METHODS FOR TREATING INTERLEUKIN-1 AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR MEDIATED DISEASES

Abstract: The invention relates to methods for treating or preventing diseases that are IL-1 mediated diseases or TNF mediated diseases, including arthritis, septic shock, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia injury, reperfusion injury, pulmonary fibrosis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. The method comprises administering to patients in need thereof therapeutically effective amounts of an IL-1 inhibitor and a TNF inhibitor. In a preferred embodiment, the IL-1 inhibitor is human recombinant IL-1ra and the TNF inhibitor is human recombinant 30kDa TNF inhibitor. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing an IL-1 inhibitor and a TNF inhibitor useful in such methods.

Description: METHODS FOR TREATING INTERLEUKIN-1 AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR MEDIATED DISEASES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENΗON The present invention relates generally to methods for preventing and treating diseases, and more particularly, to a method for preventing and treating certain Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) mediated diseases and Interleukin-1 (IL-1) mediated diseases. Inflammation is the body's defense reaction to injury such as those caused by mechanical damage, infection, or antigenic stimulation. An inflammatory reaction may be expressed pathologically when inflammation is induced by an inappropriate stimulus such as an autoantigen, expressed in an exaggerated manner, or persists well after the removal of th injurious agents. Under these conditions, inflammation may be expressed chronically. The mediation of acute inflammatory diseases such as septic shock and chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease has been linked to the proinflammatory activities of JX-1 and TNF. TNF and IL-1 are naturally occurring compounds that are often referred to as cytokines. Cytokines are extracellular proteins that modify the behavior of cells, particularl those cells that are in the immediate area of cytokine synthesis and release. One of the most potent inflammatory cytokines yet discovered and a cytokine which is thought to be a key mediator in many diseases and medical conditions is IL-1. EL- 1, which is manufactured, though not exclusively, by cells of the macrophage/monocyte lineage, may be produced in two forms, IL-1 alpha (H-lα) and IL-1 beta (T -lβ). Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs) are a class of cytokines produced by numerous cell-types, including monocytes and macrσphages. At least two TNFs have been previously described, specifically TNF alpha (TNFα) and TNF beta (TNFB or lymphotoxin). These known TNFs have important physiological effects on a number of different target cells involved in the inflammatory response. The proteins cause both fibroblasts and synovial cells to secrete latent collagenase and prostaglandin £2, and cause osteocyte cells to stimula bone resorption. These proteins increase the surface adhesive properties of endothelial cell for neutrophils. They also cause endothelial cells to secrete coagulant activity and reduce their ability to lyse clots. In addition they redirect the activity of adipocytes away from the storage of lipids by inhibiting expression of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. TNFs cause hepatocytes to synthesize a class of proteins known as "acute phase reactants," which act on the hypothalamus as pyrogens. Through these activities, it has been seen that TNFs play an important part in an organism's response to a variety of indications such as infection and injury. See, e.g.. articles by P.J. Selby et al.. Lancet. February 27, 1988, pg. 483; H.F. Staines, Jr. sul-, J. C in Invest., vol. 82, pg. 1321 (1988); A. Oliff e£ . £s vol. 50, pg. 555 (1987); and A. Waage s l., Lancet. February 14, 1987, pg. 355. Activities of both IL-1 and TNF are detected in serum and other body fluids sampled in human inflammatory diseases. In experimental systems, after a short-term injurious stimulus, the kinetics of the release of IL-1 and TNF into the circulation follows a well-characterized pattern. A bolus administration of the bacterial product, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to baboons causes TNF and IL-1 to be synthesized and released sequentially peaking at 2 and 6 hours, respectively, post challenge. The cellular source of IL-1 and TNF differs. Whereas TNF is primarily synthesized only by monocytes, IL-1 can be produced by virtually all nucleated cell types. In the early stages of inflammatory reactions, however, the cells most likely involved in the production of IL-1 are epithelial an endothelial cells and cells of the monocyte macrophage lineage. The synthesis of IL-1 and TNF is stimulated in common by bacterial products, lectins, immune complexes, and a variety of noxious stimuli which produce tissue damage. IL-1 and TNF share the following proinfiammatory activities: (1) increase the adherence of neutrophils to vascular endothelium, (2) activate the respiratory burst in neutrophils and monocytes, (3) stimulate resorption of cartilage matrix and bone, (4) stimulate prostaglandin release from and proliferation of a number of cell types, and (5) stimulate fever, cachexia, anorexia and acute phase proteins. In addition to the shared inflammatory properties, the observations that (1) IL-1 and TNF are synthesized in response to the same inflammatory stimuli and that (2) TNF itself induces the release of IL-1 indicate that a close relationship exists between the two cytokine systems. In fact, the synergistic effects of combined stimulation with IL-1 and TN have been observed in many experimental systems of inflammation. A synergistic effect is defined as occurring when the effect of two agents in combination is greater than the algebraic sum of their individual effects. For example, the injection of submaximal doses o jX-1 and TNF into the rabbit knee joint resulted in a marked synergy with respect to the accumulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (Henderson, B., Clin. Exp. Immunol. 75:306-310 (1989)). In addition, the combined administration to mice of IL-1 and TNF at doses which are individually sublethal causes the synergistic induction of a septic shock-like condition which is lethal to 100% of the mice (Everaerdt, B., Biochem. Biophvs. Res. Commun.. 163:378 (1989); Waage et al., J. Exp. ed. 167:1987-1992 (1988)). Therefore, if in disease states both IL-1 and TNF are required to elicit a full pathological response via synergistic interaction, then it was believed that the administration of either an EL-l inhibitor or a TNF inhibitor would be sufficient to maximally inhibit an inflammatory response. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The surprising and unexpected result discovery relating to the present invention i the ability of an JJ -1 inhibitor and a TNF inhibitor to act not only additively, but also synergistically in some cases in the treatment of JX-1-mediated and TNF-mediated diseases. Thus, the present invention relates to methods for the prevention and treatment of IL-1 mediated diseases and TNF mediated diseases by administering to patients in need thereof therapeutically effective amounts of a combination of an IL-1 inhibitor and a TNF inhibitor. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods for the treatment of certain diseases and medical conditions - many of which can be characterized as inflammatory diseases — that are mediated by both IL-1 and TNF. Among the indications that may be treated according to the methods of the present invention are septic shock, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, ischemic injury and reperfusion injury. TNF inhibitors that can be used in present invention are naturally-occurring proteins and truncated forms of naturally-occurring proteins. The naturally occurring proteins are useful because they pose a relatively low risk of producing unforseen side effect in patients treated therewith. In other embodiments of this invention, muteins of protein TNF inhibitors where only a small number of amino acid residues differ from the natural protein sequence are also referred to as TNF inhibitors. The TNF inhibitors can be soluble fragments of TNF receptor proteins. TNF inhibitors that are useful in the present invention include human TNF binding proteins (TNFbp), particularly soluble fragments of TNF receptor proteins, including, for example, the 30kDa TNF inhibitor and the 40kDa TNF inhibitor. The 40kDa TNF inhibitor can be the full-length 40 Da TNF inhibitor or the truncated forms 40kDa TNF inhibitor Δ51 and 40kDa TNF Inhibitor Δ53. Also useful are proteins that have been modified, for example, by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or any other repeat polymer to increase their circulating half-life and/or to decrease immunogenicity. TNF inhibitors that act as receptor antagonists to TNF are also included within the scope of this invention. While the production of TNF inhibitors may be achieved by extraction from naturally available sources, such as by isolation from human urine, a preferred method of TNF inhibitor production is by recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA technology is preferred in part because it is capable of producing comparatively higher amounts of TNF inhibitors at greater purities. Additional TNF inhibitors include muteins of 30kDa TNF inhibitor wherein selected amino acids of 30kDa TNF inhibitor are replaced with cysteine. Such muteins may be used as TNF inhibitors, or they may be reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form TNF inhibitor PEG compounds, containing one or two TNF inhibitors per molecule. Li a preferred embodiment, the TNF inhibitor is a bivalent species formed in a reaction between mutein 30kDa TNF inhibitor and a bifunctionalized PEG precursor. The preferred mutein is C105 30kDa TNF inhibitor, where residue 105 of 30kDa TNF inhibitor is replaced with a cysteine residue. The IL-1 inhibitors useful in the present invention are proteins and, more particularly, are naturally-occurring proteins. The naturally-occurring proteins are particularly useful because they pose a relatively low risk of producing unforeseen side effects in patients treated therewith. A useful class of interleukin-1 inhibitors is a human protein that act as a natural interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra). Preferably, the IL-lra that is preferred in the practice of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of IL-lra , IL-lra3, IL-lrax, or the N-terminal methionyl derivatives of these IL-lra. Also preferred are protein which have been modified for example by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or any other repeat polymer to increase their circulating half-life and/or to decrease their immunogenicity. While the production of IL-lra may be achieved by extraction from naturally available sources, such as by isolation from the conditioned medium of cultured human monocytes, a preferred method of IL-lra production is by recombinant DNA technology. Recombinant DNA technology is preferred in part because it is capable of producing comparatively higher amounts of IL-lra at greater purities. The present invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions containing an JX-1 inhibitor, particularly recombinant human IL-lra, and a TNF inhibitor in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for use in the therapeutic methods. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 depicts the maximum increases in joint diameter during the 72-hour period after LPS-induced reactivation (* = the significant difference between TNFbp + IL- lra vs. Vehicle at p < 0.025; TNFbp + IL-lra vs. TNFbp at p < 0.025; and TNFbp + IL-lra vs. IL-lra at p < 0.010 by the unpaired t test). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As noted above, the present invention relates to methods for preventing and treating IL-1-mediated and TNF-mediated diseases in patients suffering therefrom. This method comprises the administration of therapeutically effective amounts of a TNF inhibitor and an IL-1 inhibitor to a patient suffering from a TNF or IL-1 mediated disease. Although not limited by theory, the interrelationship known to exist between TNF and IL-1 suggests that most, if not all, TNF mediated diseases would also be found to be IL-1 mediated diseases and visa versa. As described above, it is known that TNF inhibitors may successfully be employed to prevent or treat TNF mediated diseases, and that IL-1 inhibitors may successfully be employed to prevent or treat IL-1 mediated diseases. The surprising and unexpected result discovered by the inventors of the present invention is the ability of the IL 1 inhibitor and the TNF inhibitor to act synergistically in the treatment of EL-1 mediated an TNF mediated diseases. "Synergistically" is used herein to refer to a situation where the benefit conveyed by the joint admimstration of inhibitors is greater than the algebraic sum o the effects resulting from the separate administration of the components of the combination. While the present invention relates to methods for preventing and treating huma diseases, veterinary uses are also included within the scope of this invention since guidance provided for general physiological use. A disease or medical condition is to be considered to be a "TNF-mediated disease" if the spontaneous or experimental disease is associated with elevated levels of TNF in bodily fluids or in tissues adjacent the focus of the disease or indication within the body. TNF mediated diseases may. also be recognized by the following two conditions: (1) pathological findings associated with a disease can be mimicked experimentally in animals by the administration of TNF; and (2) the pathology induced in experimental animal models of the disease can be inhibited or abolished by treatment with agents which inhibit the action of TNF. Many TNF-mediated diseases satisfy two of these three conditions and others will satisfy all three conditions. A non-exclusive list of TNF-mediated diseases includes adult respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and septic shock. A disease or medical condition is considered to be an "interleukin-1 mediated disease" if the spontaneous or experimental disease or medical condition is associated with elevated levels of IL-1 in bodily fluids or tissue or if cells or tissues taken from the body produce elevated levels of JL-1 in culture. In many cases, such interleukin-1 mediated diseases are also recognized by the following additional two conditions: (1) pathological findings associated with the disease or medical condition can be mimicked experimentally in animals by the administration of IL-1; and (2) the pathology induced in experimental animal models of the disease or medical condition can be inhibited or abolished by treatment with agents which inhibit the action of JX-1. In most "interleukin-1 mediated diseases" at least two of the three conditions are met, and in many "interleukin-1 mediated diseases" all three conditions are met A list of diseases or medical conditions which are interleukin-1 mediated includes, but is not limited to arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, septic shock, ischemic injury, reperfusion injury, osteoporosis, asthma, insulin diabetes, myelogenous and other leukemia, psoriasis and cachexia/anorexia. Naturally-occurring inhibitor proteins are preferred in part because they pose a comparatively low risk of producing unforeseen and undesirable physiological side effects in patients treated therewith. For purposes of the specification and claims, a protein is deemed to be "namraUy-occurring" if it or a substantially equivalent protein can be found to exist normally in healthy humans. "Naturally-occurring" proteins specifically includes forms of proteins found to exist in healthy humans that are partially truncated at the carboxyl terminus of such proteins, as well as nonglycosylated forms of proteins that exist in glycosylated forms in healthy humans. "Naturally-occurring" proteins may be obtained by recombinant DNA methods as well as by isolation from cells which ordinarily produce them. "Naturally- occurring" also encompasses proteins that contain an N-terminal methionyl group as a consequence of expression in E. coli. "Substantially equivalent" as used throughout the specification and claims is defined to mean possessing a very high degree of amino acid residue homology (See generally M. Dayhoff, Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, vol. 5, p. 124 (1972), National Biochemical Research Foundation, Washington, D.C, specifically incorporated herein by reference) as well as possessing comparable biological activity. Among the TNF inhibitors useful in the present invention are the naturally- occurring proteins that exist in vivo as binding proteins of TNF that are described in EP Application No. 90 113 673.9 entitled "Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitor and method for Obtaining the Same", filed July 17, 1990 and incorporated herein by reference. There are two distinct forms of preferred TNF inhibitors, each disclosed and described in EP Application No. 90 113 673.9. The first of these is the 30kDa TNF inhibitor, which has been identified and isolated from medium conditioned by human U937 cells and from human urine. The 30kDa TNF inhibitor is approximately 30 kDa on SDS- PAGE, and elutes from a DEAE CL6B column at about 80 millimolar NaCl in Tris buffer, pH 7.5. The 30kDa TNF inhibitor has been shown to inhibit the activity of TNF alpha and has little effect on the activity of TNF beta. The naturally occurring protein is glycosylated Nonglycosylated 30kDa TNF inhibitor also exhibits TNF inhibitory activity. The second form of TNF inhibitors is 40kDa TNF inhibitor, which has also bee identified and isolated from at least a medium conditioned by human U937 cells and human urine. The fuU-lenth 40kDa TNF inhibitor is a glycσprotein which runs at approximately 4 kDa on SDS-PAGE, and elutes from a DEAE column at about 100 millimolar NaCl in Tris buffer, pH 7.5. This 40kDa TNF inhibitor has been shown to inhibit the activity of both TNF alpha and TNF beta. The nonglycosylated protein exhibits TNF inhibitory activity. Three forms of the 40kDa TNF inhibitor have been recombinantly produced by expression in E. coli. Each of these forms, referred to as full-length 40kDa TNF inhibitor, 40kDa TNF inhibitor Δ51 and 40kDa TNF inhibitor Δ53 (along with the glycosylated full- length 40kDa TNF inhibitor as isolated from medium conditioned by human U937 cells and human urine, in glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms, all of which are collectively referred to herein as 40kDa TNF inhibitor) are described in EP Application No. 90 113 673.9. The Δ51 protein is a truncated version of the native protein wherein 51 amino acid residues at the carboxyl terminus of the mature protein are removed. The Δ53 protein is a truncated version of the mature protein wherein 53 amino acid residues at the carboxyl terminus of the native protein are removed. Naturally-occurring 40kDa TNF inhibitor (glycosylated), and the nonglycosylated inhibitors (native full length, Λ51 and A53) have substantially the same TNF inhibitory activity. The nucleic acid sequences of the genes encoding both the 30kDa TNF inhibitor and the 40kDa TNF inhibitors and the amino acid sequences of these proteins are given in the EP Application No. 90 113 673.9. The present invention encompasses nonglycosylated forms of the TNF inhibitors as well as certain truncated forms of the naturally-occurring proteins as described above. In a further embodiment, the TNF inhibitors are modified by attachment of one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) or other repeating polymeric moieties as described below. Methods for producing the TNF inhibitors are also disclosed in EP Application No. 90 113 673.9. One disclosed method involves isolating the inhibitors from various sources, such as human urine and medium conditioned by human U937 cells. A second disclosed method involves isolating the genes responsible for coding the inhibitors, cloning the gene in suitable vectors and cell types, and expressing the gene to produce the inhibitors The latter method, which is exemplary of recombinant DNA methods in general, is a preferred method of the present invention. Recombinant DNA methods are preferred in par because they are capable of achieving comparatively higher amounts at greater purities. Preferably, the above described TNF inhibitors are produced by the aforementioned method in "substantially pure" form. By "substantially pure" it is meant tha the inhibitor, in an unmodified form, has a comparatively high specific activity. It is to be recognized, however, that derivatives of TNF inhibitors may have different specific activities. Additional TNF inhibitors include compounds capable of competing with TNF for TNF receptor sites. Such compounds include receptor antagonists. Other TNF inhibitor include compounds and proteins which block in vivo synthesis or extracellular release of TNF. Such compounds include agents which affect transcription or translation of TNF gene or processing of TNF preproteins. Particularly preferred IL- Ira's of the present invention are the naturaUy-occurrin proteins that exist in vivo as regulators of interleukin-1 that have previously been described in United States Patent No. 5,075,222 by Hannum et al.. which is entitled "Interleukin-1 Inhibitors." This U.S. Patent, which is referred to herein as the '222 patent, is specifically incorporated herein by reference. Three preferred forms of IL-lra, each being derived from the same DNA codin sequence, are disclosed and described in the '222 patent. The first of these, IL-lra , is a 22-23 kDa molecule on SDS-PAGE with an approximate isoelectric point of 4.8, eluting from a Mono Q FPLC column at around 52 mM NaCl in Tris buffer, pH 7.6. The second, JX-lrajS, is a 22-23 kDa protein, p.I=4.8, eluting from a Mono Q column at 60 mM NaCl. The third, IL-lrax, is a 20 kDa protein, eluting from a Mono Q column at 48 mM NaCl. All three of these interleukin-1 inhibitors possess similar functional and immunological activities. The present invention also includes modified IL-lra's. In one embodiment, the IL-lra is modified by attachment of one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) or other repeating polymeric moieties as described below. In another embodiment, the IL-lra contains an N-terminal methionyl group as a consequence of expression in E. coli. Methods for producing these IL-1 inhibitors, particularly IL-lra's, are also disclosed in the '222 patent. One disclosed method involves isolating the inhibitors from human monocytes (where they are naturally produced). A second disclosed method involve isolating the gene responsible for coding the inhibitors, cloning the gene in suitable vectors and cell types, expressing the gene to produce the inhibitors and harvesting the inhibitors. The latter method, which is exemplary of recombinant DNA methods in general, is a preferred method of the present invention. Recombinant DNA methods are preferred in par because they are capable of achieving comparatively higher amounts at greater purities. Additional interleukin-1 inhibitors include compounds capable of specifically preventing activation of cellular receptors to IL-1. Such compounds include JL-1 binding proteins such as soluble receptors and monoclonal antibodies. Such compounds also include receptor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies to the receptors. A second class of IL-lra's include the compounds and proteins which block in vivo synthesis and/or extracellular release of IL-1. Such compounds include agents which affect transcription of JL-1 genes or processing IL-1 preproteins. Under certain conditions, the IL-lra will block IL-1 induced IL-1 production. Preferably, the above described IL-lra's are produced by the aforementioned method in "substantially pure" form. By "substantially pure" it is meant that the inhibitor, i an unmodified form, has a comparatively high specific activity, preferably in the range of approximately 150,000-500,000 receptor units/mg as defined by Hannum et al. in Nature 343:336-340 (1990) and Hsenberg gLal. in Nature 343:341-346 (1990), both of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. It is to be recognized, however, that derivatives of IL-lra may have different specific activities. Also included within the scope of this invention are modified TNF and JL-1 inhibitors. The modified inhibitors include, for example, muteins of such inhibitors in whic a cysteine residue is substituted for an amino acid at one or more sites in the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring inhibitor. Such muteins may then be site-selectively reacted with functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) units or other sulfhydryl-containing polyethers to create TNF inhibitor PEG species or IL-1 inhibitor PEG species. PCT Publication No. WO 92/16221, which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a number of modified TNF and JL-1 inhibitor species and methods of making such PEG modified inhibitors. A 30kDa TNF inhibitor mutein, in which the asparagine at position 10 of 30kDa TNF inhibitor is replaced with cysteine (referred to herein as the "C105 mutrin" o "C105"), is particularly useful. In one further embodiment, the mutein proteins may be reacted with bifunctionalized PEG units to form bivalent "dumbbell" species wherein two cytokine species are attached via a single PEG chain, for example, where two C105 muteins are attached to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety, particularly PEG having a molecular weight of about 20,000. Because it is possible that the inhibitory function of the preferred inhibitors is imparted by one or more discrete and separable portions, it is also envisioned that the method of the present invention can be practiced by administering a therapeutic composition having as an active ingredient a portion or portions of the TNF inhibitor or JL-1 inhibitor that control(s) interleukin-1 or TNF inhibition. The therapeutic composition of the present invention can be administered parenterally by injection, although other effective administration forms, such as intraarticula injection, inhalant mists, orally active formulations, transdermal iontophoresis or 10 suppositories, are also envisioned. One preferred carrier is physiological saline solution, but it is contemplated that other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may also be used. In one embodiment, it is envisioned that the carrier and the TNF inhibitor and the IL-1 inhibitor constitute a physiologically-compatible, slow-release formulation. The primary solvent in such a carrier can be either aqueous or non-aqueous in nature. In addition, the carrier can contain other pharmacologically-acceptable excipients for modifying or maintaining the pH, osmolarity, viscosity, clarity, color, sterility, stability, rate of dissolution, or odor of the formulation. Similarly, the carrier can contain still other pharmacologically-acceptable excipients for modifying or maintaining the stability, rate of dissolution, release, or absorption of the TNF inhibitor and/or JL-1 inhibitor. Such excipients are those substances usually and customarily employed to formulate dosages for parenteral administration in either unit dose or multi-dose form. Once the therapeutic composition has been formulated, it can be stored in sterile vials as a solution, suspension, gel, emulsion, solid, or dehydrated or lyσphilized powder. Such formulations may be stored either in a ready to use form or requiring reconstitution immediately prior to administration. The preferred storage of such formulations is at temperatures at least as low as 4°C and preferably at -70°C. It is also preferred that such formulations containing TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor are stored and administered at or near physiological pH. It is presently believed that administration in a formulation at a high pH (i.e. greater than 8) or at a low pH (i.e. less than 5) is undesirable. Preferably, the manner of administering the formulations containing TNF inhibitor and IL-1 inhibitor for systemic delivery is via subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intranasal or vaginal or rectal suppository. Preferably the manner of administration of the formulations containing TNF inhibitor and TL-1 inhibitor for local delivery is via intraarticular, intratracheal, or instillation or inhalations to the respiratory tract In addition it may be desirable to administer the TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor to specified portions of the alimentary canal either by oral administration of TNF inhibitor and EL-1 inhibitor in an appropriate formulation or device or by suppository or enema. In an additional preferred mode for the treatment of TNF and JL-1 mediated diseases an initial intravenous bolus injection of TNF inhibitor and IL-1 inhibitor is administered followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor. 11 The initiation of treatment for septic shock should be begun as soon as possible after septicemia or the chance of septicemia is diagnosed. For example, treatment may be begun immediately following surgery or an accident or any other event that may carry the risk of initiating septic shock. Preferred modes for the treatment of TNF or IL-1 mediated diseases and more particularly for the treatment of arthritis include: (1) a single intraarticular injection of TNF inhibitor and IL-1 inhibitor given periodically as needed to prevent or remedy flare up of arthritis; and (2) periodic subcutaneous injections of TNF inhibitor and IL-1 inhibitor. Preferred modes for the treatment of TNF and TL-1 mediated diseases and more particularly for the treatment of adult respiratory distress syndrome include: 1) single or multiple intratracheal administrations of TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor; and 2) bolus or continuous intravenous infusion of TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor. It is also contemplated that certain formulations containing TNF inhibitor and IL 1 inhibitor are to be administered orally. Preferably, TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor whic is administered in this fashion is encapsulated. The encapsulated TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor may be formulated with or without those carriers customarily used in the compounding of solid dosage forms. Preferably, the capsule is designed so that the active portion of the formulation is released at that point in the gastro-intestinal tract when bioavaiiability is maximized and pre-systemic degradation is minimized. Additional excipients may be included to facilitate absorption of the TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor. Diluents, flavorings, low melting point waxes, vegetable oils, lubricants, suspending agents, tablet disintegrating agents, and binders may also be employed. Regardless of the manner of administration, the specific dose is calculated according to the approximate body weight of the patient In certain embodiments, the administration is designed to create a preselected concentration range of TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor in the patient's blood stream. It is believed that the maintenance of circulatin concentrations of TNF inhibitor and JL-1 inhibitor of less than 0.01 ng per ml of plasma ma not be an effective composition, while the prolonged maintenance of circulating levels in excess of 10 μg per ml may have undesirable side effects. Further refinement of the calculations necessary to determine the appropriate dosage for treatment involving each of the above mentioned formulations is routinely made by those of ordinary skill in the art and is within the gambit of tasks routinely performed by them 12 without undue experimentation, especially in light of the dosage information and assays disclosed herein. These dosages may be ascertained through use of the established assays f determining dosages utilized in conjunction with appropriate dose-response data. It should be noted that the TNF inhibitor and IL-1 inhibitor formulations described herein may be used for veterinary as well as human applications and that the term "patient" should not be construed in a limiting manner. In the case of veterinary applications, the dosage ranges should be the same as specified above. An interleu n-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra) and a tumor necrosis factor bindin protein (TNFbp) have been developed for the treatment of inflammatory disease that are mediated by IL-1 and TNF. In two experimental systems, rheumatoid arthritis in rats and septic shock in baboons, blockade of the action of either IL-1 or TNF alone was sufficient significantly inhibit the inflammatory response. In rodent arthritis, joint swelling was maximally inhibited by the administration alone of either IL-lra or TNFbp in rats that were undergoing a reactivated arthritis induced by peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG/PS). In septic shock, baboons that were challenged with Escherichia coli were protected to a similar degree against lethality and hemodynamic alterations by the administration alone of either I lra or TNFbp. These results in experimental systems showing the beneficial effects of the administration of either inhibitor alone suggest that a synergistic interaction between JL-1 an TNF is desired to elicit a full pathologic response and that inhibition of the action of one of these key mediators is sufficient to maximally reduce the magnitude of the inflammatory process. It was believed that the single administration of either IL-lra or TNFbp would be sufficient to maximally reduce inflammatory effects in other animal models of IL-1 and TN mediated diseases and that the combined administration of the inhibitors would afford no special advantage. Unexpectedly, however, treatment of rats undergoing an LPS-reactivated arthritis, an LPS-stimulated alveolitis, and an LPS-stimulated systemic inflammatory respons with a combination of IL-lra and TNFbp caused synergistic inhibitory effects on joint swelling, bronchoalveolar neutrophilic exudation and lethality, respectively. The examples below describe methods for treating JL-1- and TNF-mediated inflammatory diseases, such a rheumatoid arthritis, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis, by combination therapy with IL-lra and TNFbp. 13 The following examples are intended to illustrate, but not limit, the present invention. EXAMPLE I This example demonstrates the synergistic effects of combination therapy with IL-lra and TNFbp on LPS-induced reactivation of SCW-induced arthritis. Current theories of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and related arthritides hypothesize two possible mechanisms of immunologically-mediated joint inflammation: (a) a microbial component that localizes to the joints, or (b) an articular autoantigen. Wilder, Experimental Animal Models of Chronic Arthritis. An animal model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by two microbial components (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan- polysaccharide (PG/PS) was used to investigate the use of combination therapy with the human recombinant 30kDa TNF inhibitor (hrTNF/inh30) and human recombinant JL-1 receptor antagonist φrJL-lra) for treatment of arthritis. According to R.L. Wilder in Immunopathogenetic Mechanisms of Arthritis. Chapter 9 entitled "Experimental Animal Models of Chronic Arthritis," regarding streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis, "the clinical, histological and radiological features of the experimental joint disease closely resemble those observed in adult and juvenile arthritis." In the following experiments, the animal model described in Schwab, Experimental Medicine. 1688-1702, (1987), was used to induce arthritis in the tarsal joints o normal rats. Briefly, arthritis was induced by the sequential administration of two microbial components: (1) first streptococcal cell wall (SCW) products containing peptidoglycan- polysaccharide (PG/PS) were injected intraarticulariy, and (2) twenty-one days later, lipopolysaccharide (UPS) from Salmonella typhimurium was injected intravenously. A. Ex eriment 1 Lewis rats, each weighing 140 to 160 grams, were injected intraarticulariy (Charles River) into the ankle joint with SCW at a dose of 3 μg of rnamnose per joint. Saline was injected into the contralateral joint to provide a control. The intraarticular injection of SCW caused an acute arthritis of relatively short duration with swelling of the joint peaking at one to two days post injection. After a period of twenty days, during which the acute inflammatory reaction resolved, lipopolysaccharide (UPS) was administered by intravenous injection at a dose of 45 μg per rat Those dose of LPS was sufficient to reactivate inflammation in the ankle joint previously injected with SCW and had little effect 14 on the saline-injected ankle. To assess the extent of inflammation during the 72-hour period following the intravenous injection of LPS, the dimensions of the ankle joint were measured at 0, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after the reactivation of the arthritis. The effects of IL-lra and TNFbp when administered singly and in combination were tested on the development of joint swelling during the reactivation of the arthritis. The inhibitors and vehicle were administered subcutaneously at the nape of the neck at time 0, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 42 hours relative to the intravenous injection of LPS. In the first experiment, rats were treated as follows: Group I - vehicle (sodium citrate, NaCl and EDTA) Group π - IL-lra (2 mg/kg) Group πi - TNFbp (1 mg/kg) Group IV - IL-lra (2 mg/kg) + TNFbp (1 mg/kg) The maximum increases in joint diameter during the 72-hour period post reactivation are shown in Table 1. The results show that combination therapy with IL-lra and TNFbp caused an additive inhibitory effect on LPS-reactivated arthritis. IL-lra and TNFbp alone inhibited joint swelling by 31% and 16% respectively, whereas combination therapy inhibited the swelling by 41%. TABLE 1 * Values are means + standard error for 8 to 9 rats per group. The increases in joint diameter were calculated from the maximum swelling during the 72-hour period after the reactivation of the arthritis by the intravenous administration of LPS. ** Significantly different than the vehicle group at p < 0.01 for the IL-lra treated group and p < 0.005 for the IL-lra + TNFbp treated group. 15 B. Experiment 2 In the second experiment, the inhibitors were administered again singly and in combination by subcutaneous injection at 0, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 42 hours after LPS-induced reactivation. The dose of IL-lra was reduced compared to that used in experiment 1, while the dose of TNFbp was unchanged. Rats were treated as follows: Group I - vehicle Group IJ - IL-lra (0.1 mg/kg) Group HI - TNFbp (1 mg/kg) Group IV - IL-lra (0.1 mg/kg) + TNFbp (1 mg/kg) Table 2 shows the time course of the changes in joint diameter of rats in groups I, π, m, and IV. Joint swelling of rats was reduced by combination therapy with IL-lra an TNFbp as compared with the lack of effect on joint swelling of treatment with IL-lra or TNFbp alone. The synergistic inhibitory effects of combination therapy are shown clearly i Figure 1 and Table 3. In Figure 1, the maximum increases in joint diameter during the 72- hour period after LPS-induced reactivation are shown. Combination therapy with IL-lra and TNFbp caused a significant depression of joint swelling (35%) whereas treatment with either agent alone caused no significant reduction. In Table 3, the area under the curve {change in diameter (mm) versus time (hr)} for values listed in Table 2 are shown. During the 72 hour period of reactivation, combination therapy with IL-lra and TNFbp caused a significant reduction in the overall joint swelling (53 %) whereas treatment with either agent alone caused no significant reduction. 16 TABLE 2 n = 14 to 16 rats per group. TABLE 3 • IV vs I + = 3.05, p<0.005 b IV vs π + = 3.34, p<0.005 c IV vs m + = 3.98, p<0.001 The percentages reflecting the reduction of swelling with combination therapy were similar in experiments 1 and 2 (41 % and 35 to 53% respectively). By taking advant of the synergism in the inhibitory actions of IL-lra and TNFbp on joint swelling, a similar level of therapeutic benefit in experiment 2 was achieved despite the ten-fold reduction in t dose of IL-lra. 17 EXAMPLE π This example demonstrates the synergistic effects of combination therapy with IL-lra and TNFbp on LPS-stimulated neutrophilic alveolitis as a method for treating Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). The experiment employed a septic stimulus, endotoxin, to induce acute, neutrophil-mediated pulmonary injury according to the model disclosed in Ulich, et al.. American Journal of Pathology 138:1485-1496 (1991), specifically incorporated herein by reference. This model is briefly summarized as follows: endotoxin is injected intratracheally into the midcervical portion of the trachea of anesthetized rats. After a latent period of six hours, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of the lungs is performed as a terminal procedure. Total and differential white blood cell counts are performed on the BAL fluid. Intratracheal injection of pyrogen-free saline yields BAL fluid with a predominance of alveolar macrophages (about 99%) in low numbers. Intratracheal injection of endotoxin causes a large increase in the number of BAL cells and a predominance of neutrophils. The acute neutrophilic influx into the alveolar space peaks at 6 to 12 hours and is accompanied b the accumulation of protein-containing edematous fluid into the alveolar spaces. JL-1 and TNF are present in the BAL fluid after stimulation with endotoxin. The alveolar macrophage is believed to be the source of cytokine synthesis. Moreover, intratracheal injection of exogenous JL-1 and TNF induces an acute intraalveolar neutrophilic exudate which is qualitatively similar to that induced by endotoxin. Many animal models are used which approximate the altered pulmonary edema, sequestration of leukocytes, and hypoxemia during the acute phase of lung parenchyma! injury during ARDS according to Murray et al.. American Review of Respiratory Disease 138:720-723 (1991). The acute forms of ARDS occur in the presence of certain identifiable risk factors such as sepsis, aspiration, or multiple blood transfusions. Current investigations emphasize the central role of neutrophilic mediated injury in the pathophysiology of ARDS ITate, Am. Rev. Resp. Pis. 128:552-559 (1983)]. Toxic products released by the activated neutrophil are believed to damage the alveolar capillary membrane. The permeability of the damaged membrane is greatly increased stimulating the movement of plasma proteins and inflammatory cells into the alveolar spaces. In an experimental bovine model of ARDS of septic origin, neutrophil depletion protected against the development of pulmonary injury [Heflin, J. Clin. Invest. 68:1253-1260 (1981)]. 18 A method for treating neutrophilic alveolitis in rats by the intratracheal administration of combination therapy with TNFbp (recombinant human 30kDa TNF inhibitor) and IL-lra (recombinant human IL-lra) is described. Lung injury was induced b the administration of endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from Salmonella tvohimurium. at a dose of 5 μg per rat in a total volume of 0.5 ml of sterile PBS through a 27 gauge 1/2 inc needle inserted between tracheal rings in the surgically exposed midcervical region of the trachea. The inoculum was administered slowly into the trachea while monitoring the rate and depth of respiration of the rat. Six hours later, the rats were anesthetized with isofiura so that a laparotomy could be performed in order to facilitate the lavage of the lungs. The caudal vena cava was severed to decrease the blood content of the lungs. The diaphragm was opened to allow the lungs to expand during lavage. BAL was performed by injecting 4 ml of Hank's balanced salt solution into the bronchoalveolar spaces via an angiocath cathete which was inserted and secured at the site of a midcervical tracheal incision. The inflammatory cellular influx was recovered from the pellet obtained by centrifuging the BA fluid at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes. The total number of leukocytes was counted on a Coulte counter. The percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was determined by performing differential cell count manually on a slide of stained cells. The effects of IL-lra and TNFbp on the LPS-stimulated influx into the bronchoalveolar spaces were determined by administering the inhibitors intratracheally and simultaneously with the intratracheal instillation of LPS. TNF/inh was admimstered singly doses ranging between 0.1 to 10 μg per rat The results are summarized in Table 4. TNF at a dose of 0.1 μg per rat did not reduce the influx of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces. However, the intratracheal administration of TNF/inh at doses between 2.5 μg to 10 μg per rat caused a maximal reduction in the influx of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces in a ran of 30 to 40%. IL-lra was administered in doses ranging between 0.75 to 10 μg per rat (Table 5). IL-lra at doses between 0.75 to 2.5 μg per rat did not reduce the influx of neutrophils into the alveolar spaces. However, the intratracheal administration of IL-lra at doses of 5 and 10 μg per rat caused significant percentages of inhibition of 57% and 47%, respectively. 19 TABLE 4 Percentage Inhibition of Neutrophilic Influx into BAL Fluid Intracheal Dose of TNFbp (μg) % Inhibition 0 0 0.1 10 ±4 1.0 20 ±7 2.5 35 ±6 28 ±8 7.5 33 ±7 10 39 ±7 n — 4 to 8 per group. TABLE 5 Percentage Inhibition of Neutrophilic Influx into BAL Fluid n = 4 to 8 per group. 20 In a preliminary experiment, it was determined that combination therapy with maximally inhibitory doses of IL-lra (100 μg/rat) and TNF/inh (10 μg per rat) caused an inhibitory effect on neutrophilic influx that was not significantly different than the effect of either agent alone. In experiments 1 and 2, the effects of combination therapy was tested using submaximal or subthreshold doses of IL-lra and TNF/inh on neutrophilic influx into the bronchoalveolar spaces. In experiment 1, IL-lra and TNF/inh were given intratracheally simultaneously with LPS at the following doses: Group I - Vehicle Group π - TNF/inh (0.1 μg per rat) Group HI - IL-lra (2.5 μg per rat) Group IV - TNF/inh (0.1 μg per rat) + IL-lra (2.5 μg per rat) The number of neutrophils migrating into the bronchoalveolar spaces are shown in Table 6. The results demonstrated that combination therapy with IL-lra and TNF/inh caused an additive inhibitory effect on LPS-stimulated neutrophilic alveolitis. TNF/inh and IL-lra inhibited neutrophilic influx by 19 and 29%, respectively, whereas combination therapy inhibited the swelling by 47%. TABLE 6 * Values are means + standard error for 6 rats per group. ** Significantly different than the vehicle group at p < 0.05 for the IL- lra-treated group an p < 0.01 for the IL-lra-and TNF/inh treated group. 21 In experiment 2, the inhibitors (singly and in combination) were administered as in experiment 1 by an intratracheal route simultaneously with the LPS injury. Since IL-lra in the previous experiment at 2.5 μg per rat caused a submaximal inhibitory effect on neutrophilic influx, the dose of IL-lra was reduced to one that might elicit a subthreshold inhibitory effect The objective was to manipulate the doses to a level at which the inhibitor singly would elicit no significant reduction, yet would synergize when administered in combination. The dose of TNF/inh was unchanged. Group I - Vehicle Group E - TNF/inh (0.1 μg per rat) Group HI - IL-lra (0.75 μg per rat) Group IV - TNF/inh (0.1 μg per rat) + IL-lra (0.75 μg per rat) Table 7 shows the numbers of neutrophils migrating into the bronchoalveolar spaces of rats in groups I, II, m, and IV. Neutrophilic influx was reduced by combination therapy with TNF/inh and IL-lra as compared with the lack of effect on neutrophilic influx of treatments with TNF/inh and IL-lra alone. The additive and synergistic inhibitory effects of combination therapy are clearly evident on acute lung injury. Combination therapy with IL-lra and TNF/inh caused a significant reduction in neutrophilic influx of 40% whereas treatment with TNF/inh and IL-lra alone caused insignificant reductions of neutrophilic influx of 12% and 7%, respectively. TABLE 7 b IV vs U + = 2.82, p<0.025 e IV vs HI + = 2.23, p<0.05 22 EXAMPLE m IL-lra and TNFbp, individually and in combination, were tested to determine their effects on enhancing survival time of animals challenged with a high dose of endotoxin to induce sepsis. In this set of experiments, rats (n=6 per group) were injected with 25 mg/kg of LPS according to the procedure of Example U. Pegylated TNFbp (the C105 mutein of the 30kDa TNF inhibitor pegylated with polyethylene-20K) or vehicle alone was injected intravenously and simultaneously with LPS, while IL-lra was injected subcutaneously at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 18 hours at the doses identified in Table 8. Final survival assessments were made at 96 hours after the admimstration of endotoxin. The survival percentages for each test group are also provided in Table 8. The results demonstrate that the combination of IL-lra and TNFbp produced a synergistic enhancement of survival, whereas IL-lra or TNFbp alone was not fully protective. TABLE 8 SU VIV L Rat Endotoxemia Percent Survival 25 mg kg LPS EXAMPLE IV It is believed that elevated corticosterone levels associated with certain conditions, such as sepsis and burn patients for example, contribute significantly to the immunosuppression and cachectic effect observed in these conditions. The effects of IL-lra and TNFbp, individually and in combination, on serum corticosterone levels were determine on endotoxin-induced sepsis in rats. 23 Lewis rats were challenged with 10 mg/kg LPS according to the procedure of Example IL The pegylated TNFbp of Example HI (1.5 mg/kg) was injected intravenously and simultaneously with LPS, while hrlL-lra (100 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 18 hours after the administration of endotoxin. Serum corticosterone levels were tested at 24 hours by radioimmunoassay using the corticosterone- 3 H t (ECN Biomedicals, Lie, Costa Mesa, California) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Table 9 summarizes the results of the assays. TABLE 9 • t = 2.95, p<.025 (combination vs. JL-lra + LPS) b t = 7.85, p<.001 (combination vs. TNFbp + LPS) e t = 13.30, p<0.001 (combination vs. vehicle + LPS) As shown in Table 9, the corticosterone level was significantly reduced in animals receiving the combination of IL-lra and TNFbp compared to those receiving IL-lra or TNFbp alone. The combination therapy demonstrated that together IL-lra and TNFbp caused an additive effect on the reduction of serum corticosterone level. These results suggest that the combination therapy may have anti-immunosuppressive and anti-cachectic effects resulting in a therapeutically beneficial method for the treatment of sepsis and bum patients. EXAMPLE V Platelet counts were also tested on rats injected with endotoxin to induce endotoxemia. It is known that platelets are consumed during endotoxemia resulting in a significant decrease in platelets. 24 Lewis rats were challenged with 10 mg/kg LPS according to the procedure of Example π. The pegylated TNFbp of Example HI (1.5 mg/kg) was injected intravenously into each rat simultaneously with LPS, while hrlL-lra (100 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 18 hours after the administration of endotoxin. Platelet counts were measured at 24 hours according to standard procedures known in the art (automated counter based on particle size). Table 10 summarizes the resul of the assays. TABLE 10 Platelet levels = lOVμl ± S.E. t - 5.10, p< 0.001 (combination vs. IL-lra + LPS) t = 2.67, p< 0.005 (combination vs. TNFbp + LPS) t = 3.67, p< 0.005 (combination vs. vehicle + LPS) d t = 2.94, p< 0.025 (combination vs. IL-lra + LPS) e t = 4.25, p< 0.001 (combination vs. TNFbp + LPS) f t = 3.87, p< 0.005 (combination vs. vehicle + LPS) In both experiments, the combination treatment value is significantly different than values for IL-lra or TNFbp treatment alone. These results suggest that the combinati therapy reduces the consumption of platelets during endotoxemia. The foregoing description of the invention is exemplary for purposes of illustration and explanation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It i 25 intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such changes and modifications. 26

Claims: We claim: 1. A method for treating or preventing diseases that are TNF mediated diseases or JX-1 mediated diseases which comprises administering to a patient i need thereof therapeutically effective amounts of an IL-1 inhibitor and a TNF inhibitor. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said D -1 inhibitor is IL-lra. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said IL-lra comprises at least one compound from the group consisting of: IL-lra , EL-lraβ and IL-lraX. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said TNF-inhibitor comprises at least o compound selected from the group consisting of: 30kDa TNF inhibitor, 40kDa TNF inhibitor, 40kDa TNF inhibitor A51 and 40kDa TNF inhibitor A53. 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said IL-lra is human recombinant IL-l 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said TNF inhibitor is human recombina 30kDa TNF inhibitor. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said JL-1 inhibitor is human recombina IL-lra and said TNF inhibitor is human recombinant 30kDa TNF inhibitor. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said JL-1 inhibitor and said TNF inhibitor are administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said disease is selected from the group consisting of: arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, septic shock, ischemia injury, reperfusion injury, osteoporosis, asthma, insulin diabetes, myelogenous and other leukemias, psoriasis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, cachexia/anorexia, and pulmonary fibrosis. 27 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an JL-1 inhibitor and a TNF inhibitor in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein said JL-1 inhibitor is IL-lra. 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein said IL-lra comprises at least one compound from the group consisting of: IL-lraα, JL-lraβ and IL-lrax. 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein said TNF-inhibitor comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: 30kDa TNF inhibitor, 40kDa TNF inhibitor, 40kDa TNF inhibitor Δ51 and 40kDa TNF inhibitor Δ53. 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein said TNF inhibitor is human recombinant 30kDa TNF inhibitor. 15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein said JL-1 inhibitor is human recombinant IL-lra. 28

Inventors: RUSSELL DEBORAH A, THOMPSON ROBERT C, RUSSELL, DEBORAH, A., THOMPSON, ROBERT, C.
Applicants: RUSSELL DEBORAH A, SYNERGEN INC, THOMPSON ROBERT C, SYNERGEN, INC.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: A61K37
IPC codes: A61K38, A61K39, A61P1, A61P3, A61P9, A61P11, A61P17, A61P19, A61P25, A61P31, A61P35, A61P37, A61P43