Polarisation diversity antenna

Abstract: A dual polarised flat plate antenna wherein a deliberate unbalance of phase and/or amplitude is introduced into the feed arrangement for one of the polarisations such that interactive coupling between colocated elements associated with the respective polarisations causes the beamwidth and/or shape of the radiation pattern for the other polarisation to be controlled.

Description: This invention relates to a polarisation diversity antenna constructed as a flat plate antenna. A well known form of flat plate antenna comprises a pair of closely spaced correspondingly apertured ground planes with an interposed printed circuit film providing probes extending into the areas of the apertures and a feed network for the probes. This antenna construction lends itself to a cheap yet effective construction for an array antenna comprising either a linear array or a planar array of apertures A flat plate linear array antenna for a cellular telephone base station is disclosed in our co-pending patent application 91 24291.7. The principle of diversity in antennas is also well known to combat losses in different conditions. Space diversity consists of utilising two spaced apart substantially identical antennas. Polarisation diversity consists of using two antennas with respective orthogonal polarisations to receive or transmit the same signals. Polarisation diversity holds promise for improvements when co-located antennas are used. This does not necessarily mean that the cross-polarised antennas have to have co-incident phase centres; the option is available to move the antennas closer together than necessary for co-polarised spatial diversity. The ability to do this means that a compact dual diversity arrangement (spatial and polarisation) may be effected, an option not workable with spatial diversity alone. In the cellular base station context diversity is employed to combat a propagation environment subject to deep multipath fading. Base stations commonly employ sectored beam antennas for omnidirectional coverage in azimuth. Conventionally sectored base station antennas may comprise separate arrays for transmit and receive. Cellular radio systems rely on antenna radiation properties with sharp cut-off outside a beamwidth specific to the cellular layout. The conventional dual polarised flat plate antenna comprises substantially identical radiating elements except for their orthogonal orientation. In the design of such antennas for cellular base stations the factors of beamwidth and beamshaping are of paramount importance. According to the present invention there is provided a dual polarised flat plate antenna with each radiating element comprising two co-located apertures characterised in that the feed arrangement for one of the polarisations is adapted to provide an unbalance of phase and/or amplitude such that interactive coupling between colocated apertures associated with the respective polarisations causes the beamwidth and/or shape of the radiation pattern for the other polarisation to be controlled. In a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided a dual polarised flat plate antenna arrangement as described in the preceding paragraph wherein each aperture has a first pair of colinear probes extending into the aperture, the first pair of probes having a first orientation parallel to an axis about which the apertures are disposed, a second pair of colinear probes extending into the aperture, the second pair of probes having a second orientation orthogonal to that of the first pair, and further comprising first feed network means arranged to feed signals to the first pairs of probes and second feed network means arranged to feed signals to the second pairs of probes, wherein in each element the respective probes for each orientation are fed as two pairs and each pair is fed in a balanced antiphase manner, characterised in that for the two pairs in at least one orientation for one polarisation the respective feed network means is arranged to introduce an unbalance between the balanced pairs of probes. The unbalance introduced by a feed network may be a power and/or a phase unbalance. The effect of deliberately unbalancing the signals applied to one or both pairs of probes in a pair of orthogonally polarised radiating elements is to control the beamwidth and/or beam shape of the antenna beam pattern. Embodiments of the invention will now be described with respect to the accompanying drawings in which:- Fig. 1 is a perspective view of part of a linear array of single polarised radiating elements; Fig. 2 is a plan view of the part array of Fig. 1; Figs. 3 and 4 are plan views of respective horizontally and vertically polarised linear arrays to be combined to form a dual polarised linear array. Referring to the drawings a linear dual polarised antenna array comprises separate horizontal and vertical flat plate antenna structures one superimposed on the other. The horizontally polarised array shown in Figs. 1 and 2 comprises a first aperture plate 10, a polyester film 12 carrying a printed circuit and a second aperture plate 14. The aperture plates 10 and 14 are substantially identical flat metal plates with pairs of corresponding apertures 10a, 10b and 14a, 14b which can be simply stamped out. The apertures shown are rectangular but may be a different shape, e.g. circular. The film 12 carried a printed metallic conductor pattern comprising pairs of probes 12b, 12c and 12a, 12d connected electrically by a feed network 12e. When the aperture plates and the film are placed together in a sandwich like structure the probes 12a-12d project into the areas of the apertures to form radiating elements, as shown in Fig. 2. The feed network 12e shown in Fig. 2 is constructed with equal length paths but with unbalanced impedances as instanced by the different conductor track widths at different parts of the network. Thus, again referring to Fig. 2, probes 12a and 12d are fed via high impedance sections 12f, 12g whereas probes 12b and 12c are fed via comparatively low impedance sections 12h, 12j. The net result is that the pairs of probes 12b, 12c and 12a, 12b respectivelyare unbalanced in that they receive different levels of power of the same signal. Fig. 3 shows in plan view a linear array of 4 pairs of horizontally polarised radiating elements similarly constructed as a flat plate antenna. In this embodiment the probes 31a - 31d are fed in phase and probes 31e - 31h in antiphasewith equal power via a first feed network 31j. Likewise the probes 32a - 32d are fed in phase and probes 32e - 32h are fed in antiphase, again with equal power via a second feed network 32j. However, inspection of the feed network patterns 31j and 32j shows that, assuming both networks are fed with the same input signal at ports 31k and 32k, the phase between the probes of each pair is altered by the lengths of the respective feed networks 31j and 32j from each common point being different. Fig. 4 shows similarly in plan view a linear array of 4 pairs of vertically polarised radiating elements also constructed as a flat plate antenna. In this case the probes 41a - 41d are fed in phase and probes 41e - 41h are fed in antiphase via couplers 44 from feed network 43. Probes 42a - 42d are fed in phase and probes 42e - 42h are fed in antiphase directly by the feed network 43. To form a dual polarised array antenna the linear arrays of Figs. 3 & 4 are combined in a sandwich structure between upper and lower apertured metal plates similar to the plates 10 & 14 of Fig. 1. We have discovered that where vertically and horizontally polarised elements of this type are co-located or placed in close proximity to form a dual polarised element there is significant and useful interaction between the vertical and horizontal components of each element and that controlled variation of the feed layout of the vertical probes can be used to affect the performance of the horizontal component. For vertical polarisation, the balanced probe pairs are virtually unaffected by the presence of the horizontally probes, due to symmetry. However for horizontal polarisation parasitic coupling with the vertical probes and their termination condition affects significantly the azimuth radiation pattern beamwidth. The feed network layout determines the effective condition.

Claims: A dual polarised flat plate antenna with each radiating element comprising two co-located apertures characterised in that the feed arrangement (12e, Fig.2) for one of the polarisations is adapted to provide an unbalance of phase and/or amplitude such that interactive coupling between colocated apertures associated with the respective polarisations causes the beamwidth and/or shape of the radiation pattern for the other polarisation to be controlled. A dual polarised flat plate antenna arrangement according to claim 1 wherein each aperture has a first pair of colinear probes extending into the aperture, the first pair of probes having a first orientation parallel to an axis about which the apertures are disposed, a second pair of colinear probes extending into the aperture, the second pair of probes having a second orientation orthogonal to that of the first pair, and further comprising first feed network means arranged to feed signals to the first pairs of probes and second feed network means arranged to feed signals to the second pairs of probes, wherein in each element the respective probes for each orientation are fed as two pairs and each pair is fed in a balanced antiphase manner, characterised in that for the two pairs in at least one orientation for one polarisation the respective feed network means (31j, 32j Fig.3) is arranged to introduce an unbalance between the balanced pairs of probes (31d-31h, 32d-32h Fig.3). An antenna arrangement according to claim 2 characterised in that the respective feed network means is arranged to introduce a phase unbalance between the balanced pairs. An antenna arrangement according to claim 2 characterised in that the respective feed network means is arranged to introduce an ammplitude unbalance between the balanced pairs. An antenna arrangement according to claim 3 characterised in that the phase unbalance is effected by alteration of the probe terminations. An array antenna comprised of a plurality of antenna arrangements as claimed in any preceding claim. A method of controlling the radiation pattern of a dual polarised array antenna having colocated radiation elements associated with the respective polarisations, characterised in that the method comprises introducing into a feed arrangement (31j, 32j Fig.3) for one of the polarisations a deliberate unbalance of signal phase and/or amplitude whereby interactive coupling between the colocated elements results in an alteration of the radiation pattern for the other polarisation.

Inventors: SMITH MARTIN STEVENS, SMITH, MARTIN STEVENS
Applicants: NORTEL NETWORKS CORP, NORTEL NETWORKS CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: H01Q21
IPC codes: H01Q21