ANTIMALARIAL

Abstract: A novel antimalarial containing a sulfated polysaccharide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof alone or together with quinine as the active ingredient and having a high therapeutic effect.

Description: This invention relates to an antimalarial drug which comprises a sulfated polysaccharide as an active ingredient, optionally in combination with quinine. Malaria is a disease caused by plasmodia or malaria parasites, and quinine, chloroquine, primaquine and the like are currently used as typical therapeutic drugs, which, however, are not always sufficiently effective because of the generation of resistant parasites against these drugs. Also, it is known that sulfated polysaccharides are possessed of an anti-blood coagulation activity, an antiretroviral activity (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (Kokai) No. Sho 62-215529) and the like. WO 92/05790 discloses the use of a particular heparin fraction with low affinity for antithrombin III in the preparation of a medicament for treatment of malaria. DE-A-1 936 723 discloses some polysaccharide sulfate salts of quinine alkaloids which are suggested for use against malaria. DE-A-1 129 148 discloses the preparation of heparin derivatives having cytostatic activity. The derivatives are formed by the reaction of heparic acid with a basic compound which may be a quinine alkaloid. JP-B-63 020 141 discloses a chloroquine-chondroitin sulfuric acid complex for use in treatment of nephritis and rheumatism. JP-A-63 33333 describes the immunostimulatory effect of compositions including chondroitin sulfate. EP-A-0 385 464 describes immunoactivating agents which are sulfates of a polysaccharide designated "RON", which is an α-1, 6-glucan containing a small amount of 3,6 - branched side chains. EP-A-0 375 174 and JP-A-03 218317 disclose certain curdlan and lentinan sulfates for use as anti-retroviral agents. It is an object of the present invention to provide a new antimalarial drug which has higher therapeutic effect. With the aim of resolving the aforementioned problems, the inventors of the present invention have conducted intensive studies and found as a result that a sulfated curdlan has an antimalarial activity and that joint use of the sulfated curdlan and quinine exerts synergistic effect on the antimalarial activity. The present invention has been accomplished on the basis of these findings. Accordingly, a first aspect of the present invention relates to the use of sulfated curdlan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and, optionally, quinine in production of an antimalarial drug and, in a second aspect it relates to an antimalarial drug comprising sulfated curdlan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and quinine as active ingredients. Sulfated curdlan is weak in anticoagulation activity as a side effect. Sulfated curdlan having a sulfur content of from 5 to 25% by weight, preferably from 10 to 20% by weight, and most preferably from 12 to 17% by weight, and a weight average molecular weight from 5,000 to 500,000, preferably from 20,000 to 200,000, and most preferably from 50,000 to 120,000, when measured by the gel filtration method (GPC), are preferably used. Examples of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the sulfated polysaccharide include inorganic salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like. The antimalarial drug of the present invention can be made into optional dosage forms such as injections, drips, suppositories and the like with no particular limitation. Preparation of the active ingredient of the present invention into a pharmaceutical drug can be made in the usual way, again with no particular limitation, making use of fillers or carriers such as lactose, glucose, mannitol, maltose, amino acids, gelatin, distilled water, ethanol and the like. Dose of the antimalarial drug of the present invention varies depending on the age, body weight and symptoms of each patient and its administration method, and is generally from 1 to 1,000 mg/kg weight·day, preferably from 10 to 500 mg/kg weight·day, in terms of the active ingredient. The antimalarial drug of the present invention can be administered continuously or repeatedly. The antimalarial drug of the present invention exerts its antimalarial effect when administered before or after malarial infection. In a second aspect, the invention relates to an antimalarial drug which comprises a sulfated curdlan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and quinine as active ingredients. As described in the foregoing, according to the findings of the present inventors, a sulfated curdlan and quinine exert synergistic effect in terms of antimalarial activity. That is, when the sulfated curdlan to be used according to the present invention is used jointly with quinine which is a conventional antimalarial drug, higher therapeutic effect is obtained in comparison with the arithmetic total of their therapeutic effects when used separately (see Test Example 2 which will be described later). In this case, the sulfated curdlan and quinine may be administered in a ratio of from 20:1 to 20,000:1 (sulfated curdlan:quinine), and the dose may be 0.5 to 500 mg/kg weight·day, preferably 5 to 200 mg/kg body·day, in terms of a total of both active ingredients. Figs. 1 to 3 show the results of Test Examples 1 to 3, respectively. The following examples are provided to illustratively describe the present invention, but the technical scope of the present invention is not limited thereby. Test Example 1: Examination was made on the effect of sulfated curdlan sodium (CRDS; molecular weight, 80,000; sulfur content, 14.5%) on the infection of human erythrocytes with merozoites of a chloroquine-resistant malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum strain FCR 3. Human erythrocytes infected with merozoites which had been synchronized by the Lambros-Vanderberg method (infection ratio, 0.5%; hematocrit value, 1%) and CRDS in a varying concentration were added to a 96 well microplate and cultured at 37°C for 78 hours in the usual way, using a medium which had been prepared by dissolving 10.4 g of RPMI 1640, 5.9 g of HEPES buffer, 4.0 g of glucose and 44 mg of hypoxanthine in 1 liter of water and adding gentamicin to the resulting solution to its concentration of 50 mg/ml. Growth of merozoites was measured based on the uptake of tritium ( 3 H)-labeled hypoxanthine to examine the effect of CRDS to inhibit the infection. This test was carried out three times, and 50% inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) was determined for each run. The results are shown in Fig. 1. The IC 50 values were 2.9, 5.5 and 4.95 µg/ml, respectively. Text Example 2: In order to examine the effect of the joint use of sulfated curdlan (CRDS) and quinine on the chloroquine-resistant P . falciparum strain FCR 3, another test similar to Test Example 1 was carried out by changing the ratio of both ingredients to determine IC 50 at each ratio. Human erythrocytes infected with merozoites which had been synchronized by the Lambros-Vanderberg method (infection ratio, 0.5%;, hematocrit value, 1%) and CRDS (the same material used in Test Example 1) and quinine were added at a certain CRDS to quinine ratio but to their varying concentration, to a 96 well microplate and cultured at 37°C for 78 hours in the usual way using the medium described in Test Example 1. Growth of merozoites was measured based on the incorporation of tritium ( 3 H)-labeled hypoxanthine to examine the effect of the joint use of CRDS and quinine on the inhibition of the infection. Concentrations of CRDS and quinine to inhibit 50% of the growth at each ratio were measured, and their relative values to the IC 50 of each drug when used alone (CRDS, 4.95 µg/ml; and quinine, 41.6 nM) were plotted to prepare an isobologram. The results are shown in Fig. 2. Since each plot was found under the straight line between the IC 50 values of both drugs when used alone, it was confirmed that CRDS and quinine exert a synergistic effect. Test Example 3: Effect of sulfated curdlan (CRDS) to inhibit malarial infection was examined using a mouse model system. A total of 10 6 mouse erythrocytes infected with a mouse Haemosporina, Plasmodium berghei , were inoculated into the abdominal cavity of each BALB/C mouse (male) of about 25 g in body weight, thereby effecting infection. When the parasites grew and the parasite blood became around 10% of the total blood, CRDS (the same material used in Test Example 1) was subcutaneously administered in a dose of 0, 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg/day, with each daily dose divided into 4 doses per day for 6 hour-interval use. The parasite blood ratio was measured every day. The results are shown in Fig. 3. It was confirmed that the infection inhibiting effect increases as the dose of CRDS increases.

Claims: The use of sulfated curdlan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and, optionally, quinine in the production of an antimalarial drug. An antimalarial drug which comprises sulfated curdlan or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and quinine as active ingredients.

Inventors: CHIHARA GORO, HAVLIK IVAN, KANEKO YUTARO, MIMURA TOHRU, CHIHARA, GORO, HAVLIK, IVAN, KANEKO, YUTARO, MIMURA, TOHRU
Applicants: AJINOMOTO KK, AJINOMOTO CO., INC.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K45, A61K31