DETECTION OF IRRADIATED SAMPLES

Abstract: There is described apparatus and method for detecting irradiated samples, for example foodstuffs, using photostimulated luminescence. The extent of irradiation is detected by subjecting the sample to a pulsed stimulation source which causes luminescence to be emitted from the irradiated sample. Means are provided for measuring the emitted luminescence which corresponds to the extent of irradiation. Apparatus for putting this method into practice is also disclosed.

Description: "Detection of Irradiated Samples" This invention relates to an apparatus and method for detecting irradiated samples. More particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for detecting irradiated samples which employs high-sensitivity, low background photostimulated luminescence (PSL) . Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) arises as the result of transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation from a stimulation source in the equipment to the sample, and the subsequent emission of luminescence from the sample. Some components of irradiated foods store energy, following exposure to ionising radiation, as a result of trapping of charge carriers at structural, interstitial or impurity sites within a dielectric medium. Subsequent stimulation with electromagnetic radiation can release trapped charge carriers, resulting in the emission of electromagnetic radiation during subsequent relaxation. Signals from small components of associated mineral debris can be found from most foods, particularly herbs, spices and seasonings, but also fruits and vegetables. Similarly, bioinorganic structures associated with bones, shells, exoskeleta etc, possess appropriate properties. Photostimulated luminescence resulting from the release of trapped charge carriers has characteristic excitation and emission spectra, depending on the underlying trapping and luminescence process. The time scale for the relaxation step between stimulation and luminescence emission is characteristic of the dynamics of the recombination process. The radiation specificity of apparatus to measure PSL for the purpose of detecting irradiated foods can be achieved by (a) selection of an anti-Stokes excitation and detection scheme, whereby the detection wavelength is shorter than the stimulating wavelength, and/or (b) the adoption of a timing system to detect only luminescence from a particular recombination mechanism. Ultimate radiation specificity arises from the combination of both approaches. According to the present invention there is provided apparatus for detecting irradiated samples using photostimulated luminescence, the apparatus comprising a stimulation source, control means for the stimulation source, detecting means to detect luminescence emitted from a sample being measured and display means for displaying the measurements. Further according to the present invention there is provided a method of detecting irradiated samples using photostimulated luminescence comprising subjecting the sample to a pulsed stimulation source to cause luminescence to be emitted from the irradiated sample and means for measuring the emitted luminescence. Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Fig. 1 is a schematic general layout of apparatus for carrying out the present invention; Fig. 2 is a schematic block diagram of the apparatus of Fig. 1; and Fig. 3 illustrates timing diagrams for the apparatus of Figs 1 and 2. Referring to the drawings, there is described apparatus for detecting irradiation using photoluminescence. The apparatus consists of a photomultiplier system 1 (or alternative light detector) , a pulsed stimulation source 2 (e.g. an array of led's or a laser diode system) , an optical filtering system 3 to define both the stimulation and detection wavebands, a control unit 4a, 4b containing pulsed electronics to control the light source 2, a photon counter 5, gated by the control unit 4a to lock into the luminescence from irradiated samples, and a display unit 6, which may be a small computer, or a simple display unit. In use, samples 10 are placed in a sample chamber 11 - for herbs and spices they may be presented as a thin layer on a disposable sample tray, which is closed before the measurement begins. During measurement the stimulation source 2 is operated in pulsed mode, and the photomultiplier signal resulting from PSL originating in the sample 10 is recorded by photon counting. The integrated photon count at the end of the measurement (the terminal count) is used to determine whether the sample 10 had been irradiated. Unirradiated samples give a small random background signal, whereas irradiated samples produce a positive signal. The size of the positive signal from irradiated samples varies considerably depending on the quantity and type of inorganic material associated with the food samples. These sensitivity differences can, if necessary be taken into account by a calibration measurement using a portion of the sample irradiated to a known dose. The instrument achieves a high detection rate (greater than 95%) through a number of design features leading to the desired effects of (1) a low background from unirradiated samples, (2) a sufficiently high sensitivity to detect the majority of irradiated samples, and (3) a highly radiation specific response. The measurement approach is also extremely versatile in that variants of the instrument can be prepared for a number of particular analytical tasks. The design incorporates the following features: 1 Low Background A low background from the instrument itself and from unirradiated samples is required to achieve a sufficiently wide dynamic response range to achieve reliable qualitative detection of the full range of irradiated foods. This is achieved in three ways 1.1 Spectral isolation of detection and stimulation bands Avoidance of cross talk between stimulation source and detection waveband is extremely important in a low background instrument. This is achieved using a combination of long pass filters in the stimulation port, and band pass filters in the detection port. Irradiated herbs, spices fruits and vegetables can be detected using infra-red stimulated luminescence detected in the UV-VIS waveband. With GaAlAs light emitting diodes providing the illumination source (peak wavelengths 880-940 nm) , and photon counting as the detection method the stimulation and detection wavebands can be completely isolated by the introduction of long pass filters (with a cut off wavelength between 700 and 800 nm) between the stimulation source and the sample chamber, and also by introducing a band-pass filter (eg Schott BG39 for a bialkali photocathode, UG11 for a solar-blind system) between the sample and the photomultiplier. Whereas the use of filtration in combination with the detection tube is well established in luminescence studies the combined use of long pass filters and band pass filters is new. Where led's are used in conjunction with stimulation filters they can be grouped together in ports of 3 or more diodes, each one of which presents a filtered illumination field. 1.2 The use of an illumination and viewing geometry whereby the main stimulation illumination impinges on the sample at a range of low angles of incidence, and the detection system views the luminescence emitted at angle close to normal. Thus the main reflected stimulation beam does not enter the photomultiplier directly. 1.3 Automatic subtraction of dark counts and residual long-period background signals. The background signal from an instrument with fully isolated stimulation and detection wavebands, and no light leaks is due essentially to the photomultiplier dark signal. The presence of non-radiation induced luminescence or slight light leaks into the sample chamber may provide additional sources, and sets the minimum detectable level in conventional luminescence instruments. Both these background sources can be effectively removed by the use of either of two pulsed and synchronised detection schemes described below under 3.2. These techniques result in a background which is reduced by typically two orders of magnitude, and contribute to the high performance of this instrument and to a high detection rate for irradiated foods. 2 High sensitivity A high sensitivity is needed to cope with the small signal levels associated with samples containing only trace levels of inorganic materials. This is achieved by 2.1 The use of broad detection windows 2.2 The use of a sufficiently powerful stimulation source. For example multiple led's grouped together in clusters and filtered. 2.3 The illumination of a large sample area. A prototype instrument with 50 mm diameter sample area is highly sensitive for detection of irradiated herbs and spices. Larger sample chambers and fields of illumination can be used for fruits and vegetables. 2.4 The use of appropriate stimulation and detection geometry to make positive use of stimulating radiation reflected once from the sample surface, and once again from a reflective bevel inside the sample chamber, which returns the beam to the sample surface. 2.5 The use of photon counting for high sensitivity detection of stimulated luminescence. 3 High radiation specificity The radiation specificity is achieved by the following means used separately, or in combination 3.1 Wavelength selection Configuring the instrument to respond only to anti- Stokes luminescence, where the detection wavelength is shorter than the stimulating wavelength sets the specific requirement that the luminescence process involves energy storage. If the detection wavelength is predominantly in the UV, and the stimulation mechanism excludes materials with low photo-ionisation band gaps, then the system becomes entirely radiation specific. In the example of the instrument to detect herbs, spices fruits and vegetables, the detection band defined by bialkali cathode photomultipliers in conjunction with BG39 filters is predominantly UV-VIS; the use of solar blind photomultipliers forces a UV only detection band. The use of IR stimulation with these systems is an anti-Stokes transition associated with silicate materials in or on the sample, and is highly radiation specific. In the case of some bioinorganic substances, (eg calcite, apatite) the use of visible stimulation and detection bands can lead to higher sensitivity. The instrument can be configured to these stimulation/detection schemes. In this case timing based radiation specificity becomes more important. 3.2 Pulsed Mode Operation The use of pulsed mode operation, where the stimulating source is pulsed in a manner which is synchronised with an up/down counter, results in both a dramatic improvement in dark count response (see 1.3) , and can be used to enhance radiation specificity. The luminescence dynamics (delay following initial stimulation, and timescale for release of luminescence following pulsed stimulation) are characteristics of the underlying charge transfer processes. These characteristics can be used to enhance radiation specificity in two related modes, both of which are inventive. Mode A : Synchronised detection and automatic background rejection. In this case the light source (eg led array) is pulsed symmetrically on and off for equal periods during measurements, using an oscillator. The same oscillator controls the direction of photon counting in a synchronised manner so that the photon counter counts up during the on period and down during the off period. The counter contents accumulate a signal which is purely due to the luminescence generated synchronously with the oscillator time scale. By selection of an oscillator period which is slightly longer than the characteristic timescale for the majority of the fast component of the PSL, background signals due to phosphorescence, dark count, light leaks, non-radiation induced chemiluminescence etc, are rejected by the up/down counter. For Mode A operation it is necessary to isolate the stimulation and detection wavebands. Mode B: A-synchronous stimulation and detection. In this mode the stimulation source is briefly pulsed with a longer detection period in between pulses. The detector can be either B.l gated on during the whole off period of the stimulation source, or B.2 operated in up/down mode throughout the detection period, once again synchronised to the characteristic time scale of the major luminescence emission. In mode B.2 the advantages of automatic background subtraction are retained without the need for complete spectral isolation of stimulation source and detector. The timing characteristics of these pulsed modes are shown in figure 3. Modifications and improvements may be incorporated without departing from the scope of the invention. The invention uses photostimulated luminescence to identify irradiated foods. Important features are the non-contact nature of measurement, allowing foods of different types to be examined rapidly without extensive sample preparation, and the generation of a radiation specific signal, and sufficiently high sensitivity to identify a high proportion (>95%) of irradiated samples without the need for individual calibration using a radiation source. Simple screening measurements therefore can be performed by control authorities, eg during customs inspections, by public analysts, by commercial quality departments, by retail organisations, or by consumers and consumer groups. These are essentially qualitative measurements. The measurement process does not entirely remove the signal. Therefore if necessary the sample can be sent to a reference laboratory for confirmation and for calibration. When used in conjunction with a calibrated radiation source the sample sensitivity can be measured, thus forming a basis for formal confirmation of the result, and quantitative dose estimation using the method of standard additions. The device can be produced in a number of forms, for use for specific food types, for use in laboratories, production and storage areas, or for portable use in many different locations and environments. It is immediately suitable for detection of irradiated herbs, spices and seasonings. It can be applied in screening mode to fruits and vegetables. It may be applicable to the detection of irradiated shellfish, and meat or poultry containing bone fragments. The instrument is also suitable for secondary use in the field of radiation dosimetry. The invention accordingly provides a simple to use and rapid measurement system for detecting irradiation in samples. In view of the nature of the invention, the apparatus and method can be advantageously employed in real time analysis of samples which may have been subjected to irradiation. This has particular application in production line monitoring wherein a control feedback arrangement may be utilised. Again, the nature of the mode of operation permits a scanning technique to be used to evaluate radiation in admixtures where the radiation may not be homogenously distributed through the sample being analysed.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Apparatus for detecting irradiated samples using photostimulated luminescence, the apparatus comprising a stimulation source, control means for the stimulation source, detecting means to detect luminescence emitted from a sample being measured and display means for displaying the measurements. 2. A method of detecting irradiated samples using photostimulated luminescence comprising subjecting the sample to a pulsed stimulation source to cause luminescence to be emitted from the irradiated sample and means for measuring the emitted luminescence.

Inventors: SANDERSON DAVID CRANSTON WILLI, SANDERSON, DAVID, CRANSTON, WILLIAM
Applicants: SANDERSON DAVID C W, UNIV GLASGOW, SANDERSON, DAVID, CRANSTON, WILLIAM, THE UNIVERSITY COURT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G01N21
IPC codes: G01N21