SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PROCESS AND APPARATUS

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of fuel pellets or briquettes from sewage sludge solids and municipal solid waste with minimal drying requirements. In one of its more specific aspects, this invention relates to a solid pelleted or briquetted fuel product (5) consisting essentially of sewage sludge solids (11), waste paper and/or refuse derived fuel (18), and crushed coal (16), and to its method of preparation. In still another of its specific aspects, this invention relates to a method for the production of fuel gases (57) from sewage sludge solids and cellulosic wastes.

Description: SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PROCESS AND APPARATUS This invention relates to a process for the production of fuel briquettes from sewage sludge solids and municipa solid wastes. In one of its more specific aspects, this invention relates to a solid briquetted fuel product con- sisting essentially of sewage sludge solids, municipal soli waste, and caking coal and to its method of preparation. I still another of its specific aspects, this invention re¬ lates to a method for the disposal of sewage sludge, waste paper, and municipal solid waste by conversion of such waste matter to useful energy. Background of the Invention Various methods have been disclosed heretofore for the disposal of sewage sludge wastes. For the past several years, it has been customary in areas along the Eastern Seaboard, and particularly in the New York City area, to load sewage sludge into barges which are towed out to sea and dumped into the ocean. Alternative methods of disposal include dewatering the sewage sludge by centrifuges and dumping the dewatered sewage sludge solids in land fill areas. Dumping at sea is becoming more and more restricted as a disposal method while, at the same time, metropolitan areas are rapidly running out of available land fill sites. Incineration of sewage sludge solids has been proposed but, is not an attractive method of disposal due to the water content of moist centrifuged sludges or filter cake solids, which typically contain 65 to 75 weight percent water after concentration by conventional filtering or centrifuging methods. The art of pressing coal into briquettes is well known. The objective has been principally to utilize coal fines by com¬ pacting them into a more easily handled and stored fuel. The compaction or pelleting of municipal refuse, together with waste coal products also has been proposed. Jackman, in U.S. Patent No. 3,910,775, disclosed the briquetting of coal including coal fines with organic wastes. In this patent, minor quantities of acidic coal fines are apparently used for the purpose of reducing the pH of a sewage stream filtered through the prepared briquettes to precipitate phosphates present in the waste water. My U.S. Patents 4,225,457, 4,152,119, 4,052,173, and 5,125,931, which are incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof, disclose the production of briquettes from sewage sludge and coal, and from coal and municipal solid wastes, and their gasification in a moving bed solid fuel gasifier. Summary of the Invention This invention provides a process for forming fuel bri¬ quettes from a mixture of dewatered sewage sludge (DSS), refuse derived fuel (RDF) obtained from municipal solid waste (MSW) and/or paper waste, optionally including crushed coal and coal fines. A primary object of this invention is to provide a process for forming fuel briquettes from a mixture of such materials without the necessity for pre- drying the components prior to formation of the briquettes. The product briquettes formed by the process of this inven- tion are especially useful as fuels in existing solid fuel gasifiers and as fuel in direct-fired boilers and furnaces. A preferred fuel composition contains crushed coal including all fines, dewatered sewage sludge and refuse derived fuel and/or paper waste. Briquettes of dewatered sewage sludge and refuse derived fuel or paper waste may be made without coal, shipped to the site of a coal deposit or to the point of consumption, and then reformulated with finely divided coal into higher heating value fuel briquettes. In a specific embodiment of the invention, a mixture of de- watered sewage sludge containing from about 25 to about 50 percent solids by weight is mixed with a sufficient quantity of comminuted cellulosic waste and finely divided coal to form a mixture having a moisture content in the range of from about 12 to about 22 weight percent and pressed into fuel briquettes. Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a preferred method of producing and utilizing a solid fuel product from sewage sludge and other municipal solid wastes including waste paper and refuse derived fuel. Fig. 2 is a simplified perspective view of a typical rotary briquette press suitable for use in the process of this invention. Detailed Description of Process With reference to Fig. 1 of the drawing, illustrating a pre¬ ferred embodiment of the process of the present invention, wet sewage sludge containing for example, 3 to 7 percent solids by weight is supplied through line 11 to a dewatering unit 12, suitably in the form of a centrifuge which concen¬ trates the sewage sludge to a solids concentration in the range of 25 to 40 percent by weight. Water separated from the wet sewage sludge is discarded via line 13. Dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) from centrifuge 12 is passed through line 14 to a solids mixer 15 where the dewatered sludge is mixed with crushed or pulverized coal supplied through line 16. Municipal solid waste from line 18 is supplied to shredder and classifier 19 where dirt, metal, glass, and other inorganic matter is separated from combus¬ tible organic matter and discarded through line 20 as trash. The separated combustible organic matter, herein designated "refuse derived fuel" or RDF, is supplied to mixer 15 through line 21. Shredded dry milled waste paper is supplied to mixer 15 through line 22. Additives, e.g. lime if required, are introduced into mixer 15 through line 23. Binders, if needed, may be added to mixer 15 through line 24. Suitable binders include blackstrap molasses, and black liquor from the paper industry. Binder, when required, is introduced into the mixture in an amount equivalent to 3 to 6 percent by weight of the mixture based on the dry weights of all components. - o - The relative proportions of RDF, paper waste, coal, DSS, an binder if employed, are adjusted such that the water conten of the mixture is in the range of from about 12 to about 2 percent by weight. It has been discovered that a moistur content in this range produces strong compact pellets o briquettes. The optimum moisture content depends upo characteristics of the particular feed materials employed, the relative proportion of each material in the fee mixture, and upon the compaction method. For example, pellet extrusion requires a higher moisture content (up t 22 percent) in the feed mixture in order to prevent charrin during extrusion. For typical coal/DSS/RDF mixtures forme into briquettes using a rotary press, the moisture conten of the composition discharged from mixer 15 and supplied vi line 26 to briquette press 30 is preferably in the range of from about 14 to about 19 weight percent. The briquettes are formed by pressing the mixture in formin press 30, preferably a rotary press of the type illustrate diagrammatically in Fig. 2, wherein the composition is formed into briquettes under pressure, typically in the range of 3000 to 5000 psi. A suitable press is available from Bepex Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Briquettes leaving the press through line 31 are steamin hot from the energy expended in forming them. It is desirable to dry the freshly pressed briquettes further before use as fuel in a gasifier, primarily to permit the briquettes to develop greater mechanical strength. The briquettes leaving cooler/dryer 35 suitably have a moisture content in the range of 10 to 12 percent by weight. In a preferred embodiment of the process of this invention, briquettes from press 30 drop via path 31 onto vibrating screen 32 where fines are removed via line 33a for recycle to mixer 15. The briquettes continue via line 34 through cooler/dryer 35 where the briquettes are contacted with ambient or heated atmospheric air from line 36. Briquettes from cooler/dryer 35 are sent via line 39 to storage silo 40 where further drying occurs by means of forced ambient air flowing in through line 41a and out through line 41b. Alternatively or simultaneously, briquettes from cooler/dryer 35 are sent via line 38 to vibrating screen 43 for final removal of fines which are recycled via line 33b to mixer 15. Alternatively or simultaneously, briquettes from storage silo 40 are sent via line 42 to vibrating screen 43 for final removal of fines which are recycled via line 33b to mixer 15. Briquettes from vibrating screen 43 are sent via line 44 to gasifier 45. In gasifier 45, the briquettes are reacted with air or oxygen and steam from line 46 as disclosed in greater detail in my U.S. Patent 4,225,173. In that system, the briquettes are gasified with oxygen and steam to produce a fuel gas, synthesis gas or reducing gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen and a small amount of methane. In this arrange¬ ment, raw product gas from the top of the gasifier 45 passes through line 48 to a gas purification system 50, known per se in the art, to yield the desired product gas delivered through line 52. Slag or ash is discharged from the bottom of the gasifier 45 through line 54. Gasification with oxygen permits slagging of the ash which is desirable when the ash contains environmentally objectionable components, such as heavy metal oxides. An alternative to gasification of the briquettes with oxygen and steam in a slagging type gasifier as above described, is gasification with air in a Lurgi type "dry bottom" gasifier where the hearth temperature or grate temperature is below the melting point of the ash. Air gasification is desirable from an economic standpoint in situations where the rela¬ tively low B.t.u. content product gas may be utilized at the gasifier site. The cleaned raw product gas resulting from gasification with air typically has a B.t.u. content of the order of 70 to 100 B.t.u's. per standard cubic foot. These gases are suitable as feed to a gas fired turbine for the generation of electric power and steam (cogeneration) . Other gasifiers, such as the Welman Galusha type gasifier, may be used in the process with gasification at pressures in the range of from about 1 to about 10 atmospheres. Fig. 2 illustrates diagrammatically a preferred form of apparatus for producing briquettes from the moist composi¬ tions of dewatered sewage sludge, coal, paper and municipal solid wastes. In Fig. 2, the above described composition comprising coal, paper, and dewatered sewage sludge of pre¬ ferred relative proportions is introduced into hopper 60 of a rotary briquette press, generally designated by numeral 30. The briquette press 30 is provided with a matched pair of pressing rolls 61 and 62. Female die elements or pockets 63 and 64 are filled with composition from hopper 60. As the rolls revolve, the pockets 63 in roll 61 mate with cor¬ responding pockets 64 in roll 62 to form molded briquettes 65 of conventional shape. in one of its specific embodiments, the process of this invention comprises preparing a mixture comprising crushed or finely divided coal mixed with cellulosic waste and dewatered sewage sludge and optionally, a binder selected from the group consisting of black liquor, black strap molasses, anhydrous ligninsulfonate derivatives, brewery wastes, starch wastes, lime, bentonite, bitumen and pitch. The relative proportions of the components are adjusted to produce a mixture with a water content in the range of 12 to 22 weight percent of the total composition, preferably in the range of 14 to 19 weight percent. The composition is pressed into briquettes or pellets suitable as fuel. As used herein, the term "substantially dry" connotes paper which is dry in appearance and dry to the touch, but which may contain on the order of 5 weight percent moisture, commonly designated as "air dried" or "air dry". The term "municipal solid waste" (MSW) is sometimes referred to as "organic solid waste" and usually includes cellulosic materials, particularly paper waste, wood waste, food waste, and often plastics. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) recovered from municipal solid waste (MSW) is partially dried in the process of classification but may contain 12 to 20 percent moisture. The term briquettes is used in its broadest sense to include pellets as small as one half inch minimum dimension to large shapes having a minimum dimension of several inches. None of the components of the briquettes of this invention normally will require drying prior to forming the mixture from which the briquettes are made. Coal on an "as received" or "air dry" basis will normally contain about 5 to 7 per¬ cent moisture by weight and "dry" paper waste may contain about 5 percent moisture. Thus a mixture of one part de¬ watered sewage sludge containing about 60 weight percent water, when mixed with one and one half parts paper waste and two and one half parts coal will have a moisture content of about 17 percent by weight. This mixture produces a strong coherent briquette when pressed in a mold at a pressure of 3000 to 5000 psi. Where the briquettes or pellets are stored (for example in a silo) prior to gasification further drying of the briquettes or pellets in ambient or heated air is desirable to enhance mechanical strength of the briquettes and to inhibit bio- logical activities. The present invention is therefore particularly directed to the preparation of shaped articles of manufacture consisting essentially of coal, cellulosic solids, and sewage sludge solids. It has been found that when such articles are pre- pared in accordance with the present invention, the ratio of coal to cellulosic waste solids and sewage solids preferably is in the range of 1:1 to 3:1 depending on the water content of the sewage sludge and that of the refuse derived fuel (RDF) and coal. In general, the ratio of refuse derived fuel (RDF) and/or paper waste to dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) may range from 1.5:1 to 5:1 or higher. As a general rule, if the ratio of coal to sewage sludge and paper solids is less than about 1:1, the pyrolyzed briquettes are deficient in the structural integrity needed to sustain the desired high gas production rates in the gasifier. Preferred sizes and shapes of the briquettes are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,225,457. As disclosed therein, the shape of the extrusions, briquettes, or pellets may be circular or polygonal (either regular or irregular) in cross-section, and may vary in diameter from about three- quarter inch to about six inches or more. Briquettes of similar size may be stamped or pressed in the form of saddles, pillows, hollow cylinders, or doughnuts, for example. It has been found that a compaction pressure in excess of 1000 pounds per square inch (psi) in forming the shaped article can give good results. Preferably, the compaction pressure is in the range of 2,000 to 10,000 psi. The upper limit on the compaction pressure is not critical but as a practical matter, it usually will not exceed 5,000 psi. In general, a rotating cylinder type press is preferred as illustrated in Fig. 2. As the briquette bed gravitates downward through the upper portions of the gasifier (through the "drying zone") all free moisture is evaporated from the briquettes. This drying further strengthens the briquettes while the heat exchange serves to lower the product gas temperature, which is generally desirable. A pillow-shaped briquette about 2 1/4 x 2 1/4 x 1 1/2 inch in size with an initial moisture content, as charged to the gasifier, of about 12 percent is preferred. Substantially lower initial moisture content results in undesirably high product gas temperature. Larger briquettes require a deeper drying zone and longer residence time therein to preserve optimum temperature gradients both vertically in the gasifier bed and internally within each briquette. In general, it is advantageous to employ a pellet or briquette geometry which affords a short route for the diffusion of gases and steam from the pellet or briquette. Novel shapes, such as hollow cylinders, can offer improved gas-to-briquette heat transfer and reduced diffusion lengths for escaping vapor, but such shapes are difficult to fabricate and are generally not as strong as solid briquettes or pellets. Briquettes and pellets of all types can be produced from cellulosic waste, sewage sludge solids, and coal, preferably caking coals, but also including anthracite coals, non- caking bituminous coals, sub-bituminous coals, lignites, or mixtures thereof. When employing non-caking coals, it may be necessary to employ an added binder, such as bitumen or pitch. The extrusions, briquettes or pellets of the instan invention are specially formulated, designed, and fabricate to serve the functional and operational requirements of feed material or burden that will enhance the performance o the gasification process described in U.S. Patent 4,225,173. A briquetted mixture of 3.5 parts of coal, 1.0 parts o dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) containing 30 percent solids, and 1.5 parts of refuse derived fuel (RDF) or paper wast produces an energy rich feedstock for conversion t synthesis or fuel gas in a moving burden gasifier. Cakin coals, or coal fines, generally considered unsatisfactor for gasification to produce fuel gas or synthesis gas i moving bed gasifiers, may be utilized to advantage in this way. The disposal of waste paper, sewage sludge, an municipal solid waste in a common operation represents considerable economic advantage for this process. This process transforms materials which are potential pollutio problems into an energy resource which, at the same time, enhances the utility of massive reserves of caking coal not generally suited to gasification. Lime, unslaked or slaked, may be added to the briquette formulation as a binder supplement (for example, i conjunction with sugar-based binders) and as a biostat. Lime also acts as a slag fluxing agent and to some extent as a sulfur getter. When used, the amount of lime is usuall in the range of 2 to 5 percent dry weight basis. Crushed dolomite or other limestone may be charged with the briquettes, if desired, to serve as a sulfur getter. In one of its specific embodiments, the process for fabri- eating briquettes or pellets comprises the following steps: a primary dewatering of liquid sewage sludge employin either a centrifuge, a rotary vacuum filter, belt filter, or a plate and frame filter press to produce a cake having a solids content in the range of about 25 to about 40 weight percent or more; mixing said filter cake with the requisite amount of crushed coal or coal fines and sufficient refuse derived fuel (RDF) and/or paper waste to produce a mixture having a moisture content in the range of from about 12 to about 22 percent, preferably from about 14 to about 19 weight percent suitable for pressing into briquettes, com¬ pacting the mixture into pellets or briquettes, and gasifying the briquettes or pellets. Throughout this application, the term "sewage sludge" desig¬ nates the solid components of municipal sanitary sewage including raw undried sludge, dewatered sludge, and the solids residue resulting from drying the sludge. The term "lignin" as used herein is intended to include those lignin derivatives present in black liquor from the paper industry including lignosulfonates. The term "dewatered sewage sludge", as used herein designates sewage sludge from which part of the water has been mechanically removed to concen¬ trate the sewage sludge solids to 25 to 40 percent or more by weight. The term "briquettes" is intended to cover the compacted articles of the invention regardless of their shape or size and regardless of the method of compacting. As used in the claims, unless otherwise indicated, briquettes includes extrusions, pellets, and other shapes which have been sub¬ jected to the requisite compaction pressure. Examples 1 to 6 Pillow shaped briquettes approximately 2 1/4 x 2 1/4 x 1 1/2 inches in size are produced from a blended feed mixture of dewatered sewage sludge, refuse derived fuel and/or shredded waste paper, Eastern bituminous caking coal, lime and a binder as specified in the table below. Blending is carried out in a high-speed mixer marketed under the trade name Turbulizer by Bepex Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota and continuously fed to a Bepex rotary briguetting press by means of a compacting screw/feeder. The freshly- pressed briquettes issue from the press onto a vibrating screen which removes any fines for recycle to the mixer. The briquettes then are cooled and drying is begun in stream of ambient or warmed air. Sewage sludge from the Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission plant in Newark, New Jersey is dewatered by centrifugation from 26 to 38 weight percent solids. The coal is 1/4" x 0 crushed bituminous coal from Pittsburgh Seam No. 8 with a free swelling index of 8.1 from Champion No. 1 mine of Consolidation Coal Company of Pennsylvania containing 5 to 7 percent moisture. Lime, in the form of slaked lime, is employed as a binder supplement, biostat, and fluxing agent. Binders for these examples are blackstrap molasses (Examples 1 and 2) containing 35 percent water; black liquor from the paper industry (Examples 4 and 6) containing 50 percent water; and Norlig, a commercially available anhydrous form of lignin sulfonate. (Examples 3 and 5). TABLE I EXAMPLES Dewatered Sewage Sludge (DSS) 1_ Parts by weight 100 100 100 100 100 100 Parts solids (by wt.) 26 32 38 32 38 26 Parts water by weight 74 68 62 68 62 74 Refuse Derived Fuel (RFD) Parts by weight 150 150 150 300 wt. % Moisture 12 12 16 14 Parts RDF (dry weight) 132 132 126 258 Parts water by weight 18 18 24 42 Paper Waste (PW) Parts by weight 150 200 100 Wt. % Moisture 5 6 5 Parts Paper (dry wt.) 142 188 95 Parts Water by weight 8 12 5 Coal Parts Coal by weight 250 250 250 350 300 400 Wt. % Moisture 5 7 7 6 6 5 Parts Coal (dry wt.) 238 233 233 329 282 380 Parts Water by weight 12 17 17 21 18 20 Lime Wt. % 3 4 5 4 3 5 Parts by weight 14 24 28 26 21 45 Binder Weight % binder 3 4 4 5 5 6 Wt. % Moisture 35 35 5 50 5 50 Parts by weight 14 24 22 32 35 54 Parts Water by weight 5 8 1 16 2 27 Total Moisture (wt. %) 18.7 17.6 17.8 18.7 15.7 18.1 Ratio Coal to Dry Waste 1.4 1.1 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.3 In another embodiment of this invention, dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) is compacted with waste paper or partially dried refuse derived fuel (RDF) to form pellets, or briquettes, which may then be shipped to a distant location where they are comminuted, mixed with crushed coal or coal fines, and again compacted to produce a highly desirable feedstock for moving burden gasifiers of the slagging or non-slagging variety. Alternatively, the pellets of dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) compacted with refuse derived fuel (RDF) and/or paper waste may be utilized as a fuel in a fluidized bed combustor or in a conventional boiler adapted for use of this fuel. The following examples specify formulations appropriate for the production of pellets or briquettes of sewage sludge and paper or refuse derived fuel (RDF) and for the use of these pellets or briquettes for the production of briquettes of coal, paper and/or refuse derived fuel (RDF), and sewage sludge. Example 7 100 parts by weight of a centrifuge cake of dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) containing 35 weight percent solids, 300 parts of paper waste (containing about 5 percent moisture), 40 parts of lime, and 15 parts of Norlig, are mixed in a "Turbulizer" high-speed mixer, and the mixture is fed to a Simon Barron pellet mill where it is to be extruded in the form of 1 inch diameter pellets, broken to 1.5 inch lengths. The extruded pellets pass through a drying tunnel, where they are cooled and dried in a current of heated air to a moisture content of about 10 weight percent. 100 parts of the above-described pellets, 100 parts of crushed caking coal (3/8" x 0), and 10 parts of blackstrap molasses are charged to a "Turbulizer" mixer with sufficient water to provide a water concentration in the range of 14 to 18 percent. The mixture is passed through the high speed mixer with sufficient residence-time to provide for adequate comminution of the dewatered sewage sludge (DSS)/waste pel¬ lets. The blended comminuted mixture is fed to a Bepex rotary briquetting press to produce pillow-shaped briquettes, 2.25 x 2.25 x 1.5 inches in size. The emerging briquettes are cooled in a drying tunnel with a countercurrent stream of ambient air. Example 8 Refuse derived fuel (RDF) comminuted to minus 1 inch, is dried to a moisture content of about 10 percent. 100 parts of dewatered sewage sludge (DSS) centrifuge cake (containing 35 percent solids), 400 parts of the dried refuse derived fuel (RDF), 50 parts of lime, and 20 parts of Norlig binder are charged to a Turbulizer mixer with thorough mixing and blending. The mixture is then fed, by means of a compacting screw feeder, to a Bepex rotary briquetting press and formed into pillow-shaped briquettes, 2.25 x 2.25 x 1.5 inches in size. The briquettes, which emerge from the press steaming hot, are cooled and partially dried in a countercurrent stream of ambient air. The resulting briquettes are crushed, mixed with one to two parts caking coal fines per part of dewatered sewage sludge (DSS)/waste briquettes, and mixed in a Turbulizer mixer together with 4 percent black liquor (containing about 50 percent ligninsulfonate) . Depending on the moisture content of the coal, sufficient water is added so that the moisture content of the blended mixture is in the range of 14 to 18 percent. The resulting mixture is fed by means of a com¬ pacting screw feeder to a Bepex rotary briquetting press to form pillow-shaped briquettes of desired size. The steaming hot briquettes issuing from the press are cooled in a tunnel dryer in a stream of countercurrent ambient air.

Claims: Claims : 1. A method for the preparation of a fuel briquette which comprises: a. mixing dewatered sewage sludge containing from about 25 to about 50 weight percent solids with crushed coal and comminuted cellulosic waste solids wherein the ratio of coal to cellulosic waste solids and sewage sludge solids is in the range of from about 1:1 to about 3:1 and the ratio of cellulosic waste to dewatered sewage sludge is in the range of from about 1.5:1 to about 5:1 or higher and wherein the moisture content of the resulting mixture is in the range of from about 12 to about 22 weight percent; b. pressing the resulting mixture into bri¬ quettes or pellets at a pressure in the range of from about 1,000 to about 10,000 pounds per square inch. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the coal is a bituminous caking coal. 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the coal is a non-caking coal and the composition also contains from about 2 to about 6 weight percent bitumen or pitch. 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the mixture of coal, cellulosic waste solids, and sewage sludge also contains an oxide or hydroxide of calcium. 5. A method according to claim 1 in which a binder material is added in a concentration ranging from 2 to 6 percent dry weight basis. 6. A method according to claim 5 in which the binder material is selected from the group consisting of molasses, black liquor, lignin sulfonate derivatives, brewery waste, starch wastes, bentonite, slaked lime, unslaked lime, bitumen and pitch. 7. A composition of matter in the form of bricks, briquettes or pellets useful as fuel consisting essentially of sewage sludge solids, cellulosic waste and crushed coal, wherein the ratio of coal to cellulosic waste solids and sewage sludge solids is in the range of from about 1:1 to about 3:1 and the ratio of cellulosic waste to dewatered sewage sludge is in the range of from about 1.5:1 to about 5:1 and wherein the moisture content of the resulting mixture is in the range of from about 12 to about 22 weight percent. 8. A composition of matter in the form of bricks, briquettes or pellets useful as fuel consisting essen¬ tially of sewage sludge solids and cellulosic waste selected from the group consisting of paper waste and refuse derived fuel in relative proportions of from about 1.5 to about 5 parts cellulosic waste per part dewatered sewage sludge. 9. A composition of matter according to claim 7 wherein the composition includes blackstrap molasses as a binder. 10. A composition of matter according to claim 8 wherein the composition includes blackstrap molasses as a binder. 11. A composition of matter according to claim 7 wherein the composition includes a lignin sulfonate derivative as a binder. 12. A composition of matter according to claim 8 wherein the composition includes a lignin sulfonate derivative as a binder. 13. A composition of matter according to claim 7 wherein the composition includes black liquor from the paper industry as a binder. 14. A composition of matter according to claim 8 wherein the composition includes black liquor from the paper industry as a binder. 15. A composition of matter according to claim 7 wherein the composition includes lime. 16. A composition of matter according to claim 8 wherein the composition includes lime. 17. A process for the disposal of solid waste selected from the group consisting of sewage sludge and cellu¬ losic waste solids which comprises forming briquettes of a mixture of said solids waste and crushed coal 5 wherein the briquettes contain from about 50 to about 75 weight percent coal, and gasifying said briquettes by reaction with oxygen and steam converting said solid waste to a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide suitable for use as a fuel gas. ° 18. A process according to claim 17 wherein said cellulosic waste is paper. 19. A process according to claim 17 wherein said cellulosic waste is refuse derived fuel. 5

Inventors: SCHULZ HELMUT W, SCHULZ, HELMUT, W.
Applicants: SCHULZ HELMUT W, SCHULZ, HELMUT, W.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C10L5
IPC codes: C02F11, C10J3, C10L5