Electrophotographic imaging apparatus

Abstract: An electrophotographic device (1) in which a photoconductor drum (3) is charged by a charging roller (5). Insulating liquid (19;30) is applied at their initial nip. The charging roller both charges and substantially squeegees dry the photoconductor member. The liquid (19) may be produced by incomplete cleaning by a cleaning blade (21). Excess liquid is collected at the sides. This results in reduction in foreign gases, and reduction in the operating potential between photoconductor drum and charging roller.

Description: This invention relates to electrophotographic imaging apparatus having contact charging of the photoconductor and development on the photoconductor by liquid toner. Contact charging minimizes adding foreign gases to the surrounding air, and liquid development permits development with fine particles employing a wide range of dyes and pigments. Both contact charging and liquid development are known technologies. U.S. Patent No. 5,017,965 to Hashimoto et al is illustrative of contact charging. U.S. Patent No. 5,121,164 to Landa et al is illustrative of liquid development. According to the present invention there is provided an electrophotographic imaging apparatus comprising an endless photoconductor member for imaging, an endless contact charging member contacting the photoconductor member for charging said photoconductor member, said photoconductor member and said contact charging member rotating during imaging to form a nip as said members rotate in contact, a liquid development system to develop an electrostatic image on said photoconductive member by applying liquid toner, and means to apply an insulating liquid to said nip. Some embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is an illustrative side view of an embodiment in which incomplete cleaning provides dielectric liquid to the pre-nip region; Fig. 2 is a similar illustrative view of an embodiment in which a dedicated liquid source provides dielectric liquid to the pre-nip region; Fig. 3 is a front view illustrative of excess liquid collection; and Fig. 4 is a side view illustrative of excess liquid collection. Figures 1 and 2 indicate what may be an essentially conventional, electrostatic printer 1 (largely shown illustratively) having a rotating photoconductor roller 3 and a charge roller 5 to charge the roller 3. Charge roller 5 is in contact with and moves in the same direction as photoconductor roller 3 to form a nip 7 where said roller 5 and roller 3 come into contact. Charge roller 5 replaces the common corona charging. This embodiment employs an amount of insulative liquid occupying the nip 7 region. After charging by roller 5 and imaging from a light source 8, such as a laser beam, photoconductor roller 3 rotates to a developer station 9, at which liquid toner is applied. The developed imaging is then transferred to paper 11 or other final substrate or, alternatively, to an intermediate medium (not shown in Figs. 1 and 2) at transfer station 13 having a transfer roller 15. Then the residual materials on the photoconductor roller are normally cleaned by squeezing or scraping at a cleaning station 17. The imaging on the final substrate 11 is hardened or fixed, typically with heat and some pressure, in a system which may be entirely conventional and therefore is not shown. In this embodiment, the dielectric liquid 19 is provided to nip 7. The specific liquid may be any liquid having an insulating property relative to atmospheric air. Liquid toners often employ mineral oil or petroleum fractions, for example fractions near kerosene, as the vehicle of such toners. Such materials are entirely suitable for this invention as they are sufficiently insulative to eliminate discharge at nip 7. The embodiment of Fig. 1 employs the liquid toner itself as the liquid provided to nip 7. The cleaning station 17 of Fig. 1 is implemented by a blade 21 lightly contacting the photoconductor drum 3, in such manner as to allow an amount of liquid 19 to pass the blade 21 and accumulate at nip 7. Charge roller 5 contacts photoconductor 3 with sufficient force to block transmission of liquid 19 past the nip 7 of roller 5 and roller 3, which is a conventional squeegee mechanism. In the Fig. 2 embodiment, the cleaning station 17 may be conventional and arranged to completely clean photoconductor 3. Insulative liquid 30 is applied as a light spray by applicator 32 which preferably is the same or closely similar to the vehicle of the liquid toner applied at the developer station 9. As in the first embodiment, charging roller 5 acts as a squeegee to prevent liquid 30 from passing roller 5. When an amount of such a dielectric liquid 19 or 30 is allowed to occupy a portion of the pre-nip region between the charge roller 5 and photoconductor roller 3 during the charging phase of an electrophotographic process, the charge deposited on the photoconductor 3, and therefore the photoconductor voltage, is increased. This amounts to an enhanced charging efficiency. The physics of this charge enhancement is not thoroughly understood. Laboratory experiments have clearly shown that increased photoconductor charging exists when the pre-nip of the charge roller is filled with a liquid which has a higher dielectric strength than that which occupies the post-nip. Since the carrier liquid of a typical liquid toner is a dielectric, the liquid can be chosen to have a dielectric strength greater than that of air. The minimum amount of liquid in the pre-nip required to produce the greatest enhancement to the charging efficiency appears to be that which is necessary to occupy the region of the pre-nip where, without the liquid, dielectric breakdown of the air would take place. This region is determined by the specific geometry of the charge roller and photoconductor, and the magnitude of the potential that exists between them. For typical charge rollers and photoconductor drums, this is the region in the pre-nip between the point where the charge roller and the photoconductor are just in contact, out to where the surface of the charge roller is of the order of 100 to 200 microns 1 micron = 10 -6 m from the photoconductor surface. Photoconductor charging with a dielectric liquid in the pre-nip for a given charge roller voltage also, conversely, allows a reduction of the charge roller voltage in order to produce a given photoconductor voltage. The charging enhancement effect is independent of the charge roller composition or construction, within the limits which already exist and are known for electrical resistivity, durometer, surface roughness, etc. For example, charging enhancement does not depend on whether the charge roller is constructed from a single component or has one or more layers or coatings. The enhanced charging exists using charge rollers with the following construction: 1) uncoated epichlorohydrin rubber. 2) epichlorohydrin rubber with a single layer of polyamide coating. 3) epichlorohydrin rubber with a single layer of an epoxy cross-linked polyamide. In order to be of practical value, the charge roll mechanical, electrical and chemical properties should not be significantly affected by constant exposure to the toner carrier liquid. An epichlorohydrin rubber charge roller can be formulated with this in mind. The existence of enhanced charging efficiency with a dielectric liquid in the pre-nip of a charge roller used for photoconductor charging in a liquid toner electrophotographic system also relaxes the requirement for cleaning of the photoconductor before charging; the photoconductor surface need not be made completely liquid-free before engaging the charge roll. In fact, in the Fig. 1 embodiment, the small layer or coating of dielectric liquid which is present on the photoconductor after the liquid development process provides a mechanism for loading of the pre-nip with the dielectric carrier liquid. Other factors, such as the viscosity and surface energy of the liquid, geometry of the photoconductor-charge roller nip, and photoconductor process speed are considered to ensure proper liquid filling of the pre-nip. The actual mechanism which places the liquid in the pre-nip is not important to the enhanced charging process. Any device which can be made to deliver the proper amount of the dielectric liquid to the pre-nip can be employed. This makes it possible to use the enhanced charging scheme with flat or continuous roll photoconductors. The dielectric liquid can be flowed onto the photoconductor surface before it enters the charge roller nip, or a jet of this liquid can be trained into the nip. The insulative liquids 19, 30 may accumulate near nip 7 and then are removed to prevent their reaching sensitive parts of the printer 1. Figs. 3 and 4 are views of preferred system in accordance with this invention having such a collection system. Elements essentially identical with those of the Fig. 1 illustration are given the same number. Charge roller 5 does not extend to the ends of photoconductive drum 3, leaving end areas where excess liquid 19 accumulates. Charge roller 5 is shorter than the photoconductive drum 3 by several millimeters at each end. As shown in Fig. 4, this embodiment has a squeegee roller 40 and an intermediate transfer roller 42, which are essentially conventional and also are shorter than the photoconductive drum by several millimeters at each end. The cleaning blade 21 extends entirely across the photoconductive drum 3, and in this embodiment has an upper surface which is directed slightly downward from the horizontal. It has end abutments 46 (Fig. 3) of a foam material, which serve to dam liquid 19 from escaping from the sides of photoconductor 3. Blade 21 is contiguous with a receptacle trough 48, which leads to one or more exit tubes 50, which lead in turn to a collection receptacle 52. With respect to Fig. 4, photoconductor drum 3 turns counterclockwise, and charge roller 5, squeegee 40, and intermediate transfer roller 42 turn clockwise. Accordingly, as photoconductor drum 3 encounters cleaning blade 21, it is moving with gravity. Liquid 19 tends to remain at the ends of the photoconductor drum 3 because of the similar squeegee actions subsequent to the charge roller, i.e. at the developer (not shown in Figs. 3 and 4) and intermediate roller 42, until photoconductor 3 delivers liquid 19 to the cleaner blade 21. Cleaner blade 21 spans the length of the photoconductor drum 3. Foam end pieces 46, or similar devices, at each end serve to contain the excess liquid 19, keeping it in front of cleaner blade 21 while preventing it from flowing around the ends of the cleaner blade. As liquid 19 accumulates in front of the blade 21, it flows over the top edge of the blade (Fig. 4) and down into trough 48. As the excess liquid 19 is collected in trough 48, it is conducted via gravity or vacuum suction through the tube or series of tubes 50, or equivalent means, to a waste collection receptacle 52. The waste liquid 19 is disposed of when a cartridge containing photoconductor 3 is replaced or by service personnel at some specified time, or by notification from the printer 1 through a float sensor or similar device (not shown) that the waste collection receptacle is full. As in the Fig. 1 embodiment, the embodiment of Figs. 3 and 4 uses cleaning blade 21 as an incomplete squeegee device to ensure that the charge roller 5 and photoconductor roller 3 pre-nip is loaded with liquid 19 remaining on the photoconductive roller 3 from the development process. The excess liquid is allowed to flow beyond the ends of charge roller 5 and onto the ends of the photoconductor drum 3 from which it is subsequently skived and collected by cleaner blade 21 and foam end pieces 46, and delivered to waste receptacle 52. Excess liquid 19 is then disposed of in an appropriate way. In summary, the addition of a dielectric liquid, as discussed above, to the pre-nip of a charge roll photoconductor system increases the charging efficiency of the system. This increased efficiency allows a lower charge roll voltage to be used to produce a desired photoconductor voltage. The charge enhancing mechanism may be employed with various charge roll configurations and material and dielectric liquids. A wide range of implementation clearly is possible within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: An electrophotographic imaging apparatus comprising an endless photoconductor member (3) for imaging, an endless contact charging member (5) contacting the photoconductor member for charging said photoconductor member, said photoconductor member and said contact charging member rotating during imaging to form a nip (7) as said members rotate in contact, a liquid development system (9) to develop an electrostatic image on said photoconductive member by applying liquid toner (19), and means (21;32) to apply an insulating liquid (19;30) to said nip. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which said means to apply an insulating liquid (19) comprises a cleaning station (21) for said photoconductor member (3) which, in use, incompletely cleans said photoconductive member. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which said means to apply an insulating liquid (30) comprises an applicator (32) to apply liquid to said photoconductor member (3) after, in use, the latter is cleaned. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, in which said charging member (5) is pressed against said photoconductor member (3) to squeegee said liquid (19; 30) from said photoconductor member. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, in which said charging member (5) is shorter than said photoconductor member (3), and wherein liquid collection means (21, 48) are located at at least the region or regions of said photoconductor member where, because it is shorter, said charging member does not contact said photoconductor member.

Inventors: CAMPBELL ALAN STIRLING, CLAFLIN CURT JOSEPH, FAGERQUIST RANDY LEE, FLOYD TRACY GLADE, KELLY BRENDA MARIE, ROE RONALD LLOYD, ZIERCHER ERIC LAWRENCE, CAMPBELL, ALAN STIRLING, CLAFLIN, CURT JOSEPH, FAGERQUIST, RANDY LEE, FLOYD, TRACY GLADE, KELLY, BRENDA MARIE, ROE, RONALD LLOYD, ZIERCHER, ERIC LAWRENCE
Applicants: LEXMARK INT INC, LEXMARK INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Application year: 1994
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15, G03G21