HEPOXILIN ANALOGS USEFUL AS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS

Abstract: Compounds of general structure (a) and (b) are disclosed, wherein X is O, Cn, NH, or S, wherein n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; R1 is OH, CH3, CH2OH, N3 or CH2N3; R3 is H or CH3; R5 is Y-R2, wherein Y is a six-carbon chain optionally containing up to three double or triple bonds or a mixture of double and triple bonds up to a maximum of three; R2 is C1-C10 alkyl OH, C1-C10 alkyl N3 or COOR4, wherein R4 is H, a branched or unbranched C1-C10 alkyl (including substituted alkyl radicals), cycloalkyl, preferably C5 OC C6 cycloalkyl, or a five- or six-membered aryl radical (including substituted aryl radicals), i.e. R2 is COOH or an ester of R4; R6 is a seven-carbon chain optionally containing up to three double or triple bonds or a mixture of double and triple bonds up to a maximum or three; and (c) indicates a single, double or triple bond. The compounds are analogs of hepoxilins and are used to modulate hepoxilin activity, for example in the control of inflammation or other processes mediated by intracellular calcium levels.

Description: Description HEPOXILIN ANALOGS USEFUL AS ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS Background of the Invention It has become increasingly clear that second messengers play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in a diverse number of metabolic processes. Calcium is an important member of the group of second messengers, and regulation of calcium has become a focal point for investigating and controlling metabolic pathways and pathological conditions that can result from the aberrant regulation of these pathways. Regulation is achieved by opening or closing gated ion channels. This results in a change in the intracellular ion concentration in either of two ways: 1) changing the voltage across the plasma membrane or 2) allowing a major influx of ions, both generating an intracellular response. Calcium-regulated cell signaling pathways regulate cellular functions such as inflammation and smooth muscle contraction. Inflammation is the body's reaction to injury. The inflammatory response involves three stages: first, an increase of blood flow to the injured area; second, an increase of capillary permeability caused by the retraction of endothelial cells lining vessel walls; and third, leucocyte migration to the site of injury. The third stage, known as chemotaxis, is a complex process that results in phagocytosis of invading agents by certain types of leucocytes such aε the neutrophil. The neutrophil plays a key role in the body's response in inflammatory events such as infection. Once having arrived at the site of inflammation, the neutrophil is "activated" and releases a plethora of oxidative enzymes, known as a respiratory burst, that aid in destroying the invasive agent. An increase in intracellular calcium is thought to be involved in the initiation of the events that result in respiratory burst. One group of compounds that have been shown to increase the influx of intracellular calcium in neutrophils is the "hepoxilins". Hepoxilins are products of an arachidonic acid pathway and have been implicated in the mediation of inflammation and smooth muscle contraction by modulation of second messenger calcium in response pathways. Hepoxilins are biologically active hydroxy epoxide derivatives of arachidonic acid formed through the 12-lipoxygenase pathway (Pace-Asciak et al., J. Biol. Chem. 258: 6835-6840, 1983; Pace-Asciak, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 793: 485-488, 1984; Pace-Asciak et al., Prostaαlandins 25: 79-84, 1983). They are formed from 12-HPETE, an unstable hydroperoxide derivative of arachidonic acid (Pace-Asciak, J. Biol. Chem. 259: 8332- 8337, 1984; Pace-Asciak et al. , Adv. Prostal. Throm. Leuk. Res. 11: 133-134, 1983). Two hepoxilins have been isolated: hepoxilin A3 [8(S, R)-hydroxy-11(S) ,12 (S)- epoxy-eicosa-5Z, 9E, 14Z-trienoic acid] and hepoxilin B3 [10(S, R)-hydroxy-ll(S) ,12 (S)-epoxy-eicosa-5Z, 8Z, 14Z- trienoic acid] . The term "hepoxilin" was coined in an attempt to combine aspects of structure with their first, though not necessarily their most important, demonstrated biological activity of insulin release (Pace-Asciak and Martin, Prost l. Leukotriene and Med. 16: 173-180, 1984). Hepoxilin A3 epimers are represented as: HO I I Hepoxilin B3 epimers are represented as: Hepoxilins are probably formed wherever 12- lipoxygenase is present because 12-HPETE is actively transformed into the hepoxilins by a variety of ferriheme proteins. Hence, ferriprotoporphyrin and such containing groups in proteins catalyze this transformation (Pace- Asciak et al., Bioloc-f. Oxidation Systems, Eds C.C. Reddy et al., Academic Press, NY, 725-735, 1990) . Hepoxilins are formed by platelets (Bryant and Bailey, Prostacrlandins 17: 9-18, 1979; Jones et al., Prostacrlandins 16: 583-590, 1978), lung (Pace-Asciak et al., Biochi . Biophvs. Acta 712: 142-145, 1982), pancreatic islets (Pace-Asciak and Martin, ibid. 1984) , brain (Pace-Asciak, ibid. 1988) , aorta (Laneuville et al., Biochim. Biophvs. Acta 1084: 60-68, 1991) and neutrophils (Dho et al., Biochem. J. 266: 63-68, 1990). Hepoxilin B3 has been isolated from marine red algae (Moghaddam et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265: 6126-6130, 1990) and hepoxilin A3 has been detected in the Aplysia brain (Piomelli et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 1721- 1725, 1989) . Hepoxilins are also formed by the rat pineal gland (Reynaud et al., J. Neurochem. 62: 126-133, 1994) . Hepoxilins have been shown to possess a variety of biological actions related to their ability to affect ion fluxes in the cell. Hepoxilins raise intracellular calcium in human neutrophils (Dho et al., Biochem. J. 266:63-68, 1990), increase the transport of calcium across membranes (Derewlany et al., Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 62: 1466-1469, 1984), stimulate the release of insulin (Pace-Asciak and Martin, ibid. 1984) , and regulate the volume of human platelets through an effect on potassium channels in the cell (Margalit et al. 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA £fl: 2589-2592, 1993). Biological actions of the hepoxilins demonstrated so far include the potentiation of aortic and tracheal vasoconstriction (Laneuville et al, Br. J. Pharmacol. 105: 297-304, 1992; 107: 808-812, 1992), potentiation of vascular permeability (Laneuville and Pace-Asciak, Prostaqlandins, Leukotrienes. Lipoxins and PAF. Ed. J.M. Bailey, Plenum Press NY: 335-338, 1991), modulation of second messenger systems (Niga et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Co . 171: 944-948, 1990), regulation of cell volume (Margalit et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90: 2589- 2592, 1993 and modulation of neurotransmission (Carlen et al., Brain Res. 497: 171-176, 1989; Piomelli et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 86: 1721-1725, 1989; and Pace- Asciak et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 3037-3041, 1990) . In view of the role of the hepoxilins in regulating physiological processes, a means for regulating hepoxilin action is needed. Hepoxilin antagonists find utility in reducing inflammation, asthma, hypertension, migraine and septic shock and in modulating other processes mediated by cellular calcium levels. Hepoxilin agonists find utility in diabetes. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 illustrates a synthetic scheme for cyclopropyl hepoxilin analogs. Figure 2 illustrates a synthetic scheme for thiirano hepoxilin derivatives. Figure 3 illustrates a synthetic scheme for radiolabeling hepoxilin. Figure 4 illustrates hepoxilin analogs compete for binding on neutrophils with tritiated hepoxilin. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention provides hepoxilin analogs that modulate the mobilization of intracellular calcium in human neutrophils induced by such agonists as f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) , platelet activation factor (PAF) , leukotriene B 4 (LTB4) , hepoxilin A 3 and thapsigargin. Certain of these analogs (including 11,12-cyclopropyl analogs) have been found to antagonize hepoxilin activity in experimental models. As such they may be useful in the modulation of hepoxilin-mediated (or hepoxilin agonist-mediated) processes, including inflammation associated with neutrophil activation in inflammatory disease. Broadly speaking, the present invention is directed to hepoxilin analogs having the general structure I or II: R5 Within structures I and II: X is O, C n , NH, or S, wherein n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; Rl is OH, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, N 3 or CH 2 N 3 ; R3 is H or CH 3 ; R5 is Y-R2, wherein Y is a six- carbon chain optionally containing up to three double or triple bonds or a mixture of double and triple bonds up to a maximum of three; R2 iε C^-C^ alkyl—OH, C .-C 10 alkyl—N 3 or C00R4, wherein R4 is H, a branched or unbranched C ] _-Cι 0 alkyl (including substituted alkyl radicals) , cycloalkyl (including substituted cycloalkyl) , preferably C5 or C5 cycloalkyl, or a five- or six- membered aryl radical (including substituted aryl radicals), i.e. R2 is COOH or an ester of R4; R6 is a seven-carbon chain optionally containing up to three double or triple bonds or a mixture of double and triple bonds up to a maximum of three; and indicateε a single, double or triple bond; subject to the limitation that when the structure is and R2 is COOH or COOCH 3 , then X is not 0. Within one embodiment, the hepoxilin analogs of the present invention are of the following structures III-IV: III IV wherein structures V-VI are preferred: V VI Within structures III-VI, Rl, R2, R3 , R4 and X are as previously defined, subject to the limitation that if Rl is OH, R2 is COOH or COOCH 3 , and R3 is H, then X is not O. Preferred substitutions within R4 include lower alkyl and halo. Unless otherwise specified, the term "alkyl" is used herein to refer to branched and unbranched alkyl radicalε. Suitable alkyl radicalε include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, n-amyl, sec- amyl, n-hexyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl and the like. Lower alkyl C__-- * Q alkyl) radicals are preferred, such as methyl and ethyl radicals. The term "alkenyl" refers to branched and unbranched hydrocarbon chains having one or more double bonds, including mono- unεaturated and poly-unεaturated radicals. Lower alkenyl radicals having from one to six carbon atomε are preferred. The term "alkynyl" refers to branched and unbranched hydrocarbon chains having one or more triple bonds, including mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated radicals. Lower alkynyl radicals having from one to six carbon atoms are preferred. The term "aryl" includeε monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicalε. Suitable aryl groups include phenyl, chlorophenyl, benzyl and the like. The term "halo" includes chloro, fluoro, bromo and iodo. The εymbol iε uεed to indicate a bond that can be single, double or triple. Preferred epimers of hepoxilin analogs III-VI include the following: VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV Within the compounds represented by structureε III-XIV, X is preferably NH, S or C n , wherein n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; Rl is OH, CH 3 , CH 2 0H, N 3 or CH 2 N 3 ; R2 is COOH or COOCH 3 . and R3 is H, CH 3 OR CH 2 OH. When X is C n , X and carbon atoms 11 and 12 will form a three- to six-membered ring, optionally containing one or more double bonds, or an aromatic ring. Within these molecules . it is particularly preferred that Rl is OH; X is C n , wherein n is most preferably 1, forming a cyclopropane ring; and R3 is H. Within another preferred group of molecules, X is C n , NH or S; Rl is OH; R2 is COOR4; R3 is H or CH 3 ; and R4 is H or lower alkyl, particularly methyl. Particularly preferred compounds within this group are those in which Rl= OH; X= CH 2 ; R2= COOH or COOCH 3 . and R3=H , including those molecules designated as HA-921 , HA- 922 , HA-923 and HA-924 . HA- 921 HA- 922 HA-923 HA- 924 Within another preferred group of molecules, X is O and R2 is alkyl—N 3 , alkyl—OH, an ester of a C 5 ~C 10 alkyl radical, or an ester of an aryl radical, particularly an ester of a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl radical. Particularly preferred molecules within this group are thoεe in which R2 is alkyl—N 3 or alkyl— OH, such as lower alkyl—N 3 or lower alkyl—OH. According to the present invention, structural analogs of hepoxilinε, including the representative hepoxilin antagonists methyl 8-hydroxy-ll,12-cyclopropyl- 5(Z) ,9(E) ,14(Z)-eicoεatrienoate (ΔHXA 3 ) and methyl 10- hydroxy-ll,12-cyclopropyl-5(Z) ,8(Z) ,14(Z)-eicosatrienoate (ΔHXB 3 ) , may conveniently be synthesized utilizing the acetylenic approach to hepoxilins (Demin et al., Bioorg. Khim 16:1125-1133. 1990). A εynthetic εcheme for hepoxilin antagoniεts is set forth in Figure 1. As shown therein, 1- hydroxyundeca-2(E)-en-5-yne (1), a common intermediate in this synthetic scheme, prepared as described (Demin et al., ibid.), is modified to obtain the corresponding three-membered cyclopropane ring- containing alcohols, which are the key synthonε to hepoxilin analogs. According to this scheme, alcohol (1) [1-Hydroxyundeca- 2(E)-en-5-yne] is treated with CH 2 I and Zn-Cu couple in dry ether giving racemic (2S*,3S*)-2,3-cyclopropylalcohol (2) , which is then oxidized to aldehyde (3) with pyrydiniu dichromate. Two subsequent condensationε of aldehyde (3) with Li-derivative of propargyl chloride leads to cyclopropylcarbinol (4) . 1 H-NMR spectrum at this stage shows a 7:3 ratio between two diastereomers. Propargylic chloride (4) iε reacted with methyl hexynoate in the preεence of equimolar amountε of Cul and Nal in DMF in the presence of K 2 CO 3 , 10 hours at 20°C, resulting in the triacetylenic analog of ΔHXB 3 (5) obtained as an inseparable mixture with the same epimeric ratio. Following selective hydrogenation of the triacetylenic analog (5) on Lindlar catalyst in the presence of 2 equivalents of quinoline and subsequent separation, two C 10 -epimers of more and less polar ΔHXB 3 methyl esterε (6a,b) are obtained in a 7:3 ratio aε a colorleεε oil. The εame ratio between more and leεs polar epimers iε obtained for native HXB 3 methyl esters when similar condensations of appropriate aldehyde with Li-derivative of terminal acetylene are used (Demin et al., ibid.]. The same relative configuration for more and less polar ΔHXB 3 is thus expected. This proposition is confirmed by the consideration of NMR spectra of individual ΔHXB 3 methyl esters (6a, 6b) . NMR spectra show the two differences between epimers: coupling constant Jιo, ll ε larger for the more polar epimer (d, 7.8 Hz) than for the less polar epimer (d, J 7.3 Hz), and proton at C 11 of cyclopropyl group has less chemical shift (0.68 ppm) for the more polar epimer than for the less polar epimer (0.81 ppm) . These data are in agreement with those described for α-,j8-cyclopropylcarbinolic systems (Descotes et al., Tetrahedron 2^:2931-2935, 1973). Furthermore, oxidation of both fully saturated ΔHxB (ΔHxBn) epimer and native saturated HxB (HxBo) by pyrydinium dichromate into the correεponding ketoneε followed by treatment of the latter with εodium borohydride reεults, in both cases, in a mixture of initial α,)-cyclopropyl- and a,β- epoxycarbinolε in a 1.7:1 ratio between less and more polar epimers. This ratio is similar to that described for reduction of α,3-epoxyketoneε to α,?-epoxycarbinols by NaBH 4 with preference of erythro- epoxycarbinol (Pierre et al., Tetrahedron Lett. (42): 4371-7374, 1972 and Nakata et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 22(47) : 4723-4726, 1981) . On the baεiε of the foregoing considerations, it can be concluded that the more polar ΔHXB 3 epimer (6a) haε a threo, εyn or (10S*,11R*,12S*)-configuration, and the leεε polar epimer of ΔHXB 3 (6b) haε a relative erythro, anti or (10R*,11R*,12S*)-configuration. In the case of cyclopropyl analogs of HXB 3 the absolute configuration of the carbinolic center is opposite to the configuration of native HXB 3 , while the relative configuration remains the same (Demin et al., Bioorg. Khi . 16: 1125-1133, 1990). To obtain the two C 8 -epimeric ΔHXA 3 methyl esters (7a,b) , the stereocontrolled rearrangement of allylic acetates catalyzed by Pd(II) (Grieco et al., J. A . Chem. Soc. 102: 7587-7588, 1980) iε used. Treatment of individual ΔHXB 3 acetates (8a, 8b) obtaining from (6a, 6b) with 0.1 eq. of PdCl 2 (MeCN) 2 in THF leads to the mixtures of ΔHXB 3 and ΔHXA 3 acetates (8a, 9a) and (8b, 9b) in a ca. 1:1 ratio in both cases. These acetates can be separated from each other by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a straight phase column (μ Porasil or the like) uεing 0.3% isopropanol in hexane. Subsequent hydrolysis gives two individual C 8 -epimers of ΔHXA3 (7a, 7b) . On the basis of the SN2' reaction mechanism, the more polar ΔHXA3 (obtained from anti ΔHXB3) is referred to as syn or (8R*, IIS*, 12S*) -epimer (7b), and the lesε polar ΔHXA3 aε anti or (8S*, IIS*, 12S*)-epimer (7a) , reεpectively. The chromatographic properties of ΔHXA3 methyl esters (7a) , (7b) are also similar to native HXA3 methyl esters with known relative configuration (Demin et al., Bioorg. Khim.. 16: 571-572, 1990 and Corey et al., Tetrahedron Lett.: 31(15) : 2113-2116, 1990). The above-described procedureε are modified aε necessary to produce other hepoxilin analogs. The necesεary alterations in starting materials, reactants and conditionε will be evident to those skilled in the art. Thus, the methods described above can be employed for the production of hepoxilin analogs having alternative R groups and different degrees of saturation at specific carbon atoms. Individual epimers or mixtures may be produced as desired. Within the present invention, hepoxilin analogs may be prepared in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, especially acid-addition saltε, including salts of organic acids and mineral acids. Examples of such salts include organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, tris hydroxy amino methyl (THAM) and the like. Suitable inorganic acid-addition εaltε include salts of hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric and phoεphoric acids and the like. The acid addition salts may be obtained as the direct products of compound syntheεis. In the alternative, the free base may be diεsolved in a suitable solvent containing the appropriate acid, and the salt isolated by evaporating the solvent or otherwise separating the salt and solvent. The compounds of the present invention find utility in human and veterinary medicine for modulating the action of the hepoxilins. Hepoxilin antagonists may be administered for the treatment of such conditions as inflammation, asthma, hypertension, migraine and septic shock. In general, the compounds or their salts are formulated for enteral or parenteral administration by combining them with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle according to conventional procedures. See, Remington's Pharmaceutical Scienceε. 18th ed. , Gennaro, ed.. Mack Publishing Co, Easton, PA, 1990, incorporated herein by reference. The active ingredient will be combined with one or more diluents, fillers, emulεifierε, excipientε, etc., and may be provided in εuch formε aε liquidε, powderε, emulεions, tablets, capεuleε and the like. Such compoεitions may further include one or more auxiliary substances, including wetting agents, preservatives, stabilizers, buffers, lubricants, colorings, etc. The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate certain embodiments of the invention. Example I Instruments and reagents Referring to Figure 1, vacuum distillation of compound (2) was done using a Kugelrohr apparatus (Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI) at the stated oven temperature. Thin layer chromatography was performed on aluminum sheets coated with silica gel 60 F 5 , layer thicknesε 0.2 mm (Merck, Dharmstadt, Germany). Preparative HPLC was performed uεing a μ Poraεil Si0 2 column, 7.8 x 300 mm (Waterε, Milford, MA), using as eluent 0.8% i-PrOH in hexane for compounds (6a,b) and (7a,b) , 0.3% i-PrOH in hexane for (8a,b) and (9a,b) . GC analyses were carried out on a Hewlett-Packard 5700A gas chromatograph (Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA) using a glasε capillary column, (SPB-1, Supelco, Beliefonte, PA) 60 m x 0.3 mm. Electron impact maεε εpectra were obtained on a Hewlett- Packard GC MS uεing a fuεed εilica methyl silicone capillary column (HP-1, 12 m x 0.2 mm). Compounds (4), (5), (6a,b) and (7a,b) were injected onto the GC column as their tBDMSi derivatives prepared with a t- butyldimethylsilylimidazole-DMF kit (Supelco) . ^-NMR spectra were obtained on Bruker-AM500 (500 MHz) spectrometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) in CDCI3 with Me4Si as an internal standard (δ=0 ) . Pyridinium dichromate, Lindlar catalyst (Aldrich) and n-BuLi solution in hexane (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) were used as received. l-Hydroxyundec-2 (E) - en-5-yne (1) and 5-hexynoic acid were εyntheεized aε deεcribed (Demin et al., Bioorg. Khim. 16: 1125-1133, 1990) . (2S*.3S*) -l-Hydroxyundec-2 ,3-Cyclopropyl-5-Yne (2) A εuεpenεion of Zn-Cu couple (2.9 g) in dry ether (10 mL) in the presence of I 2 (0.1 g) was refluxed for 5 min until the red-brown color diεappeared. Di- iodomethane (2.95 g) waε added, and the reεulting mixture was stirred 1 h at 35°C. l-Hydroxyundec-2 (E) -en-l-yne (1; numbers refer to the synthetic scheme shown in the Figure) (0.33 g) in 5 mL of ether was added, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 30 min with stirring. Saturated aqueous NH4CI was added, the mixture waε extracted with ether, and the ether phaεe was dried over Na 2 Sθ4. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was distilled in vacuo, yielding 279 mg (78%) of cyclopropyl alcohol (2), b.p. 100-110°C (10~ 2 mm Hg) . ^-H-NMR (500 MHz, δ, ppm) : 0.43, 0.53 (dt, 1H, J 4.9 and 8.5 Hz, cyclopropyl-H) , 0.84, 1.05 (m, 2H, H 2 + H 3 ), 0.90 (t, 3H, J 7.0 Hz, H 11 ) , 1.33 (m, 4H, H 9 + H 10 ) , 1.48 (quintet, 2H, J 7.22 Hz, H 8 ), 2.14 (tt, 2H, J 2.4 and 7.2 Hz, H 7 ) , 2.19 (dt, 0.5 H, J 2.4 and 6.0 Hz, H 4 ) , 2.23 (dt, 0.5 H, J 2.4 and 6.0 Hz, H 4 ) , 2.32 (dt, 0.5 H, J 2.4 and 5.5 Hz, H 4 ), 2.35 (dt, 0.5 H, J 2.4 and 5.5 Hz, H 4 ) , 3.46 (m, 2H, H 1 ) . Mass spectrum (m/z, % of related intensity): 162 ( [M - H 2 0] + , 0.4), 109 ([M - C4H 9 ]+, 25), 95 ( [M - C5Hn] + , 34), 91 ([M - C4H9 - H 2 0]+, 67), 79 (100), 77 ([M - C5H11 - H 2 0] + , 52) . (2R*.3S*1-2.3-CvclθProPVl-5-Yn-l-Al ( 3 ) To a suspenεion of Py 2 H 2 Cr2θ 7 (85 g) and molecular sieves 3A (Aldrich) (120 mg) in 3 mL of dry CH2CI 2 , 10 μl of AcOH and cyclopropyl alcohol (2) in 0.5 mL of CH 2 CI 2 was added. After 30 min, the reaction was quenched by addition of 20 μl of isopropanol, and the mixture was filtered through silica gel and eluted with hexane. Evaporation of the solvent gave 18.2 mg (92%) of aldehyde (3). ^-H-NMR (500 MHz, δ , ppm) : 0.89 (t, 3H, J 6.9 Hz, H 11 ) , 1.15, 1.30 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl-H) , 1.33 (m, 4H, H 9 + H 10 ) , 1.48 (quintet, 2H, J 7.1 Hz, H 8 ) , 1.65, 1.88 (m, 2H, H 2 + H 3 ), 2.12 (tt, 2H, J 2.2 and 7.1 Hz, H 7 ),.2.45 (m, 2H, H 4 ) , 9.13 (d, 1H, J 5.3 Hz, H 1 ) . Mass- spectrum (m/z, % of related intensity): 177 ([M - 1] + , 0.4), 149 ([M - CH0] + , 5.0), 121 ([M - C 4 H 9 ] " , 10), 107 ([M - C 5 Hn] + , 25), 93 ([M - C 4 H 9 - CHO + H]+, 29), 79 ([M - C 5 H1 1 - CHO + H] + , 47), 69 (100). C4S*. 5R*. 6S*)- and (4R*. 5R*. 6S*0 -l-Chloro-4-Hvdroxy- 5.6-Cvclopropyltetradeca-2.8-Divnes (4) A solution of propargyl chloride (1.6 g) in dry ether (100 mL) was cooled to -78°C, and n-BuLi (1.38 g, 21.6 L of 1.5 M in hexane) was added over a period of 15 min. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at -78°C, and aldehyde (3) (0.77 g) in 20 ml of ether was added. After 15 min, 20 ml of H 2 O was added to quench the reaction, and the mixture was warmed to 20°C. The ether layer was separated, the residue was extracted with ether, the combined extracts were dried over Na 2 S0 4 , and the solvent waε evaporated to dryneεs resulting in an orange oil which was absorbed on a silica gel column. Elution with 10% EtOAc in hexane and solvent removal gave an epimer mixture of racemic α,J-cyclopropyl alcohols (4) as a colorlesε oil (0.91 g, 84%, epimer ratio 7:3 by 1 H-NMR analysis); ^-H-NMR (500 MHz, δ, ppm) ; 0.57-0.69 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl-H) , 0.90 (t, 3H, J 7.1 Hz, H 14 ) , 1.03, 1.09 (m, 1 H, H 5 ) , 1.19 (m, 1H, H 6 ) , 1.32 (m, 4H, H 12 + H 13 ), 1.48 (quintet, 2H, J 7.2 Hz, H 11 ) , 1.89 (d, 1H, J 6.4 Hz, OH), 2.13 (tt, 2H, J 7.2 and 2.4 Hz, H 10 ) , 2.22-2.40 (m, 2H, H 7 ) , 4.15 (t, 2H, J 2.3 Hz, H 1 ) , 4.28 (m, 0.3 H, H 4 ) , 4.35 (m, 0.7 H, H 4 ) . Mass spectrum of the tBDMSi derivative (m/z, % of related intensity): 365 ([M - 1] + , 0.15), 331 ([M - Cl] + , 1.9), 309 ( [M - t-Bu] + , 5.0), 275 ([M - t-Bu - Cl + H] + , 6.8), 199 ( [M - Cl - tBDMSi] + , 24), 129 ([M - C5H11 - Cl - t-BuMe2SiOH + H] + , 92), 128 (100) . Methyl (IPS*. 11R*. 12S*)- and flOR*. 11R*. 12S*Ϊ-10- Hydroxy-11, 12-Cyclopropyleicosa-5,8 , 14-Triynoates (5) To a εuεpenεion of anhydrous Cul (490 mg) , Nal (774 mg) and K2CO3 (712 mg) in DMF (50 mL) , the solutions of methyl 5-hexynoate (390 mg in 5 mL of DMF) and propargylic chloride (4) (650 mg in 5 mL of DMF) were succesεively added. The mixture waε stirred overnight at 20°C, then saturated aqueous NH4CI solution (200 mL) was added. After extraction with ether, the organic layer was dried by Na2Sθ4, and the εolvent waε evaporated to dryneεε. Subsequent filtration of the resulting oil through silica gel (eluent 15% EtOAc in hexane) afforded triyne (5) as a yellow oil (740 mg, 84%, epimer ratio 7:3 by l-H-NMR analysis) . iH-NMR (500 Hz, δ, ppm) : 0.57, 0.64 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl-H), 0.90 (t, 3H, J 7.0 Hz, H 20 ) , 1.00-1.22 (m, 2H, H 11 + H 12 ), 1.33 (m, 4H, H 18 + H 19 ) , 1.48 (quintet, 2H, J 7.1 Hz, H 17 ) , 1.82 (quintet, 2H, J 7.2 Hz, H 3 ), 2.13-2.25 (m, 6H, H 4 + H 13 + H 16 ) , 2.44 (t, 2H, J 7.44 Hz, H 2 ), 3.15 (quintet, 0.8H, J 2.3 Hz, H 7 ) , 3.30 (br.t., 0.2H, J 2.3 Hz, H 7 ) , 3.68 (ε, 3H, COOMe) , 4.26 (dt, 0.3H, J 6.4 and 1.3 Hz, H 10 ) , 4.32 (dt, 0.7H, J 6.1 and 1.9 Hz, H 10 ) . Mass spectrum of the tBDMS derivative (m/z, % of related intensity) : 455 ( [M - 1] + , 0.15), 425 ([M - OMe]+, 0.19), 399 ( [M - t-Bu] + , 37), 293 ([C 10 -C 20 ]+, 3.7), 317 ([C 8 -C 20 ] + , 0.90), 307 ([C^-C 10 ] , 0.80), 221 (64), 189 ([(C^-C 11 ) - t-BuMe2SiOH + H] + , 17), 75 (100) . Methyl (IPS*. 11R*. 12S*)- and flOR*. 11R*. 12S -10- Hvdroxy.ll.l2-Cvclopropyl-5 .8(Z1.14(Z - Eicoεatrienoateε (6a,b) A solution of triyne (5) (120 mg) in dry benzene (2 mL) was added to a mixture of hydrogen- presaturated Lindlar catalyst (100 mg) and quinoline (1000 μl) in 10 ml of benzene, and the resulting mixture was stirred until hydrogen consumption was completed (60 min, 10 mL of H 2 was absorbed) . The poisoned catalyst was filtered off, and the filtrate was added to a new portion of hydrogen-presaturated Lindlar catalyst (100 mg) and quinoline (200 μl) . After hydrogen consumption was stopped the procedure was repeated twice. During thiε procedure, the reaction mixture waε analyzed by GC-MS as the tBDMSi derivative monitoring the prominent ion m/z 405 [M - t-Bu] + . After the reaction was completed (total hydrogen absorption 79.4 mL, 340% of theoretical amount), GC MS analysis of the reaction mixture showed 92% conversion into the desirable trienes (6a, b) . The catalyst was filtered off, the filtrate was poured onto an aluminum oxide column (pH 6.9-7.1) . Quinoline was removed with 5% EtOAc in hexane. The column was then eluted with EtOAc, giving a yellow oil (115 mg) containing 95% trienes (6a,b) (evaluated by GLC analysis of tBDMSi derivative) . Individual epimers (6a) , (6b) were separated using HPLC (μPorasil 7.8 x 300 mm, Waterε) , eluent 1.0% i-PrOH in hexane, UV- detection at 210 nm. More polar epimer (6a) : a colorless oil, 55 mg yield (46%). Rf 0.39 (C6H6-Et 2 0, 85:15, 3 developments), 1 H- NMR-spectrum (500 MHz, δ, ppm): 0.39 (dt, IH, J 4.8 and 8.1 Hz, cyclopropyl-H), 0.53 (dt, IH, J 4.8 and 8.5 Hz, cyclopropyl-H), 0.68 (m, IH, H 11 ) , 0.83 (i, IH, H 12 ) , 0.87 (t, 3H, J 6.8 Hz, H 20 ) , 1.26-1.36 ( , 6H, H 17 + H 18 + H 19 ) , 1.63 (br.s., IH, OH), 1.70 (quintet, 2H, J 7.5 Hz, H 3 ), 1.90-2.12 (m, 6H, H 4 + H 13 + H 16 ) , 2.32 (t, 2H, J 7.5 Hz, H 2 ), 2.75 (m, IH, H 7 ), 2.86 (m, IH, H 7 ) , 3.67 (ε, 3H, COOMe) 3.95 (ddd, IH, J 1.0, 7.8 and 7.8 Hz, H 10 ) , 5,36-5.50 (m, 6H, olefinic H) . Mass spectrum, tBDMSi derivative (m/z, % of related intensity) : 462 ([M] + , 0.06), 431 ([M - OMe] + , 0.80), 405 ( [M - t-Bu] + , 37), 324 ([C 1 -C 11 ] + , 20), 211 (12) , 169 (12), 105 (21), 75 (100) . Less polar epimer (6b) : a colorless oil, 30 mg yield (25%) . Rf 0.51 (C6H6"Et2θ, 85:15, 3 developments), iH-NMR-spectrum (500 MHz, δ, ppm): 0.33 (dt, IH, J 5.1 and 8.4 Hz, cyclopropyl-H), 0.43 (dt, IH, J 5.1 and 8.4 Hz, cyclopropyl-H), 0.81 (m, 2H, H 11 + H 12 ) , 0.89 (t, 3H, J 6.7 Hz, H 20 ) , 1.25-1.36 (m, 6H, H 17 + H 18 + H 19 ) , 1.58 (d, IH, J 3.2 Hz, OH), 1.70 (quintet, 2H, J 7.4 Hz, H 3 ) , 1.96-2.10 (m, 6H, H 4 + H 13 + H 16 ) , 2.31 (t, 2H, J 7.4 Hz, H 2 ) , 2.74, 2.84 (m, 2H, H 7 ) , 3.67 (s, 3H, COOMe), 3.97 (ddd, IH, J 3.0, 7.3, and 7.3 Hz, H 10 ) , 5.36-5.48 ( , 6H, olefinic H) . Maεε εpectrum, tBDMSi derivative (m/z, % of related intenεity) : 462 (0.04), 431 (0.35), 405 (20), 334 (4.7), 324 (2.8), 215 (4.2), 211 (3.0), 169 (6.0), 105 (26), 75 (100). Methyl (8S*. US*. 12S*)- and (8R*. US*. 12S*)-8- Hvdroxy-ll,12-Cvclopropyl-5fZ) .9(E) , 14(Z1- Eicoεatrienoateε (7a,b) A mixture of triene (6a) , (6b) (10 mg of each epimer) , acetic anhydride (150 μl) , and pyridine (450 μl) was maintained at 20°C overnight. The mixture was evaporated to dryness, and the reεidue waε purified by HPLC using 0.8% i-PrOH in hexane as eluent. The resulting allylic acetates (8a) , (8b) were treated separately with a catalytic amount of freεhly prepared biε(acetonitrile)palladium(II) chloride (0.6 mg, 0.1 equiv) in dry THF (10 mL) during 3 h at 20°C. THF waε evaporated, and the residue was passed through an AI2O3 column (pH 6.9-7.1) using EtOAc as eluent. The resulting yellow oil contained a mixture of acetates ΔHXA3 (7a) , (7b) and ΔHXB3 (6a), (6b) (ratio 1.2:1 from more polar ΔHXB3 (HA-922) epimer (6a) and 0.9:1 from less polar ΔHXB3 (HA-921) epimer (6b) by HPLC analysis) . Acetates were separated by HPLC using 0.3% i-PrOH in hexane aε eluent, yield of (9a) waε 5.8 mg, 58% (from more polar ΔHXB3 (6a)), and (9b) was 3.8 mg, 38% (from less polar ΔHXB3 (6b)); ΔHXA3 acetates (9a), (9b) were non-separable from each other by HPLC or by TLC. ^-H-NMR spectrum (any epimer, 500 MHz, δ, ppm): 0.57 (m, 2H, cyclopropyl-H), 0.80, 1.15 (m, 2H, H 11 and H 12 ) , 0.88 (t, 3H, J 6.91 Hz, H 20 ) , 1.28-1.32 (m, 6H, H 17 + H 18 + H 19 ),1.69 (quintet, 2H, J 7.4 Hz, H 3 ), 1.99-2.07 (m, 6H, H 2 + H 4 + H 16 ) , 2.01 (s, 3H, OAc), 2.32 (m, 4H, H 7 + H 13 ), 2.37 (dt, IH, J 7.0 and 7.2 Hz, H 8 ), 3.67 (s, 3H, COOMe), 5.19 (dt, IH, J 6.7 and 6.8 Hz, H 6 ) , 5.29 (dd, IH, J 8.7 and 15.5 Hz, H 10 ) , 5.38 (m, 3H, H 5 + H 14 + H 15 ) , 5.44 (dd, IH, J 7.2 and 15.5 Hz, H 9 ) . Hydrolysis of the resulting pure acetates (9a), (9b) (10% NaOH/H2θ in THF, 5 h, 20°C) followed by esterification by diazomethane provided diaεtereochemically pure ΔHXA3 methyl eεterε (7a) , (7b) . More polar epimer of ΔHXA3 (HA-924) (7b) (from leεs polar ΔHXB3 (6b)): 5.1 mg yield (51%) . Rf 0.46 (CβH6-Et2θ, 85:15, 3 developments), maεε spectrum of the tBDMSi derivative (m/z, % of related intensity): 431 ( [M - OMe] + , 0.18), 405 ( [M - t-Bu]+, 4.7), 351 ([CL-C 12 ]*, 0.18), 321 ([C 8 -C 20 ]+, 100), 197 (62), 189 ( [ (C 8 -C 20 ) - t-BuMe2SiOH, 17) , 171 (27), 75 (79), 73 (83) . Leεε polar epimer of ΔHXA3 (HA-923) (7a) (from more polar ΔHXB3 (6a)): yield iε 3.3 mg (33%). Rf 0.50 (C6H6~Et2θ, 85:15, 3 developmentε) , mass spectrum of the tBDMSi derivative (m/z, % of related intensity): 431 (0.06), 405 (1.0), 351 (0.04), 321 (28), 197 (24), 189 (7.3), 171 (12), 75 (56), 73 (100) . Example II We uεed the same acetylenic approach as in Example I to form Hepoxilins B with an unnatural epoxy group, i.e. 11R, 12R. These compounds were inverted under Mitsunobu conditionε into a mixture of unnatural HXB 3 benzoates aε well as the products of allylic transposition, unnatural HXA 3 benzoates. Exchange of 0 for S in the unnatural HXA 3 benzoates resulted in inversion of both Cll and C12 centers to afford the thiirano analog of each of the 8R and 8S epimers. The following detailed description provides an example for the syntheεiε of the thiirano hepoxilin A 3 analogε. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on aluminum sheets coated with silica gel 60 F 254, layer thickness 0.2 mm (Merck). HPLC was performed using a μ Poraεil Siθ 2 column, 3.9 x 300 mm for analyεiε and 7.8 x 300 mm for preparative εeparation (Waterε) , uεing as eluent 0.7% i-PrOH in hexane for compounds (10a,b; numbers refer to Figure 2) and (13a,b), 0.3% i-PrOH in hexane for (lla,b) and (12a,b) . 1 H-NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker AM 500 (500 MHz) spectrometer (Bruker) in CdCl 3 with Me 4 Si as an internal standard (δ=0) . El mass spectra were obtained on a Hewlett- Packard GC MS (Hewlett-Packard) using a fused silica methyl silicone capillary column (HP-1, 12 m x 0.2 mm). Compounds (13a,b) were injected onto the GC column as their t-BDMSi derivatives prepared with a t- butyldimethylsilylimidazole-DMF kit (Supelco) . Diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAD) , triphenylphosphine, benzoic acid and potassium thiocyanate (Aldrich) were used as prepared by manufacturer. Methyl 10(R,S)-hydroxy-ll(R) ,12(R)- epoxyeicosa-5Z,8Z,14Z-trienoates (10a,b) (unnatural epi eric HXB 3 ) were synthesized in an analogous manner to the natural epimers (Vasiljeva et al., Tetrahedron 49: 4099-4106, 1993). Methyl 8 (R, S) -benzyloxy-11 (R) , 12 (R) -epoxyeicosa- 5Z,9E,14Z-trienoates (11a,b) and methyl ΙO(R.S)- benzyloxy-11 (R) , 12 (R) -epoxyeicosa-5Z,8Z, 14Z-trienoates (12a,b) To the solution of 35 mg (100 μM) of unnatural HxB 3 methyl esterε (10a) , (10b) as individual epimers in 5 ml of dry THF, PhCOOH, DEAD and then PPh 3 (150 μM each) were added succeεεively at 20°C. After 10 minuteε, the reaction mixture waε analyzed by TLC. Analysis showed the complete conversion into the mixture of HXA3 and HxB 3 benzoates (11a,b) , (12a,b) (Rf 0.52 and 0.56, EtOAc-Hx, 3:7). The reaction was quenched by addition of 100 μl of MeOH, and the solvent waε taken into dryneεε. The reεidue was pasεed through silica gel to remove the reagents, and the mixture of HXA3 and HXB3 benzoateε was eluted with EtOAc-Hx, 1:9 and separated on straight-phase HPLC, UV-detection at λ 228 nm. The combined yield of HxA 3 and HXB3 benzoates after purification was 95%. UV- spectrum of compounds (11a,b) , (12a,b) : λ max 228 nm. 1 H- NMR spectrum, methyl HXA3 benzoate (lla,b) (any epimer, 500 MHz, δ, ppm): 0.88 (t, 3H, J 7.1 Hz, H 20 ) , 1.23-1.36 ( , 6H, H 17 + H 18 + H 19 ) , 1.68 (quintet, 2H, J 7.3 Hz, H3), 2.01 (dt, 2H, J 7.3 and 6.7 Hz, H 4 ) , 2.10 (dt, 2H, J 7.2 and 6.7 Hz, H 16 ) , 2.30 (t, 2H, J 7.5 Hz, H 2 ) , 2.38- 2.55 (m, 4H, H 7 + H 13 ), 2.84-2.87 (m, IH, H 12 ), 3.14 (dd, IH, J 7.5 and 2.1 Hz, H 11 ) , 3.66 (s, 3H, COOCH3) , 5.38 (br. ddt, IH, J 1.5, 7.5, and 18.2 Hz, H 10 ) , 5.44-5.58 (m, 5H, H 5 + H 6 + H 8 + H 14 + H 15 ) , 5.97 (dd, IH, J 6.4 and 15.4 Hz, H 9 ) , 7.44, 7.56 and 8.04 (m, 5H, C 6 H 5 ) . 1 H- NMR spectrum, methyl (10R) -eryt- ro-HxB3 benzoate (12b) (500 MHz, δ, ppm) : 0.88 (t, 3H, J 6.9 Hz, H 20 ) , 1.23-1.36 (m, 6H, H 17 + H 18 + H 19 ) , 1.7 (quintet, 2H, J 7.5 Hz, H 3 ), 2.01 (dt, 2H, J 7.5 and 6.2 Hz, H 4 ) , 2.12 (dt, 2H, J 7.3 and 6.2 Hz, H 16 ) , 2.28 and 2.42 (m, 2H, H 13 + H 13 ' ) , 2.32 (t, 2H, J 7.5 Hz, H 2 ), 2.96 (m, 2H, H 7 + H 7 ' ) , 3.00 (dt, IH, J 5.4 and 2.1 Hz, H 12 ) , 3.04 (dd, IH, J 2.1 and 3.6 Hz, H 11 ) , 3.66 (s, 3H, COOCH3), 5.34-5.55 (m, 5H, olefinic H) , 5.68 (ddt, IH, J 0.8, 10.9 and 7.5 Hz, H 8 ) , 5.92 (ddd, IH, J 0.8, 3.6 and 9.1 Hz, H 10 ) , 7.43, 7.56 and 8.84 (m, 5H, C 6 H 5 ) . -H-NMR spectrum, methyl (10S)- t-hreo-HxB 3 benzoate (12a) (500MHz, δ, ppm): 2.97 (m, 3H, H 7 + H 12 ), 3.08 (dd, IH, J 2.2 and 5.7 Hz, H 11 ) , 5.64- 5.69 (m, 2H, H 8 + H 10 ) . The ratio between HXA3 and HXB3 benzoateε was establiεhed by the removal of benzoate groupε (5 ml of 5% MeONa in MeOH, 2 hours, 20°C) followed by HPLC analysis (column μ Porasil 3.9 x 300 mm, eluent 0.7% i-PrOH in hexane, detection at λ 210 nm) . Methyl (10S, 11R,12R) - threo-HxB 3 have 59% of the inverted methyl (10R, 11R, 12R) - erythro-HxB3 and 41% of the 6:1 mixture of methyl (8S,llR,12R)-syn- and (8S, 11R, 12R) -anti-HxA 3 whereas methyl (10R, 11R, 12R) -erythro-HxB 3 led to 90% of the methyl (10S, 11R, 12R) -t±reo-HxB 3 and 10% of the 1:6 mixture of methyl (8S, 11R, 12R) -syn- and (8R, 11R,12R) - nti-HxA3. Methyl 8 (R,S)-hydroxy-11 (S) .12 (S) -thiiranoeicosa- 5Z.9E.14Z-trienoates (13a.b) (thio HxA 3 analogs) . A mixture of methyl 8 (R,S) -benzyloxy-11, 12- epoxyeicosa-5Z,9E, 14Z-trienoates (11a,b) (50 mg, 0.11 mmol) and anhydrous KSCN (600 mg, 6.1 mmol) in dry methanol waε heated to reflux for 7 hourε. The 15% solution of MeONa in MeOH was then added and the reaction mixture waε εtirred overnight at 20°C. Methanol waε taken to dryneεs, and the mixture was disεolved in H2θ/NaCl εaturated εolution and extracted with ether. The combined organic extractε were waεhed with water and dried. Solvent removal gave an oily reεidue which was purified on a Si0 2 column, eluent EtOAc-Hx, 1:2. Final purification and epimer separation was performed on HPLC, UV-detection at λ 210 nm, giving thio analogs of HxA 3 (13a) , (13b) as individual epimers, yield 27 mg (68%) . ^-H-NMR spectrum (any epimer, 500 MHz, δ, ppm): 0.89 (t, 3H, J 6.84 Hz, H 20 ) , 1.24-1.38 (m, 6H, H 17 + H 18 + H 19 ) , 1.70 (m, 2H, H 3 ), 2.03, 2.10 (dt, 2H, J 7.51 and 7.32 Hz, H 7 + H 7 '), 2.26-2.37 (m, 7H, H 2 + H 4 + H 13 ' + H 16 ) , 2.53 (m, IH, H 13 ), 2.78 (dt, IH, J 6.06 and 5.85 Hz, H 12 ) , 3.21 (dd, IH, J 9.06 and 5.85 Hz, H 11 ) , 3.68 (s, 3H, C00CH 3 ), 4.14 (m, IH, H 8 ) , 5.37 (ddd, IH, J 1.16, 9.08 and 15.36 Hz, H 10 ), 5.41-5.57 ( , 4H, olefinic H) , 5.90 (dd, IH, J 6.20 and 15.35 Hz, H 9 ) . Maεε-εpectrum of the tBDMSi derivative (m/z, % of related intenεity) : 448 ( [M - S]+, 0.22), 391 ([448 - t-Bu] + , 2.5), 307 ([C8-C20 - S] + , 100), 285 ([Cl-C8] + , 4.5), 175 ([307 - t-BDMSiOH] + , 6.1). Example III The ability of hepoxilin analogε to inhibit agoniεt-evoked changeε in the free intracellular calcium concentration of human neutrophilε was asεayed. Human neutrophils were separated from freεh human blood by dextran sedimentation followed by centrifugation on either a Ficoll-Hypaque gradient (Boyum, J. Clin. Invest. 2JL:77-98, 1968) or a discontinuous plasma-Percoll gradient (Downey et al., J. Appl. Physiol. S4 . :728-741, 1988) . Residual red blood cells were removed by lysis with NH4CI and centrifugation. Washed cells were maintained at room temperature in RPMI 1640 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) without HCO3 " (buffered to pH 7.3 using 10 mM-Na Hepes) at IO 7 cellε/ml until assayed. For asεaying, cellε [(1-2) X 10 7 cellε/ml] were εuεpended in medium containing NaCl (140 nM) , KC1 (5 nM) , MgCl 2 (1 nM) , CaCl 2 (1 nM) , Hepes (10 nM) and glucose (10 nM) , pH 7.3 The osmolarity of the media was adjusted to 290 + 5 mosm. Intracellular free calcium was measured using the fluorescent indicator Indo-1-AM (Molecular Probes, Inc. , Eugene, OR) . One ml of the freshly prepared neutrophil suspenεion (10 million cellε) waε loaded with 3 μl of a 1 mM solution of Indo-1-AM in DMSO (final concentration of the dye being 3 μM) for a period of 30 minutes at 37°C. Tubes were inverted every five minutes. The acetoxymethyl ester (AM) group on the dye allowed its penetration into the cell where esteraεeε cleave it (by saponification) to release the free acid form which is trapped inside the cell. Unloaded dye was removed by centrifugation, and the cells were resuspended in fresh RPMI 1640 (Sigma Chemical Co.). Dye-loaded cells were kept at room temperature on a rotator. For each measurement, 2 x IO 6 cells were added to 1 ml of a clear medium (composition in mM: NaCl 140, KC1 5, MgCl 2 1, CaCl 2 1, Hepes sodium free 10 and glucose 10, pH 7.3, osmolarity 290+ 5) in a temperature-controlled plastic cuvette (Diamed Lab. , Canada) at 37°C. The cell suspenεion waε continuouεly εtirred. Fluorescence was continuously monitored with a Perkin-Elmer fluorescence spectrophotometer , model 650-40 (Perkin-Elmer, Norwalk, CT) and recorded on an LKB model 2210 chart recorder (Pharmacia, Sweden) set at 2 cm/min. The excitation wavelength was set at 331 nm, the emisεion wavelength set at 410 nm, and slits of excitation and emiεεion were set at 3 and 15 respectively. Temperature of the cuvette waε maintained at 37°C +2°C with water (at 37°C) circulating underneath the cuvette. An equilibrium period of approximately 2 to 5 minutes was allowed before addition of various agents to have a flat baseline signal. Intracellular free calcium was calculated using the following formula: [Ca 2+ ]i=250 nM x (F-F m j n l ( Fmax-F ) All fluorescence values were measured relative to an MnCl 2 -quenched signal determined as follows: 250 nM is the K ( j of Indo-1-AM, F is the relative fluorescence measurement of sample. F max was determined by exposing cells to the calcium ionophore ionomycin (Sigma Chemical Co.) at 10~ 6 M final concentration. After F max was determined, MnCl 2 at 3 mM final concentration was added 5 to totally quench the Indo-1-AM signal and F^ n was obtained. F m i n was obtained as follows: 1/12 x (F max - F Mn) + F Mn* Calibration was performed on each sample. Hepoxilin analogs HXA 3 and other agonists (fMLP, PAF, LTB 4 and thapsigargin) were added to the cuvette as a 0 lOOOx concentrate in DMSO. Hepoxilin analogs HA921-924 were tested firεt at three concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 μg/ l) in DMSO or the DMSO vehicle alone, followed five minutes later by each of the agonistε at one concentration, i.e. HxA 3 , 3 μg/ml; FMLP, 1 X 10" 9 M; LTB , 5 2 ng/ml; PAF, 1 ng/ l and thapsigargin, 10P ng/ml) . Alteration of agonist reεponεe by the hepoxilin analogε waε evaluated by compariεon of reεponεe in the absence of analog (DMSO vehicle alone) with that observed in the presence of analog. P The results of the assays, shown in the Table, demonstrate that HA-921, HA-922 and HA-923 at the higher concentrations (1.4 μM) inhibit the εtimulation of intracellular calcium induced by fMLP, LTB 4 , hepoxilin A 3 and thapsigargin. The analog HA-924 is shown to inhibit 5 hepoxilin A 3 and thapsigargin. TABLE Statistical analyεeε of these experiments IP showed that analogs HA-923 and HA-924 have IC 50 ε of P.52 μM and P.3P μM, respectively, compared to IC 50 s for the HxA 3 (8S) epimer of 8.6 μM and 1.5 μM for the HxA 3 (8R) epimer, indicating that the analogs are about 3-5 timeε more potent than the natural compound. Example IV The ability of hepoxilin analogε HA-923 and HA- 924 to compete with hepoxilin A 3 for binding sites on neutrophils was assayed using [ 3 Hg]-hepoxilin A 3 (8S) methyl eεter. The hepoxilinε were tritated uεing a modification of the procedureε described in Vasiljeva et al. Tetrahedron 4^:4099, 1993 and Demin et al. Bioorg. Khim. ]6:1125, 1990. The triacetylenic analog of HXB 3 (methyl 10(R/S)-hydroxy-11(S) ,12(S)-epoxy-5,8,14- eixoεatriynoate) waε hydrogenated and tritiated using Lindlar catalyst in 4:1 (w/w) instead of 1:1 in the presence of quinoline and 100% tritium gas (1; numbers refer to the scheme shown in Figure 3) . The resulting complex mixture contained two epimeric and over-tritiated products of [ 3 H 6 ]-HxB 3 that were separated using argentation thin layer chromotography. The resulting [ 3 Hg]-HxB 3 epimers were separated from each other using straight phase HPLC. The ratio between the epimers was 65:35 with a preference for the (R) epimer as in the starting triacetylene mixture (2) The radiochemical purity of each epimer was >97% and the εpecific activity was approximately 169 Ci/mmol (2) . To obtain the corresponding epimer of [ 3 Hg]- HxA 3 (3) from [ 3 H 6 ]-HxB 3 (2) a reaction of [ 3 H 6 ]-HxB 3 under Mitsunobu conditions (diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAD) /triphenylphosphine/benzoic acid in THF at 20°C ) reεulted in a mixture of [ 3 Hg]-HxA 3 and [ 3 H 5 ]-HxB 3 benzoateε followed by treatment with MeONa in MeOH to hydrolyze the benzoates. For both epimers of [ 3 Hg]-H B 3 (2) the S fl 2 and S j j2*-type displacements of intermediate complexes (4) by benzoate anion gave an inverted epimer of [ 3 H 6 ]-HxB 3 and the two [ 3 H 6 ]-HxA 3 epimers (3) with preference for the epimer formed by attack of benzoate anion from the side opposite to the leaving groups as shown in Figure 3. Only (10R)-[ 3 Hg]-HxB 3 rearranges into [ 3 Hg]-HxA 3 epimeric mixture with good yield (up to 41%) affording a 6:1 mixture of (8R)-[ 3 H 6 ]-HxA 3 (3a) and (8S)-[ 3 H 6 ]-HxA 3 (3b) respectively; (10S-[ 3 H 6 ]-HxB 3 gives the (10R)-[ 3 H 6 ]-HxB 3 with only 7% of a 1:6 mixture of (8R)- and (8S)-[ 3 H 6 ]-HxA 3 (3a,b). Thus an actual 65:35 mixture of [ 3 H 6 ]-(10R) and (10S)-HxB 3 (2a,b) is rearranged into the mixture of [ 3 H 6 ]-(10R) and (10S)-HxB 3 (2a,b) and [ 3 H 6 ]-(8R) and (8S)-HxA 3 (3a,b) with a 3:1 ratio between the latter at an overall yield of 28%. Yield of the (8S)-[ 3 Hg]-HxA 3 was increased by reacting the mixture once more under the Mitsunobu conditionε to invert all (8R)-[ 3 H 6 ]-HxA 3 (3a) into (8S)- [ 3 Hg]-HxA 3 (3b), and to εimultaneouεly obtain an additional quantity of (8R)-[ 3 H 6 ]-HxA 3 (3a) from (10R)- [ 3 Hg]-H B 3 (2a) . These conditions resulted in a mixture containing the two [ 3 Hg]-HxA 3 (3a,b) epimers in almost equal ratio. The epimers were εeparated on a straight- phaεe HPLC column reεulting in pure individual [3H]-HxA 3 (3a and 3b) in reaεonable yield and good radiochemical purity. Neutrophil suspensions (prepared as described previously) containing 2 x IO 6 cells in 1 ml total volume of asεay medium (aε described in Example III) were added to [ 3 Hg]-HxA 3 (8S)-Me (32,000 cpm, specific activity 169 Ci/mmol) in the absence or presence of 0.5 or 1 μg of unlabelled hepoxilin to measure non specific binding. In separate tubes, 0.5 μg of cyclopropyl analogs HA-923 or HA-924 was added to the tritiated hepoxilin. The tubes were incubated at 37°C for 1 hour. After incubation the reaction mixture was rapidly filtered through Whatman GF/B glass fiber filters (Whatman Bioεystems, Maidstone, England) that had been prewashed with the aεεay medium. The tubeε were rinεed three timeε with ice-cold aεεay medium. The radioactivity retained on the filterε was counted in 10 ml of ECOLITE scintillation fluid (ICN, St. Laurent, Quebec) in a Beckman (Model LS 3800) scintillation spectrophotometer (Beckman, Irvine, CA) . Figure 4 illustrates that specific binding of hepoxilin A 3 occurs in human neutrophils and that hepoxilin analogs HA-923 and HA-924 inhibit the binding of binding of tritiated hepoxilin A 3 . Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be evident that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. For example, the εynthetic methodology may be modified by the ordinarily εkilled practioner to produce other hepoxilin analogε, the activity of which can be readily asεayed.

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. A compound selected from the group consiεting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable εaltε thereof, wherein: X iε 0, C n , NH, or S, wherein n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; Rl is OH, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, N 3 or CH 2 N 3 ; R3 is H or CH 3 ; R5 is Y-R2, wherein Y is a six-carbon chain optionally containing up to three double or triple bonds or a mixture of double and triple bonds up to a maximum of three; R2 is Ci-CiQ alkyl OH, C^-C^Q alkyl N 3 or C00R4; R4 is H, C^-Cio alkyl, C5-C6 cycloalkyl, or C5- C 6 aryl; R6 is a seven-carbon chain optionally containing up to three double or triple bondε or a mixture of double and triple bonds up to a maximum of three; and is a single, double or triple bond; subject to the limitation that when the compound is and R2 is COOH or COOCH 3 , then X iε not 0. 2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein X iε 0 and R2 is alkyl N 3 , alkyl OH or C00R4, wherein R4 is c 5"" 10 a lkyl or C 5 -C 6 aryl. 3. A compound selected from the group consiεting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable εalts thereof, wherein: X is 0, NH, S or C n , wherein n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; Rl is OH, CH 3 , CH 2 0H, N 3 or CH 2 N 3 ; R2 is C00R4, Ci-Ci Q alkyl OH or C^-C^o alkyl N 3 ; R3 is H or CH 3 ; R4 iε H, C^-Cio alkyl, C5-C cycloalkyl or C5- Cg aryl; and iε a εingle, double or triple bond, subject to the limitation that when Rl is OH, R2 iε COOH or COOCH3 and R3 iε H, then X iε not O. 4. A compound according to claim 3 wherein X iε C n , NH or S. 5. A compound according to claim 3 wherein X is C n . 6. A compound according to claim 3 wherein X is CH- 7. A compound according to claim 3 wherein Rl lε OH. 8. A compound according to claim 3 wherein R3 iε H. 9. A compound according to claim 3 wherein R2 iε COOH or COOCH3. 10. A compound according to claim 3 wherein εaid compound is or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , 11. A compound according to claim 10 wherein said compound is or a pharmaceutically acceptable εalt thereof. 12. A compound according to claim 11 wherein X iε C n , NH or S; Rl iε OH; R 2 iε COOH or COOCH 3 and R3 iε H. 13. A compound according to claim 3 wherein X is 0; and R4 is C 5 -C 10 alkyl, C5-C 6 cycloalkyl or C 5 -C 6 aryl. , 14. A compound according to claim 13 wherein is a double bond. 15. A compound according to claim 3 wherein X is 0 and R2 is alkyl N 3 or alkyl OH. 16. A compound selected from the group consiεting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable εalts thereof, wherein: X is NH, S or C n , wherein n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; Rl is OH, CH 3 , CH 2 OH, N 3 or CH 2 N 3 ; R2 is C00R4; R3 is H or CH 3 ; and R4 is H or lower alkyl. 17. A compound according to claim 16 wherein X is Cn' 18. A compound according to claim 17 wherein Rl is OH, R2 is COOH or COOCH 3 , and R3 is H. 19. A compound according to claim 16 wherein Rl is OH, R2 iε COOH or COOCH 3 , and R3 iε H. 20. A compound εelected from the group consisting of: and pharmaceutically acceptable saltε thereof. 21. A pharmaceutical compoεition comprising a compound according to claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

Inventors: DEMIN PETER M, PACE-ASCIAK CECIL R, DEMIN, PETER, M., PACE-ASCIAK, CECIL, R.
Applicants: DEMIN PETER M, PACE ASCIAK CECIL R, DEMIN, PETER, M., PACE-ASCIAK, CECIL, R.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: C07D303
IPC codes: C07C45, C07C47, C07C69, C07D303, C07D331