nitriles. In a second class of hydroxyureas, Y has the formula R 6 2 NCONOR 7 - and n is 0, 1 or 2. These compounds are prepared from the corresponding α, β or γ hydroxyamino acids of the formula R 7 ONH(CHR 1 ) n CHR 2 COOH. When both R 6 are H, this intermediate is converted to the desired hydroxyurea by reaction with silicon tetraisocyanate, as described by Fieser and Fieser, "Reagents for Organic Synthesis" (1968) 1:479 (John Wiley & Sons, New York). The reaction is conducted with the hydroxyl group protected or substituted by R 7 . The resulting hydroxyurea is then coupled to the component of the formula HNR 3 CHR 4 COX to obtain the desired product. Alternatively, the amide is first formed and the N-hydroxyl dipeptide is treated with the reagent. Alternatively, when Y is R 6 HNCO-NOR 7 , wherein R 6 is alkyl, the above O- protected oc, β or γ N-hydroxyamino acid is reacted with the relevant alkylisocyanate R 6 NCO to produce the desired product. When Y is of the formula R 6 2 NCO-NOR 7 - wherein both R 6 are alkyl, the α, β or γ N-hydroxyamino acid is reacted with an activated form of carbonic acid, for example, carbonyldiimidazole or bis-p-nitrophenylcarbon-ate, and then with the diamine R° 2 NH wherein both R 6 are alkyl groups. This is followed by deprotection, if desired. Conditions for d e foregoing can be found in the descriptions of analogous preparations for tripeptides as described by Nishino, N., et al., Biochemistry (1979) 18:4340-4346. The β-N-hydroxyamino acids used as intermediates in the foregoing synthesis can be prepared by a malonic ester synthesis in which diethyl malonate is alkylated twice, one with R 2 -Br and then with benzylchloromethyl ether, for example, for the case wherein R 1 is H. The product is saponified, decarboxylated, hydrogenated, and oxidized to give the β-aldehyde in a manner similar to the synthesis of a homologous aldehyde described by Kortylewicz, Z.P., et al., Biochemistry (1984) 23:2083-2087. The desired β-hydroxyamino acid is then obtained by addition of protected (or alkylated, if R 7 is alkyl or acylated if R7 is acyl) hydroxylamine. The corresponding compound wherein R 1 is alkyl can be prepared in an analogous manner wherein the second alkylation utilizes benzyl-O-CHR^l. The homologous ketone was described by Galardy, R.E., et al., Biochemistry (1985) 24:7607-7612. Finally, those compounds wherein Y is of the formula R 6 CONOR 7 -, i.e., the reverse hydroxymates, can be prepared by acylation of the corresponding α, β or γ N- hydroxy dipeptide. Alternatively, the N-hydroxyamino acid can be acylated, followed by condensation to form the amide bond in the compounds of the invention. The acylation method is described by, for example, Nishino, N., et al., Biochemistry (1979) 18:4340-4346, cited above. Alternatively, for those compounds wherein n=l and R 1 is H, the compounds can be prepared by condensing the ylide l,l-dimethoxy-2-(triphenylphosphoranylidene) ethane prepared from triphenylphosphine and l,l-dimethoxy-2-bromoethane with 4- methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid. The product is then hydrogenated to obtain 4,4-dimethoxy- 2-isobutylbutanoic acid which is coupled to the moiety R 3 NHCHR 4 COX to obtain 4,4- dimethoxy-2-isobutylbutanoyl-NR 3 CHR 4 COX. Treatment with aqueous acid yields the aldehyde 2-isobutyl-4-oxobutanoyl-NR 3 CHR 4 COX. The oxime is prepared by reaction with hydroxylamine and reduced to the corresponding N-substituted hydroxylamine. Acylation of both the hydroxaminol oxygen and nitrogen followed by hydrolysis of the O-acyl group provides the N-acyl reverse hydroxymates. (Summers, J.B., et al., J Med Chem (1988) 31:1960-1964.) For compounds wherein -CONR 3 - is in modified isosteric form, these forms can be prepared by methods known in the art, as set forth above. Preferred compounds of formulas (3) and (4) include: EtONHCONMe-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; EtCONOH-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; n-PrCONOEt-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; EtNHCONOMe-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; MeNHCONOH-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; EtONHCONMe-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; EtCONOH-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; n-PrCONOEt-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; EtNHCONOMe-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; MeNHCONOH-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; HONHCONHCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-TφNHMe; HONHCONHCH 2 CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-TφNHMe; HONHCONHCH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; H 2 NCON(OH)CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; N(OH)CH,CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; H 2 NCON(OH)CH 2 CH 2 CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; CH 3 CON(OH)CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; CH 3 CON(OH)CH 2 CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; and CH 3 CON(OH)CH 2 CH 2 CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe. Administration and Use As set forth in the Background section above, a number of diseases are known to be mediated by excess or undesired matrix-destroying metalloprotease activity. These include tumor metastasis, rheumatoid arthritis, skin inflammation, ulcerations, particularly of the cornea or mouth, reaction to infection, and the like. Also intended to come within the definition of diseases that can be treated by the invention inhibitors are wounds, preferably chronic dermal wounds. The inhibitors of the invention are, however, useful in any ulcerative skin condition, including, for example, decubitus ulcers, ulcers of e mouth, or other conditions where wound healing is slow. Thus, the compounds of the invention are useful in therapy with regard to conditions involving this unwanted activity. The compounds of the instant invention are particularly useful for treating or preventing psoriasis. Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease of uncertain etiology, which is characterized by prominent epidermal hypeφlasia, mixed inflammatory infiltrates and vascular alterations. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for epidermal hypeφlasia in psoriasis and other skin disorders remain unresolved. However, various growth factors, cytokines and proto-oncogenes have been implicated in the transduction of growth-promoting signals from the extracellular environment into the epidermal keratinocyte. Current treatment of psoriasis and other hypeφroliferative skin disorders includes a variety of topical steroids, keratolytic, systemic chemotherapy and UV-light exposure. However, these available therapies are limited by toxicities as well as tachyphylaxis. Still another condition responsive to the matrix metalloprotease inhibitors of the invention, particularly collagenase inhibitors, include restenosis following angioplasty. The healthy arterial wall is composted of an outer adventitial layer of fibroblasts, a central medial layer of smooth muscle cells and a luminal intimal layer of endothelial cells. It has been postulated that one cause of restenosis following balloon angioplasty is the production and release of collagenase by smooth muscle cells that causes degradation of the intima. Southgate, K. M. et al (1992) Biochem, J., 288:93-99. This, in turn, facilitates migration of the smooth muscle cells into the intima where they continue to proliferate to form the fibrous plaques that are characteristic of restenosis. Thus, matrix metalloprotease inhibitors of the invention would prevent or inhibit restenosis when administered before or after angioplasty. Yet another application of the matrix metalloprotease inhibitors of the invention is the treatment or prevention of cancer, particularly metastatic cancer. Cancer cells migrate from their primary site of origin to remote secondary sites by extravasation into the blood, and subsequent extravasation out of the blood to the target organ. Thus, it would be possible to prevent or eliminate metastasis if extravasation of cancer cells could be controlled. Since a key process in extravasation is the breakdown of the extracellular matrix by enzymes secreted by cancer cells, particularly collagenases, the collagenase inhibitors of the invention have significant applications for the treatment or prevention of cancer. As mentioned above, the collagenase inhibitors of the invention are useful in any ulcerative skin condition, including, for example, decubitus ulcers, ulcers of the mouth, or other conditions where wound healing is slow. Similar conditions susceptible to treatment by the compounds of the invention include corneal or scleral melting associated with keratomalacia, scleromalacia perforans and connective tissue diseases. An example of the latter is keratoconus which involves thinning and central protuberance of the cornea. Type IV collagenase is thought to be responsible, at least in part, for the disease. Compounds which are synthetic inhibitors of mammalian metalloproteases are useful to inhibit angiogenesis. These compounds can therefore be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for use in inhibiting angiogenesis in conditions characterized by an unwanted level of such blood vessel growth. Standard pharmaceutical formulation techniques are used, such as those disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Pubhshing Company, Easton, PA, latest edition. For indications to be treated systemically, it is preferred that the compounds be injected. These conditions include tumor growth and metastasis. The compounds can be formulated for injection using excipients conventional for such p pose such as physiological saline, Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, and the like. Injection can be intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous. Dosage levels are of the order of 0.1 mg/kg of subject to 100 mg/kg of subject, depending, of course, on the nature of the condition, the nature of the subject, the particular embodiment of the invention compounds chosen, and the nature of the formulation and route of administration. In addition to administration by injection, the compounds of the invention can also be formulated into compositions for transdermal or transmucosal delivery by including agents which effect penetration of these tissues, such as bile salts, fusidic acid derivatives, cholic acid, and the like. The compounds can also be used in liposome- based delivery systems and in formulations for topical and oral administration depending on the nature of the condition to be treated. Oral administration is especially advantageous for those compounds wherein the moiety -CONR 3 - is in a modified isosteric form. These compounds resist the hydrolytic action of the digestive tract. Oral formulations include syrups, tablets, capsules, and the like, or the compound may be administered in food or juice. The inhibitors of the invention can be targeted to specific locations where vascularization occurs by using targeting ligands. For example, to focus the compounds to a tumor, the inhibitor is conjugated to an antibody or fragment thereof which is immunoreactive with a tumor marker as is generally understood in the preparation of immunotoxins in general. The targeting ligand can also be a ligand suitable for a receptor which is present on the tumor. Any targeting ligand which specifically reacts with a marker for the intended target tissue can be used. Methods for coupling the compounds to the targeting ligand are well known and are similar to those described below for coupling to carrier. The conjugates are formulated and administered as described above. For localized conditions, topical administration is preferred. For example, to treat diabetes-induced retinopathy or other neovascular glaucomas, direct application to the affected eye may employ a formulation as eyedrops or aerosol. For this treatment, the compounds of the invention can also be formulated as gels or ointments, or can be incoφorated into collagen or a hydrophilic polymer shield. The materials can also be inserted as a contact lens or reservoir or as a subconjunctival formulation. In all of the foregoing, of course, the compounds of the invention can be administered alone or as mixtures, and the compositions may further include additional drugs or excipients as appropriate for the indication. Conditions that benefit from angiogenesis inhibition thus include, generally, cancer, including angiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, glioblastoma multiforme, hemangioblastoma, including von Hippel-Lindan disease and hemangiopericytoma; eye conditions, such as diabetic retinopathy and neovascular glaucoma; immune system conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, angiolymphoid hypeφlasia with eosinophilia; and skin conditions, such as cavernous hemangioma (including Kasabach-Merritt syndrome) and psoriasis. The following examples are intended to illustrate but not to limit the invention. These examples describe the preparation of certain compounds of the invention and their activity in inhibiting mammalian metalloproteases. In the examples below, TLC solvent systems are as follows: (A) ethyl acetate/methanol (95:5); (B) ethyl acetate/methanol (25:5); (C) ethyl acetate; (D) ethyl acetate/methanol (30:5); (E) ethyl acetate/hexane (1:1); (F) chloroform/me thanol/acetic acid (30:6:2); (G) chloroform methanol/acetic acid (85:10:1). Example 1 Preparation of N-[D,L-2-isobutyl-3-(N'- hvdroxycarbonylamido)-propanoyll -tryptophan methylamide A suspension of 5 g (0.033 mol) of the sodium salt of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid and 5.65 g (0.033 mol) of benzyl bromide in 10 ml of anhydrous dimethylformamide was stirred for 4 days at room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure the residue was diluted to 100 ml with hexane and washed with water (3 x 20 ml) and saturated sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of solvent gave 6.4 g (88% yield) of the benzyl ester of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (I) as a colorless oil. A mixture of 6.4 g (0.029 mol) of (1) and 9.7 g (0.029 mol) of methyl(triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate in 100 mL of dry methylene chloride was stirred for 12 hr at room temperature and evaporated to dryness. The residue was extracted with hexane (3 x 50 mL). The hexane solution was washed with 10% sodium bicarbonate (2 x 30 mL), water and saturated sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent gave 8.01 g (100% yield) of benzyl 2-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-propionate (2) as a mixture of E and Z isomers. A mixture of 8.01 g (0.029 mol) of (2) and 1 g of 10% palladium on carbon in 50 mL of methanol was hydrogenated at room temperature under 4 atmospheres of hydrogen gas for 8 hr. After removal of the catalyst by filtration the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give 4.7 g (86% yield) of 2-iso-butyl-3- (methoxycarbonyl)-propionic acid (3) as a colorless oil. To a mixture of 0.85 g (4.5 mmol) of (3) and 0.57 g (4.5 mmol) of oxalyl chloride in 10 mL of dry methylene chloride 0.1 mL of anhydrous dimethylformamide was added. After stirring for 1 hr at room temperature the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted to 5 mL with anhydrous dimethylformamide and 1.06 g (4.1 mmol) of the hydrochloride salt of L-tryptophan methylamide (Kortylewicz and Galardy, J Med Chem (1990) 33:263-273) was added followed by addition of 1.3 mL (9.3 mmol) of triethylamine at -10°C. This was stirred for 7 hr at room temperature and evaporated to dryness at room temperature under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted to 150 mL with ethyl acetate and washed with water (2 x 15 mL), 10% potassium bisulfate (5 x 20 mL), 10% sodium bicarbonate (2 x 20 mL), saturated sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then evaporated to give 1.6 g (83% yield) of N-[D,L-2-isobutyl-3- (methoxycarbonyl)-propanoyl] -L-tryptophan methylamide 4 as a mixture of diastereomers, 4A and 4B. Isomers 4A and 4B were separated by flash chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate). Isomer 4A: mp=134-137°C. R/C)=0.37. Isomer 4B: mp=156-158°C. RχC)=0.2. Alternatively, the mixture of 4A and 4B was converted directly to its hydroxamate as described below. In this case, 5A was crystallized from the mixture of 5A and 5B. A warm mixture of 0.22 g (3.96 mmol) of potassium hydroxide in 1 mL of methanol was added to a warm mixture of 0.184 g (2.65 mmol) of the hydrochloride salt of hydroxylamine. After cooling in ice under an argon atmosphere the potassium chloride was filtered off and 0.5 g (1.32 mmol) of (4A) was added to the filtrate. The resulting mixture was stirred for 7 hr at room temperature and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in 100 mL of ethyl acetate and washed with 10 mL of 10% potassium bisulfate, saturated sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized from ethyl acetate to give 0.28 g (56% yield) of pure 5A. Isomer 4B was converted to its corresponding hydroxamic acid 5B. (72% yield) as described for 4A. Isomer 5A: mp=176-182°C. R f (D)=0.45. Isomer 5B: mp=157-162°C. R f (D)=0.39. For the case wherein the 4A/4B mixture is used, the 5A can be crystallized directly from the residue as described above. In a similar manner to that set forth above, but substituting for 4-methyl-2- oxopentanoic acid, 2-oxopentanoic acid, 3-methyl-2-oxobutyric acid, 2-oxohexanoic acid, 5-methyl-2-oxohexanoic acid, or 2-decanoic acid, the corresponding compounds of formula 1 are prepared wherein R 1 is H and R 2 is an n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, 2- methylbutyl, and n-octyl, respectively. In addition, following the procedures set forth hereinabove in Example 1, but omitting the step of hydrogenating the intermediate obtained by the Wittig reaction, the corresponding compounds of formula 2 wherein R 1 is H and R 2 is as set forth above are obtained. To synthesize the compounds containing acylated forms of the indolyl residue, the intermediate ester of formula 3 or 4 is deesterified and acylated prior to conversion to the hydroxamate. For illustration, 4A is deesterified with sodium hydroxide in ethanol and then acidified to give N-(L-2-isobutyl-3-carboxypropanoyl)-L-tryptophan methylamide, which is treated with the anhydride of an alkyl (1-4C) carboxylic acid to obtain N-(L-2-isobutyl-3-carboxypropanoyl)-L-((N-acyl)indolyl)-tryptophan methylamide. This intermediate is then treated with oxalyl chloride followed by hydroxylamine at low temperature to give the corresponding hydroxamate. Example 2 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxy- carbonylamido)-propanoyll-D-tryptophan methylamide (7B) The mixture of the two diastereoisomers of N-[2-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)- propanoyl]-D-tryptophan methyl amide 6A,B was prepared as described for 4A.B in Example 1. The mixture was crystallized from ethyl acetate to give, after two recrystallizations, 0.26 g (49%) of the pure diastereomer 6B: mp 155-157°C, R f (C)=0.32. 6B was converted into its hydroxamic acid 7B_ by the method described in Example 1 in 50% yield (119 mg): mp 157-159°C, R/D)=0.39. Example 3 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'- hvdroxycarbonyl-amido)-propanoyll- N-methyl-L-tryptophan methylamide (9 A) The reaction of N-methyl-L-tryptophanmethylamide, prepared as described in Example 1 for L-tryptophan methylamide, with 3, performed as described for 4 gave crude N- [D,L-2-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-propanoyl] -N-methyl-L- tryptophan methylamide 8A,B which was crystallized from ethyl acetate to give 76 mg (19% yield) of 8A: mp 171-174°C, R f (C)=0.40. 8A was converted into 9A by the method described in Example 1 in 45% yield (34 mg): mp 180-183°C, R<(D)=0.54. Example 4 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N-hvdroxycarbonyl amido)- propanovn-L-3-(2-naphthyl)-alanine methylamide (11 A) N-[D,L-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-propanoyl]-L-3-(2-naphthyl)-alanine l0A was prepared as described in Example 1 from L-3-(2-naphthyl)-alanine methylamide and 3_. The crude product was chromatographed on 60 g of silica gel in ethyl acetate:hexane 1:1 to yield 12 mg (5% yield) of K)A: mp 151-158°C, R f (C)=0.69. 10A was converted into the hydroxamate 11A as in Example 1 in 30% yield (3 mg): mp 179-181°C, R f (D)=0.17. MS-FAB (m/z) 400 (M + +H). Example 5 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxycarbonyl amido)-propanoyll-L- tryptophan 2-hvdroxyethylamide (13 A) The hydrochloride salt of L-tryptophan 2-hydroxyethylamide was prepared and coupled with 3. as described for the hydrochloride salt of L-tryptophan methylamide in Example 1 except that ,3 was activated with 1,1 '-carbonyldiimidazole for 20 minutes in methylene chloride at room temperature. The crude product was a mixture of 0.7 g (67% yield) of the diastereoisomers 12A.B: R f (C) 12A 0.38, R C) 12B 0.19. 12A crystallized from ethyl acetate in 35% yield (0.18 g): mp 161-163°C, R((C)=0.38. 12 A was converted into N-[2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hydroxycarbonylamido)-propanoyl]- L-tryptophan 2-hydroxyethylamide 13A as in Example 1 in 35% yield (62 mg): R f (D)=0.17, mp 162-163°C. MS-FAB (m/z) 419 (M + +H). Example 6 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxycarbonyl amido)-propanoyll -L-tryptophan amylamide (15 A) The hydrochloride salt of L-tryptophan amylamide was prepared as described in Example 1 for L-tryptophan methylamide and was reacted with 3_ that had been activated with 1,1 '-carbonyldiimidazole for 20 minutes in dichloromethane at room temperature. The mixture of the two diastereomers of N-[D,L-2-isobutyl-3- (methoxycarbonyl)-propanoyl] -L-tryptophan amylamide 14A,B (90% yield) was converted to its corresponding hydroxamic acids as described for 4A. Slow evaporation of the ethylacetate solution gave 0.343 g (71%) of 15A.B: mp 160-163°C. MS-FAB (m/z) 445 (M + + H). Example 7 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxycarbonylamido)- propanoyll-L-tryptophan piperidinamide (17A.B) L-tryptophan piperidinamide was reacted with 3. as performed in Example 1 for L-tryptophan methylamide to give 1.14 g (89% yield) of N-[D,L-2-isobutyl-3- (methoxycarbonyl)-propanoyl]-L-tryptophan piperidinamide 16A,B as a foam; R f (C) (16A) 0.74, (16B) 0.67. 16A,B was converted into crude 17A.B identically to 4A in Example 1 in 88% yield (570 mg): RJO) (17 A) 0.41, (17B) 0.30. Crude 17A,B was chromatographed on 180 g of silica gel in 12% isopropanol in ethyl acetate to give 140 mg (25% yield) of 17A.B after crystallization from ethyl acetate: mp 169-170°C. MS-FAB (m z) 443 (M + + H). Example 8 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxycarbonyl amido)-propanovι ~ l-L-trvptophan dodecylamide (19A) The reaction of L-tryptophan dodecylamide was prepared in a manner analogous to that described for L-tryptophan methylamide in Example 1. This ester was reacted with 3 , as described in Example 1 to give crude N-[D,L-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)- propanol] -L-tryptophan dodecylamide 18A B in 93% yield as a mixture of isomers 19 A and 19B. This mixture was chromatographed on 150 g of silica gel in ethyl acetate:hexane, 1:2, to yield 0.62 g of the mixture of the two isomers: R/E) 19 A 0.37, R/E) J9B 0.29. Crystallization by slow evaporation from ethyl acetate gave 0.38 g of 18A contaminated by approximately 10% of 18B by TLC and NMR analysis: mp 133- 135°C. 18A was converted to its corresponding hydroxamic acid as described in Example 1, except that the potassium salt of 19 A crystallized from the alkaline reaction mixture in 81% yield (222 mg). The potassium salt of 19 A (54 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL of boiling methanol, a few drops of water were added, and the solution was acidified to pH 6 with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and diluted with water to give 50 mg (100% yield) of !9A. mp 155-159°C, R/D)=0.49. MS-FAB (m/z) 543 (M + + H). Example 9 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxycarbonylamido) propanovn-L-tryptophan (S)-methylbenzylamide (21A) The reaction of L-tryptophan (S)-methylbenzylamide with 3. was performed as described in Example 1 to give, after crystallization from ethyl acetate, 330 mg (51% yield) of N-[2-isobutyl-3-(methoxycarbonyl)-propanoyl]-L-tryptophan (S)- methylbenzylamide 20A: mp 160-162°C, R f (C)=0.77. 20A was converted into hydroxamate 21A by the identical method used in Example 1 in 38% yield (76 mg): mp 165-166°C, R f (D)=0.73. MS-FAB (m/z) 479 (M + + H). Example 10 Preparation of N-[L-2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxy- carbonylamido)-propanoyll-L-tryptophan (6-phenyl- methoxycarbonylamino-hexyl- Damide (27 A) To prepare l-amino-6-phenylmethoxycarbonylamino-hexane (23), an equimolar mixture (0.01 mol) of 1,6-diaminohexane and benzaldehyde in 25 mL of methylene chloride was stirred for 5 hr in the presence of 1.5 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate at room temperature. After removing the drying agent by filtration the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give 2 g (100% yield) of crude 1- amino-6-phenylamino-hexane 22 as a colorless oil; NMR(CDC1 3 ) 1.1 - 1.9(m, 10H, hexane CH 2 -2,-3,-4,-5, NH 2 ); 2.6(m, 2H, CH 2 -1); 3.51(m, 2H, hexane CH 2 -6); 7.1-7.8 (m, 5H, aromatic); 8.16(s, IH, imine CH). To a mixture of 2 g (0.01 mol) of 22 and 1.4 mL (0.01 mol) of triethylamine in 20 mL of methylene chloride. Then 1.78 g (0.01 mol) of benzylchloroformate was added dropwise at -5°C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 0.5 hr at 0°C and for 2 hr at room temperature then diluted to 50 mL with methylene chloride and washed with water (20 ml), 2% sodium bicarbonate (20 ml), water and saturated sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After evaporation of solvent under reduced pressure the residue was dissolved in 5 mL of ethanol and 10 mL of 2N hydrochloric acid was added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 6 hr at room temperature then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted to 50 mL with water and washed with ethyl ether (2 x 15 ml). The water phase was evaporated under reduced pressure and the product 23. was purified by crystallization from a small portion of water with a yield of 42%; mp 175-178°C. To prepare the dipeptide analog (N-(L-2-isobutyl-3-methoxycarbonyl)-propanoyl- L-tryptophan (25 A)), for derivatization to 23: To a mixture of 1.754 g (9.32 mmol) of 2-isobutyl-3-methoxycarbonylpropionic acid 3. in 4 mL of 50% anhydrous DMF in methylene chloride 1.66 g (10.2 mmol) of N,N' -carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) was added at room temperature. After 15 minutes of stirring at room temperature, 3.08 g (9.31 mmol) of the hydrochloride salt of L-tryptophan benzyl ester was added. The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, then diluted to 60 mL with ethyl acetate and washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate (2 x 15 ml), water (2 x 15 ml), saturated sodium chloride solution and dried over magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure gave 4.32 g (100% yield) of 24, the benzyl ester of 25 as a colorless foam, which was used in the next step without further purification. Hydrogen gas was bubbled through a mixture of 4.32 g (9.31 mmol) of 24 and 0.5 g of 10% palladium on carbon in 15 mL of methanol for 2 hr while methanol was added to keep the volume of the reaction mixture constant. The catalyst was filtered off and washed with a fresh portion of methanol (15 ml) and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. Evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure and drying of the residue in vacuo gave 3.08 g (88% yield) of acid 25A.B as a mixture of two diastereoisomers, in the form of a colorless glassy solid. This was separated to give isomers 25A and 25B by flash chromatography (silica gel; ethyl acetate; R f (25A)=0.24, R 25B)=0.1). The compound 25A was converted to N-[L-2-isobutyl-3- methoxycarbonylpropanoyl]-L-tryptophan (6-phenylmethoxycarbonylamino-hexyl- l)amide (26A) as follows. A mixture of 0.55 g (1.47 mmol) of 25A and 0.24 g (1.48 mmol) of CDI in 1 mL of 2% dimethylformamide in methylene chloride was stirred for 0.5 hr at room temperature and 0.42 g (1.47 mmol) of 23 was added. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the mixture was diluted to 50 mL with chloroform and washed with 2% potassium bisulfate (2 x 10 ml), water (10 ml), 5% sodium bicarbonate (2 x 10 ml), water (2 x 10 ml) and saturated sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure gave 0.8 g of the crude 26A which was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel; ethyl acetate/hexane 25:5): Yield 56%; R_(E)=0.51. When the product 26A is substituted for 4A in Example 1, the identical process afforded the title compound 27 A, melting at 102-108°C, in 46% yield; R,<D)=0.63. Example 11 Preparation of N-rL-2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxycarbonyl- amido)-propanoyll-L-trvptophan cvclohexylamide (28A) When cyclohexylamine is substituted for 23. in Example 10, the identical process afforded the title compound 28A melting at 199-203°C, in 49% yield; R f (D)=0.51. Example 12 Preparation of N-rcis-2-(N'-hvdroxycarbonyl- amido)-cvclohexylcarbonyll-L-tryptophan methylamide (29A,B) A mixture of 2 g (0.013 mol) of cis-l,2-cyclohexane-dicarboxylic anhydride in 15 mL of methanol was refluxed for 5 hr, then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give 2.41 g (100% yield) of cis-2-methoxycarbonyl-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. When this was substituted for 3 in Example 1, the identical process afforded the title compound, melting at 140-144°C, in 36% yield; R/D)=0.53, 0.47. Example 13 Preparation of N-rtrans-2-(N'-hydroxycarbonyl- amido)-cvclohexylcarbonyl " l-L-tryptophan methylamide (30A,B) When (+)trans-l,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride was substituted for cis- 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride in Example 12, the identical process afforded the title compound 30A.B. melting at 167-174°C, in 37% yield; R f (D)=0.57. Example 14 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'-hvdroxycarbonyl- amido)-propanoyll -L- tryptophan (31 A) 31A was prepared from 25A in Example 10 in a similar manner to the preparation of 5A in Example 1 in 75% yield (128 mg) and isolated as a foam from ethyl acetate: MS-FAB (m/z) (M + + H). A small sample of 31 A recrystallized from ethyl acetate had a melting point of 116-120°C. Example 15 Preparation of N-(DX-2-isobutyl-3-carboxypropanoyl)-L- tryptophan (6-aminohexyl-l)amide (32 A) A mixture of 0.5 g (8.24 mmol) of 26A in 0.4 mL of 2N potassium hydroxide in methanol was stirred overnight at room temperature, then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted to 15 mL with water and acidified to pH = 2 with IN hydrochloric acid. The crude free acid of 26A was taken up with ethyl acetate (3 x 15 ml) and the organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated to dryness to give 0.45 g (92% yield) of 26A as a colorless foam. Hydrogen gas was bubbled through a mixture of 0.395 g (6.6 mmol) of the free acid of 26A in 15 mL of methanol for 2 hr, in the presence of 0.12 g of 10% palladium on carbon at room temperature. The catalyst was filtered off, washed with ethanol (2 x 20 ml) and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to give 0.3 g (92% yield) of the title compound 32A as a colorless foam; R f (G) = 0.08. Example 16 Preparation of N-rN-(2-isobutyl-3-carboxypropanoyl)- L-tryptophanyll glvcine 34A.B The reaction of L-tryptophanyl-glycine methyl ester with acid 3_, performed as described for 25A gave crude N-[N-(D,L-2-isobutyl-3-methoxycarbonylpropanoyl)-L- tryptophanylj-glycine methyl ester 33 in 87% yield as a mixture of diastereomers 33A and 33B. Isomers 33A and 33B were separated by flash chromatography (silica gel; ethyl acetate). Isomer 33A mp = 154-155°C; R/C) = 0.46. Esters 33A,B were transformed to free acids 34A,B by saponification with two equivalent of methanolic potassium hydroxide, as described for 25 A. Isomer 34A yield 92%; mp = 96-102°C; R G) = 0.31. Isomer 34B yield 93%; mp = 99-105°C; R^G) = 0.25. Example 17 Preparation of N-(cis-2-carboxy-cvclohexylcarbonyl)- L-tryptophan methylamide 35 To a mixture of 0.281 g (1.82 mmol) of cis-l,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride and 0.47 g of the hydrochloride salt of L-Tφ-NHMe in 0.5 mL of dimethylformamide 0.51 mL of triethylamine was added at room temperature. After 2 hr of stirring the resulting mixture was diluted to 10 mL with water and 25 mL of ethyl acetate was added. The resulting mixture was acidified to pH = 2 with 10% potassium bisulfate and the organic phase was washed with water (2 x 15 ml), saturated sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated to dryness. The title compound .35 was purified by crystallization from an ethyl acetate-hexane mixture. Yield 48%; mp = 105-112°C; R/G) = 0.65, 0.61. Example 18 Preparation of N-(trans-2-carboxy-cvclohexylcarbonyl)- L-tryptophan methylamide 36 When (+) trans- 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride is substituted for cis-1,2- cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride in Example 17, the identical process afforded the title compound 36 in 56% yield: mp = 167-174°C; Rf(G) = 0.67, 0.61. Example 19 Preparation of N-r2-isobutyl-3-(N'-acetoxycarbonylamido)- propanoyll-L-tryptophan methylamide (37 A) To 97.5 mg (0.25 mmol) of 5A (Example 1) in 0.5 ml of dimethylformamide was added 25.5 mg (0.25 mmol) of acetic anhydride and 37 mg (0.25 mmol) of 1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) at room temperature. After standing overnight, the DMF was evaporated under high vacuum and the residue taken up in a mixture of equal volumes of ethyl acetate and 2% potassium bisulfate. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with 2% potassium bisulfate, water, and brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, and evaporated to give a solid. The solid was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of hot ethyl acetate:hexane, which upon standing at room temperature gave 71 mg (66% yield) of solid product 37 A: mp=184-186°C; Rf(G)=0.68. Example 20 Preparation of N-risobutyl-3-(N'-benzoxycarbonylamido)- propanoyll-L-tryptophan methylamide (38 A) To 30.5 mg (0.25 mmol) of benzoic acid in 1 ml of tetrahydrofuran was added 40.5 mg (0.25 mmol) of carbonyldiimidazole. After 10 minutes, 97 mg (0.25 mmol) of compound 5A from Example 1 was added in 1 ml of dimethylformamide. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness under high vacuum, and dissolved in a mixture of equal volumes of ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl acetate layer was washed with 5% sodium bicarbonate, water, 2% sodium bisulfate, water, and brine, and dried over magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of the ethyl acetate layer to a small volume gave 50 mg (41%) of the title compound, 38A: mp=187-187.5°C; Fr(G)=0.54. Example 21 Applying the methods set forth above, the following invention compounds are synthesized: HONHCOCH 2 CH(n-hexyl)-CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(n-pentyl)-CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(i-pentyl)-CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(ethyl)-CO-L-Tφ-NHMe; HONHCOCH 2 CH(ethyl)-CO-L-Tφ-NHCH 2 CH 3 ; HONHCOCH 2 CH(ethyl)-CO-L-Tφ-NHCH 2 CH 2 OH; HONHCOCH 2 CH(ethyl)-CO-L-Tφ-NHcyclohexyl; MeONHCOCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; EtONMeCOCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; MeONHCOCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; EtONMeCOCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; EtONHCONMe-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; EtCONOH-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; n-PrCONOEt-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; EtNHCONOMe-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; MeNHCONOH-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Tφ-NHEt; EtONHCONMe-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; EtCONOH-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; n-PrCONOEt-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; EtNHCONOMe-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; MeNHCONOH-CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)-NHEt; HONHCONHCH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-TφNHMe; HONHCONHCH 2 CH 2 CH(iBu)-CO-L-TφNHMe; HONHCONHCH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; H 2 NCON(OH)CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; N(OH)CH 2 CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; H 2 NCON(OH)CH 2 CH 2 CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; CH 3 CON(OH)CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; CH 3 CON(OH)CH 2 CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe; and CH 3 CON(OH)CH 2 CH 2 CH(iBu)CO-L-TφNHMe. Determination of the inhibitory activity of certain of the compounds prepared is conducted as described above, and provides the results shown in Table 1. Table 1 Compound K_(nM) NHOHC CH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe 10 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe 150 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-D-Tφ-NHMe 70,000 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-N-MeTφ-NHMe 500 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Ala(2-naphthyl)NHMe 15 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NH(CH 2 ) 2 θH 20 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NH(CH 2 ) 4 CH 3 30 NHOHCOCHjCH -BuJCO-L-Trp-piperidine 200 NHOHCOCH^H -BuJCO-L-Tφ-NH^H^πCH, 300 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Trp-NH(S)CHMePh 3 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NH(CH j ) 6 NH-CBZ 13 NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHcyclohexyl 50 12 29A.B cis-NHOHCO >10,000 13 30A,B trans-NHOHCO >10,000 14 31A NHOHCO-CH 2 CH(i-Bu)-L-Tφ-OH 200 15 32A HOOC-CH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NH(CH 2 )NH 2 >10,000 16 34A HOCO-CH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-Gly-OH >10,000 34B HOCO-CH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-Gly-OH >10,000 Example 22 Inhibition of Angiogenesis A crude extract (30 mg/mL protein) of Walker 256 carcinoma, a rat malignant tumor, was incoφorated into Hydron, a slow release polymer, in 1.5 mm diameter pellets. Pellets were implanted in the stroma of the corneas of anesthetized albino rats. A cannula was chronically implanted in the inferior vena cava, through which 10 mg/mL of compound 5A in 55% DMSO in water was infused continuously for six days at the rate of 0.8 mIJ24 hr. Controls received only the DMSO solution. After six days, the animals were re-anesthetized and perfused intra-arterially with India ink in order to visualize the corneal vessels. The eyes were then enucleated and fixed in 5% formalin. Control eyes which received only the DMSO solution show massive vessel growth toward the pellet from the limbus. The animals receiving compound 5A show vessels much shorter and/or much finer than in the controls, barely filling with ink. Example 23 Treatment of Psoriasis The effect of the compound 5A on psoriasis was studied using a phorbol ester induced epidermal hypeφlasia mouse model. The 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) hypeφlasia model was chosen as it is a widely accepted model for screening antiproliferative agents. A single, topical application of TPA produces a pronounced epidermal hypeφlasia and a strong inflammatory response in mice as is observed in psoriasis. Argyris, T.S. (1980) Am. J. Pathol. 98: pages 639-648. In this model system, epidermal hypeφlasia is clearly evident histologically at 3 to 5 days following TPA treatment. In addition to TPA other, more stable, phorbol esters produce the same effect including phorbol-12,13 dibutyroyl (PdiBu). The following procedures was carried out to test the effects of the invention compounds in the above described epidermal hypeφlasia animal model. The phorbol ester, PdiBu (20 nmol in 20 μl if acetone) was applied to both ears of hairless mice (Hr/Hr) (approximately 1 cm 2 each). The test compounds (in total volume of 20 μl) were then applied to the right ear immediately (15 to 30 min) following PdiBu. The left ear of each animal received an equivalent amount (20 μl) of vehicle. Test compounds (and vehicle) were reapplied at 6 and 18 hours following PdiBu. Treatment times were staggered to allow exact time intervals to be obtained. At 30 hours after PdiBu, animals were anesthetized, and ear thickness values were obtained using a microcaliper. The weights of punch biopsies (6mm) were then obtained. Histology was performed on selected samples taken at 30 hours. Test compounds included GM6001 (lOmg/ml in ETOH), a negative control, acetohydroxamic acid (AHA; 2mg/ml in ETOH), and fluocinonide (Lidex R ) as a positive control (0.05% in vehicle of alcohol [35%], diisopropyl adipate, citric acid and propylene glycol). Left ear in each animal served as vehicle-treated controls (PdiBu + ETOH). Thus, the controls for this series include: 1) Untreated controls; 2) PdiBu plus vehicle alone (included for each mouse tested); 3) PdiBu plus AHA; 4) PdiBu plus Lidex R as a positive control. Table 2 shows the results. Table 2 Effects of Compound 5A on PdiBu-Induced Epidermal Hyperplasia Ear Thickness: Topical GM6001 (0.51 μmol/ear; 20 μl of lOmg/ml = 200 μg/cm 2 ) applied at each of three timepoints (0.25, 6.0, and 24 hours) significantly inhibited PdiBu-induced ear thickness: Thickness (inch x 10 3 ) % of Control ii Control (untreated) 8 13.3 ± 0.1 (100%) 12 PdiBu + Vehicle 30.4 ± 2.1 229% 8 b PdiBu + GM6001 18.6 ± 1.6 140% 8 b Skin Biopsy Weieht: Topical GM6001 (0.51 μmol/ear applied at each of two timepoints: 0.25, and 24 hours) significantly inhibited PdiBu-induced increase in punch biopsy weight (6mm): Weight (mg) % of Control n Control (untreated) 8 9.2 ± 0.2 (100%) 12 PdiBu + Vehicle 22.9 ± 1.8 249% T PdiBu + GM6001 13.4 ± 1.5 146% T - Untreated control values were pooled from three experiments Results represent mean±S.E. for three experiments (6 hr dosage was omitted). c Results represent mean±S.E. for three experiments (6 hr dosage was omitted). Histology: Analysis of stained skin samples revealed that topical GM6001 inhibited the PdiBu-induced: 1) migration of inflammatory cells both into dermis and epidermis; 2) extravasation of RBC's; 3) epidermal hypeφlasia; and 4) resulted in more normal appearing epidermal moφhology (i.e. reduction of PdiBu-induced parakeratosis, and reduction of irregular basaloid, spinous and granular cell shape and distribution). Note: Histologic analysis were performed both on ear and flank samples with similar results; both sites received 20 nmol PdiBu; however, ear received 20 μl 6001 (200 μg) over an area of approximately 1 cm 2 , while flank received 50 μl (500 μg) over an area of approximately 4 cm 2 . Skin samples were prepared using standard histologic methods and stained with hematoxylin/eosin. Figure 1 shows typical sections of mouse skin exposed to PdiBu (Panel A) or PdiBu and GM6001 (Panel B). It is clear that GM6001 completely prevents PdiBu-induced epidermal hypeφlasia. AHA Control: Topical AHA (0.53 μmol/ear applied at each of three timepoints: 0.25, 6.0, and 24 hours) did not alter the PdiBu-induced increase in ear thickness and biopsy weight: Thickness (inch x 10 "3 ) Control (untreated) d 13.3 ± 0.1 PdiBu + Vehicle 35.5 ± 1.3 PdiBu + AHA 36.8 ± 1.3 d Untreated control values were pooled from three experiments. e Results represent mean±S.E. for two experiments. Positive Control: Lidex R (fluocinonide) significantly inhibited the PdiBu- induced increase in ear thickness and biopsy weight: Thickness Weight n Control (untreated 13.3 ± 0.1 9.2 ± 0.2 12 PdiBu + Vehicle 33.6 ± 1.2 24.4 ± 1.1 6 g PdiBu + AHA 15.8 ± 0.4 9.7 ± 0.3 6 g Untreated control values were pooled from three experiments. Results represent mean±S.E. for single experiment. To summarize, GM6001 demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity in this standard in vivo model for psoriasis. The extent of anti-inflammatory activity was nearly comparable to that observed with Lidex R , the positive control. The reduction of PdiBu-induced ear weight was accompanied by similar inhibition of ear thickening. Moreover, decreased inflammation and epidermal hypeφlasia were evident by histologic analysis. Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) was used as a negative control since it is devoid of inhibitory effects on MMPs. It did not alter PdiBu-induced effects on ear thickness or weight. Example 24 Treatment of Chronic Dermal Wounds Experiments were done to show the presence of matrix metalloproteinase activity in certain types of wounds, and the inhibition of such protease activity with the appropriate invention inhibitor. Fluids were collected from 3 types of human wounds termed closed spontaneously healing wounds, open slowly healing wounds, and open chronic wounds. In the first category were fluids collected from the chest wall of women following mastectomy surgery. Fluids from non-infected wounds that were left open for valid surgical reasons were considered open slowly healing wounds. An occlusive dressing was placed over the wound bed, and fluids were collected after 2-6 hours of occlusion. Finally, fluids were also collected from chronic open wounds by covering the wounds with occlusive dressings. Wounds were considered to be chronic if they were not clinically infected and had been open and not healing for more than 4 weeks. The various wound fluids were assayed for matrix metalloproteinase activity using the Azocoll assay essentially as described by Chavira, et al., Analytic Biochemistry (1984), 136:446. The fluids were centrifuged, and the supernatants filtered using a 0.45 u sterile Gelman filter. The filtrates were stored frozen at -80°C until tested for protease activity. The effects of four inhibitors on the protease activity present in wound fluids were determined. The inhibitors were: compound 5 A, also termed GM 6001 [NHOHCOCH2CH(i-Bu)CO-tryptophan-NHME], GM1339 [NHOHCOCH2CH(i-Bu)CO- tryptophan-NHCHMePh], GM1489 [HOOCCH2CH(i-Bu)CO-tryptophan-NHCHMePh], and S1209 [NHOHCOCH2CH(i-Bu)CO-tyrosine-OMeNHMe]. These inhibitors were compared to certain other inhibitors and these were ULOOl [HSCH2CH(CH2CH(CH3)2)CO-Phe-Ala-NH2] obtained from Peptides International and MP506, obtained from Elastin Products. EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) were also studied. Stock solutions of the four inhibitors were all prepared at a concentration of 800 μg/ml. Due to different solubility properties of the inhibitors, different techniques were utilized. GM6001 was dissolved in an amount of warmed propylene glycol to give a final concentration of 2.4%, then dissolved in lOmM citrate, pH 5.5, containing 0.05% methyl cellulose. S1209 was dissolved in 1% DMSO then dissolved in lOmM citrate, pH 5.5, containing 0.05% methyl cellulose. GM1489 was dissolved in propylene glycol (to give a final concentration of 2.4%) then dissolved in 1 mM CaCl 2 , 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.8. GM1339 was dissolved in propylene glycol (2.4%) methyl cellulose (0.05%) and 10 mM citrate, pH 8. The protease substrate, Azocoll, was obtained from Sigma Chemical Coφoration and it is a substrate for collagenase/gelatinase-like metalloproteinase enzymes and general proteases. Clostridium histolyticum collagenase (the crude form of the enzyme) was from Worthington Biochemicals. General chemicals including TRIS buffer, DMSO, and CaCl 2 were from Sigma Chemical Coφoration. Briefly, 900 μl of the Azocoll substrate suspension in buffer (5 μg/ml in 50 mM TRIS, pH 7.8, ImM CaCl 2 ) was added to 1.5ml microcentrifuge tubes then 50 μl of inhibitor (or buffer) and 50 μl of chronic wound fluid (or collagenase standard) were added to the reaction tube. The reaction tubes were placed at 37°C in a shaker that inverted the tubes 30 times per minute. After 24 hours of incubation, the reaction tubes were centrifuges at 10,000 X g and the absorbance of the supernatant solution was measured at 520 nm with a Milton-Roy spectrophotometer. Proteolysis of Azocoll substrate generates soluble colored fragments from the insoluble Azocoll substrate. Wound fluid samples were incubated alone or with die inhibitors. Controls included incubation of the Azocoll substrate with the assay buffer to measure spontaneous degradation of the substrate. A standard curve for digestion of the Azocoll substrate was generated by incubation of the Azocoll with crude bacterial collagenase. Protease levels were expressed as net μg of collagenase equivalent per ml of chronic wound fluid. In the figures, certain of the wound fluids are referred to by an individual name. Figure 2 shows the results. Mastectomy fluid samples collected on days 1 to 7 after surgery contained low levels of protease activity with an average of 0.75 ± 0.06 μg equivalents of collagenase/ml of wound fluid. In contrast, figure 3 shows that wound fluids collected from open wounds contained an average protease level of 199 ± 59 μg/ml of wound fluid, and fluids collected from chronic wounds contained an average protease level of 125 ± 95 μg/ml. Only one of the thirteen samples of fluids, L. Smith, from chronic or open wounds did not contain measurable levels of Azocoll hydrolysis activity. The protease levels of the remaining twelve samples of open and chronic wounds were all higher than the levels measured in mastectomy fluids and ranged from 2 to 585 μg/ml wound fluid. Thus it is clear that fluids collected from chronic and open wounds contain very high levels of Azocoll-degrading protease activity compared to fluid collected from mastectomy drains. This suggests that the in vivo environment of open or chronic wounds contains proteases that have the ability to degrade extracellular matrix proteins of wounds. Having established d e levels of protease activity in various wound fluids, d e effect of three protease inhibitors were measured. As shown in Figure 4, GM6001 very effectively inhibited proteolytic degradation of Azocoll (approximately 96% of initial proteolytic activity) by a chronic wound fluid when added at final concentrations of 40 μg/ml (100 μM) or 4 μg/ml (10 μM). Lower concentrations of GM6001 [4 μg/ml (1 μM) and 0.4 μg/ml (0.1 μM)] inhibited approximately 92% of nontreated protease levels. Addition of EDTA, which is a nonspecific inhibitor of metalloproteinases, also effectively reduced protease activity (inhibited approximately 96%). However, the effective concentrations of GM6001 were μM while the concentrations of EDTA were mM. Addition of PMSF, a nonspecific inhibitor of serine proteases, reduced proteolytic activity approximately 65% when added to a concentration of 500 μM. Lower concentrations of PMSF (500 μM and 50 μM) actually slightly increase the levels of protease activity. CW in the figure refers to wound fluid not treated with protease inhibitor. To conclude, both GM6001 and EDTA effectively inhibited me protease activity of a chronic wound fluid, but GM6001 was much more potent that EDTA. PMSF was not an effective inhibitor except at the highest concentration. This indicates that much of the proteolytic activity present in the chronic wound fluid was due to metalloproteinases. The inhibition observed with high concentration of PMSF was most likely due to nonspecific inhibition of non-serine proteases which has been reported at high concentrations of PMSF (see, for example, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124:70). Additional experiments were conducted to ascertain the effects of certain inhibitors on open and chronic wounds, and die results are shown in Figure 5. GM6001 and EDTA were very effective inhibitors while PMSF did not significantly reduce proteolytic activity of the wound fluids. To summarize, GM6001 and EDTA consistently reduced proteolytic activity by 95% in open or chronic wound fluids with high levels of Azocoll-degrading protease activity. PMSF did not reduce the levels of proteolytic activity. This supports the general concept that open and chronic wounds consistently have elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases which can effectively be inhibited by GM6001. A further expeπment was performed to determine the effects of a series of matrix metalloprotease inhibitors on the proteolytic degradation of Azocoll by wound fluids. In this experiment, GM6001, SI 209, UL001, and EDTA inhibited proteolytic activity of wound fluids very effectively. For example, these inhibitors reduced proteolytic activity of Christi wound fluid by 97% to 94% (from 404 μg collagenase/ml to 9 to 18 μg collagenase/ml wound fluid). However, MP506 was substantially less effective than the other inhibitors. In 3 of the 4 open and chronic wounds, MP506 did not reduce die levels of protease activity. Figure 6 summarizes d e results. Based on die above results, GM6001 and SI 209 are very effective inhibitors of Azocoll-degrading proteases in a larger series of wound fluids. MP506 was a somewhat less effective inhibitor than GM6001 or S1209. Finally, experiments were conducted to ascertain the effects of GM6001, GM1339, GM1489, and S1209 on the protease activity present in chronic wound fluid. For tiiese experiments, due to die different solubility properties of die inhibitors, different techniques were utilized. GM6001 was dissolved in an amount of warmed propylene glycol to give a final concentration of 2.4%, then dissolved in 10 mM citrate, pH 5.5, containing 0.05% metiiyl cellulose. S1209 was dissolved in 1% DMSO then dissolved in lOmM citrate, pH 5.5, containing 0.05% methyl cellulose. GM1489 was dissolved in propylene glycol (to give a final concentration of 2.4%) then dissolved in 1 mM CaCl 2 , 50 m Tris-Cl, pH 7.8. GM1339 was dissolved in propylene glycol (2.4%) metiiyl cellulose (0.05%) and 10 mM citrate, pH 8. As shown in Figure 7, Example 23, the chronic wound fluid contained a high level of protease activity with an average of 284 ± 52 μg collagenase equivalents/ml of wound fluid. Addition of GM6001 at 800 μg/ml reduced the level of protease activity by 84% to 45 ± 1 μg collagenase equivalents/ml of wound fluid. Lower concentrations of GM6001 resulted in slighdy higher levels of protease activity up to 90 ± 6 μg collagenase equivalents ml of wound fluid. GM1339 and SI 209 also effectively inhibited the protease activity of the chronic wound fluid, with the highest concentration (800 μg/ml) inhibiting 94% and 70%, respectively (see Table 1). In contrast, even the highest level of GM1489 only inhibited 23% of the protease activity, and 13% and 30% increases were measured at the 8 μg/ml and 0.8 μg/ml concentrations. To summarize, all three inhibitors at the highest concentration reduced the proteolytic degradation of Azacoll. However, GM1489 was significantly less potent that GM6001, GM1339, or S1209. and lower concentrations of GM1489 actually increased the level of proteolytic activity of the chronic wound fluid.

Claims: Claims What is claimed is: 1. A metiiod to prevent or treat disease in an animal, said disease selected from the group consisting of skin disorders, keratoconus, restenosis, and wounds, which method comprises administering to a patient suffering from said disease an effective amount, and for an effective time a synthetic mammalian matrix metalloprotease inhibitor. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said disease is a skin disorder. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said disease is keratoconus. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said disease is restenosis. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said wound is a chronic dermal wound. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said inhibitor is of the formula: or wherein each R 1 is independently H or alkyl (1-8C) and R 2 is alkyl (1-8C) or wherein the proximal R 1 and R 2 taken together are -(CH 2 ) p - wherein p = 3-5; R 3 is H or alkyl (1-4C); R 4 is fused or conjugated unsubstituted or substituted bicycloaryl methylene; n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; and X is OR 5 or NHR 5 , wherein R 5 is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-12C), aryl (6-12C), aryl alkyl (6-16C); or X is an amino acid residue or amide thereof; or X is the residue of a cyclic amine or heterocyclic amine; and R 6 is H or lower alkyl (1-4C) and R 7 is H, lower alkyl (1-4C) or an acyl group, and wherein the -CONR 3 - amide bond shown is optionally replaced by a modified isosteric bond selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 NR 3 -, -CH 2 CHR 3 -, -CH=CR 3 -, -COCHR 3 -, -CHOHCHR 3 -, -NR 3 CO-, and -CF=CR 3 -. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said inhibitor is of the formula: CH -CHCON-CHCOX I I I I (3) R 1 R 2 R'R 4 n or Y- CH -C=CCON-CHCOX I I I I (4) R 1 R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 m wherein each R 1 is independendy H or alkyl (1-8C) and R 2 is alkyl (1-8C) or wherein the proximal R 1 and R 2 taken together are -(CH 2 ) p - wherein p = 3-5; R 3 is H or alkyl 0-4C); R 4 is fused or conjugated unsubstituted or substituted bicycloaryl methylene; n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; and X is OR 5 or NHR 5 , wherein R 5 is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-12C), aryl (6-12C), aryl alkyl (6-16C); or X is an amino acid residue or amide thereof; or X is the residue of a cyclic amine or heterocyclic amine; Y is selected from the group consisting of R 7 ONR 6 CONR 6 -, R 6 2 NCONOR 7 -, and R 6 CONOR 7 -, wherein each R 6 is independently H or lower alkyl (1-4C); R 7 is H, lower alkyl (1-4C) or an acyl group, and wherein -CONR 3 - amide bond shown is optionally replaced by a modified isosteric bond selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 NR 3 -, -CH 2 CHR 3 -, -CH=CR 3 -, -COCHR 3 -, -CHOHCHR 3 -, -NR 3 CO-, and -CF=CR 3 -. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the inhibitor is NHOHCOCH,CH(i-Bu)CO-L- Tφ-NHMe. 9. A pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing disease, said disease selected from d e group consisting of skin disorders, keratoconus, restenosis, and wounds, which composition comprises at least one synthetic mammalian matrix metalloprotease inhibitor in admixture with at least one phaimaceutically acceptable excipient. 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein said inhibitor is of the formula: or wherein each R 1 is independendy H or alkyl (1-8C) and R 2 is alkyl (1-8C) or wherein the proximal R 1 and R 2 taken together are -(CH 2 ) P - wherein p = 3-5; R 3 is H or alkyl (1-4C); R 4 is fused or conjugated unsubstituted or substituted bicycloaryl methylene; n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1 ; and X is OR 5 or NHR 5 , wherein R 5 is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-12C), aryl (6-12C), aryl alkyl (6-16C); or X is an amino acid residue or amide thereof; or X is the residue of a cyclic amine or heterocyclic amine; and R 6 is H or lower alkyl (1-4C) and R 7 is H, lower alkyl (1-4C) or an acyl group, and wherein the -CONR 3 - amide bond shown is optionally replaced by a modified isosteric bond selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 NR 3 -, -CH 2 CHR 3 -, -CH=CR 3 -, -COCHR 3 -, -CHOHCHR 3 -, -NR 3 CO-, and -CF=CR 3 -. 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10 wherein said inhibitor is of the formula: or Y- CH -C=CCON-CHCOX R 1 I I I I (4) R 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 m wherein each R 1 is independendy H or alkyl (1-8C) and R 2 is alkyl (1-8C) or wherein the proximal R 1 and R 2 taken together are -(CH 2 ) p - wherein p = 3-5; R 3 is H or alkyl (1-4C); R 4 is fused or conjugated unsubstituted or substituted bicycloaryl methylene; n is 0, 1 or 2; m is 0 or 1; and X is OR 5 or NHR 5 , wherein R 5 is H or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (1-12C), aryl (6-12C), aryl alkyl (6-16C); or X is an amino acid residue or amide thereof; or X is the residue of a cyclic amine or heterocyclic amine; Y is selected from the group consisting of R 7 ONR 6 CONR 6 -, R 6 2 NCONOR 7 -, and R 6 CONOR 7 -, wherein each R 6 is independendy H or lower alkyl (1-4C); R 7 is H, lower alkyl (1-4C) or an acyl group, and wherein -CONR 3 - amide bond shown is optionally replaced by a modified isosteric bond selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 NR 3 -, -CH 2 CHR 3 -, -CH=CR 3 -, -COCHR 3 -, -CHOHCHR 3 -, -NR 3 CO-, and -CF=CR 3 -. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 wherein the inhibitor is NHOHCOCH 2 CH(i-Bu)CO-L-Tφ-NHMe.

Inventors: GALARDY RICHARD EDWARD, GROBELNY DAMIAN, SCHULTZ GREGORY SCOTT, GALARDY, RICHARD, EDWARD, GROBELNY, DAMIAN, SCHULTZ, GREGORY, SCOTT
Applicants: GLYCOMED INC, GLYCOMED INCORPORATED
Application year: 1994
Main classification: A01N43
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K38, A61P9, A61P17, A61P43, C07C259, C07D209, C07D401, C07K5