Apparatus for transferring a toner image from an image-forming medium to a receiving material

Abstract: Apparatus for transferring a toner image from an image-forming medium (1) to a receiving material comprising: an endless movable intermediate (12) provided with a top layer which in a first transfer zone is in contact with the image-forming medium (1), heating means (17) for heating the toner image on the top layer of the intermediate (12), a pressure applying means (22) which in a second transfer zone can be brought into contact with the intermediate (12), transport means (24) for transporting the receiving material through the second transfer zone, and a cleaning means (35) which between the second and first transfer zones can be brought into contact with the top layer of the intermediate (12), wherein the cleaning means (35) is provided with an impurity-absorbent material at its outside.

Description: The invention relates to apparatus for transferring a toner image from an image-forming medium to a receiving material comprising: an endless movable intermediate provided with a top layer which in a first transfer zone is in contact with the image-forming medium, heating means for heating the toner image on the top layer of the intermediate, a pressure applying means which in a second transfer zone can be brought into contact with the intermediate, transport means for transporting the receiving material through the second transfer zone, and a cleaning means which between the second and first transfer zones can be brought into contact with the top layer of the intermediate. US patent US-A-4 607 947 describes a contact fixing apparatus in which a toner image is transferred from an image-forming medium to a heated intermediate. In a fixing zone in which the intermediate is in contact with a pressure applying means, the toner image is then transferred to and simultaneously fixed on a receiving material transported through the fixing zone. However, impurities may also be transferred at the same time from the receiving material to the intermediate. Residues of toner material may also be left as impurities on the intermediate because of inadequate transfer of the toner image to the receiving material. If such impurities remain on the intermediate they may be transferred to the image-forming medium in the first transfer zone. This results in disturbance of the image formation and hence ultimately image errors in the copy on the receiving material. Various cleaning means have been proposed to remove these impurities from the intermediate before reaching the first transfer zone. For example, US-A-4 607 947 discloses a cleaning means having a cleaning surface to which the toner has better adhesion than to the intermediate. A cleaning means of this kind operates satisfactorily for taking off high- melting impurities such as toner residues. This cleaning means can also remove paper dust from the intermediate, but it has been found in practice that low-melting impurities from receiving materials such as wax-like compounds, plasticisers, anti-foaming agents, and plastics fillers which occur in receiving papers, and dust particles from plastics receiving materials and the like, are removed only partially, if at all, from the intermediate with the known cleaning means. After deposition on the intermediate in the second transfer zone, these impurities too can then be transferred to the image-forming medium in the first transfer zone, resulting in disturbance of the image formation and hence ultimately image errors in the copy on the receiving material. This necessitates regular and premature replacement of intermediate and image-forming medium, and this involves high maintenance charges and equipment stoppage. For example, it has been found that the "alkaline" receiving papers increasingly used and based, inter alia, on cellulose, chalk and sizing agents such as alkyl ketene dimers are a significant source of such impurity. Receiving papers of this kind are currently used because of the lower costs and better durability compared with the "acid" receiving papers based, inter alia, on cellulose, clay and modified or unmodified rosins. It has now been found that when alkaline receiving papers are used reaction products from the agents used in sizing are deposited from these receiving papers on the intermediate and penetrate into the top layer. These reaction products are then transferred to the image-forming medium, resulting in image disturbance. The object of the invention is to obviate the above problems. According to the invention, this object is attained in an apparatus according to the preamble, in that, the cleaning means is provided with an impurity-absorbent material at its outer surface. The quantity of impurity on the intermediate and the deposition on the image-forming medium are reduced as a result, so that the life of the intermediate and the image-forming medium, i.e. the period during which these media can be used without any image errors occurring, is lengthened. Preferably an impurity-absorbent rubber material is used. Particularly preferred is a rubber material which can absorb distearyl ketone to more than 5% of its weight. Good cleaning of the intermediate is obtained in an apparatus in which the impurity-absorbent material used is a rubber material from the group comprising ethylene propylene diene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, a mixture of ethylene propylene diene rubber and silicone rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate rubber, n-butyl rubber and mixtures of these rubbers. Particularly preferred rubber materials are those containing more than 5% carbon black from the group comprising comprising ethylene propylene diene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, n-butyl rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate rubber, silicone rubber and mixtures of these rubbers. Rubbers of this kind are resistant to high temperatures and have sufficient mechanical strength even after long periods of use. The invention will now be explained with reference to the accompanying Figure which is a diagrammatic cross- section through one embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention. The image-forming apparatus illustrated comprises an endless photoconductive belt 1 advanced at uniform speed by means of drive and guide rollers 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The image of an original disposed on an exposure platen 5 is projected by flashlights 6 and 7, a lens 8, and a mirror 9, onto the belt 1 after the latter has been electrostatically charged up by a corona device 10. The latent charge image formed on the belt 1 after the flash exposure is developed with toner powder by means of a magnetic brush device 11 to give a toner image which in a first transfer zone is then brought into contact under pressure with an endless intermediate belt 12 provided with a top layer of soft resilient and heat-resistant material such as, for example, silicone rubber. In these conditions the toner image is transferred from the belt 1 to the belt 12 by adhesion forces. After this image transfer, any remaining image residues are removed from belt 1 by means of a cleaning device 13, whereafter the photoconductive belt 1 is ready for re-use. The intermediate belt 12 is trained about drive and guide rollers 14, 15, the intermediate belt 12 being heated to a temperature above the softening temperature of the toner powder, e.g. by means of an infra-red radiator 17 disposed inside roller 14. While belt 12 with the toner image thereon is advanced, the heating causes the toner image to become tacky. In a second transfer zone, under the influence of pressure, using a pressure means in the form of a belt 22 trained about rollers 23 and 24, the tacky toner image is then transferred to and simultaneously fixed on a sheet of receiving material which is fed from reservoir 18 via rollers 19 and 20. Toner residues are removed by cleaning means 30 in the form of a roller 31 in accordance with US-A-4 607 947. The resulting copy is then deposited by belt 22 in tray 25. To remove the impurities from the intermediate belt 12, the apparatus is provided with a cleaning means 35, e.g. in the form of a freely rotatable roller 36 provided with a layer of peroxide hardened silicone rubber in which 15% carbon black having a specific surface of about 900 m²/g is mixed. The choice of specific absorbent material depends on the type of impurity, the maximum amount of impurity which can be absorbed in the absorbent material, the absorption capacity, and the speed at which the impurity is absorbed in this material, i.e. the absorption speed. The absorption capacity and the absorption speed of a specific impurity can easily be determined by bringing such impurity into contact, in solid, liquid or dissolved form, with absorbent material and monitoring the increase in weight of such absorbent material in the course of time. A model compound having an affinity comparable to that of the impurity for the top layer of the intermediate can also be used as an impurity. The absorption capacity for the low-melting impurities from alkaline papers is determined, for example, by bringing the absorbent material into contact, at about 100°C, for 24 hours with distearyl ketone, a dialkyl ketone compound, and measuring the increase in weight. The absorption capacity of various materials is given in Table 1. Absorption capacity (% weight increase of the rubber) Addition-hardened silicone rubber 4.4 LIM 2600 (General Electric Co™) Peroxide-hardened silicone rubber (Wacker R300-50™) 3.6 EPDM Rubber (ethylene-propylene ratio 40:60) 65 Ethylene propylene rubber 62 Ethylene vinyl acetate rubber 121 EPDM/silicone blend (Shin Etsu 1411™) 68 Silicone rubber mixed with 43% graphite (specific surface graphite = 15 m²/g) 4 Silicone rubber mixed with 6% carbon black with specific surface 265 m²/g 7 Silicone rubber mixed with 5% carbon black with specific surface 900 m²/g 9.8 Silicone rubber mixed with 12% carbon black 10.7 Methyl phenyl silicone rubber <0.6 Fluorosilicone rubber (General Electric FSE 2120™) 0.6 n-butyl rubber 61 In practice it has been found that materials which can absorb distearyl ketone to more than 5% of their own weight are very suitable as absorbent material on the cleaning means. Reasonably good results are obtained with aliphatic rubbers, preferably from the group comprising ethylene propylene diene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate rubber, halogenated or non- halogenated n-butyl rubber, and ethylene propylene diene rubber/silicone rubber blend. Rubber materials which are compounded with more than 5% and preferably more than 10% highly structured carbon black are preferred. Examples of usable rubber materials are the above rubbers and condensation, peroxide and addition-hardened silicone rubbers. Suitable carbon blacks have a high specific surface, i.e. higher than 200 m²/g and preferably higher than 500 m²/g. Rubber materials which are compounded with such carbon blacks have sufficient absorption capacity and an absorption speed which is much higher (more than ten times as high) than with the previously mentioned rubbers. In addition, such rubber/carbon black mixtures have impurity-binding properties, thus preventing any carry back of impurities from the cleaning means to the top layer of the intermediate. The invention is explained in detail with reference to some examples. Example 1 In the apparatus according to the Figure, with an intermediate belt as described in EP-A-0 349 072, the cleaning means is in the form of a 50 mm thick metal cylindrical roller provided with a 10 mm thick layer of EPDM rubber. The concentration of dialkyl ketones, such as distearyl ketone, in the top layer of the intermediate after making 205,000 copies on alkaline paper, was less than 4 mg dialkyl ketones per g top layer rubber. There was no deposition on the photoconductive belt. The concentration of dialkyl ketones in the top layer after the same number of copies had been made, but without the use of the cleaning means, was about 6 mg/g top layer rubber. Impurities were also deposited on the photoconductive belt, resulting in image disturbance. Example 2 The apparatus according to the Figure was provided with an intermediate belt 12 in accordance with Example 1, the top layer of which contained about 2.5 mg/g dialkyl ketones. This intermediate belt 12 was then brought into contact with a cleaning means 35 provided with a 2 mm thick layer of silicone rubber in which about 10% by weight of carbon black having a specific surface of 500 m²/g had been mixed. After the intermediate belt 12 had operated for five hours against the cleaning means 35, during which time the intermediate belt 12 was kept at 100°C by means of the radiator 17, the concentration of ketones was halved. In similar tests, in which silicone rubber with carbon black was replaced by EPDM rubber, the ketone concentration after ten hours was still about 1.4 mg/g. In a similar test in which the cleaning means 35 was provided with ethylene vinyl acetate rubber, the ketone concentration in 15 hours dropped from 4.9 to 2.9 mg/g. The roller 36 can be heated internally or externally in order to accelerate the diffusion of impurities in the absorbent material. A cleaning means 35 of this kind can be continuously in contact with the intermediate 12. The cleaning means 35 may also be provided with a mechanism (not shown) in order to lift the cleaning means from the intermediate during periods in which copying takes place. This obviates excessive heat dissipation during copying. In another embodiment, the cleaning means 35 was formed by an endless belt trained about two shafts and having a layer of impurity-absorbent material. It is also possible to provide the outside of the absorbent material with a thin impurity-passing outer covering to improve the mechanical properties, to obviate charging and wear and to improve surface properties (non-stick and the like).

Claims: Apparatus for transferring a toner image from an image-forming medium (1) to a receiving material comprising: an endless movable intermediate (12) provided with a top layer which in a first transfer zone is in contact with the image-forming medium (1), heating means (17) for heating the toner image on the top layer of the intermediate (12), a pressure applying means (22) which in a second transfer zone can be brought into contact with the intermediate (12), transport means (24) for transporting the receiving material through the second transfer zone, and a cleaning means (35) which between the second and first transfer zones can be brought into contact with the top layer of the intermediate, characterised in that the cleaning means (35) is provided with an impurity-absorbent material at its outer surface. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterised in that the absorbent material comprises a rubber material. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the absorbent material can absorb distearyl ketone in an amount equal to more than 5% of its weight. Apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the absorbent material is selected from the group comprising ethylene propylene diene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, a mixture of ethylene propylene diene rubber and silicone rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate rubber, n-butyl rubber and mixtures of these rubbers. Apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the absorbent material comprises a rubber material in which at least 5% carbon black is mixed, the rubber material being selected from the group comprising ethylene propylene diene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, n-butyl rubber, ethylene vinyl acetate rubber, silicone rubber and mixtures of these rubbers. Apparatus according to claim 5, characterised in that at least 10% carbon black is mixed in the rubber material. Apparatus according to any one of claims 5 to 6, characterised in that the mixed-in carbon black has a specific surface of more than 200 m²/g. Apparatus according to any one of claims 5 to 6, characterised in that the mixed-in carbon black has a specific surface of at least 500 m²/g.

Inventors: BORS THEODORUS WILHELMUS PETER, LOONEN HUBERTUS ANTONIUS MARIE, BORS, THEODORUS WILHELMUS PETER, LOONEN, HUBERTUS ANTONIUS MARIE
Applicants: OCE NEDERLAND BV, OCE-NEDERLAND B.V.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15, G03G21