Viewing apparatus

Abstract: Disclosed are a viewing apparatus exhibiting a high performance and an image forming apparatus including the same. The viewing apparatus of this invention comprises a projection optical system (104) for projecting an image on a viewer's eye (101), means (113) for detecting a refracting power of the viewer's eye and means for adjusting (114) the projection optical system so that the image is formed substantially on a viewer's eye fundus (105). The imaging apparatus of this invention comprises means for forming an image of an object, a projection optical system for projecting the object image on the viewer's eye, means for detecting a refracting power of the viewer's eye and means for adjusting the projection optical system so that the object image is formed substantially on the viewer's eye fundus in accordance with the refracting power of the viewer's eye.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a viewing apparatus and, especially, to automation of a diopter adjustment mechanism of a viewfinder of a silver halide film camera, an electronic still camera, a cam coder and a microscope and the like. Related Background Art A remarkable advancement of putting a single-lens reflex camera into an electronic form has been seen in recent years. Electronic versions of a focusing mechanism and an exposure mechanism have been sequentially offered. Recently, there has been offered a so-called visual axis input autofocus camera in which a visual axis direction of the photographer is detected, and focusing at a point of gazing is attained. FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 1-241511, the arrangement being such that a visual axis direction detecting unit is incorporated into the single-lens reflex camera, and the focusing is performed to one of detected fields of a plurality of focus detection units 116. The visual axis detection unit includes elements marked with 709 through 714. The numeral 709 indicates an eyepiece; 710 denotes a visible transmission/infrared reflection dichroic mirror; 711 represents a light projecting/receiving lens; 712 stands for a half-mirror; 713 designates an eyeball illumination light source; and 714 is a sensor having a multiplicity of pixels. Provided further are a phototaking lens 115 and a flip-up mirror 117. A visual axis direction is obtained from mutual positions of a plurality of Purkinje images or mutual positions of the first Purkinje image and the center of the pupil. The method of obtaining the visual axis direction has already been known in the above Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application and the other documents, and, therefore, the explanation thereof will be omitted. In any case, intention of the photographer is reflected in an phototaken image by adopting the visual axis input system, and a higher-level photographic expression can be actualized. In the conventional cameras, however, an optical system of a viewfinder is fixed, and hence the following defects arise irrespective of magnitude of a visual acuity (or an eye refracting power) of the photographer. In an ordinary camera and a video finder which do not take the visual axis input system, especially a myopic photographer (having a larger eye refracting power) sees a blurred image of the finder and is therefore required to invariably wear spectacles. It is difficult to view an object through the eyepiece, resulting in a failure of taking a shutter chance or an impossibleness of taking a desired image. It is unfeasible to sufficiently reflect the photographer's intention in a photo or a video picture. In the past, there existed a method of conpensating the eye refracting power of the photographer by interposing a movable lens between the finder and the eye of the photographer. A position of the lens is, however, manually adjusted by the photographer when phototaken. This method does not provide a large improvement in terms of labors. Further, according to the visual axis input system stated in the conventional example, the photographer himself or herself has to be more clearly aware of which area to see and what kind of image to take. Particularly when the photographer has the myopia, an aim for focusing and an image in that position are blurred. The intention of the photographer can not be sufficiently reflected. Accordingly, it is difficult to perform the photography making full use of the effectiveness of the visual axis input system. In addition, document EP-A-0 283 749 discloses an automatic visibility correction viewfinder system for optical devices which provides automatic adjustment of a movable lens in the viewfinder optical system for compensating the eye refracting power of a photographer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a primary object of the present invention, which has been devised in the light of the problems inherent in the conventional art described above, to provide a viewing apparatus exhibiting a high performance and an image forming apparatus including the viewing apparatus. According to the present invention, the aforesaid object is accomplished by an observing apparatus according to claim 1 and an image forming apparatus according to claim 6. Advantageous embodiments of the present invention are subject of the appended dependent claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent during the following discussion in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a conventional example; FIG. 2 is a view of an optical layout for illustrating a first embodiment; FIG. 3 is a view showing rays of light in minus diopter in accordance with a first embodiment; FIG. 4 is a view showing the rays of light in plus diopter in accordance with the first embodiment; FIG. 5 is a view of an optical layout for illustrating a second embodiment; FIG. 6 is a view of an optical layout for illustrating a third embodiment; and FIG. 7 is a view of an optical layout for illustrating a fourth embodiment. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIGS. 2 to 4 are views of configurations in which the present invention is applied to a single-lens reflex camera but illustrating a first embodiment, wherein particularly principal elements of the camera are conceptually depicted. Referring to FIGS. 2 through 4, an eye 101 of a photographer views a display device 102 provided in a finder. Disposed accordingly on the same optical-axis x are the display device 102 such as, e.g., a focusing plate, an infrared light/visible light reflection half-mirror 103 and a diopter adjustment lens (eyepiece) 104. The eye 101 has a crystalline lens for imaging an outside scene on eye fundus (retina) 105. Another half-mirror 108 is disposed on the optical path folded by the half-mirror 103 with respect to the eye. The half-mirror 108 reflects a light beam L 1 from a light source 107 such as an infrared LD toward the half-mirror 103. Located on a transmission side of the half-mirror 108 are a light shielding member 111 for measuring an eye refracting power, an imaging lens 112 and a light receiving element 113 having a multiplicity of pixels. An output of the light receiving element 113 is inputted to an operation circuit 114 for calculating a visual axis direction and the eye refracting power of the eye 101. A focus lens 115 is driven in back-and-forth directions along the optical axis x on the basis of an operation result of the circuit 114. The focus lens 115 constitutes a part or the whole of a phototaking lens. This embodiment is based on an assumption of using an ordinary camera, and, therefore, the phototaking lens is optically connected to the display device. In a video camera which will be mentioned later, however, a projection lens is electrically connected to the display device. A part of object beams from the phototaking lens are guided to a device 116 for detecting focuses at a plurality of points through an optical distributor. The object beams are further guided, when a shutter is opened, to a film or a solid-state image pick-up device. A flip-up mirror 117 optically connects the projection lens to the finder. Next, the operation of this embodiment will be explained. The light source 107 emits a light beam 110 having a wavelength of 800 - 1200 nm. The beam 110 is reflected by the half-mirror 108 and further reflected by the dichroic type half-mirror 103. The beam is thereafter guided onto the eye fundus 105 via the diopter adjustment lens 104 and a pupil 106. An image of the light source 107 is formed on the eye fundus 105. The diopter adjustment lens 104 is located in a fiducial position. In this case, if the eye refracting power (visual acuity) of the eye 101 is the reference diopter value (reference refracting power), positions of the light source 107, the half-mirrors 103, 108, the diopter adjustment lens 104 and the eye 101 are set to focus the image of the light source 107 on the eye fundus 105. The beam reflected from the eye fundus 105 is reflected by the half-mirror 103 and travels through the half-mirror 108. The beam is guided through the imaging lens 112 onto the light receiving element 113. The light receiving element 113 is a one-dimensional or two-dimensional sensor array. The light receiving element 113 is a semiconductor-used CCD or a bipolar amplification type sensor or an image pickup tube or an aggregation of these two or more elements. A light receiving surface of the light receiving element 113 is disposed in a position optically conjugate to the position of the pupil 106 of the eye 101 with respect to the imaging lens 104 and an objective lens 112. The light shielding member 111 is defined as an edge-like member for shielding one side of the beam. The light shielding member 111 is disposed in a position conjugate to the light source 107 with respect to the half-mirror 108. Outputs of the light receiving element 113 undergo an arithmetic operation in the operation circuit 114. The visual axis direction and the eye refracting power of the eye 101 are calculated. A display surface of the display device 102 is imaged on the eye fundus 105. Thereafter, the diopter adjustment lens 104 is driven back and forth on the basis of mainly the calculated eye refracting power. Mainly, based on the calculated result of the visual axis direction and an output of a focus detector, the focus lens 115 of a phototaking apparatus is driven to a desired position. The diopter adjustment lens 104 may be constructed so that the whole eyepiece is moved, but a part of the eyepiece is also allowed to move. Shown in a lower portion of FIG. 2 is a light intensity distribution on the lights receiving element 113 when a diopter value of the eye 101 is substantially equal to the reference diopter value. The axis of ordinate indicates an amount of light, while the axis of abscissa indicates a position on the light receiving surface (sensor). Next, a method of measuring the eye refracting power and the visual axis direction of the eye 101 will be explained based on the above construction. FIG. 3 illustrates a behavior of the light beam when the diopter value of the eye 101 has a minus number in comparison with the reference diopter value (i.e., the photographer has a myopia). In this case, the image of the light source 107 is formed in front of the eye fundus 105. The eye fundus 105 is illuminated with light beams. A light beam reflected at one point on the optical axis among these beams is converged at a position P in front of the light shielding member 111. Hence, a right half of the beam is shielded by the light shielding member 111. At this time, light amount distribution on the light receiving element 113 goes as depicted in the lower portion of the Figure. A central position C of the pupil is obtained from positions A, B corresponding to the edges of the pupil 106. The visual axis direction can be calculated based on an amount of displacement d, from the central position C, of a peak position of the Purkinje image which gives the maximum output. The details thereof are stated in, e,g, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 1-241511. Further, a light amount of the right-half-shielded beam among the outputs decreases as it approaches the edges. This inclination is one-dimensionally approximated and is defined termed k'. There are obtained k' and a point y at which a line of extrapolation of this inclination line intersects the optical axis (central axis). A diopter value of the eye can be calculated therefrom. Based on this diopter value, it is possible to calculate a degree to which the diopter adjustment lens is shifted to form the image of the display device 102 on the eye fundus 105. In the case of the myopia, the diopter adjustment lens may be moved by this shift amount away from the eye. The detailed calculation of the eye refracting power is explained in, e.g., Japanese Patent Laid-Open Application No. 2-252432. FIG. 4 illustrates a behavior of the light beam when the diopter value of the eye 101 has a plus number in comparison with the reference diopter value (i.e. the photographer has a hyperopia). In this instance, the image of the light source 107 is formed in rear of the eye fundus 105. The eye fundus 105 is illuminated with light beams. A light beam reflected at one point on the optical axis among these beams is converged at a position P' in rear of the light shielding member 111. Hence, the right half of the beam is shielded by the light shielding member 111. It follows that a left half of the beam is shielded on the light receiving element 113, and the light amount distribution on the light receiving element 113 goes as depicted in the lower portion of the Figure. The method of obtaining the visual axis direction and the diopter value is the same as in the case of FIG. 3. Thus, it is possible to make a distinction between the myopia and the hyperopia, depending on the plus/minus of the diopter value. A direction of shift of the diopter adjustment lens 104 can be determined. In the case of the hyperopia, the diopter adjustment lens may be made close to the eye. Note that driving the diopter adjustment lens may involve the use of an ultrasonic motor, a pulse driving motor or a stepping motor, etc.. Further, the diopter is adjusted by changing a focal length of the lens with a variable focus lens technology capable of electronically controlling the focal length of the lens instead of causing the mechanical shift. FIG. 2 shows a state of behavior of the light beams when the diopter adjustment lens is located in a desired position in this manner. The image of the light source 107 is formed on the eye fundus. The image of reflection is formed just at the position of the light shielding member. Obtained is an uniform light amount distribution on the light receiving element 113. This indicates that the diopter value is 0. FIG. 5 is a view of a second embodiment of the present invention but illustrating an example where this invention is applied to a cam coder. Referring to FIG. 5, the same members as those in the preceding embodiment are marked with the like numerals. However, a phototaking lens 115 comprises a focusing lens 115a. The numeral 120 designates a solid-state image pick-up device. Indicated at 121 is a signal processing circuit, and a video picture is displayed on the display device 102 such as a liquid crystal display. Further, the signal processing circuit 121 and the operation circuit 114 cooperate to detect a defocus direction of the phototaking lens with respect to a subject within an area in the visual axis direction according to a so-called TV-AF system. The focusing lens 115a is then driven. In accordance with this embodiment, the diopter adjustment lens 104 is separated from an optical system for detecting the visual axis and measuring the eye refracting power. There is provided no diopter adjustment lens between the eye 101 and the light source 107. Correspondingly, the distances between the eye 101 and the half-mirror 103 and between two pieces of half-mirrors are more or less different from those in the first embodiment. However, the methods of measuring the diopter value and detecting the visual axis direction are the same as those in the preceding embodiment. Further, the direction of driving the diopter adjustment lens is also the same. This embodiment is superior to the first embodiment in terms of such points that a larger amount of light incident on the light receiving element 113 can be taken because of providing no lens reducing the light amount between the light source 107 and the eye 101; and there are improved both the detection of visual axis direction and a measuring accuracy of the eye refracting power. FIG. 6 illustrates a third embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 6, the illustrations of the members 116, 117, 120, 121 of FIGS. 2 and 5 are omitted. The arrangement of this embodiment is not that the light source emits the illumination light via the half-mirror 108 but that light sources 122a, 122b disposed in the vicinity of the eye emit the illumination light, with a single piece of half-mirror omitted. The two light sources are provided in positions showing a point symmetry with respect to the optical axis x in order to make the light amount distribution uniform. Identified with the methods in the two embodiments discussed above are the visual axis detecting method, the eye refracting power measuring method, the focusing method of the display device 102 and the focusing method of the object. In accordance with this embodiment, one half-mirror can be omitted, and, therefore, the configuration of the whole optical system can be made smaller than in the first embodiment. Hence, this largely contributes to down-sizing of the apparatus. Further, the light sources are disposed in close proximity to the eye, and hence the larger detection light amount can be taken. This leads to an advantage wherein the visual axis detection and the measurement of the eye refracting power can be attained with a higher accuracy. FIG. 7 illustrates a fourth embodiment of the present invention. The display device involves the use of, e.g., a liquid crystal panel, and, in a manufacturing process thereof, a semiconductor light receiving element can be easily manufactured. An image formed by the light beam of an LED light source 107 reflected from the eye fundus is formed on the light receiving element. For this purpose, a part of the beams are guided via the half-mirror 108 onto a portion of a display device 102'. The light shielding member 111 for measuring the eye refracting power and the objective lens 112 are disposed between the display device 102' and the half-mirror 108. The visual axis detecting method and the eye refracting power measuring method are the same as those in the three preceding embodiments. In this embodiment, the effect remains unchanged even by using a beam splitter as a substitute for the half-mirror. A plasma display and an EL element, etc. can be also employed. What is operated by the output of the visual axis detecting device is not confined to the focal adjustment but may be a selection of a photometric mode, and so on. The present invention is applicable to a microscope and a finder of a monitoring apparatus for an industrial use other than the camera and the video camera.

Claims: An observing apparatus having a projecting optical system (104) for projecting an object image onto an eye (101) of an observer, comprising: image detecting means (113) for receiving a first reflection light from a fundus of said eye (101); controlling means (114) for detecting a refracting power of said eye (101) based on an output of said image detecting means, said controlling means (114) including adjusting means for adjusting said observing apparatus so that said object image is substantially focused on said fundus of said eye (101) based on a result of detection of said refracting power, characterized in that said image detecting means (113) is disposed at a position in optical conjugation with a pupil of said eye such that a second image by a second reflection light from said pupil of said eye and a neighborhood of said pupil is formed on said image detecting means (113) and a first image by said first reflection light from said eye fundus is formed in front of said image detecting means (113); said observing apparatus is adapted to change a distribution of intensity of light on said image detecting means by said first and second reflection light according to said refracting power of said eye and a direction of visual axis of said eye; and said controlling means (114) is adapted to detect both said refracting power and said direction of visual axis based on said distribution of intensity of light shown by said output of said image detecting means. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said adjusting means has means for moving said projection optical system (104) in an optical-axis direction. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said projecting optical system (104) has an optical system in which a focal length is variable. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said controlling means (114), first, adjust said observing apparatus so that said refracting power of said eye (101) is detected based on said first image and said object image is substantially focused on said fundus of said eye based on a result of detection of said refracting power and, secondly, detect a direction of visual axis of said observer based on said second image. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus has an infrared light source for emitting an illumination light for illuminating said eye in order to form said first and second reflection lights. An image forming apparatus comprising: an observing apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 5 and an image forming device having image forming means (115) for forming an object image. An image forming apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising means for adusting said image forming means (115) in response to a signal from said visual axis detecting means. An image forming apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said adjusting means has means for moving at least one of phototaking lens elements of said imaging means (115). An image forming apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a focusing plate, wherein said projection optical system projects the object image on said focusing plate again on the viewer's eye. An apparatus according to claim 7, further comprising a substrate in which a liquid crystal display device (102) for displaying an object image projected by said projecting optical system (104) and a member (120) for converting said first and second images into electrical signals are formed, wherein said projecting optical system (104) is operated as said detecting optical system.

Inventors: INOUE SHUNSUKE, TAKAHASHI HIDEKAZU, INOUE, SHUNSUKE, TAKAHASHI, HIDEKAZU, INOUE, SHUNSUKE, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, TAKAHASHI, HIDEKAZU, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Applicants: CANON KK, CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1994
Main classification: A61B3
IPC codes: A61B3, G02B21, G02B27, G03B13, H04N5