Elutriation apparatus and method for cleaning granules

Abstract: Apparatus for cleaning granules (10) comprises a hollow vertically-disposed elutriation column (A) into which granules (10), especially small plastic pellets, having adulterating dust, fine particulate and debris entrained therewith are propelled on a stream of ionized air from an upwardly inclined injection tube (B) so that the granules (10) and adulterating dust become temporarily suspended and float within a medial portion (2) of the column (A). Suction imposed from an upper portion of the column (A) draws off the lighter weight particulate at the top of the floating suspension while the larger granules fall to the bottom. Pairs of AC electro-static discharging means (D1, D2) diametrically disposed at opposite portions of the injection tube (B) which is conductive to define a reference electrode (20) isolated from ground are electrically connected to opposite sides of a high voltage AC transformer (G) expose the adulterated granules (10) to a balanced ion emission thereby effecting neutralization and assisting separation of the fines from the coarse granules prior to entry into the elutriation column (A). Fine-from-coarse separation is achieved when the dirty granules with entrained ions are exposed to a high velocity air blast as they are propelled into the elutriation column (A). The entrained ions serve to neutralize the granules (10) and fines suspended within the elutriation column (A) thereby eliminating the possibility of their re-attachment by way of electro-static charging due to friction with the elutriation column wall. A pair of diametrically opposed electro-static discharging means (F₁,F₂) at the lower portion (18) of the elutriation column (A), which is similarly conductive to define a reference electrode in isolated disposition with respect to ground, are also electrically coupled to opposite sides of a second high voltage AC power supply to provide balanced neutralization of the cleansed granules which are then collected for re-cycling or re-use.

Description: This invention relates to granule or particle cleaning, and more particularly relates to an apparatus and method for separating shavings, fines, dust and debris from granular material, pellets and the like or small components or parts which have been or are susceptible to electro-static charge build-up as a result of exposure to electro-static fields or by tumbling against one another or by virtue of triboelectric charges produced on such materials by way of friction. The present invention is derived from a process, known as "elutriation" wherein a volume of random-sized particles or pellets are blown into a vertical column or tube such that they become fluidized and temporarily suspended therein, the lighter weight particulate consisting of dust, fines and debris being drawn off by suction or other means for disposal while the larger size fall by gravity where they are collected for re-cycling or re-use. The present invention provides an apparatus for cleaning granules and the like having lighter weight particulate material entrained therewith, comprising: (a) a hollow elutriation column; (b) an injector means for squirting dirty granules on a stream of air into said elutriation column to form a fluidized bed therein at a medial portion thereof; (c) an electrostatic ionizer means coupled to the injector means and subjecting the dirty granules to bipolar ionization before the dirty granules enter the elutriation column whereby the granules are neutralized and release entrained particulate therefrom; (d) a suction means for drawing off the lighter weight particulate material from the upper portion of the fluidized bed while allowing the heavier granules to separate therefrom and fall to the bottom of the elutriation column by gravity; and (e) means to collect the falling clean granules for re-use, characterised in that the injection means comprises a conductive tubular member supporting the electrostatic ionizer means and constituting a reference electrode therefor, said reference electrode being isolated from ground whereby said electrostatic ionizer means electrically floats with respect to ground in reverse phase disposition to effect balanced ion emission, the electrostatic ionizer means comprising a pair of pointed electrodes facing one another within said conductive tubular member, and a high voltage A.C power supply having a centre-tapped-to-ground secondary coil whose opposite sides are coupled to the facing pointed electrodes. U. S. Patent No. 4,895,642 (Frei) shows a process for separating particles of non-conductive, plastic material from comminuted waste by first subjecting the ground waste material to electro-static charging and then fluidizing the charged particles on an upwardly directed stream of air. While the charged particles are in a state of suspension, they are electro-statically attracted to a transverse conveyor whereupon they are separated from the noncharged material and conveyed away. U.S. Patent No. 4,299,693, which discloses the preamble of claims 1 and 11, respectively, shows a fluidized bed wherein an inlet conduit injects fines and product entrained in a propellant gas at the bottom of a housing whereby the fines are drawn off at the top while the product falls to the bottom. An electro-static charge neutralizing magnetic field envelops the adulterated product before it impinges against the impact surface of a baffle. In U.S. Patent Nos. 4,631,124 and 5,035,331 to Paulson, dust and impurity-laden particulate material is fed by gravity through a tortuous path and a linear-kinetic, magnetic field, energy cell which is said to generate an electric field to neutralize static charges causing dust to adhere to such particles. In U.S. Patent No. 3,475,652 to Levy, there is shown a dual or bi-phase static eliminator system for neutralizing a stream of powdered material through a conduit. Pairs of multi-pointed bars having AC high voltage applied to each set of points but at 180° out-of-phase whereby the output of one of the pair is one-half cycle behind that of the other. Thus, one of the paired static bars delivers ions of a given polarity toward the conveyed materials during any portion of the cycle while the other supplies ions of the other polarity. The static bars of this patent utilize a grounded casing adjacently spaced from the points, as a result of which an unbalanced predominance of negative ions is produced because of lower negative corona offset voltages and the greater mobility of negative ions. In U. S. Patent No. 5,008,594 (Swanson et al), there is set forth a self balancing circuit for convection air ionizers wherein the points of the ion emitter are capacitively coupled to the AC high voltage power supply while the adjacently spaced collector plate is similarly connected to ground through a capacitor. It is said that the capacitive isolation of the external charge sources or sinks maintain a zero average balance and produce a charge balanced system. In U.S. Patent No. 5,055,963 (Partridge), the ionizing points of the pairs of the dual phase static neutralizers are coupled to the opposite sides of the AC high voltage. These emitter points and the high voltage power supply are completely isolated from any direct current path to ground. The electrodes acquire a DC bias that maintains an equal output of positive and negative ions without need for air ion sensors or feedback for balancing. In our prior U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 07/751,093, filed August 28, 1991, we show and describe a self-balancing ionizing circuit for static eliminators wherein pointed electrodes were directly coupled to one side of an AC high voltage transformer while the other side of the transformer is directly coupled resistively to an ungrounded conductive band supported within an insulative sheet peripherally spaced from the discharge electrodes to define a floating reference electrode with respect to the points. Grounding is only effected by way of an external conductive chassis which is shielded from the internal ionization system by way of the dielectric of the insulative casing. It is taught that isolating the reference electrode from ground permits substantial voltages to be developed on said reference electrode without creating the ionization imbalance normally produced by adjacent grounded components. Balancing of positive and negative ion production is shown to be independent of capacitors or other electrical components, and no mechanical adjustment is required to compensate for changes in environmental factors or contamination conditions. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,046,492 and 4,195,780 show and describe air flow amplifiers for directing a stream of pressurized fluid through a nozzle. The instant invention is particularly useful for re-cycling plastic components, such as rejects, or re-use of plastic materials previously contemplated for throw-away. The reject or throw out plastic components are first ground in a mill to a particular size, such as granules or pellets whose dimensions range from about 0.125 inch to 0.375 inch (3.1 to 9.3 mm), and then introduced into a charge load or feedstock for moulding or extrusion. However, these ground materials not only contain entrained dust, and fine particulate or other debris, but also this fine material as well as the granules themselves are statically charged as a result of the grinding operation such that they adhere to each other by electro-static attraction. Foreign particles and other fines in the mix tends to cause burning, charring and other discolouration in the re-moulded articles. Furthermore, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for cleaning granules having lighter weight particulate material entrained therewith, comprises the steps of: feeding dirty granules on a stream of bipolar ionized air into a vertically disposed elutriation column to effect neutralization of the granules and the entrained materials so as to produce multi-level fluidization thereof as a floating suspension within the elutriation column; drawing off the lighter weight particulate material at the upper portion of the floating suspension by suction; allowing the heavier weight cleaned granules to separate from the floating suspension by falling by gravity to the bottom of the elutriation column; and collecting the cleaned granules at the bottom of the elutriation column for re-use, characterised in that the particles are injected through a conductive tube supporting electrostatic ionizer means and constituting a reference electrode therefor, said reference electrode (B) being isolated from ground whereby said electrostatic ionizer means (D1, D2) electrically floats with respect to ground in reverse phase disposition to effect balanced ion emission, the electrostatic ionizer means (D1, D2) comprising a pair of pointed electrodes facing one another within said conductive tubular member (B), and a high voltage A.C power supply having a centre-tapped-to-ground secondary coil whose opposite sides are coupled to the facing pointed electrodes. A particular embodiment of a method and apparatus in accordance with this invention will now be described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a front elevational view of a granule cleaning apparatus embodying this invention; Figure 2 is a sectional view taken generally laterally through Figure 1 on a plane parallel to the plane of the paper; Figure 3 is a sectional view taken along lines 3 - 3 of Figure 2. Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along lines 4 - 4 of Figure 2. Figure 5 is an electrical schematic diagram of the prior art circuit coupled to single phase static neutralizer means; Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of the electro-static neutralizer means of the present invention; Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the test circuitry for measuring the reference electrode voltage with respect to ground of the present invention. Referring now in greater detail to the drawings in which similar reference characters refer to similar parts, there is shown in Figures 1 and 2 an apparatus for cleaning granules comprising a hollow elutriation column, generally designated as A, into which adulterated ("dirty") granules 10 are injected in a generally upward direction on a high velocity air stream from a propulsion tube B whereby both the granules and fine particulate released therefrom become temporarily suspended and transiently float within a medial portion of the elutriation tube. A feed hopper C loads B where they are transported into communication with an air amplifying nozzle B1, (termed a Transvector, manufactured by Vortec Corporation of Cincinnati, Ohio) located immediately before a port 4 between the upper portion of the injector tube and the lower portion of the elutriation column A. Positioned at diametrically opposite zones of the injection tube B are a pair of elongated static neutralizer bars D1 and D2 which are coupled to an AC high voltage power source G so as to subject the granules 10 and any electro-statically adhered particles of dust, dirt and debris whereby they are released from contact with each other and electro-statically neutralized. The elutriation column A comprises a vertically disposed tube 2, preferably of transparent plastic such as "Lexan" polycarbonate made by General Electric, to permit observation of the fluidized bed at the medial portion of the tube 2. A port 4 enables the dirty granules with entrained dirt and dust to be squirted from the injection tube B against an impact pad 6 in column A and thereafter for flotation within the medial portion of the tube 2. A U-shaped bend 8 at the upper part of the elutriation column descends vertically on tubular conduit 12 into communication with a conventional vacuum or suction device, generally designated as E. The vacuum is sufficient to draw off the lighter weight particulate material (dust, fines and debris) exhausting from the upper zone of the suspended fluidized cloud. Air ports 14 and 15 enable the suction or vacuum from device E to draw off the lighter weight particulate without disturbing the flow in the elutriation column particulate without disturbing the flow in the elutriation column A set up by the air amplifying nozzle B1. The heavier cleansed granules fall to the bottom of the elutriation column A for deposit into a clean granule reservoir or collector 16. Prior to dumping into the collector 16, the cleansed granules 10A fall through a restricted lower portion 18 of column A where they are again subjected to bipolar ions emitted by opposed AC static bars F1-F2 mounted in the tube to maintain the clean granules electro-statically neutral. The lower portion 18 of column A is conductive, for example, any suitable metal such as steel, to act as a reference electrode with respect to the discharge electrodes of the static bars F1-F2. The injection tube B constitutes a high velocity air nozzle in the form of an inclined metal tube 20 which draws the dirty granules 10 from hopper C and feeder tube 19 for propulsion by way of Transvector B1 through orifice 4 into the elutriation column A. The hopper C is a generally funnel-shaped bowl which empties its contents on demand into feeder tube 19 and thence into the lower portion of inclined tubular member 20. A compressed air conduit 22 first draws the dirty granule feed through the lower bend 25 of the feeder tube into the inclined tubular member 20. Ambient air enters tubular member 20 through openings 27 and inter-mixes with the dirty granules. Then, the transvector B1 squirts the granules 10 and entrained ambient air into the vertical tube 2. As best shown in U.S. Patent No. 4,046,492, the Transvector B is an air flow amplifier that increases air flow without any moving parts by means of an energy transfer process. The transfer process induces motion in the free surrounding air within a duct or conduit by employing a small amount of compressed air as a power source to move large volumes of air in said duct. An impulse principle of the Transvector accelerates a large mass of air at relatively low velocity to feed air from compressor conduit 24 into the injector tube B to carry the entrained dirty granules 10 into position for being acted upon by the transvector Bl. Amplification ratios up to 20 times greater than the compressed air supply allows the ducted air flow to run about 100 CFM (2.83 cubic m/min). Referring to Figure 2, a jet of clean compressed air drawn through injector conduit 24 is forced into annular space 26 within Transvector housing 28 to propel the clean air passed annular lip 30 and thence through barrel 32 of housing 28. This causes the low velocity air with its dust entrained granules to be blasted through the Transvector B1 and against polyurethane pad 6 mounted on the opposite wall of the elutriation tube 2. Referring next to Figures 3 and 4, the electro-static neutralizers D1 and D2 (mounted in injector tube B) and F1 and F2 (mounted in the lower portion of the elutriation column A) each comprise a longitudinally extending bar 36 of insulative material, such as polystyrene or polytetrafluroethylene, Teflon (registered trade mark), having a flanged portion 38 defining slots 40 which attach to the cylindrical wall of the injection tube 20 or correspondingly to that of the down tube 18 of the elutriation column. The conductive metal injector tube 20 and the conductive metal down tube 18 of the elutriation column A act as spaced reference electrodes for the points 46 and 47 of the respective electro-static neutralizers D1-D2 and F1-F2 to enable AC ion emission from said points. A general description of said electro-static neutralizers static eliminators D1, D2, F1 and F2 is shown in U.S. Patent No. 3,137,806 to Schweriner, except that the prior devices employ a grounded housing whose flanges are adjacently spaced from the pointed electrodes thereof. An insulated conductive cable 42 is threaded through a bore in bar 36 of static neutralizers D1 and F1 while an insulated conductive cable 44 longitudinally extends through the bore of the oppositely disposed static neutralizers D2 and F2. Longitudinally spaced conductive needles 46 pass through complementary apertures in the bars 36 of neutralizers D1 and F1 into engagement with the central conductor 42 and extend through a medial slot 48 therein into the hollow space defined by the walls 18 or 20. Longitudinally spaced conductive needles 47 pass through complementary apertures in the elongated bars 36 of neutralizers D2 and F2 into engagement with the central conductor of cable 44. When the neutralizers Dl and D2 are mounted in diametrically opposed disposition in the walls of injection tube 20 the needle electrodes 46 and 47 face one another. Similarly when the neutralizers Fl and F2 are mounted in diametrically opposed disposition within the walls 18, the needle electrodes 47 project through the slot 48 of the corresponding bar 36 into the interior of the down tube 18 and face the pointed electrodes 46 thereof. Referring now to Figure 5, the mode of operation of the prior art electro-static elimination system embodies a pair of diametrically opposed static neutralizers Hl and H2 oriented on the opposite walls of a metal tube 49 and whose discharge electrodes 46 and 47 are both connected to one side of an AC high voltage power supply G. That is, the high side of the transformer secondary 51 is connected to common lead 53 branching off to lines 55 and 57 coupled to the points 46 and 47 of each of the static neutralizers H1 and H2 while the low side of the transformer secondary is connected to ground. The metal tube 49 is also coupled to ground. It has been found that a slight excess of negative ions are produced by this system and a predominant negative charge is produced on particulate material passing through the tube 49. Referring next to Figure 6, the opposed static neutralizers Dl-D2 and F1-F2 of the present invention are coupled to the opposite sides of secondary coil 50 of the AC high voltage power supply G and the transformer secondary 50 itself is centre tapped to ground via lead 52. In this hook-up, a positive half cycle of voltage imposed on the primary 54 of the power supply G will appear as a positive half cycle of voltage on cable 42 and points 46 while a negative half cycle of voltage is imposed on the points 47 via cable 44. When a negative half cycle of voltage is applied to emitter points 46 via cable 42, a positive half cycle of voltage is applied to points 47 by way of cable conductor 44. It is to be observed that the points 46 and 47 of static neutralizers Dl-D2 and F1-F2 are not close to or adjacently spaced from ground and tube 18 of the elutriation column A (and tube 20 of the injector tube B) remain ungrounded. By energizing the points 46 and 47 with reverse polarity dual phase AC high voltage and allowing the tubes 18 and 20 to float, the granular material passing between the bipolar ionizers D1-D2 and Fl-F2 can assume a balanced state of ionization leading to a zero charge disposition. In Figure 7, there is shown a test set up in which one ionizer, for example Fl, is coupled to voltage V1 of phase A from one side of the secondary coil 50 by way of cable 42 while the other ionizer F2 arranged in diametrically opposing disposition is coupled to voltage V2 from phase B of the other side of the secondary coil via conductor 44. The tube 18 was allowed to float (no ground connection). Material in the form of pellets carrying a charge of approximately +2.5 nC/g (nano Coulombs per gram) was passed through the tube 18 by gravity, for example. The pellets emerged with a level of charge of approximately 2 pC/g (pico Coulombs per gram). This is an extremely low residual charge, the charge level having been reduced by a factor of one thousand from the original charge. It was also observed that the polarity of the residual charge on repeated tests was not consistent, and the mathematical sum of the various tests (taking polarity into consideration) approached zero thereby indicating balanced ionization within the tube 18. The AC and DC voltage on the tube 18 was measured using a non-contact electrometer type field meter 60 adjacently spaced from the tube 18 by way of an sir space of about 1/4 inch distance (i.e. - designated by capacitance 62). The voltage on the wall of tube 18 with respect to ground provided one input 58 to the field meter 60 and field meter output was connected to an oscilloscope 64. This provided a very high impedance arrangement for measuring voltages on the tube 18. Using this set-up, a non-sinusoidal AC waveform in the order of approximately 400 V p-p was observed. The DC offset under the foregoing conditions was approximately -230 V o . Theoretically, with V1 equal to V2 but 180° out of phase and the voltages on Fl equal to F2, the AC voltage on the tube 18 will be zero (0). This would indicate that the measured AC voltage of 400 V p-p on the tube is primarily due to ionization currents. Similarly, the measured DC offset of 230 V would also be due to ionization currents. However, because we know that the emerging pellets upon exiting from the dual-phase static neutralization floating-conduit system are basically neutral, the ionization within said tube is balanced. This leads to the conclusion that the DC offset on the tube counters the effects of the difference in ionization offset voltage and difference in ion mobility, thereby producing a balanced ion emission. In contra-distinction when a "hot" ionizer is used, one with the ionizing points connected directly to the transformer high voltage output and the outer case connected to ground, for example, as shown in Figure 5, a negative ion imbalance is the result. This negative ion imbalance is due primarily to the fact that the negative corona onset voltage is lower than the positive corona onset but also because the difference in negative ion mobility plays a role in ion imbalance. In the case of the Figure 5 arrangement, when pellets having a charge of approximately +2.5 nC/g (nano Coulombs per gram) were passed through the grounded metal tube, the charge on the pellets was reduced to approximately -0.31 nC/g. Thus, the charge level was reduced only by a factor of about ten and the polarity of the charge reversed to become negative. This would indicate that where single-phase static neutralizers are employed (i.e. the same AC high voltage being applied to the emitter points at the same time) and the metal tub grounded (i.e. adjacent ground), that neutralization would occur but a low level of residual static charge would be deposited on the pellets due to imbalance of the air ionizers. Suitable air pressure gauges 70 and 72 on the face of the cleaning apparatus enable the operator to feed air at a pre-determined pressure from compressed air sources (not shown) to the compressed air conduits 22 and 24 in order to inject the dirty granules through the injection tube B and into the elutriation column A to provide a fluidized bed at the desired level. The vacuum applied to the tubular conduit 12 is monitored by vacuum gauge 74 to ensure that adequate vacuum level is maintained and assure complete collection of the lighter weight particulate.

Claims: Apparatus for cleaning granules and the like having lighter weight particulate material entrained therewith, comprising: (a) a hollow elutriation column (A); (b) an injector means (B) for squirting dirty granules (10) on a stream of air into said elutriation column (A) to form a fluidized bed therein at a medial portion thereof; (c) an electrostatic ionizer means (D1,D2) coupled to the injector means (B) and subjecting the dirty granules (10) to bipolar ionization before the dirty granules (10) enter the elutriation column (A) whereby the granules (10A) are neutralized and release entrained particulate therefrom; (d) a suction means (E) for drawing off the lighter weight particulate material from the upper portion of the fluidized bed while allowing the heavier granules to separate therefrom and fall to the bottom of the elutriation column (A) by gravity; and (e) means to collect the falling clean granules for re-use, characterised in that the injection means (B) comprises a conductive tubular member supporting the electrostatic ionizer means and constituting a reference electrode therefor, said reference electrode (B) being isolated from ground whereby said electrostatic ionizer means (D1, D2) electrically floats with respect to ground in reverse phase disposition to effect balanced ion emission, the electrostatic ionizer means (D1, D2) comprising a pair of pointed electrodes facing one another within said conductive tubular member (B), and a high voltage A.C power supply having a centre-tapped-to-ground secondary coil whose opposite sides are coupled to the facing pointed electrodes. The apparatus according to claim 1, including a second electrostatic ionizer means (F1, F2) positioned in the elutriation column (A) below the fluidized bed. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the lower portion of the elutriation column (A) tapers down to an elongated narrow zone in which the second ionizer means (F1, F2) is disposed, the lower portion of the elutriation column (A) being conductive to constitute a reference electrode (B) for said second ionizer means (F1, F2). The apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the tube of the injection means is inclined with respect to the elutriation column (A) and having a port (4) communicating with a lower interior portion thereof. The apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the injection means (B) includes an air amplifier for transporting the dirty granules on a high speed stream of air into the elutriation column (A). The apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the injection (B) means propels the stream of dirty granules (10) against an impact pad (6) on a wall of the elutriation column (A) opposite a port (4) communicating with the lower interior portion of the elutriation column (A). The apparatus according to any preceding claim, including a U-shaped bend at the top of the elutriation column (A) for impeding the fine particulate drawn off by the suction means from falling back onto the fluidized bed and re-combining with the heavier granules. The apparatus of claim 7 including an ambient air inlet intermediate the U-shaped bend and the suction means to facilitate balancing the height of the fluidized bed in the elutriation column (A). The apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said reference electrode comprises a conductive conduit to the opposite portions of which the ionizers are supported with the pointed electrodes directed toward the interior portion thereof. The apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said reference electrode comprises a conductive tube, and said pair of ionizers are mounted to diametrically opposing portions thereof with the pointed electrodes directed interiorly. A method for cleaning granules having lighter weight particulate material entrained therewith, the method comprising the steps of: (a) feeding dirty granules (10) on a stream of bipolar ionized air into a vertically disposed elutriation column to effect neutralization of the granules and the entrained materials so as to produce multi-level fluidization thereof as a floating suspension within the elutriation column; (b) drawing off the lighter weight particulate material at the upper portion of the floating suspension by suction; (c) allowing the heavier weight cleaned granules to separate from the floating suspension by falling by gravity to the bottom of the elutriation column; and (d) collecting the cleaned granules at the bottom of the elutriation column for re-use, characterised in that the particles are injected through a conductive tube supporting electrostatic ionizer means and constituting a reference electrode therefor, said reference electrode (B) being isolated from ground whereby said electrostatic ionizer means (D1, D2) electrically floats with respect to ground in reverse phase disposition to effect balanced ion emission, the electrostatic ionizer means (D1, D2) comprising a pair of pointed electrodes facing one another within said conductive tubular member (B), and a high voltage A.C power supply having a centre-tapped-to-ground secondary coil whose opposite sides are coupled to the facing pointed electrodes. The method of claim 11 wherein the stream of bipolar ionized air is produced by exposing the dirty granules to dual phase emission from pairs of facing electrodes coupled to opposite sides of a high voltage AC transformer so that the emission from one static bar is 180° out of phase with that of the other. The method of claim 11 or 12 wherein the cleaned granules falling through the elutriation column are exposed to a second set of opposed static bars coupled to opposite sides of a high voltage AC transformer, the second set of opposed static bars having a reference electrode isolated from ground.

Inventors: GOOD TIMOTHY A, RODRIGO RICHARD D, GOOD, TIMOTHY A., RODRIGO, RICHARD D.
Applicants: ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS, ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS INC.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: B07B7
IPC codes: B07B7, H05F3, B07B11