METHOD OF TREATING CELL DAMAGE OR DEPLETION

Abstract: A method of restoring damaged or depleted cell populations by treating the patient with cytokines, particularly IL-11 and IL-6.

Description: METHOD OF TREATING CELL DAMAGE OR DEPLETION This work was supported by grants by the National Institutes of Health Grant Nos. 1 POl HL45168- 01A1 and 1R01 HL46528-01. The government has certain rights in this invention. Field of the Invention This invention provides a method of treating patients having disorders characterized by cell damage or destruction, and more specifically, a method of using a cytokine to regenerate populations of certain cells, particularly gut cells. Background of the Invention Certain mammalian cells in their normal state are characterized by rapid division and proliferation in the body, e.g., small intestinal epithelial cells, sperm cells, hair and skin cells, and hepatocyte or liver cells. Damage to, or depletion of, these cells can result due to certain diseases, infections, exposure to therapeutic agents and treatments, exposure to other chemical or biological agents, and injury or trauma. For example, the use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer and for the preparation of patients for bone marrow transplantation is toxic to the small intestinal (gut) epithelial cells. In fact, the small intestine is one of the organs most damaged by this therapy. Similarly damaged by such therapy are skin cells, hair cells and sperm cells. This cell damage, particularly to the gut cells, is the cause of significant mortality and morbidity in cancer patients undergoing therapy. Previously, such toxicity has been avoided by limiting the amount of chemotherapy or radiation administered to the patient. For example, gut cell toxicity has been diminished with radiation therapy by both decreasing the amount of radiation and giving the total dose subdivided into fractions (called •fractionation 1 therapy). However, the reduced amount of therapy also has an adverse effect on the spread and growth of the cancer against which it is directed. Certain autoimmune diseases of the gut, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, also have been known to damage the small intestinal cells lining the gut, causing major morbidity and mortality in patients so afflicted. Treatment of autoimmune diseases of the gut include chemotherapy and immune suppression, both of which have serious side effects, among them additional damage to the rapidly dividing gut cells. Skin and hair cell populations may also be damaged by autoimmune diseases, burns, and alopecia. Sperm cell populations are damaged by oligospermia. Hepatocytes are also damaged by radiation, chemotherapy, and physical trauma. Damage to gut cells, and to other cells which grow rapidly in a normal healthy mammal can also be the result of trauma or injury to the area, or shock. Exposure to certain industrial and household chemicals, among other agents, can also severely damage normal healthy populations of these cells. There is a need in the art for methods for treating cell damage, particularly gut cell damage caused by disease or adverse effects of chemotherapeutic and radiation treatment, exposure to other damaging agents or trauma in mammals, particularly humans. Summary of the Invention In one aspect, this invention provides a method for treating patients having damaged or depleted cell populations selected from the group consisting of small intestinal epithelial cells, epithelial cells lining the large intestines and stomach, skin cells, hair cells, sperm cells and liver epithelial cells (hepatocytes) . This method includes administering to the patient an effective amount of a selected hematopoietic growth factor or cytokine. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a patient undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy which involves administering a selected cytokine simultaneously with, or subsequently to, the initiation of chemotherapy or radiation treatment. The treatment with the cytokine is continued until a healthy cell population selected from the group consisting of small intestinal epithelial cells, epithelial cells lining the large intestines and stomach, skin cells, hair cells, sperm cells, and hepatocytes is restored. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of restoring healthy cell populations selected from the group consisting of small intestinal epithelial cells, epithelial cells lining the large intestines and stomach, skin cells, hair cells, sperm cells, and liver epithelial cells in patients suffering from autoimmune conditions by administering to such patients effective amounts of a selected cytokine, particularly IL-11. It is anticipated that these cytokine treatments may be made in combination with currently known and used immunosuppressive therapies. One or more cytokines alone or in combination useful in these methods may be selected from among interleukin-11, interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) , Oncostatin M, and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) . Additional cytokines which may be useful in this method include Interleukin-1, Interleukin-3, Interleukin- 12 (also known as natural killer cell stimulatory factor) and GM-CSF. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention are described further in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a graph illustrating the survival of control and IL-11 treated mice following combined chemotherapy and radiation treatment, as described in Example 5. Fig. 2 iε a bar graph illustrating the effect of IL-11 on proliferation of IEC-6 cells, as described in Example 9 below. Detailed Description of the Invention The invention provides a method of using a selected cytokine for the treatment of damaged or depleted cell populations, particularly those that are normally rapidly dividing populations. These include, but are not limited to, small intestinal epithelial cells, epithelial cells lining the large intestines and stomach, liver epithelial cells (hepatocytes) , skin cells, hair cells, and sperm cells. The methods of the present invention, which involve the administration of one or more selected cytokines, are useful in restoring populations of these cells regardless of the source or cause of the damage to, or depletion of, the cell population. Cytokines are regulatory proteins that deliver signals between cells of the immune system, and have regulatory effects on cells of the hematopoietic and immune systems. One preferred cytokine for use in treating damaged cell populations is IL-11, a mammalian cytokine, which has been known to be useful in the treatment of selected diseases of the bone marrow and for directly or indirectly stimulating the production or function of B cells. IL-11 is described in detail in International Application, PCT/US90/06803, published May, 30, 1991. The cloned human IL-11 sequence illustrated in Table I [SEQ ID NO:l and 2], was deposited with the ATCC, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland on March 30, 1990 under ATCC No. 68284. Further, as described in the examples below, IL-11 may also be produced recombinantly as a fusion protein with another protein. Table II [SEQ ID NO:3 and 4] provides such a fusion sequence with E. coli thioredoxin. These sequences enable the production of IL-11 in a variety of host cells by resort to now conventional genetic engineering techniques. IL-11 may also be obtained from certain cell lines. Human cell lines have been identified as sources of at least one species of IL-11 as in, for example, the human lung fibroblast cell line, MRC-5 (ATCC Accession Number CCL 171) , and the human trophoblastic cell line, TPA30-1, (ATCC Accession Number CRL 1583) . Other human sources for IL-11 may also be available. Additional information regarding the production of recombinant IL-11 and the isolation of IL-11 obtained from cell sources is provided in the above referenced International Application, PCT/US90/06803. Not only is IL-11 useful in the methods of treating and restoring the cell populations above- described, but also, other cytokines are considered to be useful in the same methods. Certain cytokines which are characterized by having common signal transduction pathways with those of IL-11, (i.e., they transduce through gpl30) are anticipated to be useful in the treatment of patients having cell damage to the selected cell populations in the same manner as is IL-11, and/or in combination with IL-11. See, N. Y. Ip et al., Cell, 61:1121-1132 (1992). Another preferred cytokine for use in this invention which shares common biological activities with IL-11 is Interleukin-6 (IL-6) , which is described in detail in PCT patent application WO88/00206, published January 14, 1988. Still another cytokine sharing the IL-11 signal transduction pathway is Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) , also known as Cholinergic Differentiation Factor (CDF) , and is described in detail in PCT patent application O90/02183, published March 8, 1990. Another cytokine characterized in this way is Oncostatin M (OSM) , described in detail in European patent application No. 290,949, published November 12, 1988. Additionally, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) shares this signal transduction pathway, and is anticipated to be useful in the methods of restoring these cell populations. CNTF is described in detail in PCT patent application WO9104316, published April 4, 1991. It is further anticipated that other cytokines are likely to be useful in the methods of this invention, either in place of, or in combination with, IL-ll, IL-6, and/or one or more of the above disclosed cytokines. One additional cytokine useful in a therapeutic method or combination pharmaceutical preparation according to this invention is Interleukin-l (IL-1) . IL-1 is described in detail in European patent application No. 456,332, published November 13, 1991. Another useful cytokine is known as Natural Killer Cell Stimulatory Factor (NKSF) , also termed Interleukin-12 (IL-12) . This cytokine is described in detail in PCT patent application WO9205256, published April 2, 1992. Other cytokines which may be useful in these methods of restoring the cell populations selected from small intestinal epithelial cells, epithelial cells lining the large intestines and stomach, skin cells, hair cells, and sperm cells include Interleukin-3 (IL-3) , and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM- CSF) . GM-CSF is described in detail in PCT patent application WO8600639, published January 30, 1986, [see, also, European Patent Application No. 281,069, published September 7, 1988]. IL-3 is described in detail in United States Patent No. 4,959,455, issued September 25, 1990. For additional general information on these cytokines, see also, F. Takatsuki et al., Cancer Res. , .50:2885-2890 (1990); D. P. Gearing et al., Science. 255:1434-1437 (1992); G. Damia et al., Cancer Res.. 51:4082-4089 (1992). For use in the methods of treatment disclosed in this invention, the above-described cytokines or biologically active fragments thereof may be prepared by genetic engineering techniques, as disclosed in the above-incorporated references. Moreover, in addition to recombinant techniques, the cytokine polypeptides described above may also be produced by known conventional chemical synthesis. Methods for constructing the polypeptides useful in the present invention by synthetic means are known to those of skill in the art. The synthetically constructed cytokine polypeptide sequences, by virtue of sharing primary, secondary, or tertiary structural and conformational characteristics with the natural cytokine polypeptides are anticipated to possess biological activities in common therewith. Such synthetically constructed cytokine polypeptide sequences or fragments thereof which duplicate or partially duplicate the functionality thereof may also be used in the method of this invention. Thus, they may be employed as biologically active or immunological substitutes for the natural, purified cytokines useful in the present invention. Modifications in the protein, peptide or DNA sequences of these cytokines or active fragments thereof may also produce proteins which may be employed in the methods of this invention. Such modified cytokines can be made by one skilled in the art using known techniques. Modifications of interest in the cytokine sequences, e.g., the IL-11 sequence, may include the replacement, insertion or deletion of one or more selected amino acid residues in the coding sequences. Mutagenic techniques for such replacement, insertion or deletion are well known to one skilled in the art. [See, e.g., United States Patent No. 4,518,584]. Other specific mutations of the sequences of the cytokine polypeptides which may be useful therapeutically as described herein may involve, e.g., the insertion of one or more glycosylation sites. An asparagine-linked glycosylation recognition site can be inserted into the sequence by the deletion, substitution or addition of amino acids into the peptide sequence or nucieotides into the DNA sequence. Such changes may be made at any site of the molecule that is modified by addition of O-linked carbohydrate. Expression of such altered nucleotide or peptide sequences produces variants which may be glycosylated at those sites. Additional analogs and derivatives of the sequence of the selected cytokine which would be expected to retain or prolong its activity in whole or in part, and which are expected to be useful in the present method, may also be easily made by one of skill in the art. One such modification may be the attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto existing lysine residues in the cytokine sequence or the insertion of one or more lysine residues or other amino acid residues that can react with PEG or PEG derivatives into the sequence by conventional techniques to enable the attachment of PEG moieties. Additional analogs of these selected cytokines may also be characterized by allelic variations in the DNA sequences encoding them, or induced variations in the DNA sequences encoding them. It is anticipated that all analogs disclosed in the above-referenced publications, including those characterized by DNA sequences capable of hybridizing to the disclosed cytokine sequences under stringent hybridization conditions or non-stringent conditions [Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual.. 2d edit. , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989) ] will be similarly useful in this invention. Also considered useful in these methods are fusion molecules, prepared by fusing the sequence or a biologically active fragment of the sequence of one cytokine to another cytokine or proteinaceous therapeutic agent, e.g., IL-11 fused to IL-6 [see, e.g., methods for fusion described in PCT Patent Application No. O92/04455, published March 19, 1992]. Alternatively, combinations of the cytokines may be administered together according to the method. Thus, where in the description of the methods of this invention a particular cytokine is mentioned by name, it is understood by those of skill in the art that the named cytokine encompasses the protein produced by the sequences presently disclosed in the art, e.g. , for IL-11, the sequences of Table I and Table II, as well as proteins characterized by the modifications described above yet which retain substantially similar activity in restoring the cell populations of one or more of the cell populations identified herein. The present invention thus involves treating patients having damaged or depleted cell populations selected from small intestinal epithelial cells, epithelial cells lining the large intestines and stomach, liver epithelial cellε, εkin cellε, hair cellε, and εperm cellε. The treatment involveε administering an effective amount of a selected cytokine in a pharmaceutical carrier. Thiε treatment enables the restoration or regeneration of the damaged or depleted cell population primarily by the stimulation, direct or indirect, of any undamaged stem cells. The stem cells are stimulated to differentiate into the cell population which had been damaged or depleted. Cytotoxic agents uεed in bone marrow tranεplantation and cancer therapy affect rapidly proliferating cellε in both the bone marrow and small intestine, leading to severe and often dose-limiting toxicities. The present invention overcomes this problem as is exemplified below in the treatment of small intestinal epithelial cells (gut cells) damaged by chemotherapy or radiation therapy with IL-11 and/or IL-6 as the selected cytokine. In Exampleε 4-9, analysis of small intestinal mucoεa demonstrated rapid recovery of villi length and increased proliferative activity within the crypt cells of IL-11-treated or IL-6-treated mice compared to control mice. For example, in these examples, with mice, IL-11 and/or IL-6 had a positive effect on mouse survival after exposure to 5-fluorouracil and irradiation without an effect on peripheral neutrophil (white blood cell) counts. Further, these studieε provided evidence of rapid recovery of the εmall intestinal mucosa. Thuε, IL-11 and IL-6 have positive effects on the recovery of εeveral tissues where dose- limiting toxicities following cytoablative therapieε occur. Where damage to, or depletion of, gut cellε or other cell populationε is caused by therapy, the treatment of the present invention may occur simultaneouεly with, or εequentially after, the therapy,e.g. , chemotherapy or radiation. For example, effective amountε of IL-11 alone, IL-6 alone, another cytokine alone, or a combination of cytokineε, may be administered in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. Preferably, treatment begins concurrently with or shortly after the chemotherapy or radiation therapy iε begun and iε continued until the level of the gut cellε or other cellε is returned to acceptable levels. However, the selected cytokine, e.g., IL-11, IL-6 or combination of cytokines, may be administered for a suitable period of time prior to the beginning of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to improve the efficacy with which the cytokine, e.g., IL-11 or IL-6, εtimulateε the εtem cell which differentiateε into the mature gut cell. The invention alεo involveε methods for treating patients afflicted with damaged or depleted cell populations selected from small inteεtinal epithelial cellε, epithelial cellε lining the large inteεtines and stomach, liver epithelial cellε, εkin cellε, hair cellε, and εperm cellε, where the damage or depletion is caused by autoimmune diseaεe. For example, Crohn'ε diεeaεe, damages and depletes the population of normally rapidly dividing gut cells. Other autoimmune diseaεeε may similarly affect the cells of the large intestine or stomach, liver, skin and hair, and sperm cells. The preεent invention alεo involveε treating εuch conditionε by adminiεtering effective doεes of a selected cytokine, e.g., IL-11, IL-6 or a combination of cytokineε. Similarly, infection, trauma or εhock can damage or deplete normal populationε of gut cellε, aε well aε the other cellε mentioned herein, thereby requiring the administration of effective amountε of one or more cytokineε, particularly IL-11 or IL-6. In one embodiment of the preεent invention, a εelected cytokine, εuch aε IL-11 or IL-6, obtained by recombinant expreεsion or prepared synthetically and purified to homogeneity, iε combined with a pharmaceutical carrier εuitable for internal adminiεtration. Purification iε performed uεing conventional techniques (see, e.g., PCT/US90/06803 and the examples below) . Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrierε facilitate adminiεtration of the cytokine, e.g., IL-11, IL-6, and are well known in the art. Exemplary carriers include εterile εaline, lactoεe, sucrose, calcium phosphate, gelatin, dextrin, agar, pectin, peanut oil, olive oil, εeεame oil, and water. Additionally, the carrier or diluent includeε a time delay material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax. In addition, slow release polymer formulations can be uεed. Suitable εuεtain-releaεe matrices contain the active ingredient in a mixture with one or more of the following: sodium bentonite, ethylcelluloεe, stearic acid, calcium stearate, adipic acid, fumeric acid, polyethylene glycol, deacetylated chitin, and celluloεe acetate. Suitable preservatives and/or stabilizers may be included. Alternatively, the selected cytokine, e.g., IL- 11, IL-6, can be combined with other conventional agents useful in alleviating the symptomε associated with chemotherapy, such as antiemeticε, anti-oxidantε, and other hematopoietic growth factorε. The therapeutic method of the preεent invention may alεo include co-ad iniεtration or combination of a selected cytokine with other human factors known to those of εkill in the art. Exemplary cytokineε or hematopoietinε for such use include thoεe cytokineε εpecifically referenced above. Growth factorε, such aε B cell growth factor, B cell differentiation factor, or eoεinophil differentiation factorε may alεo prove uεeful in co-administration with these cytokineε. Other agents for co-administration may include other pharmaceutically effective chemical agents and drugs, e.g., such as agents to control infection. The dosage recited below would be adjuεted to compenεate for εuch additional componentε in the therapeutic compoεition. Progreεε of the treated patient can be monitored by conventional methodε. Cytotoxic agents used in bone marrow transplantation and cancer therapy affect rapidly proliferating cells in both the bone marrow and small intestine, leading to severe and often dose-limiting toxicities. In the following Examples 4-9, analysis of small intestinal mucosa demonεtrated rapid recovery of villi length and increaεed proliferative activity within the crypt cellε of IL-11-treated or IL-6-treated mice compared to control mice. Thuε, IL-11 and IL-6 have poεitive effectε on the recovery of εeveral tiεεueε where doεe-limiting toxicitieε following cytoablative therapies occur. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that treatment of damage to, or depletion of, the normally rapidly dividing gut epithelial cells with IL-11, IL-6 or another cytokine, provideε two important advantageε to current methodε of dealing with gut toxicity. Firεt, the cytokine, e.g., IL-11, IL-6, improves the integrity of the gut by stimulating the stem cells to restore a healthy cell population, thereby preventing entry of bacteria and fungi into the blood of the treated patient. IL-11 or IL-6 treatment of patients can thereby reduce the morbidity and mortality aεεociated with chemotherapy and radiation treatment-induced gut damage. Additionally, IL-11, IL-6 or other cytokineε identified herein may allow increaεed amountε of chemotherapy and radiation therapy to be uεed in cancer treatments, a highly desirable effect, εince thiε may improve the εurvival rates of patients with certain cancers which are currently fatal. Similarly, in the treatment of autoimmune diseaεeε of the εmall inteεtine, a cytokine, εuch aε IL- 11 or IL-6, iε expected reεtore the cell population thereby improving healing and reducing morbidity and mortality without the deleteriouε side effects of previous therapies. The treatment of a patient with a selected cytokine, such as IL-11, IL-6, or combination of cytokineε is anticipated to have the same effects on other cell populationε, e.g., εkin, hair, sperm cells, epithelial linings of stomach and large intestineε, and liver epithelial cellε, which are damaged or depleted by diεeaεe, infection, shock or trauma. The cytokine is theorized to restore healthy populations by stimulating εte cellε into differentiating into mature cell populations. In the treatment of any of these conditions resulting in damage to, or depletion of, the cell population, the cytokine, e.g., IL-11, IL-6, can be administered by any εuitable route, but iε preferably adminiεtered εyεtemically, i.e., parenterally. Of the parental routeε, εubcutaneous and intraperitoneal are preferred. With chemotherapy, intravenous administration may be deεired. A εuitable treatment regimen for patientε undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, or for patients who have already suεtained cell damage or depletion due to trauma or diεease, may be determined by the attending physician based upon such factorε aε the patient's age, εex, weight, and general health. Generally, a εuitable doεe of a cytokine, e.g., IL-11, ranges between about lμg/kg body weight and about 1000 μg/kg body weight. If desirable, theεe doεeε can be adjusted to units. A unit is conventionally described aε the concentration of polypeptide which leads to half maximal stimulation in a suitable aεεay, e.g., for IL-11, the T1165 aεεay deεcribed in PCT/US90/06803. Another εuitable doεe may be in the range of between about 10 μg/kg and about 1000 Mg/kg, and more preferably about 100 μg/kg and about 500 μg/kg, of cytokine, e.g., IL-11, per kg of body weight. Theεe doεeε may be adminiεtered daily for between 1 day and 6 monthε, or for as long as is deemed necessary, depending on the nature of the cell damage or depletion. The dosageε of the other cytokines described herein may be εimilar or adjuεted downwardly depending on the toxicity of the selected cytokine. For example, IL-1 would be administered in a dosage range of about lOng/kg body weight to about 1 μg/kg body weight due to itε toxicity. The adjustment of the dosageε iε well within the skill of the art based on the known toxicities of the cytokines useful in this invention. When used to treat autoimmune conditions, the cytokine composition, e.g., IL-11, may be formulated to contain other agents useful in alleviating the symptomε of theεe conditionε, including e.g. , predniεone, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine, as well as other known agentε. Also, where treatment is directed to skin and hair cells, a pharmaceutical preparation may be prepared using agents which are conventional for topically adminiεtering therapeutics to the skin and hair, e.g., for systemic or local or topical administration. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers for a topical compoεition of the present invention may include several conventional ingredients of creams, lotionε, gelε or ointmentε. Such conventional ingredientε are included in εkin creamε or oilε for topical adminiεtration for treating a variety of diεeaεeε of the εkin. Such compoεitionε may be used as drug delivery εyεtemε to tranεmit the IL-11 through the εkin or to facilitate the abεorption of the IL-11 into the εkin or onto a rash or other skin eruption. [See, e.g., U.S. Patent 3,981,996; U.S. Patent 4,731,241; U.S. Patent 4,164,563; U.S. Patent 3,924,004; U.S. Patent 3,888,995; U.S. Patent 3,592,930; and U.S. Patent 4,753,958]. The following exampleε illuεtrate the production of IL-11 and fuεion proteinε thereof (Exampleε 1-3) and methodε of the preεent invention employing IL-11 or IL-6 as the selected cytokine, and gut cell populations damaged and depleted by chemotherapy aε the model rapidly growing cell population (Example 4-9) . However, these examples do not limit the scope of the invention. EXAMPLE 1 - HUMAN IL-11 The iεolation and cloning of human IL-11 is described in detail in published PCT Application No. US90/06803 and now known to the art. The full sequence for human IL-11 was determined and is shown in Table I below. Thiε protein iε characterized by the εequence of Table I [SEQ ID N0:l and 2]. Theεe deεcriptionε are incorporated by reference herein. Table I 5'AGCTGGGAAGGGTTAAAGGCCCCCGGCTCCCTGCCCCCTGCCCTGG (1) GGAACCCCT GGCCCTGCGGGGAC ATG AAC TGT GTT TGC CGC M N C V C R CTG GTC CTG GTC GTG CTG AGC CTG TGG CCA GAT ACA L V L V V L S L W P D T GCT GTC GCC CCT GGG CCA CCA CCT GGC CCC CCT CGA A V A P G P P P G P P R GTT TCC CCA GAC CCT CGG GCC GAG CTG GAC AGC ACC V S P D P R A E L D S T GTG CTC CTG ACC CGC TCT CTC CTG GCG GAC ACG CGG V L L T R S L L A D T R CAG CTG GCT GCA CAG CTG AGG GAC AAA TTC CCA GCT Q L A A Q L R D K F P A GAC GGG GAC CAC AAC CTG GAT TCC CTG CCC ACC CTG D G D H N L D S L P T L GCC ATG AGT GCG GGG GCA CTG GGA GCT CTA CAG CTC A M S A G A L G A L Q L CCA GGT GTG CTG ACA AGG CTG CGA GCG GAC CTA CTG P G V L T R L R A D L L TCC TAC CTG CGG CAC GTG CAG TGG CTG CGC CGG GCA S Y L R H V Q W L R R A GGT GGC TCT TCC CTG AAG ACC CTG GAG CCC GAG CTG G G S S L K T L E P E L GGC ACC CTG CAG GCC CGA CTG GAC CGG CTG CTG CGC G T L Q A R L D R L L R CGG CTG CAG CTC CTG ATG TCC CGC CTG GCC CTG CCC R L Q L L M S R L A L P CAG CCA CCC CCG GAC CCG CCG GCG CCC CCG CTG GCG Q P P P D P P A P P L A CCC CCC TCC TCA GCC TGG GGG GGC ATC AGG GCC GCC P P S S A W G G I R A A CAC GCC ATC CTG GGG GGG CTG CAC CTG ACA CTT GAC H A I L G G L H L T L D TGG GCC GTG AGG GGA CTG CTG CTG CTG AAG ACT CGG W A V R G L L L L K T R CTG TGA CCCGAGGCCCAGAGCCACCACCGTCCTTCCAAAGCCACA L TCTTATTTATTTATTTATTTCGGTACTGGGGGCGAAACAGCCAGGTG ATCCCCCTGCCTTTAGCTCCCCCTAGTTAGAGACAGTCCTTCCGTGA GGCTGGGGGGCATCTGTGCCTTATTTATACTTATTTATTTCAGGAGC GGGGGTGGGCTCCTGGGTCCCCGAGGAGGAGGGAGCTGGGGTCCCGG ATTCTTGTGTCCACAGACTTCTGCCCTGGCTCCTCCCCCTCGAGGCC TGGGCAGGAATACATACTATTTATTTAAGAGCTC EXAMPLE 2 - THIOREDOXIN-IL-11 FUSION MOLECULE IL-11 waε alεo prepared in a fuεion molecule for uεe in the method of the preεent invention. The fuεion molecule contained E. coli thioredoxin and recombinant IL-11, obtained aε described in PCT Application No. US90/06803 [see also Paul et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 82:7512-7516 (1990) and PCT Patent publication WO91/07495, published May 30, 1991]. The E. coli thioredoxin (trxA) gene was cloned baεed on its published sequence [Lim et al, J. Bacteriol.. 163:311-316 (1985)] and employed to construct various related E. coli expression plasmids uεing εtandard DNA manipulation techniqueε, deεcribed extenεively by Sambrook, Fritεch and Maniatiε, Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (1989) . (Nucieotides 2242-2568 of Table II encode the E. coli thioredoxin protein.) An expression plasmid pALtrxA-781 was constructed containing the E. coli trxA gene without fusion to another sequence. This plasmid, which directs the accumulation of >10% of the total cell protein as thioredoxin in an E. coli host εtrain GI724, waε further manipulated to provide for the conεtruction of a trxA/IL- 11 fusion sequence, resulting in the expression vector, pALtrxA/EK/IL-llΔPro-581. The entire sequence of the plasmid expreεεion vector, pALtrxA/EK/IL-llΔPro-581 [SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4], is illustrated in Table II and containε the following principal featureε: Nucleotideε 1-2060 contain DNA εequences originating from the plaεmid pUC-18 [Norrander et al, Gene, 26: 101-106 (1983)] including εequences containing the gene for β-lactamaεe which conferε reεistance to the antibiotic ampicillin in host E. coli strainε, and a colEl-derived origin of replication. Nucleotideε 2061- 2221 contain DNA εequenceε for the major leftward promoter (pL) of bacteriophage λ [Sanger et al, __________ Biol.. 162:729-773 (1982)], including three operator sequences, 0 L 1, 0 L 2, and 0 L 3. The operators are the binding sites for λcl repressor protein, intracellular levels of which control the amount of transcription initiation from pL. Nucleotideε 2222-2241 contain a εtrong riboεome binding εequence derived from that of gene 10 of bacteriophage T7 [Dunn and Studier, J. Mol. Biol.. 166:477-535 (1983)]. Nucleotideε 2242-2568 contain a DNA εequence encoding the E. coli thioredoxin protein [Lim et al, J. Bacteriol.. 163:311-316 (1985)]. There is no translation termination codon at the end of the thioredoxin coding sequence in this plaεmid. Nucleotideε 2569-2583 contain a DNA εequence encoding the amino acid εequence for a εhort, hydrophilic, flexible εpacer peptide "—GSGSG—". Nucleotideε 2584-2598 provide DNA εequence encoding the amino acid εequence for the cleavage recognition εite of enterokinase (EC 3.4.4.8), "—DDDDK—" [Maroux et al, J. Biol. Chem.. 246:5031-5039 (1971)]. Nucieotides 2599-3132 contain a DNA sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of a modified form of mature human IL-11 [Paul et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 7:7512-7516 (1990)]; the N-terminal prolyl-residue normally found in the natural protein has been deleted. Thus, theεe nucleotideε encode IL-11 beginning with amino acid #2 of the mature native εequence. The εequence includes a translation termination codon at the 3*-end of the IL-11 sequence. Nucieotides 3133-3159 provide a "Linker" DNA sequence containing restriction endonuclease εiteε. Nucleotideε 3160-3232 provide a tranεcription termination εequence based on that of the E . coli aspA gene [Takagi et al, Nucl. Acids Res.. 13:2063-2074 (1985)]. Nucieotides 3233-3632 are DNA sequences derived from pUC- 18. Table II pALtrxA/EK/IL-llΔPro-581 SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4 GACGAAAGGG CCTCGTGATA CGCCTATTTT TATAGGTTAA 40 TGTCATGATA ATAATGGTTT CTTAGACGTC AGGTGGCACT 80 TTTCGGGGAA ATGTGCGCGG AACCCCTATT TGTTTATTTT 120 TCTAAATACA TTCAAATATG TATCCGCTCA TGAGACAATA 160 ACCCTGATAA ATGCTTCAAT AATATTGAAA AAGGAAGAGT 200 ATGAGTATTC AACATTTCCG TGTCGCCCTT ATTCCCTTTT 240 TTGCGGCATT TTGCCTTCCT GTTTTTGCTC ACCCAGAAAC 280 GCTGGTGAAA GTAAAAGATG CTGAAGATCA GTTGGGTGCA 320 CGAGTGGGTT ACATCGAACT GGATCTCAAC AGCGGTAAGA 360 TCCTTGAGAG TTTTCGCCCC GAAGAACGTT TTCCAATGAT 400 GAGCACTTTT AAAGTTCTGC TATGTGGCGC GGTATTATCC 440 CGTATTGACG CCGGGCAAGA GCAACTCGGT CGCCGCATAC 480 ACTATTCTCA GAATGACTTG GTTGAGTACT CACCAGTCAC 520 AGAAAAGCAT CTTACGGATG GCATGACAGT AAGAGAATTA 560 TGCAGTGCTG CCATAACCAT GAGTGATAAC ACTGCGGCCA 600 ACTTACTTCT GACAACGATC GGAGGACCGA AGGAGCTAAC 640 CGCTTTTTTG CACAACATGG GGGATCATGT AACTCGCCTT 680 GATCGTTGGG AACCGGAGCT GAATGAAGCC ATACCAAACG 720 ACGAGCGTGA CACCACGATG CCTGTAGCAA TGGCAACAAC 760 GTTGCGCAAA CTATTAACTG GCGAACTACT TACTCTAGCT 800 TCCCGGCAAC AATTAATAGA CTGGATGGAG GCGGATAAAG 840 TTGCAGGACC ACTTCTGCGC TCGGCCCTTC CGGCTGGCTG 880 GTTTATTGCT GATAAATCTG GAGCCGGTGA GCGTGGGTCT 920 CGCGGTATCA TTGCAGCACT GGGGCCAGAT GGTAAGCCCT 960 CCCGTATCGT AGTTATCTAC ACGACGGGGA GTCAGGCAAC 1000 TATGGATGAA CGAAATAGAC AGATCGCTGA GATAGGTGCC 1040 TCACTGATTA AGCATTGGTA ACTGTCAGAC CAAGTTTACT 1080 CATATATACT TTAGATTGAT TTAAAACTTC ATTTTTAATT 1120 TAAAAGGATC TAGGTGAAGA TCCTTTTTGA TAATCTCATG 1160 ACCAAAATCC CTTAACGTGA GTTTTCGTTC CACTGAGCGT 1200 CAGACCCCGT AGAAAAGATC AAAGGATCTT CTTGAGATCC 1240 TTTTTTTCTG CGCGTAATCT GCTGCTTGCA AACAAAAAAA 1280 CCACCGCTAC CAGCGGTGGT TTGTTTGCCG GATCAAGAGC 1320 TACCAACTCT TTTTCCGAAG GTAACTGGCT TCAGCAGAGC 1360 GCAGATACCA AATACTGTCC TTCTAGTGTA GCCGTAGTTA 1400 GGCCACCACT TCAAGAACTC TGTAGCACCG CCTACATACC 1440 TCGCTCTGCT AATCCTGTTA CCAGTGGCTG CTGCCAGTGG 1480 CGATAAGTCG TGTCTTACCG GGTTGGACTC AAGACGATAG 1520 TTACCGGATA AGGCGCAGCG GTCGGGCTGA ACGGGGGGTT 1560 CGTGCACACA GCCCAGCTTG GAGCGAACGA CCTACACCGA 1600 ACTGAGATAC CTACAGCGTG AGCATTGAGA AAGCGCCACG 1640 CTTCCCGAAG GGAGAAAGGC GGACAGGTAT CCGGTAAGCG 1680 GCAGGGTCGG AACAGGAGAG CGCACGAGGG AGCTTCCAGG 1720 GGGAAACGCC TGGTATCTTT ATAGTCCTGT CGGGTTTCGC 1760 CACCTCTGAC TTGAGCGTCG ATTTTTGTGA TGCTCGTCAG 1800 GGGGGCGGAG CCTATGGAAA AACGCCAGCA ACGCGGCCTT 1840 TTTACGGTTC CTGGCCTTTT GCTGGCCTTT TGCTCACATG 1880 TTCTTTCCTG CGTTATCCCC TGATTCTGTG GATAACCGTA 1920 TTACCGCCTT TGAGTGAGCT GATACCGCTC GCCGCAGCCG 1960 AACGACCGAG CGCAGCGAGT CAGTGAGCGA GGAAGCGGAA 2000 GAGCGCCCAA TACGCAAACC GCCTCTCCCC GCGCGTTGGC 2040 CGATTCATTA ATGCAGAATT GATCTCTCAC CTACCAAACA 2080 ATGCCCCCCT GCAAAAAATA AATTCATATA AAAAACATAC 2120 AGATAACCAT CTGCGGTGAT AAATTATCTC TGGCGGTGTT 2160 GACATAAATA CCACTGGCGG TGATACTGAG CACATCAGCA 2200 GGACGCACTG ACCACCATGA ATTCAAGAAG GAGATATACA 2240 T ATG AGC GAT AAA ATT ATT CAC CTG ACT GAC GAC 2274 Met Ser Asp Lys lie lie His Leu Thr Asp Aεp 1 5 10 AGT TTT GAC ACG GAT GTA CTC AAA GCG GAC GGG 2307 Ser Phe Aεp Thr Aεp Val Leu Lyε Ala Asp Gly 15 20 GCG ATC CTC GTC GAT TTC TGG GCA GAG TGG TGC 2340 Ala lie Leu Val Asp Phe Trp Ala Glu Trp Cys 25 30 GGT CCG TGC AAA ATG ATC GCC CCG ATT CTG GAT 2373 Gly Pro Cyε Lys Met lie Ala Pro lie Leu Asp 35 40 GAA ATC GCT GAC GAA TAT CAG GGC AAA CTG ACC 2406 Glu lie Ala Asp Glu Tyr Gin Gly Lys Leu Thr 45 50 55 GTT GCA AAA CTG AAC ATC GAT CAA AAC CCT GGC 2439 Val Ala Lys Leu Asn lie Asp Gin Asn Pro Gly 60 65 ACT GCG CCG AAA TAT GGC ATC CGT GGT ATC CCG 2472 Thr Ala Pro Lys Tyr Gly lie Arg Gly lie Pro 70 75 ACT CTG CTG CTG TTC AAA AAC GGT GAA GTG GCG 2505 Thr Leu Leu Leu Phe Lys Asn Gly Glu Val Ala 80 85 GCA ACC AAA GTG GGT GCA CTG TCT AAA GGT CAG 2538 Ala Thr Lyε Val Gly Ala Leu Ser Lyε Gly Gin 90 95 TTG AAA GAG TTC CTC GAC GCT AAC CTG GCC GGT 2571 Leu Lyε Glu Phe Leu Aεp Ala Asn Leu Ala Gly 100 105 110 TCT GGT TCT GGT GAT GAC GAT GAC AAA GGT CCA 2604 Ser Gly Ser Gly Asp Asp Asp Aεp Lyε Gly Pro 115 120 CCA CCA GGT CCA CCT CGA GTT TCC CCA GAC CCT 2637 Pro Pro Gly Pro Pro Arg Val Ser Pro Aεp Pro 125 130 CGG GCC GAG CTG GAC AGC ACC GTG CTC CTG ACC 2670 Arg Ala Glu Leu Aεp Ser Thr Val Leu Leu Thr 135 140 CGC TCT CTC CTG GCG GAC ACG CGG CAG CTG GCT 2703 Arg Ser Leu Leu Ala Aεp Thr Arg Gin Leu Ala 145 150 GCA CAG CTG AGG GAC AAA TTC CCA GCT GAC GGG 2736 Ala Gin Leu Arg Aεp Lyε Phe Pro Ala Aεp Gly 155 160 165 GAC CAC AAC CTG GAT TCC CTG CCC ACC CTG GCC 2769 Aεp Hiε Aεn Leu Asp Ser Leu Pro Thr Leu Ala 170 175 ATG AGT GCG GGG GCA CTG GGA GCT CTA CAG CTC 2802 Met Ser Ala Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala Leu Gin Leu 180 185 CCA GGT GTG CTG ACA AGG CTG CGA GCG GAC CTA 2835 Pro Gly Val Leu Thr Arg Leu Arg Ala Asp Leu 190 195 CTG TCC TAC CTG CGG CAC GTG CAG TGG CTG CGC 2868 Leu Ser Tyr Leu Arg His Val Gin Trp Leu Arg 200 205 CGG GCA GGT GGC TCT TCC CTG AAG ACC CTG GAG 2901 Arg Ala Gly Gly Ser Ser Leu Lys Thr Leu Glu 210 215 220 CCC GAG CTG GGC ACC CTG CAG GCC CGA CTG GAC 2934 Pro Glu Leu Gly Thr Leu Gin Ala Arg Leu Asp 225 230 CGG CTG CTG CGC CGG CTG CAG CTC CTG ATG TCC 2967 Arg Leu Leu Arg Arg Leu Gin Leu Leu Met Ser 235 240 CGC CTG GCC CTG CCC CAG CCA CCC CCG GAC CCG 3000 Arg Leu Ala Leu Pro Gin Pro Pro Pro Asp Pro 245 250 CCG GCG CCC CCG CTG GCG CCC CCC TCC TCA GCC 3033 Pro Ala Pro Pro Leu Ala Pro Pro Ser Ser Ala 255 260 TGG GGG GGC ATC AGG GCC GCC CAC GCC ATC CTG 3066 Trp Gly Gly lie Arg Ala Ala His Ala lie Leu 265 270 275 GGG GGG CTG CAC CTG ACA CTT GAC TGG GCC GTG 3099 Gly GLy Leu His Leu Thr Leu Asp Trp Ala Val 280 285 AGG GGA CTG CTG CTG CTG AAG ACT CGG CTG TGA 3132 Arg Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Lys Thr Arg Leu 290 295 AAGCTTATCG ATACCGTCGA CCTGCAGTAA TCGTACAGGG 3172 TAGTACAAAT AAAAAAGGCA CGTCAGATGA CGTGCCTTTT 3212 TTCTTGTGAG CAGTAAGCTT GGCACTGGCC GTCGTTTTAC 3252 AACGTCGTGA CTGGGAAAAC CCTGGCGTTA CCCAACTTAA 3292 TCGCCTTGCA GCACATCCCC CTTTCGCCAG CTGGCGTAAT 3332 AGCGAAGAGG CCCGCACCGA TCGCCCTTCC CAACAGTTGC 3372 GCAGCCTGAA TGGCGAATGG CGCCTGATGC GGTATTTTCT 3412 CCTTACGCAT CTGTGCGGTA TTTCACACCG CATATATGGT 3452 GCACTCTCAG TACAATCTGC TCTGATGCCG CATAGTTAAG 3492 CCAGCCCCGA CACCCGCCAA CACCCGCTGA CGCGCCCTGA 3532 CGGGCTTGTC TGCTCCCGGC ATCCGCTTAC AGACAAGCTG 3572 TGACCGTCTC CGGGAGCTGC ATGTGTCAGA GGTTTTCACC 3612 GTCATCACCG AAACGCGCGA 3632 As described in Example 3 below, when cultured under the appropriate conditions in a suitable E. coli host εtrain, can direct the production of high levelε (approximately 10% of the total cellular protein) of a thioredoxin-IL-11 fuεion protein. By contraεt, when not fuεed to thioredoxin, IL-11 accumulated to only 0.2% of the total cellular protein when expreεεed in an analogous host/vector system. EXAMPLE 3 - EXPRESSION OF A FUSION PROTEIN A thioredoxin-IL-11 fusion protein was produced according to the following protocol using the plasmid constructed as described in Example 2. pALtrxA/EK/IL-llΔPro-581 (SEQ ID NO: 3) was tranεformed into the E. coli host strain GI724 (F ~ , Iacl g , lacP L8 . ampC::λcI + ) by the procedure of Dagert and Ehrlich, Gene. 6_: 23 (1979) . The untransformed hoεt εtrain E. coli GI724 was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland on January 31, 1991 under ATCC No. 55151 for patent purposes pursuant to applicable laws and regulations. Transformants were εelected on 1.5% w/v agar plateε containing IMC medium, which is composed of M9 medium [Miller, "Experiments in Molecular Geneticε", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1972) ] supplemented with 0.5% w/v glucose, 0.2% w/v casamino acidε and 100 μg/ml ampicillin. GI724 contains a copy of the wild-type λcl represεor gene εtably integrated into the chromoεome at the ampC locuε, where it has been placed under the transcriptional control of Salmonella typhimurium trp promoter/operator εequenceε. In GI724, λcl protein iε made only during growth in tryptophan-free media, εuch aε minimal media or a minimal medium εupplemented with casamino acids such as IMC, described above. Addition of tryptophan to a culture of GI724 will repress the trp promoter and turn off synthesis of λcl, gradually causing the induction of tranεcription from pL promoterε if they are preεent in the cell. GI724 tranεformed with pALtrxA/EK/IL-llΔPro-581 [SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:4] was grown at 37°C to an A 550 of 0.5 in IMC medium. Tryptophan was added to a final concentration of 100 μg/ml and the culture incubated for a further 4 hourε. During thiε time thioredoxin-IL-ll fuεion protein accumulated to approximately 10% of the total cell protein. All of the fuεion protein waε found to be in the soluble cellular fraction, and waε purified as follows. Cells were lysed in a French pressure cell at 20,000 pεi in 50 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The lysate was clarified by centrifugation at 15,000 x g for 30 minutes and the supernatant loaded onto a QAE-Toyopearl column. The flow-through fractions were diεcarded and the fuεion protein eluted with 50 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl. The eluate was adjusted to 2M NaCl and loaded onto a column of phenyl-Toyopearl. The flow-through fractions were again discarded and the fusion protein eluted with 50 mM HEPES pH 8.0, 0.5 M NaCl. The fusion protein was then dialyzed against 25 mM HEPES pH 8.0 and was >80% pure at this εtage. By T1165 bioaεεay [Paul et al, cited above], the purified thioredoxin-IL-11 protein exhibited an activity of 8xl0 5 U/mg. This value agrees cloεely on a molar baεiε with the activity of 2xl0 6 U/mg found for COS cell-derived IL-11 in the εame aεεay. One milligram of the fuεion protein waε cleaved at 37°C for 20 hourε with 1000 unitε of bovine enterokinaεe [Leipniekε and Light, J. Biol. Chem.. 254:1677-1683 (1979)] in 1 ml lOmM Triε-Cl (pH 8.0)/10mM CaCl 2 . IL-11 could be recovered from the reaction productε by paεsing them over a QAE-Toyopearl column in 25 mM HEPES pH 8.0, where IL-11 was found in the flow-through fractions. Uncleaved fusion protein, thioredoxin and enterokinase remained bound on the column. EXAMPLE 4 - TREATMENT OF IRRADIATED MICE The IL-11 uεed in the teεtε below waε obtained from Geneticε Inεtitute, Inc., Cambridge, MA and waε prepared in E. coli eεεentially aε deεcribed in the exampleε above. The IL-11 (140 μg/ml) waε then mixed with 10 mM Triε buffer, to a pH of about 8.0. The level of endotoxin in thiε in vivo grade formulation iε about 1.4 U/mg of protein. The preparation also contains about 10% molar hydroxylmate and about 3 ng/ l (0.002%) thioredoxin. Eight-ten week old C3H/HeJ [Jackson Labs] mice were adminiεtered intraperitoneally (i.p.) 150 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) diluted in Hankε Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) containing 0.024 M Hepeε buffer [both Gibco] , three days prior to sublethal irradiation. Irradiation consisted of 6.0 Gyε TBI delivered by Siemenε 250 Kvp X-ray therapy machine, filtered with 1.0 mm Cu, giving half value layer of 2.1 mm Cu at 50 cm SSD, and with a doεe rate of 78.13 (cGy/min) . On the εame day aε the irradiation doεe waε given, mice were adminiεtered the above-deεcribed recombinant in vivo grade human IL-11 [Genetics Institute] at a divided dose (twice/day) of 250 microgramε/kg/day. Theεe divided doεeε were given in 0.2 ml volumeε εubcutaneously in HBSS with Hepes and 0.1% bovine εerum albumin (BSA) [Boehringer-Mannheim] . Control animals received the same volume of HBSS and BSA without IL-11. Treatment was continued for 9 to 18 days post-irradiation or until animalε died. Hematologic analyεiε of leukocyte cell countε and platelet countε were performed on tail vein bleeds on a Coulter Counter Model ZM [Coulter Electronics] using a 100 micron aperture for leukocyte determinations and a 50 micron aperture for platelet determinations. Red blood cells were lysed uεing Zapglobin [Coulter] according to manufacturer's recommendations. Blood smearε were εtained with Wright-Giemεa uεing standard methods and examined at 100X for differential analysiε. The absolute numbers of neutrophils, lymphocyteε, monocyteε, and eoεinophils in the peripheral blood was calculated by multiplying the total leukocyte counts with the percentage of leukocyteε obtained on the differential. Peripheral blood hematocritε were performed by εpinning capillary tubes for five minutes in a Clay-Adams hematocrit centrifuge. Whole dead mice (dying in the course of the experiment or by sacrifice) were fixed in 10% buffered formalin overnight. One femur/mouse was fixed in Bouin'ε εolution. Tissues from each organ (liver, spleen, kidney, small intestine mesentery, abdominal wall, lung, heart, testes, and femur) were embedded in paraffin wax uεing εtandard techniqueε and four micron εections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eoεin. For analyεiε of εmall intestinal crypts, ten independent meaεurementε of villus height, crypt depth, and metaphases/crypt were made in each section of small intestine using an objective-mounted micrometer. Resultε are expreεεed in Table III below as the mean +/- SD unless otherwise stated. The probability of significant differences when two related groups were compared was determined using a two-tailed Student t- teεt. The probability of εignificant differenceε when multiple treatmentε were examined waε determined by analysis of variance followed by Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range teεtε to define the unique εubεetε within the εtudy. Table III Effect of IL-11 on Endogenouε Infection Combined Modality Model Hepatic Bacterial Foci Macroεcopic- + + + 1 All animals sacrificed at day 9, other days represent day of death. 2 + = present at day of death - = no diarrhea 3 Surface foci present on fixed liver. 4 Microscopic foci preεent on examination of randomly chosen histologic sectionε; +<10 foci/εection; ++ 10-50; +++>50. In three separate experiments, all control mice died between day 3 and day 10 after irradiation, while only 3/13 (23%) of IL-11 treated mice died (on days 4, 9, 10 post-irradiation) . In experiment 1, all control animals died by day 9. Animals were autopsied on the day of death or (in the treated group) on day 9 by εacrificing remaining animalε (day of examination liεted in Table III) . At autopεy, 4/5 mice in the control group had macroεcopic infection foci in the liver compared to 2/5 of the IL-11 treated mice. In addition, the foci preεent in IL-11 treated mice were preεent in fewer numbers and smaller in size (Table III) . Theεe foci εubεequently were demonεtrated to contain E. coli bacteria by identification uεing microbiological analysiε. Microεcopically many foci (12-129/random εection) were found within the liver from control mice, while fewer (6-21/εection) were demonεtrated in IL-11 treated mice (Table III) . Similar bacterial foci were alεo seen in the mesentery and spleen of animals. Surprisingly, these differenceε in mortality and the preεence of bacterial foci in organε of mice were not associated with differences in peripheral leukocyte counts or absolute neutrophil counts as εhown by data in Table IV. Table IV Effect of rhIL-11 on Peripheral Blood Countε in Mice Combined Modality Model Day- 1 Treatment WBC X 10 3 /mm 3 Platelet 10 3 /mm 3 5.56+1.80(5) 894.7+168.3(5) 4.89+0.16(5) 770.3+192.6(5) 0.49±0.16(10) 294.8±43.1(10) 0.64±0.31(10) 454.1±115.5(10) 0.43+0.04(10) 237.4+109.6(10) 0.49+0.14(10) 337.3+143.2(10) 0.30±0.06(9) 126.6±55.1(10) 0.31±0.07(11) 171.9+76.9(11) 0.40+0.24(9) 134.4±80.7(9) 0.47+0.22(12) 257.9+195.2(12) 1.19±0.13(2) 236.1±18.2(2) 0.72+0.23(7) 365.6+256.1(7) 1.39+0.32(2) 269.0+100.8(2) 1.06+0.45(9) 248.8+92.4(9) 1 Poεt-irradiation () number of animalε * p < 0.001 compared to BSA group Since E. coli are a known resident organism of the small intestine, the increase in bacterial infection and mortality in the control animals probably reflects gut toxicity from irradiation and chemotherapy. Hiεtologic section of the small intestine and morphometric quantitation of the length of the small intestine villi confirmed extensive damage in control mice as εhown by data in Tableε VA and VB. In contraεt, IL-11 treatment waε aεεociated with al oεt complete preεervation of villi length (Table VA) . In addition, IL-11 treated mice demonstrated near normal numbers of mitotic crypt cells, a further indication of stimulation of proliferation of crypt progenitor or εte cellε. Table VA Effect of IL-11 of Murine Gut Epithelium Combined Modality Mode _ _ _ Crypt Villi Depth 1 Length C+V x 100% Normal (2) 84.1+21.1 477.7+99.8 15.4±5.9 Day 5 BSA(5) 122.8+29.5 253.7+79.7 33.5+8.2 IL-11(5) 117.1+14.5 512.8+6.7 ** 19.5±6.7 ** Day 9 BSA(2) 124.6±40.7 330.1+92.1 27.3+1.0 IL-11(2) 98.5+7.0 405.9+84.3 19.9±4.4 () number of animalε - 1 = in micronε = p < 0.01 compared to BSA group = p < 0.02 compared to BSA group Table VB Effect of IL-11 of Murine Gut Epithelium Combined Modality Mode () number of animals 1 = in microns = p < 0.01 compared to BSA group = p < 0.02 compared to BSA group Theεe data demonεtrate that the administration of IL-11 in vivo has marked positive effects on the recovery of small intestinal crypt epithelial cells from the combined cytotoxic effects of radiation and chemotherapy. EXAMPLE 5 - SURVIVAL OF MICE FOLLOWING COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY/RADIATION Eight-ten week old C3H/HeJ mice [Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME] were given 5-fluorouracil (5- FU) (diluted in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) containing 0.025M Hepes) [G. R. Siber et al, Cancer Reε.. 40, 3430-3436 (1980)] at 150mg/kg body weight I.P. threedayε prior to sublethal irradiation (6.0 Gys total body irradiation delivered from a Siemenε 250 KVp X-ray therapy machine, filtered with 1.0 mm Cu, giving a half value layer of 2.1 mm Cu at 50cm SSD, and with a doεe rate of 78.13 cGy/min) . No bone marrow infusions were given to theεe animals. Recombinant human IL-11 (rhIL-11) [provided by Genetics Institute, Cambridge, MA and prepared in E . coli esεentially aε deεcribed in th examples above] was diluted in HBSS [HBSS-Gibco] containing 0.1% BSA [wt/vol, Boehringer-Mannhei , Indianapolis, IN] and 0.025M Hepes [Gibco] . RhIL-11 (250 micrograms/kg body weight) waε injected εubcutaneouεly in 0.2 ml volumeε twice per day starting on the same day as irradiation. Control mice received the same volume of HBSS/0.1% BSA (vehicle injections) . The resultε of theεe εtudieε are provided in Fig. 1 below. As can be seen therein, following treatment with 5-FU and sublethal doseε of X-irradiation (combined modality, CM, therapy) , damage to the εmall intestine of C3H/HeJ mice is extensive and the majority of mice die within 10 days (Fig. 1) . Dying animals demonstrate wasting, diarrhea, and tilting and rotating indicative of central nervous syεtem infection. Treatment of mice with 250 microgramε/kg/day of recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) waε associated with significant increaεe in εurvival following thiε cytoablative therapy, in εpite of no increaεe in peripheral neutrophil countε or bone marrow myeloid progenitors (Fig. 1) . Additional experiments in which increasing doses and an alternative source of irradiation ( 137 Cs) were adminiεtered confirmed the increaεe in εurvival in IL-ll treated mice over several dose ranges. The experiments tested radiation doseε of 6.0, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0 Gy (using 137 Cs source at 95.83 cGy/min) as above (all following 150 mg/kg 5-FU) and included a total of 135 mice. Survival in the control group in all experimentε waε 27% compared to 62% in the IL-ll treated mice (p<0.0001). IL-ll treatment waε aεεociated with a marked reduction in the number of bacterial foci in multiple organε with none detectable in many mice after εacrifice. Microbiological analyεiε of foci diεεected from the liver of control mice uniformly demonεtrated that the cauεative organiεm waε E. coli , a common enteric organism in mice. EXAMPLE 6 - HISTOLOGIC SECTIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE To determine the potential source of E. coli organismε demonεtrated in mice following CM treatment, hiεtologic εectionε of the εmall intestine were examined in control and IL-ll treated mice sacrificed daily after irradiation. Mice dying or sacrificed following the combined radiation/chemotherapy (as described in Example 5 above) were autopsied and tisεueε fixed in 10% buffered formalin overnight within 12 hourε after death. Tiεεueε from each organ (liver, εpleen, kidney, εmall inteεtine and mesentery, abdominal wall, lung, heart, and femurs) were embedded in paraffin wax using standard techniques. Four-micron sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin/eosin (H&E) . Ten independent meaεurementε of villus height, crypt depth and metaphaseε/crypt per εpecimen of small intestine were made from mice sacrificed daily using an objective mounted micrometer at 200X magnification. Hepatic bacterial foci were counted both macroεcopically aε surface colonies and microscopically on randomly choεen liver hiεtologic εectionε. The small intestinal mucosa of control mice showed marked destruction of villus structure with shortening of the villus length, vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclear structures. In contrast, IL-ll treated mice demonstrated mild changes in morphology of the small intestinal villi. Morphometric analysiε of crypt and villi length demonεtrated a εignificant increase in the ratio of the crypt depth/villi length in IL-ll treated mice compared to control mice (Table VI below) . Villus shortening was most prominent 24 hours after irradiation in both groups of mice, while remaining abnormal in surviving control mice through day 9. Table VI Effect of IL-ll on Small Intestine Crypt Cell Recovery Post 5-FU and Irradiation 1 p<0.01 vs BSA group 2 p<0.05 vs BSA group Each number represents data from 3 animalε 10 cryptε/animal, 10 villi/animal EXAMPLE 7 - USE OF IL-ll OR IL-6 IN CYTOABLATIVE THERAPY In an additional experiment, recombinant human IL-6 [Preprotech, Rocky Hill, New Jerεey] waε diluted in HBSS [HBSS-Gibco] containing 0.1% BSA (wt/vol) and 0.025 M HEPES. Ten C3H/HeJ mice were injected subcutaneously with recombinant human IL-6 (250 μg/kg body weight) in 0.2 mL volumes twice per day starting on the same day aε irradiation. Ten (10) mice were injected with 250 μg/kg body weight IL-ll, aε deεcribed in Example 5 above. Control mice (55) received the εame volume of HBSS/0.1% BSA. The results of thiε study are provided in Table VII below. Table VII Percent Survival Day 2 4 5 6 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 BSA: 100 98 95 76 55 47 42 34 32 32 31 IL11: 90 90 90 90 80 80 80 80 80 70 70 IL6: 100 100 100 100 100 80 80 80 80 80 80 Treatment of mice with 500 μg/kg/day of recombinant human interleukin-6 reεulted in a εignificant increaεe in survival following this cytoablative therapy. EXAMPLE 8 - PCNA STAINING OF SMALL INTESTINAL CRYPTS Since the villuε length iε dependent on proliferation and differentiation of crypt stem and progenitor cells [Chwalinski et al, Am J. Anat. f 186. 397-406 (1989); Ijiri, et al, Br. J. Cancer. 47, 175-185 (1983) ; Al-Dewachi, et al. Cell Tiεεue Kinet.. 10. 203- 213 (1977)], the mitotic index of crypt cells was determined in control and IL-ll treated mice sacrificed daily after irradiation. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemical staining waε done on 2 cm jejunum sections obtained from CM mice sacrificed daily from day 1 to day 5 post irradiation (day 4-8 post 5-FU) . Tiεεue waε fixed in 10% formalin for 6-12 hourε, paraffin- embedded, and εections were dried on polylysine-treated glaεs slides. Slides were then deparaffinized and rehydrated. Endogenous peroxidaεe waε quenched by a 5 minute incubation in 3% hydrogen peroxide. The εlides were covered with normal goat εerum for 20 minutes, incubated overnight at 4°C with PC10 antibody against PCNA [1:80 Dako, Santa Barbara, CA] and then stained for 30 minutes with a biotin-conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody [Gaithersburg, MD] , followed by peroxidase- conjugated streptavidin [both Kirkegaard & Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, MD] for 30 minutes. The enzyme was developed with 3,3 '-diaminobenzidine [DAB Sigma, St. Louis, MO], PCNA positive nuclei stained brown. The percentage of PCNA poεitive crypt cellε and absolute number of PCNA positive cells per crypt were meaεured by counting 20 randomly choεen cryptε/εections /mouse. Table VIII Effect of IL-ll on Proliferation of Small Intestine Crypt Cellε as Quantitated by PCNA Staining BSA IL- l 1 p<0.01 vs BSA group 2 p<0.05 vs BSA group Each number represents data from 3 animalε 20 cryptε/animal, 400-600 nuclei Significant increaεeε in the number of mitoses/crypt (2.0+/-0.5 vε 0.9+/-0.4, IL-ll vs control, p<0.001) as well as in the number of mitoseε/100 micron of epithelial basement membrane (0.22+/-0.06 vs 0.10+/- 0.04, p<0.01) were seen on day 5 after irradiation in the IL-ll treated mice. Control mice surviving to day 9 post irradiation demonstrated slightly increased numberε of mitotic crypt cellε, but the numberε were εtill depressed compared to normal or IL-ll treated mice. The increase in cell cycle activity following CM treatment and IL-ll adminiεtration was further characterized by staining with PC-10 [Hall, et al, J. Pathol.. 162. 285-294 (1990); Zeymer et al, Am. J. Pathol.. 141. 685-690 (1992); Garcia et al, Am. J. Pathol.. 134. 733-739 (1989)]. PC-10 is a monoclonal antibody directed against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and a member of the cyclin family of nuclear proteins (Table VIII) . IL-ll administration was asεociated with a 2 to 5-fold increaεe in the number of crypt cell nuclei εtaining with PC-10 on dayε 2-4 following irradiation. Taken together, theεe data demonεtrate that IL-ll adminiεtration to mice following εevere damage to the small intestinal crypt cells haεtens recovery of the villus structure due to increased proliferation of presumably the crypt progenitor cell. EXAMPLE 9 - EFFECT OF IL-ll ON PROLIFERATION OF IEC-6 CELLS In an effort to determine if the effect of IL- ll on the recovery of εmall inteεtinal villi εeen in vivo waε a direct effect of IL-ll on crypt progenitor cells, IEC-6 cells [Barnard, et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.. USA. 86. 1578-1582 (1989)], a non-tranεformed rat jejunal crypt cell line, were incubated with increasing concentrations of IL-ll (Fig. 2) . IEC-6 cells obtained from the American Type Culture Collection [Rockville, MD; CRL 1592] were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium [Gibco] with 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum. Cells were studied between pasεage 20 and 35 by incubating 5 X 10 4 cellε/well in 96 well plates in media with and without (control) 5-400 ng/ml rhIL-11. After 72 hours incubation, the absorbance of the reduced formazan waε measured at 490 nm with an ELISA plate reader using a non-radioactive cell proliferation asεay (Cell Titer 96AQ) [Promega, Madiεon, WI] according to the manufacturer' instructions. Samples were done in quadruplicate and εampleε compared by student t-testε. See Fig. 2 below. Reεultε εhown are mean +/-S.D. *p<0.05. A doεe response was noted when sub-confluent IEC-6 cells were incubated with IL-ll, optimal activity occurring at the 50 ng/ml doεe. Optimal activity with IL-ll waε εimilar to proliferative activity induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) , a growth factor known to εtimulate IEC-6 cellε [Baliga et al, Biochem. Int'l. f 20. 161-168 (1990) ] . No proliferative activity waε noted when IL-ll waε added to IEC-6 cells after the cells had reached confluence, suggeεting there waε cycle- specificity to the growth-stimulatory effect of IL-ll. Thus, IL-ll has proliferative effects on IEC-6 cells. Numerous modificationε and variations of the present invention are included in the above-identified εpecification and are expected to be obviouε to one of skill in the art. Such modifications and alterations to the compositions and procesεes of the present invention are believed to be encompasεed in the scope of the claims appended hereto. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: Genetics Institute, Inc., 87 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Method of Treating Cell Damage or Depletion (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 4 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: Howson and Howson (B) STREET: Spring House Corporate Cntr, P.O. Box 457 (C) CITY: Spring House (D) STATE: Pennsylvania (E) COUNTRY: USA (F) ZIP: 19477 (V) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy diεk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: Patentin Release #1.0, Version #1.25 (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: (B) FILING DATE: (C) CLASSIFICATION: (vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: US 07/941,372 (B) FILING DATE: 02-SEP-1992 (viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: Bak, Mary E. (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 31,215 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: INDlApct (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: (215) 540-9206 (B) TELEFAX: (215) 540-5818 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:l: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 977 baεe pairε (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: double (D) TOPOLOGY: unknown (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 70..666 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:l: AGCTGGGAAG GGTTAAAGGC CCCCGGCTCC CTGCCCCCTG CCCTGGGGAA 50 CCCCTGGCCC TGCGGGGAC ATG AAC TGT GTT TGC CGC CTG GTC CTG 96 Met Asn Cys Val Cys Arg Leu Val Leu 1 5 GTC GTG CTG AGC CTG TGG CCA GAT ACA GCT GTC GCC CCT GGG 138 Val Val Leu Ser Leu Trp Pro Asp Thr Ala Val Ala Pro Gly 10 15 20 CCA CCA CCT GGC CCC CCT CGA GTT TCC CCA GAC CCT CGG GCC 180 Pro Pro Pro Gly Pro Pro Arg Val Ser Pro Aεp Pro Arg Ala 25 30 35 GAG CTG GAC AGC ACC GTG CTC CTG ACC CGC TCT CTC CTG GCG 222 Glu Leu Aεp Ser Thr Val Leu Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Leu Ala 40 45 50 GAC ACG CGG CAG CTG GCT GCA CAG CTG AGG GAC AAA TTC CCA 264 Asp Thr Arg Gin Leu Ala Ala Gin Leu Arg Asp Lys Phe Pro 55 60 65 GCT GAC GGG GAC CAC AAC CTG GAT TCC CTG CCC ACC CTG GCC 306 Ala Asp Gly Asp His Aεn Leu Aεp Ser Leu Pro Thr Leu Ala 70 75 ATG AGT GCG GGG GCA CTG GGA GCT CTA CAG CTC CCA GGT GTG 348 Met Ser Ala Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala Leu Gin Leu Pro Gly Val 80 85 90 CTG ACA AGG CTG CGA GCG GAC CTA CTG TCC TAC CTG CGG CAC 390 Leu Thr Arg Leu Arg Ala Asp Leu Leu Ser Tyr Leu Arg His 95 100 105 GTG CAG TGG CTG CGC CGG GCA GGT GGC TCT TCC CTG AAG ACC 432 Val Gin Trp Leu Arg Arg Ala Gly Gly Ser Ser Leu Lys Thr 110 115 120 CTG GAG CCC GAG CTG GGC ACC CTG CAG GCC CGA CTG GAC CGG 474 Leu Glu Pro Glu Leu Gly Thr Leu Gin Ala Arg Leu Asp Arg 125 130 135 CTG CTG CGC CGG CTG CAG CTC CTG ATG TCC CGC CTG GCC CTG 516 Leu Leu Arg Arg Leu Gin Leu Leu Met Ser Arg Leu Ala Leu 140 145 CCC CAG CCA CCC CCG GAC CCG CCG GCG CCC CCG CTG GCG CCC 558 Pro Gin Pro Pro Pro Asp Pro Pro Ala Pro Pro Leu Ala Pro 150 155 160 CCC TCC TCA GCC TGG GGG GGC ATC AGG GCC GCC CAC GCC ATC 600 Pro Ser Ser Ala Trp Gly Gly lie Arg Ala Ala His Ala lie 165 170 175 CTG GGG GGG CTG CAC CTG ACA CTT GAC TGG GCC GTG AGG GGA 642 Leu Gly Gly Leu His Leu Thr Leu Asp Trp Ala Val Arg Gly 180 185 190 CTG CTG CTG CTG AAG ACT CGG CTG TGACCCGAGG CCCAGAGCCA 686 Leu Leu Leu Leu Lys Thr Arg Leu 195 CCACCGTCCT TCCAAAGCCA CATCTTATTT ATTTATTTAT TTCGGTACTG 736 GGGGCGAAAC AGCCAGGTGA TCCCCCTGCC TTTAGCTCCC CCTAGTTAGA 786 GACAGTCCTT CCGTGAGGCT GGGGGGCATC TGTGCCTTAT TTATACTTAT 836 TTATTTCAGG AGCGGGGGTG GGCTCCTGGG TCCCCGAGGA GGAGGGAGCT 886 GGGGTCCCGG ATTCTTGTGT CCACAGACTT CTGCCCTGGC TCCTCCCCCT 936 CGAGGCCTGG GCAGGAATAC ATACTATTTA TTTAAGAGCT C 977 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 199 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: Met Asn Cys Val Cyε Arg Leu Val Leu Val Val Leu Ser Leu Trp 1 5 10 15 Pro Asp Thr Ala Val Ala Pro Gly Pro Pro Pro Gly Pro Pro Arg 20 25 30 Val Ser Pro Asp Pro Arg Ala Glu Leu Asp Ser Thr Val Leu Leu 35 40 45 Thr Arg Ser Leu Leu Ala Asp Thr Arg Gin Leu Ala Ala Gin Leu 50 55 60 Arg Asp Lys Phe Pro Ala Asp Gly Asp His Aεn Leu Aεp Ser Leu 65 70 75 Pro Thr Leu Ala Met Ser Ala Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala Leu Gin Leu 80 85 90 Pro Gly Val Leu Thr Arg Leu Arg Ala Asp Leu Leu Ser Tyr Leu 95 100 105 Arg His Val Gin Trp Leu Arg Arg Ala Gly Gly Ser Ser Leu Lyε 110 115 120 Thr Leu Glu Pro Glu Leu Gly Thr Leu Gin Ala Arg Leu Aεp Arg 125 130 135 Leu Leu Arg Arg Leu Gin Leu Leu Met Ser Arg Leu Ala Leu Pro 140 145 150 Gin Pro Pro Pro Aεp Pro Pro Ala Pro Pro Leu Ala Pro Pro Ser 155 160 165 Ser Ala Trp Gly Gly lie Arg Ala Ala His Ala lie Leu Gly Gly 170 175 180 Leu His Leu Thr Leu Asp Trp Ala Val Arg Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu 185 190 195 Lys Thr Arg Leu (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 3632 baεe pairε (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: double (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 2242..3132 (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: miεc_feature (B) LOCATION: 2242.-2568 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "E. coli thioredoxin protein" /note= "Lim et al, J. Bacteriol., 163:311-316 (1985)" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: RBS (B) LOCATION: 2222..2241 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /εtandard_name= "riboεome binding εequence" /note= "Dunn and Studier, J. Mol. Biol, 166:477-535 (1983)" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature (B) LOCATION: 2061..2221 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /function= "leftward promoter of bacteriophage lambda" /note= "Sanger et al, J. Mol. Biol, 162:729-773 (1982)" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature (B) LOCATION: 1..2060 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /function= "derived from plasmid pUC-18" /note= "Norrander et al, Gene, 26:101-106 (1983)" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature (B) LOCATION: 2569..2583 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /function= "εhort, hydrophilic flexible εpacer peptide" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: miεc_feature (B) LOCATION: 2584.-2598 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /function= "enterokinase cleavage recognition site" /note= "Maroux et al, J. Biol. Chem. , 246:5031-5039 (1971)" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature (B) LOCATION: 2599..3132 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "modified form of mature human IL11" /note= "Paul et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:7512-7516 (1990)" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature (B) LOCATION: 3133..3159 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /function= "linker sequence containing restriction endonuclease εites" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature (B) LOCATION: 3160..3232 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /function= "tranεcription termination εequence baεed on E. coli aεpA" /note= "Takagi et al, Nucl. Acidε Res. , 13:2063-2074 (1985)" (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature (B) LOCATION: 3233..3632 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /function= "DNA εequenceε derived from pUC-18" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3: GACGAAAGGG CCTCGTGATA CGCCTATTTT TATAGGTTAA TGTCATGATA 50 ATAATGGTTT CTTAGACGTC AGGTGGCACT TTTCGGGGAA ATGTGCGCGG 100 AACCCCTATT TGTTTATTTT TCTAAATACA TTCAAATATG TATCCGCTCA 150 TGAGACAATA ACCCTGATAA ATGCTTCAAT AATATTGAAA AAGGAAGAGT 200 ATGAGTATTC AACATTTCCG TGTCGCCCTT ATTCCCTTTT TTGCGGCATT 250 TTGCCTTCCT GTTTTTGCTC ACCCAGAAAC GCTGGTGAAA GTAAAAGATG 300 CTGAAGATCA GTTGGGTGCA CGAGTGGGTT ACATCGAACT GGATCTCAAC 350 AGCGGTAAGA TCCTTGAGAG TTTTCGCCCC GAAGAACGTT TTCCAATGAT 400 GAGCACTTTT AAAGTTCTGC TATGTGGCGC GGTATTATCC CGTATTGACG 450 CCGGGCAAGA GCAACTCGGT CGCCGCATAC ACTATTCTCA GAATGACTTG 500 GTTGAGTACT CACCAGTCAC AGAAAAGCAT CTTACGGATG GCATGACAGT 550 AAGAGAATTA TGCAGTGCTG CCATAACCAT GAGTGATAAC ACTGCGGCCA 600 ACTTACTTCT GACAACGATC GGAGGACCGA AGGAGCTAAC CGCTTTTTTG 650 CACAACATGG GGGATCATGT AACTCGCCTT GATCGTTGGG AACCGGAGCT 700 GAATGAAGCC ATACCAAACG ACGAGCGTGA CACCACGATG CCTGTAGCAA 750 TGGCAACAAC GTTGCGCAAA CTATTAACTG GCGAACTACT TACTCTAGCT 800 TCCCGGCAAC AATTAATAGA CTGGATGGAG GCGGATAAAG TTGCAGGACC 850 ACTTCTGCGC TCGGCCCTTC CGGCTGGCTG GTTTATTGCT GATAAATCTG 900 GAGCCGGTGA GCGTGGGTCT CGCGGTATCA TTGCAGCACT GGGGCCAGAT 950 GGTAAGCCCT CCCGTATCGT AGTTATCTAC ACGACGGGGA GTCAGGCAAC 1000 TATGGATGAA CGAAATAGAC AGATCGCTGA GATAGGTGCC TCACTGATTA 1050 AGCATTGGTA ACTGTCAGAC CAAGTTTACT CATATATACT TTAGATTGAT 1100 TTAAAACTTC ATTTTTAATT TAAAAGGATC TAGGTGAAGA TCCTTTTTGA 1150 TAATCTCATG ACCAAAATCC CTTAACGTGA GTTTTCGTTC CACTGAGCGT 1200 CAGACCCCGT AGAAAAGATC AAAGGATCTT CTTGAGATCC TTTTTTTCTG 1250 CGCGTAATCT GCTGCTTGCA AACAAAAAAA CCACCGCTAC CAGCGGTGGT 1300 TTGTTTGCCG GATCAAGAGC TACCAACTCT TTTTCCGAAG GTAACTGGCT 1350 TCAGCAGAGC GCAGATACCA AATACTGTCC TTCTAGTGTA GCCGTAGTTA 1400 GGCCACCACT TCAAGAACTC TGTAGCACCG CCTACATACC TCGCTCTGCT 1450 AATCCTGTTA CCAGTGGCTG CTGCCAGTGG CGATAAGTCG TGTCTTACCG 1500 GGTTGGACTC AAGACGATAG TTACCGGATA AGGCGCAGCG GTCGGGCTGA 1550 ACGGGGGGTT CGTGCACACA GCCCAGCTTG GAGCGAACGA CCTACACCGA 1600 ACTGAGATAC CTACAGCGTG AGCATTGAGA AAGCGCCACG CTTCCCGAAG 1650 GGAGAAAGGC GGACAGGTAT CCGGTAAGCG GCAGGGTCGG AACAGGAGAG 1700 CGCACGAGGG AGCTTCCAGG GGGAAACGCC TGGTATCTTT ATAGTCCTGT 1750 CGGGTTTCGC CACCTCTGAC TTGAGCGTCG ATTTTTGTGA TGCTCGTCAG 1800 GGGGGCGGAG CCTATGGAAA AACGCCAGCA ACGCGGCCTT TTTACGGTTC 1850 CTGGCCTTTT GCTGGCCTTT TGCTCACATG TTCTTTCCTG CGTTATCCCC 1900 TGATTCTGTG GATAACCGTA TTACCGCCTT TGAGTGAGCT GATACCGCTC 1950 GCCGCAGCCG AACGACCGAG CGCAGCGAGT CAGTGAGCGA GGAAGCGGAA 2000 GAGCGCCCAA TACGCAAACC GCCTCTCCCC GCGCGTTGGC CGATTCATTA 2050 ATGCAGAATT GATCTCTCAC CTACCAAACA ATGCCCCCCT GCAAAAAATA 2100 AATTCATATA AAAAACATAC AGATAACCAT CTGCGGTGAT AAATTATCTC 2150 TGGCGGTGTT GACATAAATA CCACTGGCGG TGATACTGAG CACATCAGCA 2200 GGACGCACTG ACCACCATGA ATTCAAGAAG GAGATATACA T ATG AGC 2247 Met Ser 1 GAT AAA ATT ATT CAC CTG ACT GAC GAC AGT TTT GAC ACG GAT 2289 Asp Lys lie lie Hiε Leu Thr Asp Asp Ser Phe Asp Thr Asp 5 10 15 GTA CTC AAA GCG GAC GGG GCG ATC CTC GTC GAT TTC TGG GCA 2331 Val Leu Lys Ala Asp Gly Ala lie Leu Val Asp Phe Trp Ala 20 25 30 GAG TGG TGC GGT CCG TGC AAA ATG ATC GCC CCG ATT CTG GAT 2373 Glu Trp Cys Gly Pro Cys Lys Met lie Ala Pro lie Leu Asp 35 40 GAA ATC GCT GAC GAA TAT CAG GGC AAA CTG ACC GTT GCA AAA 2415 Glu lie Ala Aεp Glu Tyr Gin Gly Lyε Leu Thr Val Ala Lyε 45 50 55 CTG AAC ATC GAT CAA AAC CCT GGC ACT GCG CCG AAA TAT GGC 2457 Leu Asn lie Asp Gin Asn Pro Gly Thr Ala Pro Lyε Tyr Gly 60 65 70 ATC CGT GGT ATC CCG ACT CTG CTG CTG TTC AAA AAC GGT GAA 2499 lie Arg Gly lie Pro Thr Leu Leu Leu Phe Lys Asn Gly Glu 75 80 85 GTG GCG GCA ACC AAA GTG GGT GCA CTG TCT AAA GGT CAG TTG 2541 Val Ala Ala Thr Lyε Val Gly Ala Leu Ser Lys Gly Gin Leu 90 95 100 AAA GAG TTC CTC GAC GCT AAC CTG GCC GGT TCT GGT TCT GGT 2583 Lyε Glu Phe Leu Aεp Ala Aεn Leu Ala Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly 105 110 GAT GAC GAT GAC AAA GGT CCA CCA CCA GGT CCA CCT CGA GTT 2625 Aεp Aεp Asp Asp Lys Gly Pro Pro Pro Gly Pro Pro Arg Val 115 120 125 TCC CCA GAC CCT CGG GCC GAG CTG GAC AGC ACC GTG CTC CTG 2667 Ser Pro Aεp Pro Arg Ala Glu Leu Asp Ser Thr Val Leu Leu 130 135 140 ACC CGC TCT CTC CTG GCG GAC ACG CGG CAG CTG GCT GCA CAG 2709 Thr Arg Ser Leu Leu Ala Asp Thr Arg Gin Leu Ala Ala Gin 145 150 155 CTG AGG GAC AAA TTC CCA GCT GAC GGG GAC CAC AAC CTG GAT 2751 Leu Arg Aεp Lyε Phe Pro Ala Asp Gly Asp His Asn Leu Asp 160 165 170 TCC CTG CCC ACC CTG GCC ATG AGT GCG GGG GCA CTG GGA GCT 2793 Ser Leu Pro Thr Leu Ala Met Ser Ala Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala 175 180 CTA CAG CTC CCA GGT GTG CTG ACA AGG CTG CGA GCG GAC CTA 2835 Leu Gin Leu Pro Gly Val Leu Thr Arg Leu Arg Ala Asp Leu 185 190 195 CTG TCC TAC CTG CGG CAC GTG CAG TGG CTG CGC CGG GCA GGT 2877 Leu Ser Tyr Leu Arg Hiε Val Gin Trp Leu Arg Arg Ala Gly 200 205 210 GGC TCT TCC CTG AAG ACC CTG GAG CCC GAG CTG GGC ACC CTG 2919 Gly Ser Ser Leu Lys Thr Leu Glu Pro Glu Leu Gly Thr Leu 215 220 225 CAG GCC CGA CTG GAC CGG CTG CTG CGC CGG CTG CAG CTC CTG 2961 Gin Ala Arg Leu Asp Arg Leu Leu Arg Arg Leu Gin Leu Leu 230 235 240 ATG TCC CGC CTG GCC CTG CCC CAG CCA CCC CCG GAC CCG CCG 3003 Met Ser Arg Leu Ala Leu Pro Gin Pro Pro Pro Asp Pro Pro 245 250 GCG CCC CCG CTG GCG CCC CCC TCC TCA GCC TGG GGG GGC ATC 3045 Ala Pro Pro Leu Ala Pro Pro Ser Ser Ala Trp Gly Gly lie 255 260 265 AGG GCC GCC CAC GCC ATC CTG GGG GGG CTG CAC CTG ACA CTT 3087 Arg Ala Ala His Ala lie Leu Gly Gly Leu Hiε Leu Thr Leu 270 275 280 GAC TGG GCC GTG AGG GGA CTG CTG CTG CTG AAG ACT CGG CTG 3129 Aεp Trp Ala Val Arg Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Lyε Thr Arg Leu 285 290 295 TGAAAGCTTA TCGATACCGT CGACCTGCAG TAATCGTACA GGGTAGTACA 3179 AATAAAAAAG GCACGTCAGA TGACGTGCCT TTTTTCTTGT GAGCAGTAAG 3229 CTTGGCACTG GCCGTCGTTT TACAACGTCG TGACTGGGAA AACCCTGGCG 3279 TTACCCAACT TAATCGCCTT GCAGCACATC CCCCTTTCGC CAGCTGGCGT 3329 AATAGCGAAG AGGCCCGCAC CGATCGCCCT TCCCAACAGT TGCGCAGCCT 3379 GAATGGCGAA TGGCGCCTGA TGCGGTATTT TCTCCTTACG CATCTGTGCG 3429 GTATTTCACA CCGCATATAT GGTGCACTCT CAGTACAATC TGCTCTGATG 3479 CCGCATAGTT AAGCCAGCCC CGACACCCGC CAACACCCGC TGACGCGCCC 3529 TGACGGGCTT GTCTGCTCCC GGCATCCGCT TACAGACAAG CTGTGACCGT 3579 CTCCGGGAGC TGCATGTGTC AGAGGTTTTC ACCGTCATCA CCGAAACGCG 3629 CGA 3632 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 296 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: Met Ser Aεp Lyε lie lie Hiε Leu Thr Aεp Aεp Ser Phe Asp Thr 1 5 10 15 Asp Val Leu Lys Ala Asp Gly Ala lie Leu Val Aεp Phe Trp Ala 20 25 30 Glu Trp Cyε Gly Pro Cyε Lyε Met lie Ala Pro lie Leu Aεp Glu 35 40 45 lie Ala Aεp Glu Tyr Gin Gly Lyε Leu Thr Val Ala Lys Leu Asn 50 55 60 lie Asp Gin Asn Pro Gly Thr Ala Pro Lys Tyr Gly lie Arg Gly 65 70 75 lie Pro Thr Leu Leu Leu Phe Lys Asn Gly Glu Val Ala Ala Thr 80 85 90 Lys Val Gly Ala Leu Ser Lys Gly Gin Leu Lys Glu Phe Leu Asp 95 100 105 Ala Asn Leu Ala Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Asp Asp Aεp Aεp Lys Gly 110 115 120 Pro Pro Pro Gly Pro Pro Arg Val Ser Pro Asp Pro Arg Ala Glu 125 130 135 Leu Asp Ser Thr Val Leu Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Leu Ala Asp Thr 140 145 150 Arg Gin Leu Ala Ala Gin Leu Arg Aεp Lyε Phe Pro Ala Aεp Gly 155 160 165 Aεp Hiε Aεn Leu Asp Ser Leu Pro Thr Leu Ala Met Ser Ala Gly 170 175 180 Ala Leu Gly Ala Leu Gin Leu Pro Gly Val Leu Thr Arg Leu Arg 185 190 195 Ala Asp Leu Leu Ser Tyr Leu Arg His Val Gin Trp Leu Arg Arg 200 205 210 Ala Gly Gly Ser Ser Leu Lys Thr Leu Glu Pro Glu Leu Gly Thr 215 220 225 Leu Gin Ala Arg Leu Asp Arg Leu Leu Arg Arg Leu Gin Leu Leu 230 235 240 Met Ser Arg Leu Ala Leu Pro Gin Pro Pro Pro Asp Pro Pro Ala 245 250 255 Pro Pro Leu Ala Pro Pro Ser Ser Ala Trp Gly Gly lie Arg Ala 260 265 270 Ala His Ala lie Leu Gly Gly Leu His Leu Thr Leu Asp Trp Ala 275 280 285 Val Arg Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Lyε Thr Arg Leu 290 295

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. A method for treating a patient having damaged or depleted cell populations, said method comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a cytokine selected from the group conεiεting of Interleukin-11, Interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, Oncoεtatin M, and ciliary neurotrophic factor in a εuitable pharmaceutical carrier. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein εaid cell populationε are εelected from the group conεisting of small intestinal epithelial cellε, epithelial cellε lining the large inteεtineε and εtomach, liver epithelial cellε, skin cells, hair cells, and sperm cells. 3. A method for stimulating gut epithelial cell growth in a patient having damaged or depleted cell populations, said method comprising adminiεtering to the patient an effective amount of a cytokine εelected from the group consisting of Interleukin-11, Interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, Oncostatin M, and ciliary neurotrophic factor in a suitable pharmaceutical carrier. 4. The method according to claim 1 or 3 further comprising administering εimultaneously or in combination with said cytokine, at least one additional cytokine. 5. The method according to claim 1 or 3 wherein said step of administering εaid cytokine to the patient beginε prior to, εimultaneouεly with, or εubεequent to the administration of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. 6. The method according to claim 1 or 2 wherein said damage or depletion is caused by an agent selected from the group consiεting of diεease, infection, trauma, shock, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. 7. The use of a cytokine selected from the group conεiεting of Interleukin-11, Interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, Oncoεtatin M, and ciliary neurotrophic factor in the preparation of a pharmaceutical compoεition for εtimulating cell growth in a patient having damaged or depleted cell populations selected from the group consisting of small intestinal epithelial cells, epithelial cells lining the large intestineε and stomach, liver epithelial cells, skin cells, hair cells, and sperm cells. 8. The use according to claim 7 wherein said cytokine is interleukin-11. 9. The uεe according to claim 7 wherein εaid cytokine is IL-6. 10. The use according to claim 7 wherein εaid cell populationε iε small intestinal epithelial cells.

Inventors: CLARK STEVEN C, WILLIAMS DAVID A, CLARK, STEVEN, C., WILLIAMS, DAVID, A.
Applicants: GENETICS INST, GENETICS INSTITUTE, INC.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: A61K37
IPC codes: A61K38, A61P1, A61P43, C07K14, C12N9