Throttle actuator

Abstract: a fist link member 7, upper-limit link member 9a, and lower-limit link member 9b are rotatably and axially coupled together. When the throttle is to be opened, the throttle valve 5 is electrically controlled by the motor 4 which has been under the control of an output from the accelerator opening sensing device 3, and at the same time, the throttle valve 5 is mechanically controlled by the wire 12 through the link members 7, 9a, 9b in response to the degree of opening of the accelerator. A high degree of throttle operation such as traction control, idling control, constant speed run, etc. can be executed normally, and when an abnormality arises, the fail-safe function is at work to close the throttle valve 5.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a throttle actuator for controllably moving the throttle of an automobile and the like between open and closing positions, and in particular to a throttle actuator which is under the control of both electric motor and wire. 2. Related Art of the Invention Recently, automobiles have converted from means just intended for running from one place to another into means that rides easily or more comfortable vehicles. With the advent of such a need, various sorts of cruising systems are now being considered based on higher control technologies such as 4 wheel drive, 4 wheel steering , cruise control, etc. Among them, there is an attempt of obtaining cruising stability and safety, as well as low cost of fuel by the control of the throttle valve acting as a feed opening for fuel. In a conventional car engine, the opening of degree of the throttle had only to act in response to the depression amount of an accelerator when it is pressed down. In this respect, the throttle valve and accelerator were mechanically connected with each other by means of a wire or link. As mentioned above, however, in many cases the throttle is now arranged such that it is electronically controlled for its opening dependent on the cruising conditions of the automobiles. Such an electronic control method has assisted developing of a cruise control function of keeping the running speed constant by regulating the output of an engine, TCS (traction control system) of preventing slipping of drive wheels by reducing the output of the engine, and ISC (Idle speed control) of controlling the rotational speed of the engine when idling takes place. However, a variety of problems may result from attempts to bring the throttle under electronic control. The reason is as follows. There are different forms of approach to the electronic control of the throttle. Specifically, it is an wholly electronically operable actuator that can make a control of the throttle. In this system, a throttle and an accelerator are quite independent from each other in mechanical terms with the structure that the depression amount of the accelerator may be read out by a sensor so as to drive the valve by a motor. Another typical approach has an additional electronic control function with the mechanical connections reserved for operating the throttle valve by the use of the accelerator. In comparison of the both above-described approaches, the former has an advantage that a small number of parts can do, that any mechanical connection is unnecessary, and that a single actuator can do, while the latter requires the mechanical connection and one (or two) actuator(s) as well. In contrast, however, the former has a fault that it costs expensive. For example, provided only a cruise control is equipped as an optional function, an actuator such as an expensive stepping motor must indispensably be added in order to satisfy the cruise control function only, thus resulting in no substantial difference cost either if only one function is used or another function such as TCS is added to the function. With reference to the safety (fail-safe function) as a most important element, it is very difficult to secure the safety in the former system. Such being the case, it is considered to be unrisky that the mechanical system that has been used long with actual achievements in reliability is reserved. Even so the latter, namely, the coexistence of mechanics and electronics tends to cause a complication in mechanism. Fig.7 shows the conventional throttle valve having two valves provided within the body thereof. As shown in Fig.7, this conventional example has a structure that one valve is mechanically actuated by the accelerator and the other valve is electronically controlled using a stepping motor. For example as the mechanics and electronics, another prior art is disclosed in Japan laid-open patent application No.64-12038. Fig.6 shows this prior art. As shown in this drawing, if an accelerator 71 is depressed in the direction of an arrow A, a link member 73 is turned in the direction of an arrow B through a wire 72, and a throttle valve 75 is opened in the direction of an arrow C through a spring 74. With this state maintained, for an attempt to narrow the opening of the throttle valve 75 a little closer, the motor 76 is driven so as to be rotated by the shaft thereof in a direction D , and the link member 78 will be rotated through a connecting rod 77 in a direction E so that the throttle valve 75 may be closed by the spring 74 which is being compressed. In the first prior art of Fig. 7, however, the throttle as a whole is inevitably of a large and heavy type due to its structure of two valves. The second prior art of Fig.6 has a throttle that needs to transmit exact information of the degree of opening of the accelerator 71 generally during cruising, thus necessarily setting the spring 74 of an essentially strong resiliency. In this strong spring 74 , if the throttle is to be actuated by the motor 76 to reduce speed, the spring 74 subjected to strong setting will have to be brought to more compression, with the result that a motor of a large type with a high torque is required. Additionally, since other specific mechanism is required to reduce the torque of the motor, the device will be of a mechanically bulky and complicated type. A throttle actuator with the features of the preamble part of claim 1 is disclosed by FR-A-2 599 805. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is intended to solve the above-described tasks, and has an object of providing a throttle actuator which is light in weight, compact in size, and easy to mount though it has an electro-mechanical construction, or provided with a fail-safe mechanism. This object is solved according to the features of claim 1. Further developments are disclosed by the subclaims. In accordance with the described structure, the first aspect of the invention may use a throttle actuator of a compact and light weight type because it may have a single motor, and the load of the motor has only to overcome a throttle return spring having a light load. In the event of a throttle failure, the second link member connected with the accelerator is capable of mechanically driving the first link member, so that the fail-safe function can be achieved. The stator of the motor is rotatable, and the rotor can be rotated by an identical amount of rotation to that of the second link member by means of the wire connected with the accelerator, and therefore, if the rotor and stator of the motor are locked because of dust deposited thereon, the fail-safe function can be achieved. A mere change of the relation between a slot and a pin provided in first and second link members of the first aspect of the invention enables the throttle to open by means of the motor to the extent of the slot provided in the first link member relative to the opening of the accelerator. This specific operation realizes a high degree of control as performed in the cruise control, TCS, ISC, etc., providing a vehicle of an increased reliability, a comfort, and a high performance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig.1 is a perspective view showing an illustrative structure of a throttle actuator. Fig.2 is a view illustrating the operation of the throttle actuator of fig. 1. Fig.3 is a cross sectional view showing an embodiment structure of the throttle actuator in accordance with the present invention. Fig.4 is a perspective view showing the embodiment structure of the throttle actuator in accordance with the present invention. Fig.5 is a view showing by way of example S-shaped valve for use in the embodiment of the present invention. Fig.6 is a perspective view showing the structure of a conventional throttle actuator. Fig.7 is a perspective view showing the structure of another conventional throttle actuator. Fig.8 is a view showing another form of the second link member embodying the present invention. Fig.9 is a view illustrating a rotation tolerance obtainable by the structure of Fig.8 and so on. Fig.10 is a view showing by way of example a process for locking stator in the embodiment of the present invention. Fig.11 is a view showing by way of example another process for locking stator in the embodiment of the present invention. Fig.12 is a view illustrating a rotation tolerance by the structure of Fig. 11. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Now, the embodiments of the present invention is described with reference to the drawings. Fig. 1 is an illustrative example for a throttle actuator to explain different elements of a first embodiment of the present invention according to Fig. 3. In Fig 1 the numeral 1 designates an accelerator pedal, 2 an accelerator rotating shaft acting as means for transmitting a rotary motion originated from the accelerator pedal. 3 is an accelerator opening sensing device for detecting the rotation angle of the accelerator rotating shaft 2, which sensing device is , in the embodiment , a magnetic sensor adapted to detect magnetic spots marked on the accelerator rotating shaft 2 as an encoder. The sensing device 3 requires a high accuracy, preferably of a non-contact type. Such a non-contact sensor involves an optical sensor which may also be used. A potentiometer may be used, too, if it is of a contact type. The numeral 4 identifies a motor for electrically opening or closing a throttle valve, which motor is constituted by a stepping motor in this embodiment. The stator of the motor 4 is fixed to a main body(not shown). The stepping motor used is a product by Matsushita Electric Co., Ltd., with a model No.39SHM-32B. The specification of this motor is as follows. The specification of Model No.39SHM-32B. Rate voltage: 12V Current: 80 mA/phase Winding resistance: 150 ohms Inductance: 150 mH Step angle: 1.8 degrees Rotor inertia: 15 g.cm Retaining torque: 670 g.cm Angle-retaining force property: 40 g.cm/0.1* Weight: 180 g The numeral 5 is a throttle valve, which is of a flat and circular type. Said valve 5 may be replaced e.g. by an S-shaped valve which only requires a substantially small torque for the rotation purpose. The configuration of said valve can be determined by analyzing the airflow within a intake pipe 14 and calculating a resultant value. Fig.6 illustrates one example of an S-shaped valve 5s. The upper part is projected to left side and the lower side is projected to right side. The numeral 6 designates a throttle valve shaft for rotating the throttle valve 5 to move it between open and closed positions. 7 is a first link member of giving a torque to the throttle valve shaft 6 which is secured by welding to the first link member 7. 8 is a pin mounted on the first link member 7, which is destined to be connected with a slot 10, which will be described afterwards, in such a manner that it may be moved within the slot 10. 9 is a second link member of transmitting a power as a turning effort from the accelerator pedal 1 to the throttle valve shaft 6, the second link member 9 being movably supported by a bearing (Fig.3) and coaxial with respect to the throttle valve shaft 6. 10 is a slot provided on the second link member 9 so that the pin 8 may be received by the slot 10. 11 is a rotating shaft of the second link member 9. The second link member 9 is connected with a lever 17 of the accelerator pedal 1 by a wire 12 so that the former is rotatable in response to the depression amount of the accelerator pedal 1 when it is pressed down. Fig.2 shows the relation between a throttle actuator and the opening of the accelerator in accordance with the present embodiment. In this embodiment, the throttle valve is closed when the engine runs idle. Thus, if the throttle valve is in the closed position, the necessary minimum amount of intake gas can be secured by a proper means. As a specific example of said proper means, there is a method of securing the minimum amount of intake gas using a bypass (not shown) provided on an intake pipe. The lever 17 connected with the accelerator pedal 1 is longer than the radius of gyration of the second link member 9, whereby if the accelerator pedal 1 is pressed down at an angle of 45 degree , the second link member 9 is turned through 90 degree. The numeral 13 indicates a throttle opening sensing device which acts to detect the rotation angle of the throttle valve shaft 6. In this embodiment, said sensing device 13 is a type corresponding to that of the throttle opening sensing device 3. 14 is a cylindrical intake pipe. 16 is a throttle return spring, which is operative to place the relation between the first link member 7 and second link member 9 in the corrected upper limit position as shown in Fig.2, if no turning effort from the motor 4 is applied to the throttle valve shaft 6. In other words, the throttle return spring 16 is intended to keep the pin 8 in the left end portion of the slot 10 in the Fig.1. The throttle return spring 16 is connected with the first link member 7 via a wire. 18 is a motor control device , which is adapted to control the movement of the throttle valve 5 by controlling the motor 4 in response to signals from the accelerator opening sensing device 3 and a control unit 19. 20 is an accelerator return spring. The torque of the motor 4 is weaker than the force of the spring 20. Fig.3 shows a cross sectional view of the assembled throttle actuator. 31 is a ball bearing. Elements which are identical to corresponding elements of Fig.1 have been given the same reference number. Though not in use in this embodiment, a sealing member may be provided in part of the bearing 31. Next, the operation in the embodiment will be described with reference to the drawings. Fig.2 shows the relation between the opening degrees of the throttle valve and accelerator in the throttle actuator of the embodiment. A shadowed portion as shown in Fig.2 is an area in which the pin 8 rotates and slot 10 moves, which portion can be controlled by the motor 4. Fig.1 is an assumed view of the throttle in the full-closed (shatted fully) position. In said position as shown in Fig.1, the throttle valve shaft 6 receives a force originated from the accelerator return spring 20 to render the throttle valve 5 closed as well as a force originated from the throttle return spring 16 to bring the throttle valve 5 to an opened position. The accelerator return spring 20 is designed to be stronger than the throttle return spring 16 in restoring force, thus resulting in the accelerator return spring 20 exceeding the latter in force, and a force is so exerted on the throttle valve shaft 6 that the throttle valve 5 will be closed. It is a throttle valve shaft 6 of Fig.1 in such a state that is abutted against a stopper provided on the first link member 7. In this embodiment, the adjustment of the turning effort acting on the throttle valve shaft 6 is based on the accelerator return spring 20 which is stronger than the throttle return spring 16 in restoring force. However, the turning effort acting on the throttle valve shaft 6 may be adjusted by changing the position of connection , provided the both springs are equal to each other in restoring force. No current is present in the motor 4 when the throttle valve is fully closed as shown in Fig.1 ,that is, there is no retaining torque. As apparent from Figs. 1, 2, there is the fail-safe mechanism. That is, the accelerator 1 is mechanically coupled with the throttle valve 5 , and then the automobile can not run away even if the electric system controlling the throttle valve fails. And if such an electrical failure occurs, an idling position is destined to be resumed at least, because the valve is wholly closed. In order to bring the throttle valve 5 from the full-closed position to the open position gradually, the accelerator pedal 1 is pressed down to open the throttle, to begin with. And then, the accelerator lever 17 will be put in motion to pull the wire 12, which urges the second link member 9 to run countercloskwise. At the same time, the accelerator opening sensing device 3 determines the degree of opening of the accelerator 1, and supplies a signal to the motor control 18. The consequential rotation of the second link member 9 in a direction to open the throttle valve 5 will invite the throttle return spring 16 to act on the first link member 7 to such an extent that the latter will rotate to bring the throttle valve 5 to the open position. Concurrently therewith, the rotation angle of the throttle valve shaft 6 is detected by the throttle opening sensing device 13, which will transmit a detection signal to the motor control 18. The motor control 18 produces an output for driving the motor 4 from the output of the throttle opening sensing device 13 and a signal from a control unit 19 , if necessary , from the output of the accelerator opening sensing device 3, Before the motor 4 is actuated, the initial position of the motor 4 must be identified by the throttle opening sensing device 13. However, if the last position of rotation of the motor 4 has been accurately memorized, no detection of the initial position is necessary. In such a manner as described above is achieved the control of the throttle valve 5 by the accelerator pedal 1. For example, however, if the accelerator pedal 1 is subjected to a sudden depression, drive wheel tire may be spun. In order to avoid such an occasion, on the basis of the rotary speed and acceleration of the tires, judgment is made on whether or not tires have slipped, and if the result of judgment shows there is a tire slip, the control unit 19 will direct the motor control to close the throttle valve 5 a little more. For the judgment of the tire slip, various known judgment forms may be used. The motor control 18 acts to actuate the motor 4 in accordance with the command of the control unit 19 in a direction to close the throttle valve 5. That is, once the accelerator pedal 1 is depressed, the throttle valve 5 is controlled by the motor control 18 to determine the allowable range of opening within the shaded area as shown in Fig.2. The instant embodiment is suitable especially for realization of traction control for tire slip resulting from an over-powered start. Next, the fail-safe in this embodiment will be described. The fail-safe is intended here to prevent a car from running away due to the failing of the electric system controlling of the throttle valve 5 by the mechanical coupling between the accelerator 1 and the throttle valve 5 , on one hand, and to render the device idle in such an occasion, on the other. It is most important that the throttle actuator should not get into danger under any circumstances. In the present embodiment ,for example, if the IC used in the motor control circuit 18 fails for some reason, the accelerator pedal 1 is returned to the original position and the throttle valve 5 will return to its original position as it is kept fully closed, because the range controlled by the motor 4 is corresponding to the shaded portion only, as shown in Fig.2. The operation with the fail-safe in action will be described in the following. Assuming that a conductor wire connected between the motor control circuit 18 and the motor 4 has broken down, the motor 4 has no retaining torque as no electric current is present therein and the throttle valve shaft 6 is kept running by the accelerator return spring 20 as in the full-closed position as described above. This is intended to make it possible to close the throttle using the mechanical system only, if the electrical system should fail. Meanwhile the rotation tolerance in Fig.2 is dependent on the magnitude (angle) of the slot 10. So, the rotation tolerance can be changed by varying the slot 10 in size. There is an effective method for extending the rotation tolerance. This has been considered in view of the relationship between the throttle opening and the accelerator depression amount (accelerator opening). In the embodiment as described above, the throttle valve 5 is designed to open through 90 degree while the accelerator 1 opens through 45 degree . There is a problem, however, that such a structure may obtain a speed increase ratio only twice bigger at maximum, thus resulting in no further expansion of the corrected position of upper limit. A solution of this problem may be made by setting of the lever ratio of the wire and second link member 7 to be three times bigger, as shown in Fig. 9 (a). Fig. 8 shows a rotation tolerance as established in Fig. 9(a). As apparent from the above-mentioned description, in accordance with the present embodiment, the throttle valve 5 is generally compensate-controlled by the motor 4 under an upper limit due to the depression of the accelerator pedal 1. Therefore, no danger is incidental to accidental failure of the electrical system, and normally, a fine control can be made, thereby to carry out the most efficient traction control. An embodiment is described for improving a fail-safe of the present invention. This specific fail-safe is based on the assumption of a failure of a mechanical unit as newly added by the present invention but having little reliable achievement: even if such a failure happens, a car will never run away with the aid of the mechanical coupling between the accelerator and throttle valve, thereby turning out idle. That is ,the mechanical hazard of a motor as a failure of the new mechanical unit is put into consideration. Specifically, there is an intrusion of foreign matters between rotors in the motor. In such a case, it is afraid that the rotor and stator are strongly attached to each other. Thus, it is presumed that if a mechanical force produced when the accelerator 1 is released is applied to the rotor directly connected with the throttle valve 5, the throttle valve 5 will be unable to rotate into the closed position. Therefore, there exists the possibility of the motor being brought to locked position, which has to be addressed. Description will be made of a next embodiment, accordingly. Meanwhile the first link member 7 can have the slot 10 and to the contrary the second link member 9 can have the pin 8 ( shown in Fig.9(b)) , and thereby the engagement can be realized . This embodiment has a fail-safe which may be actuated even in the case of the motor being locked for some reason as mentioned above. Fig.4 shows the structure of the present embodiment. This embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that the stator of the motor 4 is fixedly secured to a main body by utilizing the stator return spring 15 and a stator locking means 23. Other components are the same as those of the first embodiment, of which further explanation will be omitted. The stator return spring 15 urges the stator 4 to rotate in a direction to move the throttle valve 5 toward the closed position. The stator fixing means 23 is a stopper intended to react against a torque given by said stator return spring 15 in resulting to make the stator 4 fixed. This stator locking means 23 is provided with an electromagnetic valve, which can change over from fix to release in response to the direction from the control unit 19. The changeover means from fix to release should not be limited to that of an electromagnetic type, e.g., it may be a combination of a shape-memory alloy and a heating wire. Further the mechanism of fix and release of the stator 4 is arranged such that as shown in Fig.10, the stator has a spring mounted thereon, and normally conducts its acceleration work in the locked condition as shown by Fig.10(c), while in an abnormal case, the spring extends beyond a center line S of Fig.10(c) as shown in Fig.10(a), giving a torque in the opposite direction to that in the normal case, which means that the spring plays the same role as the stator return spring 15. Further as shown in Fig.11, the stator has a projection provided in part thereof. Normally, the stator may be brought to a locked condition with the projection in engagement with a claw by using electro-magnetic force , and extraordinarily, the fail-safe functions with the assistance of the stator return spring 15 . That is , an electro-magnetic means releases the engagement. Additionally, as shown in Fig.12, there is a conceivable case where use is made of an air-loaded spring. At the stage of assembly, the stator is locked by a spring constituted by air pressure, and when an abnormality arises, a fail-safe operation is carried out in the form of such a pilot pressure being eliminated from an aperture formed by an explosive means. In this embodiment, in a normal case, the operation is made in the same manner as in the first embodiment, and so it is also in the electrical system failure. And therefore description will be omitted of the operation in accordance with the embodiment. The point in this embodiment is a fail-safe procedure which may be followed if the motor is locked because of dust. The following is the description of this point. The throttle valve 5 which opens with an angle of 45 degree is taken as an example. (A) point as shown by corrugated lines in Fig.2 illustrates the state of the throttle valve 5 being opened with a angle of 45 degree. When the motor 4 is out of action, said state is represented by a point (A) in the corrected position of upper limit. With the throttle valve 5 squeezed to an ultimate degree by the motor , said state is represented by (B) point of the corrected position of lower limit. Then if the stator 4 and rotor (throttle valve shaft 6) of the motor have been brought to locked positions, the throttle valve 5 is also brought to a locked position accordingly to such an extent that it will not close. In this embodiment, therefore, though the stator 4 of the motor is normally in locked position, but on the occurrence of abnormality, e.g. if the motor has been locked, a fail-safe may be secured by rotating the stator 4 per se of the motor. Description will be made of the operation with the fail-safe in action to address the abnormality of the motor-lock. First, judgment is made by the control unit 19 with reference to outputs from the accelerator opening sensing device 3 and throttle opening sensing device 13 on whether or not the motor is in locked position. If locked, the stator locking means 23 will be ordered to release the stator 4. Upon receipt of the order, the stator locking means 23 will start to release the stator, which will be actuated by the stator return spring 15 to bring the throttle valve 5 to a closed position. Thus, should the motor be locked, the throttle valve 5 will never remain open, thereby to avoid danger such as uncontrollable run of a car. Now in the embodiment , even if locked , self-running (hereinafter this function is referred to as limp-form function ) can be realized. However, there is still another request as to the fail-safe and a better limp-form function , even if there goes something wrong with the mechanism, such as an electrical system's hazard or motor-lock . The embodiment to realize the request is described as follows. In accordance with the embodiment, should the motor be locked, the throttle valve may be brought to a full-closed position. Therefore, it is possible to provide safer throttle actuator. If the stator 4 of the motor 4 and the second link member 9 are formed integral with each other, a single wire will do. In this case, the second link member 9 may be placed at the motor side relative to the intake pipe 14. In accordance with the present invention, the optimum rotation tolerance for the first and second link members may be established by arranging the configurations of the pin and slot, and the motor is locked by springs, to ensure that the throttle will be subjected to fine and very efficient control such as autocruising traction control, and idling control. Should the electrical system fails or the motor be locked due to dust, the throttle actuator in accordance with the present invention is designed to act for safety at all times.

Claims: A throttle actuator comprising: an intake pipe (14) for feeding vaporized fuel to an engine; a throttle valve (5) arranged in said intake pipe (14); a rotatably mounted throttle valve shaft (6) supporting said throttle valve (5) to move it between open and closed positions; a motor (4) having a stator and a rotor for supplying a torque to said throttle valve shaft (6) via said rotor; a motor control means (18, 19) for controlling said motor (4); a first link member (7) secured to and transmitting a torque to said throttle valve shaft (6); a throttle returning means (16) always supplying a torque to said throttle value shaft (6) so as to close the throttle valve; a second link member (9) rotatably supported by a shaft (11) and connected to an accelerator pedal (1) to be rotated in response to a depression amount of the accelerator pedal; wherein one link member (7, 9) is directly provided with two stopper parts (10) engageable with the other link member (7, 9); wherein further said first and second link members (7, 9) are coupled in such a manner that said first link member (7) is allowed to rotate between two positions defined by said two stopper parts (10), and said motor (4) is driven by said motor control means (18) for rotation of said first link member (7) between said two positions, characterized in that said first and second link members (7, 9) are disk-shaped, said two stopper parts (10) are both edges of a slot formed in one link member (7, 9) and a pin (8) is fixed to the other link member (9, 7) and inserted in the slot (10), an accelerator returning means (20) is arranged biasing said second link member (9) in closing direction of the throttle valve (5), wherein the torque of the motor (4) is weaker than the biasing force of the accelerator returning means (20), a stator return spring (15) connected with said stator to bring the throttle value to a full-closed position if abnormality arises, and a stator locking means (23) for normally locating said stator in a locked position and releasing said stator in case of emergency. A throttle actuator in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that said second link member (9) comprises said slot (10). A throttle actuator in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that said first link member (7) comprises said slot (10); A throttle actuator in accordance with claim 1, 2 or 3, further comprising : an accelerator opening sensing device (3) for detecting a moving amount of an accelerator (1), and said motor control means (18, 19) driving said motor in respons to an output of said accelerator opening sensing deveice (3). A throttle actuator in accordance with claim 1, 2 or 3 further comprising : a wire (21) movable dependent on the accelerator depression amount and being connected with the stator of the motor. A throttle actuator in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: said motor is a stepping motor. A throttle actuator in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein : said throttle valve is a S-shaped valve. A throttle actuator in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising : a cruise control device, which produces an output to control the motor when a constant speed run is needed .

Inventors: HAMADA TUTOMU, KAWAMURA MASAHIRO, KONDOU YASUHIRO, MARUYAMA TERUO, MASUO AKIO, TAKIGAWA MASUO, HAMADA, TUTOMU, KAWAMURA, MASAHIRO, KONDOU, YASUHIRO, MARUYAMA, TERUO, MASUO, AKIO, TAKIGAWA, MASUO
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD, MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: F02D11
IPC codes: F02D11