System and method for controlling voltages in a printing apparatus

Abstract: A method of controlling voltages (V ddp ,LP,V bias ,Fig. 4) in a latent image development printer (1000). The method comprises deriving first, second and third values, biassing a developing apparatus (1037) to a first voltage (V bias ), charging a substrate (1010) using corotrons (1022,1022) to produce a second voltage (V ddp ), such that the difference between the first and second voltages is equal to the first value, and discharging selected areas of the substrate (1010) using a laser (1032) to produce a third voltage, such that the difference between the third and first voltages is equal to the second value, and a ratio between a function of the second voltage and a function of the third voltage is equal to the third value.

Description: This invention relates to system and method of controlling voltages in a printing apparatus, and more particularly to a system and method of controlling voltages in a printing apparatus employing a charged substrate and toner. Such a method of voltage control is disclosed in PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, vol. 16, no. 540 (P-1450) 10 th November 1992 & JP-A-04 204 763(MINOLTA CAMERA Co), 27 th July 1992. In a certain printing method, the image to be reproduced is partitioned into mutually exclusive areas called "halftone cells," each containing a number of pixels. When halftone cells are used with a developable image printer, gray levels are simulated by exposing a subset of the total number of pixels in a haiftone cell, to attract toner to the exposed pixels. The pixels are too small for a viewer to perceive individual pixels, and the viewer instead perceives a gray level corresponding to the percentage of halftone cell area that is covered with toner. Numerous physical conditions within the developable image printer affect various aspects of the appearance of a halftone cell A variation in a single physical condition may cause a variation in multiple aspects a cell's appearance. It is an object of the present invention to control voltages within a printing apparatus to substantially control a single aspect of the appearance of a multipixel cell. To achieve this and other advantages of the invention the present invention provides a method of operating a reproduction system including a substrate and means for depositing toner onto the substrate, comprising the steps of receiving a first input parameter value N1; receiving a second input parameter value N2; receiving a third input parameter value N3; charging the depositing means to a first voltage; charging the substrate to produce a second voltage, such that a difference between the second voltage and the first voltage is N1; discharging selected areas of the substrate to produce a third voltage, such that a difference between the third voltage and the first voltage is N2, and a ratio between a function of the second voltage and a function of the third voltage is N3. The invention further provides a printing apparatus according to claim 10 of the appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and which constitute a part of this specification, illustrate preferred embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, explain the principles of the invention Fig 1 is a diagram of a printing apparatus of a first embodiment of the invention. Fig. 2 is a diagram of a halftone cell. Fig. 3 is a diagram of another halftone cell. Fig 4 is diagram of the controller for the printing apparatus of Fig. 1. Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating voltages employed by the printing system of Fig. 1. Fig 6 is a flow diagram showing an operation of the first embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 7 is a graph showing data acquired by the printing apparatus of Fig. 1. Fig. 8 is a flow diagram showing the process of Fig. 6 in more detail. Fig. 9 is a graph showing a relationship between substrate charge voltage and laser exposure power in the printer apparatus of Fig. 1. Fig. 10 is a flow diagram showing the process of Fig. 6 in more detail. Fig. 11 is a graph showing a step input response of the printer of Fig. 1. Fig. 12 is a graph showing an effect of the printing apparatus of Fig. 1. Fig. 13 is a diagram of a printing apparatus of a second embodiment of the invention. Fig. 14 is a diagram of a printing apparatus of a third embodiment of the invention. Fig. 15 is a diagram of another halftone cell. Fig. 1 shows a printing apparatus 1000 of a first embodiment of the present invention. Photoreceptor belt 1010 is entrained around rollers 1014. One or more of rollers 1014 is rotated by a motor (not shown) via by suitable means such as a belt drive. As the driven roller rotates, the driven roller advances belt 1010 in the direction of arrow 1012 through the various processing stations disposed around the movement path of belt 1010. Corotrons 1022 and 1024 operate to charge belt 1010 to a uniform potential. Raster scanning laser 1032 exposes belt 1010 to a pattern of light to render a latent image. Developing station 1037 deposits toner on belt 1010. Bias voltage source 1100 charges developing station 1037. Charge sensor 1115 senses a charge on belt 1010. Controller 1500 controls voltages in the preferred printer, as described in detail later. After passing developer 1037, the area of the belt 1010 is exposed to a pretransfer light from a lamp (not shown) to reduce the attraction between belt 1010 and the toner deposited by developer 1037. A corotron 1046 charges a sheet of paper, from paper tray 1082, to an appropriate magnitude so that the paper is tacked to belt 1010 and the toner attracted from belt 1010 to the paper. Subsequently, detack corotron 1048 charges the paper to an opposite polarity to detack the paper from belt 1010. The paper then passes to fuser 1052 where the toner is fused into the paper with heat and pressure. The paper then advances to output section 1190, or to tray 1066 allowing the paper to return to belt 1010 for printing an image on an opposite side of the paper. Fig. 2 shows a highly magnified halftone cell 2000 having 9 pixels 2010-2090. To print white, laser 1032 exposes none of the pixels in the cell resulting in the cell shown in Fig. 2. To simulate an intermediate level of gray for the printing of a certain cell, laser 1032 exposes some of the pixels in the cell to attract toner to the exposed pixels. To print black, laser 1032 exposes all pixels in the cell to attract toner to the exposed pixels. The combination of voltages employed within printer 1000 has an effect on the production of intermediate levels of gray. This effect results from certain phenomena that occur at an interface between an exposed pixel and an unexposed pixel. Depending on the combination of voltages, an unexposed pixel may contain various amounts of toner in an area near an interface with an exposed pixel, thereby affecting the perceived gray level. Fig. 3 shows a highly magnified halftone cell in which laser 1032 has exposed 3 of the 9 pixels to produce an intermediate gray level. Laser 1032 has exposed pixels 3010, 3020 and 3050 to attract toner to these exposed pixels. As represented schematically in Fig. 3, unexposed pixels 3040, 3070, 3080, 3090, 3060 and 3030 contain toner resulting from the exposure of pixels 3010, 3020 and 3050. Fig. 4 shows controller 1500 for printer 1000 the preferred printing apparatus. Controller 1500 includes a general purpose computer executing a controller program. Controller 1500 controls a charge on belt 1010 by controlling corotrons 1022 and 1024 in accordance with a parameter V ddp , described below. Controller 1500 also controls a power of laser 1032 in accordance with a parameter LP, and controls bias voltage source 1100 in accordance with a parameter V bias , described below. Controller 1500 receives input parameters V clean , V dev and DR described below, and an output of charge sensor 1115. The parameter V clean received by controller 1500 controls a voltage difference between belt 1010, after charging by corotrons 1022 and 1024, and the rollers in developer 1037. An electric field produced by this voltage difference is sometimes called the "cleaning field," because this electric field tends to suppress the deposition of background toner on white pixels, such as pixel 2090 in Fig. 2. Printer 1000 initially sets V clean to 100 volts to suppress the deposition of background while providing adequate reproduction of grey levels close to white. The parameter V dev received by controller 1500 controls a voltage difference between belt 1010, after exposure by laser 1032, and the rollers in developer 1037. An electric field produced by this voltage difference is sometimes called the "development field," because this electric field tends to promote the deposition of toner on exposed pixels. Printer 1000 initially sets V dev to 250 volts to obtain a density of 1.8 density units in black pixels, such as pixel 3020 in Fig. 3, where a density unit is -log (reflection ratio) = -log (sample reflectance) ÷ (reference light reflectance). The preferred embodiment of the present invention employs a discharge ratio DR defined as: DR = (V ex - V rsl )/(V ddp - V rsl ) where V ddp is a charge on belt 1010 at a point downstream from corotrons 1022 and 1024; and V ex is a charge on an area of belt 1010 that has been exposed by laser 1032. V rsl is a residual voltage obtained when the photoreceptor is maximally discharged by light. V rsl is reached when additional exposure power increases cause negligible additional voltage discharge. The parameter DR received by controller 1500 specifies the discharge ratio in printer 1000. The discharge ratio is a factor determining the amount of toner deposited near an edge in an unexposed pixels, such as pixel 3030 in Fig. 3, resulting from exposure of an adjacent pixel, such as pixel 3020. Printer 1000 initially sets DR to 0.1 to produce an amount of toner in a cell that is a roughly linear function of the percentage of exposed pixels in the cell. Fig. 5 shows voltages employed by printer 1000 to achieve latent image formation. An electrostatic voltmeter placed 1.2 seconds after charging would measure the indicated V ddp and V ex . V rsl is a physical characteristic of the particular materials used for belt 1010. V rsl is measured by controller 1500, as described later. The discharge ratio may be conceptualized as corresponding t the location of a range, defined by V clean and V dev , relative to the V rsl . In Fig. 5, the discharge ratio is approximately 0.16. Fig. 6 shows a processing of controller 1500 to set a belt charge V ddp , a laser power LP and a V bias in response to the received input parameters V clean , V dev , and DR. Certain characteristics of belt 1010 are determined (step 6002). Step 6002 is preferably performed upon the power-up of printer 1000, before images on paper are produced. Fig. 7 shows data acquired by controller 1500 in step 6002. A matrix is developed by performing measurements at different values of V ddp and V ex . Each of the 10 curves of Fig. 7 represents data collected at a certain constant exposure power of laser 1032. The sixteen points that each curve follows are the measured V ex at 16 different V ddp levels. Also shown is the line of constant discharge ratio DR. A V ddp , V bias and LP are selected based on the input parameters and on characteristics of belt 1010 determined in step 6002 (step 6004 in Fig. 6). More specifically, the following equations determine V ddp , V bias and V ex : V dev + V clean = V contrast V ddp - V ex = V contrast Using the formula for DR to solve for V ex , V ddp is: V ddp = [V contrast /(1-DR)] + V rsl , and V bias is: V ddp - V clean = V bias The V ex required to meet the V dev , V clean and DR specification is: V ddp - V contrast = V ex . Controller 1500 uses the data of Fig 7 to set a laser 1032 exposure power LP to achieve the V ex that results in the specified V dev , V clean and DR. Controller 1500 effectively constrains V ex to be on the line of constant DR, relative to the residual curve, shown in Fig. 7. This line of constant DR correlates V ex values with V ddp values. Each intersection point of the line of constant DR with any of the 10 curves of constant exposure power gives a guide to the appropriate laser 1032 exposure power LP for a given V ddp . For each intersection a pair of power, charge values is obtained. A mathematical curve fit of these two variables, using charge as the independent variable, yields a function that converts V ddp (charge) into a laser power that produces a V ex consistent with the DR value (step 6004). Controller 1500 calculates a new line of constant discharge ratio each time step 6004 is performed. Subsequently, the printing apparatus makes prints (Step 6020), and adjusts laser power (Step 6030). If one or more of the input parameters V clean , V dev or DR change (step 6035), controller 1500 performs step 6004 again. Laser 1032 is configured as a raster output scanner (ROS) capable of varying exposure power quickly to a number of values in the time that it would normally take to print an image. The data shown in Fig. 7 is the V ex result of 10 exposure powers measured at each of 16 V ddp levels in 16 passes of the photoreceptor, one pass for each V ddp level. The top curve in Fig. 7 corresponds a laser power that discharges belt 1010 to a residual voltage meaning that higher laser powers do not cause further discharge of belt 1010 within the exposure time of laser 1032. In other words, the top curve corresponds to laser powers that result in the residual voltage V rsl . This residual voltage is somewhat dependent on V ddp , an embellishment on the equations above that will be described later. Fig. 8 shows a processing of step 6002 of Fig. 6 in more detail. Fig. 8 shows a processing of controller 1500 to collect the data shown in Fig. 7. Initial substrate charge and laser powers are selected (Steps 8010 and 8020). The substrate is exposed with the currently selected laser power and the resulting discharged voltage measured by charge sensor 1115 V ex is stored. If laser powers remain (Step 8040), a next laser power is selected (Step 8050) and a new exposed and measuring step is performed. If no laser powers remain, it is determined whether any values for V ddp remain (Step 8060) and if other values of V ddp remain a new value for V ddp is set (Step 8070) and control returns to Step 8020. In other words, controller 1500 performs the steps of charging the substrate to each of a plurality of predetermined voltages; exposing, for each predetermined voltage, the substrate to each of a plurality of predetermined radiation powers; measuring, for each radiation power, a charge on the substrate after the exposing step; and determining a radiation power by using a result of the measuring step to interpolate between two of the plurality of predetermined radiation powers. During printing, printer 1000 exposes belt 1010 with the determined radiation power. In general, there will be error in V ex which may result from changes in the photoreceptor characteristics with age or environment that have occurred since step 6002 was performed. Another error source is small deviations of real photoreceptor behavior from the behavior predicted by the mathematical curve fit described above. An error feedback calculation adjusts the exposure power to minimize V ex error and compensate for these errors. In Fig. 7, an imaginary vertical line at the measured V ddp can be drawn. This line also intersects the lines of constant laser power and each intersection can be used to create LP, V ex pairs. A functional fit using V ex , as the independent variable allows a power correction to be calculated that will return V ex to zero error This power correction value is adjusted on each revolution of belt 1010 in accordance with the measured error Printer 1000 may be configured with a wide variety of photoreceptors and exposure sources. A preferred embodiment of the invention configures printer 1000 with an organic infrared sensitive photoreceptor exposed by an infrared laser diode source The data in the graph of Fig. 7 was acquired from the organic infrared sensitive photoreceptor. In this case, V ex is substantially a linear function of V ddp at constant laser power. This set of lines at various powers can be expressed as: V ex = a 1 (V ddp ) + b 1 ; i over all laser powers (LP) In an alternative embodiment employing inorganic visible light sensitive photoreceptor and a HeNe laser, the above relation was found to be quadratic. To determine an equation for the line of constant discharge ratio, the dependence of the residual voltage V rsl on V ddp is determined. For both the inorganic visible light sensitive and organic infrared sensitive photoreceptors, a linear relation is adequate to calculate V rsl from V ddp : V rsl = a 0 (v ddp ) + b 0 From this relation and the definition of DR, the equation for the line of constant discharge ratio is: V ex = V ddp [DR(1-a 0 ) + a 0 ] + b 0 (1-DR) Next the intersection points of the constant discharge ratio line and the sets for constant laser power are used to determine LP, V ddp data pairs: V ddp ,i = [b l - b 0 (1-DR)]/[a 0 - a l + DR(1-a 0 )] - over all LP Fig. 9 shows a relationship between V ddp and laser power LP for a particular DR. For organic infrared sensitive photoreceptor the LP, V ddp pairs substantially fit to a quadratic equation, as shown in Fig. 9. The intersection points as seen in Fig 7 are used to generate 5 pairs of LP, V ddp . A parabola is fitted to these 5 pairs of values The coefficients of the fitted curve are used to calculate an initial LP from V ddp In Fig 9, the functional values diverge slightly at high charges, which is inconsistent with the actual data This divergence is an artifact of the fitting equation and can introduce an error in the initial setting of LP by controller 1500. Controller 1500 employs feedback to readjust the setting of LP, thereby compensating for the error introduced by the divergence and for error introduced by physical changes occurring after the initial setting of LP Thus, for an organic infrared sensitive photoreceptor, the initial exposure power LP is: LP = q 2 V ddp 2 + q 1 V ddp + q 0 , where the q coefficients describe the parabolic section in Fig. 9. The analogous relation for an alternative embodiment employing inorganic visible light sensitive photoreceptor is a substantially linear function of V ddp . Fig. 10 shows a processing of step 6030 of Fig. 6 in more detail Charge sensor 1115 measures an actual V ddp , and an actual V ex (Step 10010). The measured V ddp is used to determine a target V ex to achieve the discharge ratio DR, thereby determining a (Step 10020). A pair of laser powers that yield V ex values that include the actual V ex at the actual V ddp is determined (Step 10030). In other words, to determine the feedback power correction, the data of Fig. 7 is used again. Assuming that on the present belt revolution the V ddp measured by charge sensor 1115 is Z volts, and according to the equations describing V ex as a function of V ddp at constant laser powers, a set of LP, V ex pairs is: V ex,l = a 1 Z + b 1 for all LP l Two pairs are chosen having V ex values that bracket the actual V ex measured on this pass. An incremental correction to the laser power is determined (Step 10040), and the laser power is adjusted using the determined incremental correction value (Step 10050). More specifically, ΔLP/ΔV ex slope, defined by the two pairs, is calculated and multiplied by the V ex error (V ex_error ) to obtain an LP correction. The LP correction value is subtracted from the current LP value: New LP = Current LP - V ex_error [ΔLP/ΔV ex ]. An alternative approach would be to perform a complete mathematical fit of the LP, V ex pairs. In other words, in addition to measuring a substrate voltage to collect the data of Fig. 7 and determining a radiation power based on the data of Fig. 7, the preferred method includes the step of exposing the substrate to the determined radiation power; a second measuring step of measuring a voltage on the substrate after the exposing step; and redetermining a radiation power in accordance with the second measuring step. As printing proceeds and the photoreceptor susceptibility to exposure changes, the redetermining of the radiation power compensates for the changes and maintains a low V ex error. Fig. 11 shows a response of controller 1500 to a step change at the DR input. The discharge ratio computed from measurements taken at an electrostatic voltmeter is plotted along with the DR input to controller 1500. The DR input was changed in the middle of a 32 print run. Also shown is the V ex error in volts, which indicates that there was a period of approximately three prints at the start of the run were the results of steps 10010-10050 converged to achieve substantially zero V ex error. At the sixteenth print, when the DR input changes, controller 1500 used the data of Fig. 7 to follow the DR input. Small variations in V ex error are evident as the feedback control processing of steps 10010-10050 adjusted to the new DR input. Fig. 12 shows three curves relating a percentage of pixels exposed in a cell, on the horizontal axis, with an amount of toner deposited in the cell, on the vertical axis. These three curves were each produced by a 5th order polynomial fit to experimental data. Comparing the two curves of constant Vclean and changing DR shows that the effect of a change in DR is to alter the middle of the curve while leaving the endpoints unchanged. In contrast, a change in V clean at a constant DR affects mainly the highlight end of the curve, thereby demonstrating that controller 1500 can control the curve shape substantially independently of black level optical density. Printer 1000 may adjust DR to maintain a 50% halftone dot density, and may adjust V dev to maintain solid area tone density. Printer 1000 might also adjust V clean to maintain a certain suppression of background. Printer 1000 may perform automatic adjustment of these parameters in response to physical changes in printer 1000 caused by, for example, a change in room humidity. Printer 1000 may perform automatic adjustment of these parameters by exposing test patches of the belt 1010 with laser 1032 and developing the test patches with developer 1037. Subsequently, an amount of toner on the test patches is measured. The test patches are on an interdocument gap on belt 1010 so that the normal printing of paper is not adversely affected by the adjustment process. Fig. 13 shows a schematic diagram of a printing apparatus of a second embodiment of the present invention, including a visible light sensitive inorganic photoreceptor 13020, charge corotron 13022, laser 13032, mirror 13034, and controller 13500. A first electrostatic volt meter (ESV1) 13040 opposes photoreceptor 13020 at a location 0.176 seconds downstream from a reference location. Cyan developer 13045 is located 0.407 seconds downstream from the reference location, second electrostatic voltmeter (ESV2) 13050 is located 0.622 downstream form the reference location, yellow developer 13055 is located 0.792 seconds downstream from the reference location, magenta developer 13060 is located 1.073 seconds downstream from the reference location, black developer 13065 is located 1.361 seconds downstream from the reference location, and pre-transfer electrostatic voltmeter 13070 is located at 1.549 seconds downstream from the reference location. Optimized color densitometer 13075 is located adjacent pre-transfer electrostatic voltmeter 13070. With the second preferred embodiment of the present invention, to print four colors photoreceptor 13020 is rotated four times, one time for each color, and a single copy sheet is brought into contact with photoreceptor 13020 four times. On each rotation, only one of cyan developer 13045, yellow developer 13055, magenta developer 13060, or black developer 13065 is activated. ESV2 13050 allows for a prediction of charge decay, by taking a measurement that is compared to a measurement taken by ESV1 13040. Controller 13500 includes four independent subcontrollers, one for each color. Each subcontroller uses a common set of set photoreceptor characterization data, such as the data shown in Fig. 7. Each subcontroller has a respective constant discharge ratio line, since each color may have a different DR set point. Each color will also have a different charge voltage V ddp at the measurement point of electrostatic voltmeter 13050. Fig. 14 shows a printing apparatus of a third embodiment of the present invention, including a raster input section 14015, and image processing section 14017, a raster output section 14032, which includes a laser, a mirror 14034, a photoreceptor 14010, a corotron 14022, and electrostatic voltmeter 14050, developer 14045, developer 14055, developer 14060, developer 14065, a paper tray 14082, an output section 14190, and a controller 14500. Thus, the preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a method to adjust voltages to allow relatively independent control of toner quantities for black, white, and intermediate density level cells. A controller translates three xerographic parameters, V dev , V clean , and DR, into appropriate control of the physical xerographic elements of a photoreceptor charging device, developer bias and laser exposure intensity. The DR parameter controls the optical density of intermediate grey levels, without substantial secondary effects on solid area density or background toner deposition. Conversely, if the charging level should be altered for any reason, such as an alteration of V dev or V clean , the exposure intensity is correspondingly altered to maintain DR. This independent control facilitates automation of the printing process, allowing print quality to remain constant when factors such as room humidity vary. Although the preferred embodiments operate to charge a photoreceptor to a positive voltage, alternative embodiments of the invention may operate to charge the substrate to a negative voltage. When negative voltages are employed, unexposed pixels attract toner. Fig. 15 shows an alternative half-tone cell arrangement including 36 pixels per cell. Other cell arrangements are possible, including cell arrangements having more than 100 pixels per cell.

Claims: A method of operating a reproduction system including a substrate and means for depositing toner onto the substrate, comprising the steps of. receiving a first input parameter value N1; receiving a second input parameter value N2; receiving a third input parameter value N3; charging the depositing means to a first voltage; charging the substrate to produce a second voltage, such that a difference between the second voltage and the first voltage is N1; discharging selected areas of the substrate to produce a third voltage, such that a difference between the third voltage and the first voltage is N2, and a ratio between a function of the second voltage and a function of the third voltage is N3. The method of claim 1, wherein the discharging step includes the substep of exposing the substrate to radiation. The method of claim 1 or 2, wnerein the step of charging the substrate includes the substep of charging the substrate such that the second voltage is (1) a function of (N1 + N2)/(1 - N3), or (2) a function of (N1 + N2)/(1 - N3) + a residual voltage. The method of claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the method further includes the steps of charging the substrate to produce each of a plurality of predetermined voltages; exposing, for each predetermined voltage, the substrate to each of a plurality of predetermined radiation powers; measuring, for each radiation power, a voltage on the substrate after the exposing step; and determining a radiation power in accordance with the measuring step, and wherein the discharging step includes the substep of exposing the substrate to the determined radiation power. The method of claim 4, wherein the determining step includes the substep of determining the radiation power by using a result of the measuring step to interpolate between two of the plurality of predetermined radiation powers. The method of any of claims 1,2 or 3, wherein the method further includes the steps of charging the substrate to produce each of a plurality of predetermined voltages; exposing, for each predetermined voltage, the substrate to each of a plurality of predetermined radiation powers; a first measuring step of measuring, for each radiation power, a voltage on the substrate after the exposing step; and determining a radiation power in accordance with the first measuring step, and wherein the discharging step includes the substep of exposing the substrate to the determined radiation power, and wherein the method further includes the steps of a second measuring step of measuring a voltage on the substrate after the exposing step; and redetermining a radiation power in accordance with the second measuring step, and wherein the discharging step further includes the substep of exposing the substrate to the redetermined radiation power. The method of claim 1, 2 or 3 further including the step of determining a radiation power, wherein the discharging step includes the substep of exposing the substrate to the determined radiation power, and wherein the method further includes the steps of measuring a voltage on the substrate after the exposing step; and redetermining a radiation power in accordance with the measuring step, and wherein the discharging step further includes the substep of exposing the substrate to the redetermined radiation power. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the discharging step includes the substep of discharging the selected areas such that a ratio between the second voltage minus a reference voltage and the third voltage minus the reference voltage is N3. The method of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the discharging step includes the substep of discharging the selected areas such that a ratio between the second voltage minus a residual voltage and the third voltage minus the residual voltage is N3, the residual voltage corresponding to minimum voltage that would result from a discharge of the selected areas by radiation. A programmable printing apparatus when suitably programmed for carrying out the method of any of the preceding claims.

Inventors: HENDERSON THOMAS A, HENDERSON, THOMAS A.
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1993
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15, H04N1, B41J2, G03B27