Marine fenders

Abstract: A rubbery buckling-type marine fender (10) such as a cell-type hollow cylindrical marine fender, a frustoconical-type hollow cylindrical marine fender, or a V-shaped marine fender, comprises a main rubber portion (12), a securing flange portion (13), and a shock receiving portion (14), in which a rubber thickened region (19) is formed in the inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion (12) at a given position adjacent or close to a buckling point (P) to prevent falling of reaction force during the buckling deformation.

Description: This invention relates to a marine fender and more particularly to an improvement of a rubbery buckling-type marine fender such as a hollow cylindrical marine fender, a V-shaped marine fender, a frustoconical marine fender or the like which is likely to undergo buckling during compression deformation. As an example of a conventional buckling-type marine fender, there is known a rubbery hollow cylindrical marine fender of a conical trapezoidal form as shown in Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings. This marine fender comprises a main cylindrical rubber portion 2, a securing flange portion 3 for attachment to a quay wall, a shock receiving portion 4 and reinforcing steel plates 5, 6 embedded in the portions 3, 4. When such a marine fender is compressed in its axial direction upon berthing a vessel, there is obtained a deflection - reaction force curve absorbing the berthing energy as shown in Fig. 2. In this case, after the reaction force increases with the increase of the deflection to arrive at an upper peak (point A), it decreases to arrive at a point C though the deflection increases, and again rapidly increases with further increase of the deflection. The marine fender exhibiting such a characteristic curve is actually used up to a point B showing the reaction force equal to the point A, in which the absorption energy of the marine fender is represented by an area surrounded by the deflection - reaction force curve and an abscissa up to the point B. However, the reaction force is actually decreased to the point C, so that the absorption energy is lost only by a portion S corresponding to an area surrounded by a broken line A-B and a curved line A-C-B. Therefore, it is required to increase the falling of reaction force represented by the point C to the dotted line A-B to increase the energy absorption by the area S. Similarly, the above phenomenon is observed in a V-shaped marine fender subjected to a berthing load in a direction perpendicular to the axial direction thereof. In order to overcome the above problem of the conventional marine fender, there has been proposed a hollow cylindrical marine fender in JP-Y-2-30505. This marine fender comprises a main cylindrical portion of a frustoconical form and a shock receiving portion of a cylindrical form, in which it is attempted to reduce the loss of the absorption energy by specifying relationships between the height of the main cylindrical portion and the height of the shock receiving portion and between the outer diameter of the shock receiving portion and the inner diameter of a base of the main cylindrical portion. According to this proposal, the timing of contacting an outer surface of the buckled main cylindrical portion with a hull of a berthing vessel is delayed by mainly making the height of the shock receiving portion relatively high, whereby the energy absorbing quantity is increased. However, as the shock receiving portion becomes higher, deformation is necessarily caused in the shock receiving portion to create the same falling of the reaction force as in Fig. 2, so that it is not advantageous to use such a marine fender in view of energy efficiency. Attention is also drawn to the disclosures of EP-A-0 092 893 and GB-A-1 197 534. It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a rubbery buckling-type marine fender capable of reducing the loss of the absorption energy as far as possible. Particularly, the invention aims to provide a rubbery buckling-type marine fender capable of efficiently preventing the falling phenomenon of reaction force produced through the buckling deformation of the main rubber body portion of the conventional marine fender by rendering a region of the main rubber body portion adjacent or close to an inner buckling point thereof into a thickened region. According to the invention, there is provided a rubbery buckling-type marine fender comprising a main rubber body portion, a securing flange portion, and a shock receiving portion, wherein an inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion is expanded inward in a region adjacent or close to a buckling point produced by buckling deformation of the main rubber body portion at at least one side with respect to the buckling point to form a rubber thickened region; characterized in that when the height of the marine fender is H, the thickness of the main rubber body portion is t, and the length and the thickness of the rubber thickened region are L and t 1 , the marine fender satisfies 0.1H ≦ t 1 ≦ 0. 35H, 0.01t ≦ t 1 ≦ 0.1H, and L ≦ 0. 4H. The invention will be further described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Fig. 1 is a front view partly shown in section of a conventional buckling-type marine fender; Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating a deflection - reaction force curve of the conventional marine fender; Fig. 3 is a diagrammatically sectional view illustrating deformation behaviour of the conventional hollow cylindrical marine fender; Fig. 4 is a diagrammatically sectional view illustrating deformation behaviour of an embodiment of a rubbery buckling-type marine fender according to the invention; Fig. 5 is a front view partly shown in section of a first embodiment of a rubbery buckling-type marine fender according to the invention; Figs. 6 to 8 are front views partly shown in section of modified embodiments of the marine fender shown in Fig. 5, respectively; Fig. 9 is a front view partly shown in section of a second embodiment of a rubbery buckling-type marine fender according to the invention; and Figs. 10 and 11 are perspective views of other embodiments of the rubbery buckling-type marine fender according to the invention, respectively. The invention is based on results of actually observing the buckling deformation of buckling-type marine fenders such as a cylindrical marine fender or the like in detail. In the conventional marine fender, as the deflection quantity increases from the point A to the point B as shown in Fig. 2, the buckling deformation of the main cylindrical portion proceeds as shown by arrows in Fig. 3, during which the reaction force becomes lower than the upper peak (point A). As seen from Fig. 3, the falling of the reaction force between the points A and B in Fig. 2 is caused in the course of the buckling deformation starting from a buckling point P as shown in Fig. 3. That is, the upper and lower inner peripheral surface regions of the main cylindrical rubber portion do not contact each other with respect to the buckling point P at the first and second steps of Fig. 3, but both regions contact with each other at a point Q somewhat apart from the buckling point P in the third step of Fig. 3. However, an uncontacted space still remains between the points P and Q, which brings about the falling of the reaction force. According to the invention, the inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion corresponding to the region between the points P and Q is expanded inward to form a rubber thickened region T for filling in the uncontacted space between the points P and Q as shown in Fig. 4, whereby the contact compressed region of the main rubber body portion can positively be increased between the points P and Q of Fig. 4 to increase the reaction force between the points A and B of Fig. 2. In the marine fender according to the invention, therefore, when the buckling deformation proceeds as shown by arrows in Fig. 4, the inner peripheral surface regions of the main rubber body portion sandwiching the buckling point P gradually contact each other to enlarge the contact compression area, and hence the falling of the reaction force between the points A and B can be compensated by the compression reaction force owing to the presence of the rubber thickened region. In the rubbery buckling-type marine fender according to the invention, the buckling point P is always held at a given position by the rubber thickened region formed on the inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion. On the other hand, the buckling point P is not specified in the conventional marine fender, so that the position of the buckling point P scatters (varies) every buckling deformation even in a lot of products or the same product and hence the scattering of the reaction force is caused. As seen from this fact, the scattering of the reaction force can be reduced by the formation of the rubber thickened region according to the invention. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an annular groove is formed in an outer surface of the main rubber body portion at a given position, whereby the main rubber body portion can be buckled in an energy efficient manner to improve the durability of the marine fender and to always provide a given reaction force. That is, the annular groove is formed in the outer surface of the main rubber body portion at a position somewhat separated from a reinforcing steel plate embedded in the securing flange portion, whereby buckling is caused in the annular groove, so that the concentration of stress in the steel plate can be prevented to prevent the peeling of the steel plate from the adhesion surface to rubber and hence rubber breakage to thereby improve the durability. The starting point of the rubber thickened region (i.e. position of the buckling point P) differs in accordance with inclination angle of the main rubber body portion, height of the shock receiving portion, position of the annular groove formed on the outer surface of the main rubber body portion and the like, but it is preferably within a range of h = 0.2H - 0.6H in which h is a position of the buckling point P measured from a base line of the marine fender and H is the height of the marine fender measured from the base line. Furthermore, a length L of the rubber thickened region should not exceed 0.4H because when it is too long, the displacement amount becomes small and the increase of the reaction force is prematurely caused. Moreover, a thickness of the rubber thickened region may properly be selected in accordance with the size of the marine fender, length of the rubber thickened region, thickness of the main rubber body portion and the like. In Fig. 5 is shown a first embodiment of the rubbery buckling-type marine fender according to the invention. This marine fender is a hollow cylindrical marine fender 10 of a frustoconical shape, which comprises a main rubber body portion 12, a securing flange portion 13 for a quay wall, and a shock receiving portion 14 for a vessel. To the shock receiving portion 14 is fixed a shock receiving plate (not shown) directly subjected to berthing of the vessel. Furthermore, the shock receiving portion 14 is reinforced with a steel plate 15 embedded therein, wherein an internal thread 16 is screwed in the steel plate 15, through which the shock receiving plate is secured to the shock receiving portion. On the other hand, the securing flange portion 13 is reinforced with a steel plate 17 embedded therein and also a bolt hole 18 is formed in the steel plate for fixing to a quay wall or the like through a bolt (not shown). A point P located in the inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion 12 is a buckling point when a load is applied to the shock receiving plate during the berthing of the vessel. In the illustrated embodiment, when the height of the marine fender 10 is H as measured from the base line, the position h of the point P locates within a range of about 0.3H to 0.4H. The main rubber body portion 12 is largely bulged outward by starting from the buckling point P to cause the buckling, whereby the berthing load is absorbed. In the marine fender 10, a rubber thickened region 19 is formed on an inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion 12 adjacent to the buckling point (at the side of the shock receiving portion in the illustrated embodiment). The dimensions of the marine fender are naturally different in accordance with the size of the vessel to be berthed. In the illustrated embodiment, the height H of the marine fender 10 is 100 cm, and the main rubber body portion 12 has an outer diameter d 1 of 90 cm, an inner diameter d 2 of 6 0 cm and a diameter d 3 (corresponding to the diameter of the shock receiving portion 14) of 80 cm, while the diameter D of the securing flange portion 13 is 130 cm. The thickness t of the main rubber body portion 12 is about 15 cm. On the other hand, the position h of the buckling point P is about 40 cm, while the rubber thickened region 19 has a length L of 23 cm and a thickness t 1 of 3 cm. When the marine fender 10 is deformed by receiving the berthing load of a vessel or the like to cause the buckling deformation from the buckling point P, since the rubber thickened region 19 is arranged in the vicinity of the buckling point P, the inner peripheral surface parts of the main rubber body portion sandwiching the buckling point P contact with each other as shown in Fig. 4 to produce an effective reaction force. That is, the marine fender 10 according to the invention undergoes a small falling of the reaction force between the points A and B in the reaction force - deflection curve as shown in Fig. 2 because the reaction force changes in a substantially horizontal direction (broken line) between the points A and B, so that the loss of absorption energy can be prevented. Moreover, the effect of increasing the absorption energy as mentioned above can sufficiently be developed when the marine fender satisfies conditions of 0.1H ≦ t ≦ 0.35H, 0.01t ≦ t 1 ≦ 0.1H and L ≤ 0.4H. In the illustrated embodiment of Fig. 5, annular grooves 20 and 21 are formed in the outer peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion 12 in the vicinities of the securing flange portion 13 and the shock receiving portion 14, respectively. These annular grooves 20 and 21 have a certain curvature. These annular grooves 20 and 21 serve as buckling points of the main rubber body portion 12 to prevent the peeling of the steel plates 15 and 17 from the adhesion surface to rubber and hence rubber breakage. In the marine fender 10 of Fig. 5, the rubber thickened region 19 is formed at one side of the inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion with respect to the buckling point P, but the rubber thickened region may be arranged at both sides sandwiching the buckling point P. Furthermore, the sectional shape of the rubber thickened region is not particularly restricted. Figs. 6 to 8 are modified embodiments of the rubbery buckling-type marine fender shown in Fig. 5, respectively. In Fig. 6, the rubber thickened region 19 has a square shape at the position corresponding to the buckling point P. In Fig. 7, the rubber thickened region 19 is formed at the side of the securing flange portion 13 with respect to the buckling point P. In Fig. 8, rubber thickened regions 19-1 and 19-2 are formed at both sides with respect to the buckling point P. In these embodiments, the annular grooves 20 and 21 are V-shaped in section. Figs. 9 to 11 are other embodiments of the rubbery buckling-type marine fender according to the invention, respectively. The marine fender 30 of Fig. 9 is a cell-type marine fender comprising a main rubber body portion provided with two rubber thickened regions 19 sandwiching the buckling point P. The marine fender 40 of Fig. 10 is a V-shaped marine fender comprising a main rubber body portion provided with the rubber thickened region 19 at one side with respect to the buckling point P. The marine fender 50 of Fig. 11 is a V-shaped marine fender comprising a main rubber body portion provided with two rubber thickened regions 19 sandwiching the buckling point P. As mentioned above, according to the invention, the uncontacted space formed between the buckling point P and the point Q in Fig. 3 is filled with the rubber thickened region formed at the inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion adjacent or close to the buckling point P, so that there are provided rubbery buckling-type marine fenders which can develop an excellent absorption performance against berthing shock without falling of the reaction force in the deflection - reaction force curve.

Claims: A rubbery buckling-type marine fender (10) comprising a main rubber body portion (12), a securing flange portion (13), and a shock receiving portion (14), wherein an inner peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion (12) is expanded inward in a region adjacent or close to a buckling point (P) produced by buckling deformation of the main rubber body portion at at least one side with respect to the buckling point to form a rubber thickened region (19); characterized in that when the height of the marine fender is H, the thickness of the main rubber body portion (12) is t, and the length and the thickness of the rubber thickened region (19) are L and t 1 , the marine fender satisfies 0.1H ≦ t 1 ≦ 0.35H, 0.01t ≦ t 1 ≦ 0.1H, and L ≦ 0. 4H. A marine fender as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that annular grooves (20,21) are formed in an outer peripheral surface of the main rubber body portion (12) in the vicinities of the securing flange portion (13) and the shock receiving portion (14). A marine fender as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a position h of the buckling point (P) as measured from a base line of the marine fender is within a range of 0. 2H - 0. 6H, preferably 0. 3H - 0. 4H, in which H is the height of the marine fender as measured from the base line.

Inventors: ENAMI YASUSHI, KAJIGAYA SHINICHI, NAKAMURA MASAHIRO, ENAMI, YASUSHI, KAJIGAYA, SHINICHI, NAKAMURA, MASAHIRO
Applicants: BRIDGESTONE CORP, BRIDGESTONE CORPORATION
Application year: 1994
Main classification: E02B3
IPC codes: F16F1, E02B3