Voltage sensor

Abstract: A voltage sensor is composed by arranging along the optic axis, successively from the side of incident light, a first polarizer (1), a Pockels cell for detection (2), a Pockels cell for modulation (3), and a second polarizer (4) wherein an electric field proportional to a voltage to be measured is applied to the Pockels cell for detection (2), and a periodic electric field for modulation that varies the phase difference by 2nπ radians, where n is a positive integer, during each period and that has a frequency higher than the electric field applied to the Pockels cell for detection is applied to the Pockels cell for modulation (3), and the voltage to be measured is determined based on a phase change in the intensity of the light output from the second polarizer.

Description: The present invention relates to a voltage sensor that is used in an optical PT (Potential Transformer) that detects a voltage to ground or a voltage of a driving power source for motors and the like. An intensity-modulated voltage sensor arranges, for example, as shown in Fig. 10, along the optical axis, successively from the side of incident light, a first polarizer 35 of set angle 90 degrees, a 1/4 wavelength plate 38, a Pockels cell 2, and a second polarizer 36 of set angle 95 degrees, and a voltage to be measured is applied to Pockels cell 2. Since a change in the output intensity of second polarizer corresponds to the polarization state of the output light of Pockels cell 2, which varies depending on voltage to be measured, the voltage to be measured can be determined by monitoring the change in the output power of polarizer with an optical receiver. Here, the modulation depth of an output power is defined as the ratio of the AC component of the output power to the DC component of the output power. However, a change in the loss of connection in each optical part and a change in the intensity of the incident light due to the external environment generate a gradual change in the output power apart from the above modulation of the output power due to the voltage to be measured. In particular, if the frequency of the voltage to be measured is near DC, it becomes impossible to distinguish the AC component of the voltage to be measured from the AC component due to the above secondary causes, so that exact measurement can not be achieved. IEEE transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 5, no. 2, pages 884 to 891 describes a voltage sensor composed by arranging along the optic axis, successively from the side of incident light, a first polarizer, a first Pockels cell, and a second polarizer such that a voltage proportional to a voltage to be measured is applied to said first Pockels cell and the voltage to be measured is determined based on a change in the intensity of the light emitted from said second polarizer. Furthermore, this document describes that the voltage to be measured can be determined based on a phase change in the intensity of the light emitted from said second polarizer. For this phase detection, it is also known from this document to use a modulation with a frequency higher than the voltage applied to said first Pockels cell. Furthermore, patent abstracts of Japan, vol. 8, no. 204 (P-301), JP-A-59 090 061 describes a voltage sensor composed by arranging along the optic axis, successively from the side of incident light, a first polarizer, a first Pockels cell and a second Pockels cell whose set angles are equal to each other, and a second polarizer such that a voltage proportional to a voltage to be measured is applied to said first Pockels cell and the voltage to be measured is determined based on a change in the intensity of the light emitted from said second polarizer. The object of the present invention is therefore to solve the problem described above in a prior intensity-modulated voltage sensor and to provide a voltage sensor that performs the measurement from DC to high-frequency AC with its simple composition and without being influenced by the external environment. Voltage sensors for measuring a voltage according to the invention are defined in claims 1 and 2. Preferable embodiments are defined in the dependent claims. These and other objects and features of the present invention will become clear from the following description taken in conjunction with the preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings throughout which like parts are designated by like reference numerals, and in which: Fig. 1 is a diagram of an output-power phase-modulated voltage sensor of a first embodiment in accordance with the present invention; Fig. 2 is a block diagram of the phase-modulated voltage sensor according to the first embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 3, 4 and 5 are graphs showing waveforms of voltages V and V m and output P, respectively; Fig. 6 is a diagram of an output-power frequency-modulated voltage sensor of a second embodiment in accordance with the present invention; Fig. 7 is a waveform of the output P for showing a change in the frequency thereof when a voltage to be detected is applied thereto; Figs. 8 and 9 show examples of the waveform of a periodic voltage for modulation used in a voltage sensor of the present invention, respectively; and Fig. 10 is a diagram of a prior intensity-modulated voltage sensor used for measuring voltage. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The preferred embodiments according to the present invention will be described below with reference to the attached drawings. Fig. 1 shows a diagram of a voltage sensor of a first embodiment of the present invention, and Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5 show a block diagram of the first embodiment, and the graphs of changes in the voltages V and V m applied to Pockels cells and an output power P from the second polarizer. The voltage sensor comprises a first polarizer 1 of set angle 90 degrees, a Pockels cell 2 for detection whose set angle  of the major axis 14 to a horizontal axis 11 thereof is 45 degrees, a Pockels cell 3 for modulation whose major axis is parallel to that of Pockels cell 2 for detection, and a second polarizer 4 of set angle 90 degrees successively arranged in this order from the side of incident light along an optical axis 13. On Pockels cell 2 for detection and Pockels cell 3 for modulation are provided an electrodes couple 17 for applying a voltage to be detected and an electrodes couple 18 for applying a periodic voltage for modulation so that a parallel electric field in the direction of zero degrees is generated, and a terminal 21 for applying voltage is attached to each electrode. Further, an electric field E for detection, which is proportional to the voltage to be measured (voltage to be detected) is applied to the Pockels cell 2 for detection. A periodic electric field E m for modulation that varies the difference of phase angles by 2nπ radians, where n is a positive integer, during each period and that has a much higher frequency than that of electric field E applied to Pockels cell 2 for detection is applied to Pockels cell 3 for modulation with a periodic voltage V m for modulation. Here an example of Pockels cell 2 for detection and Pockels cell 3 for modulation is made of LiNbO 3 . Next, the theory is described. Unpolarized incident light 6 is changed by first polarizer 1 into linearly polarized light 7, which after passing through Pockels cell 2 for detection becomes elliptically polarized light 8 owing to phase angle  of Pockels cell 2 for detection and, after passing through Pockels cell 3 for modulation, becomes elliptically polarized light 9, which corresponds to the sum  +  m of the difference of phase angles  due to Pockels cell 2 for detection and the difference of phase angles  m due to Pockels cell 3 for modulation. Further, the intensity of linearly polarized light 10, which results from passing through second polarizer 4 shows a change in the intensity proportional to {cos( m + ) + 1} ÷ 2 from the intensity of the incident light. Then a signal analyzer 5 for optical calculation compares the phase change  + m of above output 10 with the phase difference  m of the Pockels cell 3 for modulation to calculate the phase difference  due to Pockels cell 2 for detection, and determines the voltage to be measured. Here the set angle of each device is an angle with respect to a base angle as indicated by a reference number 11 in Fig. 1, and the angle is measured in units of radians. Next, the operation of the first embodiment is described with reference to Figs. 2, 3 and 4. Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of the first embodiment. In Pockels cell 2 for detection, an electric field E for detection is generated by electrodes couple 17 for detection to which voltage to be measured V is applied. In Pockels cell 3 for modulation, an electric field E m for modulation is generated by electrodes couple 18 to which periodic voltage V m for modulation is applied. Suppose that voltage V to be measured has a sine waveform of amplitude a, frequency f, and initial phase angle , as shown in Fig. 3. Voltage V m for modulation has a sawtooth waveform of modulation frequency f m and varies linearly with slope 2π × f m /C during each period of 1/f m , as shown in Fig. 4. Here constant C is the proportional coefficient between a voltage for modulation and the phase difference of the Pockels cell 3 for modulation. With the application of voltage V to be measured, output P of polarizer 4 changes from the sine wave corresponding to the phase difference  m of the Pockels cell 3 for modulation, which is proportional to voltage V m for modulation, as indicated by a dotted line 28 in Fig. 5, by the phase difference , which is due to the Pockels cell 2 for detection and proportional to voltage V to be measured, as indicated by a solid line 29 in Fig. 5. In other words, the waveform of output P of polarizer 4 is changed from the dotted line 28 to the solid line 29 when the voltage V to be detected is applied to Pockels cell 2 for detection. Then signal analyzer 5 for optical calculation demodulates voltage to be measured V proportional to the phase difference  due to Pockels cell 2 for detection from the phase change  +  m of output 10. More concretely, the signal analyzer 5 is comprised of a photo-electric converter 5A for converting the output 10 of the second polarizer 4 into a voltage proportional thereto, a demodulator 5B for demodulating an output of the converter 5A and an integrator 5C for integrating an output of the demodulator 5B. Here, modulation frequency f m is required to be sufficiently higher than the frequency f of voltage V to be measured. If voltage V to be measured is of commercial frequency, modulation frequency f m of about 1 kHz is sufficient. Next, a second embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to Figs. 6 and 7. As shown in Fig. 6, the second embodiment is the same as the first embodiment in that a first polarizer 1, a Pockels cell 2 for detection, a Pockels cell 3 for modulation, and a second polarizer 4 are arranged in this order along the optical axis of the voltage sensor. However, an integrator 39 that receives a voltage V to be measured and performs an integrating operation to output an electric field E for detection is inserted between Pockels cell 2 for detection and an input terminal for voltage V to be measured. Here, obtaining electric field E that varies by a change equivalent to the integral value of voltage V to be measured suffices. For example, the input to integrator 39 may be an electric field proportional to voltage V to be measured. With the application of voltage V to be measured, the output of polarizer 4 changes in the frequency from a sine wave 31 corresponding to the variation of the phase difference  m of the Pockels cell 3 for modulation, which is proportional to periodic voltage V m for modulation, by an amount proportional to the phase difference  of the Pockels cell 2 for detection, which is proportional to voltage V to be measured, as shown in Fig. 7. The result is a frequency-modulated waveform 32. Then signal analyzer 30 for optical calculation demodulates frequency-modulated waveform 32 to obtain voltage V to be measured proportional to the phase difference  of the Pockels cell 2 for detection. Thus, if a voltage is measured through a phase change or a frequency change in intensity modulated light, the measurement can be performed without being influenced by essential problems in dealing with an optical transmission channel such as a change in the loss of connection in an optical part or a change in light intensity due to the external environment. Further, since information other than that of the voltage to be measured is not mixed with the phase change or the frequency change, consideration of the distinction between the voltage to be measured and the other external influences in measuring a near DC voltage through an intensity change by a prior method becomes unnecessary, so that the measurement can be performed by a consistent method for voltages from DC to AC. The above description is valid for any case where the directions of the first polarizer and the second polarizer are arbitrary. If the two directions are parallel or perpendicular to each other, then apart from a sawtooth waveform that varies the phase difference by 2nπ radians, where n is a positive integer, during each period as shown in Fig. 4, voltage V m for modulation that varies the phase difference by nπ from kπ to (k + n)π, where k is an integer, suffices, so that voltage V m for modulation can be made small. Further, as shown in Fig. 8, the waveform of voltage V m for modulation can be made isosceles triangular unlike the sawtooth waveform shown in Fig. 4, where the phase difference  m is varied rapidly in a neighborhood of 2(k + n)π radians, so that the turbulence of the output wave occurs less. Here Fig. 8 shows the case of k = -1 and n = 1. Further, if the above two polarization directions are parallel or perpendicular to each other, and if a 1/4 wavelength plate is installed between any neighboring devices of the first polarizer, the Pockels cell for detection, the Pockels cell for modulation, and the second polarizer to add an optical bias, then the phase difference  m can be varied from kπ + π/2 to (k + n)π + π/2, where k is an integer and n is a positive integer, suffices. In particular, if k = -1 and n = 1, then positive and negative voltages for modulation become symmetric as shown in Fig. 9, so that the load of the power source for the periodic voltage for modulation can be reduced. Since both the first and second embodiments detect a voltage using a phase change or temporary phase change (frequency) in output power, the set angles of first polarizer 1 and second polarizer 4 can be arbitrary so far as they are inclined by 45 degrees from the major axis of the Pockels cells. Also, the first and second embodiments arranged Pockels cell 2 for detection and Pockels cell 3 for modulation from the incident side of light in this order. However, the order may be the opposite. Finally, if voltage V to be measured is located in the distance, or if all of first polarizer 1, Pockels cell 2 for detection, Pockels cell 3 for modulation, and second polarizer 4 can not be arranged in the same optical axis, such as when first polarizer 1 or Pockels cell 3 for modulation or second polarizer 4 is installed in another apparatus, then an optical transmission channel such as a polarization maintaining fiber where the polarization state is not changed can be used between neighboring devices of first polarizer 1, Pockels cell 2 for detection, Pockels cell 3 for modulation, and second polarizer 4 such that the distance between them is far or the optical axes differ. As described above, the present invention has the effect of detecting a voltage to be measured from DC to high frequency without being influenced by the external environment. Although the present invention has been fully described in connection with the preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications are apparent to those skilled in the art.

Claims: A voltage sensor for measuring a voltage to be measured, comprising a first polarizer (1) for linearly polarizing a light, a first Pockels cell (2) for modulating the light according to a received voltage which is proportional to said voltage to be measured, a second polarizer (4) for linearly polarizing the light, a signal analyzer (5) for receiving the light and for determining said voltage to be measured from a phase change in the intensity of the light emitted from said second polarizer, which are arranged along an optical axis (13) successively from a side of incidence of the light, a second Pockels cell (3) for modulating the light according to a voltage for modulation (Vm), which is arranged along said optical axis between the first and second polarizers (1,4), and whose set angle is equal to that of said first Pockels cell (2), and a source of a voltage which is periodic, has a frequency higher than the received voltage, and is of triangular or sawtooth waveform, for providing the voltage for modulation (Vm) to said second Pockels cell (3). A voltage sensor for measuring a voltage to be measured, comprising a first polarizer (1) for linearly polarizing a light, a first Pockels cell (2) for modulating the light according to a received voltage which is proportional to a value obtained by integrating said voltage to be measured, a second polarizer (4) for linearly polarizing the light, a signal analyzer (30) for receiving the light and for determining said voltage to be measured from a frequency change in the intensity of the light emitted from said second polarizer, which are arranged along an optical axis (13) successively from a side of incidence of the light, a second Pockels cell (3) for modulating the light according to a voltage for modulation (Vm), which is arranged along said optical axis between the first and second polarizers (1,4), and whose set angle is equal to that of said first Pockels cell (2), and a source of a voltage which is periodic, has a frequency higher than the received voltage, and is of triangular or sawtooth waveform, for providing the voltage for modulation (Vm) to said second Pockels cell (3). A voltage sensor as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said periodic voltage for modulation varies the phase differences by 2nπ radians during each period, where n is a positive integer. A voltage sensor as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the polarization directions of said first polarizer (1) and said second polarizer (4) are set to be perpendicular to each other, and said periodic voltage for modulation varies the phase difference approximately from kπ to (k + n)π during each period, where k is an integer and n is a positive integer. A voltage sensor as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the polarization directions of said first polarizer (1) and said second polarizer (4) are set to be parallel, a 1/4 wavelength plate is set between two neighboring devices selected from said first polarizer (1), said first Pockels cell (2), said second Pockels cell (3), and said second polarizer (4), and said periodic voltage for modulation varies the phase difference approximately from kπ + π/2 to (k + n)π + π/2, during each period, where k is an integer and n is a positive integer. A voltage sensor as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein an optical transmission channel for preserving the polarization state is used at least between two neighboring devices selected from said first polarizer (1), said first Pockels cell (2), said second Pockels cell (3), and said second polarizer (4).

Inventors: HAMADA HIDENOBU, HAMADA, HIDENOBU
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD, MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: G01R15
IPC codes: G01R15