MAREK'S DISEASE VIRUS RECOMBINANT POXVIRUS VACCINE

Abstract: What is described is a recombinant poxvirus, such as vaccinia virus or fowlpox virus, containing foreign DNA from Marek's disease virus. What is also described is a vaccine containing the recombinant poxvirus for inducing an immunological response in a host animal inoculated with the vaccine.

Description: MAREK'S DISEASE VIRUS RECOMBINANT POXVIRUS VACCINE FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a modified poxvirus and to methods of making and using the same. 5 More in particular, the invention relates to recombinant poxvirus, which virus expresses gene products of a * * * • Marek's disease virus .(-MDV) gene, and to vaccines which provide protective immunity against MDV infections. Several publications are referenced in this 10 application. Full citation to these references is found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. These references describe the state-of-the-art to which this invention pertains. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 15 Vaccinia virus and more recently other poxviruses have been used for the insertion and expression of foreign genes. The basic technique of inserting foreign genes into live infectious poxvirus involves recombination between pox DNA sequences flanking 20 a foreign genetic element in a donor plasmid and homologous sequences present in the rescuing poxvirus (Piccini et al., 1987). Specifically, the recombinant poxviruses are constructed in two steps known in the art and analogous 25 to the methods for creating synthetic recombinants of the vaccinia virus described in U.S. Patent No. 4,603,112, the disclosure of which patent is incorporated herein by reference. First, the DNA gene sequence to be inserted 30 into the virus, particularly an open reading frame from a non-pox source, is placed into an E. coli plasmid construct into which DNA homologous to a section of DNA of the poxvirus has been inserted. Separately, the DNA gene sequence to be inserted is ligated to a promoter. 35 The promoter-gene linkage is positioned in the plasmid construct so that the promoter-gene linkage is flanked on both ends by DNA homologous to a DNA sequence flanking a region of pox DNA containing a nonessential locus. The resulting plasmid construct is then amplified by growth within E . coli bacteria (Clewell, 1972) and isolated (Clewell et al., 1969; Maniatis et al. , 1982). Second, the isolated plasmid containing the DNA gene sequence to be inserted is transfected into a cell culture, e.g. chick embryo fibroblasts, along with the poxvirus. Recombination between homologous pox DNA in the plasmid and the viral genome respectively gives a poxvirus modified by the presence, in a nonessential region of its genome, of foreign DNA sequences. The term "foreign" DNA designates exogenous DNA, particularly DNA from a non-pox source, that codes for gene products not ordinarily produced by the genome into which the exogenous DNA is placed. Genetic recombination is in general the exchange of homologous sections of DNA between two strands of DNA. In certain viruses RNA may replace DNA. Homologous sections of nucleic acid are sections of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) which have the same sequence of nucleotide bases. Genetic recombination may take place naturally during the replication or manufacture of new viral genomes within the infected host cell. Thus, genetic recombination between viral genes may occur during the viral replication cycle that takes place in a host cell which is co-infected with two or more different viruses or other genetic constructs. A section of DNA from a first genome is used interchangeably in constructing the section of the genome of a second co-infecting virus in which the DNA is homologous with that of the first viral genome. However, recombination can also take place between sections of DNA in different genomes that are not perfectly homologous. If one such section is from a first genome homologous with a section of another genome except for the presence within the first section of, for example, a genetic marker or a gene coding for an antigenic determinant inserted into a portion of the homologous DNA, recombination can still take place and the products of that recombination are then detectable by the presence of that genetic marker or gene in the recombinant viral genome. Successful expression of the inserted DNA genetic sequence by the modified infectious virus requires two conditions. First, the insertion must be into a nonessential region of the virus in order that the modified virus remain viable. The second condition for expression of inserted DNA is the presence of a promoter in the proper relationship to the inserted DNA. The promoter must be placed so that it is located upstream from the DNA sequence to be expressed. An attenuated vector has been developed by the sequential deletion of six non-essential regions from the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus. These regions are known to encode proteins that may have a role in viral virulence. The regions deleted are the tk gene, the hemorrhagic gene, the A-type inclusion gene, the hemagglutinin gene and the gene encoding the large subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase as well as the C7L through K1L sequences defined previously (Perkus et al., 1990). The sequences and genomic locations of these genes in the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus have been defined previously (Goebel et al., 1990a,b) . The resulting attenuated vaccinia strain is designated as NYVAC. The technology of generating vaccinia virus recombinants has recently been extended to other members of the poxvirus family which have a more restricted host range. Fowlpox virus (FPV) has advantageously been engineered as a vector expressing antigens from poultry pathogens. The hemagglutinin protein of a virulent avian influenza virus was expressed in an FPV recombinant (Taylor et al., 1988a). After inoculation of the recombinant into chickens and turkeys, an immune response was induced which was protective against either a homologous or heterologous virulent influenza virus challenge (Taylor et al. , 1988a) . In addition, the surface glycoproteins (fusion and hemagglutinin) of a virulent strain of Newcastle Disease Virus have been expressed in an FPV vector and shown to induce a protective immune response (Taylor et al., 1990; Edbauer et al. , 1990, Boursnell et al. , 1990a,b) . FPV is the prototypic virus of the Avipox genus of the Poxvirus family. The virus causes an economically important disease of poultry which has been well controlled since the 1920's by the use of live attenuated vaccines. Replication of the avipox viruses is limited to avian species (Esposito, 1991) and there are no reports in the literature of the virus causing a productive infection in any non-avian species including man. This host restriction provides an inherent safety barrier to transmission of the virus to other species and makes use of FPV as a vaccine vector in poultry an attractive proposition. Marek's Disease is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by infection with the herpes virus MDV. The disease is characterized by a mononuclear infiltration of one or more of the following areas; peripheral nerves, gonad, iris, various viscera, muscles and skin (Calnek and Witter, 1991) . There are three serotypes of relevance; (l) Serotype l which contains oncogenic MDVs (2) Serotype 2 which contains non- oncogenic MDVs and (3) Serotype 3 which contains the closely related herpes virus of turkeys (HVT) . The biology of MDV has been reviewed by Schat (1987) . The mode of infection of MDV is via direct or indirect contact between birds, allowing virus spread by the airborne route. After initial contact, three phases of viral infection are apparent. The first phase is defined as an early cytolytic infection. During this phase, productive infection resulting in the release of cell-free virus will occur in the feather follicle epithelium (FFE) . At the same time, a non-productive replication occurs in the lymphoid organs. Defined as a productive-restrictive infection, during this stage, DNA replication occurs and -MDV antigens are expressed but the virions produced are non-enveloped and thus non- infectious (Calnek and Witter, 1991) . The productive restrictive infection results in the necrosis of B- lymphocytes accompanied by infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes and hyperplasia of reticular cells leading to splenic enlargement (Payne et al., 1976). As a result T cells become activated and express MHC class II (la) antigens (Schat, 1987) . Activated T cells, but not resting T cells, then become susceptible to infection with MDV (Calnek et al., 1984, 1985). The transient immunosuppression which is associated with early cytolytic infection is probably due, therefore, to lytic infection of B cells in the spleen and bursa (Schat, 1987) . Following this phase, infected birds enter the second.stage defined as latent infection. The infected T cells, in which the viral genome is present, do not produce viral antigens nor viral particles. Latent infections are established approximately six days after initial infection of the bird. The third and final phase is characterized by a secondary cytolytic infection, immunosuppression and tumor formation. This type of infection occurs only with virulent serotype 1 viruses. A secondary cytolytic infection occurs in the FFE and this is the only area where infectious cell-free virus is produced. The importance of this inflammatory infection in tumor formation is not clear, however it is thought that latently infected lymphocytes are attracted to the FFE where they undergo blastogenesis. This may be a requirement for their transformation into tumor cells. In addition, uninfected lymphocytes are attracted to the sites of infection where they become cytolytically infected or transform to tumor cells (Schat, 1987) . Permanent immunosuppression is often evident at this time. The change from a latent infection is also characterized by tumor formation in visceral organs, nerves, muscles and skin (Payne et al. , 1976, Payne, 1985) and the tumor cells now express a number of MDV antigens. Prior to the use of vaccines, MDV constituted an economically important disease to the poultry industry. Current vaccines are of three types (1) highly attenuated serotype 1 viruses, (2) naturally avirulent serotype 2 viruses, or (3) the serologically related HVT viruses. The most effective and most extensively used are the HVT vaccines developed by Okazaki et al. (1970) . Problems do exist in current vaccination strategies caused by improper handling of the vaccine, interference by maternal antibody and associated stress and concurrent infections. In addition, the emergence of highly virulent MDV strains against which immunization with HVT alone is not protective has led to the inclusion of multiple serotypes in vaccines (reviewed by Calnek and Witter, 1991) . The MDV isolates have been classified as gamma herpes viruses on the basis of their predilection for lymphocytes. However, in recent years, considerable effort has been spent on understanding the genomic organization of MDV and it is now apparent that there is more genetic homology with alpha herpes viruses than with gamma herpes viruses (Ross et al. , 1989, 1991). Using this approach, a number of antigens important in eliciting an immune response have been identified. Among these antigens are the HSV1 gB homolog and HSV gD ho olog. The HSV1 gB homolog was identified by Ross et al. (1989) . In other herpes virus diseases the gB glycoprotein has been shown to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and to confer protective immunity (Cantin et al., 1987, Marchioli et al. , 1987, Guo et al., 1990). In MDV infected cells the B antigen is a complex of glycoproteins with molecular weights of 100 kD, 60 kD and 49 kD (Calnek and Witter, 1991) . The antigen is located on the infected cell surface and in the cytoplasm (Kato and Hirai, 1985) and is thought to induce neutralizing antibodies (Ono et al., 1985). Similarly, the MDV homolog of the HSV-1 gD was identified by Ross and Binns (1991) and Ross et al. (1991). The HSV gD has been shown to be an effective immunogen against HSV infection (Paoletti et al., 1984, Cremer et al. , 1985) . Although current vaccination strategies against MDV have been quite successful, the emergence of highly virulent MDV strains which are not adequately controlled by current HVT vaccines indicates that inclusion of multiple immunogens of highly virulent strains in a vaccine may provide for a broader immune response. It can thus be appreciated that provision of a MDV recombinant poxvirus, and of a recombinant based vaccine which provides protective immunity against MDV infections and in which multiple immunogens of MDV could be expressed, would be a highly desirable advance over the current state of technology. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of this invention to provide recombinant poxviruses, which viruses express gene products of MDV, and to provide a method of making such recombinant poxviruses. It is an additional object of this invention to provide for the cloning and expression of MDV coding sequences, particularly sequences coding for antigenically relevant glycoproteins from MDV, in a poxvirus vector, particularly vaccinia virus or fowlpox virus vectors. It is another object of this invention to provide a vaccine which is capable of eliciting MDV neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity against MDV infection. These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent after consideration of the following. STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the present invention relates to a recombinant poxvirus containing therein a DNA sequence from MDV in a nonessential region of the poxvirus genome. The poxvirus is advantageously a vaccinia virus or an avipox virus, such as fowlpox virus. According to the present invention, the recombinant poxvirus expresses gene products of the foreign MDV gene. In particular, the foreign DNA codes for a structural protein, especially an antigenically relevant glycoprotein, from MDV. Advantageously, a plurality of MDV glycoproteins are co-expressed in the host by the recombinant poxvirus. In another aspect, the present invention relates to a vaccine for inducing an immunological response in a host animal inoculated with the vaccine, said vaccine including a carrier and a recombinant poxvirus containing, in a nonessential region thereof, DNA from MDV. Advantageously, the DNA codes for and expresses a MDV structural protein, particularly a MDV glycop otein. A plurality of MDV glycoproteins advantageously are co-expressed in the host. The poxvirus used in the vaccine according to the present invention is advantageously a vaccinia virus or an avipox virus, such as fowlpox virus. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A better understanding of the present invention will be had by referring to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pSD460 for deletion of thymidine kinase gene and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus VP410; FIG. 2 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pSD486 for deletion of hemorrhagic region and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus VP553; FIG. 3 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pMP494Δ for deletion of ATI region and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus VP618; FIG. 4 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pSD467 for deletion of hemagglutinin gene and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus VP723; FIG. 5 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pMPCSKlΔ for deletion of gene cluster [C7L - K1L] and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus vP804; FIG. 6 schematically shows a method for the construction of plasmid pSD548 for deletion of large subunit, ribonucleotide reductase and generation of recombinant vaccinia virus VP866 (NYVAC) ; and FIG. 7 is a plot of mortality of chickens over time for control groups (challenged by inoculation or by contact) and a vaccinated group (vaccinated with vFP108 and challenged by contact) . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention is directed to recombinant poxviruses containing therein a DNA sequence from MDV in a nonessential region of the poxvirus genome. The recombinant poxviruses express gene products of the foreign MDV gene. In particular, MDV genes encoding MDV structural proteins were isolated, characterized and inserted into NYVAC (vaccinia virus) and TROVAC (fowlpox virus) recombinants. Cell Lines and Virus Strains. The strain of FPV designated FP-1 has been previously described (Taylor et al. , 1988a,b) . It is an attenuated vaccine strain useful in vaccination of day old chickens. The parental virus, Duvette strain, was obtained from Rhone Merieux, Lyon, France. The virus received by Virogenetics was subjected to four successive plaque purifications. One plaque isolate was further amplified in primary CEF cells, and a stock virus, designated as TROVAC, established. All recombination tests, plaque assays and amplifications with TROVAC or TROVAC based recombinants were performed in primary CEF monolayers made from 10-11 day old embryonated eggs of SPF origin. The vaccinia virus strain used as a rescue for MDV sequences was NYVAC (vP866) . NYVAC is a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus derived from the Copenhagen strain by deletion of 18 open reading frames which have been implicated in determining viral virulence and host range restriction. Recombinant plaque selection and virus amplifications were performed on rabbit kidney cells (RK13, ATCC CCL37) . ._.__Plasmids pMDV517 and pUC13gB .contain DNA sequences encoding MDV gD*-and gB-glycoproteins from strain RB1B. Plasmid pUC13gB contains a 3. ~ 9 " Kb'-DNA-- fragment of geno ic DNA of MDV (strain RB1B) . The fragment which contains the MDVgB gene is inserted into pUC13 as an EcoRI-Sall fragment. The sequence of the inserted fragment is described in Ross et al. (1989). Plasmid pMDV517 contains a 5.2 Kb DNA fragment of genomic DNA of MDV (strain RB1B) . The fragment which contains the MDVgD gene is inserted at the EcoRI site of pUC13. The sequence of the fragment is described in Ross et al. (1991) . Example 1 - ATTENUATED VACCINIA VACCINE STRAIN NYVAC To develop a new vaccinia vaccine strain, the Copenhagen vaccine strain of vaccinia virus was modified by the deletion of six nonessential regions of the genome encoding known or potential virulence factors. The sequential deletions are detailed below. All designations of vaccinia restriction fragments, open reading frames and nucleotide positions are based on the terminology reported in Goebel et al. (1990a, ) . The deletion loci were also engineered as recipient loci for the insertion of foreign genes. The regions sequentially deleted in NYVAC are listed below. Also listed are the abbreviations and open reading frame designations for the deleted regions (Goebel et al., 1990a,b) and the designation of the vaccinia recombinant (vP) containing all deletions through the deletion specified: (1) thymidine kinase gene (TK; J2R) vP410; (2) hemorrhagic region (u; B13R + B14R) vP553; (3) A type inclusion body region (ATI; A26L) vP618; (4) hemagglutinin gene (HA; A56R) VP723; (5) host range gene region (C7L - K1L) vP804; and (6) large subunit, ribonucleotide reductase (I4L) VP866 (NYVAC) . DNA Cloning and Synthesis. Plasmids were constructed, screened and grown by standard procedures (Maniatis et al., 1982; Perkus et al., 1985; Piccini et al., 1987). Restriction endonucleases were obtained from GIBCO/BRL, Gaithersburg, MD; New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA; and Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, IN. Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase was obtained from Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals. BAL- 31 exonuclease and phage T4 DNA ligase were obtained from New England Biolabs. The reagents were used as specified by the various suppliers. Synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides were prepared on a Biosearch 8750 or Applied Biosystems 380B DNA synthesizer as previously described (Perkus et al. , 1989) . DNA sequencing was performed by the dideoxy-chain termination method (Sanger et al. , 1977) using Sequenase (Tabor et al. , 1987) as previously described (Guo et al. , 1989) . DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for sequence verification (Engelke et al., 1988) was performed using custom synthesized oligonucleotide primers and GeneAmp DNA amplification Reagent Kit (Perkin Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, CT) in an automated Perkin Elmer Cetus DNA Thermal Cycler. Excess DNA sequences were deleted from plasmids by restriction endonuclease digestion followed by limited digestion by BAL-31 exonuclease and mutagenesis (Mandecki, 1986) using synthetic oligonucleotides. Cells, Virus, and Transfection. The origins and conditions of cultivation of the Copenhagen strain of vaccinia virus has been previously described (Guo et al. , 1989) . Generation of recombinant virus by recombination, in situ hybridization of nitrocellulose filters and screening for B-galactosidase activity are as previously described (Panicali et al., 1982; Perkus et al. , 1989). Construction of Plasmid pSD460 for Deletion of Thymidine Kinase Gene CJ2R) . Referring now to FIG. 1, plasmid pSD406 contains vaccinia Hindlll J (pos. 83359 - 88377) cloned into pUC8. pSD406 was cut with Hindlll and PvuII, and the 1.7 kb fragment from the left side of Hindlll J cloned into pUC8 cut with Hindlll/Smal, forming pSD447. pSD447 contains the entire gene for J2R (pos. 83855 - 84385). The initiation codon is contained within an Nlalll site and the termination codon is contained within an Sspl site. Direction of transcription is indicated by an arrow in FIG. 1. To obtain a left flanking arm, a 0.8 kb Hindlll/EcoRI fragment was isolated from pSD447, then digested with Nlalll and a 0.5 kb Hindlll/Nlalll fragment isolated. Annealed synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN43/MPSYN44 (SEQ ID NO:l/SEQ ID NO:2) Smal MPSYN43 5' TAATTAACTAGCTACCCGGG 3' MPSYN44 3' GTACATTAATTGATCGATGGGCCCTTAA 5' NJalll EcoRI were ligated with the 0.5 kb Hindlll/Nlalll fragment into pUC18 vector plasmid cut with Hindlll/EcoRI, generating plasmid pSD449. To obtain a restriction fragment containing a vaccinia right flanking arm and pUC vector sequences, pSD447 was cut with Sspl (partial) within vaccinia sequences and Hindlll at the pUC/vaccinia junction, and a 2.9 kb vector fragment isolated. This vector fragment was ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN45/MPSYN46 (SEQ ID NO:3/SEQ ID NO:4) Hindlll Smal MPSYN45 5' AGCTTCCCGGGTAAGTAATACGTCAAGGAGAAAACGAA MPSYN46 3' AGGGCCCATTCATTATGCAGTTCCTCTTTTGCπ Not! Sspl ACGATCTGTAGTTAGCGGCCGCCTAATTAACTAAT 3' MPSYN45 TGCTAGACATCAATCGCCGGCGGATTAATTGATTA 5' MPSYN46 generating pSD459. To combine the left and right flanking arms into one plasmid, a 0.5 kb Hindlll/Smal fragment was isolated from pSD449 and ligated with pSD459 vector plasmid cut with Hindlll/Smal, generating plasmid pSD460. pSD460 was used as donor plasmid for recombination with wild type parental vaccinia virus Copenhagen strain VC-2. A 32 P labelled probe was synthesized by primer extension using MPSYN45 (SEQ ID NO:3) as template and the complementary 20mer oligonucleotide MPSYN47 (SEQ ID NO:5) (5' TTAGTTAATTAGGCGGCCGC 3') as primer. Recombinant virus vP410 was identified by plaque hybridization. Construction of Plasmid PSD486 for Deletion of Hemorrhagic Region (B13R + B14R) . Referring now to FIG. 2, plasmid pSD419 contains vaccinia Sail G (pos. 160,744- 173,351) cloned into pUC8. pSD422 contains the contiguous vaccinia Sail fragment to the right, Sail J (pos. 173,351-182,746) cloned into pUC8. To construct a plasmid deleted for the hemorrhagic region, u, B13R - B14R (pos. 172,549 - 173,552), pSD419 was used as the source for the left flanking arm and pSD422 was used as the source of the right_flanking arm. The direction of transcription for the u region is indicated by an arrow in FIG. 2. To remove unwanted sequences from pSD419, sequences to the left of the Ncol site (pos. 172,253) were removed by digestion of pSD419 with Ncol/Smal followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligation generating plasmid pSD476. A vaccinia right flanking arm was obtained by digestion of pSD422 with Hpal at the termination codon of B14R and by digestion with Nrul 0.3 kb to the right. This 0.3 kb fragment was isolated and ligated with a 3.4 kb Hindi vector fragment isolated from pSD476, generating plasmid pSD477. The location of the partial deletion of the vaccinia u region in pSD477 is indicated by a triangle. The remaining B13R coding sequences in pSD477 were removed by digestion with Clal/Hpal, and the resulting vector fragment was ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides SD22mer/SD20mer (SEQ ID N0:6/SEQ ID NO:7) Clal BamHI Hpal SD22mer 5' CGATTACTATGAAGGATCCGTT 3' SD20mer 3' TAATGATACTTCCTAGGCAA 5' generating pSD479. pSD479 contains an initiation codon (underlined) followed by a BamHI site. To place E. coli Beta-galactosidase in the B13-B14 (u) deletion locus under the control of the u promoter, a 3.2 kb BamHI fragment containing the Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al., 1983) was inserted into the BamHI site of pSD479, generating pSD479BG. pSD479BG was used as donor plasmid for recombination with vaccinia virus vP410. Recombinant vaccinia virus vP533 was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of chromogenic substrate X-gal. In vP533 the B13R-B14R region is deleted and is replaced by Beta- galactosidase. To remove Beta-galactosidase sequences from VP533, plasmid pSD486, a derivative of pSD477 containing a polylinker region but_ no initiation codon at the u deletion junction, was utilized. First the Clal/Hpal vector fragment from pSD477 referred to above was ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides SD42mer/SD40mer (SEQ ID N0:8/SEQ ID NO:9) SD42mer 5' CGATTACTAGATCTGAGCTCCCCGGGCTCGAGGGATCCGTT 3' SD40mer 3' TAATGATCTAGACTCGAGGGGCCCGAGCTCCCTAGGCAA 5' ■ Bg|ll Smal BamHI generating plasmid pSD478. Next the EcoRI site at the pUC/vaccinia junction was destroyed by digestion of pSD478 with EcoRI followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligation, generating plasmid pSD478E " . pSD478E " was digested with BamHI and Hpal and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides HEM5/HEM6 (SEQ ID NO:10/SEQ ID NO:11) BamHI EcoRI Hpal HEM55' GATCCGAATTCTAGCT 3' HEM63' GCTTAAGATCGA 5' generating plasmid pSD486. pSD486 was used as donor plasmid for recombination with recombinant vaccinia virus vP533, generating vP553, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal. Construction of Plasmid pMP494Δ for Deletion of ATI Region fA26L) . Referring now to FIG. 3, pSD414 contains Sail B cloned into pUCS. To remove unwanted DNA sequences to the left of the A26L region, pSD414 was cut with Xbal within vaccinia sequences (pos. 137,079) and with Hindlll at the pUC/vaccinia junction, then blunt ended with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligated, resulting in plasmid pSD483. To remove unwanted vaccinia DNA sequences to the right of the A26L region, . pSD483 was cut with EcoRI (pos. 140,665 and at the pUC/vaccinia junction) and ligated, forming plasmid pSD484. To remove the A26L coding region, pSD484 was cut with Ndel (partial) slightly upstream from the A26L ORF (pos. 139,004) and with Hpal (pos. 137,889) slightly downstream from the A26L ORF. The 5.2 kb vector fragment was isolated and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides ATI3/ATI4 (SEQ ID N0:12/SEQ ID NO:13) Ndel ATI3 5' TATGAGTAACTTAACTCTTTTGTTAATTAAAAGTATATTCAAAAAATAAGT ATI4 3' ACTCATTGAATTGAGAAAACAATTAATTTTCATATAAG I I I I I I ATTCA Bαlll EcoRI Hpal TATATAAATAGATCTGAATTCGTT 3' ATI3 ATATATTTATCTAGACTTAAGCAA 5ΑTI4 reconstructing the region upstream from A26L and replacing the A26L ORF with a short polylinker region containing the restriction sites Bglll, EcoRI and Hpal, as indicated above. The resulting plasmid was designated pSD485. Since the Bglll and EcoRI sites in the polylinker region of pSD485 are not unique, unwanted Bglll and EcoRI sites were removed from plasmid pSD483 (described above) by digestion with Bglll (pos. 140,136) and with EcoRI at the pUC/vaccinia junction, followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligation. The resulting plasmid was designated pSD489. The 1.8 kb Clal (pos. 137,198)/EcoRV (pos. 139,048) fragment from pSD489 containing the A26L ORF was replaced with the corresponding 0.7 kb polylinker- containing Clal/EcoRV fragment from pSD485, generating pSD492. The Bglll and EcoRI sites in the polylinker region of pSD492 are unique. A 3.3 kb Bglll cassette containing the E. coli Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al. , 1983) under the control of the vaccinia 11 kDa promoter (Bertholet et al. , 1985; Perkus et al. , 1990) was inserted into the Bglll site of pSD492, forming pSD493KBG. Plasmid pSD493KBG was used in recombination with rescuing virus vP553. Recombinant vaccinia virus, vP581, containing Beta-galactosidase in the A26L deletion region, was isolated as a blue plague in the presence of X-gal. To generate a plasmid for the removal of Beta- galactosidase sequences from vaccinia recombinant virus vP581, the polylinker region of plasmid pSD492 was deleted by mutagenesis (Mandecki, 1986) using synthetic oligonucleotide MPSYN177 (SEQ ID NO:14) (5'AAAATGGGCGTGGATTGTTAACTTTATATAACTTAI 11 I I IGAATATAC3'). In the resulting plasmid, pMP494Δ, vaccinia DNA encompassing positions [137,889 - 138,937], including the entire A26L ORF is deleted. Recombination between the pMP494Δ and the Beta-galactosidase containing vaccinia recombinant, vP581, resulted in vaccinia deletion mutant vP618, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal. Construction of Plasmid pSD467 for Deletion of Hemagglutinin Gene CA56R) . Referring now to FIG. 4, vaccinia Sail G restriction fragment (pos. 160,744- 173,351) crosses the Hindlll A/B junction (pos. 162,539). pSD419 contains vaccinia Sail G cloned into pUC8. The direction of transcription for the hemagglutinin (HA) gene is indicated by an arrow in FIG. 4. Vaccinia sequences derived from Hindlll B were removed by digestion of pSD419 with Hindlll within vaccinia sequences and at the pUC/vaccinia junction followed by ligation. The resulting plasmid, pSD456, contains the HA gene, A56R, flanked by 0.4 kb of vaccinia sequences to the left and 0.4 kb of vaccinia sequences to the right. A56R coding sequences were removed by cutting pSD456 with Rsal (partial; pos. 161,090) upstream from A56R coding sequences, and with EagI (pos. 162,054) near the end of the gene. The 3.6 kb Rsal/EagI vector fragment from pSD456 was isolated and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides MPSYN59 (SEQ ID NO:15), MPSYN62 (SEQ ID NO:16), MPSYN60 (SEQ ID NO:17), and MPSYN 61 (SEQ ID N0:18) Rsal MPSYN59 5' ACACGAATGATTTTCTAAAGTATTTGGAAAGTTTTATAGGTAGTTGATAGA- MPSYN62 3' TGTGCTTACTAAAAGATTTCATAAACCTTTCAAAATATCCATCAACTATCT 5 r MPSYN59 -ACAAAATACATAATTT 3' Bglll MPSYN60 5' TGTAAAAATAAATCACTTTTTATACTAAGATCT- MPSYN61 3' TGTTTTATGTATTAAAACAI I I I I ATTTAGTGAAAAATATGATTCTAGA- Smal Pstf EagI MPSYN60 -CCCGGGCTGCAGC 3' MPSYN61 -GGGCCCGACGTCGCCGG 5' reconstructing the DNA sequences upstream from the A56R ORF and replacing the A56R ORF with a polylinker region as indicated above. The resulting plasmid is pSD466. The vaccinia deletion in pSD466 encompasses positions [161,185-162,053]. The site of the deletion in pSD466 is indicated by a triangle in FIG. 4. A 3.2 kb Bglll/BamHI (partial) cassette containing the E. coli Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al. , 1983) under the control of the vaccinia 11 kDa promoter (Bertholet et al., 1985; Guo et al., 1989) was inserted into the Bglll site of pSD466, forming pSD466KBG. Plasmid pSD466KBG was used in recombination with rescuing virus vP618. Recombinant vaccinia virus, vP708, containing Beta-galactosidase in the A56R deletion, was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of X-gal. Beta-galactosidase sequences were deleted from vP708 using donor plasmid pSD467. pSD467 is identical to pSD466, except that EcoRI, Smal and BamHI sites were removed from the pUC/vaccinia junction by digestion of pSD466 with EcoRI/BamHI followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and ligation. Recombination between VP708 and pSD467 resulted in recombinant vaccinia deletion mutant, vP723, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal. Construction of Plasmid pMPCSKlΔ for Deletion of Open Reading Frames [C7L-K1L] . Referring now to FIG. 5, the following vaccinia clones were utilized in the construction of pMPCSKlΔ. pSD420 is Sail H cloned into pUC8. pSD435 is Kpnl F cloned into pUC18. pSD435 was cut with SphI and religated, forming pSD451. In pSD451, DNA sequences to the left of the SphI site (pos. 27,416) in Hindlll M are removed (Perkus et al., 1990). pSD409 is Hindlll M cloned into pUC8. To provide a substrate for the deletion of the [C7L-K1L] gene cluster from vaccinia, E. coli Beta- galactosidase was first inserted into the vaccinia M2L deletion locus (Guo et al., 1990) as follows. To eliminate the Bglll site in pSD409, the plasmid was cut with Bglll in vaccinia sequences (pos. 28,212) and with BamHI at the pUC/vaccinia junction, then ligated to form plasmid pMP409B. pMP409B was cut at the unique SphI site (pos. 27,416) . M2L coding sequences were removed by mutagenesis (Guo et al., 1990; Mandecki, 1986) using synthetic oligonucleotide. Bglll MPSYN82 (SEQ ID NO:19) 5' TTTCTGTATATTTGCACCAATTTAGATCTTACTCAAAA TATGTAACAATA3' The resulting plasmid, pMP409D, contains a unique Bglll site inserted into the M2L deletion locus as indicated above. A 3.2 kb BamHI (partial) /Bglll cassette containing the E. coli Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al., 1983) under the control of the 11 kDa promoter (Bertholet et al., 1985) was inserted into pMP409D cut with Bglll. The resulting plasmid, pMP409DBG (Guo et al., 1990), was used as donor plasmid for recombination with rescuing vaccinia virus VP723. Recombinant vaccinia virus, vP784, containing Beta-galactosidase inserted into the M2L deletion locus, was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of X-gal. A plasmid deleted for vaccinia genes [C7L-K1L] was assembled in pUC8 cut with Smal, Hindlll and blunt ended with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase. The left flanking arm consisting of vaccinia Hindlll C sequences was obtained by digestion of pSD420 with Xbal (pos. 18,628) followed by blunt ending with Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase and digestion with Bglll (pos. 19,706). The right flanking arm consisting of vaccinia Hindlll K sequences was obtained by digestion of pSD451 with Bglll (pos. 29,062) and EcoRV (pos. 29,778). The resulting plasmid, pMP581CK is deleted for vaccinia sequences between the Bglll site (pos. 19,706) in Hindlll C and the Bglll site (pos. 29,062) in Hindlll K. The site of the deletion of vaccinia sequences in plasmid pMP581CK is indicated by a triangle in FIG. 5. To remove excess DNA at the vaccinia deletion junction, plasmid pMP581CK, was cut at the Ncol sites within vaccinia sequences (pos. 18,811; 19,655), treated with Bal-31 exonuclease and subjected to mutagenesis (Mandecki, 1986) using synthetic oligonucleotide MPSYN233 (SEQ ID NO:20) 5' TGTCATTTAACACTATACTCATATTAATAAAAATAATATTTATT3'. The resulting plasmid, pMPCSKlΔ, is deleted for vaccinia sequences positions 18,805-29,108, encompassing 12 vaccinia open reading frames [C7L - K1L] . Recombination between pMPCSKlΔ and the Beta-galactosidase containing vaccinia recombinant, vP784, resulted in vaccinia deletion mutant, vP804, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal. Construction of Plasmid PSD548 for Deletion of Large Subunit, Ribonucleotide Reductase ( 4L) . Referring now to FIG. 6, plasmid pSD405 contains vaccinia Hindlll I (pos. 63,875-70,367) cloned in pUC8. pSD405 was digested with EcoRV within vaccinia sequences (pos. 67,933) and with Smal at the pUC/vaccinia junction, and ligated, forming plasmid pSD518. pSD518 was used as the source of all the vaccinia restriction fragments used in the construction of pSD548. The vaccinia I4L gene extends from position 67,371-65,059. Direction of transcription for I4L is indicated by an arrow in FIG. 6. To obtain a vector plasmid fragment deleted for a portion of the I4L coding sequences, pSD518 was digested with BamHI (pos. 65,381) and Hpal (pos. 67,001) and blunt ended using Klenow fragment of E. coli polymerase. This 4.8 kb vector fragment was ligated with a 3.2 kb Smal cassette containing the E. coli Beta-galactosidase gene (Shapira et al., 1983) under the control of the vaccinia 11 kDa promoter (Bertholet et al., 1985; Perkus et al., 1990), resulting in plasmid pSD524KBG. pSD524KBG was used as donor plasmid for recombination with vaccinia virus VP804. Recombinant vaccinia virus, VP855, containing Beta-galactosidase in a partial deletion of the I4L gene, was isolated as a blue plaque in the presence of X-gal. To delete Beta-galactosidase and the remainder of the I4L ORF from VP855, deletion plasmid pSD548 was constructed. The left and right vaccinia flanking arms were assembled separately in pUC8 as detailed below and presented schematically in FIG. 6. To construct a vector plasmid to accept the left vaccinia flanking arm, pUC8 was cut with BamHI/EcoRI and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides 518A1/518A2 (SEQ ID NO:21/SEQ ID NO:22) BamHI Rsal 518A1 5' GATCCTGAGTACTTTGTAATATAATGATATATATTTTCACTTTATCTCAT 518A23' GACTCATGAAACATTATATTACTATATATAAAAGTGAAATAGAGTA BgNI EcoRI TTGAGAATAAAAAGATCTTAGG 3' 518A1 AACTCTTATTTTTCTAGAATCCTTAA5' 518A2 forming plasmid pSD531. pSD531 was cut with Rsal (partial) and BamHI and a 2.7 kb vector fragment isolated. pSD518 was cut with Bglll (pos. 64,459)/ Rsal (pos. 64,994) and a 0.5 kb fragment isolated. The two fragments were ligated together, forming pSD537, which contains the complete vaccinia flanking arm left of the I4L coding sequences. To construct a vector plasmid to accept the right vaccinia flanking arm, pUC8 was cut with BamHI/EcoRI and ligated with annealed synthetic oligonucleotides 518B1/518B2 (SEQ ID NO:23/SEQ ID NO:24) BamHI Bglll Smal 518B1 5' GATCCAGATCTCCCGGGAAAAA TTATTTAACTTTTCATTAATAGGGATTT 518B2 3' GTCTAGAGGGCCCI I I I I 11AATAAATTGAAAAGTAATTATCCCTAAA Rsal EcoRI GACGTATGTAGCGTACTAGG 3' 518B1 CTGCATACTACGCATGATCCTTAA 5' 518B2 forming plasmid pSD532. pSD532 was cut with Rsal ( " partial) /EcoRI and a 2.7 kb vector fragment isolated. pSD518 was cut with Rsal within vaccinia sequences (pos. 67,436) and EcoRI at the vaccinia/pUC junction, and a 0.6 kb fragment isolated. The two fragments were ligated together, forming pSD538, which contains the complete vaccinia flanking arm to the right of I4L coding sequences. The right vaccinia lanking arm was isolated as a 0.6 kb EcoRI/Bglll fragment from pSD538 and ligated into pSD537 vector plasmid cut with EcoRI/Bglll. In the resulting plasmid, pSD539, the I4L ORF (pos. 65,047- 67,386) is replaced by a polylinker region, which is flanked by 0.6 kb vaccinia DNA to the left and 0.6 kb vaccinia DNA to the right, all in a pUC background. The site of deletion within vaccinia sequences is indicated by a triangle in FIG. 6. To avoid possible recombination of Beta-galactosidase sequences in the pUC-derived portion of pSD539 with Beta-galactosidase sequences in recombinant vaccinia virus vP855, the vaccinia I4L deletion cassette was moved from pSD539 into pRCll, a pUC derivative from which all Beta-galactosidase sequences have been removed and replaced with a polylinker region (Colinas et al., 1990). pSD539 was cut with EcoRI/PstI and the 1.2 kb fragment isolated. This fragment was ligated into pRCll cut with EcoRI/PstI (2.35 kb) , forming pSD548. Recombination between pSD548 and the Beta- galactosidase containing vaccinia recombinant, vP855, resulted in vaccinia deletion mutant vP866, which was isolated as a clear plaque in the presence of X-gal. DNA from recombinant vaccinia virus VP866 was analyzed by restriction digests followed by electrophoresis on an agarose gel. The restriction patterns were as expected. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) (Engelke et al., 1988) using VP866 as template and primers flanking the six deletion loci detailed above produced DNA fragments of the expected sizes. Sequence analysis of the PCR generated fragments around the areas of the deletion junctions confirmed that the junctions were as expected. Recombinant vaccinia virus VP866, containing the six engineered deletions as described above, was designated vaccinia vaccine strain "NYVAC." Example 2 - PLASMID CONSTRUCTIONS Construction of Fowlpox Insertion Plasmid at F8 Locus. Plasmid pRW731.15 contains a 10 Kbp PvuII-PvuII fragment cloned from TROVAC genomic DNA. The nucleotide sequence was determined on both strands for a 3660 bp PvuII-EcoRV fragment. This sequence is as follows (SEQ ID NO:25) : 1 GATATCTGTG GTCTATATAT ACTACACCCT ACCGATATTA ACCAACGAGT TTCTCACAAG 61 AAAACTTGTT TAGTAGATAG AGATTCTTTG ATTGTGTTTA AAAGAAGTAC CAGTAAAAAG 121 TGTGGCATAT GCATAGAAGA AATAAACAAA AAACATATTT CCGAACAGTA TTTTGGAATT 181 CTCCCAAGTT GTAAACATAT TTTTTGCCTA TCATGTATAA GACGTTGGGC AGATACTACC 241 AGAAATACAG ATACTGAAAA TACGTGTCCT GAATGTAGAA TAGTTTTTCC TTTCATAATA 301 CCCAGTAGGT ATTGGATAGA TAATAAATAT GATAAAAAAA TATTATATAA TAGATATAAG 361 AAAATGATTT TTACAAAAAT AACCTATAAG AACAATAAAA ATATAATTAC ATTTACGGAA 421 AATAGCTGGT TTTAGTTTAC CAACTTAGAG TAATTATCAT ATTGAATCTA TATTGTTTTT 481 TAGTTATATA AAAACATGAT TAGCCCCCAA TCGGATGAAA ATATAAAAGA TGTTGAGAAT 541 TTCGAATACA ACAAAAAGAG GAATCGTACG TTGTCCATAT CCAAACATAT AAATAAAAAT 601 TCAAAAGTAG TATTATACTG GATGTTTAGA GATCAACGTG TACAAGATAA TTGGGCTTTA 661 ATTTACGCAC AACGATTAGC GTTAAAACTC AAAATACCTC TAAGAATATG CTTTTGTGTC 721 GTGCCAAAAT TTCACACTAC TACTTCTAGA CACTTTATGT TTTTAATATC CGGTCTTAAA 781 GAAGTCGCGG AAGAATGTAA AAGACTATGT ATAGGGTTTT CATTGATATA TGGCGTACCA 841 AAAGTAATAA TTCCGTGTAT AGTAAAAAAA TACAGAGTCG GAGTAATCAT AACGGATTTC 901 TTTCCATTAC GTGTTCCCGA AAGATTAATG AAACAGACTG TAATATCTCT TCCAGATAAC 961 ATACCTTTTA TACAAGTAGA CGCTCATAAT ATAGTACCTT GTTGGGAAGC TTCTGATAAA 1021 GAAGAATACG GTGCACGAAC TTTAAGAAAA AAGATATTTG ATAAATTATA TGAATATATG 1081 ACAGAATTTC CTGTTGTTCG TAAACATCCA TACGGTCCAT TTTCTATATC TATTGCAAAA 1141 CCCAAAAATA TATCATTAGA CAAGACGGTA TTACCCGTAA AATGGGCAAC GCCTGGAACA 1201 AAAGCTGGAA TAATTGTTTT AAAAGAATTT ATAAAAAACA GATTACCGTC ATACGACGCG 1261 GATCATAACA ATCCTACGTG TGACGCTTTG AGTAACTTAT CTCCGTGGCT ACATTTTGGT 1321 CATGTATCCG CACAACGTGT TGCCTTAGAA GTATTAAAAT GTATACGAGA AAGCAAAAAA 1381 AACGTTGAAA CGTTTATAGA TGAAATAATT GTAAGAAGAG AACTATCGGA TAATTTTTGT 1441 TACTATAACA AACATTATGA TAGTATCCAG TCTACTCATT CATGGGTTAG AAAAACATTA 1501 GAAGATCACA TTAATGATCC TAGAAAGTAT ATATATTCCA TTAAACAACT CGAAAAAGCG 1561 GAAACTCATG ATCCTCTATG GAACGCGTCA CAAATGCAGA TGGTGAGAGA AGGAAAAATG 1621 CATAGTTTTT TACGAATGTA TTGGGCTAAG AAGATACTTG AATGGACTAG AACACCTGAA 1681 GACGCTTTGA GTTATAGTAT CTATTTGAAC AACAAGTACG AACTAGACGG CACGGATCCT 1741 AACGGATACG TAGGTTGTAT GTGGTCTATT TGCGGATTAC ACGATAGAGC GTGGAAAGCA 1801 AGACCGATAT TTGGAAAGAT AAGATATATG AATTATGAGA GTTCTAAGAA GAAATTTGAT 1861 GTTGCTGTAT TTATACAGAA ATACAATTAA GATAAATAAT ATACAGCATT GTAACCATCG 1921 TCATCCGTTA TACGGGGAAT AATATTACCA TACAGTATTA TTAAATTTTC TTACGAAGAA 1981 TATAGATCGG TATTTATCGT TAGTTTATTT TACATTTATT AATTAAACAT GTCTACTATT 2041 ACCTGTTATG GAAATGACAA ATTTAGTTAT ATAATTTATG ATAAAATTAA GATAATAATA 2101 ATGAAATCAA ATAATTATGT AAATGCTACT AGATTATGTG AATTACGAGG AAGAAAGTTT 2161 ACGAACTGGA AAAAATTAAG TGAATCTAAA ATATTAGTCG ATAATGTAAA AAAAATAAAT 2221 GATAAAACTA ACCAGTTAAA AACGGATATG ATTATATACG TTAAGGATAT TGATCATAAA 2281 GGAAGAGATA CTTGCGGTTA CTATGTACAC CAAGATCTGG TATCTTCTAT ATCAAATTGG 2341 ATATCTCCGT TATTCGCCGT TAAGGTAAAT AAAATTATTA ACTATTATAT ATGTAATGAA 2401 TATGATATAC GACTTAGCGA AATGGAATCT GATATGACAG AAGTAATAGA TGTAGTTGAT 2461 AAATTAGTAG GAGGATACAA TGATGAAATA GCAGAAATAA TATATTTGTT TAATAAATTT 2521 ATAGAAAAAT ATATTGCTAA CATATCGTTA TCAACTGAAT TATCTAGTAT ATTAAATAAT 2581 TTTATAAATT TTATAAATTT TAATAAAAAA TACAATAACG ACATAAAGAT ATTTAATCTT 2641 TAATTCTTGA TCTGAAAAAC ACATCTATAA AACTAGATAA AAAGTTATTC GATAAAGATA 2701 ATAATGAATC GAACGATGAA AAATTGGAAA CAGAAGTTGA TAAGCTAATT I I I 1 1 CATCT 2761 AAATAGTATT ATTTTATTGA AGTACGAAGT TTTACGTTAG ATAAATAATA AAGGTCGATT 2821 TTTACTTTGT TAAATATCAA ATATGTCATT ATCTGATAAA GATACAAAAA CACACGGTGA 2881 TTATCAACCA TCTAACGAAC AGATATTACA AAAAATACGT CGGACTATGG AAAACGAAGC 2941 TGATAGCCTC AATAGAAGAA GCATTAAAGA AATTGTTGTA GATGTTATGA AGAATTGGGA 3001 TCATCCTCAA CGAAGAAATA GATAAAGTTC TAAACTGGAA AAATGATACA TTAAACGATT 3061 TAGATCATCT AAATACAGAT GATAATATTA AGGAAATCAT ACAATGTCTG ATTAGAGAAT 3121 TTGCGTTTAA AAAGATCAAT TCTATTATGT ATAGTTATGC TATGGTAAAA CTCAATTCAG 3181 ATAACGAACA TTGAAAGATA AAATTAAGGA TTATTTTATA GAAACTATTC TTAAAGACAA 3241 ACGTGGTTAT AAACAAAAGC CATTACCCGG ATTGGAAACT AAAATACTAG ATAGTATTAT 3301 AAGATTTTAA AAACATAAAA TTAATAGGTT TTTATAGATT GACTTATTAT ATACAATATG 3361 GATAAAAGAT ATATATCAAC TAGAAAGTTG AATGACGGAT TCTTAATTTT ATATTATGAT 3421 TCAATAGAAA TTATTGTCAT GTCGTGTAAT CATTTTATAA ATATATCAGC GTTACTAGCT 3481 AAGAAAAACA AGGACTTTAA TGAATGGCTA AAGATAGAAT CATTTAGAGA AATAATAGAT 3541 ACTTTAGATA AAATTAATTA CGATCTAGGA CAACGATATT GTGAAGAACT TACGGCGCAT 3601 CACATTCCAG TGTAATTATT GAGGTCAAAG CTAGTAACTT AATAGATGAC AGGACAGCTG The limits of an open reading frame designated as F8 were determined within this sequence. The open reading frame is initiated at position 496 and terminates at position 1887. The engineered deletion was made from position 780 to position 1927, as described below. Plasmid pRW761 is a sub-clone of pRW731.15 containing a 2429 bp EcoRV-EcoRV fragment. Plasmid pRW761 was completely digested with Xbal and partially digested with Sspl. A 3700 bp Xbal-Sspl band was isolated and ligated with the annealed double-stranded oligonucleotides JCA017 (SEQ ID NO:26) and JCA018 (SEQ ID N0:27). JCA017: CTAGACACTTTATGI I I I I IAATATCCGGTCTTAAAAGCTTCCCGGGGATCCTTA TACGGGGAATAAT3' JCA018: ATTATTCCCCGTATAAGGATCCCCCGGGAAGCTTTTAAGACCGGATATTAAAAAA CATAAAGTGT3' The plasmid resulting from this ligation was designated pJCA002. Additional cloning sites were incorporated into pJCA002 by inserting the annealed and kinased oligonucleotides CE205 (SEQ ID NO:28) and CE206 (SEQ ID NO:29) into the BamHI and Hindlll sites of pJCA002 to form pCE72. CE205: GATCAGAAAAACTAGCTAGCTAGTACGTAGTTAACGTCGACCTGCAGAAGCTTCT AGCTAGCTAGTTTTTAT CE206: AGCTATAAAAACTAGCTAGCTAGAAGCTTCTGCAGGCTCGACGTTAACTACGTAC TAGCTAGCTAGTTTTTCT In order to increase the length of the FPV flanking arms in the insertion plasmid, plasmid pJCA021 was constructed. Plasmid pJCA021 was obtained by inserting a 4900bp PvuII-Hindll fragment from PRW 731.15 (previously described) into the Smal and HindiI sites of pBluescript SS K + (Stratagene, La Jolla, California) . A Bglll to EcoRI fragment from pCE72 was then ligated into the Bglll and EcoRI sites of pJCA021 to generate pCENlOO. Construction of a Plasmid for Insertion of MDV gB Sequence into TROVAC. Three fragments generated by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were necessary for construction of an insertion plasmid. Reaction 1 created a fragment which contained the vaccinia virus H6 promoter fused in a precise ATG:ATG configuration with the 5 end of the MDV gB gene. For this reaction, plasmid pRW825 containing the H6 promoter previously described (Taylor et al., 1988a,b; Guo et al., 1989) was used as a template and oligonucleotides RW297 (SEQ ID NO:30) and RW298 (SEQ ID NO:31) as primers. RW297: GACCTCGTCGACAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAG RW298: GAAGAATATGCAATTCCGCCTAAAATAGTGCATTACGATACAAACTTAA Reaction 2 generated a fragment containing the 5' end of the MDV gB gene in which a TTTTTTT sequence was changed to TATTCTT to eliminate the possibility of early termination (Yuen and Moss, 1987). The 3' end of the fragment generated, overlapped the 5' end of the fragment generated in reaction 3. In reaction 2, plasmid pUC13gB containing the MDV gB coding sequence was used as a template and oligonucleotides RW299 (SEQ ID NO:32) and RW300 (SEQ ID NO:33) as primers. RW299: ATGCACTATTTTAGGCGGAATTGCATATTCTTCCTTATAGTTATTC RW300: ATATCTACGATGATTTTCTAGGTTCGGGACATTTTC Reaction 3 generated a fragment defining the 3 end of the MDV gB gene and removed non-coding sequences contained in pUC13gB. Plasmid pUC13gB was used as a template for this reaction and RW 301 (SEQ ID NO:34) and RW302 (SEQ ID NO:35) as primers. RW301: GTCCCGAACCTAGAAAATCATCGTAGATATTTTCTG RW302: CCTCAGGAATTCGTCGACTATTTACACAGCATCATCTTCTGAG Products of these three PCR reactions were pooled and used as a template for primers RW297 (SEQ ID NO:30) and RW302 (SEQ ID NO:35) in a fourth PCR. The final 1250 bp PCR product was isolated, cut with Hindi and inserted into plasmid pCENlOO which had been cut with Hindi to derive pRW871. Derivation of plasmid pCENlOO which contains TROVAC genomic DNA directing insertion to the F8 locus is described above. Plasmid pRW871 was partially cut with Xbal, the linear product isolated, recut with Aflll and the 7.7 kbp fragment was isolated. Plasmid pUC13gB was digested with Aflll and Xbal and the resulting 2140bp fragment containing the gB coding region was inserted into the 7.7 kbp fragment derived from pRW871. The resulting plasmid, pRW878, was used in in vitro recombination with TROVAC as the rescuing virus to derive recombinant vFP108. Construction of a Plasmid for Insertion of MDV gB into Vaccinia Virus. Plasmid pRW878, previously described, was digested with Hindi and the 2.8 kbp fragment containing the MDV gB coding sequence linked to the vaccinia virus H6 promoter was inserted at the Smal site of vaccinia insertion plasmid pSD553VC to derive plasmid pRW879. Plasmid pSD553VC is an insertion plasmid utilizing the host range selection system described in Perkus et al. (1989) . In this plasmid, the vaccinia virus K1L gene and polylinker regions are located within flanking Copenhagen vaccinia arms, replacing the ATI region (open reading frames A25L and A26L) described in Goebel et al. (1990a,b) . The entire region is in a pUC8 vector and insertion sites are flanked by translational stop codons and transcriptional stop signals. Plasmid pRW879 was used in in vitro recombination with NYVAC (vP866) as the rescuing virus to derive recombinant vP935 expressing the Marek's gB gene. Construction of a Plasmid ' for Insertion of MDV gD into Vaccinia Virus. Four PCR reactions were used to create an insertion plasmid. In reaction 1, plasmid pRW880 was used as a template to derive a fragment containing the vaccinia virus H6 promoter sequence linked to the MDV gD 5' sequence with the promoter's ATG overlapping the initiating ATG of the MDV gD gene. Plasmid pRW880 contains the previously described H6 promoter sequence linked to a non-pertinent gene in the F16 insertion locus. The primers used in this reaction were RW389 (SEQ ID NO:36) and RW390 (SEQ ID NO:37). RW389: TGAGATATATCTAAAGAAGAATACTTTCATTACGATACAAACTTAAC RW390: TAATATAATCTTTTATAC In the second and third PCR reactions, pMDV517 was used as a template. Plasmid pMDV517 contains a 5.2 kb DNA fragment containing the MDV gD gene inserted at the EcoRI site of pUC13. The object of the reactions was to change two internal TTTTTNT signals to eliminate the possibility of premature termination (Yuen and Moss, 1987) . In reaction two, oligonucleotides RW386 (SEQ ID NO:38) and RW 391 (SEQ ID NO:39) were used as primers to change TTTTTTTTT to TTCTTCTTT. RW386: CCGTTCAGCTTCTTCGTCAATGGTACAACACGGCTGTTAGAC RW391: GAGCGGTCGACAAGCTTATAGGCGGGAATATGC In reaction three, oligonucleotides RW387 (SEQ ID NO:40) and RW388 (SEQ ID NO:41) were used to alter the sequence TTTTTTTGT to CTTCTTCGT. RW387: TGTTGTACCATTGACGAAGAAGCTGAACGGTTTGCATAGTTTGTTATC RW388: ATGAAAGTATTCTTCTTTAGATATATCTCATCCAC The products of the three PCR reactions were pooled and primed with RW390 (SEQ ID NO:37) and RW391 (SEQ ID NO:39) for a fourth PCR reaction. The product of the final PCR reaction was cut with Nrul and Hindlll, resulting in a 1.2 kbp fragment containing the 3' end of the H6 promoter and the MDV gD coding seguence. Plasmid pRW880 (derivation described below) was digested with Nrul and Hindlll (which eliminates the non-pertinent gene leaving the 5' end of the H6 promoter) , and ligated with the 1.2 kp fragment obtained after digestion of the final PCR product. The resulting plasmid pRW893 was then digested with NotI, releasing a 1.4 kbp fragment containing the H6 promoted MDV gD gene which was inserted into the Smal site of pSD533VC previously described to generate pRW894. Plasmid pRW894 was used in in vitro recombination with NYVAC (vP866) as the rescuing virus to generate recombinant vP1005 expressing the Marek's gD gene. Construction of a Fowlpox Insertion Plasmid at the F16 Locus. Plasmid pFP23K-l contains the 10.5 Kbp Hindlll fowlpox DNA fragment described in Tartaglia et al. (1990) . Plasmid pFP23K-l was used as a template for a PCR reaction using the following primers RW264 (SEQ ID N0:42), RW265 (SEQ ID NO:43), RW266 (SEQ ID N0:44) and RW267 (SEQ ID N0:45). RW264: AATTAACCCGGGATCCAAGCTTCTAGCTAGCTAATTTTT ATAGCGGCCGCTATAATCGTTAACTTATTAG RW265: CTAGCTAGAAGCTTGGATCCCGGGTTAATTAATTAATAAAAA GCGGCCGCGTTAAAGTAGAAAAATG RW266: GTTACATATGTACAGAATCTGATCATAG RW267: GCTAGAATTCTCTTAGTTTTTATAGTTG Primers RW264 and RW267 primed the first reaction. Primers RW265 and RW266 primed the second reaction. RW266, RW267 and the two products from reactions 1 and 2 were combined for a final PCR. Orientation of the primers on the template is as follows: RW266 RW265 RW264 RW267 -> <- Template Ndel site EcoRI site Primer RW266 begins at position 9883 within the 10.5 kbp sequence with an Ndel site. The 5' ends of RW265 and RW264 overlap and are reverse complements. RW265 and RW264 replace the A at position 10054 bp with 61 bp containing the insertion sites Smal, BamHI and Hindlll. Translation termination codons and transcription stop signals flank the insertion sites. The 5' end of RW267 is at position 10229 bp beginning with an EcoRI site. The third and final PCR product was cut with Ndel and EcoRI and inserted between the Ndel and EcoRI sites of pRW715, resulting in pRW864. Plasmid pRW715 is plasmid pUC9 cut with PvuII and an EcoRI linker was inserted in place of the 300 bp PvuII fragment. In order to insert the E. coli LacZ gene plasmid pAMIBG was utilized. Plasmid pAMIBG contains the LacZ BamHI fragment from pMC1871 (Casadaban et al., 1983) inserted in the previously described BamHI site 3' of the UK vaccinia virus promoter (Paoletti et al., 1984). Plasmid pAMIBG was partially cut with BamHI, the linear product isolated and cut with Pstl. The Pstl-BamHI fragment containing the UK promoted LacZ gene was blunt-ended and ligated into the Smal site of pRW864 (described above) . The resulting plasmid was designated pRW867A. Plasmid pRW866 is a subclone of plasmid pFP23K- 1 which contains the 10.5 kbp fowlpox DNA fragment described in Tartaglia et al. (1990) . Plasmid pRW866 was constructed by insertion of a 7.3 kpb Nael to Ndel fowlpox fragment from pFP23K-l between the PvuII and Ndel sites of pUC9. Plasmid pRW866 contains two Fspl sites; one is in pUC and the second at position 1955bp defines the intergenic insertion site designated F16. The Fspl insertion locus does not interrupt any open reading frame containing an ATG. The linear product of a partial digestion of pRW866 with Fspl was isolated and ligated to a 3.3 kpb NotI fragment from pRW867A containing the Ilk promoted LacZ gene. This allowed insertion of the blunt ended LacZ gene fragment into the Fspl intergenic insertion site, creating plasmid pRW868. The LacZ gene in pRW868 was then replaced with the 61 bp fragment (previously described) containing Smal, BamHI and Hindlll sites and flanked by transcription termination and translation stop sequences used in development of pRW864. This replacement resulted in plasmid pRW813. Plasmid pRW880 used as a template for the initial construction of plasmid pRW894 contains a non-pertinent gene linked to the H6 promoter in the Smal site of the F16 insertion locus. Example 3 - DEVELOPMENT OF POXVIRUS BASED RECOMBINANT EXPRESSING MDV GLYCOPROTEINS Plasmids previously described were transfected into NYVAC or TROVAC infected cells by using the calcium phosphate precipitation method previously described (Panicali and Paoletti, 1982; Piccini et al., 1987). Positive plaques were selected on the basis of hybridization to specific MDV radiolabelled probes and subjected to sequential rounds of plaque purification until a pure population was achieved. Representative plaques from each IVR were then amplified and a stock virus established. Indirect immunofluorescence was performed as described in Taylor et al. (1990) using a polyclonal chicken anti-MDV serum designated chicken #392. Immunoprecipitation reactions were performed as described in Taylor et al. (1990) using the reagent described above. NYVAC Recombinants Expressing MDV Glycoproteins. Transfection of plasmid pRW879 led to the development of NYVAC recombinant vP935. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that a protein recognized by MDV immune serum was expressed on the infected cell surface. Immunoprecipitation analysis using the same immune serum from chicken detected the presence of three major expression products with the approximate molecular weights of 110 kDa, 64 kDa and 48 kDa. These sizes correspond to expected products of the MDV gB gene. Transfection of plasmid pRW894 led to the development of NYVAC recombinant vP1005. A plaque immunoscreen assay indicated that a protein recognized by MDV immune serum was expressed on the infected cell surface. Immunoprecipitation analysis indicated the production of two products with molecular weights of approximately 45 kDa (corresponding to the precursor form of the protein) and 65 kDa which represents the processed glycoprotein. TROVAC Recombinant Expressing the gB Glycoprotein. Transfection of plasmid pRW878 led to the development of recombinant VFP108. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that a protein recognized by MDV immune serum was expressed on the infected cell surface. Immunoprecipitation analysis using the same immune serum from chickens demonstrated the presence of three major expression products with approximate molecular weights of 110 kDa, 64 kDa and 48 kDa. Example 4 - IMMUNIZATION OF CHICKENS AND SUBSEQUENT CHALLENGE A group of 25 one day old SPF chickens were inoculated by the subcutaneous route with one dose of 4.0 log 10 pfu of TROVAC-MDV gB (vFP108) . Ten SPF birds remained uninoculated. At 14 days, the birds including 10 non-vaccinated controls, were challenged " by intraperitoneal inoculation of a dilution of the JMV tumor cell line (Nazerian et al., 1977) previously determined to cause 100% mortality, and survivors were assessed. Results of protection are shown in Table 1. Birds inoculated with 4.0 log 10 pfu of vFP108. Birds challenged at 14 days by inoculation with JMV tumor cell line. In a second experiment, 20 Rhode Island Red Chicks hatched in isolators and free from maternal antibodies to MDV, herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) and other * avian pathogens were vaccinated intramuscularly at one day of age with 6.3 log 10 pfu of fowlpox recombinant VFP108. Seven days later the chicks were challenged with MDV by contact infection. This was achieved by mixing the vaccinated chicks with 8 chickens inoculated 15 days previously with 3.0 log 10 pfu of the RBl-B strain of MDV. A second group of 20 unvaccinated chicks derived from the same hatch served as controls. These were also challenged with MDV by contact as above. The two groups were kept in separate cages in a high security containment room. A third group of 20 unvaccinated chicks were challenged by inoculation with 3.0log 10 P**-*- 11 of RBl-B and kept in a separate room. This group was included in the experiment to compare the efficiency of challenge by the two methods. The chicks were observed daily and those that died were examined for gross Marek's disease lesions in visceral organs and peripheral nerves. Tissue samples were taken for histological examination in cases where gross Marek's disease lesions were not obvious. Two chicks in the group vaccinated with fowlpox recombinant showed symptoms of eye infection, probably due to fowlpox, and died within 2 days after contact with MDV-infected chicks. They were eliminated from the experiment and do not appear in the mortality results shown in Table 2 and Fig. 7. The results show that vaccination with the fowlpox recombinant delayed mortality significantly. The mean time to death in the vaccinated and unvaccinated group (contact challenge) was 56 days and 35 days respectively. The difference was significant (P<0.005) as shown by analysis of the log transformation of the data using Student's t test. The total mortality in the two groups after a prolonged period of 19 weeks did not differ significantly as shown by a Chi-square test. However at 6 to 7 weeks post-vaccination, mortality rates differed significantly being almost 100% in the controls and 10% in the vaccinated birds. It should be noted that Broiler chickens are normally sent to market at 6 to 7 weeks of age. It is clear from Fig. 7 that the challenge by contact infection was efficient compared to challenge by inoculation. The total mortality in the two groups was similar and the slopes of the cumulative mortality curves were also similar after a delay of about 2 weeks (contact in ection) , which probably represented the time required to establish infection. It should be noted that the vaccinated group was continuously exposed to MDV shed by the unvaccinated group which was kept in the same room. In conclusion, the importance of MDV gB as a protective immunogen has been demonstrated under rigorous conditions which involved the use of genetically susceptible chickens vaccinated at one day old, and challenged with MDV by two different methods. Total 18 20 19 chicks per group The results indicate the potential of TROVAC- MDV recombinants for vaccination against MDV in the poultry industry. The restricted host range of fowlpox virus provides an inherent safety barrier to transmission multiple antigenic determinants from a range of serotypes. Example 5 - COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF TROVAC-MDV In previous experiments, the ability of TROVAC- MDV (vFP108) to protect against MDV challenge was assessed in two ways, In the first experiment, day of age SPF chickens were vaccinated with 40 log 10 pfu of VFP108 by the subcutaneous route in the nape of the neck. When birds were challenged at 14 days by intrperitoneal inoculation of the JMV tumor cell line, 44% of birds survived challenge. In the. second experiment, day old SPF birds were vaccinated by intramuscular inoculation of 6.3 log 10 pfu of vFP108. Seven days later, vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were challenged by contact infection with birds infected with MDV strain RBlδ. Ninety percent of vaccinated birds had survived challenge at 6-7 weeks post-vaccination. The most commonly used MDV vaccines are the Turkey herpes virus (HVT) vaccines which are seriologically related to MDV. This Example shows the comparative efficacy of HVT and TROVAC-MDV (vFPlOδ) . Twenty day old SPF birds were inoculated with 3.8 log 10 EID 50 of TROVAC-MDV (vFP108) by the subcutaneous route in the nape of the neck. Twenty chicks were inoculated with 3.0 log 10 pfu of a cell associated HVT vaccine by the subcutaneous route. Ten birds remained uninoculated. Five days post-inoculation, vaccinates and controls were challenged by intraperitoneal inoculation of the RB1B challenge virus. 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Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A recombinant poxvirus containing therein DNA from Marek's disease virus in a nonessential region of the poxvirus genome. 2. A recombinant poxvirus as in claim 1 wherein said DNA codes for a Marek's disease virus structural protein. 3. A recombinant poxvirus as in claim 2 wherein said DNA codes for a Marek's disease virus glycoprotein. 4. A recombinant poxvirus as in claim 3 wherein said DNA codes for Marek's disease virus glycoprotein gB or glycoprotein gD. 5. A recombinant poxvirus as in claim 1 wherein the poxvirus is a vaccinia virus. 6. A recombinant poxvirus as in claim 1 wherein the poxvirus is an avipox virus. 7. A recombinant poxvirus as in claim 6 wherein the avipox virus is fowlpox virus. 8. A vaccine for inducing an immunological response in a host animal inoculated with said vaccine, said vaccine comprising a carrier and a recombinant poxvirus containing, in a nonessential region thereof, DNA from Marek's disease virus. 9. A vaccine as in claim 8 wherein said DNA codes for and expresses a Marek's disease virus structural protein. 10. A vaccine as in claim 9 wherein said DNA codes for and expresses a Marek's disease virus glycoprotein. 11. A vaccine as in claim 10 wherein said DNA codes for and expresses Marek's disease virus glycoprotein gB or glycoprotein gD. 12. A vaccine as in claim 8 wherein the poxvirus is a vaccinia virus. 13. A vaccine as in claim δ wherein the poxvirus is an avipox virus. 14. A vaccine as in claim 13 wherein the avipox virus is fowlpox virus. 15. A vaccine as in claim 8 wherein the host animal is a chicken.

Inventors: PAOLETTI ENZO, ROSS LOUIS, TARTAGLIA JAMES, TAYLOR JILL, PAOLETTI, ENZO, ROSS, LOUIS, TARTAGLIA, JAMES, TAYLOR, JILL
Applicants: VIROGENETICS CORP, VIROGENETICS CORPORATION
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C12P21
IPC codes: A61K39, A61P31, C07K14, C07K16, C12N7, C12N15, C12R1