HETEROLOGOUS GENE EXPRESSION IN LACTOCOCCUS, AND THE EXPRESSION PRODUCTS THEREFROM

Abstract: Heterologous polypeptides are produced in Lactococcus by means of a T7 or T7-like RNA polymerase gene placed under the control of an inducible promoter effective in the Lactococcal host, and a promoter specific for said polymerase upstream of a coding sequence for the desired polypeptide, whereby the promoter directs transcription of said coding sequence selectively as a result of expression of said polymerase. Surprisingly, the Gram-negative E. coli derived T7 RNA polymerase system works extremely well in the Gram-positive Lactococcus host. The heterologous polypeptide can be produced in high yields (e.g. 22%) as soluble intracellular protein, or can be secreted, e.g. at a rate commensurate with its expression so that only low levels or zero amount of polypeptide is accumulated intracellularly. The polypeptide within the cell, being biologically active, can be delivered in that encapsulated form, e.g. as a parenteral, topical or oral medicament or vaccine, or as an environmental pesticide. Examples of expression product are TTFC, the HIV V3 loop and B. thuringiensis toxins.

Description: HETEROLOGOUSGENE EXPRESSION IN LACTOCOCCUS. ANDTHE EXPRESSION PRODUCTSTHEREFROM ^ Field of the invention This invention relates to the expression of heterologous proteins in lactic acid bacteria, \ 5 and to their use in producing an immune response in an immunised subject The invention also provides certain specific expression products of considerable potential usefulness. Background to the invention . Bacteria able to produce and secrete proteins encoded by heterologous genes are 10 used extensively for the industrial production of high value-added pharmaceutical proteins such as human and animal growth hormones, insulin, interferons, cytokines etc. Organisms other than E.coli thus far used or proposed for industrial production include cultured mammalian and insect cells, yeasts and fungi, and a number of Bacillus spp. Among the bacteria already widely used for industrial purposes are the lactic acid 15 bacteria, which are employed as starter cultures for fermented food-stuffs, and as flavour enhancers, and preservatives. These properties depend on the ability of these organisms to produce certain enzymes, lactic acid and harmless antimicrobial polypeptides such as nisin. To date only low yields of foreign proteins have been obtained by the genetic manipulation of these organisms, and in some instances gene 20 expression has depended on the use of unregulated genes, or of undefined control elements. Lactic acid -bacteria which are related to those used in food and milk fermentations are also found as commensal bacteria in the alimentary tracts of animals. There is considerable industrial interest in the genetic manipulation of both the food and the commensal bacteria. For example, recombinant strains of these bacteria could be 25 used to improve fermentation processes, and as novel vectors for multi-disease vaccines. In contrast to a Gram-negative organism such as E.coli Gram-positive bacteria such as the lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus spp. have the capacity to secrete proteins more readily into the growth medium. However, the active protease systems of the best known 30 bacillus species, B. subϋlis, have greatly limited the usefulness of this organism for the production of recombinant proteins. Protein secretion in Gram-positive cells differs * fundamentally from that observed in Gram-negative cells, where it is a complex two $ι stage process in which true secretion (as opposed to protein accumulation in the '" periplasmic space) requires that exported proteins should traverse both the cell 35 membrane and the outer membrane. Thus, although large amounts of recombinant proteins can be produced in E.coli many of these proteins become insoluble and inactive, and either accumulate within the cytoplasm, or are secreted as far as the periplasm, where they may precipitate, and lose their biological activities. For many such recombinant proteins renaturation procedures for the recovery of biological activity are an expensive and difficult aspect of downstream processing. For these reasons the use of naturally secretory organisms for protein production may be highly advantageous. As a separate aspect of the development of bacterial technologies, recombinant vaccine strains of certain pathogenic bacteria (mycobacteria, salmonella) have been proposed for the production and delivery in vivo of protective protein antigens of a range of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and protozoan and metazoan parasites. However, even attenuated vaccine strains of pathogenic bacteria are to some degree invasive, and the immune responses generated by these organisms may result in immunopathological damage. Development of non-invasive microbes in forms suitable for effective antigen-presentation to the immune system would provide previously unattainable levels of vaccine safety. In particular, if given by the oral route, such organisms might stimulate the mucosal immune system preferentially, thus providing a basis for the development of live, oral vaccines which would protect against infection. Alternatively or additionally these vaccines might be given by injection, or administered orally or by injection to boost immune responses primed with recombinant mycobacteria or salmonella; in this instance the innate differences between the antigenic constituents of the priming vaccine carrier and those of the booster could be expected to minimise immunopathological damage, and to boost immune responses to the expressed recombinant antigens preferentially. Furthermore, the capacity to express a range of foreign proteins in non-invasive microorganisms opens the way to the concurrent delivery of antigens and cytokϊπes, which might be used to drive an immune response in a desired direction. The successful development of all these applications requires that a regulated system for high level foreign gene expression should be available for use in lactic acid bacteria. Although there are several reports of the expression of foreign genes in Llacϋs none of these describes either a regulated system, or the production of substantial quantities of protein. In two of these cases antibiotic resistance genes were used as reporter genes to identify secretion signal sequences and/or promoter sequences ' . The other five cases comprise two proteins of eukaryotic origin and three prokaryotic proteins of Gram-positive origin. The eukaryotic proteins concerned are hen egg white lysozyme and bovine prochymosin. The prokaryotic proteins are Bacillus subϋlis neutral protease, theΛ-galactosidase of Clostridium acetobutylicum and the pAC protein antigen of Streptococcus mutans. The results obtained with these latter three proteins provide the best comparison with our own work, since we have also used as a model system one which involves the expression of a protein of Gram-positive origin (the tetanus toxin fragment C). However, our own results are unique, in that we have devised a system of SUBSTITUTE SHEET ISA/EP regulated gene expression and product secretion, and also obtained significant yields of the expressed protein product, whether secreted or not. The previous studies have resulted in only low and (with one exception) undetermined amounts of foreign protein being formed, whereas the system we have developed has reliably yielded 3.4% of soluble cytoplasmic protein as the desired product with a secretory expression system, and 22% of soluble cytoplasmic protein with a non-secretory expression system. In addition, with the secretory system, product is secreted into the supernatant in a progressive fashion, reaching an estimated final yield (under test-tube conditions) of 5-10mg/l_ In the studies cited above hen egg white lysozyme^ was expressed as a fusion protein which either lacked activity or was produced in too low an amount to be detected in the assay used. Biologically active Bacillus subtilis neutral protease 4 was expressed and secreted from Llactis using either its own promoter or a lactococcal promoter. The amounts of neutral protease produced (in arbitrary units) were reported to be only 1 -2% of those produced by the same plasmid constructs in Bacillus subtilis . The β-galactosidasθ from Clostridium acetobutylicυm was introduced into a lactococcal starter train, and enzyme activity detected. However, the maximum level of enzyme activity obtained was less than half of that measured in a wild type strain of Llactis with innate /3-galactosidase activity. In all these instances no details are given of actual amounts of expressed protein present in the transformants. Expression of the bovine prochymosin gene in Llactis has also been reported. Chymosin is an enzyme which is normally formed in the abomasum of young calves. It is a casein-specific protease used to curdle milk for cheese making. The gene encoding the precursor of chymosin (prochymosin) has been constitut ' rvely expressed in Llactis using the promoter and secretion signal sequence of the proteinase gene of S. cremoris strain SK11; this work is the subject of European patent application number 88201203.2, filed on 13.06.88. The authors do not indicate the quantities of prochymosin produced in their expression strains of Llactis but our inspection of the Western blots implies that the levels of expression obtained were low (estimated to be 0.2mg L supernatant). Only trace amounts of recombinant protein were detected in whole cell extracts. Perhaps the best comparison with our own work is that which has been carried out on the pAC protein (a surface antigen) of Streptococcus mutans . This was expressed in Llactis by the introduction into Llactis of a plasmid carrying the pAC gene within a 6.2kb Sphl-BamHI DNA fragment derived from S. mutans. No attempt was made to control the expression of the gene. The yield of pAC protein in Llactis was approximately 0.2% of dry weight, as compared to 1% in S. mutans. The pAC protein is secreted into culture supernatants of S. mutans to a level of approximately 5.5 mg L SUBSTITUTE SHEET ISA/EP Because the pAC protein as produced in Llactis lacked its cell membrane anchor domain it was anticipated that it would be efficiently secreted. However, this did not occur, the final yield of pAC protein in the Llactis supernatants approached the limits of detection. Summary of the invention One aspect of the present invention provides a method which permits the high level regulated expression of heterologous genes in Llactis and the coupling of expression to secretion. In the examples herein we use the same T7 bacteriophage RNA polymerase and its cognate promoter used to develop the most powerful E.coli expression system available . The E.coliT7 system relies on the regulated expression of the fast RNA polymerase which then acts specifically on its cognate promoter to transcribe the target gene. The T7 RNA polymerase transcribes RNA approximately 4-5 times faster than the E.coli polymerase and under optimum conditions the entire resources of the cell can be devoted to the production of foreign protein. The T7 RNA polymerase is indeed so efficient that it is necessary to tightly regulate its expression in E.coli, especially if the target gene product is likely to be detrimental to the host. In E.coli the RNA polymerase gene expression is regulated by use of the jac promoter and can be induced by lactose or the gratuitous chemical inducer IPTG. However, it is often necessary to maintain these plasmids in host strains which produce T7 lysozyme. This enzyme is able to inhibit the activity of the T7 RNA polymerase produced by leaky 1 expression in the absence of the inducer. It was not obvious that the T7 polymerase system would function in Llactis with the efficiency we report since many difficulties are commonly encountered in achieving high level gene expression in new types of microorganisms. The expression signals identified in Lactococcus show an organisation which is characteristic for Gram-positive bacteria 9 , suggesting that a heterospecific barrier to the expression of genes from Gram-negative organisms might be expected. Furthermore, rare codons in the genes of Gram-negative organisms' 0 are commonly used in Llactis. This arises from a relatively low G+C content ' ' and a strong bias for A or T especially in the third position of lactococcal codons. It seems reasonable therefore to assume that the codon composition is under strong selective pressure and that a poor fit between the codon bias of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms would also limit the levels of heterospecific gene expression. A striking preference for the leucine CUU codon has been reported in Llactis and we have also noted a strong bias for the Gin codon CAA (51 of 52 codons) in the lactococcal genes we have examined. However, despite these considerations we have found that it is possible to develop an effective and regulated gene expression system in Llactis by (1) placing expression of the T7 polymerase gene under the control of an inducible promoter derived from Llactis and (2) directing secretion of the product by means of different secretion signal sequences of lactococcal origin. A unique feature of one of our target vectors is that the DNA sequence promoting the initiation of protein translation has been modified in such a way that the expressed gene product is secreted co-translationaliy and is not detected in the cytoplasm. This has the advantage that heterologous gene products which might be toxic to the cell or which might be subject to degradation in the cytoplasm can be secreted directly into the growth medium. The reference to "TZ-like RNA polymerase" includes, but is not limited to, those contemplated for example in USP 4952496 (Studier et al.), which mentions RNA polymerases from other T7-like phages, such as the T3 RNA polymerase. The important characteristics of a T7-like RNA polymerase are that there should be a cognate promoter which is highly specific for the polymerase and which is transcribed at a high level in the presence of the specific polymerase; so that transcription is not substantially effected by other polymerases in the cell, and can be controlled by controlling the expression of the specific polymerase. Another feature of our invention lies in the discovery that the heterologous expression product which is retained intracellularly is in a soluble and/or biologically active form, unlike the aggregated and insoluble form so often found for example in heterologous polypeptides expressed in E.coli. Thus, this aspect of the invention provides soluble and or biologically active heterologous proteins intracellularly accumulated in Llactis, whether expressed in conjunction with a secretory expression system or not. In the latter case, the product can accumulate to remarkably high levels while remaining soluble and/or biologically active. Thus this aspect of the invention provides a valuable addition to the repertoire of techniques and materials available for recombinant DNA expression of biologically active proteins at useful levels. This leads to another aspect of the invention which provides a novel approach to raising an immune response in an immunised subject, since the immunogenically active protein can be delivered within the protection of the host cell, and moreover a host cell which is non-invasive and non-pathogenic, indeed a food-grade organism, which opens up further possibilities for mucosal, especially oral, administration of vaccines. The immunogenically active protein thus expressed may be used in its own right to raise an immune response against one or more epitopes on the protein; or it may be used as an immunogenic carrier protein to which the important epitope-bearing polypeptide is fused. An example given below is the HI V3 loop protein fragment fused to TTFC. In general, therefore, the Lactococcus cells containing and/or expressing the immunogenic protein can be administered parenterally (e.g. subcutaneously) or mucosally (e.g. orally, nasally or rectally), to produce a systemic or mucosal immune response. Over the past thirty years commercial use of pesticidal formulations of non- recombinant Bacillus thuringiβnsis (B.t.) has been restricted to a narrow range of caterpillar pests. However, investigators have discovered B.t. toxin-producing strains with specificities for a number of other pests. These newly-discovered strains include some with activity against plant- and animal-parasitic nematodes (Edwards et al. (1990) and USP 4949734). Such strains provide the first indication that B.t. toxins exist in nature which could be used to kill a wide range of ecto- and endo-parasites whilst causing no harm to their hosts. The concept of expressing B.t. toxins from recombinant DNA in bacteria is already 13 established" 3 , but this uses Gram-negative Pseudomonas ϋuorescens as a host, which has been chemically treated to kill and stabilize the organism. The use of a GRAS, especially foodgrade, organism should provide a safer and more environmentally acceptable host cell to encapsulate the B.t. toxin. The present invention therefore enables foodgrade bacteria to produce substantial quantities of a B.t. toxin in a form that can be safely administered to a human or animal or applied environmentally as a biopesticide. For example, recombinant Llactis expressing πematode toxins could be used for the treatment of nematode infections of man and animals. Thus, the present invention can provide a route to simpler fermentation and production technology for B.t. derived products for safer use in the environment, but may also be applied to the treatment of human and animal pests which can be controlled by the ingestion or topical application of harmless B.t. toxin-producing bacteria. A further aspect of the efficient expression of B.t. toxins in Lactococcus according to the present invention lies in the potential of these evolutionarily diverse proteins to act as immunogenic carriers for an epitope of interest. Thus, a polypeptide representing the latter epitope could be expressed as a fusion to an immunogenically active B.t. toxin (in the same way that the HIV V3 loop was fused to TTFC). The term "biologically active" as used herein in relation to the heterologous polypeptide expressed in the Lactococcal host cell denotes that the polypeptide is produced in an appropriate conformation for obtaining biological activity, rather than a misfolded, aggregated and insoluble form which requires special denaturation and renaturation measures to achieve an appropriate conformation to any substantial extent. The term therefore includes polypeptide precursors of biologically active proteins, which are not themselves biologically active, but which can be readily converted into their biolgically active forms. For example, B.t. toxins may be produced as precursors which when used are converted in vivo into their toxic form. Brief description of the drawings Figure 1. Construction of T7 expression cassettes for use in Llactis and E.coli. The EcoRV/Bglll fragment of pET-3a containing the elements for expression by T7 in E.coli was transferred to p18N. These elements were modified in p18NT7L1 to replace the bacteriophage gene 10 translation initiation sequence with one of lactococcal origin and to provide a secretion signal sequence (L1) to which gene fusions could be made. In p18NT7l_2 the bacteriophage gene 10 protein sequences were replaced with a different lactococcal secretion signal sequence (L2). Further details are given in Fig. 2. bla: beta-lactamase gene; tet: tetracycline resistance gene; Ork origins of replication; T7P: T7 promoter; s10: gene 10 protein translation initiation region; T: terminator; L2: signal leader 2; PrtL & SD: Signal leader & protein translation initiation region of Prt gene. Arrow heads indicated direction of transcription. Figure 2. Sequences of the T7 cassettes constructed for expression and secretion in Lactococcus lactis. The cognate promoter of the T7 RNA polymerase is underlined in bold. The predicted transcription start site and last nucleotide of the terminated transcript are indicated +1 and -1 respectively. The protein sequences (numbered and with three letter amino acid codes) are shown above the nucleotide sequence. The potential stem loop structures at the 5' and 3' ends of the RNA are shown and the Shine-Dalgamo (SD) sequence in each construct is boxed. The signal peptide cleavage site is indicated by an arrow. The Sail fusion cloning site and other relevant sites are underlined. Parallel lines indicate that the sequence is not continuous. As indicated the T7, T7L1 and T7L2 cassettes have been incorporated into pLET1, pl_ET2 and pLET3 respectively. Figure 3. (A)Llactis/E.coli shuttle vectors pMIG1 and pMIG3. (B) Two examples of the pLET plasmids for Lactococcal Expression by T7 RNA polymerase. pLET3 and pl_ET32 were derived from pMIG1 and pMIG3 respectively, containing respectively the L1 and L2 signal leader sequence (see Fig. 2 for details). (C) Plasmid pLET2-TTFC for expression of TTFC. Similar TTFC expression constructs were prepared using the other pLET vectors, kan: kanamycin resistance gene; cat: chloramphenicol acetyl- transferase gene; Orr ' . origin of replication; T: terminator. Arrow heads indicate direction of transcription. Figure 4. Construction of a lactococcal vector for inducible expression of T7 RNA polymerase. bla: beta-lactamase gene; Orr ' . origin of replication; MLS: resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B-type antibiotics. Arrow heads indicate direction of transcription. Figure 5 (panel A). Coomassie stained gel of total cell protein extracts from strain pLET1-TTFC (track 1; TTFC arrowed) and the control strain (expression host strain harbouring pMIGI; track 2). Immunoblots of total cell extracts and supernatant proteins from the lactococcal expression strain harbouring pLET1-TTFC (panel B), pLET3-TTFC (panel C) and pl_ET2-TTFC (panel D) are shown. Approximately equal amounts of total cell protein from uninduced (U) and induced (i) cells or the protein precipitated from 200 μl of culture supernatant were loaded in each track. Total cell extracts or supernatant proteins from the pMIGI control strain were loaded in tracks labelled TTFC; 2 μg in panel A; 500 ng in panels B-D. The sizes of the pre-stained marker proteins are indicated at the right. The unprocessed (u) and processed (p) forms of TTFC present in cell extracts of strain pLET2-TTFC are indicated by arrows (panel D). Figure 6. Immunoblots of total cell extracts and supernatant proteins from the TTFC producing strains of Llactis harbouring (A) pLET2-TTFC and (B) pLET32-TTFC. Approximately equal amounts of protein in the total cell extracts from uninduced (U) and induced (i) cells were loaded in each track. Total cell extracts or supernatant proteins from the host strain harbouring pMIGI or pMIG3 were used as controls and loaded in tracks labelled C. Purified recombinant TTFC from E.coli (120 ng) was loaded into tracks labelled TTFC. The sizes of the pre-stained marker proteins loaded in tracks labelled M are indicated at the right. The unprocessed (u) and processed (p) forms of TTFC are indicated by arrows. Figure 7 (A). Coomassie blue stained protein gel of soluble protein extracts from expression strains of Llactis harbouring pl_ET2-TTFC (track 1) or the vector control pMIGI (track 2). M; marker protein track. The sizes of the pre-stained marker proteins are indicated at the right. The unprocessed (u) and processed (p) forms of TTFC are indicated by arrows. Figure 7 (B). Immunoblot of relative amounts of soluble and insoluble extracts from the Llactis expression strain harbouring pLET2-TTFC or the vector control pMIGI . Tracks 1 and 3: pLET2-TTFC; soluble and insoluble extracts respectively. Tracks 2 and 4: pMIGI ; soluble and insoluble extracts respectively. M; marker protein track. The sizes ofthe pre-stained marker proteins are indicated at the right. The unprocessed (u) and processed (p) forms of TTFC are indicated by arrows. Figure 8 (A). Growth curve of different strains after induction of TTFC expression in exponential phase of growth and (B) a graph showing amounts of TTFC secreted into the culture supernatant by these strains. (C) Graph showing the growth curve and amounts of TTFC secreted into the culture supernatant by the p!_ET3-TTFC and pMIGI control strains when grown from low cell density in the presence of the lactose. Figure 9. Diagrammatic summary of the predicted positions of the PCR products V3a and V3b in relation to the HIV-MN proviral genome. The restriction enzyme sites shown at the ends of the products are those incorporated through the design of the primer oligonucleotides. The peptides coded for are shown in parentheses (V3 loop highlighted). The nucleotide numbering is that used in 'Human Retroviruses and AIDS 1989 - a compilation and analysis of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences'. Figure 10. Schematic representation of the plasmid pUΞT2-TTFC/V3a, for expression of the TTFC/V3a fusion protein in Llactis. Figure 11. Overview of the lactococcal expression system. Figure 12. Results from immunoblotting of Llactis protein extracts using antibodies specific to TTFC and to the V3 loop of HIV MN . 1820(plLpol) clones transformed by the plasmids denoted were grown in lactose containing media to induce expression of the foreign protein. At various times after induction whole cell and supernatant extracts were made from the cultures. Proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, blotted onto nitrocellulose and probed with: a) a poiyclonal rabbit antiserum raised against recombinant TTFC. b) a human monoclonal antibody specific to the V3 loop of HIV MN . 12a) Extracts probed with anti-TTFC poiyclonal serum. Key: rTTFC: recombinant TTFC (with no signal leader). pMIGI: 1820(piLPol) clone containing the plasmid pMIGI (pLET1 with no T7 RNA polymerase specific promoter). pLETL..: 1820(plLPol) clones containing the denoted plasmids. C/E: cell extracts S N: supernatant extracts hi: hours after bacteria were resuspended in lactose containing media to induce expression of the foreign protein. Figure 13. Construction of the CrylA expression plasmid. (a) The CrylA gene and its relevant restriction endonuclease sites are shown in schematic form, (b and c) PCR derived fragments of this gene were assembled into the pUC derived general cloning vector pWW; the arrows indicate the position of the PCR primers with respect to the CrylA gene sequence, (d) The PCR derived CrylA gene fragment between the Spel and EcoNI sites in pWW-PCR CrylA was replaced with an identical fragment isolated from cloned Bacillus thuringiensis DNA (e) The Ndel - BamHI CrylA gene fragment was cloned into the T7 cassette in p19NT7. (f) The CrylA expression cassette was transferred into the pMIGI shuttle vector to generate pLET1 -CrylA. The coding sequences of the CrylA gene, chloramphenicol (cat) and kaπamycin (kan) resistance genes are depicted as arrows on which the direction of transcription is indicated. Orr ' . origins of replication; T: terminator; T7p: T7 promoter. Figure 14. Fig. 2 (panel A). Coomassie stained gel of total cell protein extracts from the expression strain pl_ET1 -CrylA (panel B) Immunoblot of a gel loaded as above using antisera to the crystal protein. Approximately equal amounts of total cell protein from uninduced (U) cells and induced cells at 30, 60 and 120 min after induction were loaded as indicated, l u-g of purified crystal protein was loaded in tracks labelled CP. Extracts from the pMIGI control strain harvested 120 min after induction were loaded in tracks labeled C. (panel C) The results of immunoblotting with subcellular fractions of the CrylA expressing cells. Proportional amounts of the total extract (TE), insoluble cell wall (W), membrane (M) and soluble protein (S) fractions were loaded as indicated. Purified crystal protein (1 ^(.g) was run in the track labelled CP. In each panel the mobilitiy of the crystal protein is arrowed. Figure 15. (panel A) Immunoblot of total cell extracts from the pl_ET4-TTFC expressing strain and the control strain (C) 2 hours after induction, (panel B) The results of Immunoblotting with subcellular fractions of the expressing cells. Proportional amounts of the insoluble cell wall (W), membrane (M) and soluble protein (S) fractions were loaded as indicated. The TTFC fusion protein detected using TTFC antisera is arrowed. Examples The following examples are given by way of illustration only, and are not to be taken as limiting the invention. Example 1 1. Bacterial strains, plasmids and media. The bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are shown in Table 1. Llactis was cultured in M17 broth or on M17 agar plates (Difco Ltd., London, UK.) containing either 0.5% w/v glucose (GM17) or 0.5% w v lactose (LM17). E.coli strains were grown in LB broth or on LB agar plates. Ecoli strain 'SURE' was used as the host for the pUC based vectors because it over-produces the Eco/ Jac repressor protein. The E.coli RecA + strain MC1022 was used as the host for the pMIGI shuttle vector and its derivatives and strain DH5a as a host for the pMIG3 shuttle vector and its derivatives. Erythromycϊn was used at a final concentration of 5 Mg/ml for Llactis. Chloramphenicol was added to Llactis and Eco// cultures and plates to final concentrations of 5 U.g ml and 15 fl.g ml respectively. Ampicillin was used at a concentration of 100 / -.g/ml. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 1SA/EP TABLE 1. Bacterial strains and plasmids 2. DNA isolation and manipulation. Large scale preparations of plasmid DNA were isolated from Llactis by a modification of the Triton lysis method 2 ' . Mini-preparations of plasmid DNA from oo Llactis were prepared by the Bimboim and Doly procedure except that the cells were first incubated In 100 ml of TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) containing freshly added lysozyme and mutanolysin to final concentrations of 5 Lig/m\ and 100 units/ml respectively. Also, the plasmid DNA recovered was treated with RNAase (100 mg ml of DNAase free enzyme; 10 min at 37°C) then proteinase K (200.ttg/ml; 30 min at 37°C), and finally extracted with phenol chloroform mixture. The DNA was then precipitated and resuspended in TE. Plasmid DNA was isolated from coli as previously described- and mini-preparations of plasmid DNA prepared by the alkali lysis method of Bϊrnboim and Doly 22 . DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases under standard conditions and in the buffers recommended by the manufacturer. Other DNA modifying enzymes such as calf intestinal phosphatase, T4 DNA polymerase and T4 DNA ligase were used according to the recommendations of the supplier. General molecular doning techniques SUBSTITUTE SHEET ISA/EP and the electrophoresis of DNA in agarose gels were carried out essentially as q described by Maniatis et al. DNA fragments were purified from agarose gels by a spin column procedure which used a 0.5 ml microfuge tube plugged with a column of glass wool and punctured at the bottom with a fine needle. The slice of agarose gel containing the DNA fragment was placed on top of the glass wool and the whole tube placed in the top of a 2 ml microfuge tube. After 15 min centrifugation at full speed in a microcentrifuge the buffer and DNA from the gel slice was recovered from the bottom of the tube. The DNA was precipitated and used directly in ligations. 3. PCR. PCR amplification of DNA was performed using high fidelity reaction conditions^ and a thermal cycler (Cambio Ltd, Cambridge, UK). The reaction mixture contained 1 x PCR buffer (10 mM Tris-CI; pH 7.5 ,@ 70 °C, 50 mM KCI), 250 ^M of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 0.5 M each primer, 1 mM MgCL, DNA template (typically 50-100 ng) and 2.5 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Cambio Ltd) in a total volume of 100 ,l. The template DNA was heated for 5 min at 95 °C before adding the enzyme and then 30 cycles of PCR amplification run under the following conditions: denaturation at 93 °C for 1 min, primer annealing at 45 °C for 1 min, and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, with a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. Synthetic oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify the βrt gene protein translation initiation sequences and its signal leader, based on the reported sequence . Primer L1 -sense : 5' GATCGGCCAAGCTTCATATGAAACTTTTGGAAAGTGGAGGATATTGGA3' Primer L1-antisense: 5" CCGACGGATCCGTCGACCGCCGCCTTTGCTTGGATTTCGCCGACTGGC3' For amplification of the lactococcus Jac promoter and lacR gene the same conditions were used. The primer sequences were as follows: Primer 1: CGGGATCCCGACAAACCATACATTAGAA Primer 2: CGGGATCCGAAATGCTACGTAGAAGTAC In all cases the sequences underlined were identical with their templates. 4. Transformation. Llactis was transformed by electroporation of cells grown in the presence of glycine to weaken the cell wall. Several different parameters were investigated in order to optimise the procedure as follows; an overnight culture grown from a single colony was diluted about 100 fold in GM17 containing 3.0% glycine and grown to an OD β oOnm of 0.5-0.6 (this might take about 6 h). The culture was chilled on ice for 10 min and the SUBSTITUTE SHEET iSA/EP cells pelleted by centrifugation (3000 G for 10 min) and resuspended in 0.2 vol of ice cold 0.5 M sucrose containing 10% glycerol. This washing step was repeated once more and 40 Kl aliquots of the cells frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -70 °C. Immediately before electroporation the cells were thawed on ice and 1-2 -*! of the DNA solution (10-100 ng in de-ionised water) added. The cells were then transferred " to ice cold electroporation cells (0.2 cm gap) and electroporated at 12.5 KV/cm, 400 Ohms resistance and 25 ^ F capacitance. Immediately after eledroporation 960 x\ of ice cold SGM17MC medium (GM17 plus 0.5 M sucrose, 20 M MgCI 2 & 2 mM CaCI 2 ) was added to the cuvette and the cells transferred to a microcentrifuge tube on ice for 10 min. The cells were then incubated for 2 h at 30 °C in GM17 to allow the cells to recover before plating on GM17 antibiotic medium. Transformation efficiencies obtained using 10 ng of supercoiled plasmid DNA were typically in the order of 10° colonies/ug of DNA following an overnight incubation at 30 °C. Ecoli were transformed by electroporation using standard procedures. 5. Induction and analysis of target oene products. The host lactococcal strains containing the target gene vectors were routinely grown In GM17 containing the selective antibiotic. Exponentially growing cells were Induced by repladng GM17 for LM17. For the expression of target DNA the cells were grown at 37 °C. Total cell protein extracts were prepared from samples of approximately 1x10 cells. The cells were harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in 100 U I of TE (10 mM Tris-HCI, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) containing freshly added lysozyme and mutanolysin to final concentrations of 5 mg/ml and 100 units ml respectively and incubated for 5-10 min at 37 °C. The cells were then washed twice with 0.5 ml of TE and resuspended in 75/ of TE. The cells were lysed following the addition of 2x SDS PAGE sample buffe and boiled for 10 min to denature and solubilise the proteins. TTFC was assayed from the supernatants of cultured bacteria using EUSA and Immunoblotting techniques. After the cells were pelleted by centrifugation 5 ml aliquots of the supernatant were filtered through 0.2 t».m millipore filters and dialysed against TE (10 mM Tris-HCI, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). To inhibit protease activity EDTA and PMSF were added to the dialysis bag to final concentrations of 1 M and 0.1 mM respectively. Proteins were pre pitated for SDS PAGE by the addition of trichloroacetic acid to a final concentration of 10% at 0 °C. After centrifugation the protein pellet was suspended in 1 M Tris base and then mixed with an equal volume of 2 x SDS sample buffer for polyacrylamlde gel electrophoresis. 6. Fractionation of Lactococcus. Lactococ were recovered from medium by centrifugation following the addition of NaCl to a final concentration of 1M. The cells were washed twice in Wash Buffer (WB: 100 mM Tris-HCI pH 7.5, 5 M MgCI 2 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM PMSF) and each gram of cells (wet weight) resuspended in about 3-4 ml of ice cold WB containing protease inhibitors. The cells were homogenised with 40-50 g of glass beads (0.10-0.11 mm diameter) in a Braun cell homogeπiser (model MSK) for 2 x 30 sec with the C0 2 cooling system in operation. The glass beads were removed by filtration through a coarse sintered-glass filter and the homogenate centrifuged at 10,000 g for 15 min to pellet the cell walls. The membranes were removed from the soluble protein fraction by centrifugation at 144,000 g for 75 min at 4 °C. Protein concentration was estimated by the bicinchoπinic acid assay (Pierce Europe Inc) using BSA as the standard. 7. Immunoblotting and EUSA Proteins from total cell extracts and culture supernatants were separated by SDS PAGE and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose. The transfer of protein was checked by reversibly staining the filter with Ponceau S, after which the TTFC was detected by the use of a rabbit anti-TTFC antiserum and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins (Nordic Immunological Labs U.K.). For the TTFC EUSA the microtitre plates were coated with standard amounts of purified TTFC as well as soluble protein extracts and supernatants from the control and expressing strains (in 100 A/1) by incubating for 3 h at 37 °C and then overnight at 4 °C. The plates were then blocked by adding 150^.1 of blocking buffer (PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.5 % BSA), washed once with PBS/0.05% Tween and then incubated with rabbit anti-fragment C antiserum (diluted in blocking buffer) for 2 h at 37°C. The plates were washed 4 times in PBS/Tween and then incubated with the alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins (Nordic) for 1-2 h at 37 °C. The plates were then washed 4 times in PBS Tween and finally in PBS before developing with OPD. 8. Construction of T7 expression shuttle vectors for use in Lactococcus lactis. The EcoRV/Bglll fragment from pET-3a containing the bacteriophage T7 promoter of gene 10, its translation initiation region and transcription termination signal 8 was purified and ligated into p18N (see Table 1) cut with BamHI and Hindi (see p18NT7 Fig 1). Competent E.coli 'SURE' cells were transformed with the ligated DNA and individual clones picked and tested for the recombinant plasmid as described in Materials and Methods. Plasmid p18NT7 was modified for expression and secretion in Lactococcus lactis by SUBSTITUTE SHEET ISA/EP replacing the T7 bacteriophage gene 10 translation Initiation region with the ribosome binding site and signal leader sequence of the serine proteinase of Lactococcus lactis. The relevant proteinase (prt) gene DNA fragment was obtained by PCR amplification using primers with 5' extensions containing restridion endonuclease sites for either Hindlll or BamHI. A Sail restriction site was also included in the 5' overhang of the anti-sense primer to allow gene fusions to be made to the prt leader. A Sail restriction endonuclease site can also be cleaved by Accl or Hindi thereby allowing gene fusions to be made in any of the three reading frames. (Sequences of the primers are given above.) The PCR amplified DNA was cut with Hindlll, then blunted with T4 DNA polymerase and cut with BamHI. The digested fragment was gel purified and ligated to p18NT7 cut with Xbal and blunted and then cut with BamHI to generate p18NT7LVF. Competent E.coli "SURE" cells were transformed with the ligated DNA and individual clones picked and tested for the presence of the corred insert by restriction enzyme digestion and agarose gel eledrophoresis. A plasmid map of clone p18NT7L1VF (L1VF = signal leader 1 ; variable frame) and details of the sequence constructions can be found in Fig. 1 and Rg. 2 respedively. A second ladococcal signal leader of the 45 kD unknown secreted protein (usp45) no of Lactococcus lactis was synthesised using long overlapping oligonucleotides which were annealed and extended using T7 DNA polymerase. The double stranded produd was cut with Ndel and BamHI, gel purified and ligated to Ndel and BamHI cut p18NT7 to generate p18NT7L2VF (see Rg 1; L2VF = signal leader 2; variable frame). This signal leader replaced the T7 baderiophage gene 10 coding sequence in p18NT7 without altering the nucleotide spacing between the ATG start codon and the Shine Dalgamo sequence as shown in Rg 2. As for leader 1 the last amino acid of the signal peptide proceeds a Sail restridion site to allow gene fusions to be made in any of the three reading frames. In order to express foreign genes in L lactis using the modified sequences for expression with T7 RNA polymerase described above it was necessary to transfer the EcoRl and Hindlll fragment of p18NT7LVF and p18NT7L2VF to shuttle vedors which will replicate in Llactis. Two shuttle vedors for cloning in E.coli and Llactis pMIGI and pMIG3 were recently constructed which have different copy numbers in Llactis (Rg 3). pMIGI contains the pSH71 replicon of Llactis , replicates at high copy number in Llactis strain MG1363 (about 100 copies per baderium in a stationary culture) and is capable of replication in Rec A + E.coli and B. subtilis. Plasmid pMIG3 is a low copy number vedor in Llactis (several copies per baderium in stationary culture) but replicates at high copy number in all the commonly used laboratory strains of E.coli. The plasmids pMIGI and pM!G3 were cut with EcoRl and Hindlll and ligated to the EcoRI-Hindlll cut fragments of p18NT7L1VF and p18NT7L2VF. The resulting plasmids for cloning and expressing target DNAs under control of a T7 promoter in Lactococcus axe designated pLET vedors (plasmid for Lactococcal expression by T7 RNA polymerase). Plasmids pl_ET3 and pLET2 are pMIGI vedors containing the T7 expression cassettes from p18NT7L1VF and p18NT7L2VF respedively; pLET33 and pLET32 are pMIG3 vedors containing the T7 expression cassettes from p18NT7L1VF and p18NT7L2VF respedively (see Rg 3 for examples). The T7 expression cassette in p18NT7 was also removed from the plasmid p18N as an EcoRI-Hindlll fragment and ligated to the EcoRl and Hindlll cut shuttle vector pMIGI to generate the vector pLET1 which lacks a signal secretion sequence The sequence of this expression cassette is also shown in Rg. 2. 9. Construction of a Ladococcal vedor for Inducible Expression of T7 RNA Polymerase. In order to over-express foreign genes in baderia it is necessary to have an inducible system, otherwise the produds may be sufficiently toxic to prevent isolation of the recombinant strains. Furthermore, a regulated expression system allows the expression strains to be grown and maintained under conditions which are minimally selθdive for organisms which might otherwise escape expression by spontaneous mutation or by loss of the recombinant plasmids. To allow for these possibilities the T7 RNA polymerase gene was placed under the control of the recently reported Lactococcus lactis ladose inducible promoter which regulates expression of the ladose operon genes. ,32 The T7 RNA polymerase gene in plasmid pAR1173 (Table 1) is located on a 2.7 kb BamHI fragment comprising the entire gene and 24 nucleotides upstream of the translation start codon containing the Shine Dalgamo (SD) motif required for franslation initiation. To facilitate further cloning procedures the BamHI fragment from pAR1173 was cloned into the BamHI site of pUC18 to generate pUCPol (Rg 4). The BamHI site at the 5' end of the gene precedes a Bglll site at which the the Jac promoter and repressor gene were inserted. The lac promoter and its repressor were isolated by PCR amplification using primers with a BamHI site at the 5' end so that after ligation to Bglll cut pUCPol the SD of the T7 RNA polymerase replaced the SD of the lac operon promoter sequence (see pUCLacPol Rg 4). The Lac repressor (LacR), and T7 RNA polymerase gene under control of the regulated Llactis lac promoter was isolated and purified from BamHI cut pUCLacPol and ligated to BamHI cut plL277 (Rg 4). The resulting plasmid (pILPol) is low copy (several copies/cell) in Llactis and confers resistance to erythromycin. Finally, a host strain for expression by T7 RNA polymerase was established by transforming strain MG1820 with pILPol. Strain MG1820 carries a large 23.7 kb plasmid containing the genes required for growth on ladose (Table 1). 10. Cloning of Tetanus Toxin C Fragment in Llactis Expression Vedors. The tetanus toxin gene fragment C (TTFC) which is non-toxic and Involved in ganglioside binding of the holotoxin to animal neuronal cells has been cloned and produced in E.coli.- We have used this gene fragment as a test protein for expression in Llactis because it is derived from a Gram-positive baderium and can be easily detected by Western blotting and EUSA. The gene for TTFC can be removed from the Eco/ TTFC expression vedor pSS1261 (Table 1) by digestion with Sail and Pstl. This plasmid was therefore cut with Pstl, the DNA blunt-ended with T4 DNA polymerase and then cut with Sail. This gene fragment was purified from an agarose gel and ligated to BamHI cut, blunted and Sail cut pLET3 & L2 and pLET33 & L2 (an example is shown in Rg 3). The DNA fragment encoding TTFC was also cloned into the BamHI site of pLETI to generate an expression plasmid pLET1-TTFC; the reading frame was preserved with resped to the first 33 nucleotides of the T7 gene 10 so that it was in frame with the first 11 amino acids of the T7 bacteriophage gene 10 protein. In order to achieve this a DNA fragment encoding TTFC was amplified by PCR using a sense primer with a restriction site for Bglll at its 5' .end, and an antisense primer with a BamHI site at its 5' end. The cohesive ends generated by cutting the PCR fragment encoding TTFC with Bglll and BamHI are said to be compatible and can both be ligated into the BamHI site in pLETI. However, the Bglll-BamHI ligated ends can not be re-cut with either enzyme. This cloning strategy permits the pLETI -TTFC construd to be re-cut with BamHI only at the 3' end of the TTFC gene thereby providing a unique cloning site which can be used to make gene fusions to TTFC. The T7 expression vedors containing TTFC in frame with the first 11 amino acids of the T7 baderiophage gene 10 protein (pLET1-TTFC) or with either signal leader 1 or signal leader 2 were transferred to the Llactis host strain for T7 expression (MG1820, pILPol: Table 1) by electroporation. The host strain was also transformed with the vedors pMIGI and pMIG3 to provide controls for the ensuing experiments. 11. Expression of Tetanus toxin Fragment C in Llactis. The recombinant clones for expression of tetanus toxin fragment C, and the control strains were grown to an optical density at 600 nm (OD 600nm ) of about 0.5 in glucose medium (GM17). Expression of the TTFC gene was then induced by pelleting the cells and resuspending them in ladose medium (LM17) to an OD 600nm of about 0.3. Total cell protein extracts and TCA precipitated protein samples from the culture supernatants were prepared at different times after induction. In a Coomassie stained gel of total protein extracts from pLETI -TTFC prepared two hours after induction TTFC was the most abundant protein deteded (Rg. 5a). This protein was not detected in extracts prepared from the control strain two hours after induction. The results of Western blotting with total cell protein extrads prepared from the pLET1-TTFC strain confirmed that TTFC was expressed in induced cells. It was also expressed at low levels in uninduced cells (Rg. 5b). The results of immunoblotting total cell extrads and proteins precipitated from the culture supernatants of the expression-secretion strains (pLET3-TTFC and pLET2-TTFC) with TTFC antiserum also indicated that induction of TTFC gene expression by lactose led to the formation of TTFC (Rg. 5c & d). Furthermore, both signal leaders were able to mediate secretion of TTFC into the culture medium. However, the two strains differed with resped to the amounts of TTFC deteded in the total cell extrads; TTFC was only deteded in low amounts in pl_ET3-TTFC and only at 2 h after induction whereas substantially more TTFC was deteded in the cell extrads of the pLET2-TTFC strain. A marked feature of all the immunoblots was the detedion of a high molecular weight species of TTFC in the total cell extrads of these cells. This produd is most likely to be the unprocessed (signal sequence +TTFC) form of the protein (arrowed in Rg. 5d) In contrast the results obtained with the signal leader 1 fusion construd (ρLET3-TTFC) showed that TTFC did not accumulate in the cytoplasm of these cells, but was co-translationally secreted into the growth medium (Rg. 5c). No TTFC was deteded in the total cell extrads or culture supernatants of the pMIGI control strains. The levels of TTFC produced by the low and high copy expression secretion vectors carrying the T7L2 expression cassette (pl_ET2-TTFC and pLET32-TTFC) were compared by immunoblotting. The results of Western blots with anti-fragment C serum to total cell protein extrads and proteins precipitated from the culture supernatants of these strains is shown in Rg 6a and 6b respedively. As above the results show that TTFC was deteded in the cell extracts and culture supernatants of this strain following induction by lactose. No TTFC was deteded in extrads of these cells grown in glucose or in the control strains. Strikingly there was little difference in the apparent levels of expression between the low copy and high copy number vedors carrying the target gene. 12. Assay of TTFC in Culture Supernatants and Soluble Protein Extracts of Lactococcus lactis. Cells from the expression strain pLET1-TTFC (which lacked any secretion signal leader) and from pLET2-TTFC (secretion leader 2) were disrupted 1.5 to 2 hours after induction by mechanical homogenisation. Several dilutions of the protein extracts (in duplicate) and of purified rTTFC from E. coB (in duplicate) were used to coat a microtitre plate for an EUSA. The amounts of TTFC in the soluble extracts of these strains were determined from the standard curve, and the percentage of TTFC as soluble protein in the extrads of pLET1-TTFC and pLET2-TTFC was calculated to be 22% and 3.4% respedively. No TTFC was deteded in the soluble extrads from the control strain (which harboured the pMIGI vedor lacking the T7 expression sequences and TTFC gene). Rve mϊcrograms of soluble protein and a proportional amount of the washed insoluble fraction from each strain was analysed by SDS PAGE and Western blotting with anti-TTFC. The results (Rg 7) show that TTFC is detected only in pLET2-TTFC and not In the control strain. Interestingly, TTFC is also evident in the insoluble fraction from the expressing strain suggesting that the protein might have aggregated in the cell to form insoluble inclusion-like bodies. In order to determine the amounts of TTFC secreted by the L lactis strains pLET3-TTFC and pLET2-TTFC the cultures were induced and the culture supernatants (taken at different times after induction) assayed for TTFC by an EUSA. Rg. 8a shows that these strains reached stationary phase of growth approximately 4 hours after induction and that the pLET2-TTFC strain grew more slowly than did cells which carried pLET3-TTFC or the pMIGI control and did not reach the same final cell density. When TTFC secretion was assayed over a 6 h time course following induction (Rg.8b) the amounts of TTFC secreted into the growth medium by the strain which carried pLET3-TTFC reached a plateau (approximately 1 pg ml) when the cells entered stationary phase. The quantities of TTFC secreted into the growth medium by pLET2-TTFC were higher (approximately 2 /U-g/ml after 6 h). TTFC was not detected in the supernatants of the pMIGI control strain. In view of the slower growth rate of pLET2-TTFC strain compared to the pLET3-TTFC and the pMIGI control strain the numbers of dead cells present at different times after induction were determined by adding propidium iodide (PI; 10 mg/ml) to dilutions of the cultures in PBS, and the cells examined by phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that less than 0.5% of the baderia in the pLET3-TTFC and control strain were permeable to PI 6 h after induction. Approximately 5% of the bacteria in the pLET2-TTFC culture became permeable to PI after 2 h and this proportion increased to approximately 10% at 6 h. This suggests the possibility that SUBSTITUTE SHEET 1SA/EP some of the TTFC detected in the growth medium of this strain could have leaked out from dead cells. Since the growth and viability of the pl_ET3-TTFC strain was unaffeded following the induction of TTFC production this strain was induced at low cell density and its rate of growth and TTFC secretion monitored over 6 hours. These results showed that the amount of TTFC secreted into the growth medium was proportional to the cell density (Rg. 8c). During the exponential phase of growth the amounts of TTFC secreted into the growth medium was calculated to be approximately 2 g/ml hour. 13. Discussion of expression results These results demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to construct a system for the regulated expression, and optionally secretion, of substantial quantities of a heterologous gene product in Lactococcus lactis. In our system gene expression can be induced by the addition of ladose to the growth medium, although the mechanism by which the inducer is formed differs from that found in the well-known jac operon of E.coii, since the pathways for the catabolism of lactose are known to be very different in the two organisms. In order that the inducer metabolite of lactose would be formed we used a strain of Llactis (MG1820) which carries a 23.7 kb low copy number plasmid encoding the ladococcal Jac operon. The expression strain of Llactis was also transformed with a recombinant low copy number plasmid (pILpol) which carried the T7 RNA polymerase gene under the control of the ladococcal Jac promoter. The inducer prevents a repressor molecule blocking transcription at this promoter, and the consequence is that T7 RNA polymerase is made in the cell. The T7 RNA polymerase has such a tight specifidty for Its cognate promoter sequence (present in this case on the DNA of the target gene plasmid: pLET vector family; see Rg. 2 & 3c) that it initiates transcription, and transcribes the target gene RNA. The host cell protein translation and secretion machinery then produces the heterologous protein, and secretes it if the protein has a secretion signal sequence. Our target gene vectors incorporate a replicon which will replicate in a large number of Gram-positive bacteria, including all spedes of ladic acid baderia, a number of bacilli, several streptococcal species, Clostridia, Listeria, and E co//.-Hence, the vedors described here may be useful for the development of T7 based expression systems in these other organisms. The gene for TTFC was cloned into the expression vector pLETI and high and low copy number pLET vectors into which one of two different secretion leader sequences had previously been cloned (L1 & L2). Subsequently the Llactis expression host (by then carrying the lactose operon plasmid 1820 & pILpol) was further transformed with SUBSTITUTE SHEET ISA/EP the target gene plasmids. When these cells were induced gene expression mediated by the regulated production of T7 RNA polymerase was observed. No TTFC protein was deteded in the supernatants or cytoplasmic fractions of a pMIGI control strain. The pl_ET1-TTFC strain produced approximately 22 % of soluble protein as TTFC after just two hours induction. Both the secretion signal sequences used directed the secretion of TTFC into the growth medium, but TTFC was only found in substantial amounts (3.4% of soluble protein) in extrads from the pl_ET2-TTFC strain, in which the ladococcal usp45 signal leader (L2) was used to dired secretion. Since similar amounts of TTFC were secreted by cells which carried either of the two signal leaders the intracellular accumulation of TTFC in the pl_ET2-TTFC strain was probably a consequence of higher levels of expression. This result was surprising. It had been expected that the pLET3-TTFC strain might produce more protein than the pl_ET2-TTFC strain, since in the T7L1 expression cassette all the sequences downstream of the T7 promoter and RNA stabilizing sequence induding the ribosome binding site are of ladococcal origin. The reasons for the lower levels of gene expression seen with the pLET3-TTFC construd are unknown. One possibility is that the 5' secondary structure sequence and the Shine-Dalgamo sequence of the two mRNA's promote protein translatiφn initiation at different rates. These fadors might also account for the higher levels of TTFC expression obtained with the pLETI vedor compared to the expression-secretion vedors pLET3-TTFC and pLET2-TTFC. Immunoblotting of extrads of the soluble and insoluble proteins of the expression strain harbouring pLET2-TTFC prepared two hours after induction showed that most of the TTFC recovered in the soluble protein fraction was of a lower molecular weight than the TTFC assodated with the insoluble fraction. This difference in molecular weight implied that intracellular soluble protein had been processed to its secreted form, whilst intracellular insoluble protein remained unprocessed. This suggests that nearly all of the TTFC recovered as soluble protein from in the cell has been membrane translocated and probably lies between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall. If this is in fad the case the rate of diffusion of TTFC through the cell wall must be the rate limiting step In protein secretion, at least under the growth conditions used here by us. The TTFC deteded in the insoluble fraction by SDS PAGE and immunoblotting might arise from the aggregation and precipitation of protein in the cell as commonly observed for other recombinant proteins which have been over-expressed in E coll Alternatively, this unprocessed form of TTFC might arise from cell membrane which has remained assodated with the cell wall during fractionation. The TTFC deteded in the soluble and insoluble fractions of mechanically homogenized cells was apparently undegraded while some degradation was evident in total cell extracts prepared by a slow extraction procedure involving the incubation of cells with lysozyme and mutanolysiπ at 37°C. It is likely that the enzyme digestion of the wall and the subsequent washing steps in the absence of any protease inhibitors activated degradative processes in dying cells. The TTFC secreted into the growth medium of cultured cells by our expression-secretion strains remained undegraded even after incubation for 22 hours. These results encourage the belief that protease degradation will not impede the use of L lactis for heterologous protein production. In our experiments the cells were induced during the mid-exponential phase of growth and reached stationary phase about 3-4 hours after induction. An accumulation of intracellular protein was not deteded in total cell extracts at 6 or 22 hours after induction, although the amounts of TTFC secreted into the growth medium increase about 10-20 fold during this time. In light of the above results it seems most likely that expression by T7 polymerase is limited or inhibited when cells enter the stationary phase of growth and that the amounts of TTFC secreted into the growth medium increase with time as the protein diffuses through the cell wall. The growth and viability of one of our expression - secretion strains (pLET3-TTFC) was identical to that of the pMIGI control stain even when grown from low cell density in the presence of the inducer. In the exponential phase of growth this strain secreted approximately 2 U g of TTFC per hour into the growth medium. A further improvement to our expression system would come from eliminating the need for antibiotic-mediated seledion for the plasmid-borne lac promoter & T7 RNA polymerase sequences by integrating these into the chromosome of an L lactis host strain. Expression cassettes incorporating the target gene could also be integrated into the host genome for similar reasons. Our recent results imply that such integration would be unlikely to diminish produd yield. We have found that similar amounts of TTFC were produced by both low and high copy number TTFC expression vedors which implies that maintenance of a high copy number of the target gene is not required for the system to yield substantial quantities of target gene product. These results also give reason to believe that in addition to " its potential use for vaccine antigen delivery L lactis could be further developed as a safe and useful addition to the group of microorganisms which can be used for the production and secretion of recombinant proteins in soluble form. 14. In vivo data - Immune responses General Mice were immunised by subcutaneous or oral administration of recombinant Llactis cells expressing TTFC. The cells were induced with ladose for 2 hours, then washed SUBSTITUTE SHEET ISA/EP and resuspended in 100 μl PBS for subcutaneous administration of 0.2 M sodium bicarbonate for oral administration. Experiment 1 : subcutaneous administration (pLET2-TTFC) Balb/c male mice, 5-6 weeks old at the start of the experiment, were divided into four groups, each of six animals. q Group 1.received on each of days 0 and 1 subcutaneous inoculation of > 1 x O recombinant Llactis cells expressing TTFC from the pLET2-TTFC vedor. q Group 2:received on each of days 0 and 1 subcutaneous inoculation of > 1 x 10° Llactis which did not express TTFC (i.e. negative control to distinguish over any effect due to the administration of Llactis per se). Group 3:received on each of days 0, 15 and 58 subcutaneous inoculation of 10 μg of commercially available TTFC fragment C in PBS (i.e. positive control comparison of TTFC in available purified TTFC conventionally used for immunisation). Group 4:received no inoculation (i.e. straight negative control). All four groups were challenged on day 65 with a single subcutaneous dose of tetanus toxin of approx 2-4 LD 50 , and were examined 24 hours post-challenge. In the two negative control groups (2 and 4), all six animals showed obvious symptoms of paralysis (and were humanely dispatched as required by law). In both the positive control group (3) and the Llactis TTFC group (1), all animals were free of symptoms at 24 hours p.c, although one animal in group 1 showed mild paralytic symptoms after 72 hours. These results show that TTFC expressed and contained intracellularly in Llactis is in a biologically active conformation capable of giving a protedive effed against the pathogen similar in kind to that obtained by conventionally used purified TTFC when administered subcutaneously. Also, it shows that the immunogeπicity of antigens expressed in Llactis is not limited only to antigens originating from closely related baderial species such as Streptococd (iwaki et al.). Experiment 2: subcutaneous administration (pLET1-TTFC vs PLET2-TTFC) This experiment compares the protedive effed of the pLET2-TTFC expression product (see Experiment 1) with the pLET1-TTFC expression product. As shown above; whereas pLET2 is a secretory construct which nevertheless retains TTFC intracellularly at about 3.4% of soluble protein, pLETI is not a secretory construct and TTFC accumulates intracellularly to about 22% of soluble proteins. CBA mice were inoculated subcutaneously three times at two-weekly intervals. Those mice showing significant increases in serum antibody were challenged with purified tetanus toxin subcutaneously 14-20 days after the last inoculation. For each TTFC construd, the mice were divided into three groups, receiving respedively 5 x 10 , 5 x 10 7 and 5 x 10 8 recombinant Llactis cells. For challenge, each of these groups was divided into two sub-groups, receiving respectively 20 x LD 50 and 5 x LD 5 Q tetanus toxin. The results are shown below. These results show that the high-level intracellular expressor pl_ET1-TTFC Llactis strain is approximately 10-fold more effective at providing protection than the lower-level intracellular expressor pLET2-TTFC. In other words, despite being expressed intracellularly at a very high level in the Llactis cells, the TTFC protein nevertheless appears to assume more or less fully its conformationally adive state (since B-cells respond to conformational epitopes) for providing a protedive effed; a result strikingly different from that commonly found when heterologous polypeptides are expressed at high levels in E.coli, for example. In other experiments (data not shown) by comparing the TTFC Llactis inoculation dosage level required to achieve a fully protedive level of antibody in different strains of (Balb/c and C57BIV6), it was found that the pl_ET1-TTFC Llactis strain was more effective than the pLET2-TTFC strain, to the extent that, for a given dosage level (no. of cells) it required one less dose to reach that protedive antibody level, or for a given number of doses the protedive antibody level was achieved with a 10-fold lesser dosage level (no. of cells). In short, these data tend to confirm the inferences drawn above from the CBA data. Experiment 3: oral administration C57BIJ6 mice were orally inoculated with Llactis strains pLET2-TTFC and pLET1- TTFC. Three mice per group were used. Groups of mice were orally inoculated (under ether anaesthetic) with the following doses of Llactis strains resuspended in 0.2M sodium bicarbonate buffer: Group 1 : 5x10 8 pl_ET2-TTFC Group 2: 5x 0 9 pLET2-TTFC Group 3: 5x10 8 pLETI -TTFC Group 4: 5x10 9 pLETI -TTFC Group 5: 100ml sodium bicarbonate alone. Group 6: 5x10 9 pMIGI (non-TTFC expressor strain) The immunisation regime was as follows: Day 1: Blood sample obtained from tail vein Day 3: Oral inoculation of mice Day 11 : Blood sample obtained from tail vein Day 25: Blood sample obtained from tail vein Day 32: Oral inoculation Day 39: Blood sample obtained from tail vein Day 83: Blood sample obtained from tail vein Day 90: Blood sample obtained from tail vein Day 97: Blood sample obtained from tail vein Blood was stored overnight at 40°C, centrifuged at room temperature for 5 minutes and serum transferred to a sterile tube. Sodium azide was added to a concentration of 0.02M and the samples stored at -20°C until required. No additional adjuvant was used for inoculation. Systemic (serum) antibody (IgM and IgG) to tetanus toxin was deteded from the blood samples in an EUSA assay using tetanus toxoid as the antigen. For mucosal antibody (IgA), the samples were equalised to 1 mg/ml of total IgA prior to determination of the anti-TTFC antibody titre. The results showed that the mice in group 4, which had received 5x10 9 pl_ET1- TTFC L ladis cells (the high-level non-secreting strain), gave significantly raised levels of anti-TTFC soluble IgA after the third inoculation. No significantly raised levels of IgA were deteded in any of the other groups. As regards IgG and IgM, preliminary results suggest a significantly raised anti-TTFC IgM level from group 2, with a lesser response from group 4; while the observed IgG levels remained low, but with a possibly significant increase in group 2 again. These results clearly indicate a positive mucosal response from the oral administration of TTFC contained intracellulariy within the L ladis cells. This compares with the straight oral administration of TTFC (with or without adjuvant) which is not known to produce any significant immune response, and indicates an important effect from the cellular encapsulation in getting the TTFC expression produd to the appropriate location for inducing a mucosal immune response, and of course still in an immunologically active configuration. So far as the systemic immune response is concerned, if the preliminary data so far are confirmed and optimised, it may indicate that the effed is associated with lower levels of immunogen (eg the low-expressor pLET2 strain rather than the higher expressing pLETI strain), or with in vivo secretion of TTFC from the cells (again, secretory pLET2 vs non-secretory pl_ET1). General remarks on the in vivo data These results show for the first time the expression in Ladococcus of a non- streptococcal (non-ladococcal) antigen which, when administered orally, produces an immune response. - They also show that a heterologous protein can be expressed in Ladococcus and accumulated intracellularly at high levels as soluble protein in a biologically adive conformation. In particular, this enables immunogenic proteins to be delivered in the protedive environment of the expressing cell to a subjed to be immunised, thereby opening up new possibilities for vaccine production and delivery systems. Example 2 3. Expression of membrane anchored proteins in L lactis Construdion of an expression vedor for the membrane anchoring of antigens and other proteins in Llactis Since it is known that some antigens are most potent if their epitopes are exposed at the surface of readily phagocytosed particles such as bacteria we have developed a procedure which permits an antigen such as TTFC to be anchored in the plasma membrane of L lactis. This was done by creating a fusion protein incorporating the membrane anchoring domain of the lactococcal cell-wall associated proteinase gene from L lactis as a C-termϊnal fusion to TTFC. The expression vector was constructed in the following way 1. A DNA fragment encoding the cell-wall and r embrane anchoring domain of the proteinase (Prt) gene of L lactis strain NCD0763 (nt 6518 to 6913) was obtained by PCR amplification using appropriate primers based on the published sequence. To facilitate doning the primers were designed to incorporate BamHI and Bglll restridion sites at the 5' and 3' ends of the gene respedively. 2. The purified PCR fragment so obtained was cloned into the BamHI site of a modified pLET2 vedor to generate pLET4. In plasmid pLET4 a unique BamHI restridion endonuclease site lies between the signal leader and the wall-spanning and membrane anchoring domain. It is at this site that target genes can be inserted. As an example of such a construd we show here that it is possible to derive a cell-membrane anchored version of TTFC. The same PCR derived DNA fragment encoding TTFC that was cloned into pLETI was also ligated into the BamHI site of plasmid pLET4 to generate pl_ET4-TTFC. When the expression strains carrying pLET4-TTFC were induced a fusion protein of corred size was seen and could be recognised by anti TTFC antibody (Rg. 15a). The results of immunoblotting experiments with sub-cellular fractions of induced cells showed that the fusion protein was not present in in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction and was present in membrane arid insoluble fractions (Rg. 15b). These results demonstrate that all of the fusion protein produced is intimately associated with the cell membrane. Example 3 1. Expression of HIV 1 V3 loop antigen in Lactococcus lactis Introdudion When the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV 1) is transmitted from person to person it commonly infeds its host across the mucosal membranes of the male and female genital organs. These mucosal surfaces like others in the body, are bathed by glandular secretions which contain locally produced immunoglobins of the class known as secretory IgA (slgA). Such immunoglobins are believed to constitute an important first line of defence against infedion. It has been observed for a number of diseases that protection against infedion is more closely correlated with secretory antibody formation than it is with systemic antibody formation. For this reason methods of stimulating adequately protedive and prolonged slgA responses are of considerable practical importance since they would enable one to develop vaccines which would provide protection against infection rather than protedion against disease. Most conventional vaccines available at the present time aim to activate the systemic immune system so that it subsequently limits the multiplication and spread of the infedious agent against which the corresponding vaccine is direded. For most diseases the distindion between protedion against infedion and protedion against disease is not particularly significant. In the case of HIV 1 infection, however, such a distindion is clearly vital since once the virus has inserted its DNA into that of its host cell the infedious process can not be. reversed or cured. For any vaccine to provide successful protedion against HIV1 it is therefore important that it should elicit a sufficient state of mucosal immunity (and also systemic immunity) for early neutralisation of free virus to occur, thus blocking viral entry into cells. A key feature of any potential HIV vaccine designed to prevent infection is that should be capable of eliciting the formation of adequate quantities of neutralising slgA. Studies by other workers have revealed that neutralisation of HIV 1 is a fundion primarily of antibody mediated reactions direded against the envelope protein of the virus, particularly that protein known as gp120, and within this protein the region known as the V3 loop. This loop has been defined as the principal neutralising determinant. When antibody of adequate affinity binds to the V3 loop the virus is prevented from entering the cell and infeding it. Since neutralisation of the virus can only occur when adequate quantities of slgA antibody of the corred specificity and affinity are present in mucosal secretions it-is necessary to devise methods for stimulating the formation of these antibodies. Although mucosal immunity can be stimulated by ingesting adequate quantities of antigenic protein such a method is normally very inefficient since the majority of any ingested protein is degraded by stomach acid and/or by the proteolytic enzymes present in the gut. The use of the entire gp120 protein for immunization may be undesirable since certain regions of this protein are considered to induce autoantibodiθs in humans. However, a small protein encoding the isolated V3 loop is unlikely to be of sufficient molecular size to fundion well as an antigen. A pradicai oral vaccine for the stimulation of mucosal immunity to HIV 1 should therefore comprise (a) a means of producing the protedive immunogen at reasonable cost, (b) a means of delivering that immunogen to the mucosal immune system. .We have devised a procedure to express the HIV 1 V3 loop protein in a food grade lactic acid baderium - Lactococcus lactis subspecies lactis. In the present procedure this has been achieved as follows. Experimental 1. The DNA sequence encoding the V3 loop of the HIV 1 type MM virus was taken as an example and was obtained by designing oligonudeutide primers suitable for use in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to amplify viral DNA sequences of different lengths each induding and encoding the V3 loop sequence. The primers were designed to include a Bglll site and BamHI site at the 5' and 3' ends respedively and incorporated a few nudelc add substitutions to create codons more consistent with those found in ^ highly expressed ladococcal genes (Rg. 9). PCR amplification of DNA was performed using high fidelity readion conditions and a thermal cycler (Cambio Ltd, Cambridge, UK). The reaction mixture contained 1 x PCR buffer (10 mM Tris-CI; pH 7.5 @ 70 C, 50 mM KCl), 250 λ^M of each deoxynudeoside triphosphate, 0.5 uM each primer, 1 mM gC-2 HIV1 type MN infeded cell DNA (1 mg at 1 x 10 infedious units/ml) and 2.5 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Cetus Amplrtaq) in a total volume of 100 λtl The template DNA was heated for 5 min at 95 C before the enzyme was added. 30 cycles of PCR amplification were then run under the following conditions: denaturatioπ at 94 C for 1 min, primer annealing at 50 C for 1 min, and extension at 72 C for 1 min, with a final extension at 72 C for 5 min. 2. The amplified DNA fragments V3a and V3b (see Rg. 9) encoding the type MN V3 loop sequences were cut with Bglll and BamHI, gel purified and ligated into the BamHI site of a vedor construded for the expression and secretion of TTFC in L lactis {pLET2-TTFC-BamHI) so that the V3 loop would be translated as a fusion to 3' end of the TTFC gene. The resulting target gene vedor for expression of the TTFC V3a fusion protein is shown for example in Rg. 10. 3. The plasmids pl_ET2-TTFC/V3a and pLET2-TTFC/V3b were then introduced into an expression strain of Llactis carrying the other elements of the system for expression of heterologous genes. The essential elements of this system are depided in Rg. 11. 4. Baderial cells carrying the target gene expression plasmids and control elements necessary for the expression system to fundion were induced to produce to the TTFC/V3 fusion proteins by switching from growth on glucose to growth on lactose. Two hours after induction proteins from total cell extrads were separated by SDS PAGE and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose. The transfer of protein was checked by reversibly staining the filter with Ponceau S, after which the TTFC and V3 loop of HIV. were detected separately by the use of a rabbit TTFC antiserum and a monoclonal antibody SUBSTITUTE SHEET ISA/EP specific to the V3 loop of HIV1 type MN. The results show that antigenically authentic TTFC and V3 loop could be deteded in the expression strains following induction (Rg 12a & b respectively). Use of this procedure has thereby enabled us to demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to express fragments of the HIV1 virus in a food grade organism such as Lactococcus lactis suitable for use as an oral vaccine. Example 4 Produdion of An Insedicidal Crystal Protein in L lactis Introduction Several classes of insediddal crystal proteins (also known ase-T-eπdotoxins), having different insect host spedra are naturally produced by strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Most of these proteins are prototoxins which form indusions within the baderia during sporulation. The crystalline prototoxins are dissolved by the alkaline conditions in the midgut of the insed and are then proteolytically processed to generate smaller adive polypeptide toxins. The toxins are proposed to generate pores in the midgut epithelial cells of susceptible inseds and cause them to swell and lyse. Consequently, the insect larvae stop feeding and die. The specific properties of these toxins has been exploited for over two decades by using different formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis to protect crops from damage by inseds. The cloning of the genes for crystal protein toxins has provided enormous potential for the improvement of existing approaches. For example, insedicidal crystal proteins have been expressed in transgenic plants and plant-assodated 3Q micro-organisms. ° The development of a high level and regulated expression system for L lactis has provided an alternative strategy for the low cost production and delivery of insedicidal crystal proteins to crops. The advantage of using L lactis lies with its accepted GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) status within industry and established low cost fermentation technology, coupled with the rapidity of toxin formation when this is induced in the L lactis expression system. Whereas toxin formation in wild type isolates of S. thuringiensis can require prolonged fermentation times (e.g. 17 - 24 hours) in order that both spore formation and toxin formation should proceed to completion the biologically active toxin is formed in L lactis within 2 hours after the induction of gene expression. Furthermore, the delivery of the crystal proteins within a robust Gram-positive organism such as L lactis as opposed to a mixture of crystal protein and Bacillus thuringiensis spores may improve the stability of the protein in the environment. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of using recombinant L lactis in this way we describe here the cloning and expression of the CrylA(a) crystal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain HD-1 40 1. Construdion of a CrylA expression plasmid.- In order to clone the crystal protein gene for CrylA into the T7 expression cassette so that its own initiation codon would be used for franslation it was necessary to introduce appropriate restridion sites at the ends of the gene. In order to do this the gene was first assembled in a general cloning vedor. Two PCR derived gene fragments of the CrylA gene were sequentially cloned into plasmid pWW as detailed in Rg. 13. The primers were designed to include a Ndel site at the 5' end of the gene which incorporated the ATG (translation initiation) codon and a BamHI site at the 3' end of the gene immediately following the stop codon. The fragments were joined together by a unique Kpnl site present within the gene (Rg. 13). Since the thermostable polymerase used for PCR can introduce mutations into the amplified DNA fragments the major part (95%) of the CrylA gene between the unique Spel and EcoNI sites was deleted from plasmid pWW-PCR CrylA and replaced with the same restridion digest fragment derived from Bacillus thuringiensis DNA cloned in plasmid pES1. The resulting plasmid PWW-CrylA was cut with Ndel and BamHI and the 3.5 kb DNA fragment encoding the CrylA fragment cloned between the Ndel and BamHI site in the T7 expression cassette in pUC19NT7 (pUC19NT7 is essentially the same as p18NT7 shown in Rg. 1 except that the T7 cassette and multiple cloning site have been cloned in the opposite orientation; sequence details of the cassette is shown in Rg. 2). Rnally the T7 expression cassette incorporating the CrylA gene (Smal-Pstl fragment) was cloned between the Smal and Pstl sites in the Liactis/E.coli shuttle vedor pMIGI to generate the expression plasmid pl_ET1 -CrylA (Rg. 13). This plasmid was transferred into the expression host strain MG1820, pILPol. The expression strain harbouring pLETI -CrylA was grown and induced as described in Materials and Methods. 2. Expression of CrylA in Llactis. A Coomassie blue stained gel of total cell extrads prepared from the pLETI -CrylA strain following induction showed that a protein of the corred size was dearly visible after two hours (Rg. 14a). The results of Westem blotting with poiyclonal antisera to the crystal protein confirmed that the CrylA gene produd accumulated to high levels within the cell following induction (Rg. 14b). It was also expressed at low levels in uninduced cells. No such protein was deteded in total cell extrads prepared from the induced non-expressor control strain. Cells from the pLETI -CrylA expression strain were disrupted two hours after induction by mechanical homogenization as outlined in Materials and Methods. Proportional amounts of the insoluble (wall) membrane (M) and soluble protein fractions were analysed by SDS PAGE and immunoblotting. These results indicated that most of the crystal protein produced in Llactis was insoluble as it is in Bacillus thuringiensis (Rg. 14c). In order to estimate the amounts of CrylA produced in expressing cells the CrylA protein in the insoluble fraction was solubilised by boiling in SDS PAGE sample buffer lacking bromophenol blue. After pelleting the remaining insoluble matter, the supernatant was serially diluted and equal volumes of these dilutions transferred to nitrocellulose filter using a "slot-blot" apparatus. Standard amounts of purified CrylA crystal protein were included as controls. Following immunoblotting the amount of CrylA protein present in the cell extracts was estimated by visual comparison of the bands deteded in the sample and standard slots. Based on the total amount of protein recovered from the soluble fraction and from the alkali and SDS treated insoluble fraction we estimate that the CrylA protein accumulated to a level of 30% of total cell protein in induced cells. 3. Biological adivity of the induced strain and insoluble cell extrads In order to determine (on a qualitative basis only) whether either the cells of L lactis in which the CrylA protein had formed, &/or the CrylA protein itself were biologically active toxicity assays were carried out using first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). Approximately 1 x 10- baderia of the induced CrylA expressor strain and of a non-expressor control strain were resuspended in 50 tι:l of medium and applied to the surface of 1 cmblocks of artificial diet. The insoluble cell extracts prepared q from approximately 1 x 10 cells of the expressor and control strains were also applied (in 50 Mi) to separate blocks of food. CrylA crystal protein purified from Bacillus thuringiensis was used as a positive control. Six larvae were placed in each vial and growth and mortality followed over a four day period. The differences between the vials in which the various forms of the CrylA protein are shown in the following table: SUBSTITUTE SHEET 1SA/EP These results conclusively demonstrate that lactis expressing CrylA as well as the insoluble extrads from these baderia were toxic to the larvae of tobacco homworm. SUBSTITUTE SHEET ISA/EF LBojovic, B., G. Djordjevic, and L Topisirovic. 1991. Improved vector for promoter screening in lactococci. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:385-388. 2.Sibakov, M., T. Koivula, A. von Wright, and I. Palva. 1991. Secretion of TEM B-ladamase with signal sequences isolated from the chromosome of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:341-348. 3.van de Guchte, M., J.M.B.M. van der Vossen, J. Kok, and G. Venema. 1989. 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Wiley lnterscience, New York. 22.Birnboϊm, H.C., and Doly, J. 1979 Nucleic Acids Res 7:1513-1519. 23.Maniatis, T., E.F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. 24.Eckert, AK., and TA Kunkel. 1990. High fidelity DNA synthesis by the Thermus aquaϋcus DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:3739-3744. 25.Kiwaki, M., H. Ikemura, M. Shimizu-Kadota and A Hirashima. 1989. Molecular characterisation of a cell wall-associated proteinase gene from Streptococcus lactis NCDO 763. Mol. Microbiol. 3: 359-369. 26.Dower, W.J., J.F. Miller, and Ragsdale, C.W. 1988. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:6127. 27.LaemmIi, U.K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of baderiophage T4. Nature 227:680-685. 28.Burnette, W.H. 1981. Western blotting: eledrophoretic transfer of proteins from SDS polyacrylamide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A. Anal. Biochem. 112:195-203. 29.Asseldonk, M. van., G. Rutten, M. Oteman, R.J. Siezen, W.M. de Vos, and G Simons. 1990. Cloning of usρ45. a gene encoding a secreted protein from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis MG1363. Gene 95:155-160. 30.Gasson, M.J., and P.H. Anderson. 1985. High copy number plasmid vedors for use in lactic streptococci. FEMS Microbiol Letters 30:193-196. 31 Nan Rooijen, R.J., and W.M. de Vos. 1990 Molecular cloning, transcriptional analysis, and nucleotide sequence of /acR, a gene encoding the repressor of the ladose phophotransferase system of Lactococcus lactis. J. Biol Chem. 265:18499-18503. 32Nan Rooijen, R.J., S van Schalkwijk, and W.M. de Vos. 1991. Molecular cloning, characterization, and nucleotide sequence of the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway gene cluster of the lactose operon of Lactococcus lactis. J. Biol Chem. 266:7176-7181. 33. Kok, J. (1991) r? Genetics and Molecular Biology of Streptococci, Ladococci, and Enterococci. Dunny, G.M., Cleary, P.P., & McKay LL (eds) American Society for Microbiology. 34. Kiwaki, M., H. Ikemura, M. Shimizu-Kadota and A, Hirashima. 1989. Molecular characterization of a cell wall-associated proteinase gene from Streptococcus lactis ΝCD0763. Mol. Microbiol. 3:359-369. 35. Knowles, B.H., and D.J. Ellar, 1987 Colloid-osmotic lysis is a general feature of the mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin with different insect specificities Biochim. Biophys. Ada. 924, 509—518 36. Barton KA, H.R. Whiteley, and N.-S. Yang. 1987. Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxin expressed in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum provides resistance tolepidopteran insects. 'Plant Physiol., 85.:1103-1109. 37. 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Claims: CLAIMS 1. A Lactococcus host organism transformed with recombinant DNA comprising a T7 or T7-like RNA polymerase gene placed under the control of an inducible promoter effective in the Lactococcus host, and a promoter specific for said polymerase upstream of a coding sequence for a desired polypeptide to be expressed, whereby the promoter directs transcription of said coding sequence selectively as a result of expression of said polymerase. 2. A transformed Lactococcus according to claim 1 wherein the host is a strain of Lactococcus ladis. 3. A transformed Lactococcus according to claim 2 wherein the polymerase gene is under the control of an inducible promoter derived from Llactis. 4. A transformed Lactococcus according to any one of the preceding claims which, on expression of said encoding DNA produces soluble polypeptide within the cell. 5. A transformed Lactococcus according to any one of the preceding claims which, on expression of said encoding DNA, produces biologically active polypeptide within the cell. 6. A transformed Ladococcus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said polypeptide comprises a secretory signal sequence capable of effecting secretion of the downstream polypeptide expression product from the host cell. 7. A transformed Lactococcus according to claim 6 wherein the secretory signal sequence is one not normally associated with the downstream polypeptide expression produd. 8. A transformed Lactococcus according to claim 6 or claim 7 wherein the signal sequence is derived from a protein endogenous to Llactis. 9. A transformed Lactococcus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the expressed polypeptide comprises an immunogenically adive protein. 10. A transformed Lactococcus according to claim 9 wherein said immunogenic protein is fused to a polypeptide bearing an epitope to which it is desired to raise an immune response. 11. A transformed Ladococcus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the expressed polypeptide comprises an immunogen derived from a pathogen. 12. A transformed Ladococcus according to claim 11 for use in eliciting an immune response in a subject immunised therewith. 13. A transformed Lactococcus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said polypeptide comprises tetanus toxin C fragment (TTFC). 14. A transformed Ladococcus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said polypeptide comprises the V3 loop of HIV. 15. A transformed Ladococcus according to any one of claims 1 to 12 wherein said polypeptide comprises a toxin derived from B thuringiensis. 16. A process which comprises expressing said encoding DNA in a Lactococcus host organism of any one of the preceding claims. 17. A process according to claim 16 wherein the host organism is a strain of Llactis. 18. A process according to claim 16 or claim 17 wherein soluble polypeptide is produced within the cell. 19. A process according to any one of daims 1 , 17 and 18 wherein biologically active polypeptide is produced within the cell. 20. A process according to claim 18 or claim 19 wherein the polypeptide is recovered from the cell extract. 21. A process according to any one of claims 16, 17 and 18 wherein the polypeptide is expressed with a secretory signal sequence, whereby the polypeptide is secreted from the host cell. 22. A process according to daim 21 wherein the host organism is a strain of Llactis and the secretory signal sequence is derived from Llactis. 23. A process according to claim 21 or claim 22 wherein the rate of secretion is substantially at least as great as the rate of expression, whereby the polypeptide is produced without substantial accumulation in the host cell. 24. A process according to any one of claims 16 to 23 wherein said polypeptide comprises TTFC. 25. A strain of Lactococcus as obtainable by the process of claim 18, containing soluble heterologous polypeptide. 26. A strain of Ladococcus as obtainable by the process of claim 19, containing heterologous polypeptide in biologically adive form. 27. A strain of Ladococcus according to claim 25 or claim 26 wherein the heterologous polypeptide comprises an immunogenically active protein. 28. A strain of Ladococcus according to claim 27 wherein said immunogenic protein is fused to a polypeptide bearing an epitope to which it is desired to raise an immune response. 29. A strain of Ladococcus according to any one of claims 25 to 28 wherein the heterologous polypeptide comprises an immunogen derived from a pathogen. 30. A sfrain of Ladococcus according to daim 29 wherein the heterologous polypeptide comprises TTFC. 31. A sfrain of Ladococcus according to claim 29 or claim 30 wherein the heterologous polypeptide comprises the V3 loop of HIV. 32. A strain of Ladococcus according to any one of claims 26 to 28 wherein the heterologous polypeptide comprises a toxin derived from B thuringiensis. 33. A strain of Ladococcus according to any one of claims 29 to 32 for use in eliciting an immune response in a subjed inoculated with cells of said Ladococcal strain. 34. A strain of Ladococcus according to claim 33 for use in eliciting an immune response when administered mucosally. 35. A sfrain of Ladococcus according to claim 34 for use in eliciting a mucosal immune response involving the production of soluble IgA against the immunogen. 36. A strain of Ladococcus according to claim 33 for use in eliciting an immune response when administered parenterally. 37. A sfrain of Ladococcus according to claim 32 for use in administering to a subjed infected, with an organism to which the B thuringiensis toxin is specific. 38. The use of a strain of Ladococcus according to claim 32 in the pesticidal treatment, other than in a human or animal, of an organism to which the B thuringiensis toxin is specific.

Inventors: DE VILLAREAL PAMELA NORTON, LE PAGE RICHARD WILLIAM FALLA, WELLS JEREMY MARK, WILSON PETER WILLIAM, DE VILLAREAL, PAMELA, NORTON, LE PAGE, RICHARD, WILLIAM, FALLA, WELLS, JEREMY, MARK, WILSON, PETER, WILLIAM
Applicants: LYNXVALE LTD, LYNXVALE LIMITED
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C12R1
IPC codes: A01N63, A61K39, C07K14, C12N1, C12N15, C12R1