Method of bonding silicon wafers

Abstract: A process for silicon wafer-to-wafer bonding at temperatures lower than 500 o C includes the steps of (1) treating the cleaned surfaces to make them smooth and hydrophilic, (2) initiating the bond by making intimate contact between wafers and (3) enhancing the bond strength at elevated temperatures. This bonding process can be applied to sensor packaging.

Description: This invention relates to a method of bonding wafers, and more particularly to bonding wafers at temperatures below 500 o C. The bonding of silicon wafers has been used in SOI (silicon-on-insulator) and various sensor applications. In SOI applications, the wafer bonding step is usually performed prior to any circuit fabrication. The temperature used in the SOI bonding process can be as high as 1200°C. However, in the case of sensor applications there may be a temperature constraint because the bonding has to be performed after fabricating the circuitry. In a known accelerometer fabrication process, a wafer with a patterned cavity on it is bonded to the device wafer to restrict the displacement range of the proof mass. The 1200°C step is too high for the device wafer which already contains circuitry metallized with aluminium. The Al/Si eutectic temperature is 577 o C which requires the wafer bonding temperature to be lower than 577 o C. With this temperature constraint in mind, glass has been used as the backing substrate for micromachined silicon pressure sensors because the bonding process can be performed at temperatures below 500 o C. Glass to silicon bonding also offers a high bond strength for the finished devices. The major drawback in using a glass-to-silicon bond is the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of these two materials. Since the glass was bonded to silicon at elevated temperatures, usually higher than 300 o C, a built-in stress already existed in the silicon when the bonded pair was cooled to room temperature. It is known that the physical properties of silicon, such as resistivity and stiffness, depend on its stress condition. Therefore, the mismatch in in thermal expansion coefficients can introduce preloaded stress problems in the bonded silicon wafer where the resistivity and/or mechanical stiffness of the silicon are the parameters to be monitored in sensor applications. Under the same temperature constraints, Field et al, "Fusing Silicon Wafers with Low Melting Temperature Glass," Sensors and Actuators, A21-A23, p.935, 1990, deposited boron glass as the bonding agent between two wafers and was able to bond wafers together at 450°C. No data on bond strength was given. However, it seems the bonded pair can pass the scribe-and-break test. Because boron glass absorbs moisture very fast and the moisture content in the glass affects the bonding results significantly, we abandoned this approach after several attempts. At even lower temperatures, others have developed procedures and self-contained equipment to bond two wafers at room temperature. However, the bond strength between the wafers was not very high. H.J. Quenzer et al, "Low-temperature silicon wafer bonding", Sensors and Actuators, vol. 32, p. 340-344, 1992 describes a method in accordance with the preamble of Claim 1. R.F. Wolffenbuttel et al, "Low-temperature silicon wafer-wafer bonding using gold at eutectic temperature", Sensors and Actuators, vol. 43, no. 1/3, p.223-229, May 1994 describes a process for treating silicon wafer surfaces with boiling nitric acid or an H 2 O 2 :NH 4 OH bath to make the surfaces hydrophilic. The present invention seeks to provide an improved method of bonding silicon wafers to one another. A method of bonding silicon wafers in accordance with the present invention is characterised over the above mentioned Quenzer et al paper by the features specified in the characterising portion of claim 1. It is possible with the invention to provide a low temperature, below 500°C, silicon wafer-to-wafer bonding process with enhanced bond strength. The preferred embodiment provides a process for silicon wafer-to-wafer bonding at temperatures lower than 500°C which includes the steps of (1) treating the cleaned surfaces to make them smooth and hydrophilic, (2) initiating the bond by making intimate contact between wafers and (3) enhancing the bond strength at elevated temperatures below 500°C. This bonding process can be applied to sensor packaging. An embodiment of the present invention is described below, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 illustrates a bottom wafer which forms an air path, a device wafer of a prior art accelerometer and a top capping wafer; Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2-2 of Figure 1 illustrating a slit in the prior art accelerometer; Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3 of Figure 2 illustrating the relationship of the bottom wafer cavity and the suspended proof mass (shown in phantom lines); Figure 4 illustrates the bottom, middle and top wafers of an embodiment of a device, including a venting path formed by interdigitated fingers; Figure 5(A) is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5-5 of Figure 4; Figure 5(B) is a cross-sectional view, similar to that of Figure 5(A), of a variation of the bonded wafers, where a cavity and serpentine structure were formed on the rear of the device wafer; Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 6-6 of Figure 5(A) illustrating interdigitated fingers, and the relationship of the bottom wafer cavity and the suspended proof mass; Figure 7 is an enlarged, partial view of the bottom wafer illustrating the interdigitated fingers with an encapsulation material filling some of the gaps between the interdigitated fingers; and Figures 8a-8c are enlarged views of a bridge-supported accelerometer structure and illustrating steps of an embodiment of making the same. In the description which follows, various ranges such as temperature ranges are quoted. The skilled person will understand that the limits of the quoted ranges could be exceeded without losing the effects sought after. As illustrated in Figure 1, an accelerometer 10 is composed of a bottom silicon wafer 12, a middle silicon wafer 20 and a top silicon wafer 30. Wafer 12 has a pair of opposed shoulders 13, 15 forming a central cavity 14 and opposed channels 16, 18 formed in the wafer and communicating with the central cavity 14 for the passage of air or gases. The central cavity 14 and opposed channels 16, 18 can be formed by selectively etching the wafer. A middle silicon wafer 20 includes support shoulders 22 and a proof mass 24 which are connected together by thin bridges 26 and a thin membrane (not shown) which extends between the support structure, proof mass and bridge where cavity 28 in Figure 1 is formed. The support shoulders, bridges, proof mass and thin membrane are also formed by selectively etching the middle silicon wafer. The bridges 26 have resistors (not shown) formed thereon which are used to correlate the amount of deflection of the proof mass. Four bridges are shown in Figure 1. However, the number of bridges can be reduced to one, i.e., the bridge and the proof mass can form a cantilever. At a predetermined deflection of the proof mass, an electric signal is sent to activate items such as air bags upon extreme acceleration. Often, the front side of the wafer 10 contains circuitry (not shown) connected to the resistors on the bridges for detecting movement of the proof mass and sending the associated signal. The cavity 14 formed in the lower wafer 12 and the cavity 11 formed in the upper wafer 30 allow a clearance for movement and damping of the proof mass 24. The wafer which includes the proof mass 24 is very difficult to handle without destroying once the bridges have been formed. Figure 2 is a side view taken along line 2-2 of Figure 1 and illustrates a slit 16 (which is the same as channels 16, 18) which is left after the top and bottom wafers have been bonded together. This slit could cause reliability problems due to contaminants entering in the slit and being trapped inside the cavity. If an encapsulation material is used to fill the slit, the encapsulation material may enter the central cavity 14 and affect the reliability, accuracy and performance of the accelerometer. As illustrated in Figures 4, 5(A) and 6, the embodiment of accelerometer 50 shown is composed of a top wafer 51, device wafer 72 and bottom wafer 52. The bottom silicon wafer 52 has a pair of first and second opposed U-shaped shoulders 54, 56, respectively, forming a central cavity 58 with serpentine vents formed by a set of interdigitated fingers 60, 66 for the passage of air. The first set of spaced apart fingers 60 extends outwardly from the first U-shaped shoulder 54 at each end 62, 64 towards the second shoulder 56. Likewise, the second set of spaced apart fingers 66 extends outwardly from the second U-shaped shoulder 56 at each end 68, 70. The associated set of spaced apart fingers from each shoulder overlap to provide interdigitated fingers at opposed sides of each device that provide a serpentine air path communicating with the central cavity 58. Thus, a complete air path is provided from one side of the bottom wafer through a first set of interdigitated fingers, through the central cavity, through a second set of interdigitated fingers and repeating this pattern to the opposite side of the wafer. The central cavity and the interdigitated fingers or serpentine path can be formed at the same time by selectively etching the lower silicon wafer. It is important to form a vent path between wafers 52 and 72 with a serpentine structure as a barrier for the sealing material used in the final packaging. The etched depth of the serpentine structure can be different from the depth of the cavity. The serpentine structure and the cavity do not have to be on the same wafer. One can be on the bottom wafer and the other on the reverse side of the device wafer, as long as they are connected and communicate with with each other to form a continuous vent path. As shown in Figure 5(B), a variation would be to incorporate the serpentine structure and the recessed proof mass on the rear of the device wafer. Patterning of the bottom capping wafer and subsequent wafer-to-wafer alignment would not be required. A middle silicon wafer 72 includes a rectangular-shaped support structure 74 and a proof mass 76 which is connected to the support structure by thin membrane bridges 78. As described above, a thin membrane extends between the rectangular shaped support structure 74, proof mass 76 and bridges 78 so that the middle wafer can be handled without breaking the bridges 78. When the wafers are bonded together, the membrane is removed to form a cavity 80 between the rectangular support structure 74, proof mass 76 and bridges 78. The bridges have resistors (not shown) formed thereon which are used to measure the amount of deflection of the proof mass. At a predetermined deflection of the proof mass, an electronic signal is sent to activate items such as air bags upon extreme acceleration in an automobile. The front side of the device wafer has circuitry connected to the resistors formed on the thin membrane bridges for detecting movement of the proof mass and sending an associated signal to activate devices such as the air bag. The cavities 53, 58 formed both in the upper and lower silicon wafers respectively allow a clearance for movement and damping of the proof mass. In Figure 5(B), the cavity 53 of the top wafer and the cavity 79 of the device wafer allow a clearance for movement and damping of the proof mass. The bottom, middle and top silicon wafers may be bonded together by any of a variety of methods known to those skilled in the art and also by the method described hereafter. Once bonded together and sawn into die, the device may be sealed by a dielectric material or encapsulation material 82 such as epoxy, super glue or a silicon composition such as SYLGARD™ (available from Dow Corning Corporation). This can be accomplished by simply dipping the bonded chips into the sealing material and heating them to have the sealing material cured. The serpentine path formed by the interdigitated fingers prevents the sealing composition from flowing into the central cavity and obstructing the movement of the proof mass. Usually, seepage or movement of the sealing material through the serpentine path is naturally stopped approximately in the middle of the serpentine path formed by the interdigitated fingers as shown in Figure 7. As indicated above, the silicon wafers may be bonded together by a variety of techniques. Using the structure shown in Figure 4, a first wafer which has the circuitry, thin membranes and metal connections for the accelerometer will hereafter be referred to as the device wafer. A second wafer which has the venting cavities formed in it will be referred to as the bottom wafer. In another embodiment of the invention, a double-sided polished silicon wafer is used for the device wafer. After the necessary process steps, circuits with interconnect metal, such as aluminium, and membranes are formed on the device wafer. It is preferred to have a uniform layer of silicon dioxide on the rear of the wafer. The device wafer could be then placed into a plasma chamber to have the front side coated with a conformable film of pinhole free silicon nitride with thicknesses on the order of a few hundred nanometers at temperatures below 350 o C. The bottom wafer contains the patterned venting cavity and is preferred to have a uniform thermally grown silicon dioxide on the front side of the wafer. The combined thickness of the oxides of the device wafer and the bottom wafer may range from a few tenths of nanometers to a couple hundred of nanometers. The two wafers are cleaned, rinsed, dried, and rinsed again with 18 megaohm-cm of deionised water. Typically the wafers are rinsed for about 240 seconds, spun dried for about 100 seconds and with monolayers of moisture left on the wafers. The two wafers are put into a plasma etching chamber with the sides to be bonded facing the plasma. The wafers are etched by low energy ions bombardments to smooth and make surfaces hydrophilic. Once the plasma is ignited, the thin layer of moisture left on the wafers after removing them from the dryer helps the lateral flow of impinging ions and also avoids the ion charging effects which can consequently damage the electrical integrity of the oxide. It is important not to have high energy ions bombarding the wafer surfaces and creating damage. A low power should be utilised during the plasma etching step. Typical power density used for the etching is about 60 mW/cm 2 with a plasma potential of about -50 V. The gases used to generate the plasma are chemically inactive at room temperature, such as oxygen, argon or the mixture of the two. A variety of plasma potentials may be utilised, however, it has been found plasma potentials more negative than -100 V result in damage to the wafer surfaces and lower wafer bonding strength is achieved. Argon, oxygen and mixtures of argon and oxygen may be utilised for the plasma etching. During the etching, the chamber pressure is kept at about 15 to 20 milli Torr when operated in the reactive ion etching (RIE) mode and is kept at about 400 milli Torr when operated in the plasma mode. Depending on the wafers smoothness and the chamber pressure during the etching, the time used in etching could range from one to ten minutes. After smoothing the surfaces, the wafers are put into a chemical solution to make the surfaces more hydrophilic. The solution used is a mixture of H 2 O 2 :NH 4 OH:deionized water in a ratio of 1:2:3 by volume which is heated to a temperature between 50 to 57 o C. The wafers are immersed in the solution for approximately 15 minutes. The silicon nitride coating on the front side of the device wafer will protect the metal interconnects from attack by the chemical solution. If there is no silicon nitride coating on the front side of the device wafer, the wafer does not need to be in the 1:2:3 solution. The sequence of the surface treatments mentioned in the above example was to do the plasma etching prior to the 1:2:3 soaking. This sequence can be reversed. We have tried both ways and found both sequences gave satisfactory bonding results. The wafers are then rinsed in deionised water to remove the chemical residues and then are put into a rinser and dryer to clean and dry the wafers. Typically, the wafers are rinsed for about 120 seconds and are dried for 80 seconds so that some moisture is still left on the wafers. The wafers are then put together and aligned for bonding. The wafers are left together in the aligned position for approximately an hour with or without a dead weight on them. The wafers are then placed in a furnace for bonding strength enhancement. The bonding enhancement step can be conducted at a temperature from about 100 to 480 o C for 30 minutes to an hour. The higher the temperature the shorter the time needed. After finishing all the steps, the typical tensile bonding strength is about 50 kg/cm 2 . Thus, a process for bonding a silicon wafer with suitable tensile bonding strength at a temperature below 500 o C is provided. This is advantageous because metal interconnects such as aluminium are used in the devices wafer, and because the aluminium/silicon eutectic temperature is around 570 o C. Thus, the described process can overcome the problems of prior art silicon wafer bonding processes where adhesives were used to glue wafers together. The wafer 20 (Figure 1) which includes the proof mass 24 is very difficult to handle without destroying once the bridges 26 have been formed. This difficulty is overcome by using a process which combines rearside bulk micromachining, front side plasma etching, and wafer to wafer bonding. A first wafer 172 (Figure 8a) is bulk micromachined to provide a proof mass 176 supported on all sides by a thin membrane 179 which has the same thickness as the desired bridge thickness. The thin membrane 179 (where cavity 180 is formed) helps to make the structure more robust prior to bonding to the bottom silicon wafer. The first wafer 172 (Figure 8a) is then bonded to the bottom wafer 152 which has a cavity 158 formed by opposed U-shaped shoulders 154, 156 and open channels 200, 202 communicating with the cavity 158 formed therein. This combination (Figure 8b) provides a much less fragile structure than the first wafer alone. Plasma etching is then used to delineate bridges 178 (Figure 8c) in the thin membrane so that the bridges extend from a support shoulder 174 to the proof mass 176. The cavity in the bottom wafer provides damping of the proof mass which reduces bridge breakage as portions of the thin membrane are etched away, leaving the final bridge-supported accelerometer structure. The fabrication can then be completed using the more robust structure provided by this etch/bond/etch process.

Claims: A method of bonding silicon wafers to one another comprising the steps of providing a first wafer (51) having an electric circuit formed from conductive materials including aluminium; providing a second wafer (72); treating a surface of the first and second wafers to create hydrophilic surfaces; placing the treated surface of the first and second wafers in contact with each other; heating the wafers to a temperature below 500°C so as to bond together the wafers; characterised in that the treating step comprises a plasma etching technique involving bombardment of the surfaces with ions of oxygen, argon, or a combination thereof, to smooth the surfaces and make the surfaces hydrophilic. A method according to claim 1, wherein the wafers are heated to a temperature ranging from 100°C to 480°C. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the first and second wafers are treated with a material including H 2 O 2 and NH 4 OH so as to form the hydrophilic surfaces. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein the first and second wafers are treated with a material comprising a solution of H 2 O 2 :N 4 OH:deionized water in a ratio of 1:2:3 by volume.

Inventors: CHILCOTT DAN WESLEY, LEE HAN-SHENG, STALLER STEVEN EDWARD, CHILCOTT, DAN WESLEY, LEE, HAN-SHENG, STALLER, STEVEN EDWARD
Applicants: DELCO ELECTRONICS CORP, GEN MOTORS CORP, DELCO ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G01P15
IPC codes: G01P15