SEPARATION METHOD

Abstract: The invention relates to a separation method which finds application in immunological detection (e.g. in immunoassay and in immunosensors), to a method suitable for use in detection, to a sensor, to apparatus for use in detection, and to a test-kit. The invention provides, (inter alia), a separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs being provided on a support material. The invention also provides, (inter alia), a separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which separation method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs, an auxiliary ligand of one auxiliary ligand-binder pair being provided on a support material and a binder of another auxiliary ligand-binder pair, which pair comprises an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, being provided on a support material. In accordance with the invention multi-entity detection (e.g. multiple-analyte species detection) may be effected.

Description: Separation Method The present invention relates to a separation method which finds application in immunological detection (e.g. in immunoassay and in immunosensors) , to a method suitable for use in detection, to a sensor, to apparatus for use in detection, and to a test-kit. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which separation method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs being provided on a support material. A binder of a given auxiliary ligand-binder pair is a species capable of undergoing a specific binding reaction with the auxiliary ligand of the said given auxiliary ligand-binder pair. Where, for example, the binder is an auxiliary species, as "is further disclosed hereinafter, the binder may be an auxiliary binder as is also further disclosed hereinafter. Alternatively, for example, the binder may be a species which has a part which is capable of undergoing a specific binding reaction with the auxiliary ligand and a part which is capable of undergoing a specific binding reaction with a primary species, as is further disclosed hereinafter. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which separation method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs being provided on a support material. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which separation method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs, an auxiliary ligand of one auxiliary ligand-binder pair being provided on a support material and a binder of another auxiliary ligand-binder pair, which pair comprises an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, being provided on a support material. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs being provided on a support material. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs being provided on a support material. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs, an auxiliary ligand of one auxiliary ligand-binder pair being provided on a support material and a binder of another auxiliary ligand-binder pair, which pair comprises an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, being provided on a support material. By way of example, an auxiliary ligand of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. an auxiliary ligand of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) , or an auxiliary binder of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair may be provided on a support material as is further disclosed hereinafter. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a sensor, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which sensor includes a support material capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder. An auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) may be such that the auxiliary ligand and binder of the pair interact so as to bind together by a specific binding reaction to effect a separation in accordance with the present invention. It is to be understood that a separation method in accordance with the present invention may find application in, for example, separation of fractions in an im unoassay method. By use of a plurality of different auxiliary ligand- binder pairs (i.e. a plurality of different kinds of pairs of auxiliary ligand and binder) (e.g. a plurality of different kinds of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) , a plurality of different specific separations may be effected. Accordingly, a separation method in accordance with the present invention may involve a plurality of different specific separations. Thus, for example, by use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs (e.g. a plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) in accordance with the present invention a plurality of different entities may be detected. Accordingly, the present invention may be utilised, for example, to effect "multi-entity" detection (e.g. "multi- analyte species" detection) , as is further disclosed hereinafter. Various specificities may be relevant to the capability of carrying out a plurality of specific separations in accordance with the present invention, and in carrying out multi-entity detection in accordance with the present invention; such specificities are further discussed hereinafter. Where, for example, an auxiliary ligand-binder comprises an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, such a pair in accordance with the present invention may be regarded as "auxiliary" in that they do not take part in a primary immune binding reaction. By way of example, a primary immune binding reaction in accordance with the present invention is one in which an entity to be detected undergoes a specific binding reaction, or an authentic entity to be detected (as hereinafter defined) undergoes, a specific binding reaction, or an entity to be detected and an authentic entity to be detected undergo specific binding reactions. (It will be appreciated that the entity to be detected and the authentic entity to be detected undergo specific binding reactions with other species and not with each other.) It is to be understood that an "authentic entity" is an entity which is capable of reacting in a substantially similar manner as an entity to be detected under substantially similar conditions. Further, it is to be understood that an authentic entity may, for example, have a chemically defined structure and/or a biologically defined activity. It will be appreciated that an authentic entity to be detected may be used, for example, as a "standard" or a "calibrator". Where, for example, the entity to be detected is itself an analyte species (as hereinafter disclosed) the authentic entity may be an authentic analyte species (or a suitable derivative thereof) . Where, for example, a binder of an auxiliary ligand- binder pair is a species which has a part which is capable of undergoing a specific binding reaction with the auxiliary ligand and a part which provides a primary species (said primary species being a binder for a primary species) which is capable of undergoing a specific binding reaction with a primary species it will be understood that the part capable of undergoing specific binding with the auxiliary ligand may be regarded as an "auxiliary function". An example of a species which has a part capable of undergoing a specific binding reaction with an auxiliary ligand and a part which is a primary species capable of undergoing a specific binding reaction with a primary species is a bifunctional antibody. An auxiliary ligand or a binder of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. an auxiliary binder of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) may be associated with a primary species as will be further disclosed hereinafter; a primary species in accordance with the present invention is a species capable of taking part in a primary immune binding reaction. An auxiliary ligand or binder of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. an auxiliary binder of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) may be arranged to be associated with a primary species in any suitable manner and at any suitable time. Thus, a binder of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. an auxiliary binder of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) may, for example, be arranged to be associated with a primary species either before, or after, binding between the binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) and an auxiliary ligand therefor has taken place. Alternatively, by way of example, an auxiliary ligand of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. an auxiliary ligand of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) may be arranged to be associated with a primary species either before, or after, binding between the auxiliary ligand and a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) therefor has taken place. An auxiliary ligand of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) may be a suitable ligand examples of which are antigenic ligands (such as haptens) and non-antigenic ligands. Examples of antigenic ligands are 2,4 dinitro- phenol, fluorescein, digitoxin, coumarin, cibacron blue, 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzothiazole-hemiglutarate, camphorcarboxylic acid, 4-amino-benzo-l5-crown-5, carboxyfluorescein, 3-methyl-l-adamantane acetic acid, 2- phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid, xanthine-9- carboxyamide-glycine-glycine, 4-hydroxy-7- trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid, cis-bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid, endo-bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, N-[4-(4- aminobenzy1) pheny1]-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide, and [IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) ]-3-hydroxy-4,7,7-trimethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid. Examples of non-antigenic ligands are ligands of specific ligand-binder pairs (e.g. the ligand biotin in the case of the ligand-binder pair biotin-avidin) . Further examples of auxiliary ligands which may be attached to a support material (e.g. by covalent linkage or non-covalent attachment (adsorption) ) are soluble materials for example soluble molecules (e.g. polymers) such as polypeptides, proteins, polysaccharides and conducting polymers; haptenic functions may be covalently coupled to such soluble materials (e.g. polymers) . By way of example, an auxiliary ligand may be provided as a coating of a polymer on a support material. A binder of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. an auxiliary binder of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) may be any suitable species capable of binding with an auxiliary ligand. By way of example, the binder may be a binding protein (e.g. an antibody or a binding partner for a ligand) . Thus, for example, where the auxiliary ligand is an antigenic ligand, the binder therefor may be an auxiliary binder which is an antibody to the ligand. An antibody to the auxiliary ligand may be considered to be an anti- auxiliary ligand antibody. Accordingly, where, for example, the auxiliary ligand is 2,4 dinitrophenol, fluorescein, digitoxin, coumarin, cibacron blue, 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzothiazole-hemiglutarate, camphorcarboxylic acid, 4- amino-benzo-15-crown-5, carboxyfluorescein, 3-methyl-l- adamantane acetic acid, 2-phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid, xanthine-9-carboxyamide-glycine-glycine, 4-hydroxy- 7-trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid, cis- bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid, endo-bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, N-[4-(4- aminobenzyl) phenyl]-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide, or [IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) ]-3-hydroxy-4,7,7-trimethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid, the binder may be an auxiliary binder which may be, respectively, anti-2,4 dinitrophenol antibody, anti-fluorescein antibody, anti- digitoxin antibody, anti-coumarin antibody, anti-cibacron blue antibody, anti-2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzothiazole-hemiglutarate antibody, anti- camphorcarboxylie acid antibody, anti-4-amino-benzo-15- crown-5 antibody, anti-carboxyfluorescein antibody, anti- 3-methyl-l-adamantane acetic acid antibody, anti-2- phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid antibody, anti- xanthine-9-carboxyamide-glycine-glycine antibody, anti-4- hydroxy-7-trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid antibody, anti-cis-bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid antibody, anti-endo-bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3- dicarboxylic anhydride antibody, anti-N-[4-(4- aminobenzyl) phenyl]-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide antibody, or anti-[IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) ]-3-hydroxy-4,7,7- tri ethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid antibody. It will be appreciated that antibodies such as those immediately hereinbefore disclosed may be prepared by any suitable method, for example those known for the raising of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies; thus, antibodies may be raised, for example, by immunising animals with conjugates made of suitable derivatives of a ligand and an immunogenic carrier protein such as bovine serum albumin or key-hole limpet haemocyanin; the product obtained by immunising animals may be purified as desired (e.g. by the use of affinity chromatography) to obtain the required antibodies. Where, for example, the auxiliary ligand is a non- antigenic ligand, the ligand may be, for example, such that the binder is an auxiliary binder which is a binding partner that is a non-immunoglobulin (e.g. a naturally- occurring protein) ; the binding partner may be considered to be the binder of the ligand. An example of such a binding partner is avidin in the specific ligand-binder pair comprising a biotin-avidin complex. In view of the foregoing disclosure it may be appreciated that a separation method in accordance with the present invention may, for example, utilise separation systems comprising auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs such as 2,4 dinitrophenol/anti-2,4 dinitrophenol antibody, fluorescein/anti-fluorescein antibody, digitoxin/anti-digitoxin antibody, coumarin/anti-coumarin antibody, cibacron blue/anti- cibacron blue antibody, 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzothiazole-hemiglutarate/anti-2-(4-aminophenyl)-6- methyl benzothiazole-hemiglutarate antibody, camphorcarboxylic acid/anti-camphorcarboxylic acid antibody, 4-amino-benzo-15-crown-5/anti-4-amino-benzo-15- crown-5 antibody, carboxyfluorescein/anti- carboxyfluorescein antibody, 3-methyl-l-adamantane acetic acid/anti-3-methyl-l-adamantane acetic acid antibody, 2- phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid/anti-2-phenyl-4- quinoline carboxylic acid antibody, xanthine-9- carboxyamide-glycine-glycine/anti-xanthine-9- carboxya ide-glycine-glycine antibody, 4-hydroxy-7- trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid/anti-4- hydroxy-7-trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid antibody, cis-bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid/anti-cis-bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid antibody, endo-bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride/anti-endo-bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3- dicarboxylic anhydride antibody, N-[4-(4-aminobenzyl) phenyl]-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide/anti-N-[4-(4- aminobenzyl) pheny1]-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide antibody, [IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) ]-3-hydroxy-4,7,7-trimethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid/anti-[IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) ]-3-hydroxy-4,7,7-trimethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid antibody, or a biotin-avidin complex. In one embodiment of the present invention, auxiliary ligands of different auxiliary ligand-binder pairs may be provided on a support material such that, upon binding occurring between the auxiliary ligands and their respective corresponding binders of the particular pairs, the respective corresponding binders become associated with the support material; thus, it will be appreciated that, in accordance with the immediately foregoing embodiment of the present invention, any primary species associated with the binders will also become associated with the support material upon binding occurring between the auxiliary ligands and the binders thereby to effect a separation in accordance with the present invention. In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, auxiliary ligands of particular auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs may be provided on a support material such that, upon binding occurring between the auxiliary ligands and their respective corresponding auxiliary binders of the particular pairs, the respective corresponding auxiliary binders become associated with the support material; it will be appreciated that, in accordance with the immediately foregoing embodiment of the present invention, any primary species associated with the auxiliary binders will also become associated with the support material upon binding occurring between the auxiliary ligands and the auxiliary binders thereby to effect a separation in accordance with the present invention. Alternatively, in a further embodiment of the present invention, an auxiliary ligand of a first auxiliary ligand-binder pair is provided on a support material and a binder for an auxiliary ligand of a second auxiliary ligand-binder pair, comprising an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, may be provided on a support material such that, upon binding occurring between the auxiliary ligand of the first auxiliary ligand-binder pair and the binder of the first auxiliary ligand-binder pair, the binder becomes associated with the support material and upon binding occurring between the binder of the second auxiliary ligand-binder pair and the auxiliary ligand of the second auxiliary ligand- binder pair, the auxiliary ligand of the second auxiliary ligand-binder pair becomes associated with the support material; thus, it will be appreciated that in accordance with the immediately foregoing aspect of the present invention, any primary species associated with the binder of the first auxiliary ligand-binder pair and any primary species associated with the auxiliary ligand of the second auxiliary ligand-binder pair will become associated with the support material upon, respectively, binding occurring between the binder of the first auxiliary ligand-binder pair and the auxiliary ligand of -li¬ the first auxiliary ligand-binder pair and binding occurring between the binder of the second auxiliary ligand-binder pair and the auxiliary ligand of the second auxiliary ligand-binder pair, thereby to effect a separation in accordance with the present invention. In a further embodiment of the present invention, an auxiliary ligand of a first auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair may be provided on a support material and an auxiliary binder of a second auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair may be provided on a support material such that, upon binding occurring between the auxiliary ligand of the first auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair and the auxiliary binder of the first auxiliary ligand- auxiliary binder pair, the auxiliary binder of the first auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair becomes associated with the support material and upon binding occurring between the auxiliary binder of the second auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair and the auxiliary ligand of the second auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair the auxiliary ligand of the second auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair becomes associated with the support material. Thus, it will be appreciated that, in accordance with the immediately foregoing embodiment of the present invention, any primary species associated with the auxiliary binder of the first auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair and any primary species associated with the auxiliary ligand of the second auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair will become associated with the support material upon respectively binding occurring between the binder of the first auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair and the auxiliary ligand of the first auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair and binding occurring between the binder of the second auxiliary ligand- auxiliary binder pair and the auxiliary ligand of the second auxiliary ligand-binder pair, thereby to effect a separation in accordance with the present invention. By way of example, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of different regions or zones of a support material may be arranged such that a selected specific separation may be effected at a given region or zone. Thus, by way of example, different regions or zones of a support material may be arranged to provide different auxiliary ligands, or different auxiliary ligands and different auxiliary binders, such that by use, respectively, of appropriate binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) , or appropriate binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) and appropriate auxiliary ligands, different specific separations may be effected on different regions or zones of the support material. By way of example, it will be appreciated that in accordance with the present invention, any suitable number of different auxiliary ligands, or any suitable number of different auxiliary ligands and different auxiliary binders, may be provided on a support material. Thus, for example, a plurality of different auxiliary ligands may be provided on a support material. Alternatively, by way of example, one auxiliary ligand, or a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, and one auxiliary binder or a plurality of different auxiliary binders may be provided on a support material. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that, for example, a support material may have provided thereon one type of auxiliary ligand and one type of auxiliary binder, or one type of auxiliary ligand and a plurality of different types of auxiliary binder, or a plurality of different types of auxiliary ligand and one type of auxiliary binder, or a plurality of different types of auxiliary ligand and a plurality of different types of auxiliary binders. It will be appreciated that, where an auxiliary ligand is, or auxiliary ligands are, provided on a support material and an auxiliary binder is, or auxiliary binders are, also provided on a support material, the auxiliary ligand or ligands and the binder or binders may be chosen such that they are from different auxiliary ligand-binder pairs. From the foregoing disclosure it will be appreciated that the present invention may be utilised, for example, to effect a first selected separation at a first region of a support material, a second selected separation at a second region of a support material, and so forth using as many regions as required to effect a desired number of separations. It is to be understood that the number of separations it is desired to effect may be determined by the number of entities which it is desired to "probe" for in a given application. By way of example, a support material having a plurality of regions or zones for effecting a plurality of specific separations may be contacted with a reaction mixture in what may be termed a "simultaneous" mode of operation (i.e. a reaction mixture may be exposed to a support material in one operation) . Thus, for example, in a "simultaneous" mode of operation in accordance with the present invention, a plurality of auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder, or a plurality of auxiliary ligands and an auxiliary binder, or an auxiliary ligand and a plurality of auxiliary binders, or a plurality of auxiliary ligands and auxiliary binders may be provided on a given support material. Alternatively, by way of example, a reaction mixture may be contacted sequentially with a set of support materials each of which support materials is capable of effecting a specific separation which is different from that which may be effected by another member of the set. Thus, upon sequential contacting of a reaction mixture with members of the set, different entities (if present in a sample) will appear on different support materials. Thus, members of the set may act as "probes" for particular entities. Accordingly, for example, a "sequential" mode of operation may be utilised in accordance with the present invention. By way of example, where a set of support materials is used to effect a "sequential" mode of operation, any suitable selection of auxiliary ligand and/or auxiliary binder may be utilised. Thus, for example, each member of the set may be provided with an auxiliary ligand (e.g. each member may provide a different auxiliary ligand) , or one member of a set may provide an auxiliary ligand and another member of a set may provide an auxiliary binder, or each member of a set may provide an auxiliary binder (e.g. each member may provide a different auxiliary binder) . By way of further example, rather than using a set of separate support materials, a single support material may provide a plurality of regions to which a reaction mixture may be introduced sequentially (e.g. by use of a support material in the form of a wick, or similar arrangement, having regions that a reaction mixture meets sequentially as it travels along the support material) . Each of the regions may provide an auxiliary ligand (e.g. each region may provide a different auxiliary ligand) , or one region may provide an auxiliary ligand and another region may provide an auxiliary binder, or each region may provide an auxiliary binder (e.g. each region may provide a different auxiliary binder) . Thus, according to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a sequential separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which sequential separation method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs. By way of example, the auxiliary ligand-binder pairs in a sequential separation method in accordance with the invention may include an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, or each of the auxiliary ligand-binder pairs may be an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which method includes the use of a sequential separation method in accordance with the present invention. Entities to be detected may, for example, be detected by any suitable means, such as those known in the art, whilst still associated with a support material; alternatively, by way of example, entities to be detected may be eluted from a support (e.g. using suitable buffer solutions) and then subject to detection. Examples of support materials which may find application in accordance with the present invention are solid phase materials such as a reaction vessel wall, insoluble polysaccharides, microparticles (e.g. piirticulate microcellulose) , polystyrene (e.g. in the form of wells, beads, microtitre plates, discs, sticks or tubes), cross-linked dextran (e.g. Sephadex) , insoluble polymer structures, glass surfaces, derivatised silica surfaces (e.g. having silyl groups with chemical functions attached) , soluble polymers attached to a suitable surface (e.g. a glass surface) , microparticulate materials with entrapped ferrous oxide (magnetisable particles) , nylon and polyamides. By way of further example, a support material may be in the form of a carrier (e.g. a tape) which may be IT ed from a sample application means, for applying a sample to the carrier, to a detection means thereby to allow successive (e.g. continuous) detection for a plurality of different entities; thus, for example, successive (e.g. continuous) multi-entity detection (e.g. multi-analyte species detection) may be effected. It will be appreciated that some types of support materials may be inappropriate for use with some entities to be detected. Thus, for example, where the entity to be detected is a metal ion, or contains a metal, the use of some types of support materials may be inappropriate (e.g. support materials containing entrapped iron oxide may give rise to unacceptable interference) . Also, it is to be understood that some types of support materials may not be appropriate for some types of detection in accordance with the present invention. Thus, for example, particulate support materials may not be appropriate where a plurality of zones, each providing a different auxiliary ligand, or a different auxiliary binder, is required on a support material. An auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder may be, for example, provided on a support material in any suitable manner, and it is to be understood that in this Specification "providing on a support material" and "provided on a support material" embrace, for example, situations where the support material carries an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder, and situations where the support material itself, or a part of the support material itself, provides an auxiliary ligand. Thus, for example, an auxiliary ligand may be provided by chemical groups or units of the support material. Alternatively, an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder may be, for example, attached to the support material (e.g. by covalent linkage or adsorption) . Where the support material is, for example, a polymer, units of the polymer may act as an auxiliary ligand. Also, by way of example, surface groups present on a support material, such as polystyrene or modified silica, may act as an auxiliary ligand. By way of example, the support material may, if desired, provide oligomers or polymers of an auxiliary ligand. Where an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder is attached to a support material the auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder may be directly attached to the support material or indirectly attached to the support material via other species (e.g. a carrier protein) . In one embodiment the present invention provides a method which also includes the step of attaching, either directly, or indirectly, an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder to a support material. By way of further example, the surface of a support material may be activated thereby to permit attachment of auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder; for example, the surface of a suitable support material may be activated by chemical treatment to provide free araino groups to which an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder may be linked. Further, by way of example, an oligomer or oligomers of an auxiliary ligand, or an oligomer or oligomers of an auxiliary binder, or a polymer or polymers of an auxiliary ligand, or a polymer or polymers of an auxiliary binder may be attached directly or indirectly to a support material. Thus for example, oligomers of an auxiliary ligand or oligomers of an auxiliary binder or polymers of an auxiliary ligand or polymers of an auxiliary binder may be attached to free amino groups on a support material. Also, by way of example, an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder may be linked (e.g. covalently or otherwise) to a further species (e.g. a carrier protein or a polymer) and the further species may be associated with the support material such that the auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder may become indirectly provided on the support material. By way of further example, it is possible to link (e.g. covalently or otherwise) oligomers or polymers of auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder to a further species (e.g. a carrier protein or a polymer) and the further species may be associated with the support material such that oligomers of auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder or polymers of auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder may become indirectly provided on the support material. Where an auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder is attached to a support material, attachment of the auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder may be effected at any desired time. Thus, for example, an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder may be allowed to bind, respectively, with an appropriate binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) or an auxiliary ligand before, or after, the auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder is attached to the support material; however, in general, it may be more convenient to attach an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder to the support material before bringing together the auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder and, respectively, a binder (an auxiliary binder) or an auxiliary ligand. It is to be understood that the use of oligomers or polymers of auxiliary ligands or of auxiliary binders may be advantageous in certain circumstances. Thus, for example, by use of an oligomer or a polymer of an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder more auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder may be provided than it is possible to provide when using only single "units" of auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder. Accordingly, for example, the provision of more auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder offers the possibility of faster reactions since more auxiliary ligand or auxiliary binder is available to undergo reaction, respectively, with available auxiliary binder or auxiliary ligand. A given binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) may be arranged to bind with a given auxiliary ligand or a given auxiliary ligand may be arranged to bind with a given binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) , in any suitable manner and at any suitable time. Thus, for example, a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) may be arranged to be linked (either directly or indirectly) with a primary species either before, or after, binding with an auxiliary ligand. Alternatively, for example, an auxiliary ligand may be arranged to be linked (either directly or indirectly) with a primary species either before, or after binding with an auxiliary binder. It is to be understood that an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder may be associated with a primary species by any suitable linkage; such a linkage may include a non-specific binding link or links (e.g. a covalent link or links or adsorption) or a specific binding link or links, or any combination of such links. By way of example, a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) or an auxiliary ligand may be arranged to be linked, either directly or indirectly, with a primary species by means of any suitable linkage. An example of such a linkage is one which involves a link, of a non¬ specific binding type, to the auxiliary binder or to the auxiliary ligand. An example of a link of a non-specific binding type is a covalent link. Thus, for example, the linkage may involve a covalent link to an auxiliary binder or an auxiliary ligand. Another example of a link of a non-specific binding type is a link which involves adsorption. Thus, for example, an auxiliary binder and a primary species may be linked by both being adsorbed on a suitable material (e.g. a carrier material such as latex particles) . Alternatively, by way of example, an auxiliary ligand and a primary species may be linked by both being adsorbed on a suitable material (e.g. a carrier material such as latex particles) . As hereinbefore disclosed an auxiliary binder or an auxiliary ligand may be linked with a primary species directly or indirectly (e.g. via other species) . Thus, for example, where an auxiliary binder or an auxiliary ligand is arranged to be linked directly to a primary species the linkage may be a link of a non¬ specific binding type (e.g. a covalent link) between the auxiliary binder, or auxiliary ligand, and the primary species. By way of further example, where an auxiliary binder, or an auxiliary ligand, is arranged to be linked indirectly to a primary species the linkage may include one or more other species, and one or more links, as required, one of the links being a link, of a non¬ specific binding type, to the auxiliary binder or to the auxiliary ligand. It is to be understood that where, for example, one or more links are involved in the linkage, and one of the links is a link of a non-specific binding type to the auxiliary binder or to the auxiliary ligand, any further link or links in the linkage may be of any suitable type (e.g. non-specific binding type or specific binding type) thus, for example, the linkage may include a further link or links of a non-specific binding type, or may include a further link or links of a specific binding type (e-g. ligand-binder type) , or a mixture of types of links (e.g. non-specific binding type and specific binding type) . Where an auxiliary binder or an auxiliary ligand is linked to a primary species via one or more other species, said other species or one of said other species may be, for example, a second antibody or a ligand or a binder and, for example, the auxiliary binder or auxiliary ligand, may be covalently linked to said other species or said one of said other species. By way of example, a primary species may be a primary antibody or a ligand (e.g. an antigen) . It is to be understood that, for example, a primary species may be an antibody to an entity to be detected or an antibody to an authentic entity to be detected; it will be appreciated that, for a given immunoassay, the antibody to the entity to be detected and the antibody to the authentic entity to be detected will be the same antibody. It is also to be understood that a primary species may be, for example an entity to be detected or an authentic entity to be detected. The term "antibody" as used in this Specification embraces whole antibody or antibody fragments such as Fab and (Fab) 2 and, accordingly, the term "antibodies" used herein embraces whole antibodies and antibody fragments. It will be appreciated that, for example, a primary species, comprising an antibody to an entity to be detected, may be prepared by any suitable method, for example those known for raising antibodies as hereinbefore disclosed. The present invention may find application in any suitable form of immunological detection or immunoassay examples of which are heterogeneous immunoassay methods, competitive immunoassay methods, homogeneous immunoassay methods, non-competitive immunoassay methods, sandwich immunoassay methods and direct immunoassay methods. The present invention may find application in, for example, label-free or detectable species-dependent (e.g. tracer species-dependent) assay methods such as enzyme- immunoassay, fluoro-immunoassay and radio-immunoassay. By way of example, the present invention may find application in antibody-labelled or antigen-labelled assays. The present invention may find application in any suitable assay configuration. Thus, for example, the present invention may find application in: (a) competitive binding assays (either ligand-labelled or antibody labelled) , (b) non-competitive sandwich assays, (c) assays wherein specifically extractable labelled complexes of entities are involved. By way of example, when applying the present invention with any of the assay types immediately hereinbefore disclosed in (a) to (c) either a plurality of auxiliary ligands or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder, may be provided on a support material. Thus, the present invention provides, for example, immunological detection or immunoassay which includes a separation method in accordance with the present invention. By way of example, any suitable detectable species may be used in accordance with the present invention in the detection of an entity to be detected. It is to be understood that a detectable species may be, for example, a detectable structure. An auxiliary ligand may, for example, provide a detectable species. Where an auxiliary ligand provides a detectable species the auxiliary ligand may provide a detectable species at any suitable time and in any suitable manner. Thus, for example, an auxiliary ligand, or a part thereof (which part may be, for example, a structure comprising a chemical group or combination of chemical groups) may be a detectable species (e.g. a detectable structure) ; where, for example, an auxiliary ligand, or a part thereof, is a detectable species a ratiometric detection may be carried out. Alternatively, for example, an auxiliary ligand or a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) may be capable of being associated with a detectable species, and the auxiliary ligand or the binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) may be associated with the detectable species at any suitable time and in any suitable manner. By way of example, an auxiliary ligand or a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) may be associated with a detectable species at any convenient time during the performance of a method in accordance with the present invention. Also, by way of further example, an auxiliary ligand or a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) may be associated directly with a detectable species (e.g. by means of a suitable linkage such as a covalent bond) ; alternatively an auxiliary ligand or a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) may be indirectly associated with a detectable species (e.g. via one or more other species) . Enzymes and species capable of giving a fluorescence signal (e.g. fluorophores) are examples of species which may be chosen so as to act both as an auxiliary ligand and a detectable species. Examples of detectable species are enzymes (e.g. alkaline phosphatase, 3-galactosidase and horse-radish peroxidase) , species capable of giving a fluorescent signal (e.g. fluorophores (or polymeric fluorophores)), chemilu inescent compounds, bioluminescent compounds, radioisotopes, dyes, ligand species (or polymers of a ligand species) , and binder species (or polymers of binder species. Examples of fluorophores are fluoresceins, coumarins and rhodamine. By way of example, an enzyme may be detected by a corresponding substrate, fluorophores and radioisotopes may be detected directly with suitable detectors, ligand species may be detected by use of binder species therefor, said binder species being associated with tracer species, binder species may be detected by use of ligand species therefor, said ligand species being associated with tracer species. The tracer species may be, for example, any suitable tracer species such as those known in the art relating to protein binding assays (e.g. immunoassays). (It is to be understood that a tracer species may also be considered to be a signal species or a labelling species.) Examples of tracer species are enzymes (e.g. alkaline phosphatase, / 5-galactosidase and horse-radish peroxidase) , species capable of giving a fluorescent signal (e.g. fluorophores (e.g. fluoresceins, coumarins or rhodamine)), chemiluminescent compounds, bioluminescent compounds, radioisotopes and dyes. Detection or measurement of a signal from a detectable species may be carried out in any suitable manner such as those known in the immunochemical field. Where, for example, a ligand species or a binder species is used (as hereinbefore disclosed) as a detectable species any suitable ligand species or binder species may be utilised. Examples of ligand species which may be utilised as detectable species are antigenic species (e.g. 2,4 dinitrophenol, fluorescein, digitoxin, coumarin, cibacron blue, 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzothiazole- hemiglutarate, camphorcarboxylic acid, 4-amino-benzo-15- crown-5, carboxyfluorescein, 3-methyl-l-adamantane acetic acid, 2-phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid, xanthine-9- carboxyamide-glycine-glycine, 4-hydroxy-7- trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid, cis-bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid, endo-bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, N-[4-(4- aminobenzyl) phenyl]-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide, and [IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) ]-3-hydroxy-4,7,7-trimethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid), which may be considered to be haptens, and non-antigenic ligand species such as the ligand species of a specific ligand species-binder species pair (e.g. biotin) . Examples of binder species which may be utilised as detectable species are antibodies (e.g. anti-2,4 dinitrophenol antibody, anti-fluorescein antibody, anti- digitoxin antibody, anti-coumarin antibody, anti-cibacron blue antibody, anti-2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzothiazole-hemiglutarate antibody, anti- camphorcarboxylic acid antibody, anti-4-amino-benzo-15- crown-5 antibody, anti-carboxyfluorescein antibody, anti- 3-methyl-l-adamantane acetic acid antibody, anti-2- phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid antibody, anti- xanthine-9-carboxyamide-glycine-glycine antibody, anti-4- hydroxy-7-trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid antibody, anti-cis-bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid antibody, anti-endo-bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3- dicarboxylic anhydride antibody, anti-N-[4-(4- aminobenzy1) pheny1]-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide antibody, and anti-[IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) j 3-hydroxy-4,7,7- trimethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid antibody) and binder species of a specific ligand species-binder species pair (e.g. avidin) . It will be appreciated that antibodies such as those immediately hereinbefore disclosed may be prepared by any suitable method such as those known for the raising of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies; thus antibodies may be raised, for example, by immunising animals. By way of further example, a detectable species comprising an enzyme may be detected by means of an enzyme induced change. The enzyme induced change may be, for example, a colour change, or a fluorescence change, or a luminescence change, or an electro-chemical change. Where a detectable species is used in accordance with the present invention, the detectable species may be, for example, arranged to be associated, in -any suitable manner and at any suitable time, with any chosen species or entity; thus, for example, a detectable species may be associated (as appropriate to an immunoassay being utilised) with an authentic entity (being an authentic entity to be detected) or with a primary antibody, or with a second antibody. It is to be understood that a separation method in accordance with the present invention may be used, for example, in the separation of antibody bound and unbound fractions of a detectable species in an immunoassay method. Entities to be detected may be, for example, any suitable entities capable of undergoing a specific binding reaction. Thus, for example, entities to be detected may themselves be analyte species. For example, entities to be detected may be analyte species comprising ligands (e.g. antigenic ligands such as haptens) . By way of further example, entities to be detected may be analyte species comprising antibodies. Examples of entities which are analyte species which may be detected in accordance with the present invention are: steroid hormones such as progesterone, 17α-hydroxy progesterone or estradiol (e.g. in a sample of blood, serum, saliva, urine or milk) , hormones such as thyroid hormone (e.g. thyroxine or triiodothyronine) , steroids in extracts (e.g. extracts of solids or liquids) , drugs such as drugs of abuse (e.g. phenobarbital) and therapeutic drugs (e.g. digoxin) (in for example, a sample of blood, serum, saliva or urine) , polypeptide hormones (e.g. hCG) in, for example, a sample of blood or urine, tumour markers such as marker proteins (e.g. in a sample of blood or serum) , protein antigens, blood proteins (e.g. human serum albumin, immunoglobulins (e.g. IgG) , enzyme markers or receptors) , marker proteins in urine resulting from kidney diseases, pesticides such as insecticides, or herbicides (e.g. in water or soil) , toxins (such as those extracted from feeds and food stuffs) , micro-organisms (e.g. viruses and bacteria) , and antibodies to micro-organisms. Further examples of entities which are analyte species which may be detected in accordance with the present invention are complexes of metals. Thus, the present invention may find application in, for example, the detection of complexes of metals such as strong metal complexes which may be regarded as toxic (e.g. in biological terms when present in the environment) . An example of a metal complex which may be detected in accordance with the present invention is methyl mercury. By way of further example, entities to be detected may be entities which carry or include analyte species. Thus, for example, entities to be detected may be species formed by interaction of analyte species with a suitable agent or agents. For example, where analyte species are metal ions the agent or agents may be a complexing agent or complexing agents capable of interacting with the metal ions to form entities (e.g. metal ion complexes) for detection. Thus, for example, metal ions may be formed into complexes of metals by use of a complexing agent or complexing agents and the complexes thus formed may act as entities to be detected in accordance with the present invention. Thus, for example, metals may be detected in accordance with the present invention. Examples of complexing agents are chelating agents. Examples of chelating agents suitable for forming metal chelates are: ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA) , diethylene triamine penta acetate (DTPA) , cyclohexylene- dinitrilo tetra acetic acid (CDTA) , 1-benzyl-EDTA, derivatives of 1-benzyl-EDTA, 8-hydroxyquinoline, derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinoline, and deferoxamine. The following are examples of metals which may be analyte species capable of being formed into entities to be detected comprising metal complexes: calcium (Ca π ) , iron (Fe π , Fe m ) , cobalt (Co 11 , Co m ) , aluminium (Al m ) , zinc (Zn π ), lead (Pb π ) , copper (Cu 11 , Cu 1 ) , cadmium (Cd π ) , vanadium (V π , V ffl ) , silver Ag π ) , mercury (Hg 1 , Hg 11 , indium (In ) , manganese (Mn π ) and nickel (Ni π ) . Fro the foregoing disclosure, it will be appreciated that in an embodiment of the present invention a method may include the step of forming a complex of an analyte species, said complex thus formed providing an entity to be detected. Also from the foregoing disclosure, it will be appreciated that in an embodiment of the present invention a method may include the step of linking, either directly or indirectly, an agent to a binding species. The present invention may find application, for example, in the detection of entities to be detected, in any suitable sample. Thus, for example, samples of water, soil, living species (such as plants (e.g. vegetables) or animals) or air may provide entities to be detected, for detection in accordance with the present invention. By way of example, air-borne species may be entities to be detected and such air-borne species may be, for-example, extracted from a sample of air and then subjected to detection. Examples of biological samples in which entities to be detected, may be detected in accordance with the present invention are blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva and milk. Entities to be detected may be, for example, present in water, an aqueous preparation or a fluid extract (e.g. one prepared by solvent extraction) . Entities to be detected may be, for example, haptens. In accordance with the present invention, by way of example, it is possible to use a support material having a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, each of which auxiliary ligands is provided at a different region of the support material for the detection of different groups of entities. Alternatively, by way of example, it is possible to use a support material having one auxiliary ligand, or a different plurality of auxiliary ligands, and one auxiliary binder, or a plurality of different auxiliary binders, each of which is provided at a different region of the support material for detection of different groups of entities. For example, the same support material, having (i) a given plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or (ii) a given auxiliary ligand and a given auxiliary binder, or (iii) a given auxiliary ligand and a given plurality of auxiliary binders, or (iv) a given plurality of different auxiliary ligands and a given plurality of auxiliary binders, may be used (in conjunction with, respectively, binders, auxiliary binders or auxiliary ligands as appropriate to the auxiliary ligand and auxiliary binders disclosed immediately hereinbefore in (i) to (iv)), to effect separation of a number of different groups of entities. This is so since the same auxiliary ligands of (i) and corresponding binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) , or the same auxiliary ligand and auxiliary binder-of (ii) and their respective corresponding binding (e.g. auxiliary binder) and auxiliary ligand, or the same auxiliary ligand and same plurality of auxiliary binders of (iii) and their respective corresponding binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) and auxiliary ligands, or the same plurality of auxiliary ligands and plurality of auxiliary binders of (iv) and their corresponding binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) and auxiliary ligands, may be used to effect selective separation whatever the entities. This is possible since selectiveness with respect to which entities or groups of entities are to be detected in a given assay may be determined, for example, by the choice of primary species with which a particular auxiliary ligand or a particular binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) may be associated. It is to be understood that by use of an auxiliary ligand or a plurality of auxiliary ligands or an auxiliary binder or a plurality of auxiliary binders as immediately hereinbefore disclosed in (i) to (iv) , different entities or different entities associated with detectable species may be selectively separated at different regions of the support material; these regions may then be interrogated separately in a manner which is appropriate to the type of detectable species employed (e.g. optical measurements in the case of a fluorophore) to facilitate detection of a plurality of different entities (each at a different selected region of the support material) . The following are examples of applications in which the present invention may be used in respect of multi- entity detection: (1) fertility status (male or female) measurements, (2) fetal health indicators profile measurements, (3) newborn health status measurements, (4) thyroid function testing, (5) high risk infectious microbial disease screening, (6) autoantibodies detection, (7) tumour marker detection, (8) kidney damage marker detection, (9) screening for drugs of abuse, (10) screening for pesticides and residues thereof. It will be appreciated that, for example, a serum protein blocking reagent may, optionally, be used in accordance with the present invention if required for a particular application. It will also be appreciated that, for example, there may be a need to dilute samples (e.g. with suitable buffer solutions) prior to subjecting to detection. It is to be understood that the present invention may find application in qualitative detection of an entity or entities, which may also be considered to be qualitative analysis, or in quantitative detection of an entity or entities, which may also be considered to be quantitative analysis (i.e. measurement or determination of an entity or entities) . Also, it will be appreciated that, for example, the present invention may be utilised with samples which contain one or more entities to be detected and with samples which contain substantially no entities to be detected (e.g. such as in the case of a "zero" standard sample or an "unknown" sample, which upon subjecting to detection in accordance with the present invention, is found to contain substantially no entities to be detected) . Thus, it will be appreciated that the present invention may be used to "probe" for a plurality of entities, whether or not a particular entity is, or entities are, present in a particular sample. It will also be appreciated that the present invention may be applied to the detection of a number of different entities over differing concentration ranges. Further it will be appreciated, by way of example, that by use of standard quantities of authentic entities to be detected, calibration may be effected such that, subsequently, unknown quantities of entities to be detected may be determined. The present invention may find application in, for example, ratiometric detection (e.g. in ratiometric immunological assay methods) in which more than one detectable species is used. From the foregoing disclosure it will be appreciated that, for example, where a primary species is associated with an auxiliary ligand of an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, and the auxiliary ligand undergoes binding with the auxiliary binder provided on a support material to effect a separation in accordance with the present invention, the primary species will become indirectly linked to the support material; it will also be appreciated that when such a separation is effected any other species associated with the primary species (e.g. another primary species or a detectable species) will become indirectly linked to the support material. Also, from the foregoing disclosure it will be appreciated that where, for example, a primary species is associated with a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair, and the binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) undergoes binding with the auxiliary ligand, the primary species will become indirectly linked to the support material; it will be appreciated that when such a separation is effected any other species associated with the primary species (e.g. another primary species or a detectable species) will become indirectly linked to the support material. Thus, by use of a plurality of different auxiliary ligand-binder pairs (e.g. auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) and a plurality of different primary species (associated respectively with either the auxiliary ligand or the auxiliary binder of each auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair) it is possible to effect a plurality of specific separations and thus possible to carry out a plurality of detections for a plurality of entities to be detected. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which apparatus includes a support material, or support materials, capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities in which a sequential separation method is used, which apparatus includes a support material capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder, or a plurality of different auxiliary binders. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a test-kit, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which test-kit includes a support material capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder. According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a test-kit, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities in which a sequential separation method is used, which test- kit includes a support material, or a plurality of support materials, capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder, or a plurality of different auxiliary binders. It is to be understood that different auxiliary ligand-binder pairs (e.g. auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) of a plurality of such pairs may be chosen such that there is no unacceptable interference between different auxiliary ligand-binder pairs (e.g. auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) . For example, auxiliary ligand-binder pairs (e.g. auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) may be chosen such that there is no degree of interference such as to cause unacceptable interference with the capability of effecting a plurality of specific separations. By way of example, interference between different auxiliary ligand-binder pairs (e.g. auxiliary ligand- auxiliary binder pairs) may arise if a given binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair has a tendency to associate with another auxiliary ligand or other auxiliary ligands as well as with the auxiliary ligand with which it is selected to associated. Interference may be reduced or substantially avoided by selection of different auxiliary ligand-binder pairs (e.g. auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) which are to be utilised in accordance with the present invention. In summary, various specificities which may be relevant to the capability of carrying out specific separations and multi-entity detection in accordance with the present invention are (I) inter-specificity of different auxiliary ligand-binder pairs (e.g. auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) with respect to each other (i.e. the inter-specificity as between different pairs of auxiliary ligands and binders (e.g. auxiliary binders)), (II) the inter-specificity of chosen assays (e.g. with regard to assay reagents) , with reference to each other, and (III) the specificity of members of auxiliary ligand- binder pairs (e.g. auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) utilised with respect to entities to be detected (and other substances which may be present in a sample) . The specificity to which reference is made at (I) in the immediately preceding paragraph depends upon the level of cross-reactions between different auxiliary ligands and binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) which may be present. Thus, taking the interaction of a given auxiliary ligand and a given binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) of a given pair as 100%, cross reactivities (i.e. interactions of the given auxiliary ligand with binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) other than the binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) of the given pair or the interactions of the given binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) with auxiliary ligands other than the auxiliary ligand of the given pair) preferably should not be greater than 0.01%. This level of cross-reaction may be achieved, for example, by appropriate choice of auxiliary ligands based upon their chemical structures; thus, for example, maximum practical differences in structures of auxiliary ligands to be used together may lead to a low level of cross-reaction. Measurement of degrees of cross-reaction may be carried out by standard immunochemical methods. The specificity to which reference is hereinbefore made at (II) may depend upon cross-reactivities of various entities to be detected with assay reagents (e.g. anti-entity antibodies) . This type of specificity may be determined, for example for antibodies, in a manner used for standard antisera currently in use for single entity detection. Development of antisera for use in standard immunoassays involves the measurement of cross-reactions with entity-related substances and with substances known to be present in samples at appreciable concentrations. Thus, such measurements may be applied in accordance with the present invention to determine the specificity of the type to which reference is hereinbefore made in (II) . The specificity to which reference is made hereinbefore in (III) may be arranged to be of a satisfactory level by a suitable choice of auxiliary ligand; thus, for example, a non-biological ligand (i.e. a totally synthetic chemical) may be used. By way of example, measurement of cross-reactions between various entities to be detected and various binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) and of various auxiliary ligands and other assay reagents (e.g. antisera) may be carried out using standard procedures. It is to be understood that the present invention may, for example, facilitate the use of only one procedure or one set of procedures in the testing of a sample for a plurality of entities. Thus, for example, in one embodiment of the present invention it is not necessary to perform an assay procedure or a set of assay procedures separately for each entity in a sample. Thus, for example, the present invention may be used in what may be considered to be "simultaneous" detection of a plurality of entities; it will be appreciated that "simultaneous" relates to the performance of a procedure or a set of procedures and not necessarily to various reactions which may occur in a reaction mixture at different speeds and times. The present invention will now be further described, by way of example only, with reference to a competitive immunoassay method and with reference to a non- competitive immunoassay method. In the two immunoassay methods described immediately hereinafter, use is made of a plurality of different auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder species; the auxiliary binder of each pair is an anti-auxiliary ligand antibody. (Where, for example, an auxiliary ligand is a hapten which is antigenic, the anti-auxiliary ligand antibody may be considered to be an anti-auxiliary hapten antibody.) As hereinbefore disclosed auxiliary binders comprising anti-auxiliary ligand antibodies may be prepared by any suitable method, for example those known for the raising of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. By way of example, in a competitive immunoassay method which includes a separation method in accordance with the present invention the following may take place: (a) a plurality of different auxiliary ligands (of a plurality of different auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs) are introduced in high concentration to selected regions of a support material (e.g. by covalent linkage) or a support material itself is arranged to provide a plurality of such ligands in selected regions such that the different auxiliary ligands are spatially separated; (b) a plurality of different auxiliary binders (comprising different antibodies) are linked, by covalent linking, to a plurality of different authentic entities of interest (each of said different auxiliary binders being a binder for one of the auxiliary ligands (i.e. each of the auxiliary binders being a binder for its corresponding auxiliary ligand of a given selected auxiliary ligand-binder pair) ) ; (c) a plurality of different anti-entity antibodies (which may be termed, for example, primary antibodies) , being selected such that there is an antibody corresponding to each of the authentic entities, are each labelled with appropriate detectable species capable of giving rise to a signal (e.g. fluorescent substances or enzymes) ; (d) in what may be termed primary immune reactions, entities to be detected (if present) , suitable amounts of labelled primary antibodies, and authentic entities linked to the auxiliary binders are allowed to mix in solution. Primary immune reactions may be expected to attain or approach equilibrium in a short period of time (e.g. at a temperature of 37°C to 42°C) thereby to produce a primary immune reaction mixture. It will be appreciated that the primary reaction mixture may contain, inter alia , bound and unbound fractions. Subsequently the primary immune reaction mixture is brought into contact with an "excess" of the plurality of different auxiliary ligands provided on the support material. (It will be appreciated that "excess" as used in the immediately preceding paragraph means an "excess" in terms of auxiliary ligand sites with respect to the corresponding auxiliary binders.) Because the plurality of different auxiliary ligands are present in very large excess with respect to the plurality of corresponding auxiliary binders, the binding reactions may be expected to occur rapidly and efficiently with a high proportion of the auxiliary binders becoming bound to the support material. By way of example, in some circumstances, but not all, as much as 99% of the auxiliary binders may become bound to the support material. Thus, by means of binding between the different auxiliary ligand species and their respective auxiliary binders, some of the primary antibodies carrying detectable species may be retained on the support material by virtue of being linked to appropriate authentic entities which, in turn, are linked to the auxiliary binders. The proportions of retained primary antibodies carrying detectable species will depend upon the concentration of "competing" entities, if any, in a given sample; the competing entity may be a standard or an unknown quantity. Washing of the support material with appropriate buffers may be used to remove unbound materials and detectable species activity associated with selected regions of the support material may be measured by any suitable method such as those known in the art. Optionally, detectable species activity may be eluted into solution using appropriate buffers to facilitate measurement of such species. In some embodiments of the present invention (e.g. embodiments involving the use of an optical immunosensor based on the surface plasmon resonance principle or on evanescent wave fluorescence) a washing step may not be required; thus, detectable species activity associated with the support material (which may be, for example, a sensor surface) may be measured in the presence of unbound material. It will be understood that, by use of standard quantities of authentic entities, calibration may be effected such that, subsequently, unknown quantities of entities may be determined. It will also be appreciated that, in a competitive immunoassay, as an amount of a given entity in a sample increases, the amount of authentic entity corresponding thereto retained on the support material decreases (and hence the amount of detectable species retained on the support material decreases) ; it will also be appreciated that, conversely, as the amount of a given entity in a sample decreases, the amount of authentic entity corresponding thereto retained on the support material increases (and hence the amount of detectable species retained on the support material increases) , reaching a maximum when no entity is present in a sample. By way of example, in a non-competitive immunoassay method which involves a separation method in accordance with the present invention the following may be utilised: (a) a plurality of different anti-entity antibodies [(which may be termed, for example, primary antibodies and which are selected such that there is an antibody corresponding to each entity it is desired to detect) which anti-entity antibodies are to act as "signal" antibodies] which are each conjugated to detectable species which are capable of giving rise to a signal (e.g. a fluorescent substance or an enzyme) ; (b) a plurality of different hybrid complexes each of which complexes comprises an "immobilising" antibody (which is also an antibody to an entity to be detected) which is conjugated to an auxiliary binder (e.g. an antibody) for an auxiliary ligand. (c) a plurality of different entities to be detected (which may be, for example, antigenic substances of high molecular weight) ; (d) a support material which itself provides or has attached thereto a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, said different auxiliary ligands being spatially separated. Also, by way of example, in a non-competitive immunoassay method which includes a separation method in accordance with the present invention the following may take place: (i) a plurality of different entities of interest and the plurality of "signal" antibodies conjugated to detectable species are mixed in solution whereupon each different entity present is bound by its corresponding signal antibody; (ii) to the reaction mixture formed in (i) in solution a moderate "excess" of the plurality of hybrid complexes is added whereupon a plurality of different immune complexes are formed in which the entities are "sandwiched"; (iii) the reaction mixture formed in (ii) is brought into contact with an "excess" of the plurality of auxiliary ligands provided on the support material such that binding of the different binders (which binders are conjugated to their respective immobilising antibodies) to the different auxiliary ligands (provided on the support material) takes place. By virtue of these binding reactions, only "signal" antibodies bound to one of the entities to be detected become attached to the support material. Washing the support material with appropriate buffer may be used to remove unattached "signal" antibodies. Detectable species left on the support material, the amount of which is directly proportional to the concentration of the entities, may be measured by any suitable method such as those known in the art. Optionally, detectable species activity may be eluted into solution using appropriate buffers to facilitate measurement of such species. In some embodiments of the present invention (e.g. embodiments involving the use of an optical immunosensor based on the surface plasmon resonance principle or on evanescent wave fluorescence) a washing step may not be required; thus, detectable species associated with the support material (which may be, for example, a sensor surface) may be measured in the presence of unbound material. It will be understood that by use of standard quantities of authentic entities calibration may be effected such that, subsequently, unknown quantities of entities may be determined. It is to be understood that although the competitive immunoassay and the non-competitive immunoassay immediately hereinbefore described by way of example, utilised a plurality of different auxiliary ligands provided on a support material, other arrangements may be used; thus, for erample, an auxiliary ligand, or a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, and a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) , or a plurality of different binders (e.g. different auxiliary binders) may be used in accordance with the present invention. It will be appreciated that in heterogenous immunochemical analysis (immunoassay) there is a requirement for the separation of bound and unbound fractions of detectable species in order to permit assessment of the distribution of detectable species between bound and unbound states. It may be considered that this separation step in an immunoassay method is one of the most important features of such a method. The practical importance of a separation step is based upon the fact that the efficiency of the step, the simplicity (or otherwise) thereof, and the speed thereof may influence the general properties of an assay method and may influence the performance of an assay method. Separation of bound and unbound fractions of detectable species may be effected using a solid phase immobilised antibody technique in which primary antibody is adsorbed onto a surface of a reaction vessel (e.g. polystyrene tubes) or covalently linked to a micro- particulate material such as microcellulose, Sephadex or micro-particulate material with entrapped ferrous oxide (magnetisable particles) . The use of immobilised primary antibodies in separation in an immunoassay may suffer from several disadvantages; for example interaction between primary antibody and an entity (or an authentic entity) may be considerably slower (e.g. due to diffusion considerations) than that which takes place with the same primary antibody and entity (or authentic entity) in solution (i.e. a longer time may be required to reach equilibrium) . Also, the immobilisation of antibody on a solid phase is not a problem-free procedure; thus, for example, it can be difficult to control or reproduce and also serious protein leakage may occur. The present invention may offer the advantages of reactions in solution with the convenience of a rapid solid-phase separation technique. Thus, for example, a primary immune reaction may be allowed to proceed in solution and then separation may be effected by use of an auxiliary ligand-binder pair (e.g. auxiliary ligand- auxiliary binder pair) . The present invention may also offer for assays and for sensors, for example immunosensors such as optical immunosensors and electrochemical immunosensors, the possibility that a surface carrying auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder in accordance with the present invention may be the same for a variety of, or all, entities to be detected thereby providing a generic assay or sensor construction. A combination comprising a sensor surface carrying auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder in accordance with the present invention may also, for example, be such as to permit regeneration for multiple reuse; for example, such a combination of a sensor surface carrying auxiliary ligands or auxiliary binders may be regenerated by removal of bound substances by washing with a suitable buffer preparation (e.g. 0.1M glycine-HCl at pH 2.5). Also, by way of further example, auxiliary ligands or auxiliary binders may be selected so as to be stable to multiple treatment with low or high pH organic solvents and/or chaotropic reagents thereby to permit regeneration for multiple reuse. The present invention thus offers the possibility of constructing a non-dedicated sensor such as an immunosensor or immunoelectrode. Thus, by way of example, an electrochemical immunosensor may be provided in which an electrode surface is coated with conducting polymers (e.g. polypyrrole polymer) which may be arranged to act as auxiliary ligands. Thus, for example, different polymers may be used so as to provide different auxiliary ligands. For use in such a sensor antibodies to the conducting polymers (e.g. polypyrrole polymer) , or segments thereof, may be generated by suitable techniques such as those known in the art; a combination comprising an electrode surface and coatings of conducting polymers may be, for example, such as to permit regeneration for multiple reuse. The methods of competitive and non-competitive immunoassay, hereinbefore described by way of example, may be used in an electrochemical immunosensor as immediately hereinbefore described. A detectable species for use in such an electrochemical immunosensor may be arranged to provide an electroactive species. In conventional electrochemical immunosensors known in the art specific antibodies may be immobilised on an electrode surface thereby to provide a dedicated immunosensor; such immunosensors may have inherent constraints when multiple electrodes with the same properties are required. Thus, disadvantages may become apparent since regeneration of the sensor may be difficult or regeneration may lead to deterioration of antibody activity. The present invention may offer the possibility of avoiding such disadvantages in that a sensor in accordance with the present invention may not need to be a dedicated sensor. It will be appreciated from the foregoing that, by way of further example, detection of entities in accordance with the present invention may use an immunosensor technique. For example, the auxiliary ligands or auxiliary binders may be immobilised on a surface of a sensor device (e.g. on a glass surface, on a quartz surface, or on the surface of an electrode) . For example, in the use of direct optical immunosensors no detectable species is used and the binding of entities to be detected and antibodies may give rise to signal generation to permit detection (e.g. by surface plasmon resonance) . By way of further example, in the use of a detectable species labelled antibodies immunosensor, signal generation may be detected by a suitable method appropriate to the nature of the signal generated by the detectable species (e.g. a means for measuring fluorescent emission may be used when a detectable species is a fluorescence producing species) . By way of example, if desired, the present invention may make use of an inactive species or a plurality of inactive species which may be attached as required to be utilised in accordance with the present invention. Thus, for example, an inactive species or a plurality of inactive species may be such as to be reconstitutable to an active form. An inactive form of a species may be prepared by drying and/or freeze-drying (lyophilising) . Thus, for example, any species or combination of species suitable for use in accordance with the present invention may be rendered inactive (e.g. by drying and/or freeze-drying (lyophilising) so as to produce a reconstitutable reagent system or reconstitutable reagent material. For example, an auxiliary ligand, or a binder for an auxiliary ligand, or an auxiliary binder for an auxiliary ligand, or a primary species, or a plurality of any of these, optionally, in any suitable combination, may be prepared in a reconstitutable form (e.g. by freeze- drying) such that, upon reconstitution, multi-entity analysis may be effected. Reconstitution may be effected in any suitable manner, for example, by addition of a reconstituting agent such as a suitable solvent (e.g. water) , or a suit ole solution (e.g. an aqueous solution) or a suitable sample (e.g. an aqueous sample) . The present invention will now be further described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying Drawings in which: Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of another apparatus in accordance with the present invention; Figure 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a further apparatus in accordance with the present invention; Figure 4 is a diagrammatic representation of yet a further apparatus in accordance with the present invention; and Figure 5 is a diagrammatic representation of a sensor in accordance with the present invention. Referring now to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings there is shown apparatus 1 having a support material 2 which support material 2 has regions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. In operation the regions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of support material 2 may each provide an auxiliary ligand (not shown) . It may be arranged that each of the regions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 provides a different auxiliary ligand (i.e. it may be arranged that none of the regions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 provides the same auxiliary ligand) . Thus, for example, regions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 may respectively provide auxiliary ligands A, B, C, D, E and F (i.e. region 3 may provide auxiliary ligand A, region 4 may provide auxiliary ligand B and so forth) . Upon contacting the apparatus with a material containing a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) for auxiliary ligand A, a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) for auxiliary ligand B, a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) for auxiliary ligand C, a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) of auxiliary ligand D, a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) for auxiliary ligand E, and a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) for auxiliary ligand F, each of the binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) bind specifically, respectively with auxiliary ligands A, B, C, D, E and F. Thus a plurality of specific separations may be carried out, after which each region will have collected substantially only one type of binder (e.g. one type of auxiliary binder) . Any detectable species associated with each region may then be detected by appropriate interrogation of each region separately. It will be appreciated that the type of interrogation will depend upon the particular detectable species involved (e.g. fluorescence measurements may be made when the detectable species is a fluorophore) . Thus, a sample may be tested for a plurality of different entities (i.e. assays may be carried out for a plurality of different entities using the same support material, and if desired, in the same reaction vessel) . Also it will be appreciated that instead of the regions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 providing respectively different auxiliary ligands, one of the regions may provide an auxiliary ligand and the others different auxiliary binders, or more than one of the regions may provide auxiliary ligands and the others provide auxiliary binders or all but one of the regions may provide auxiliary ligands and the other may provide an auxiliary binder. Thus, upon contacting the apparatus with a material which contains a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders corresponding to auxiliary binders and/or auxiliary ligands provided in the regions, each of the auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders in the material will collect at the region which provides its corresponding auxiliary binder, or auxiliary ligand as is appropriate. Thus, any detectable species associated with each region may be interrogated as hereinbefore disclosed; thus a sample may be tested for a plurality of different entities (i.e. an assay may be carried out for a plurality of different entities) . Referring now to Figure 2 of the accompanying Drawings there is shown apparatus 10 having a support material 11, of substantially rectangular plate configuration, having areas 12 to 23 in which of each of areas 12 to 23 there is provided respectively regions 24 to 35. - In operation the regions 24 to 35 of support material 11 may each provide an auxiliary ligand (not shown) . It may be arranged that each of the regions 24 to 35 provides a different auxiliary ligand (i.e. it may be arranged that none of the regions 24 to 35 provides the same auxiliary ligand) . Thus, a plurality of different auxiliary ligands may be provided by the regions 24 to 35 of the support material 11 in a manner similar to that as hereinbefore disclosed with reference to Figure l of the accompanying Drawings. Also a plurality of specific separations may be carried out, and a sample may be tested for a plurality of entities (i.e. an assay may be carried out for a plurality of different entities) in a manner similar to that as hereinbefore disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. The support material 11 may be identified in some convenient manner to facilitate the identification of the regions 24 to 35. Thus for example a small portion (e.g. a corner) of the support material 11 may be removed prior to use. For example, a small triangular portion of the outer corner of area 12 may be removed (as indicated by dotted line 36) . The apparatus 10 may be used, for example, in a horizontal position. It will be appreciated that instead of the regions 25 to 35 providing a different auxiliary ligand, the regions may be arranged such that one region provides an auxiliary ligand and the other regions provide auxiliary binders, or such that more than one of the regions provide auxiliary ligands and the others provide auxiliary binders, or such that one region provides an auxiliary binder and the others provide auxiliary ligands in a manner similar to that disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. Thus, upon contacting the apparatus with a material which contains a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders corresponding to auxiliary binders and/or auxiliary ligands provided in the regions, each of the auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders in the material will collect at the region which provides its corresponding auxiliary binder, or auxiliary ligand as is appropriate. Referring now to Figure 3 of the accompanying Drawings there is shown an apparatus 40. The apparatus 40 has a support material 41 in the form of a regular octahedral prism and thus it will be appreciated that Figure 3 is a plan view of such a prism. The support material 41 has sides 42 to 49. In operation regions of the sides 42 to 49 of the support material 41 may each have a region which provides an auxiliary ligand. It may be arranged that each of the sides 42 to 49 has a region which provides a different auxiliary ligand (i.e. it may be arranged that none of the sides 42 to 49 provides the same auxiliary ligand) . Thus, a plurality of different auxiliary ligands may be provided by the sides 42 to 49 of the support material in a manner similar to that as hereinbefore disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. Also a plurality of specific separations may be carried out and a sample may be tested for a plurality of different entities (i.e. assays may be carried out for a plurality of different entities) in a manner similar to that as hereinbefore disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. The apparatus 40 may be used, for example, in a vertical position (i.e. with the sides 42 to 49 in a vertical position) . It will be appreciated that instead of the sides 42 to 49 each having a region which provides a different auxiliary ligand, the regions of sides 42 to 49 may be arranged such that one region provides an auxiliary ligand and the other regions provide auxiliary binders, or such that more than one of the regions produce auxiliary ligands and the others provide auxiliary binders, or such that one region provides an auxiliary binder and the others provide auxiliary ligands in a manner similar to that disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. Thus, upon contacting the apparatus with a material which contains a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders corresponding to auxiliary binders and/or auxiliary ligands provided in the regions, each of the auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders in the material will collect at the region which provides its corresponding auxiliary binder, or auxiliary ligand as is appropriate. Referring now to Figure 4 of the accompanying Drawings there is shown an apparatus 60 which has a support material 61 in the form of an absorbent wick (e.g. of cellulose paper) . The support material 61 has regions 62 to 67. Also the apparatus 60 has a supply reservoir 68, and a receiving reservoir 69. In operation the regions 62 to 67 of the support material 61 may each provide an auxiliary ligand (not shown) . Regions 70 to 76 of the support material 61 are such as to provide no auxiliary ligand. It may be arranged that each of the regions 62 to 67 provides a different auxiliary ligand (i.e. it may be arranged that none of the regions 62 to 67 provides the same auxiliary ligand) . Thus, a plurality of different auxiliary ligands may be provided by regions 62 to 67 of the support material 61 in a manner similar to that as hereinbefore disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. Also a plurality of specific separations may be carried out, and a sample may be tested for a plurality of entities (i.e. assays may be carried out for a plurality of different entities) in a manner similar to that as hereinbefore disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. Thus, for example, a material (represented as 77) containing a plurality of different binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) , may be provided in supply reservoir 68 and the support material may be dipped into the material 77. As the material 77 rises up the support material 61, by means of capillary action, from supply reservoir 68 to receiving reservoir 69 each different binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) each different auxiliary ligand carried by the material will be retained at a different one of the regions 62 to 67 (i.e. a binder (e.g. an auxiliary binder) will be retained at a region which provides its corresponding auxiliary ligand) . Each of the regions 62 to 67 may be interrogated (by a method appropriate to any detectable species present) to detect the presence, absence or amount of different entities. It will be appreciated that instead of the regions 62 to 67 providing different auxiliary ligands, the regions may be arranged such that one region provides an auxiliary ligand and the other regions provide auxiliary binders, or such that more than one of the regions produce auxiliary ligands and the others provide auxiliary binders, or such that one region provides an auxiliary binder and the others provide auxiliary ligands in a manner similar to that disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. Thus, upon contacting the apparatus with a material which contains a plurality of different auxiliary ligands-, binders or auxiliary binders corresponding to auxiliary binders and/or auxiliary ligands provided in the regions, each of the auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders in the material will collect at the region which provides its corresponding auxiliary binder, or auxiliary ligand as is appropriate. It will be appreciated that the apparatus 60 may permit sequential separation in accordance with the present invention and thus the regions 62 to 67 may provide a plurality of auxiliary ligands, an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder, or a plurality of auxiliary binders for sequential use. Referring now to Figure 5 of the accompanying Drawings, there is shown apparatus 80 having a member 81 from which depends a plurality of probes 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86. (Although only 5 probes are shown, by way of example, the member 81 may carry as many probes as is desired.) The probes 82 to 86 each comprise support material such that in operation the probes 82 to 86 may each provide regions each of which regions may provide an auxiliary ligand (not shown) . It may be arranged that each of the probes 82 to 86 has a region which provides a different auxiliary ligand (i.e. it may be arranged that none of the probes 82 to 86 provide a region which provides the same auxiliary ligand) . Thus, a plurality of different auxiliary ligands may be provided by the regions of the probes 82 to 86 in a manner similar to that as hereinbefore disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. Also, a plurality of specific separations may be carried out and a sample may be tested for a plurality of different entities (i.e. assays may be carried out for a plurality of different entities) in a manner similar to that as hereinbefore disclosed with reference to Figure l of the accompanying Drawings. Thus, for example, a material containing a plurality of different binders (e.g. auxiliary binders) may be contacted with the apparatus 80 such that the material comes into contact with the probes 82 to 86. Each different binder (e.g. auxiliary binder) in the material will be retained on one of the probes 82 to 86 which provides its corresponding auxiliary ligand. Subsequently the probes may be individually interrogated for the presence of any detectable species thereon in any suitable manner. Thus, for example, where a detectable species is such as to give rise to an optical signal (e.g. fluorescence) then a probe may be connected to a suitable detector by an optical fibre (not shown) which is connected through the member 81 to an appropriate probe. By way of further example, where a detectable species is such as to give rise to an electrical signal (e.g. an enzyme capable of generating an electrochemical signal) a probe may be connected to a suitable detector by means of conductors (not shown) which are connected through the member 81 to an appropriate probe. It will be appreciated that instead of the probes 82 to 86 each having a region which provides a different auxiliary ligand, the regions of probes 82 to 86 may be arranged such that one region provides an auxiliary ligand and the other regions provide auxiliary binders, or such that more than one of the regions produce auxiliary ligands and the others provide auxiliary binders, or such that one region provides an auxiliary binder and the others provide auxiliary ligands in a manner similar to that disclosed with reference to Figure 1 of the accompanying Drawings. Thus, upon contacting the apparatus with a material which contains a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders corresponding to auxiliary binders and/or auxiliary ligands provided in the regions, each of the auxiliary ligands, binders or auxiliary binders in the material will collect at the region which provides its corresponding auxiliary binder, or auxiliary ligand as is appropriate. The present invention will now be further described, by way of example only, as follows. Example l Preparation of anti-analyte antisera 17/3-estradiol, progesterone and L-thyroxine were selected as entities being analyte species to illustrate, by way of example, the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs in separations in multi- analyte species immunological detection in accordance with the present invention. Accordingly it was necessary to prepare antibodies to the selected entities. Thus, antiserum to 173-estradiol was raised in rabbits against 17/3-estradiol-3-carboxymethyl-ether-KLH (keyhole limpet haemocyanin) , and antiserum to progesterone was raised against progesterone-ll- hemisaccinate-KLH and antiserum to L-thyroxine was raised against thyroxine-N-amidosuccinate-KLH in sheep and antibodies obtained in accordance with known procedures. The antibodies obtained may be considered to be primary antibodies. Example 2 Preparation of antisera to auxiliary ligands The following were selected, by way of example, to act as auxiliary ligands: 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin-3- propionic acid, 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methylthiazole hemiglutarate and 2-phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid. Accordingly it was necessary to prepare antibodies to the selected auxiliary ligands and thus N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of each were prepared by dissolving 2 mmole quantities of each in dimethylformamide (DMF) (25 ml) followed by the addition of 2.1 mmoles of N- hydroxysuccinimide and 2.1 mmoles of dicyclohexyl- carbodiimide. The reaction mixtures thus formed were left to stand at 40°C for 3 days. The resulting three auxiliary ligand active esters were used to prepare an antiserum. Thus, in separate procedures, each of the auxiliary ligand active esters in solution (1 ml) were added slowly to a solution of 50 mg of a mixture of KLH (keyhole limpet haemocyanin) and BSA (bovine serum albumin) dissolved in 3% NaHC0 3 (7 ml, pH 8.6) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) (1 ml). After mixing for 16 hr, the resulting immunogen solutions were dialysed against 1% NaHC0 3 (4 1) for 3 days to remove unreacted ligand and other low molecular weight substances. The dialysed immunogen solutions were used separately to raise antisera in animals (rabbits and sheep) in accordance with known procedures. Antibodies to the auxiliary ligands were obtained from the antisera by means of affinity chromatography using the relevant auxiliary ligands coupled to AH- Sepharose-4B (Pharmacia) as affinity matrices. Thus, each of the three types of antisera were separately subjected to affinity chromatography purification and the antibodies eluted separately by washing each of the matrices with acetonitrile (20%) and propionic acid (1%) in distilled water to give three eluates each one containing antibody to one of the auxiliary ligands. It will be appreciated :hat the antibody to a particular auxiliary ligand may be considered to be an auxiliary binder. Example 3 Conjugating of analyte derivative to the auxiliary binders The purified antibodies (IgG) (i.e. auxiliary binders) prepared as in Example 2 were conjugated separately to an appropriate analyte species derivative to form three auxiliary binder-authentic entity conjugates (in this Example three auxiliary binder- authentic analyte conjugates) . This was achieved, in separate procedures, by adding active esters of suitable derivatives of 17/3-estradiol, progesterone and L-thyroxine (120 nmoles) in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) (50 μl) to purified antibody (5 mg) , as prepared in Example 2, in 0.1% NaHC0 3 (2.0 ml, pH 8.6) and 0.05M NaCl. After mixing for 16 hr at 4°C the resulting conjugate from each procedure was purified by gel filtration. It will be appreciated that the conjugates may be considered to be auxiliary binder-authentic entity conjugates, which in this Example where the entities are analyte species, may be considered to be auxiliary binder-authentic analyte species conjugates. The conjugates produced in this Example were: sheep anti-[7-hydroxy 4-methyl-coumarin-3-propionic acid]-17/3- estradiol-3-carboxybutyryl ether, rabbit anti-[2-(4- aminophenyl)-6-methyl thiazole he iglutarate]- progesterone-3-carboxy methyloxime, and rabbit anti-[2- phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid]-thyroxine-N- amidoglutarate. Example 4 Providing support materials with auxiliary ligands Three coating conjugates were prepared by conjugating each of the three auxiliary ligands separately to ovalbumin. Thus, the appropriate auxiliary active ester in solution (200 μl containing approximately 16 mmoles of auxiliary ligand active ester (see Example 2)) was added to ovalbumin (25 mg) in 3% NaHC0 3 (5 ml, pH 8.6) and DMSO (1 ml) . The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hr at room temperature before being dialysed against 1% NaHC0 3 for 3 days and subsequently treated with Norrit A activated charcoal (0.3%). By carrying out the conjugation as immediately hereinbefore disclosed for each of the three auxiliary ligands three purified solutions were obtained, one containing a conjugate of ovalbumin and 7-hydroxy-4- methyl coumarin-3-propionic acid, one containing a conjugate of ovalbumin and 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl thiazole, and one containing a conjugate of ovalbumin and 2-phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid. The auxiliary ligand-ovalbumin conjugates were used for adsorbing auxiliary ligands to a support material by coating polystyrene microtitre plates. Thus, one conjugate was used to introduce 7-hydroxy- 4-methyl coumarin-3-propionic acid to a support material, another conjugate was used to introduce 2-(4- aminophenyl)-6-methyl thiazole to a support material, and the other conjugate was used to introduce 2-phenyl-4- quinoline carboxylic acid to a support material. Plates were coated by exposing them to a chosen auxiliary ligand-ovalbu in conjugate. The coating was carried out by use of a solution containing 4 μg/ml of a chosen conjugate in 0.05M NaHC0 3 . Thus, 200 μl of solution per well was used and left at 4°C for 24 hrs. Excess sites were subsequently blocked by horse haemoglobin (0.5 mg/ml) . Example 5 Multianalyte species immunoassay In this Example three entities being analyte species were used and thus this Example illustrates multianalyte species immunoassay. A range of standard solutions was prepared each containing a mixture of analyte species standards. The concentrations of the various analyte species for each standard solution are shown below in Table I: Table I The analyte species standards were made up in lOmM phosphate (pH 7.5) containing 0.1M NaCl, 50 μg/ml rhodamine base and 1 mg/ml ovalbumin. Also a 'standard' solution containing no analyte species was used. In order to carry out immunoassay for the analyte species, in the Example an ELISA (enzyme labelled immunosorbent assay) , 100 μl volumes of the standard solutions A to D, and of the standard containing no analyte species, were added in duplicate to wells of microtitre ELISA plates. A mixture of anti-analyte species antibodies, in a suitable buffer solution, (said antibodies being primary antibodies as prepared in Example 1) was added (50 μl) to the wells. After 30 in at 37°C, 50 μl volumes of a mixture of auxiliary binder-authentic analyte species, in a suitable buffer solution, were added to the wells and the assay allowed to continue for a further 15 minutes. In order to effect separation in accordance with the present invention 180 μl volumes of assay mixtures from the wells were first transferred to a microtitre plate coated with the auxiliary ligand 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin-3-propionic acid (see Example 1) and left for 10 minutes so as selectively to immobilize bound fraction of the estradiol assay. Subsequently, 150 μl volumes of the assay mixtures were transferred to a microtitre plate coated with the auxiliary ligand 2-phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid (see Example 4) and left for 10 minutes so as selectively to immobilise bound fraction of the thyroxine assay. Subsequently, 120 μl volume of the assay mixtures were transferred to a microtitre plate coated with the auxiliary ligand 2-(4-amminophenyl)-6-methyl thiazole hemiglutarate (see Example 4) and left for 10 minutes so as selectively to immobilise bound fraction of the progesterone assay. The plates retaining bound fractions of the three analyte species were washed and appropriate commercially available second antibody-horse radish peroxidase conjugates were added. The second antibody-horse radish peroxidase conjugate used for estradiol assay had an anti-rabbit immunoglobulin antibody and the second antibody-horse radish peroxidase conjugate used for progesterone and thyroxine assays had an anti-sheep immunoglobulin antibody. The plates were then developed in accordance with known procedures using ABTS and hydrogen peroxide and Optical Densities (O.D.) values were read at 405 n . The results are given in Tables II, III and IV. Table II

Claims: Claims 1. A separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which separation method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand- binder pairs being provided on a support material. 2. A separation method as claimed in Claim 1 which includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand- auxiliary binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs being provided on a support material. 3. A separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which separation method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs, an auxiliary ligand of one auxiliary ligand-binder pair being provided on a support material and a binder of another auxiliary ligand-binder pair, which pair comprises an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, being provided on a support material. 4. A method, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand- binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs being provided on a support material. 5. A method as claimed in Claim 4 which method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs, the auxiliary ligand of each of the plurality of auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pairs being provided on a support material. 6. A method, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand- binder pairs, an auxiliary ligand of one auxiliary ligand-binder pair being provided on a support material and a binder of another auxiliary ligand-binder pair, which pair comprises an auxiliary ligand-auxiliary binder pair, being provided on a support material. 7. A sensor, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which sensor includes a support material capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder. 8. A sequential separation method, suitable for use in an immunological method for the detection of a plurality of entities, which sequential separation method includes the use of a plurality of auxiliary ligand-binder pairs. 9. A method suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which method includes the use of a sequential separation method as claimed in Claim 8. 10. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein an auxiliary ligand is an antigenic ligand. 11. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 9 wherein an auxiliary ligand is a non-antigenic ligand. 12. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 10 wherein an auxiliary ligand is 2,4 dinitro-phenol, fluorescein, digitoxin, coumarin, cibacron blue, 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6- methyl benzothiazole-hemiglutarate, camphorcarboxylic acid, 4-amino-benzo-15-crown-5, carboxyfluorescein, 3- methyl-1-adamantane acetic acid, 2-phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid, xanthine-9-carboxyamide-glycine-glycine, 4-hydroxy-7-trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid, cis-bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid, endo- bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride, N- [4-(4-aminobenzyl) phenyl]-5-norbornene-2,3- dicarboximide, and [IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) ]-3-hydroxy-4,7,7- trimethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid. 13. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 11 wherein an auxiliary ligand is biotin. 14. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 9 wherein an auxiliary ligand is provided as a coating of a polymer on a support material. 15. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 10 or Claim 12 or Claim 14 wherein a binder is an auxiliary binder being an antibody to an auxiliary ligand. 16. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 15 wherein the auxiliary binder is anti-2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl benzothiazole-hemiglutarate antibody, anti- camphorcarboxylic acid antibody, anti-4-amino-benzo-15- crown-5 antibody, anti-carboxyfluorescein antibody, anti- 3-methyl-l-adamantane acetic acid antibody, anti-2- phenyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid antibody, anti- xanthine-9-carboxyamide-glycine-glycine antibody, anti-4- hydroxy-7-trifluoromethyl-3-quinaldine carboxylic acid antibody, anti-cis-bicyclo [3,3,0] octane-2-carboxylic acid antibody, anti-endo-bicyclo [2,2,2] oct-5-ene-2,3- dicarboxylic anhydride antibody, anti-N-[4-(4- aminobenzy1) pheny1]-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide antibody, or anti-[IR-(2-endo, 3-exo) ]-3-hydroxy-4,7,7- trimethyl bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-acetic acid antibody. 17. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 9 or Claim 11 or Claim 13 wherein a binder is an auxiliary binder being a binding partner for a non- antigenic ligand. 18. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 17 wherein an auxiliary binder is avidin. 19. A method or sensor as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 9 wherein a binder is a species which has a part which may provide an auxiliary function. 20. A method as claimed in Claim 19 wherein a binder is a bi-functional antibody. 21. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein different regions or zones of a support material are arranged to provide different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder, such that different specific separations may be effected on different regions or zones of the support material. 22. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein the support material itself, or a part of the support material itself, provides an auxiliary ligand. 23. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein an auxiliary ligand, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder is attached to the support material. 24. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 23 wherein a support material provides oligomers or polymers of an auxiliary ligand. 25. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder is directly attached to a support material. 26. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 24 wherein an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder is indirectly attached to a support material. 27. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein an oligomer of an auxiliary ligand or an oligomer of an auxiliary binder, or a polymer of an auxiliary ligand or a polymer of an auxiliary binder is attached directly or indirectly to a support material. 28. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein a support material is a reaction vessel wall, an insoluble polysaccharide, a microparticle, polystyrene, cross-linked dextran, an insoluble polymer structure, a glass surface, a derivatised silica surface, a polymer attached to a surface, a microparticulate material with entrapped ferrous oxide, nylon or a polyamide. 29. A method as claimed in any one of any one of the preceding Claims which also includes the step of attaching, either directly, or indirectly, an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder to a support material. 30. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 27, or Claim 29 wherein a support material is present and the support material is in the form of a carrier which may be moved from a sample application means, for applying a sample to the carrier, to a detection means thereby to allow successive detection of a plurality of different entities. 31. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein an auxiliary ligand or an auxiliary binder is associated with a primary species. 32. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 31 wherein the primary species is a primary antibody or a ligand. 33. An immunological detection or immunoassay which includes a separation method as claimed in Claim 1, or Claim 2, or Claim 3 or Claim 8. 34. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 4, 5, 6 or 9 to 32- which includes immunological detection or immunoassay comprising heterogenous immunoassay, homogenous immunoassay, competitive immunoassay, non- competitive immunoassay, sandwich immunoassay or direct immunoassay. 35. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims which includes a detectable species. 36. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 35 wherein a detectable species is an enzyme, a species capable of giving a fluorescent signal, a chemiluminescent compound, a bioluminescent compound, a dye, a radioisotope, a ligand species, a polymer of a ligand species, a binder species, or a polymer of a binder species. 37. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 36 wherein the enzyme is alkaline phosphatase, /3-galactosidase or horse-radish peroxidase. 38. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 36 wherein the species capable of giving a fluorescent signal is a fluorophore or a polymeric fluorophore. 39. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 38 wherein the fluorophore is a fluorescein, a coumarin or rhodamine. 40. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 36 wherein a ligand species may be detected by a binder species associated with a tracer species or a binder species may be detected by a ligand species associated with a tracer species. 41. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 40 wherein the tracer species is an enzyme, a species capable of giving a fluorescent signal, a chemiluminescent compound, a bioluminescent compound, a radioisotope or a dye. 42. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 41 wherein the enzyme is alkaline phosphatase, jS-galactosidase or horse-radish peroxidase. 43. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 41 wherein the species capable of giving a fluorescent signal is a fluorophore. 44. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 43 wherein the fluorophore is a fluorescein, a coumarin or rhodamine. 45. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 40 wherein the ligand species is an antigenic species or a non- antigenic ligand species. 46. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 40 wherein the binder species is an antibody, or a binder species of a non-antigenic ligand species. 47. A method or a sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein entities to be detected are themselves analyte species or entities to be detected carry or include analyte species. 48. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 47 wherein the entities to be detected are steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, steroids in extracts, drugs, polypeptide hormones, tumour markers, protein antigens, blood proteins, marker proteins, pesticides, toxins, micro- organisms, antibodies to micro-organisms, or metal complexes. 49. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 48 wherein the metal complex is methyl mercury. 50. A method or a sensor as claimed in Claim 47 wherein analyte species are metal ions. 51. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims wherein a reconstitutable reagent system or a reconstitutable reagent material is used. 52. Apparatus, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which apparatus includes a support material, or a plurality of support materials, capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder. 53. Apparatus suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities in which a sequential separation method is used, which apparatus includes a support material capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder, or a plurality of different auxiliary binders. 54. A test-kit, suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities, which test-kit includes a support material capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder. 55. A test-kit suitable for use in immunological detection of a plurality of entities in which a sequential separation method is used, which test-kit includes a support material, or a plurality of support materials, capable of providing a plurality of different auxiliary ligands, or an auxiliary ligand and an auxiliary binder, or a plurality of different auxiliary binders.

Inventors: ABUKNESHA RAMADAN ARBI, ABUKNESHA, RAMADAN, ARBI
Applicants: ABUKNESHA RAMADAN ARBI, MARCONI GEC LTD, GEC-MARCONI LIMITED
Application year: 1993
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: G01N33