Method of and system for controlling calender roll gap

Abstract: The roll gap control system for a calender having first and second rolls (18, 19) rolling a raw material (B) includes a load measuring unit (11) for detecting a rolling load change between the first and second rolls (18, 19), a roll shaft position adjusting device (41) for increasing/decreasing a roll gap and a controller (46) for computing a roll gap change (Δh) based on the rolling load change (ΔP) and for activating the roll shaft position adjusting device (41) to counterbalance the roll gap change (Δh). A spring constant (k) of first and second rolls (18, 19) and mechanical members (24, 25, 28) supporting these rolls of the calender is calculated, and the rolling load change (ΔP) is divided by the spring constant (k). The quotient (ΔP/k) is the roll gap change (Δh).

Description: The present invention relates to an apparatus for and a method of controlling a gap between calender rolls. A calender which rolls a raw material such as resin and rubber between calender rolls should be controlled on a bank formed by the raw material between a roll gap. One of methods for controlling the bank is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application, published November 5, 1977 with Publication No. 52-132072, entitled "Method of Adjusting Amount of Bank in Shaping by Calender". Figure 3 of the accompanying drawings schematically illustrates the teaching of this disclosure. As seen from Figure 3, a bank 4 formed by a raw material 8 fed to a gap 3 between two calender rolls 1 and 2 is irradiated by a light 5 and scanned by a camera 6 to calculate a volume of bank 4. This calculation is used to control the supply of the raw material 8 which is carried by a conveyor 7. It is known that the thickness of products changes if the supply of the raw material changes, and this method maintains the volume of bank 4 at a predetermined value to produce products having the same thickness. However, this approach has a following drawback: Although the bank 4 is three dimensional, the camera 6 can only provide two dimensional information. As a result, the reliability of the information obtained through the camera 6 is limited or an accurate bank control is theoretically impossible. Such an incomplete control does not result in producing products having the same thickness. In addition, the roll gap 3 of a calender of the type as shown in Figure 3 changes not only with the volume and shape of bank 4, but also with the temperature and plasticity (or viscosity) of the material 8. The change of the roll gap 3 results in the change of the thickness of the product. Therefore, controlling the volume of the bank 4 is not sufficient. There are other Japanese Patent Applications (Publication Nos. 56-62125, 56-80447 and 59-26220) which also disclose apparatuses for and methods of controlling the roll gap. In these applications, the volume of the bank is detected by a detector which includes an electrostatic capacitor, an optical detector or an image detector, to control the roll gap. However, like the before-mentioned prior art, the temperature and the plasticity (viscosity) of the raw material and bank are not considered in controlling the roll gap. Therefore, even if the temperature and/or the plasticity of the raw material changes, the roll gap is not adjusted. The abstract of the Japanese patent JP 32 92 114 discloses a method of and a system for controlling the thickness of the sheet in a calender. The calender described in this document uses several pairs of calender rolls each of which forms a gap through which the raw material is fed. Since the characteristics of the raw material such as volume, shape, temperature or plasticity (viscosity) vary, the thickness of the sheet formed in the interval of the gap is constant. Therefore the calender of JP 32 92 114 uses a control system to adjust the gap between the final pair of rolls whereby the thickness of the sheet is made uniform. The control system works with load measuring means detecting a rolling load change between the third pair of rolls. Based on the detected rolling load change, a roll gap change in the gap between the last pair of rolls is computed so that the gap between the last pair of rolls is kept constant and the thickness of the sheet is made uniform. The German Patent application DE 25 43 738 discloses a method of and a system for controlling the thickness of a sheet. The described calender uses several pairs of calender rolls, wherein each pair forms a gap through which the raw material is fed. Further, each pair of rolls is provided with load measuring means for detecting the rolling load acting on the pair of rolls, and includes roll position adjusting means with which the gap between the pair of rolls can be adjusted. If the thickness of the sheet, which is continuously measured by a measuring system does not correspond to a predetermined value, the measuring system adjusts the gap between the last pair of rolls. After this, the gaps of the preceding pairs of rolls are successively adjusted, wherein the change of the rolling load acting between each pair of rolls is used as a feedback signal for adjusting the gap of the preceding pair of rolls. The final rolling load change between the first pair of rolls is used for varying the amount of raw material which is fed to the calender. Since the method and the system of the German patent application 25 43 738 work in successive steps, the deadtime, i.e. the time period until the controlling process is completed, is very long. Due to the long deadtime the closed loop control of the method has a low sensitivity which results in an inferior accuracy of the sheet. The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method of and a system for controlling a roll gap of a calender which have a high sensitivity and enable the production of a high quality product by using a very simple controlling process. The problem is solved by a method according to claim 1 or by a system according to claim 11. According to the present invention, there is provided a system according to claim 11. With this system, even if the amount, temperature and viscosity of the raw material changes and/or a volume of bank changes, which results in the change of rolling load between the first and second rolls, the roll gap is maintained at a predetermined value. Therefore, the calender rolls out sheet-like products having the same thickness. In this specification, the rolling load is a roll splitting or separating force, as shown in Figure 4 of the accompanying drawings. Two sets of first rolling load measuring means, first roll position adjusting means and first controller may be provided for each roll at ends of a roll shaft to maintain the first and second rolls in a parallel relation. The system may further include a first position sensor for detecting a position of the first roll. The system may further include third and fourth rolls for rolling a second raw material, second load measuring means for detecting a second rolling load change between the third and fourth rolls, second roll position adjusting means for adjusting a second roll gap between the third and fourth rolls, and a second controller for computing a second roll gap change based on the second rolling load change and for adjusting the second roll gap using the second roll position adjusting means to counterbalance the second roll gap change. The first raw material rolled by the first and second rolls and the second raw material rolled by the third and fourth rolls may be fed to a third roll gap between the second and third rolls while feeding a fabric between the first and second raw materials, so as to double coat the fabric with the first and second raw materials. The system may further include third rolling load measuring means for detecting a third rolling load change between the second and third rolls, third roll position adjusting means for adjusting a third roll gap between the second and third rolls, and a third controller for computing a third roll gap change based on the third rolling load change and for adjusting the third roll gap using the third roll position adjusting means to counterbalance the third roll gap change. Since the rolling load between the first and second rolls is influenced by the rolling load between the second and third rolls and that between the third and fourth rolls, the first, second and third controllers may be interconnected with each other such that the detection values of the first, second and third load measuring means are exchanged between the first, second and third controllers to be used in computing and adjusting the respective roll gap changes. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method according to claim 1. With this method, even if an amount, temperature and viscosity of the raw material change and/or an amount of bank changes, which results in the change of rolling load between the first and second rolls, the roll gap is adjusted to a predetermined value. Therefore, the calender rolls out sheet-like products having the same thickness. The first roll gap change computing step may include obtaining a first spring constant of first and second rolls and supporting members for these rolls of the calender, dividing the rolling load change by the first spring constant, and changing the first roll gap by the quotient. Figure 1 shows a lateral view of a calender roll gap controlling apparatus according to the present invention; Figure 2 is a flowchart showing a calender roll gap control according to the present invention; Figure 3 schematically illustrates a lateral view of a calender roll gap controlling apparatus according to the prior art; and Figure 4 illustrates the relation between rolling load P and spring constant k according to the present invention. Referring to Figure 1, an embodiment of a system for controlling a calender roll gap according to the present invention will be explained. This system includes load measuring units 11, 12 and 13, roll shaft position adjusting means 41, 42 and 43 and controllers 46, 47 and 48. The load measuring unit 11 (or 12 or 13) is provided to detect the rolling load and its change between each pair of calender rolls (18-19, 19-20 and 20-21). The roll shaft position adjusting means 41, 42 and 43 are provided to increase/decrease the clearance between the rolls (18-19, 19-20 and 20-21). The controllers 46, 47 and 48 perform predetermined calculations with values detected by the load measuring units 11-13 and output activation signals to the shaft position adjusting means 41, 42 and 43, respectively. It should be noted that although each roll is provided with two load measuring units, two shaft position adjusting means and two controllers near longitudinal ends of the roll, Figure 1 only shows one end of the roll with one load measuring unit, one shaft position adjusting means and one controller. The calender of this embodiment includes four calender rolls 18, 19, 20 and 21. These four rolls are arranged like an "S" (or an inclined "Z") in the illustration. Each roll extends in a direction perpendicular to the drawing sheet. A raw material (B) is fed toward the gap between the first and second rolls 18 and 19 and the gap between the third and fourth rolls 20 and 21, respectively. Each roll rotates in a direction as indicated by the arrow A so that the raw material is rolled by a pair of rolls (18-19 and 20-21) and a sheet 51 having a thickness ho is rolled out. Two sheets 51 are then introduced to a gap between the second and third rolls 19 and 20. Simultaneously, a fabric (steel) 22 is fed between the two sheets 51. Accordingly, the two sheets 51 and the steel 22 are squeezed by the second and third rolls 19 and 20 such that the steel 22 is coated with the sheets 51 on both sides. As a result, a double-coated product (e.g., sheet-shaped rubber) 23 is rolled out from the second and third rolls 19 and 20. The product 23 may be used as a tire or belt. The calender rolls 18, 19, 20 and 21 are supported in a frame 28 by means of respective axle boxes 24, 25, 26 and 27. Although two axle boxes are provided at ends of each roll shaft, respectively, Figure 1 shows only end of the roll shaft. The frame 28 has a relatively large opening 29 so that the axle boxes 24-27 can move in respective radial directions. The load measuring units 11, 12 and 13 are mounted on the axle boxes 24, 26 and 27 of the first, third and fourth rolls 18, 20 and 21, respectively to measure the rolling loads and their change between the first and second rolls 18 and 19, the second and third rolls 19 and 20 and the third and fourth rolls 20 and 21, respectively. The shaft position adjusting means 41, 42 and 43 are provided for the first, fourth and third rolls 18, 21 and 20, respectively. Each shaft position adjusting means includes a rotary motor 30, a screw rod 31 and a connection member 32. Each motor 30 is mounted on an outer surface of the frame 28. Each screw rod 31 perpendicularly extends from the motor 30 toward the center of the roll. Provided near and at the extending end of the rod 31 are a nut 33 and the connection member 32. The nut 33 is supported by the frame 28. The connection member 32 joins the rod 31 of the position adjusting means 41 (or 42 or 43) with the axle box 24 (or 27 or 26). Therefore, the axle box 24 (or 26 or 27) moves reciprocatedly along a guide 34 as the screw rod 31 rotates. The screw rod 31 is rotated by the motor 30. An output shaft of the motor 30 is provided with a rotation sensor 35 for detecting the position of the axle box 24 (26 or 27) by counting the number of rotations of the motor 30. Controllers 46, 47 and 48 are provided for the shaft position adjusting means 41, 42 and 43, respectively. Two controllers are provided for each roll, but Figure 1 shows one controller for each roll. Each controller 46 (47 or 48) has an input 36 connected with the load measuring unit 11 (13 or 12) and the rotation sensor 35, an output 37 connected with the motor 30 and a central processing unit (CPU) 38 connected with the input 36 and the output 37. The CPU 38 includes arithmetic expressions to compute a deformation of the frame 28 and so on, based on values sent to the input 36. The load measuring unit 11 (12 or 13) and the rotation sensor 35 supply their detection values. After the computation, the CPU 38 outputs a signal to the motor 30 via the output 36 to activate the motor 30. The rolling loads between the first and second rolls 18 and 19, the second and third rolls 19 and 20 and the third and fourth rolls 20 and 21 influence the roll gaps between these three pair of rolls respectively so that the controllers 46, 47 and 48 are interconnected with each other as indicated by the broken lines 53, 54 and 55, so as to enable the information exchange therebetween. Next, the operation of the CPU 38 will be explained. Since the CPUs 38 of the controllers 46, 47 and 48 are the substantially the same, the operation of the CPU of the controller 46 will be only explained. Accordingly, the following description mainly deals with the rolls 18 and 19 and other rolls will be explained when the special explanation therefor is necessary. The thickness of the sheet 51 formed by the rolls 18 and 19 or a substantial roll gap ho changes in a sheet length direction (a tangential direction of the roll) and a sheet width direction (a direction perpendicular to the drawing sheet or a roll length direction) when the rolling load of the rolls 18 and 19 changes. This is because the rolls 18 and 19 deflect and the roll supporting structure (axle boxes 24 and 25 and frame 28) deflect as the rolling proceeds. Generally, the sheet thickness ho can be expressed by a following equation (1): ho = So + Po/k Here, So represents an initial roll gap between the rolls 18 and 19, Po represents a preset rolling load of the rolls 18 and 19 and k represents a spring constant of the roll supporting structure 24, 25 and 28 and the rolls 18 and 19 in a direction connecting with the centers of the rolls 18 and 19 (Figure 4). The spring constant k is determined by the structure and installation of the frame 28, those of axle boxes 24 and 25, those of rolls 18 and 19 and other various factors. In an actual case, the spring constant k is actually measured using a real calender or computed using a simulation technique. The spring constant k is stored in the CPU 38 prior to the rolling operation. It should be noted that generally the spring constant k (k1) of the rolls 18 and 19 is different from that k2 of the rolls 19 and 20 and that k3 of the rolls 20 and 21. Further, generally So (So1), ho (ho1) and Po (Po1) of the rolls 18 and 19 are different from those (So2, ho2, Po2) of the rolls 19 and 20 and those (So3, ho3, Po3) of the rolls 20 and 21. When the situations or conditions of the raw material and bank B such as physical shape, temperature and plasticity (viscosity) change, a small rolling load change occurs (ΔP). As a result, the thickness of the sheet 51 changes (Δh). This can be expressed by a following equation (2): Δh = ΔP/k Here, it should be noted that generally the small thickness change (or roll gap change) Δh (Δh1) between the rolls 18 and 19 is different from that Δh2 between the rolls 19 and 20 and that Δh3 between the rolls 20 and 21. Further, the small rolling load change ΔP (ΔP1) of the rolls 18 and 19 is different from that ΔP2 of the rolls 19 and 20 and that ΔP3 of the rolls 20 and 21. The spring constant k (k1) of the rolls 18 and 19 is affected by the spring constant k2 of the rolls 19 and 20 and that k3 of the rolls 20 and 21. Thus, the equation (2) will be written to a following equation (2'): Δh1 = ΔP1/k1 (18-19) + ΔP2/k1 (19-20) + ΔP3/k1 (20-21) Here, ΔP2/k1 (19-20) represents the roll gap change between the rolls 18 and 19 caused by the roll gap change between the rolls 19 and 20 and ΔP3/k1 (20-21) represents the roll gap change between the rolls 18 and 19 caused by the roll gap change between the rolls 20 and 21. The information about the second and third terms of the equation (2') is obtained from the controllers 47 and 48 through the lines 53 and 55. In an actual case, however, the second and third terms of the equation (2') are negligibly small. Thus, the equation (2') will be Δh1 = ΔP1/k1 (18-19) , which, is identical with the equation (2). From the equations (1) and (2), therefore, the thickness of the sheet 51 can be expressed by the equation (3): h = ho + Δh = So + (Po + ΔP)/k The rolling load change ΔP is detected by the load detector 11. The rolling load change ΔP is divided by the spring constant k to obtain the thickness change (roll gap change) Δh. This thickness change Δh is fedback to the shaft position adjusting means 41 to adjust the roll gap thereby counterbalancing the roll gap change Δh and maintaining the roll gap constant. If disturbances of mechanical members of the calender (e.g., decentering of the rolls 18 and 19), state and size of the raw material and/or other factors should be considered, a certain control constant C is selected in view of them to modify the equation (3). In such a case, the equation (3) will be: ΔH = Δh * C Here, * represents to multiply or to use a certain function. Now, the control of the roll gap will be explained with the flowchart of Figure 2. If the amount of bank B changes due to the change of supply rate of the raw material (rubber, for example), the rolling load P between the rolls 18 and 19 changes from the initial value Po. This load change ΔP is detected by the detector 11 (ST1). ΔP may be obtained by simply calculating the difference between the current load P and the initial load Po. Then, the roll gap change Δh is computed by dividing the rolling load change ΔP by the spring constant k (ST2, equation (2)). If the roll gap change Δh is very small or substantially zero ( P = Po ) and no influence will appear on the sheet thickness, the program returns to step 1 (ST3). If the roll gap change Δh is larger than an allowable limit, the roll distance adjustment ΔH is computed using the equation (4) (ST4) and the controller activates the motor 30 to move the axle box 24 and in turn the roll 18 by ΔH. As mentioned earlier, the position of the axle box 24 is detected by the rotation sensor (axle box position sensor) 35. It should be noted that if the equation (4) is not necessary in controlling the roll gap, step 4 is skipped and the program proceeds to step 5 from step 3. When the motor 30 is activated and the screw rod 31 rotates, the axle box 24 moves diagonally upward or downward in Figure 1 to adjust the position of the roll 18 (ST5). Accordingly, the roll gap change ΔH (or Δh) is counterbalanced and the roll gap is maintained constant (ho). According to the present invention, as understood from the above description, the cause of the roll gap change is detected in the form of rolling load change, not bank amount change, the roll gap is controlled under consideration of all the factors affecting the thickness of the product. In other words, an appropriate control which can cope with the change of raw material temperature and plasticity is realized. The roll gap adjustment between the rolls 20 and 21 and the rolls 19 and 20 is performed in a similar manner as explained above. Figure 1 shows one ends of the rolls and the above expiation deals with one side of the calender. However, the axle boxes, load measuring units and roll shaft position adjusting means are provided for both ends of each roll and each axle box is controlled individually, so as to maintain the rolls 18 and 19, the rolls 19 and 20 and the rolls 20 and 21 in parallel relation, respectively. Therefore, the sheet thickness in the sheet width direction (direction perpendicular to drawing sheet) is also maintained constant. In the illustrated embodiment, the roll shaft position is adjusted by the combination of motor 30 and screw 31. However, a hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic pressure valve may be used instead. Further, the item 41 is called the roll shaft position adjusting means in the foregoing. However, it may be called roll position adjusting means since the roll shaft and the roll are integral and the item 41 is provided for changing the roll position. In addition, although the calender of the embodiment has four rolls 18-21, the calender may have three or five rolls, and the rolls may be arranged like "L", up-side-down "L" or "Z". The teaching of the present invention can be applied to a conventional calender if it is provided with a roll shaft position adjusting mechanism.

Claims: A method of controlling a gap between rolls (18-19, 19-20, 20-21) of a calender, including the steps of: (A) rolling a first raw material (B) between first and second rolls (18-19); (B) detecting a first rolling load change (ΔP1); (C) computing a first roll gap change (Δh1) between the first and second rolls (18, 19), based on the first rolling load change (ΔP1) of step (B); and (D) adjusting the gap (h) between the first and second rolls (18, 19) to counterbalance to the first roll gap change (Δh1) obtained by step (C); characterized in that the first rolling load change (ΔP1) is detected between the first and second rolls (18, 19). The method of claim 1, characterized in that the step (C) includes the steps of: (E) obtaining a first spring constant (k1) of first and second rolls (18, 19) and supporting members (24, 25, 28) for these rolls (18, 19) of the calender; and (F) dividing the first rolling load change (ΔP1) of step (B) by the first spring constant (k1) of step (E) to compute the first roll gap change (Δh1). The method of claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the method further includes the step (G) maintaining the first and second rolls (18, 19) in a parallel relation. The method of claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the method further includes the steps of: (H) rolling a second raw material (B) by third and fourth rolls (20, 21); (I) detecting a second rolling load change (ΔP2) between the third and fourth rolls; (J) computing a second roll gap change (Δh2) between the third and fourth rolls (20, 21), based on the second rolling load change of step (I); and (K) adjusting the gap between the third and fourth rolls to counterbalance to the second roll gap change obtained by step (J). The method of claim 4, characterized in that the step (J) includes the steps of: (L) obtaining a second spring constant (k2) of third and fourth rolls (20, 21) and supporting members (26, 27, 28) for these rolls (20, 21) of the calender; and (M) dividing the second rolling load change (ΔP2) of step (I) by the second spring constant (k2) of step (L) to compute the second roll gap change (Δh2). The method of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, characterized in that the method further includes the step (N) maintaining the third and fourth rolls (20, 21) in a parallel relation. The method of claim any one of foregoing claims, characterized in that the method further includes the step of (O) feeding the first raw material (51) rolled by the first and second rolls (18, 19) and the second raw material rolled by the third and fourth rolls (20, 21) to a gap between the second and third rolls (19, 20) while feeding a fabric (22) between the first and second raw materials, so as to double coat the fabric (22) with the first and second raw materials. The method of any one of foregoing claims, characterized in that the method further includes the steps of: (P) detecting a third rolling load change (ΔP3) between the second and third rolls (19, 20); (Q) computing a third roll gap change (Δh3) between the second and third rolls (19, 20), based on the third rolling load change of step (P); and (R) adjusting the gap between the second and third rolls (19, 20) to counterbalance to the third roll gap change obtained by step (Q). The method of claim 8, characterized in that the step (Q) includes the steps of: (S) obtaining a third spring constant (k3) of second and third rolls (19, 20) and supporting members (25, 26, 28) for these rolls of the calender; and (T) dividing the third rolling load change (ΔP3) of step (P) by the third spring constant (k3) of step (S) to compute the third roll gap change (Δh3). The method of claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the first, second and third rolling load change of steps (B), (I) and (P) are used in computing of steps (C), (J) and (Q), respectively. A system for controlling a gap between rolls of a calender, comprising: first and second rolls (18, 19) for rolling a first raw material (B); first load measuring means (11) for detecting a first rolling load change (ΔP1); first roll position adjusting means (41) for adjusting a first roll gap between the first and second rolls (18, 19); and a first controller (46) for computing a first roll gap change (Δh1) based on the first rolling load change (ΔP1) and for adjusting the first roll gap using the first roll position adjusting means (41) to counterbalance to the first roll gap change (Δh1) characterized in that, the first load measuring means (11) detect the first rolling load change (ΔP1) between the first and second rolls (18, 19). The system of claim 11, characterized in that two sets of first rolling load measuring means, first roll position adjusting means and first controller are provided for each roll (18, 19) at ends of a roll shaft to maintain the first and second rolls (18, 19) in a parallel relation. The system of claim 11 or 12, characterized in that the system further includes a first position sensor (35) for detecting a position of the first roll (18). The system of claim 11, 12 or 13, characterized in that the system further includes: third and fourth rolls (20, 21) for rolling a second raw material (B); second load measuring means (13) for detecting a second rolling load change between the third and fourth rolls (20, 21); second roll position adjusting means (42) for adjusting a second roll gap between the third and fourth rolls (20, 21); and a second controller (47) for computing a second roll gap change based on the second rolling load change and for adjusting the second roll gap using the second roll position adjusting means (42) to counterbalance to the second roll gap change. The system of claim 14, characterized in that two sets of second rolling load measuring means, second roll position adjusting means and second controller are provided for the third and fourth rolls (20, 21) respectively at ends of their roll shafts to maintain the third and fourth rolls (20, 21) in a parallel relation. The system of claim 14 or 15, characterized in that the system further includes a second position sensor (35) for detecting a position of the fourth roll (21). The system of claim 14, 15 or 16, characterized in that the first raw material (51) rolled by the first and second rolls (18, 19) and the second raw material (51) rolled by the third and fourth rolls (20, 21) are fed to a third roll gap between the second and third rolls (19, 20) while feeding a fabric (22) between the first and second raw materials, so as to double coat the fabric with the first and second raw materials. The system of claim 14, 15, 16 or 17, characterized in that the system further includes: third rolling load measuring means (12) for detecting a third rolling load change between the second and third rolls (19, 20); third roll position adjusting means (43) for adjusting a third roll gap between the second and third rolls (19, 20); and a third controller (48) for computing a third roll gap change based on the third rolling load change and for adjusting the third roll gap using the third roll position adjusting means (43) to counterbalance to the third roll gap change. The system of claim 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18, characterized in that the system further includes a third position sensor (35) for detecting a position of the third roll (20). The system of claim any one of claims 14 to 19, characterized in that the first, second and third controllers (46, 47, 48) are interconnected with each other so that the first, second and third rolling load change are exchanged between the first, second and third controllers to be used in computing the respective roll gap changes.

Inventors: HARADA EIICHI, TSUKII KATSU, URAKAWA MASAAKI, URUSHIBARA TERUYUKI, HARADA, EIICHI, TSUKII, KATSU, URAKAWA, MASAAKI, URUSHIBARA, TERUYUKI
Applicants: ISHIKAWAJIMA HARIMA HEAVY IND, ISHIKAWAJIMA-HARIMA HEAVY INDUSTRIES CO., LTD.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: B29C43
IPC codes: B29C43, B29L7