Lubricating oil

Abstract: Lubricating grease compositions based on titanium complex soap thickener in mineral and synthetic base oils have been prepared for the first time. Tentative methods for preparing lubricating grease from this new type of titanium complex soap thickener have been described. High performance lubricating grease resulted from titanium terphthalate stearate complex soap thickener, exhibited excellent mechanical stability, high drop point, excellent oxidation stability, very good extreme pressure and antiwear properties, good water resistance and corrosion inhibiting characteristics.

Description: BACK GROUND OF INVENTION : FIELD OF INVENTION: This invention relates to the development of high performance lubricating grease composition based on completely new type of titanium complex soap thickeners viz., Titanium terephthalate stearate. Titanium metal component in complex soap thickener has been derived from titanium isopropoxide rather than an alkali. Several carboxylic acid and fatty acid combinations with titanium isopropoxide have been tried in order to get a lubricating grease of comparable performance characteristics with other high performance lubricating grease as lithium complex, aluminum complex, sulfonate complex or polyurea greases. Best emerged combination, terephthalate stearate complex soap in mineral base stock exhibited, if not better, comparable performance characteristics to other above mentioned high performance lubricating greases. PRIOR ART In the prior art, metallic soaps and their complex soaps have generally been used as thickeners in lubricating grease industry. The continuous large scale usage of these type of thickeners in grease formulations is perhaps due to their excellent thickening capacity, easy availability and cost factors. Most of these commercially applicable metallic or complex metallic soap thickeners are derived from metals such as lithium, calcium, sodium, barium, aluminium etc., and are well known in the art. With few exceptions, metallic soaps other than mentioned previously constitute minor portion of thickeners in lubricating greases. In fact, in most cases soaps of miscellaneous metals serve some functions other than that of thickeners. However, in early stage C.J. Boner in Ind. Eng.Chem. 29,59(1937) have mentioned the preparation of soaps of Cd,Ce,Mg,Cr,Co,Hg,Sn in an attempt to prepare lubricating grease. Nevertheless in course of time these soaps have not gained commercial significance in lubricating greases. Similarly, U.S. Patent No.2878236 describes titanium stearate used as polymerisation catalyst. Another indication (Klarkes Markley's fatty acid part-II, Inc.NY 1961,P.717) on titanium stearate provided the melting point of titanium sterate soap as 62°C. Therefore, perhaps because of low melting point of these titanium soaps have not been used as thickeners in lubricating greases. Complex soaps of titanium, however, have not been reported so far for lubricating grease purpose. In commercial formulations of lithium and calcium complex soap base greases,metallic compound used for their preparation are the oxides/hydroxides of respective metals. On the other hand, in aluminium complex soap base grease,metallic component is derived from aluminium isopropoxide in place of an alkali (NLGI July 1965) and these greases are gaining increased commercial applications. Interestingly, alkoxide/isopropxide of several other metals are also well known in prior art (Bradley, D.C.et.al in "Progress in Ing.Chem.Vol.II Interscience P.303 (1960), J.Chem.Soc,2027 1952 and 2025, 1953). In recent years reactive alkoxides of titanium are commercially available at attractive prices. This is because of wide spread abundancy of Ti metal in earth crust (The Wealth of India, Industrial Products Part VIII CSIR,1973). Fully substituted alkoxides of titanium are prepared by melles process. Reaction of monohydric alcohol with titanium tetrachloride is carried out in an inert solvent which may be a hydrocarbon or a chlorinated hydrocarbon and in presence of hydrochloric acid acceptor, such as sodium metal, ammonia and certain amines (US Patent No.2187,721(1940), Brit., Patent No. 512452 (1939). JP-A-61111397 discloses an additive for a lubricant. The additive comprises an organic titanium compound obtained by reacting titanium alkoxide with a fatty acid having 8-24 carbon atoms. The additive is added in the proportion of 0.01 parts by weight to 100 parts by weight lube oil. It was found interesting to note hereinto that majority of soap or complex soap thickeners of commercial significance for formulating lubricating greases are either metals derived from alkali or alkaline earth metals. However metallic soap thickeners from transition metal elements for formulating lubricating greases have hitherto not attracted attention by the inventors. Nevertheless exploring the possibility of making complex soap thickeners for high performance lubricating greases from this new class of metal derivatives could be of great scientific significance. Keeping this view in mind, extensive attempts have been made to prepare complex soap thickener from titanium alkoxides with different combinations of carboxylic acids and fatty acids to put knife in the heart of wonder. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION A primary object of this invention is to propose a novel lubricating grease composition capable of use as lubricant for automotive and industrial applications. Another object of this invention is to propose a novel lubricating grease composition having suitable mechanical and oxidation stability properties. Still another object of this invention is to propose a novel lubricating grease composition having a high drop point and good EP and antiwear properties. Yet another object of this invention is to propose a novel lubricating grease composition having good water resistance and corrosion inhibition characteristics. A further object of this invention is to propose a process for the preparation of lubricating grease compositions having the aforesaid properties. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with this invention the lubricating grease composition comprises 2 to 20% by weight of titanium alkoxide, 2 to 20% by weight of carboxylic acid selected from the group comprising acetic acid, B.V.C. acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and cinnamic acid, 5.0 to 35 .0% by weight of fatty acids comprising alkyl carboxylic acids from vegetable sources, 0.0 to 5.0% by weight of water and 20 to 90% by weight of mineral/synthetic oil. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of this invention the lubricating grease composition 2 to 20% by weight of titanium alkoxide, 5 to 25% by weight of fatty acid, 2 to 20% by weight of carboxylic acid, 0.0 to 5.0% by weight of water and 20 to 90% by weight of mineral/synthetic oil. Further according to this invention, there is provided a process for the preparation of a lubricating grease composition according to claim 1 which comprises the steps:- 1) Mixing together fatty acid comprising alkyl carboxylic acids from vegetable sources, carboxylic acid selected from the group comprising acetic acid, B.V.C. acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and cinnamic acid and mineral or synthetic oil, 2) stirring and heating such a mix to a temperature of 70 to 100 °C, 3) adding titanium alkoxide while maintaining said temperature, 4) raising the temperature to 100 to 200 °C to form a thickened grease product, 5) cooling said product and adding water thereto if required and 6) subjecting the mixture to shearing. In accordance with this invention, a vessel equipped with a stirrer of rpm 0-150 in the first stage, is charged with 5 to 35% by weight of fatty acid, 2 to 20% by weight of carboxylic acid and 20 to 90% by weight of mineral or synthetic oil, based on the total weight of the final grease composition. The mixture is stirred and heat is provided through a heating mantle to reach the temperature to 70-100°C. At the end of the first stage, 2 to 20% by weight of titanium alkoxide is added slowly based on the total weight of the final grease composition. The mixture is continuously mixed and held at 70-100°C for 1-2 hours, temperature being raised very slowly to 100-200°C, duration of maintaining at this temperature is 2-8 hours. During this period the product assumes grease structure and converts to a thickened mass. The product is then cooled with continuous stirring to 140-100°C at the end of this second stage, if desired up to 5% by weight of water is added to the mixture, based on the total weight of the final grease composition. The mixture is further cooled to 80-60°C and sheared with the help of a colloid mill. The resulting product of NLGI No. 1 to 5 is obtained. It is, however, possible to combine the first and second stages to provide an alternate route. Thus, according to this invention there is provided an alternate process for the preparation of a lubricating grease composition according to Claim 1 comprising the steps:- 1) adding together fatty acid comprising alkyl carboxylic acids from vegetable sources, carboxylic acid selected from the group comprising acetic acid, B.V.C. acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and cinnamic acid, titanium alkoxide and mineral or synthetic oil in required proportions, 2) heating such a mixture to a temperature of 160 to 200 °C, 3) cooling the resultant mix and adding required water thereto, 4) stirring the cooled mix and then further cooling said mix and 5) subjecting it to shearing. In accordance with the alternate process of this invention, the charge is stirred with simultaneous heating through a heating mantle. The mixture is heated upto a temperature of 160-200°C in 2-8 hours. The resultant product is cooled to 140-80°C and water is added from 0.1 to 5.0%. This is further stirred for 5 minutes to 1 hour at this temperature and then further cooled to 80-50°C and sheared in a colloid mill. The resultant product of NLGI NO.1-5 is obtained. Titanium alkoxides used in present invention is preferably titanium alkoxide of C3 to C6 alcohol having titanium metal content of 17% by weight approximately and used in the amount 2-20% by weight of the final lubricating grease composition. The synthetic hydrocarbon lubricating oil used in the compositions of present invention are an oligomer of olefin such as polyalpha olefins, polybutenes, polyehteres, mineral base stocks are the neutral oils. The sources of fatty acids employed in the grease compositions are alkyl carboxylic acids from vegetable sources which may have few double bonds in the structure. For instance, it includes stearic acid, hydroxystearic acid, oleic acid, mahuwa oil, etc. This is present in amount of 5 to 35% by weight of the final lubricating grease composition. The carboxylic acids employed in this invention are, for example, mono-carboxylic acid ranging from acetic acid to BVC acid, C2 to C10 carbon chain dicarboxylic acids, hydroxydicarboxylic acids such as tartaric acid and citric acid, aromatic acids include mono and dicarboxylic acids both, as well as hydroxy mono carboxylic acid , for example, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, terepthalic acid, (Table I). Inclusion of inorganic acids like boric and phosphoric is also the illustration of present invention. This is present in amount 2.0 to 20% by weight of the final lubricating greases. In order to describe more fully the nature of the present invention, specific examples will hereinafter be described. It should be understood, however, that this is done solely by way of example and is intended neither to delineate nor limit the ambit of the appended claims. EXAMPLE NO. 1 The lubricating grease composition has been prepared consisting the ingredients with proportions indicated as described hereinbelow. and following the procedure as indicated above. Here fatty acid used is stearic acid 5.6% and titanium alkoxide is titanium tetraisopropoxide,6.6%. Table No. 1 demonstrates the various carboxylic acids 6.6% tried with a view of preparing lubricating grease. Carboxylic acids used in the inventions S.No. Carboxylic acid Structure 1. Acetic acid CH 3 COOH 2. B.V.C. acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) n COOH 3. Oxalic acid (COOH) 2 4. Malonic acid CH 2 (COOH) 2 5. Succinic acid (CH 2 ) 2 (COOH) 2 6. Glutaric acid (CH) 3 (COOH) 2 7. Azelaic acid (CH 2 ) 7 (COOH) 2 8. Sebacic acid (CH 2 ) 8 (COOH) 2 9. Tartaric acid [CH(OH)COOH] 10. Citric acid C 1 H 2 COOH C 1 (OH)COOH CH 2 COOH 11. Benzoic acid C 6 H 5 COOH 12. Salicylic acid C 6 H 4 (CH)COOH 13. Phthalic acid (ortho benzene dicarboxylic acid) C 6 H 4 (COOH) 2 14. Terephthalic acid (para benzene dicarboxylic acid) C 6 H 4 (COOH) 2 15. Fumaric acid (CH COOH) 2 16. Maleic acid (CH COOH) 2 17. Cinnamicacid C 6 H 5 CH=CH-COOH Table No. 2 represents few physico chemical test data of some of the greases. S.NO. CARBOXYLIC ACID USED TOTAL FATTY MATERIAL IN % IN MINERAL OIL DROP POINT D-566/D-2265 C WORKED PENETRAT AT 25 C D-217 1. GREASE NSA (Succinic Acid) 27.2 232 3⊘5 2. GREASE TTA (Tartaric Acid) 28.6 22⊘ 281 3. GREASE CTA (Citric Acid0 3⊘.8 215 278 4. GREASE PTA (Phthalic Acid) 25.4 25⊘ 181 5. GREASE TPA (Terephthalic Acid) 14.6 296 281 EXAMPLE No. 2 The lubricating grease composition has been preepared by the method of Example No. 1 by adding 5.6 of commercially available titanium isopropoxide 6.6% of phthalic acid, 5.6% of stearic acid, the remainder being mineral base oil and water. Lubricating grease was prepared by the method described above. Lubricating grease thus prepared exhibited physico - chemical characteristics indicated in Table-3. S. NO. ASTM/IP METHOD RESULTS 1. PENETRATION AT 25° C AFTER 60 STROKES D - 217 230 2. DROP POINT °C D - 566 249 3. COPPER CORROSION AT 100 C AFTER 24 HRS TP-112 PASS 4. RUST PREVENTIVE PROPERTIES D - 1743 PASS 5. WATER WASHOUT % Wt. D - 1264 1.9 6. ROLL STABILITY % CHANGE 2 HRS. D - 1831 8.0 7. FOUR BALL BP TEST WELD LOAD KG. IP - 239 160 8. FOUR BALL WEAR TEST 40 KG, 75 C 1200 RPM & 1 HR WEAR SCAR DIA MM D - 2266 0.6 The effectiveness of the lubricating grease composition described above demonstrates its high drop point, good shear stability, good corrosion resistance, good chemical stability and good EP and antiwear properties. EXAMPLE NO.3 This example has a variation as synthetic hydrocarbon oil (PAD) was used in place of mineral oil, otherwise all other conditions and ingredients are the same as stated in Example No.2. The resultant grease exhibited the following physico-chemical characteristics as indicated in Table No.4. S.NO. PROPERTY TEST RESULTS 1. PENETRATION AT 25 °C 6⊘ STROKES 278 2. DROP POINT °C 262 3. COPPER CORROSION PASS 4. RUST PREVENTIVE PROPERTIES PASS 5. WATER WASHOUT % WT. 2.⊘ This example has demonstrated improved drop point, and good water resistance and good corrosion inhibition properties. EXAMPLE NO.4 This example illustrates the preparation of lubricating grease with ingredients in the proportions as indicated in Example No.2 hereinabove. The polycarboxylic acid used is terephthalic acid and other ingredients are the same as titanium isopropoxide, stearic acid, mineral base oil and water. The lubricating grease prepared as per described method and ingredients without any performance additive exhibited following physicochemical characteristics in Table No.5. S.No. PROPERTY ASTM/IP METHOD RESULTS 1. MECHANICAL STABILITY AT 25C AJ WORKED PENETRATION D-217 254 BJ AFTER 100000 STROKES 271 CJ CHANGE FROM 60 STROKES +15 UNIT 2. DROP POINT °C D-566 258 3. OXIDATION STABILITY D-942 AJ AFTER 100 HRS 1 PSI DROP BJ AFTER 500 HRS 5 PSI DROP 4. WATER WASHOUT D-1264 1.9% 5. LOSS ON EVAPORATION D-972 0.6% 6. COPPER CORROSION AT 100 C +/-5 C,24 HRS IP 112 PASS 7. LOW TEMP.TORQUE AT - 30C IP 186 AJ STARTING 3500 gmcm BJ RUNNING 500 gmcm 8. FOUR BALL EP TEST WELD LOAD KG IP-239 280 9. FOUR BALL WEAR TEST 40 KG, AT 15 C, 1200 ROM, 1 HR WEAT SCAR DIA,MM. D-2266 0.4 MM The effectiveness of the lubricating grease composition described above demonstrates its high drop point, excellent shear stability, good corrosion resistance, excellent EP and antiwear properties, excellent oxidation stability which fulfils the objective to be a high performance lubricating grease capable of commercial applications. EXAMPLE NO.5 This example illustrates the preparation of lubricating grease with proportions indicated in Example 1. The polycarboxylic acid used is terephthalic acid, monocarboxylic acid is stearic acid, titanium alkoxide is titanium isopropoxide, mineral oil and water. The lubricating grease prepared as per the alternate method described earlier exhibited the following physico-chemical characteristics as indicated in Table-6. In this alternate process, all ingredients in known quantities are taken simultaneously. S. NO. PROPERTY ASTM/IP METHOD RESULT 1. PENETRATION AT 25°C AFTER 60 STROKES D - 217 295 2. DROP POINT °C D - 2265 296 3. COPPER CORROSION AT 100 °C , 24 HRS IP 112 PASS 4. WATER WASHOUT % Wt D - 1264 2.0 This alternate process for making lubricating grease has shown enhanced drop point, good shear stability, good corrosion resistance and improved water resistance properties. EXAMPLE NO. 6 The lubricating grease composition has been prepared consisting the ingredients with the proportions indicated below. The lubricating grease composition consists of 11.3% of commercial titanium, isopropoxide, 6.6% of teraphthalic acid, 11.3% of oleic acid, the remainder being mineral base oil and water. The composition prepared as per example No. 2 has the following characteristics as shown in Table - 7. S. NO. PROPERTY ASTM/IP METHOD RESULT 1. PENETRATION AT 25° C AFTER 60 STROKES D - 217 139 2. DROP POINT °C D - 556 248 3. COPPER CORROSION AT 100 C. 24 HRS IP 112 PASS 4. WATER WASHOUT % Wt. D - 1264 2.O The effectiveness of the lubricating grease with oleic acid in place of stearic acid has shown good thickening capacity and shear stability while maintaining high drop point, good water resistance and good corrosion resistance characteristics.

Claims: A lubricating grease composition comprising 2 to 20% by weight of titanium alkoxide, 2 to 20% by weight of carboxylic acid selected from the group comprising acetic acid, B.V.C. acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and cinnamic acid, 5.0 to 35 .0% by weight of fatty acids comprising alkyl carboxylic acids from vegetable sources, 0.0 to 5.0% by weight of water and 20 to 90% by weight of mineral/synthetic oil. A lubricating grease composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said oil is an oligomer of olefin, such as polyalpha olefin, polybutene and polyethers, said carboxylic acids being selected from the group comprising acetic acid, B.V.C. acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and cinnamic acid, said fatty acids being oleic acid, stearic acid or hyroxystearic acid. A lubricating grease composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the metal alkoxide is titanium alkoxide of C3 to C6 alcohol having titanium metal content of approx. 17% by weight. A lubricating grease composition as claimed in claim 1 where fatty acid is mahuaw oil. A process for the preparation of a lubricating grease composition according to Claim 1 comprising the steps:- 1) Mixing together fatty acid comprising alkyl carboxylic acids from vegetable sources, carboxylic acid selected from the group comprising acetic acid, B.V.C. acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and cinnamic acid and mineral or synthetic oil, 2) stirring and heating such a mix to a temperature of 70 to 100 °C, 3) adding titanium alkoxide while maintaining said temperature, 4) raising the temperature to 100 to 200 °C to form a thickened grease product, 5) cooling said product and adding water thereto if required and 6) subjecting the mixture to shearing. A process as claimed in claim 5 wherein 2 to 20% of titanium alkoxide is added. A process as claimed in claim 5 or claim 6 wherein the mixture in step 2 is continuously mixed and held at 70 - 100 °C for 1-2 hours and then in step 4 to a temperature of 100 to 200 °C for a period of 2 to 8 hours. A process as claimed in claim 5, 6 or 7 wherein the mix is cooled with continuous stirring to 140 - 100°C and 0-5% by wt. of water is added. A process for the preparation of a lubricating grease composition according to Claim 1 comprising the steps:- 1) adding together fatty acid comprising alkyl carboxylic acids from vegetable sources, carboxylic acid selected from the group comprising acetic acid, B.V.C. acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and cinnamic acid, titanium alkoxide and mineral or synthetic oil in required proportions, 2) heating such a mixture to a temperature of 160 to 200 °C, 3) cooling the resultant mix and adding required water thereto, 4) stirring the cooled mix and then further cooling said mix and 5) subjecting it to shearing. A process as claimed in claim 9 wherein said mixture is cooled up to a temperature of 140 to 80 °C in 2 to 8 hours.

Inventors: BHATNAGAR AKHILESH KUMAR DR, KUMAR ANOOP DR, NAITHANI KANTA PRASAD DR, RAI MADAN MOHAN DR, SAYANNA ELTEPU DR, VERMA AMAR SINGH, BHATNAGAR, AKHILESH KUMAR, DR., KUMAR, ANOOP, DR., NAITHANI, KANTA PRASAD, DR., RAI, MADAN MOHAN, DR., SAYANNA, ELTEPU, DR., VERMA, AMAR SINGH
Applicants: INDIAN OIL CORP LTD, INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C10M117
IPC codes: C10N50, C10N10, C10N30, C10N70, C10M121, C10M169, C10M117, C10M129