HYDROXAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) have matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity, wherein R2 represents a group R6-A- wherein A represents a divalent straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of up to 6 C atoms which may be interrupted by an O or S atom, and R6 represents hydrogen or an optionally substituted phenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group; R3 represents a group R7-(B)n- wherein n is 0 or 1, B represents a divalent straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of up to 6 C atoms which may be interrupted by an O or S atom, and R7 is -CONHOH, carboxyl, esterified or amidated carboxyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, naphtyl, or substituted phenyl or naphtyl in which the substituent(s) are selected from phenyl, hydroxy, C1-C6 alkoxy, benzyloxy, or R8-(C=O)-(C1-C6alkyl)-O- wherein R8 is hydroxy, amino, or an amino acid residue linked via an amide bond; or (except when n=0) R7 is hydrogen; R4 represents hydrogen or methyl; R5 represents hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl or a group D-(C1-C6 alkyl) wherein D represents hydroxy, (C1-C6)alkoxy, (C1-C6)alkylthio, acylamino, optionally substituted phenyl, or a heterocyclic group, NH2, or a mono- or di-(C1-NC6 alkyl) amine or a heterocyclic group; or R3 and R5 taken together represent a divalent, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of from 8-14 C atoms, which may be interrupted by an O, S or N heteroatom, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, (provided that) R3 is not the characteristic side chain of a natural alpha-amino acid, or the characteristic side chain of a natural alpha-amino acid in which any functional substituents are protected, any amino groups are acylated, and any carboxyl groups are esterified.

Description: Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives as Metalioproteinase Inhibitors The present invention relates to therapeutically active hydroxamic acid derivatives, to processes for their preparation, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and to the use of such compounds in medicine. In particular, the compounds are inhibitors of metalioproteinases involved in tissue degradation, and in addition are inhibitors of the release of tumour necrosis factor from cells. Compounds which have the property of inhibiting the action of metalioproteinases involved in connective tissue breakdown such as collagenase, stromelysin and gelatinase (known as "matrix metalioproteinases", and herein referred to as MMPs) are thought to be potentially useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of conditions involving such tissue breakdown, for example rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteopenias such as osteoporosis, periodontitis, gingivitis, corneal epidermal or gastric ulceration, and tumour metastasis, invasion and growth. Tumour necrosis factor (herein referred to as "TNF") is a cytokine which is produced initially as a cell-associated 28kD precursor. It is released as an active, 17kD form , which can mediate a large number of deleterious effects in vivo. When administered to animals or humans it causes inflammation, fever, cardiovascular effects, haemorrhage, coagulation and acute phase responses, similar to those seen during acute infections and shock states. Chronic administration can also cause cachexia and anorexia. Accumulation of excessive TNF can be lethal. There is considerable evidence from animal model studies that blocking the effects of TNF with specific antibodies can be beneficial in acute infections, shock states, graft versus host reactions and autoimmune disease. TNF is also an autocrine growth factor for some myelomas and lymphomas and can act to inhibit normal haematopoiesis in patients with these tumours. Compounds which inhibit the production or action of TNF are therefore thought to be potentially useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of many inflammatory, infectious, immunological or malignant diseases. These include, but are not restricted to, septic shock, haemodynamic shock and sepsis syndrome, post SUBSTITUTE SHEET ischaemic reperfusion injury, malaria, Crohn's disease, mycobacterial infection, meningitis, psoriasis, congestive heart failure, fibrotic disease, cachexia, graft rejection, cancer, autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, radiation damage, toxicity following administration of immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies such as OKT3 or CAMPATH-1 and hyperoxic alveolar injury. Since excessive TNF production has been noted in several diseases or conditions also characterised by MMP-mediated tissue degradation, compounds which inhibit both MMPs and TNF production may have particular advantages in the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases or conditions in which both mechanisms are involved. Several classes of MMP inhibitors have been proposed, including derivatives of hydroxamic acid. The following patent publications disclose hydroxamic acid- based MMP inhibitors: US 4599361 (Searle) EP-A-0236872 (Roche) EP-A-0274453 (Bellon) WO 90/05716 (British Bio-technology) WO 90/05719 (British Bio-technology) WO 91/02716 (British Bio-technology) EP-A-0489577 (Celltech) EP-A-0489579 (Celltech) EP-A-0497192 (Roche) WO 92/13831 (British Bio-technology) WO 92/22523 (Research Corporation Technologies) WO 93/09090 (Yamanouchi) The intrinsic potency of compounds within the broad structural groups of hydroxamic derivatives disclosed in the above publications against particular MMPs can be high. For example, many have a collagenase IC 50 by the in vitro test method of Cawston and Barrett, (Anal. Biochem., 99, 340-345, 1979) of less than 50 nM. Unfortunately, however, the physicochemical and/or pharmacokinetic properties of the specific compounds disclosed in those publications have generally been disappointing. Identifying hydroxamic acid-based MMP inhibitors having a good balance of high intrinsic activity against the target MMPs, and good physicochemical and/or pharmacokinetic properties, such that the compounds are easily formulated for administration, have good bioavailability for acceptable periods following administration, and have high in vivo activity in the target disease or condition, remains a much sought after goal in the art. The above patent publications disclose nothing concerning the inhibition of TNF release. Indeed it appears that the state of the art as a whole does not include the recognition of anti-TNF properties in any MMP-inhibiting hydroxamic acid derivatives. The hydroxamic acid derivatives disclosed in the above publications can be regarded as having the following basic structure (IA): wherein the five substituents Ri - R 5 may vary according to the detailed disclosure of each publication. The balance of intrinsic level of activity, degree of specificity of inhibition of particular categories of MMP, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties can vary in an unpredictable way as the substituents R-i - R 5 are varied. Of the above publications, only EP-A-0236872 refers to the possibility that in a particular class of collagenase inhibitors of basic structure (IA) the substituent R-i may be OH. That possibility is referred to amongst many other possible R 1 substituents, in the context of compounds in which the substituent R 3 is the characte stic side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid in which any functional substituents may be protected, any amino group may be acylated, and any carboxyl group may be esterified. EP-A-0236872 does not disclose such compounds as having preferred or particularly advantageous collagenase SUBSTITUTE SHEET inhibitory properties, and in fact contains no disclosure of any specific compound in which R-i is hydroxy. It does not address the problem in the art referred to above of providing hydroxamic acid derived MMP inhibitors having the elusive balance of good intrinsic activity profile and good physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. This invention makes available a novel group of compounds of general formula (IA), principally characterised in that the Ri substituent is a hydroxy group and in which the selected substituent R 3 is not the side chain of a natural amino acid. It has been found that such compounds have in general the sought after but unpredictable combination of desirable formulation characteristics, including good water-solubility, as well as desirable activity profiles as inhibitors of MMP's, including both collagenase and stromelysin inhibitory activity. The class includes compounds which achieve high serum levels following oral administration, and which are active in vivo following oral administration in relevant animal models of diseases and conditions mediated by MMP's. Furthermore, as mentioned above, compounds of the invention have been found to have the unexpected and desirable property of inhibiting TNF production. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a compound of formula (I): wherein R 2 represents a group Rε-A- wherein A represents a divalent straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of up to 6 C atoms which may be interrupted by an O or S atom, and Re represents hydrogen or an optionally substituted phenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group; R 3 represents a group R 7 -(B) n - wherein n is 0 or 1 , B represents a divalent SUBSTITUTE SHEET straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of up to 6 C atoms which may be interrupted by an O or S atom, and R 7 is -CONHOH, carboxyl, esterified or amidated carboxyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, napthyl, or substituted phenyl or napthyl in which the substituent(s) are selected from phenyl, hydroxy, CrC 6 alkoxy, benzyloxy, or wherein Re is hydroxy, amino, or an amino acid residue linked via an amide bond; or (except when n=0) R7 is hydrogen; R 4 represents hydrogen or methyl; R 5 represents hydrogen, C-i-Cε alkyl or a group D-(CrC 6 alkyl) wherein D represents hydroxy, (Ci-CεJalkoxy, (CrC 6 )alkylthio, acylamino, optionally substituted phenyl, or a heterocyclic group, NH2, or a mono- or di-(C-|-C 6 alkyl) amine or a heterocyclic group; or R3 and R 5 taken together represent a divalent, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of from 8 to 16 C atoms, which may be interrupted by an O, S or N heteroatom, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, provided that R 3 is not the characteristic side chain of a natural alpha-amino acid, or the characteristic side chain of a natural alpha-amino acid in which any functional substituents are protected, any amino groups are acylated, and any carboxyl groups are esterified. As used herein the term "C 1 -C 6 alkyl" or "saturated hydrocarbon chain of up to 6 C atoms" refers to a straight or branched chain alkyl moiety having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, including for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, pentyl and hexyl. The term "C -C 6 alkenyl" or "unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of up to 6 C atoms" refers to a straight or branched chain alkenyl moiety having from 2 to 6 carbon SUBSTITUTE SHEET atoms and having in addition one double bond of either E or Z stereochemistry where applicable. This term would include, for example, vinyl, 1 -propenyl, 1 - and 2- butenyl and 2-methyl-2-propenyl. The term "cycloalkyl" refers to a saturated alicyclic moiety having from 3-8 carbon atoms and includes, for example, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, cycloheptyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopropyl. The term "cycloalkenyl" refers to an unsaturated alicyclic moiety having from 3-8 carbon atoms and includes, for example, cyclohexenyl, cyclooctenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutenyl and cyclopropenyl. In the case of cycloalkenyl rings of from 5-8 carbon atoms, the ring may contain more than one double bond. The term "heterocyclyl" or "heterocyclic" refers to a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from S, N and O, and optionally fused to a benzene ring, including for example, pyrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrimidinyl, morpholinyl, piperizinyl, indolyl and benzimidazole. Unless otherwise specified in the context in which it occurs, the term "substituted" as applied to any moiety herein means substituted with up to four substituents, each of which independently may be C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, hydroxy, thio, CrCε alkylthio, amino, halo (including fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo), trifluoromethyl, nitro, -COOH, -CONH 2 or -CONHRA wherein RA is a C C 6 alkyl group or the residue of a natural alpha-amino acid. The term "characteristic side chain of a natural alpha-amino acid" means the characteristic side chain attached to the -CH(NH 2 )(COOH) moiety in the following amino acids: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, histidine, arginine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Where a carboxylic acid group is esterified in compounds of formula (I), the SUBSTITUTE SHEET notional esterifying moiety may be, for example, a C1-C 6 alkanol or benzyl alcohol. Where a carboxylic acid group is amidated in compounds of formula (I), examples include aminocarbonyl, (C C 6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, di(C C 6 alkyl)aminocarbonyl, and benzylaminocarbonyl groups, as well as carboxylic acid groups amidated with an aminocarboxylic acid such as a natural alpha amino acid (eg glycine, alanine etc). Salts of the compounds of the invention include physiologically acceptable acid addition salts for example hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, sulphates, methane sulphonates, p-toluenesulphonates, phosphates, acetates, citrates, succinates, lactates, tartrates, fumarates and maleates. Salts may also be formed with bases, for example sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts. There are several chiral centres in the compounds according to the invention because of the presence of asymmetric carbon atoms. The presence of several asymmetric carbon atoms gives rise to a number of diastereomers with R or S stereochemistry at each chiral centre. General formula (I), and (unless specified otherwise) all other formulae in this specification are to be understood to include all such stereoisomers and mixtures (for example racemic mixtures) thereof. In the compounds of the invention, the preferred stereochemistry is in general as follows: C atom carrying the hydroxy group and hydroxamic acid moiety - S, C atom carrying the R2 group - R, C atom carrying the R 3 group - S, but mixtures in which the above configurations predominate are also contemplated. In the compounds of the invention: R 2 may for example be a C 3 -C 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl(C 3 -C 6 alkyl), phenyl(C 2 -C 6 alkyl), C 2 -C 4 alkoxy(C C 3 alkyl) m , or C 2 -C 4 alkylsulphanyl(C C 3 alkyl) m group wherein is 0 or 1. Examples of particular R 2 groups include iso-butyl, n- pentyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclohexylbutyl, cyclohexylpentyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl, propyloxymethyl, and propylsulphanyl. Presently preferred are compounds in which R is iso-butyl; (always subject to the proviso that R 3 is not the characteristic side chain of a natural alpha-amino acid, or the characteristic side chain of a natural alpha- amino acid in which any functional substituents are protected, any amino groups are acylated, and any carboxyl groups are esterified), R 3 may for example be a phenyl, C-i-Cβ alkyl, C 2 -C6 alkenyl, phenyl(Cι-C6 alkyl), substituted phenyl(C C 6 alkyl), cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl(CrC6 alkyl), thienyl, thienyl(C C 6 alkyl), pyridyl(CrC 6 alkyl), thiazolyl(C C 6 alkyl), thiofuranyl(d-C 6 alkyl), benzothiofuranyl(C-|-C 6 alkyl) or imidazolyl(CrC6 alkyl) group, or R 3 and R 5 taken together may form a C 7 -d2 alkylene chain, optionally interrupted by an O, S or N heteroatom. Examples of particular R 3 groups include phenyl, t-butyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclohexylbutyl, cyclohexylpentyl, optionally substituted phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl and phenylpentyl in which the optional substituent(s) are in the phenyl ring and are selected from phenyl, hydroxy, C Cβ alkoxy, benzyloxy, tetrafluoromethyl, halo (eg chloro) and Rs-(C=0)-(Cι-C 6 alkyl)-0- wherein Re is hydroxy, amino, or an amino acid residue linked via an amide bond. Other examples of particular R 3 groups include phenylethyl, cyclohexyl, thienyl(Ci-Ce alkyl), pyridylmethyl, thiazolylmethyl, thiofuranylmethyl, benzothiofuranylmethyl or imidazolylmethyl, 1 -ethenyl, 1- propenyl, 1 -propynyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, napthyl, napthylmethyl, propyloxymethyl, butyloxymethyl, and propylsulphanylmethyl, and butylsulphanylmethyl. Presently preferred are compounds in which R 3 is cyclohexylmethyl, t-butyl, 2-thienylmethyl, (4-hydroxycarbonylmethoxy)- phenylmethyl, (4-phenyl)phenylmethyl, methoxycarbonylethyl, and N- hydroxyaminocarbonylethyl; R 4 may for example be hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. Presently preferred are compounds in which R 4 is hydrogen; R 5 may for example be hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl, or a group D-(C-|-C 6 alkyl) SUBSTITUTE SHEET wherein D represents hydroxy, (CrC 6 )alkoxy, (CrCβJalkylthio, acylamino, optionally substituted phenyl, or a heterocyclic group. Examples of particular R 5 groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hydroxyethyl, 2-ethylthioethyl, 2-acetoxyethyl, N-acetyl-2-aminoethyl, 3-(2-pyrrolidone)propyl, optionally substituted phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl and phenylpentyl, Presently preferred are compounds in which R 5 is methyl or ethyl. Interesting compounds of the invention are: N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-oxymethylcarboxy) phenylalanine-Ni -methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-phenylglycine-Ni- methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-phenyl)- phenylalanine-Ni-methylamide; N3-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]amino-1 - azacyclotridecan-2-one; N 2 -[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-3-(1 -pyrazolyl) alanine- Ni- methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-4-(N- hydroxyamino)glutamic acid-Ni-methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-3-(2-thienyl) alanine- N i - methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cyclohexyl alanine-Ni- (3-(2-pyrrolidone)propyl)amide, and salts, solvates or hydrates thereof. Compounds of the invention which are presently especially preferred for their balance of good formulation characteristics such as water solubility, high intrinsic activity in inhibiting collagenase and stromelysin, activity in inhibiting TNF release, and good pharmacokinetic properties, evidenced for example by high in vivo activity following oral administration in the standard rat adjuvant arthritis model, are: SUBSTITUTE SHEET N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cyclohexyl alanine-Ni methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-tert-ieucine-Ni- methylamide, and salts, solvates or hydrates thereof. Compounds according to the present invention may be prepared by methods known per se in the art, and by the following process, which forms another aspect of the invention, namely a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) comprising: (a) coupling an acid of general formula (II) or an activated derivative thereof with hydroxyiamine, O-protected hydroxylamine, or a salt thereof, R2- R 3 - R 4 - and R 5 being as defined in general formula (I) except that any substituents in R 2 . R 3 . R 4 . and R 5 which are potentially reactive with hydroxylamine, O-protected hydroxylamine or their salts may themselves be protected from such reaction, then removing any protecting groups from the resultant hydroxamic acid moiety and from any protected substituents in R . R 3 . R - and R 5 ; and (b) optionally converting a compound of general formula (I) into another compound of general formula (I). Conversion of (II) to an activated intermediate such as the pentafluorophenyl, hydroxysuccinyl, or hydroxybenzotriazolyl ester may be effected by reaction with the appropriate alcohol in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as dicyclohexyl dicarbodiimide (DCC), N,N-dimethyiaminopropyl-N'-ethyl SUBSTITUTE SHEET carbodiimide (WSCDI), or 2-ethoxy-1 -ethoxycarbonyl-1 ,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). Protecting groups as referred to above are well known per se, for example from the techniques of peptide chemistry. Amino groups are often protectable by benzyloxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl or acetyl groups, or in the form of a phthalimido group. Hydroxy groups are often protectable as readily cleavable ethers such as the t-butyl or benzyl ether, or as readily cleavable esters such as the acetate. Carboxy groups are often protectable as readily cleavable esters, such as the t-butyl or benzyl ester. A compound of general formula (II) can be prepared by coupling an acid of formula (III) or an activated derivative thereof with an amine of formula (IV) wherein R 2 . R 3 . R4- and R 5 are as defined in general formula (I) and R-io and Rn separately represent hydroxy protecting groups or taken together represent a divalent moeity which simultaneously protects both hydroxy groups, and subsequently removing the protecting groups or protecting moeity. Active derivatives of acids (III) include activated esters such as the pentafluorophenyl ester, acid anhydrides and acid halides, eg chlorides. R-| 0 and Rn may be any of the standard hydroxyl protecting groups known in the art, but a particularly useful technique may be simultaneous protection of the two hydroxy groups as a dioxalone of formula (V): SUBSTITUTE SHEET wherein the groups R 12 and R 13 are derived from a dioxalone forming reagent, and may be, for example, hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl. As mentioned above, compounds of formula (I) are useful in human or veterinary medicine since they are active as inhibitors of MMPs, and a further advantage lies in their ability to inhibit the release of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) from cells. Accordingly in another aspect, this invention concerns: (i) a method of management (by which is meant treatment or prophylaxis) of diseases or conditions mediated by MMPs and/or TNF in mammals, in particular in humans, which method comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound as defined with respect to formula (I) above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and (ii) a compound as defined with respect to formula (I) for use in human or veterinary medicine, particularly in the management (by which is meant treatment or prophylaxis) of diseases or conditions mediated by MMPs and/or TNF; and (iii) the use of a compound as defined with respect to formula (I) in the preparation of an agent for the management (by which is meant treatment or prophylaxis) of diseases or conditions mediated by MMPs and/or TNF. Diseases or conditions mediated by MMPs include those involving tissue breakdown such as bone resorption, inflammatory diseases, dermatological conditions and tumour invasion by secondary metastases, in particular rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, gingivitis, corneal ulceration and tumour invasion by secondary metastases. Diseases or conditions mediated by TNF include inflammation, fever, cardiovascular effects, haemorrhage, coagulation and acute phase response, cachexia and anorexia, acute infections, shock states, graft versus host reactions and autoimmune disease. In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a pharmaceutical or veterinary SUBSTITUTE SHEET composition comprising a compound of formula (I) together with a pharmaceutically or veteriπarily acceptable excipient or carrier. In view of the water-solubility, and oral bioavailability advantanges of compounds in accordance with the invention, a further aspect of the invention comprises a pharmaceutical or veterinary composition comprising a compound of formula (I) together with a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable excipient or carrier, characterised in that the composition is adapted for oral administration. One or more compounds of general formula (I) may be present in the composition together with one or more excipient or carrier. The compounds with which the invention is concerned may be prepared for administration by any route consistent with their pharmacokinetic properties. The orally administrable compositions may be in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, liquid or gel preparations, such as oral, topical, or sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions. Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinyl-pyrrolidone; fillers for example lactose, sugar, maize-starch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; tabletting lubricant, for example magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants for example potato starch, or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice. Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose syrup, gelatin hydrogenated edible fats; emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters such as glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p- hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid, and if desired conventional flavouring or colouring agents. SUBSTITUTE SHEET The dosage unit involved in oral administration may contain from about 1 to 250mg, preferably from about 25 to 250mg of a compound of the invention. A suitable daily dose for a mammal may vary widely depending on the condition of the patient. However, a dose of a compound of general formula I of about 0.1 to 300mg/kg body weight, particularly from about 1 to 100mg/kg body weight may be appropriate. For topical application to the skin, the drug may be made up into a cream, lotion or ointment. Cream or ointment formulations which may be used for the drug are conventional formulations well known in the art, for example as described in standard textbooks of pharmaceutics such as the British Pharmacopoeia. For topical application to the eye, the drug may be made up into a solution or suspension in a suitable sterile aqueous or non aqueous vehicle. Additives, for instance buffers such as sodium metabisulphite os disodium edeate; preservatives including bactericidal and fungicidal agents such as phenyl mercuric acetate or nitrate, benzalkonium chloride or chlorhexidine, and thickening agents such as hypromellose may also be included. The dosage for topical administration will of course depend on the size of the area being treated. For the eyes, each dose may typically be in the range from 10 to 100mg of the drug. The active ingredient may also be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. Depending on the vehicle and concentration used, the drug can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. Advantageously, adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, preservative and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle. For use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the drug can be administered by the oral route or by injection intra-articularly into the affected joint. The daily dosage for a 70kg mammal may be in the range 10mgs to 1 gram. The following Examples illustrate embodiments of the invention: SUBSTITUTE SHEET The amino acids used in the examples below were commercially available or were prepared according to literature procedures. In all cases these were converted to the required N-methylamides by standard methods. Example 1 N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cyclohexyl alanine-Ni methylamide Example 1a Isopropyl 3R-carboxyisopropyl-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhex-5-enoate Diisopropyl-2S-hydroxybutanedioate (50 g, 230 mmol) was added to a solution of lithium N,N-diisopropylamide [from N,N-diisopropylamine (80 ml, 570 mmol) and 10M n-butyllithium (48.1 ml, 481 mmol)] in dry tetrahydrofuran (500 ml) whilst maintaining the temperature at -70°C. When addition was complete the reaction was warmed to -15°C and stirred for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to - 70°C and methallyl iodide (46 g, 252 mmol) was added slowly, ensuring that the temperature did not exceed -65°C. The mixture was warmed to -40°C and stirred for 18 hours before quenching at -15°C with citric acid. The organic layer was separated and washed with 10% sodium bicarbonate solution (500 ml) and brine (300 ml) then dried over magnesium sulphate. The solution was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give a brown oil (64 g) which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 1 kg, gradient elution with 20 to 35% diethyl ether in hexane). The desired product was isolated as a colourless oil (30.9 g, 49%) which was found to be a 17:1 mixture of diastereomers by NMR. 1H-NMR; δ (Chloroform- d, major diastereomer), 5.06 (1 H, septet, J=6.3 Hz), 4.97 (1 H, septet, J=6.3 Hz), SUBSTITUTE SHEET 4.78 (2H, d, J=7.1 Hz), 4.16 (1 H, m), 3.20 (1 H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 3.00 (1 H, m), 2.50, 2.35 (2H, ABX, J=7.0, 8.7, 14.4 Hz), 1.72 (3H, s) and 1.24 - 1.16 (12H, 2m). Example 1 b Isopropyl 3R-carboxyisopropyl-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoate Isopropyl 3R-carboxyisopropyl-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhex-5-enoate (7.14 g, 26.2 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (80 ml), and stirred overnight with 10% palladium on charcoal catalyst (1.0 g) under an atmosphere of hydrogen. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness to leave the product as a clear oil (7.03 g, 98%). 1H-NMR; δ (Chloroform-d), 5.06 (1 H, septet, J=6.3 Hz), 4.97 (1 H, septet, J=6.3 Hz), 4.17 (1 H, br s,), 3.24 (1 H, br s), 2.83 (1 H, m), 1.68 (2H, m), 1.44 (1 H, m), 1.24 (6H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 1.18 (6H, d, J=6.2 Hz) and 0.89 (6H, m). Example 1c 3R-Carboxy-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoic acid Isopropyl 3R-Carboxyisopropyl-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoate (7.0 g, 25.6 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane (15 ml) and water (15 ml), a solution of potassium hydroxide (4.29 g) in water (22 ml) was added and the mixture was heated at 90°C overnight. The solution was allowed to cool and then passed through an ion exchange resin (Dowex 50X4-400, 200 ml) to yield the title compound (4.82 g, 99%). 1H-NMR; δ (Chloroform-d), 8.70 (2H, br s), 4.32 (1 H, br s), 3.10 (1 H, m), 1.85 1.55 (3H, m) and 0.96 (6H, m). Example 1d SUBSTITUTE SHEET 2R-(2,2-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1 ,3-dioxalan-5S-yl)-4-methylpentanoic acid 3R-Carboxy-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoic acid (5.19 g, 27.3 mmol) was dissolved in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (150 ml) and N,N-dimethylformamide (40 ml) and stirred overnight at 30°C in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-toluene sulphonic acid. The solvent was removed to give the title compound contaminated with solvent (6.87 g, >100%). 1H-NMR; δ (Chloroform-d), 4.41 (1 H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 2.91 (1 H, m), 1.69 (3H, m), 1.54 (3H, s), 1.48 (3H, s) and 0.88 (6H, m). Example 1 e Pentafluorophenyl R-(2,2-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1 ,3-dioxalan-5S-yl)-4-methyl pentanoate 2R-(2,2-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1 ,3-dioxalan-5S-yl)-4-methylpentanoic acid (558 mg, 2.4 mmol) was taken up in dichloromethane (10 ml) and cooled to 0°C before adding pentafluorophenol (670 mg, 3.6 mmol) and N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (560 mg, 2.9 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 0°C for 2 hours then the solution was washed with 1 M sodium carbonate (50 ml) and brine (20 ml). The organic layer was dried (magnesium sulphate), filtered, evaporated to dryness and purified by column chromatography (silica gel, dichloromethane) to give the activated ester (552 mg, 58%). 1H-NMR; δ (Chloroform-d), 4.57 (1 H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 3.32 (1 H, m), 1.86 (3H, m), 1.67 (3H, s), 1.58 (3H, s) and 1.03 (6H, m). Example 1f N2-[2R-(2,2-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1 ,3-dioxalan-5S-yl)-4-methylpentanoyl]-L-cyclohexyl alanine-Ni-methylamide Pentafluorophenyl 2R-(2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-1 ,3-dioxalan-5S-yl)-4-methyl pentanoate (1.06 g, 2.7 mmol) and L-cyclohexylalanine-N-methylamide (0.33 g, 1.8 mmol) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (150 ml) and the mixture was SUBSTITUTE SHEET stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was removed to give an oil which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, gradient elution with 0 to 5% methanol in dichloromethane) gave first unreacted ester followed by the desired product (0.43 g, 60%). 1H-NMR; δ (Chloroform-d), 6.47 (2H, br m and d, J=8.3 Hz), 4.53 (1 H, d, J=6 Hz), 4.49 (1 H, m), 2.76 (4H, m), 1.80 - 1.50 (12H, br m), 1.62 (3H, s), 1.54 (3H, s), 1.35 - 1.10 (4H, br m) and 0.91 (6H, m). Example 1g N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-hydroxy-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cyclohexylalanine-Ni- methylamide. N 2 -[2R-(2,2-Dimethyl-4-oxo-1 ,3-dioxalan-5S-yl)-4-methylpentanoyl]-L-cyclohexyl alanine-N i -methylamide (0.43 g, 1.1 mmol) was dissolved in 2M hydrochloric acid (15 ml) and tetrahydrofuran (20 ml) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed to give the required product as an off white foam (0.35 g, 91%). 1 H-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 4.37 (1 H, m), 4.16 (1 H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 2.75 (1 H, m), 2.68 (3H, s), 1.80 - 1.50 (12H, m), 1.38 - 1.10 (4H, br m) and 0.90 (6H, m). Example 1 h N2-[4-(N-Benzyloxyamino)-3S-hydroxy-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cyclohexylaianine- N - methylamide. N 2 -[3S-Hydroxy-4-hydroxy-2R-isobutylsuccinyl)]-L-cyclohexylalanine-N - methylamide (0.35 g, 1.0 mmol) was taken up in tetrahydrofuran (5 ml) then water (5 ml) and O-benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.24 g, 1.5 mmol) was added. The solution was cooled to 0°C before addition of N-ethyl-N'-(3- dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (0.38 g, 2.0 mmol) and the reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight. Tetrahydrofuran was removed under reduced pressure, whereupon the product crystallised. The SUBSTITUTE SHEET mixture was diluted with an equal volume of water and the product was collected by filtration, washed with water and dried under high vaccuum (0.30 g, 65%). - H- NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 7.50 - 7.30 (5H, m), 4.81 (2H, s; under H 2 0 peak), 4.36 (1 H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 3.98 (1 H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 2.72 (1 H, m), 2.67 (3H, s), 1.85 - 1.43 (12H, br m), 1.38 - 1.10 (4H, br m) and 0.88 (6H, m). Example 1 i N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cylohexylalanine-Ni- methylamide. N2-[4-(N-Benzyloxyamino)-2S-hydroxy-2R-isobutylsuccinyl)]-L-cyclohexylalanine- Ni-methylamide (1.0 g, 2.16 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (100 ml), 10% palladium on charcoal (100 mg) was added and the mixture was subjected to an atmosphere of hydrogen. After 4 hours the catalyst was filtered off then the solvent removed to give the title compound (650 mg, 1.75 mmol, 81 %) : 1 H-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 4.35 (1 H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 3.99 (1 H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 2.69 (4H, m and s), 1.80 - 1.50 (12H. br m), 1.40 - 1.10 (4H, br m) and 0.89 (6H, m). 13C-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 175.6, 175.3, 171.5, 72.9, 52.4, 40.2, 39.2, 35.2, 34.9, 33.2, 30.9, 27.6, 27.4, 27.1 , 26.9, 26.3, 23.7 and 22.1. Found: C, 58.27, H, 8.93, N, 11.20% ; C18H 33 N 3 O 5 requires: C, 58.20, H, 8.95, N, 11.31%. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Example 2 N 2 -[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-oxymethylcarboxy) phenylalanine-N -methylamide. Example 2a Methyl 3R-carboxy-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoate. 3R-Carboxy-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoic acid (5.76g, 30.3 mmol), prepared by the method described in Example 1c, was cooled to 0°C and treated with trifiuoroacetic anhydride (14 ml). The mixture was stirred for 2 hours then the excess anhydride was removed under reduced pressure. The resulting brown oil was dissolved in freshly distilled anhydrous methanol (30 ml) and stirred overnight. The solution was evaporated to give the crude product (7.0 g, >100%) which was used without further purification. 1H-NMR; δ (Chloroform-d), 4.28 (1 H, d, J=6 Hz), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.00 (1 H, dt, J=6, 8 Hz), 1.73 (2H, m), 1.54 (1 H, m), and 0.96 (6H, m). 13C-NMR; δ (Chloroform-d), 176.2, 172.5, 69.6, 51.3, 45.0, 35.3, 24.2, and 20.9. Example 2b N 2 -[3S-Hydroxy-2R-isobutyl-4-methoxysuccinyl]-L-(4-oxymethylcarboxy benzyl)phenylalanine-Ni -methylamide Methyl 3R-carboxy-2S-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoate (700 mg, 3.4 mmol), 4-(oxy methylcarboxybenzyl)-L-phenyialanine-N-methylamide (1.56 g, 4.56 mmol), SUBSTITUTE SHEET pentafluorophenol (1.26 g, 6.8 mmol) and N-methylmorpholine (690 mg, 6.8 mmol) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (30 ml) and cooled to 0°C before addition of N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (980 mg, 5.1 mmol). After stirring overnight at room temperature the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by column chromatography (C30 silica gel, gradient elution with 50 to 100% ethyl acetate in hexane). The desired product was isolated as a pale yellow solid (1.42 g, 78%). 1 H-NMR; δ (Chloroform d), 7.34 (5H, s), 7.09 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz), 6.92 (1 H, d, J = 8 Hz), 6.79 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz), 6.55 (1 H, q, J = 6 Hz), 5.20 (2H, s), 4.60 (3H, m), 4.22 (1 H, d, J = 4 Hz), 3.71 (3H, s), 3.00 (2H, m), 2.76 (1 H, m), 2.48 (3H, d, J = 6 Hz), 1.55 (1 H, m), 1.42 (2H, m), 0.88 (3H, d, J = 7 Hz), and 0.88 (3H, d, J = 7 Hz). 13C-NMR; δ (Chloroform-d), 172.6, 172.3, 171.7, 170.3, 134.3, 127.1 , 126.9, 127.8, 70.4, 65.1 , 51.0, 50.8, 46.1 , 36.6, 28.9, 26.2, 24.8, 24.2, 21.1 , and 21.0. Example 2c N 2 -[4-(N-Benzyloxyamino)-3S-hydroxy-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-oxymethylcarboxy benzyl) phenylalanine-N -methylamide. N 2 -[3S-Hydroxy-2R-isobutyl-4-methoxysuccinyl]-L-(4-oxymethylcarboxybenzyl) phenylalanine-N -methylamide (820 mg, 1.55 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (7 ml) and water (7 ml), lithium hydroxide (66 mg, 1.55 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred overnight at ambient temperature. Evaporation of the solvents under reduced pressure gave the carboxylic acid lithium salt which was characterised by H NMR. The salt was redissolved in tetrahydrofuran (15 ml) and water (15 ml) and treated with O-benzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.30 g, 1.86 mmol) followed by N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (0.36 g, 1.86 mmol). After stirring overnight at room temperature the tetrahydrofuran was removed to leave an oil which was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic solutions were dried (magnesium sulphate), filtered and concentrated. Further purification by column chromatography (C30 silica gel, ethyl acetate) gave the title compound as a white SUBSTITUTE SHEET solid (213 mg, 22%). 1H-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 7.80 (1 H, d, J = 8 Hz), 7.41 (2H, m), 7.32 (8H, m), 7.19 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz), 6.78 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz), 5.17 (2H, s), 4.80 (4H, m), 4.50 (1 H, dd, J = 7, 8 Hz), 3.99 (1 H, d, J = 4 Hz), 3.07 (1 H, dd, J = 14, 6 Hz), 2.88 (1 H, dd, J = 14, 8 Hz), 2.64 (4H, m and s), 1.46 (1 H, m), 1.29 (1 H, m), 1.12 (1 H, m), and 0.80 (6H, t, J=7 Hz). Example 2d N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-iscbutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-oxymethyl carboxy)phenylalanine-Ni -methylamide. N2-[4-(N-Benzyloxyamino)-3S-hydroxy-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-oxymethylcarboxy benzyl)phenylalanine-Ni-methylamide (210 mg, 0.34 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (35 ml) and hydrogenated over 10% palladium on charcoal (200 mg) for one hour. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the solvent was removed to give the desired compound (140 mg, 93%): 1H-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 7.1 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 6.8 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 4.5 (2H, s), 4.4 (1 H, dd, J=8.2, 6.7 Hz), 4.01 (1 H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 3.05 (2H, dd, J=12.9, 6.2 Hz), 2.90 (2H, dd, J=13.9, 8.3 Hz), 2.61 (1 H, m), 2.60 (3H, s), 1.3 (3H, m), and 0.8 (6H, t, J=6.3 Hz). 13C-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 175.5, 173.9, 171.5, 158.5, 131.3, 131.1 , 115.7, 72.7, 66.7, 58.3, 56.3, 39.3, 37.9, 26.6, 26.4, 23.8, 22.1 , and 18.4. Example 3 N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-phenylglycine-Ni- methylamide SUBSTITUTE SHEET Prepared in a manner analogous to that described in example 1 , from L- phenylglycine-N-methylamide. iH-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 7.37 (5H, m), 5.4 (1 H, s), 4.05 (1 H, d, J=5 Hz), 3.1 (1 H, m), 2.7 (3H, s), 1.6 (2H, m), 1.27 (1 H, m), 0.9 (6H, 2d, J=6 Hz). 13C-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 175.3, 172.9, 171.5, 139.0, 129.7, 129.1 , 128.5, 73.0, 58.7, 43.4, 39.1 , 26.8, 26.5, 23.6, 22.3. Example 4 N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-phenyl)- phenylalanine-Ni -methylamide. Prepared in a manner analogous to that described in Example 1 , from L-(4-phenyl) phenylalanine-N-methylamide: 1H-NMR; δ (Dimethyl sulphoxide-d 6 ), 7.90 (2H, m), 7.62 (2H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 7.46 (6H, m), 7.30 (2H, d, J=7.9Hz), 5.66 (1 H, br s), 4.44 (1 H, m), 3.86 (1 H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 3.12 (1 H, dd, J=5.2, 13.8 Hz), 2.93 (1 H, dd, J=9.1 , 13.8 Hz), 2.58 (3H, d, J=4.3 Hz), 2.51 (1 H, m), 1.40 (1 H, m), 1.24 (1 H, m) 1.19 (1 H, br m), 0.94 (1 H, m) and 0.72 (6H, m). 13C-NMR; δ (Dimethyl sulphoxide-d 6 ), 172.5, 171.1 , 168.7, 140.1 , 138.0, 137.5, 129.6, 128.9, 127.2, 126.4, 126.3, 71.2, 54.1 , 48.3, 37.4, 36.6, 25.6, 25.0, 23.6 and 21.5. Found: C, 63.43, H, 7.00, N, 8.92% ; C24H 31 N 3 O 5 .O.7H 2 O requires: C, 63.48, H, 7.19, N, 9.25% SUBSTITUTE SHEET Example 5 N3-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]amino-1 - azacyclotridecan-2-one Prepared in a manner analogous to that described in Example 1 , from 3(RS)-amino- 1 azacyclotridecan-2-one: 1H-NMR; δ (Dimethyl sulphoxide-d 6 ), 10.60 (1 H, d, J=10.7 Hz), 8.86 (1 H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 7.83 (1 H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.61 (1 H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 5.46 (0.5 H, d, J=6.4 Hz; diastereomer A), 5.31 (0.5 H, d, J =7.5 Hz; diastereoisomer B), 4.22 (1 H, m), 3.72 (1 H, d, J=7.4 Hz), 2.98 (1 H, br m), 2.78 (2H, br m), 1.6 - 1.25 (21 H, br m) and 0.82 (6H, m). 13C-NMR; δ (Dimethyl sulphoxide-d 6 ), 175.5, 173.9, 171.5, 73.4, 55.4, 54.9, 40.0, 39.5, 39.0, 32.7, 29.3, 27.7, 27.1 , 26.8, 26.1 , 25.4, 24.6, 23.6, 23.0 and 22.3. Example 6 N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-3-(1 -pyrazolyl) alanine- Ni- methylamide Prepared in a manner analogous to that described in Example 1 , from L-3-(1 pyrazolyl)alanine-N-methylamide. 1 H-NMR; δ (Dimethyl sulphoxide-dβ), 10.70 (1 H, s), 8.93 (1 H, s), 8.00 (2H, m), 7.59 (1 H, d, J=2 Hz), 7.41 (1 H, d, J=1.5 Hz), 6.22 (1 H, m), 5.75 (1 H, d, J=5.8 Hz), 4.57 (1 H, m), 4.46 (2H, m), 3.86 (1 H, dd, J=6.2 Hz), 2.55 SUBSTITUTE SHEET (4H, m), 1.44 (1 H, m), 1.25 (1 H, m), 0.97 (1 H, m) and 0.76 (6H, m). 13C-NMR; δ (Dimethyl sulphoxide-d 6 ), 172.7, 169.2, 168.6, 138.9, 130.6, 104.9, 71.1 , 53.6, 51.6, 48.4, 37.1 , 25.7, 25.0, 23.6 and 21.5. Found: C, 50.11 , H, 7.01 , N, 8.92% ; C 15 H 25 N 5 O 5 .O.2H 2 O requires: C, 50.19, H, 7.13, N, 19.51 % Example 7 N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-4-(N- hydroxyamino)glutamic acid-N i -methylamide Prepared in a manner analogous to that described in Example 1 , from 5-methyl-L glutamic acid N-methylamide. i H-NMR; δ (Dimethyl sulphoxide-dβ), 10.64 (1 H, br s), 10.30 (1 H, br s), 8.9 (1 H, br s), 8.7 (1 H, br s), 7.8 (1 H, d, J = 8 Hz), 7.72 (1 H, d, J = 4.5 Hz), 5.35 (1 H, d, J = 6.9 Hz), 4.16 (1 H, m), 3.75 (1 H, m), 2.57 (4H, d and m), 2.14 - 1.73 (4H, br m), 1.44 (3H, br m), and 0.80 (6H, m). 13C-NMR; δ (Dimethyl sulphoxide-de), 172.8, 171.4, 168.7, 168.6, 71.3, 52.3, 47.7, 37.2, 28.9, 28.0, 25.5, 25.2, 23.6 and 21.7. Example 8 N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-3-(2-thienyl) alanine- N i - methylamide TUTE SHEET Prepared in a manner analogous to that described in Example 1 , from L-3-(2 thienyl)alanine-N-methylamide. 1H-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 7.18 (1 H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 6.88 (2H, dd, J=3.5, 4.8 Hz), 4.49 (1 H, dd, J=7.0 Hz), 4.01 (1 H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 3.27 (2H, m), 2.67 (4H, m), 1.53 (1 H, m), 1.33 (1 H, m), 1.24 (1 H, m) and 0.82 (6H, m). 13C-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 175.6, 173.3, 171.4, 140.2, 127.8, 127.5, 125.3, 72.7, 56.2, 39.2, 32.6, 26.6, 26.4, 23.7, 22.1 and 21.9. Example 9 N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cyclohexyl alanine-N - (3-(2-pyrrolidone)propyl)amide Prepared in a manner analogous to that described in Example 1 , from L- cyclohexylalanine-N-(3-(2-pyrrolidone)propyl)amide: 1 H-NMR; δ (Methanol^), 4.35 (1 H, m), 4.01 (1 H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 3.43 (2H, m), 3.27 (2H, m), 3.15 (2H, m), 2.73 (1 H, m), 2.34 (2H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 2.01 (2H, m), 1.70 (15H, br m), 1.21 (3H, br m) and 0.90 (6H, dd, J=5.3, 6.3 Hz). 1 3C-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 177.9, 175.7, 174.8, 171.5, 73.0, 52.7, 41.2, 40.3, 39.3, 37.8, 35.4, 34.9, 33.2, 32.0, 27.8, 27.6, 27.4, 27.1 , 26.9, 23.8, 22.3 and 18.9. Found: C, 60.06, H, 8.88, N, 11.60% ; C 24 H 42 4 O 6 requires: C, 59.73, H, 8.77, N, 11.61%. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Example 10 N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-tert-leucine-Ni- methylamide Prepared in a manner analogous to that described in Example 1 , from L-tert- leucine-N methylamide: 1H-NMR; δ (Methanol-d 4 ), 4.17 (1 H, s), 4.00 (1 H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 2.81 (1 H, m), 2.69 (3H, s), 1.65 - 1.44 (2H, br m), 1.29 - 1.21 (1 H, br m), 0.95 (9H, s), 0.88 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz) and 0.86 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz). 13C-NMR; δ (Methanol- d 4 ), 175.4, 173.2, 171.5, 73.0, 62.1 , 39.8, 35.4, 27.2, 26.9, 26.0, 23.5 and 22.4. Found: C, 54.36, H, 8.74, N, 12.73% ; C 15 H2 9 N 2 O 5 requires: C, 54.36, H, 8.82, N, 12.68%. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Biological Example A The potency of compounds of the invention as inhibitors of collagenase was determined by the procedure of Cawston and Barrett, (Anal. Biochem.. 99, 340- 345, 1979), hereby incorporated by reference, whereby a 1 mM solution of the compound being tested, or a dilution thereof, was incubated at 37° for 16 hours with collagen and collagenase (buffered with 25mM Hepes, pH 7.5 containing 5mM CaCI 2 , 0.05% Brij 35 and 0.02% NaN 3 ). The collagen was acetylated 1 *C collagen prepared by the method of Cawston and Murphy, (Methods in Enzvmoloαv. 80, 711 , 1981 ), hereby incorporated by reference. The samples were centrifuged to sediment undigested collagen, and an aliquot of the radioactive supernatant removed for assay on a scintillation counter as a measure of hydrolysis. The collagenase activity in the presence of 1 mM of the test compound, or a dilution thereof, was compared to activity in a control devoid of inhibitor and the result reported below as that of inhibitor concentration effecting 50% inhibition of the collagenase activity (IC 50 ). The potency of compounds of the invention as inhibitors of stromelysin was determined by the procedure of Cawston et al, (Biochem. J.. 195, 159-165, 1981 ), hereby incorporated by reference, whereby a 1 mM solution of the compound being tested, or a dilution thereof, was incubated at 37° for 16 hours with stromelysin and 1 4 C acetylate casein (buffered with 25mM Hepes, pH 7.5 containing 5mM CaC.2, 0.05% Brij 35 and 0.02% NaN 3 ). The casein was acetylated 1 4 C casein prepared by the method of Cawston et al (ibid). The stromelysin activity in the presence of 1 mM of the test compound, or a dilution thereof, was compared to activity in a control devoid of inhibitor and the result reported below as that of inhibitor concentration effecting 50% inhibition of the stromelysin activity (IC 50 ). In the following results the potencies of the compounds of examples 1 -10 above in the above tests are compared in the same tests with the products of examples 13 and 27 of EP-A-236872 (Roche), namely: [4-(N-hydroxyamino) 2(R)-isobutylsuccinyl)]-L-leucyl-L-alanine ethyl ester, and [4-(N-hydroxyamino) 3(S)-phthaloylaminobutyl-2(R)-isobutylsuccinyl)]-L-leucyl SUBSTITUTE SHEET glycyl ethyl ester. The former compound (hereafter referred to as C1 ) was chosen for comparison because of the collagenase inhibitors whose activity is reported in EP-A-236872, it is the most active. The latter compound (hereafter referred to as C2) was chosen for comparison because of the collagenase inhibitors whose activity is reported in EP- A-236872, it is the only one with a substituent in the position equivalent to the hydroxy substituent of the compounds of this invention. Results: The concentration over time of compounds of the invention in the blood of laboratory animals following administration of the test compounds was measured. Test compounds were administered by gavage to 6 male rats (300g) per treatment group. Blood samples were removed by tail venepuncture at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 6.0 and 24 hours post administration. 0.4 ml of blood was placed into 4.5ml tubes containing 0.1 ml acid citrate dextrose (ACD) as anti-coagulant. For extraction, 3ml SUBSTITUTE SHEET methanol was added and the precipitated blood pelletted by centrifugation (30 min at 3000 rpm). A 2ml aliquot of supernatant was removed and concentrated by lyophilisation. The extract was redissolved in 200μl DMSO and a 10μl aliquot assayed for collagenase inhibitory activity. The inhibitory activity in the extracts was determined using the collagenase assay described in Biological Example A above, and the concentration of inhibitor (that is drug plus any active metabolites) obtained by comparison with standard curves. Results are expressed as peak concentration in ng/ml, as area under the curve (AUC) in ng/ml x hours, over 0-6 hours, and as AUC in number of ICso's x hours. The compound of examples 1 and 10 above were compared with the comparison compounds C1 and C2. * average of two results Bioloαical Example C The activities of the compound of example 1 above and comparison compound C1 (see Biological Example A above) were assessed in an adjuvant-induced arthritis model. Adjuvant arthritis was produced in male Lewis rats (Charles River) by a single intradermal injection of 0.75 mg of M. butyricum in light paraffin oil (Freunds complete adjuvant - FCA) into the base of the tail. The "secondary" lesion occurs after a delay of 10 days, and is characterised by inflammation of the hindpaws. Hindpaw edemia volumes were measured plethysmographically by water SUBSTITUTE SHEET displacement. The test compound was dosed b.i.d. from days 13 to 17. Paw volume on day 20 was measured and compared to that on day 13. The experiment was terminated on day 23. On day 20, the compound of example 1 (dosed at 10 mg/kg) showed a statistically significant (p<0.01 ) reduction in swelling relative to control, whereas compound C1 had no effect. Bioloαical Example D The compound of example 1 above was tested for activity in vivo in a rat mammary carcinoma model. A lung colonisation assay was performed in order to determine whether the compound of example 1 above is effective in inhibiting lung colonisation by circulating HOSP1.P mammary carcinoma cells after oral administration. HOSP1.P cells (1 x105 cells/animal) were administered to two groups of 12 rats by injection into the jugular vein. The product of example 1 was administered p.o. to one group at 30mg/kg at -4, +1 , +6, +24 and +72 hours relative to tumour cell inoculation at 0 hours. The second (control) group received only vehicle (p.o.) by the same schedule. Animals were killed after 34 days. Lungs were removed and individual tumopurs counted after 24 hours fixation in Methacarn. No extrapulmonary tumours were found. Treatment with the product of example 1 resulted in a significant inhibition of lung colonisation relative to the control group. (p<0.01 , Mann-Whitney, two tailed). Results: <0.01 SUBSTITUTE SHEET Bioloαical Example E The ability of compounds of the invention to inhibit the release of TNF was investigated. The assay is based on the ability of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to stimulate the release of TNF α from a human monocytic cell line, U937. U937 cells cultured in RPMI 1640 medium + 5% foetal calf serum are centifuged at 1000 x g for 5 minutes and then resuspended in medium at 2 x 106 / ml. 1 ml of cell suspension is aliquoted into individual wells of 24-well plates. Test compounds are dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) at a stock concentration of 100mM, then diluted to 50x the final required concentration with RPMI 1640 medium. 20μl of the diluted compounds are added to U937 cells in duplicate wells. TNF α release is stimulated by addition of PMA to the cells at a final concentration of 50nM. Appropriate control cultures are set up in duplicate. The plates are incubated for 18 hours at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , then centrifuged at 1000 x g for 5 minutes. A specific ELISA for TNF α obtained from British Bio-technology Products Limited, Abingdon, England is used to measure TNF α levels in the culture supernatants The average concentration of test compound which inhibits the release of TNF α by 50% relative to the control culture was assessed. The compounds of examples 1 ,2, 5 and 10 above were tested and had IC 50 values less than 50μM. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Aqueous Solubility Example The solubilities of compounds of the invention in water at ambient temperature were measured, and compared with comparison compounds C1 and C2 (identified in Biological Example A above). SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Claims: Claims: 1. A compound of formula (I) : wherein R 2 represents a group Rε-A- wherein A represents a divalent straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of up to 6 C atoms which may be interrupted by an O or S atom, and BQ represents hydrogen or an optionally substituted phenyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group; R 3 represents a group R 7 -(B) n - wherein n is 0 or 1 , B represents a divalent straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of up to 6 C atoms which may be interrupted by an O or S atom, and R 7 is -CONHOH, carboxyl, esterified or amidated carboxyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, phenyl, napthyl, or substituted phenyl or napthyl in which the substituent(s) are selected from phenyl, hydroxy, C Cβ alkoxy, benzyloxy, or R--(C=0)-(Cι-C 6 alkyl)-0- wherein Re is hydroxy, amino, or an amino acid residue linked via an amide bond; or (except when n=0) R 7 is hydrogen; R 4 represents hydrogen or methyl; R 5 represents hydrogen, C Cβ alkyl or a group D-(C C 6 alkyl) wherein D represents hydroxy, (CrCe)alkoxy, (CrCe)alkylthio, acylamino, optionally substituted phenyl, or a heterocyclic group, NH 2 , or a mono- or di-(C-|-C6 alkyl) amine or a heterocyclic group; or R 3 and R 5 taken together represent a divalent, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of from 8-14 C atoms, which may be interrupted by an 0, SUBSTITUTE SHEET S or N heteroatom, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof, provided that R 3 is not the characteristic side chain of a natural alpha-amino acid, or the characteristic side chain of a natural alpha-amino acid in which any functional substituents are protected, any amino groups are acylated, and any carboxyl groups are esterified. 2. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein the stereochemistry is as follows: C atom carrying the hydroxy group and hydroxamic acid moiety - S, C atom carrying the R 2 group - R, C atom carrying the R 3 group - S. 3. A compound as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein R 2 represents C 3 -C 6 alkyl, cycloalkyl(C 3 -C 6 alkyl), phenyl(C 2 -C 6 alkyl), C 2 -C 4 alkoxy(C r C 3 alkyl) m , or C - C 4 alkylsulphanyl(C C 3 alkyl) m group where m is 0 or 1. 4. A compound as claimed in claim 3 wherein R represents n-pentyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclohexylbutyl, cyclohexylpentyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl, propyloxymethyl, or propylsulphanyl. 5. A compound as claimed in claim 3 wherein R 2 represents isobutyl. 6. A compound as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein R3 represents a phenyl, CrCβ alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, phenyl(CrC 6 alkyl), substituted phenyl(C C 6 alkyl), cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl(C C 6 alkyl), thienyl, thienyl(Cι-C 6 alkyl), pyridyl(Cι-C 6 alkyl), thiazolyl(C C 6 alkyl), thiofuranyl(C C 6 alkyl), benzothiofuranyl(C-|-C 6 alkyl) or imidazolyl(CrC 6 alkyl) group, or R 3 and R 5 taken together may form a C 7 -C 1 alkylene chain, optionally interrupted by an 0, S or N heteroatom. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 7. A compound as claimed in claim 6 wherein R 3 represents phenyl, t-butyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclohexylbutyl, cyclohexylpentyl, optionally substituted phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl and phenylpentyl in which the optional substituent(s) are in the phenyl ring and are selected from phenyl, hydroxy, CrCβ alkoxy, benzyloxy, tetrafluoromethyl, halo (eg chloro) and Rβ-(C=0)-(CrC6alkyl)-0- wherein Re is hydroxy, amino, or an amino acid residue linked via an amide bond 8. A compound as claimed in claim 6 wherein R3 represents phenylethyl, cyclohexyl, thienyl(C1 -C6 alkyl), pyridylmethyl, thiazolylmethyl, thiofuranylmethyl, benzothiofuranylmethyl or imidazolylmethyl, 1 -ethenyl, 1 -propenyl, 1 -propynyl, 2,2- dimethyipropyl, napthyl, napthylmethyl, propyloxymethyl, butyloxymethyl, and propylsulphanylmethyl, or butylsulphanylmethyl. 9. A compound as claimed in claim 6 wherein R 3 represents cyclohexylmethyl, t-butyl, 2-thienylmethyl, (4-hydroxycarbonylmethoxy)phenylmethyl, (4- phenyl)phenylmethyl, methoxycarbonylethyl, or N-hydroxyaminocarbonylethyl. 10. A compound as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein R 4 represents methyl or ethyl. 11. A compound as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 in which R 4 is hydrogen. 12. A compound as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein R 5 represents hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 alkyl, or a group D-(C C 6 alkyl) wherein D represents hydroxy, (CrCβJalkoxy, (CrCe)alkylthio, acylamino, optionally substituted phenyl, or a heterocyclic group. 13. A compound as claimed in claim 12 wherein R 5 represents propyl, butyl, hydroxyethyl, 2-ethylthioethyl, 2-acetoxyethyl, N-acety!-2-aminoethyl, 3-(2- pyrrolidone)propyl, optionally substituted phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl or phenylpentyl. 14. A compound as claimed in claim 12 wherein R 5 is methyl or ethyl. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 15. A compound selected from the group consisting of; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-oxymethylcarboxy) phenylalanine-Ni -methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-phenylglycine-Ni- methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-(4-phenyl)- phenylalanine-Ni-methylamide; N3-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]amino-1 - azacyclotridecan-2-one; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-3-(1 -pyrazolyl) alanine- Ni- methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-4-(N- hydroxyamino)glutamic acid-N i -methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-3-(2-thienyl) alanine- Ni- methylamide; N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cyclohexyl alanine-Ni- (3-(2-pyrrolidone)propyl)amide, and salts, solvates or hydrates thereof. 16. N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-cyclohexyl alanine-Ni methylamide, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof. 17. N2-[3S-Hydroxy-4-(N-hydroxyamino)-2R-isobutylsuccinyl]-L-tert-leucine-Ni- methylamide, or a salt, solvate or hydrate thereof. 18. A process for the preparation of a compound as claimed in claim 1 comprising: (a) coupling an acid of general formula (II) SUBSTITUTE SHEET or an activated derivative thereof with hydroxylamine, O-protected hydroxylamine, or a salt thereof, R2- R3- R-v and R 5 being as defined in general formula (I) except that any substituents in R 2 . R3. R 4 - and R 5 which are potentially reactive with hydroxylamine, O-protected hydroxylamine or their salts may themselves be protected from such reaction, then removing any protecting groups from the resultant hydroxamic acid moiety and from any protected substituents in R . R 3 . R 4 . and R 5 ; and (b) optionally converting a compound of general formula (I) into another compound of general formula (I). 19. A process as claimed in claim 18 wherein an activated derivative of a compound of formula (II) is used and said activated derivative is a pentafluorophenyl, hydroxysuccinyl, or hydroxybenztriazyl ester. 20. A process as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19 wherein the compound of formula (II) is prepared by by coupling an acid of formula (III) or an activated derivative thereof with an amine of formula (IV) wherein R 2 . R 3 . R 4 . and R 5 are as defined in general formula (I) and R 10 and Rn separately represent hydroxy protecting groups or taken together represent a divalent moeity which simultaneously protects both hydroxy groups, and subsequently removing the protecting groups or protecting moeity. 21 . A process as claimed in claim 20 wherein an activated derivative of a compound of formula (III) is used and said activated derivative is a pentafluorophenyl ester, acid anhydride or acid halides, eg chloride. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 22. A process as claimed in claim 20 or claim 21 wherein compound (III) has the formula (V): wherein R 2 . R 3 . R 4 . and R 5 are as defined in general formula (I) and the groups R 12 and R 13 are derived from a dioxalone forming reagent. 23. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the groups R 1 2 and R 13 are hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl. 24. A method of management (by which is meant treatment or prophylaxis) of diseases or conditions mediated by MMPs and/or TNF in mammals including humans, which method comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1 to16. 25. A compound as claimed in any one of claims 1 to17 for use in human or veterinary medicine, particularly in the management (by which is meant treatment or prophylaxis) of diseases or conditions mediated by MMPs and/or TNF. 26. A compound as claimed in any one of claims 1 to17 for use in human or veterinary medicine in the management (by which is meant treatment or prophylaxis) of diseases or conditions mediated by MMPs and/or TNF. 27. The use of a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1 to17 in the preparation of an agent for the management (by which is meant treatment or prophylaxis) of diseases or conditions mediated by MMPs and/or TNF. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 28. A method as claimed in claim 24, a compound for use as claimed in claim 25 or claim 26, or the use as claimed in claim 27, wherein the diseases or condition referred to is one mediated by an MMP. 29. A method as claimed in claim 24, a compound for use as claimed in claim 25 or claim 26, or the use as claimed in claim 27, wherein the diseases or condition referred to is rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, periodontitis, gingivitis, corneal ulceration or tumour invasion by secondary metastases. 30. A method as claimed in claim 24, a compound for use as claimed in claim 25 or claim 26, or the use as claimed in claim 27, wherein the diseases or condition referred to is one mediated by TNF. 31. A method as claimed in claim 24, a compound for use as claimed in claim 25 or claim 26, or the use as claimed in claim 27, wherein the disease or condition referred to is inflammation, fever, cardiovascular effects, haemorrhage, coagulation and acute phase response, cachexia and anorexia, an acute infection, a shock state, a graft versus host reaction or autoimmune disease. 32. A pharmaceutical or veterinary composition comprising a compound as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 17 together with a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable excipient or carrier. 33. A pharmaceutical or veterinary composition as claimed in claim 32 which is adapted for oral administration. SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Inventors: BECKETT RAYMOND PAUL, CRIMMIN MICHAEL JOHN, DICKENS JONATHON PHILIP, BECKETT, RAYMOND, PAUL, CRIMMIN, MICHAEL, JOHN, DICKENS, JONATHON, PHILIP
Applicants: BECKETT RAYMOND PAUL, BRITISH BIO TECHNOLOGY, CRIMMIN MICHAEL JOHN, DICKENS JONATHON PHILIP, BRITISH BIO-TECHNOLOGY LIMITED
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C07C259
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P1, A61P7, A61P9, A61P19, A61P27, A61P29, A61P31, A61P35, A61P37, A61P43, C07C259, C07D207, C07D225, C07D231, C07D239, C07D263, C07D277, C07D295, C07D317, C07D333, C07D521