An air/fuel control system providing monitoring of activity of a catalytic converter

Abstract: A control system which provides a measurement of efficiency in a catalytic converter (50) coupled to the engine exhaust (56). For each inducted airflow range in which the engine (28) is operating, test periods are generated by counting transitions in the output of an upstream exhaust gas oxygen sensor (44). These test periods are limited to a maximum count. Concurrently, during each test period, transitions are counted in a downstream exhaust gas oxygen sensor (52). Upstream and downstream transitions are accumulated and a ratio of the accumulated totals determines converter efficiency.

Description: This invention relates to a method and system monitoring efficiency of a catalytic converter positioned in an engine exhaust. It is known to use exhaust gas oxygen sensors positioned both upstream and downstream of a catalytic converter to provide air/fuel control of the engine. An example of such usage is found in U.S. Patent No. 5,115,639. Various approaches are also known to use the outputs of the upstream and downstream exhaust gas oxygen sensors to provide an indication of catalytic converter efficiency. In one such system, an increase in the amplitude output of the downstream sensor as compared to the upstream sensor provides an indication of converter degradation. In another type of system, the switching frequency of the sensor outputs are compared during steady-state engine operations under a particular combination of engine speed and load. There are numerous problems with the above approaches. For example, amplitude comparison has been found to suffer because exhaust gases from each of the combustion chambers may not be fully mixed in the exhaust manifold. Consequently, there may be variations in sensor amplitude which are caused by lack of exhaust gas mixing and not caused by catalytic degradation. With respect to those systems examining sensor switching frequencies, the inventor herein have discovered at least two significant problems. If the air/fuel feedback loop is in a transient state during the test such that combustion is on average either rich or lean of stoichiometry, there may be insufficient switching in the sensors to provide any reasonable indication of converter efficiency. Further, such systems do not examine converter efficiency over the full range of possible exhaust gas flow rates. Accordingly, inaccurate indications of converter efficiency may result. An object of the invention herein is to provide monitoring of catalytic converter efficiency over a broad range of exhaust gas flow rates and to provide such monitoring while maintaining engine air/fuel operation at stoichiometry. According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of monitoring the efficiency of a catalytic converter of an engine exhaust system, which comprises comparing electrical output signals of two exhaust gas oxygen sensors positioned upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter, respectively, characterised by the steps of -: providing a converter test cycle by determining when the engine has completed operation within each of a plurality of inducted airflow ranges for at least a minimum duration in each of said airflow ranges; generating each of said minimum durations by determining when a preselected number of transitions from a first state to a second state has occurred in the exhaust gas oxygen sensor positioned upstream of the converter while the engine is operating in one of said airflow ranges; and producing a signal indicative of converter efficiency during said test cycle by calculating a ratio between said transitions in the output signal of said downstream exhaust gas oxygen sensor to transitions in the output signal of the upstream exhaust gas oxygen sensor. According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided A method of indicating degradation of a catalytic converter of an engine exhaust system, which comprises comparing electrical output signals of two exhaust gas oxygen sensors positioned upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter, respectively, characterised by the steps of: indicating transitions from a first state to a second state in the output signal of the exhaust gas oxygen sensor positioned upstream of the converter; separately counting said upstream sensor transitions during engine operation in each of a plurality of inducted airflow ranges and limiting each of said separate upstream sensor counts to one of a corresponding plurality of preselected maximum values for each of said airflow ranges; generating a separate test period for each of said airflow ranges when said separate upstream sensor count reaches said corresponding maximum value; counting transitions from a first state to a second state in the output signal of the exhaust gas oxygen sensor positioned downstream of the converter during each of said separate test periods; calculating a ratio between the total of the downstream sensor counts to the total of all of said upstream sensor counts when the engine has completed operation in all of said airflow ranges for at least said test period corresponding to each of said airflow ranges; and indicating degraded converter efficiency when said calculated ratio exceeds a predetermined ratio. Preferably, the method includes the steps of controlling fuel delivered to the engine in response to a feedback variable derived from said upstream sensor output and trimming the feedback variable in response to a trim signal derived from the downstream sensor output. An advantage of the above aspect of the invention is that the predetermined test periods assure testing of the catalytic converter under the full range of exhaust gas flows. Further, by defining the test periods to be of equal duration (i.e., number of upstream sensor transitions), testing of the catalytic converter is not skewed when engine operation occurs predominately within one or a few airflow ranges during a test cycle. Stated another way, an advantage is obtained of more accurately determining converter efficiency than heretofore possible. Still another advantage, is that by appropriately weighing the test periods, a more accurate indication of converter efficiency is provided. For example, any degradation in converter efficiency is most likely to become apparent at higher exhaust gas flows. Accordingly, providing longer test periods (i.e., a greater number of upstream transitions) at high inducted airflows, will more accurately determine converter efficiency than if the test periods were of the same duration or totally random. Still another advantage of the above aspect of the invention, is that converter efficiency is monitored while engine air/fuel operation is maintained at stoichiometry. The invention will now be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment where the invention is used to advantage; Figure 2 is a high level flowchart of various operations performed by a portion of the embodiment shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a high level flowchart of various operations performed by a portion of the embodiment shown in Figure 1; Figure 4 is a high level flowchart of various operations performed by a portion of the embodiment shown in Figure 1; and Figure 5 is graphical representation of converter efficiency. Controller 10 is shown in the block diagram of Figure 1 as a conventional microcomputer including: microprocessor unit 12; input ports 14; output ports 16; read-only memory 18, for storing the control program; random access memory 20 for temporary data storage which may also be used for counters or timers; keep-alive memory 22, for storing learned values; and a conventional data bus. Controller 10 is shown receiving various signals from sensors coupled to engine 28 including; measurement of inducted mass airflow (MAF) from mass airflow sensor 32; engine coolant temperature (T) from temperature sensor 40; and indication of engine speed (rpm) from tachometer 42. Output signal FEGO from conventional exhaust gas oxygen sensor 44, positioned upstream of catalytic converter 50, is compared to a reference value associated with stoichiometry in comparator 48 for providing output signal FEGOS. Signal FEGOS is a two-state signal which is a predetermined high voltage when exhaust gases are rich of stoichiometry and a predetermined low voltage when exhaust gases are lean of stoichiometry. Both signal FEGO and signal FEGOS are both coupled to controller 10. Another conventional exhaust gas oxygen sensor (52) is shown coupled to exhaust manifold 56 downstream of catalytic converter 50 and provides signal REGO to controller 10 which is related to oxygen content in the exhaust gases. Output signal REGO is also compared to a reference value associated with stoichiometry in comparator 54 for providing two-state output signal REGOS to controller 10. Signal REGOS is preselected high voltage when exhaust gases downstream of catalytic converter 50 are rich of stoichiometry and a low preselected voltage when such exhaust gases are lean of stoichiometry. Continuing with Figure 1, intake manifold 58 of engine 28 is shown coupled to throttle body 60 having primary throttle plate 62 positioned therein. Throttle body 60 is also shown having fuel injector 76 coupled thereto for delivering liquid fuel in proportion to the pulse width of signal fpw from controller 10. Fuel is delivered to fuel injector 76 by a conventional fuel system including fuel tank 80, fuel pump 82, and fuel rail 84. Referring now to Figure 2, a flowchart of a routine performed by controller 10 to generate fuel trim signal FT is now described. A determination is first made whether closed-loop air/fuel control is to be commenced (step 104) by monitoring engine operation conditions such as temperature. When closed-loop control commences, signal REGOS is read from comparator 54 step 108) and subsequently processed in a proportional plus integral controller as described below. Referring first to step 126, signal REGOS is multiplied by gain constant GI and the resulting product added to products previously accumulated (GI * REGOS i-1 ) in step 128. Stated another way, signal REGOS is integrated each sample period (i) in steps determined by gain constant GI. During step 132, signal REGOS is also multiplied by proportional gain GP. The integral value from step 128 is added to the proportional value from step 132 during addition step 134 to generate fuel trim signal FT. The routine executed by controller 10 to generate the desired quantity of liquid fuel delivered to engine 28 and trimming this desired fuel quantity by a feedback variable related both to sensor 44 and fuel trim signal FT is now described with reference to Figure 3. During step 158, an open-loop fuel quantity is first determined by dividing measurement of inducted mass airflow (MAF) by desired air/fuel ratio AFd which is typically the stoichiometric value for gasoline combustion. This open-loop fuel charge is then adjusted, in this example divided, by feedback variable FV. After determination that closed-loop control is desired (step 160) by monitoring engine operating conditions such as temperature (T), signal FEGOS is read during step 162. During step 166, fuel trim signal FT is transferred from the routine previously described with reference to Figure 2 and added to signal FEGOS to generate trim signal TS. During steps 170-178, a conventional proportional plus integral feedback routine is executed with trimmed signal TS as the input. Trim signal TS is first multiplied by integral gain value KI (step 170), and the resulting product added to the previously accumulated products (step 172). That is, trim signal TS is integrated in steps determined by gain constant KI each sample period (i) during step 172. A product of proportional gain KP times trimmed signal TS (step 176) is then added to the integration of KI * TS during step 178 to generate feedback variable FV. An example of testing converter efficiency is now described with particular reference to the flowchart shown in Figure 4. During step 198, initial engine conditions are checked before entering the test cycle described below. More specifically, engine temperature (T) should be within a predetermine range, a predetermined time should have elapsed since the engine was started, and the closed-loop air/fuel control should have been operable for preselected time. During steps 200, 204, and 206, the inducted airflow range in which engine 28 operating is determined. These ranges are described as range (i), range (j) ···, range (n) for this example wherein "n" inducted airflow ranges are used to advantage. Assuming engine operation is within airflow range (i), transitions between states of signal FEGOS are counted to generate count signal CF i . This count is compared to maximum count CF max during step 212. While engine operation remains within airflow range (i), a test period of predetermined duration is generated by incrementing count CF i each transition of signal FEGOS until count CF i is equal to maximum count CF max (step 216). During this test period (i), count CR i is incremented each transition of signal REGOS (step 218). Stated another way, count CR i is incremented each transition of signal REGOS until count CF i = CF max . When engine operation is within airflow range (j) as shown in step 204, predetermined period (j), count CF j , and count CR j are determined in steps 222, 226, and 228 in a manner similar to that described above for airflow range (i) with respect to steps 212, 216, and 218. Each transition in signal FEGOS, count CF j is incremented until it reaches maximum count CF jmax (step 222). Predetermined test period (j) is thereby defined. During test period (j), count CR j is increment each transition of signal REGOS (step 228). The above described operation occurs for each airflow range. For example, when engine 28 is operating within airflow range (n) as shown in step 206, test period (n), count CF n , and count CR n are generated as shown in steps 232, 236, and 238. During step 250, a determination is made as to whether engine 28 has operated in all airflow ranges (i···n) for the respective test periods (i···n). Stated another way, step 250 determines when each count of transitions in signal FEGOS (CF i , CF j , ... CF n ) have reached their respective maximum values (CF imax , CF jmax , ···CF nmax ). Each count (CF i ···CF n ) of transitions in signal FEGOS for respective test periods (i···n) are summed in step 254 to generate total count CF t . For reasons described above, the same total count CF t may be obtained by summing each maximum count (CF imax ···CF nmax ) for respective test periods (i···n). Total count CR t is generated in step 256 by summing each count (CR i ···CR n ) for respective test periods (i···n). A ratio of total count CR t to total count CF t is then calculated during step 260 and all counts subsequently reset in step 262. If the calculated ratio is greater than a preselected reference ratio (RAT f ) a flag is set (steps 266 and 270) indicating that converter efficiency has degraded below a preselected limit. The actual ratio calculated in step 266 may also be used to provide a measurement of converter efficiency. Due to the advantages described previously herein, this indication of converter efficiency is accurate over a wider range of converter efficiencies than heretofore possible as is apparent upon reviewing the graph of ratios to converter efficiencies shown in Figure 5. An example of operation has been presented wherein both upstream sensor 44 and downstream sensor 52 are two-state exhaust gas oxygen sensors. The invention claimed herein, however, may be used to advantage with other sensors such as proportional sensors.

Claims: A method of monitoring the efficiency of a catalytic converter (50) of an engine exhaust system, which comprises comparing electrical output signals of two exhaust gas oxygen sensors (44, 52) positioned upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter, respectively, characterised by the steps of -: providing a converter test cycle by determining when the engine has completed operation within each of a plurality of inducted airflow ranges for at least a minimum duration in each of said airflow ranges; generating each of said minimum durations by determining when a preselected number of transitions from a first state to a second state has occurred in the exhaust gas oxygen sensor (44) positioned upstream of the converter while the engine is operating in one of said airflow ranges; and producing a signal indicative of converter efficiency during said test cycle by calculating a ratio between said transitions (CR t ) in the output signal of said downstream exhaust gas oxygen sensor (52) to transitions (CF t ) in the output signal of the upstream exhaust gas oxygen sensor (52). A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said transitions in said upstream sensor and said downstream exhaust gas oxygen sensors are generated by comparing each sensor output signal (FEGO, REGO) to a reference. A method of indicating degradation of a catalytic converter (50) of an engine exhaust system, which comprises comparing electrical output signals of two exhaust gas oxygen sensors (44, 52) positioned upstream and downstream of the catalytic converter, respectively, characterised by the steps of: indicating transitions from a first state to a second state in the output signal of the exhaust gas oxygen sensor (44) positioned upstream of the converter (50); separately counting said upstream sensor transitions during engine operation in each of a plurality of inducted airflow ranges (216, 226, 236) and limiting each of said separate upstream sensor counts to one of a corresponding plurality of preselected maximum values for each of said airflow ranges; generating a separate test period for each of said airflow ranges when said separate upstream sensor count (CF i , CF j , CF n ) reaches said corresponding maximum value; counting transitions (218, 228, 238) from a first state to a second state in the output signal of the exhaust gas oxygen sensor (52) positioned downstream of the converter (50) during each of said separate test periods; calculating a ratio between the total (CR t ) of the downstream sensor (52) counts (CR i , CR j , CR n ) to the total (CF t ) of all of said upstream sensor counts (CF i , CF j , CF n ) when the engine has completed operation in all of said airflow ranges for at least said test period corresponding to each of said airflow ranges; and indicating degraded converter efficiency when said calculated ratio exceeds a predetermined ratio (RAT f ). A method as claimed in claim 3, further comprising the step of controlling fuel delivered to the engine in response to a feedback variable derived from said upstream sensor output (FEGOS). A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said controlling step further comprises a step of integrating said upstream sensor output to generate said feedback variable. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said downstream sensor output (REGOS) is integrated to generate a trim signal for trimming said feedback variable.

Inventors: ORZEL DANIEL V, ORZEL, DANIEL V.
Applicants: FORD FRANCE, FORD MOTOR CO, FORD WERKE AG, FORD FRANCE S. A., FORD MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, FORD-WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
Application year: 1994
Main classification: F01N7
IPC codes: F02D41, F01N11, F01N3