Clock recovery using gated phase lock loop

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering the time base of signals which change at periodic intervals is disclosed. The apparatus comprises gated voltage controlled oscillators (GVCO) that are alternated or exchanged, to reduce phase and frequency deviations in the recovered time base signal, such as the deviations induced by inherent GVCO differences. Each GVCO is stabilized by a respective phase locked loop. The respective GVCOs are gated only in response to a chosen polarity transition in the input signal, to make the circuit more tolerant of waveform distortions. More than two GVCOs may be used to provide improved frequency drift resistance. The circuit uses resynchronization control signals, such as the time slot signal in synchronous switching systems, to indicate resynchronization or reassignment the GVCOs in gaps in the data transmission. Automatic reassignment is insured when there are periods of non-transitionning data that last longer then the stability of the GVCOs to prevent frequency drift in the recovered clock.

Description: This invention relates to methods and apparatus for producing a signal for synchronization with an input signal. In multi-gigabit optical data networks, efficient receivers must be able to acquire bit level synchronization in less than 20 nanoseconds, stay synchronized for 500 nanoseconds, and then be able to again acquire synchronization with another signal source in an equally short time, in some applications. At these speeds, on the far edge of present digital technology, over sampling is not a practical way of assuring clock accuracy. Clock recovery circuits are needed. United States Patent No. 5,237,290 (the '290 patent) discloses a clock recovery circuit that uses matched variable frequency voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs). The disclosure of the '290 patent is incorporated herein by reference. In particular, the phase locked loop clock recovery circuit shown in Fig. 8 of the '290 patent, relies on the precise replication of multiple oscillator circuits' physical and electrical characteristics that is possible using integrated circuit production techniques. Because these circuits are only "indirectly tuned", the circuit's oscillators run at somewhat different frequencies. That frequency difference between oscillators will be emphasized, causing frequency drift and possible loss of alignment between the recovered clock and incoming data when the input signal is not transitioning, as it is during unbroken strings of ones or zeros. When transitions are absent from the input signal for a prolonged period and the recovered clock drifts, the recovered clock will be out of phase when the transitions reappear, thereby causing errors until the oscillators can be resynchronized. Another source of potential errors is caused by the distortion of the data input signal. The main cause of the distortion is the reactance of the transmission media and similar parasitic effects that distort the shape of the analog data signal. Due to the resulting uncertainty over the digitization threshold the effective width of the detected digital data pulses may be greatly reduced. These distorted data signals also cause other problems in the '290 circuit. A distorted data input will cause a subsequent distorted clock signal with severely narrowed pulse widths. When these pulse widths become too narrow, they cannot be used reliably in the data recovery circuit. IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 2, 1.2.93, New York US, pages 251-254,XP354327 Nomen Nescio "Asynchronous data sampling technique utilizing dual gated oscillators with passive delay lines" discloses a technique using dual gated oscillators with passive delay lines. On page 252 a gated ring oscillator is described that operatively cooperates with fixed delay line blocks which are inserted between the output of the ring oscillator and the clock input. The arrangement has a transition detect and store function operatively responsive upon the detection of the first data transition, and stores the result which is used to activate a gated oscillator. According to one aspect of this invention there is provided a method as claimed in claim 1. According to another aspect of this invention there is provided apparatus as claimed in claim 9. The present invention produces a synchronization signal for the purpose of sampling an input data signal, and overcomes the prior art limitations of requiring minimum duty cycle and transition density of the input data stream. The invention uses a plurality of oscillatory signals, each of which is adjusted to a reference periodic signal. One oscillatory signal at any one time is connected to the synchronization signal. In response to a selected transition of the input signal, a new oscillatory signal is initiated and phase aligned to the input data pulses and connected to the synchronization signal. While oscillatory signals are not connected to the output, they can either be disabled or they are being resynchronized to a reference clock signal. This produces a reliable, distortion tolerant, synchronization signal. This synchronization signal has a defined phase relationship with the input signal and is used to sample and recover the data bits received on the input signal. The invention is useful in systems where digitally encoded data must be recovered without the presence of the transmitting data clock. In particular, it is well-suited for use in the regeneration of jittered transmitted data. One embodiment of the invention assumes that the input data stream consists of active periods during which valid data was transmitted, heretofore referred to as active data, separated by idle periods during which no valid data was transmitted, heretofore referred to as gaps. The time during such gaps can be used to frequency synchronize the oscillatory signals with a reference signal that is known to be in close frequency synchronization with the input data signal. The oscillatory signals are required to be stable enough to stay in close frequency synchronization with the input data signal for a period of time equal to or greater than the maximum active period. The gaps are required to be long enough to allow the oscillatory signals to be synchronized to the reference signal using techniques well known in the art. In this embodiment only two oscillatory signals are required. During gaps both oscillatory signals are synchronized to the frequency of a reference signal. During periods of active data the two oscillatory signals are alternatively initiated and connected to the synchronization signal in response to a transition in the input signal having a given polarity. During these active periods, the frequency of these oscillatory signals is maintained by bias signal levels determined during the last gap. This embodiment is well suited to systems where data gaps are deterministically or statistically allocated. Such systems include synchronous switching equipment that is capable of allocating active data and gaps on a per time-slot basis, totally deterministically. In contrast to the time-locked gaps required for synchronous switching equipment, data LAN systems may statistically provide a certain minimum frequency, distribution and duration of gaps in a data stream. These systems provide codes or some other signal that can trigger a transmission monitor signal indicating when such statistically allocated gaps will occur, for example data header blocks or data terminator blocks. High reliability requirements for systems such as satellite data link communications equipment and central office frame relay or ATM switching equipment require the use of deterministically allocated gaps in a data stream in response to a periodic signal that guarantee the minimum required duration and frequency of gaps. Burst mode communication links that transmit and receive frames of data such as those used in optical networks and switches can allocate gaps inside each frame, thereby guaranteeing correct synchronization on a per frame basis. In another preferred embodiment two oscillatory signals are alternately provided to the output, while a third is allowed to be run under the control of its phase locked loop to resynchronize. This additional oscillatory signal is provided so that there is always one oscillatory signal operating in the resynchronization mode. At a given time the resynchronizing oscillatory signal is reassigned to alternatively produce an output synchronization signal and an oscillatory signal previously used to produce the synchronization signal is reassigned to resynchronize. These reassignments are performed systematically for all three oscillatory signals such that each has a turn to resynchronize prior to experiencing any significant drift with respect to the reference signal. This preferred embodiment produces a reliably phase-synchronized and frequency-tuned synchronization output signal without the presence of gaps in the input data stream. This is advantageous in systems where gaps in the data stream do not exist or cannot be deterministically generated, e.g., those using certain standard communication protocols such as SONET or T3, or those where the overhead for gaps cannot be tolerated. The preferred embodiments rely on either positive or negative transitions of the input data, rather than both, because it has been found that a lack of symmetry in the input data signal duty cycle is a source of data handling errors. This use of gated voltage controlled oscillators that are phase synchronized by a particular change in the input signal and frequency synchronized to a stable reference, provides a stable regenerated clock signal permitting rapid bit level synchronization of serial communication signals. This invention can achieve synchrony with as little as one transition in the data stream, allowing it to be used in burst mode or continuous point to point applications. The invention does not require higher speed clocks for over-sampling as is the case in other clock recovery schemes, allowing circuits to be designed to maximize data transfer rates in any given technology. The invention provides a robust clock recovery circuit that is less susceptible to data errors resulting from distortions produced by data signal degeneration and drift. Brief Description of the Drawings The features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood when the Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments given below is considered in conjunction with the drawings provided, wherein: Fig. 1 is a diagram of a gated voltage-controlled oscillator (GVCO) clock recovery circuit, based on the circuit shown in Fig. 8 of the '290 patent; Fig. 2 is a timing diagram showing the generation of runt clock pulses in the circuit shown in Fig. 1, without gate delays, to more clearly illustrate causal relationships between signals; Fig. 3 is a high-level schematic block diagram of multi-GVCO clock recovery apparatus; Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a two-GVCO clock recovery circuit in accordance with a presently preferred embodiment of the invention; Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the Fig. 4 paralleling circuit; Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a three-GVCO clock recovery circuit in accordance with another presently preferred embodiment of the invention; In these figures, like reference numerals indicate like elements. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments In the clock recovery circuit 10 of Fig. 1, first and second GVCOs 11, 12 receive complementary full copies of the data signal 14a present at the input 14, through the action of the inverter 16, as in Fig. 8 of the '290 patent. The first GVCO 11 is enabled by the negative going transitions of that signal 14a; the second GVCO 12 is enabled by the positive going transitions of the data signal 14a after they are reversed in polarity by the inverter 16. The frequency of the first and second GVCOs 11, 12 is adjusted by a third, matched GVCO 18 of the associated control circuit 20 including phase-locked loop elements, such as a "phase detector" connected to the reference signal "f". Respective GVCO signals 11a, 12a are output by NOR gate 17 as the synchronization signal 17a. The prior art clock recovery circuit 10 in Fig. 1 has its advantages, but it is not trouble free. Because the GVCOs 11, 12 are enabled by transitions between digital one and zero data levels, when unbroken strings of digital ones or zeros occur the precise frequency of the individual, enabled GVCO becomes critically important. The frequency of the alternately-enabled GVCOs 11 and 12 is not adjusted based on their actual, individual frequency but rather on the frequency of a control circuit GVCO 18. This circuit design assumes that the GVCOs 11, 12, and 18 are similar enough that they operate with a negligible frequency difference with respect to each other if they are controlled by the same signal. However, these three GVCOs are not identical and the resulting frequency difference may cause the GVCOs to drift, if long enough unbroken strings of digital ones or zeros occur. This would cause data errors in the receiver using the recovered clock, when transitions reappear in the data signal. The problem of signal waveform distortion is even more serious for this prior art circuit 10. For example, in Fig. 2 a "symmetrical" clock signal S1 and a digital data signal S2 having the same clock period "t" produce an asymmetrically distorted signal "SA" when the signals are transmitted in a given network. Fig. 2 also shows the threshold level "Th" at which a receiving device detects transitions in the input signal that the device uses to generate the digitized input signal SD. The distorted leading and trailing edges of the data pulses result in a significantly narrowed pulse width "w" in the digitized input signal SD in contrast to the original pulse width "t" of signal S2. Applying the signal SD with its reduced pulse width "w" as the input signal 14 in circuit 10 of Fig. 1. yields signals 11a and 12a. The logical NORing of signals 11a and 12a by NOR gate 17 produces signal 17a. The resulting signal 17a has a severe problem in that the first clock pulse after the first positive transition of signal 14a is not a full clock pulse width "t/2". This runt pulse has a pulse width "r" as seen in Fig.2. If the runt pulse were to be considered a 50% duty cycle clock it would have an effective clock period "e". The effective clock period "e" of these runt pulses "r" is substantially shorter than the nominal data clock period "t". Thus the receiver must be able to operate faster than the frequency of the data clock to maintain synchrony with the effective frequency of the substantially shorter pulse widths of such distorted signals. In theory, clock pulses produced from digitized data pulses having a width that is exactly 50% of the width of the data's actual clock period "t" will produce output clock pulses having effectively a zero pulse width, and an infinitely fast effective frequency! Fig. 3 shows a high level block diagram of a multi-GVCO clock recovery system based on this invention. Circuit 100 receives the data input along with a reference clock that is generated locally by local clock generator 102. The output of circuit 100 is a synchronization signal that has a defined phase relationship to the input data. By generating a synchronization signal that is in phase synchronization with the input data, a data processing circuit can use the synchronization output signal from circuit 100 to define the bits of data on the received input data signal. To remove jitter the data processing circuit may also need to receive the reference clock signal, or alternately have its own internal clock generator circuit. Circuit 100 consists of multiple voltage controlled oscillator blocks 110 and 111. Various embodiments are possible, each possessing two or more oscillator circuits. Each voltage controlled oscillator includes an output enable circuit that is controlled by the OUTPUT_EN signal, allowing the output to be selectively enabled or disabled. Each voltage controlled oscillator can be selectively enabled to run or be gated in response to the VCO_EN input signal, and when enabled each oscillator is phase aligned with the enable signal. Hence the oscillators in these blocks are referred to as Gated Voltage Controlled Oscillators GVCOs. Each oscillator block also includes a synchronization circuit, such as a phase locked loop, that is capable of frequency synchronizing the oscillator to a reference clock input signal REF_CLK. The oscillator block is put into synchronization mode when the SYNC_EN signal is asserted. Circuit 101 controls all of the enable signals to all of the GVCOs. Circuit 101 controls the GVCOs so that at any time when valid data is being received on the input signal, one GVCO is providing the VCO_OUT signal that is used to generate the DATA_CLOCK output signal of circuit 100. Circuit 100 also must switch which GVCO is providing the VCO_OUT signal that is generating the DATA_CLOCK to prevent the GVCOs from drifting. Each time that the GVCOs are switched, and the enable signals are asserted and de-asserted in response to transitions of the input signal, the enabled GVCO is phase aligned with the input signal. In addition, circuit 101 has to allow each GVCO to frequency resynchronize to the reference clock signal often enough to prevent the GVCOs' frequencies from drifting beyond a tolerable range. The outputs of the GVCOs are combined into a single data output clock in circuit 120. Circuit 120 can also be selectively disabled through the OUT_EN signal generated by circuit 101. This is potentially necessary if all of the GVCOs are resynchronizing to ensure that glitches or erroneous synchronization signals are not output on the DATA_CLOCK signal. Circuit 130 can be one of a variety of data processing circuits. Common examples include a data parallelization circuit, a serial channel repeater, a continuous periodic clock signal generator for discontinuous signal sources, etc. Circuit 130 receives the DATA_CLOCK output signal of circuit 100 and uses it to define the bits of data on the input signal. Depending on system requirements, circuit 130 may also need to receive the local reference clock signal. The invention is particularly well-suited for generating a data clock to recover data from a jittered transmitted signal. This is illustrated by the dejitterizing data parallelization circuit of Fig. 5. In a particular embodiment it is also well-suited for systems where a continuous clock has to be generated from a non-continuous or bursty clock source. The invention performs this function by simply receiving the bursty clock source in the input signal, and the synchronization output signal would generate the continuous clock. Fig. 4 shows a clock recovery circuit 30 in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The two GVCOs 31, 32 are enabled by the "Q+" and "Q-" outputs of a bistable, flipflop 34, respectively. Because the inputs "E-" of the GVCOs 31, 32 in this circuit are enabled by the flipflop's "Q+ and "Q-" outputs, they respond only to the positive going transitions in signal 36a. Furthermore, the GVCOs 31, 32 are alternately enabled by those positive going transitions through the control of signals 34a and 34b generated at the "Q+" and "Q-" outputs of the bistable 34. A polarity selector 36 is also provided in this embodiment. The polarity selector, controlled by the "POL_SEL" input, connects either the signal 14a or its inverse 16a to the bistable 34. Reversal of the polarity of the data input signal 14a is helpful in the event that the distortion of the transmitted signal is significantly asymmetric. Specifically, circuit performance is improved when polarity is selected so that the leading edge of the shorter duty cycle pulse enables the GVCOs. The frequency of each GVCO is synchronized by respective Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 41, 42 outlined in phantom. Each PLL has a phase detector and a sample-and-hold filter that provide a signal 41a, 42a to the frequency control input "F" of a respective GVCO 31, 32, in any suitable manner well known in the art. Each phase detector is supplied with a reference frequency signal "f". The reference frequency "f" is supplied by a local source on the "REF_CLK" input signal. However, here the reference frequency "f" is supplied through the AND gate 45 to the PLLs 41, 42, when a transmission monitor signal "SYNC_PERIOD" 54a is active, indicating that data is absent from the input signal 14a. Also, the respective signals "Ag" and "Bg" output by each GVCO are supplied to the PLL 41, 42 by AND gates 46, 47, and both GVCOs 31, 32 are enabled through NOR gates 56, 57, in response to the control signal 54a. The VCO Bias Control signals 41a, 42a produced for the GVCOs by their respective phase-locked loops 41, 42 are maintained at the levels that existed before the gap ended by the respective sample and hold circuits in the PLLs. Thus, the "SYNC_PERIOD" input signal can allow the GVCOs to synchronize directly to the reference frequency "f" by the PLL 41, 42, when data is absent at the input 14. The "SYNC_PERIOD" signal is also used to disable the synchronization signal at the output gate 52 when the GVCOs are resynchronizing. Hazard Avoidance There is a classic logic hazard that is well understood in the prior art that exists in a particular preferred embodiment of the invention. The hazard stems from the fact that two clock enabling NOR gates of GVCOs 31 and 32 are logically NORed by NOR gate 52. The timing in the circuit may be such that an erroneous runt pulse is generated at the output 52a when the GVCOs are switching in response to input signal 14a. In accordance with this technique, a NOR gate 90 is added to the circuit to avoid the logic hazard. However, since the signals Ag, Bg output by the GVCOs 31, 32 are gated, the GVCO outputs Ag, Bg are not suitable as inputs to the classic "third NOR" gate 90. To resolve this problem, internal taps for ungated oscillator outputs A, B are provided within the GVCOs 31, 32 in accordance with this feature of the present invention, before the enabling signals E- are NORed with signals A and B. Data Paralleling Clock recovery circuit 30 operates by generating a sequence of clock pulses in response to a sequence of data input bits. When data is present, the synchronization signal 52a is connected to the input "R" of data paralleling circuit 50 by output logic, here a NOR gate 52. By using synchronization signal 52a the paralleling circuit 50 can eliminate the jitter found in the input data, because GVCOs 31 and 32 were phase aligned with the data on each data input transition of a certain polarity. An input bit "d" is phase aligned with its corresponding generated synchronization pulse "c". Due to the delays associated with the synchronization signal circuitry, the input data bit "d" will occur on signal 14a prior to pulse "c" occurring on output signal 52a. The data transition "d" is delayed by circuit 60 using techniques well known in the art such that the delayed data bit is aligned exactly to meet the setup and hold time of circuit 50 as it is being clocked by synchronization pulse "c". In addition the delay circuit must correctly compensate for propagation delay such that the resulting clock pulse is correlated exactly to the transition in the data input signal that generated it. This is necessary to correctly eliminate jitter in circuit 50. Through this technique, data signal 60a and synchronization signal 52a may still appear to jitter when observed externally; however, when observed relative to each other, their jitter is synchronized, and the phase relationship between signal 60a and 52a can be maintained at a constant. Fig. 5 shows the processing of the delayed input signal 60a into 8 bit words in greater detail. Eight sequential clock periods of the delayed signal 60a are clocked into flip-flops 64A through 64H by the recovered signal 52a. The start word detect circuit finds a matching starting word pattern in flip-flops 64A through 64H, and it generates a "WORD ALIGNMENT DETECT SIGNAL" pulse 65a. The signal 65a is used to initialize the clock divider 66 so that it starts generating clock signal 66a at a rate that is one eight the rate of 52a. Signal 66a is directly phase aligned with signal 52a and possesses the same amount of jitter as signal 66a, even though the jitter now encompasses a smaller percentage of the synchronization signal period since the clock has been divided down. Clock signal 66a is used to transfer the eight bits of data from flip-flops 64A through 64H into holding register 67. Signal 65a can also be used by external circuitry to determine the start of a received burst of data using techniques that are well understood in the art. Signal 66a is received by clock generator circuit 69 which generates a clean jitter free clock signal 69a that is frequency synchronized with signal 66a, but is jitter free. Signal 69a is not free running, but is rather gated by signal 66a so that the number of pulses generated by circuit 69 onto signal 69a is exactly equal to the number of pulses that circuit 69 receives on signal 66a. This circuit can use a gated phase locked loop or other techniques that are well understood in the art. Signal 69a is used to transfer the data out of holding register 67 into output register 68. The register 68 generates the data word output signals W0 through W7 referred to as 50a as a group. Signal 69a is also provided to the external circuitry. Both signal 69a and data output word 50a are jitter free because they are both frequency and phase synchronized to signal 69a which is jitter free. Signal 54a indicates when no active data is present at the input signal 14a. During this gap interval the synchronization signal circuit is performing resynchronization, and no synchronization signal is provided on signal 52a into circuit 50. The start word detector 65 is initialized when signal 54a is asserted. When active data appears on signal 14a and signal 54a is de-asserted, start word detector 65 starts to look for the next matching start word pattern. Since the output 50a of circuit 50 is disabled during gaps in the input data, and it does not resume until a new start word pattern is found in the input data stream, the output of circuit 50 only contains valid active data. Using Multiple GVCOs Fig. 6 shows another preferred embodiment, circuit 70, of the invention in which three, GVCOs 31, 32, 33 provide the synchronization signal. The function of this embodiment is in principle similar to that described in Fig. 4; therefore Fig. 6 is a simplified diagram that omits several of the circuit details that are common to both embodiments and emphasizes the circuit differences. Specifically circuits that perform the polarity select function, hazard avoidance, and paralleling functions in Fig. 4 are not present in Fig. 6. It should be obvious to anyone skilled in the art how to modify the circuit embodiment in Fig. 6 to contain the additional circuits in Fig. 4, and/or to modify the 3 GVCOs embodiment in Fig. 6 into a circuit that uses 4 or more GVCOs. The purpose of this embodiment is to eliminate the need for gaps in the input data stream during which the GVCOs can resynchronize to a reference. Since two GVCOs must provide the synchronization pulses while active data is being received, this embodiment provides an additional GVCO, thereby allowing any of the GVCOs to be resynchronized while two other GVCOs are providing the synchronization signal. The gated outputs of the GVCOs Ag, Bg, Cg can each be adjusted by their corresponding PLL, respectively 41, 42, 43. The output of each GVCO is enabled through an AND gate 74, 76, and 78 under the control of circuit 80. Each GVCO E- input is driven by a logic circuit 81, 82, 83. Logic circuits 81, 82, and 83 select one of the following three operating modes for the E- GVCO enable signal for their respective GVCO: enabled all the time, enabled when signal 34a is low, or enabled when signal 34b is low. Circuit 80 generates the control, signals EN_POS and EN_NEG. In Fig. 6 the three sets of control signals are labeled EN_POSa, EN_NEGa that control circuit 81, EN_POSb, EN_NEGb that control circuit 82, and EN_POSc, EN_NEGc that control circuit 83. The three enable resynchronization signals are labeled EN_SYNCa, EN_SYNCb, and EN_SYNCc for GVCOs 31, 32, and 33 respectively. Circuit 80 generates the enable resynchronization signals EN_SYNC that control each of the PLLs. When the EN_SYNC signal is high, the PLLs perform a phase comparison between the output of their corresponding GVCO, and the periodic reference signal 44a. When the EN_SYNC signal is low, the PLLs are disabled and the frequency control output signal F of the PLL is held it its last state when the EN SYNC signal was high. It is advantageous for the PLLs to initialize their internal phase comparator when the EN_SYNC signal transitions from low to high, using methods and techniques well understood in the art, so as to cancel the initial phase difference between the output of the GVCO and the reference signal 44a. This allows the full synchronization period to be used to adjust the frequency of the GVCO, rather than to re-acquire phase synchrony. Signal 34a and 34b are the output of flipflop 34 and are always complementary. Flipflop 34 is clocked by the input signal 14a and its function is to alternate the states of signals 34a and 34b on every positive transition of signal 14a. At any time during the operation of the circuit 70, control circuit 80 selects a pair of GVCOs which will be referred to as GVCOs "X" and "Y" and enables their outputs by setting the output enable control signal OE high for the corresponding GVCOs. In Fig. 6 the three output enable circuits are labeled OEa, OEb, and OEc corresponding to GVCOs 31, 32, and 33 respectively. The third GVCO which will be referred to as GVCO "Z" has its output disabled under the control of circuit 80 by having its corresponding output enable control signal set low. At the same time circuit 80 chooses the operating mode for the E- input of all three GVCOs. GVCO "Z" is placed in the "enabled all the time" state by setting both its corresponding EN_POS and EN_NEG signals low. Circuit 80 selects GVCO "X" to be enabled when signal 34a goes low. The GVCO "X" has its EN_POS signal set high, and its EN_NEG signal set low. Circuit 80 also sets signal EN_POS low, and EN_NEG high for the "Y" GVCO, thereby causing it to be enabled when signal 34b goes low. Circuit 80 sets the EN_SYNC corresponding to GVCO "Z" high, and sets the EN_SYNC signal for the other two GVCOs low. The resulting configuration allows GVCO "Z" to be enabled continuously while its corresponding PLL adjusts its frequency to match the periodic reference signal 44a. During this period of time, the output of GVCO "Z" is disabled preventing it from causing any data errors. The other two GVCOs are alternately enabled as signals 34a and 34b change states on every positive transition of the input signal 14a. Their outputs are enabled and then ORed together through OR gate 72 to generate recovered clock output signal R. On each positive transition of input, either of the pair of GVCO "X" or "Y" produces synchronization pulses that are phase aligned with the input data transition, and in close frequency synchronization to the reference periodic signal 44a. These synchronization pulses continue until the next positive transition of the input signal. This causes the other GVCO of the pair of GVCOs to be enabled thereby producing period pulses, and disabling the previously enabled GVCO. The function of this pair of GVCOs is identical to the function performed by the GVCOs in Fig. 4 while active data is present on the input. During these active periods, frequency of the respective GVCO signals is maintained by bias signal levels determined during the last time the respective GVCO was assigned as a "Z" unit that is disconnected from the output and permitted to synchronize to the reference frequency. Alternation/Reassignment The embodiment in Fig. 6 operates by systematically reassigning which GVCOs are the "X" and "Y" pair, and which GVCO is the "Z". Two requirements have to be met by the reassignments which are controlled by control circuit 80: each of the three GVCOs has to be assigned to be the "Z" GVCO and allowed to resynchronize prior to its GVCO drifting more than an allowable amount with respect to the reference periodic signal, and the "Z" GVCO must be given enough time to synchronize prior to the next reassignment. An effect well understood in the prior art is that very stable oscillators can allow long periods of time before they drift; however, these same oscillators often also require long periods of time to resynchronize. On the other hand, oscillators with less stability can be resynchronized quickly, but they will also drift after a relatively brief period of time. Choosing the required stability of the oscillators and the corresponding time intervals for reassignments is a standard engineering optimization exercise that is both technology and application dependent and is understood by anyone skilled in the art. The simplest reassignment strategy is to periodically rotate through all 3 GVCOs, assigning each one to be the "Z" GVCO in turn. Other reassignment patterns, for example pseudo random, can also be used as long as the requirements are met. Embodiments with more than 3 GVCOs can lead to many more reassignment patterns. The preferred embodiment of circuit 80 in Fig. 6 performs a rotational reassignment using an external clock reference signal 44a to establish a timing base that is used for reassignments. Internally to circuit 80 the reference signal 44a is divided down to generate a periodic reassignment clock signal at the reassignment frequency. The period of the clock has to be long enough to allow a GVCO to resynchronize to the reference periodic signal, and short enough so that each GVCO can perform a resynchronization cycle prior to drifting beyond tolerance. Each time this reassignment clock has a low to high transition a reassignment sequencer is started inside circuit 80 that monitors the state of input signal Q- which is connected to signal 34b in circuit 70, and a timeout counter is started that counts a predetermined number of pulses on signal 44a. The reassignment sequencer knows which GVCOs are performing the "X" and "Y" functions and which GVCO is the "Z" function. The next GVCO to be resynchronized will be referred to as the target GVCO. Circuit 80 also knows whether the "X" or "Y" GVCO is the target GVCO and is to become the next "Z" GVCO. The reassignment sequencer waits until the target GVCO is enabled and then waits for the next transition of signal 34b, indicating that the target GVCO is disabled. When 34b transitions, the reassignment sequencer assigns the target GVCO's function, either "X" or "Y", to the GVCO that is currently the "Z" GVCO, and it assigns the "Z" function to the target GVCO. While this reassignment takes place the third GVCO was providing the synchronization signal. When the reassignment is completed, the timeout counter is initialized, and the reassignment sequencer is put into a state waiting for the next low to high transition of the reassignment clock. Since the correct operation of the reassignment sequencer is based on the transitions of signal 34b, which itself is derived from the input signal 14a, a mechanism must be provided that allows the circuit to function properly even if long gaps of data exist on the input. If this is not done, then long gaps in the input, would delay the reassignments, and would allow the GVCOs to drift beyond their allowable tolerance. When the data restarts, the GVCOs would not be able to provide a synchronization signal at the correct frequency until all 3 GVCOs were resynchronized. To overcome this potential problem, circuit 80 has a timeout counter that causes the reassignment sequencer to initiate the reassignment when the counter reaches a predetermined count, irrespective of the state of signal 34a. This may cause a single bit error, if in fact the input signal contained valid data that did not contain any transitions. It is therefore necessary to preserve a certain transition density in the input data if no bit errors can be tolerated. Finally either embodiment can be run in a mode where a single oscillator provides the synchronization signal while one or more oscillators resynchronize. The oscillator will provide the synchronization signal for a period of time such that the phase will not drift with respect to the input signal more than a tolerable amount before a different oscillator is enabled to provide the synchronization signal. The switching of the oscillators falls under similar constraints as discussed in previous embodiments. Note that the oscillators are phase aligned to the input signal when they are enabled. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that variations and modifications of the disclosed apparatus are possible. The embodiments described above are provided to illustrate presently preferred ways of making and using this invention. The invention is defined by the claims appended below. Specifically DeMorgan's Theorem and other Boolean logic techniques can be used by one skilled in the art to modify the types of gates that are used throughout the circuit descriptions into logical and/or functional equivalents.

Claims: A method using dual-gated oscillators for producing a signal for synchronization with an input signal, said input signal having selectable transitions and said synchronization signal having a defined phase relationship with respect to the transitions of the input signal, at least two oscillator means being provided with each generating an oscillatory signal, producing (31,32) the synchronization signal by first enabling one of the at least two oscillatory signals in response to a selected transition of the input signal, and CHARACTERIZED BY : selectively enabling (34) one of the two oscillatory signals and then the other oscillatory signal in response to alternatively selected transitions of said input signal so as to provide said synchronization signal. A method as claimed in claim I comprising the step of: selectively enabling (34) the oscillatory signals so as to be synchronized to a reference periodic signal, while at the same time disabling said oscillatory signal that is already selectively enabled to provide said synchronization signal. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said input signal has selectable polarities within said selectable transitions, and said step of producing (31,32) the synchronization signal by first enabling one of at least two oscillatory signals to provide the synchronization signal is accomplished in response to a transition of only a single selected polarity of the input signal. A method as claimed in claim 3 comprising the steps of: selecting (36) said single selected polarity of the input signal to be either positive or negative. A method as claimed in claim 2 comprising the steps of: determining (45) when gaps exist in the input signal and enabling said oscillatory signals to be synchronized to said reference periodic signal during said gaps of said input signal. A method as claimed in claim 2 comprising the steps of: generating a frequency control signal that controls the frequency of the oscillatory signal, said frequency control signal being generated (41,42) in response to the phase difference between the oscillatory signal and said reference periodic signal and said frequency control signal having a bias signal level, said frequency control signal being maintained at the last bias signal level that was generated the last time the last oscillatory signal was enabled by said frequency control signal. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein said at least two oscillatory signals (31,32,33) are of a number which is three or more, and comprising the steps of: selecting a pair of oscillatory signals of said three or more oscillatory signals to alternately provide said synchronization signal, said pair of oscillatory signals alternately providing the synchronization signal in response to a selected transition of said input signal, and selecting one or more of the remaining three or more oscillatory signals for resynchronizing purposes. A method as claimed in claim 2 comprising the steps of: selecting (34) an oscillatory signal to provide the synchronization signal, and selecting one or more of the remaining oscillatory signals for resynchronization purposes. Apparatus for producing a signal for synchronization with an input signal, said input signal having selectable transitions and said synchronization signal having a defined phase relationship with respect to the transitions of the input signal, the apparatus comprising: at least two oscillator means (31,32) each for generating respective oscillatory signals for producing the synchronization signal, and signal multiplexing means for combining the oscillatory signals generated by the at least two oscillator means into a single synchronization signal, and CHARACTERIZED BY : control means (34) for selectively enabling one of said at least two oscillator means in response to a selected transition of said input signal. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 comprising: means (41,42) for resynchronizing each of said at least two oscillator means to a reference periodic signal when selectively enabled, means (34) for enabling one of said at least two oscillator means so as to be connected to said resynchronization means, and isolation means (90) that prevents the remaining non-enabled one of said at least two oscillator means from providing the synchronization signal. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10 comprising: a phase detector means (41,42) for each of said at least two oscillator means for generating a phase difference signal by comparing the phase of the oscillatory signal generated by its respective oscillator means (31,32) with said reference periodic signal; and a sample and hold means for each of said at least two oscillator means for generating the frequency control signal based on either the current or previously generated and held phase difference signal, said sample and hold means (41,42) being arranged so that when its respective oscillator means is enabled to being synchronized to said reference periodic signal the sample and hold means generates the frequency control signal based on the current phase difference signal, said sample and hold means being further arranged so that when its respective oscillator means (31,32) is disabled from being synchronized to said reference periodic signal the sample and hold (41,42) means maintains the frequency control signal based on the last phase difference signal that was generated the last time said respective one of the at least two oscillator means was enabled to be synchronized to said reference periodic signal. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 comprising: a phase adjustment means (52) that modifies the phase relationship between the input signal and the synchronization signal. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 comprising: a signal parallelizing means (50) for converting serial data being carried in the input signal into parallel word wide output data and generating a synchronization signal that is different from said synchronization signal established by said selected transitions of said input signal and now has a defined phase relationship with respect to the parallel word wide output data. Apparatus as claimed in claim 13 comprising: a start word detection means (65) that searches for a defined pattern in the input signal that signifies the start of a transmission and/or the alignment of data words therein and generates a start words detected signal; a serial to parallel conversion means (67,68) for grouping two or more data bits from the input signal into said parallel word wide data that are aligned with the serial data being carried in the input signal in response to the start words detected signal; a word synchronization signal generation means (68) for generating a jitter free word synchronization signal having a frequency which is the frequency of the synchronization signal of claim 11 divided by the number of said two or more data bits; and a word alignments means (64) for aligning the parallel word wide data to be in a defined phase relationship to selected transitions of the jitter free word synchronization signal.

Inventors: PITIO WALTER M, SHUGARD DONALD D, PITIO, WALTER M., SHUGARD, DONALD D.
Applicants: AT & T CORP, AT&T CORP.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: H04L7
IPC codes: H04L7, H03L7