Hydroconversion process

Abstract: Heavy oils may be hydrotreated in the presence of a porous alumina support bearing metals of Group VIII and VI-B and optionally phosphorus, the catalyst having a Total Surface Area of 165-230 m² /g, a Total Pore Volume of 0.5-0.8 cc.g, and a Pore Diameter Distribution whereby less than about 5% of the Total Pore Volume is present as primary micropores of diameter less than 80A, and secondary micropores of diameter of ± 20A of a Pore Mode of 100-135A are present in amount of at least about 65% of the micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250A, and 22-29% of the Total Pore volume is present as macropores of diameter >250A.

Description: This invention relates to a process for hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feed. More particularly it relates to a hydroconversion process employing catalyst with a specified pore size distribution. As is well known to those skilled in the art, it is desired to convert heavy hydrocarbons, such as those having a boiling point above about 540°C (1000°F), into lighter hydrocarbons which are characterised by higher economic value. It is also desirable to treat hydrocarbon feedstocks, particularly petroleum residues, to achieve other goals including hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrification (HDN), carbon residue reduction (CRR), and hydrodemetallation (HDM) - the latter particularly including removal of nickel compounds (HDNi) and vanadium compounds (HDV). These processes typically employ hydrotreating catalysts with specified ranges of pores having relatively small diameters (i.e. micropores, herein defined as pores having diameters less than 250Å) and pores having relatively large diameters (i.e. macropores, herein defined as pores having diameters greater than 250Å). US-A-5047142 (Dai et al) discloses a catalyst composition useful in the hydroprocessing of a sulfur- and metal-containing feedstock comprising an oxide of nickel or cobalt and an oxide of molybdenum on a porous alumina support in such a manner that the molybdenum gradient of the catalyst has value of less than 6.0 and 15-30% of the nickel or cobalt is in an acid extractable form, and having a surface area of 150-210 m 2 /g, a Total Pore Volume (TPV) of 0.50-0.75 cm 3 /g, and a pore size distribution such that less than 25% TPV is in pores having diameters of less than 100Å, 70.0-85.0% TPV is in pores having diameters of 100A-160Å and 1.0-15.0% TPV is in pores having diameters of greater than 250Å. US-A- 4941964 (Dai et al) discloses a process for the hydrotreatment of a sulfur- and metal- containing feed which comprises contacting said feed with hydrogen and a catalyst in a manner such that the catalyst is maintained at isothermal conditions and is exposed to a uniform quality of feed, the catalyst comprising an oxide of a Group VIII metal, an oxide of a Group VI-B metal and 0-2.0 weight % of an oxide of phosphorus on a porous alumina support, and having a surface area of 150- 210 m 2 /g and a Total Pore Volume (TPV) of 0.50-0.75 cm 3 /g such that 70-85% TPV is in pores having diameters of 100Å-160Å and 5.5-22.0% TPV is in pores having diameters of greater than 250Å. Early petroleum distillate hydrotreating catalysts generally were monomodal catalysts with very small micropore diameters (less than say 100Å) and rather broad pore size distributions. First generation petroleum resid hydro-treating catalysts were developed by introducing a large amount of macroporosity into a distillate hydrotreating catalyst pore structure to overcome the diffusion resistance of large molecules. Such catalysts, which are considered fully bimodal HDS/HDM catalysts, are typified by those described in US-A-4,395,328 and 4,089,774. Another approach to developing improved catalysts for petroleum resid processing has involved enlarging the micropore diameters of essentially monomodal catalysts (having no significant macroporosities) to overcome the above described diffusion limitations. Essentially monomodal catalysts with small micropore diameters and low macroporosities designed for improved petroleum resid HDS include those disclosed in US-A-4,738,944; 4,652,545; 4,341,625; 4,309,378; 4,306,965; 4,297,242; 4,066,574; 4,051,021; 4,048,060 (1st stage catalyst); 3,770,617; and 3,692,698. Essentially monomodal catalysts with larger micropore diameters and low macroporosities designed for improved petroleum resid HDM include those disclosed in US-A- 4,328,127; 4,309,278; 4,082,695; 4,048,060 (2nd stage catalyst); and 3,876,523. A recent approach to developing improved catalysts for petroleum resid processing has involved the use of catalysts having micropore diameters intermediate between the above described monomodal HDS and HDM catalysts, as well as sufficient macroporosities so as to overcome the diffusion limitations for petroleum bottoms HDS (i. e., sulfur removal from hydrocarbon product of a hydrotreated petroleum resid having a boiling point greater than 540°C but limited macroporosities to limit poisoning of the interiors of the catalyst particles. Catalysts with micropore diameters intermediate between the above-described monomodal HDS and HDM catalysts with limited macroporosities include those of US-A-4,941,964 and US-A-5,047,142. However, none of the above-identified catalyst types has been found to be effective for achieving desired levels of hydroconversion of feedstocks components having a boiling point greater than 540°C to products having a boiling point less than 540°C while simultaneously yielding a 540°C+ product having a lower sulfur content. It is an object of this invention to provide a process for hydrotreating a charge hydrocarbon feed. Other objects will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In accordance with a first aspect, this invention is directed to a method of catalytically hydroconverting a charge hydrocarbon feed containing components boiling above 540°C, together with sulfur, metals and asphaltenes which comprises: (a) contacting said charge hydrocarbon feed with hydrogen at isothermal hydrotreating conditions in the presence of, as catalyst, a porous alumina support bearing 3-6w% of a Group VIII metal oxide, 14.5-24w% of a Group VI-B metal oxide, and 0-6w% of a phosphorus oxide, said catalyst having a Total Surface Area of 165-230m 2 /g, and a Total Pore Volume determined by mercury absorption of 0.5-0.8 cm 3 /g; (b) thereby forming hydrotreated product containing decreased contents of components boiling above 540°C, sulfur, metals and asphaltene, and (c) thereafter recovering said hydrotreated product, characterised in that said catalyst used in said contacting step has a Pore Diameter Distribution determined by mercury absorption in which less than 5% of the Total Pore Volume is present as primary micropores of diameter less than 80Å, and secondary micropores of diameter within ±20Å of a Pore Mode of 100-135Å are present in a proportion of at least 65% of the micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250Å, and 22-29% (but excluding the proportion of precisely 22%) of the Total Pore Volume is present as macropores of diameter ≥250Å. In accordance with a second aspect, the invention is directed to a catalyst comprising a porous alumina support bearing 3-6w% of a Group VIII metal oxide, 14.5-24w% of a Group VI-B metal oxide, and 0-6w% of a phosphorus oxide, said catalyst having a Total Surface Area of 165-230m2/g, and a Total Pore Volume determined by mercury absorption of 0.5-0.8 cm 3 /g; characterised by a Pore Diameter Distribution determined by mercury absorption in which less than 5% of the Total Pore Volume is present as primary micropores of diameter less than 80Å, and secondary micropores of diameter within ±20Å of a Pore Mode of 100-135Å are present in a proportion of at least 65% of the micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250Å, and 22-29% (but excluding the proportion of precisely 22%) of the Total Pore Volume is present as macropores of diameter ≥250Å. The charge hydrocarbon feed which may be charged to the process of this invention may include heavy, high boiling petroleum cuts typified by gas oils, vacuum gas oils, petroleum cokes, residual oils, vacuum resid, etc. The process of this invention is particularly useful to treat high boiling oils which contain components boiling above 540°C to convert them to products boiling below 540°C. The charge may be a petroleum fraction having a boiling point of above 340°C characterised by presence of an undesirably high content of components boiling above 540°C, metals, sulfur, and asphaltenes. It is a particular feature of the process of this invention that it may permit treating of hydrocarbon charge, particularly those containing components boiling above about 540°C to form product which is characterised by an increased content of components boiling below 540°C and by decreased content of undesirable components typified by metals, sulfur and asphaltenes (herein defined as the quantity of n-heptane-insolubles minus the quantity of toluene-insolubles in the feedstock or product). A typical charge which may be utilized is an Arabian Medium/Heavy Vacuum Resid having the following properties: Property Value API Gravity 4.8 540°C+, vol% 87.5 540°C+, w% 88.5 540°C-, w% 11.5 Sulfur, w% 5.0 Total Nitrogen, wppm 4480 Hydrogen, w% 10.27 Carbon, w% 84.26 Alcor MCR, w% 22.2 Kinematic Viscosity, cSt @ 100°C (212F) 2430 @ 120°C (250F) 410 @ 150°C (300F) 117 Pour Point, °F 110 n-C 5 Insolubles, w% 28.4 n-C 7 Insolubles, w% 9.96 Toluene Insolubles, w% 0.02 Asphaltenes, w% 9.94 Metals, wppm Ni 49 V 134 Fe 10 Cu 3 Na 49 Total Metals wppm 245 Chloride, wppm 28 In practice of the process of this invention, the charge hydrocarbon feed is contacted with hydrogen at isothermal hydrotreating conditions in the presence of catalyst. Hydrogen is charged at a rate of 340-1690 Nm 3 /m 3 (2000-10,000 SCFB), preferably 500-1350, say 1180 Nm 3 /m 3 (3000-8000, say 7000 SCFB). Temperature of operation is typically 340-450°C (650°F-850°F), preferably 370-430°C (700°F-800°F), say 410°C (770°F). The operation is essentially isothermal; and the temperature may typically vary throughout the bed by less than about 11°C (20°F). Pressure of operation may be 313-727 MPa (1500-3500 psig), preferably 375-520 MPa (1800-2500 psig), say 468 MPa (2250 psig). The catalyst support is alumina. Although the alumina may be alpha, beta, theta or gamma alumina, it is preferred to utilize gamma alumina. The alumina substrate which may be employed yields a finished catalyst which is characterised by Total Surface Area, Total Pore Volume, and Pore Diameter Distribution. The Total Surface Area is 165-230, preferably 195-215, say 209 m 2 /g. The Total Pore Volume may be 0.5-0.8, preferably 0.73-0.8, say 0.77 cm 3 /g. The Pore Diameter Distribution is such that less than 5%, preferably 0-3%, say 1.9% of the Total Pore Volume is present as primary micropores of diameter of less than 80Å. Secondary micropores of pore diameter within ±20Å of a Pore Mode of 100Å-135Å, preferably 105Å-125Å, say 105Å, are present in amount of >65%, preferably 65-70%, say 68% of micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250Å. Macropores of diameter of at least 250Å are present in amount of 22-29% (but excluding the proportion of precisely 22%), preferably 25%-29%, say 26% of the Total Pore Volume. It should be noted that the Pore size Distribution in the finished catalyst and particularly the percentage of the secondary micropores of diameter 100-135Å in the finished catalyst are essentially the same as in the charge alumina from which it is prepared. The Total Surface Area, the Total Pore Volume, and the Pore Volume of the finished catalyst may be 90%-100%, say 97% of the charge alumina from which it is prepared. The alumina charge may be loaded with metals to yield a product catalyst containing a Group VIII oxide in amount of 3-6w%, preferably 3-3.5w%, say 3.2w%; a Group VI-B metal oxide in amount of 14.5-24w%, preferably 14.5-16.5w%, say 5.2w%; and a phosphorus oxide (P 2 O 5 ) in amount of 0-6w%, preferably 0-0.2w%, say ≤ 0.2w%. The Group VIII metal may be a non-noble metal such as iron, cobalt or nickel, or a noble metal such as ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium or platinum. This metal may be loaded onto the alumina typically from a 10%-50%, say 30% aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt (e.g. a nitrate, acetate, oxalate, etc.) The preferred metal may be nickel, employed as a 30w% aqueous solution of nickel nitrate. The Group VI-B metal may preferably be chromium, molybdenum or tungsten. This metal may be loaded onto the alumina typically from a 10%-25%, say 15% aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt such as ammonium molybdate. The phosphorus component, when employed, may be employed as a 20%-90%, say 85w% aqueous solution of phosphoric acid H 3 PO 4 . These catalyst metals (and phosphorus when present) may be loaded onto the alumina support by immersing the latter in a solution of the former. Although it is preferred to load the metals and phosphorus simultaneously, it is possible to load each separately. When phosphorus is not present, small amounts of H 2 O 2 may be added to stabilize the impregnating solution. Loading of each metal may be effected by immersing the alumina support in the aqueous solution for 12-36 hours, say 24 hours at 15°C-37°C, say 26°C, followed by draining, drying at 104°C-148°C, say 121°C for 2-10 hours, say 4 hours, and calcining at 482°C-648°C, say 590°C for 0.5-5 hours, say 0.5 hour. The charge alumina may preferably be formed into desired shape by casting or extrusion. Preferably the catalyst may be extruded to form cylinders of diameter by 0.9-1mm, say 0.95mm and length of 2.5-12.7mm, say 3.8mm. In practice of the process of this invention, the catalyst, preferably in the form of extruded cylinders of 0.95mm diameter and 3.8mm length may be placed within a reactor. The particle size distribution may be: >0.5 mm-0.5w% max; >5.0 mm 5w% max; >1.6 mm 10w% max; >2.5 mm 40w% max; and >15 mm 10w% max. The hydrocarbon charge is admitted to the lower portion of the bed in liquid phase at 343°C-426°C, preferably 371°C-426°C, say 410°C and 313-727 MPa, preferably 417-624 MPa, say 468 MPa. Hydrogen gas is admitted with the hydrocarbon charge in amount of 504-1680 Nm 3 /m 3 , preferably 840-1350 Nm 3 /m 3 , say 1180 Nm 3 /m 3 . The hydrocarbon charge passes through the bed at a LHSV of 0.1-3, preferably 0.3-1, say 0.56. During operation, the bed expands to form an ebullated bed with a defined upper level. Operation is essentially isothermal with a typical maximum temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of 0-28°C, preferably 0-17°C, say 8°C. In a less preferred embodiment, the reaction may be carried out in one or more continuously stirred tank re-actors (CSTR) which also provides essentially isothermal conditions. During passage through the reactor, preferably containing an ebullated bed, the hydrocarbon feedstock may be converted to lower boiling products by the hydrotreating reaction. In a typical embodiment, a charge containing 60w%- 95%, say 89w% boiling above 540°C and 0w%-30w%, say 12w% boiling in the 315 - 540°C range may be converted to a hydrotreated product containing only 35w%-65w%, say 58w% boiling above 540°C. The sulfur of the original charge is typically 5.0w%; the sulfur content of the unconverted 540°C + component in the product is typically 3.1w%. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this invention is characterized by advantages including the following: (i) it permits attainment of yield of hydrocarbon products boiling below 540°C; (ii) it permits operation to yield highly desulfurized hydrocarbon product; (iii) it permits operation to yield hydrocarbon product characterized by lower content of metals; (iv) the 340 - 540°C portion of the product is also characterized by a desirably lower content of nitrogen and sulfur; (v) the 540°C + component of the product is characterized by a significantly lower content of sulfur; (vi) the 540°C + component of the product is characterized by a significantly lower content of asphaltenes; (vii) the total liquid product is characterized by a low content of asphaltenes. Thus it would be expected to improve unit operability and to prevent unscheduled shutdowns caused by sediment deposition in the down-stream fractionation equipment. Practice of the process of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following wherein all parts are parts by weight unless otherwise stated. Control examples are designated by an asterisk. EXAMPLE I In this example which represents the best mode presently known of carrying out the process of this invention, the charge hydrocarbon is the Arabian Medium/Heavy Vacuum Resid having the properties set forth in the table supra. It should be noted that this charge hydrocarbon is particularly characterized by the presence of 87.5 v% of components having a boiling point above 540°C by a sulfur content of 5 w%, and by a total metals content of 245 wppm. The catalyst is prepared from a commercially available gamma alumina having the properties set forth in the Table which follows which notes the Total Surface Area TSA in square meters per gram of alumina, Total Pore Volume TPV in cubic centimeters per gram, and the Pore Volume PV, as a percent of TPV, arising from pores of noted diameter (Å): Property Finished Catalyst Charge Alumina TSA m 2 /g 197 224 TPV cc/g 0.78 0.99 PV%< 100Å 15 19 PV% 100Å-160Å 53 48 PV%< 160Å 68 67 PV%> 160Å 32 33 PV%> 250Å 26 26 PV% 500Å-10,000Å 22 22 This alumina (780g) in the form of extrudate of diameter of 0.9-1mm is impregnated at 27°C (80°F) with 820 ml aqueous solution which contains 122g of nickel nitrate hexahydrate and 185g of ammonium molybdate and 40 ml of hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst is dried at 121°C (250°F) for 4 hours and calcined at 590°C (1095°F) for 30 minutes. The product catalyst is characterised as follows: Component W% Mo0 3 15.2 Ni0 3.2 Si0 2 ≤ 2.5 S0 4 ≤ 0.8 Na 2 0 ≤ 0.1 P 2 0 5 < 0.2 It is also characterized by essentially the same Total Pore Volume, Total surface Area, and Pore Size Distribution percentages as is the charge alumina (note Table supra) - but the Total Surface Area and the Total Pore Volume may decrease somewhat. The catalyst (100 parts) is in the form of cylinders of 1mm diameter and 3.8mm length. The catalyst is dried at 26°C for 24 hours followed by calcining at 543°C for 1 hour. This catalyst is placed within the reaction vessel in which an ebullated bed is to be maintained. Charge hydrocarbon is admitted in liquid phase at 410°C and 468 MPa to the ebullated bed at a space velocity LHSV of 0.56. Hydrogen is admitted in amount of 1180 Nm 3 /m 3 . Product is collected and analyzed to yield the following data: Property Value % Sulfur Removal 63 % Carbon Residue Reduction 45 % Ni Removal 54 % V Removal 75 % S In Unconverted 540°C + Fraction 3.0 % S In 340°C-540°C Fraction 1.05 % Hydroconversion of 540°C+ to 540°C - Materials 40.2 % N In 340°C-540°C Fraction 0.22 Upon distillation to recover (i) a first cut from the initial boiling point to 340°C, (ii) a second cut from 340°C to 5.40°C, and (iii) a third cut above 540°C , the following is noted: EXAMPLE I Product Cut 1 : up to 340°C Sp.Gr. 0.85 Sulfur w% 0.25 Cut 2 : 340°C-540°C Sp.Gr. 0.93 Sulfur w% 1.05 Total N wppm 2242 Basic N wppm 812 Cut 3 : 540°C+ Sp.Gr. 1.03 Sulfur w% 3.07 From the above Table, it is apparent that the process of this invention permits increasing the conversion of the materials boiling below 540°C up to 40.2w%. The Sulfur content of the 540°C+ fraction is decreased (from 5.0w% in the feed) down to 3.1w%. The metals content is decreased (from 245 wppm) down to 85 wppm. The process of this invention typically shows an Asphaltene Cracking Advantage (when measured against the prior art commercial control catalyst of Example VII) of 8.5. The asphaltene content of the 540°C+ component of the product obtained by using this invention catalyst is 10.36w% relative to 11.95 wt% for the prior art commercial control catalyst. The process of this invention typically shows a Hydrodemetallation Advantage (when measured against the prior art commercial control catalyst of Example VII) of 8.5. The Hydrodemetallation (HDV) Advantage is calculated as the weight % HDV measured for a particular example (X) minus the weight % HDV of a Standard (Y), this difference being divided by the weight % HDV of the Standard. The asphaltene content of the 540°C component of the product obtained by using this invention is 10.36w%. A typical prior art control catalyst yields 11.95w% asphaltenes. EXAMPLE II-VII * In experimental Example II-III, the catalyst is prepared as in Example I except that it contains different amounts of catalytic metals, different TPV, TSA, and Pore Size Distribution - all as set forth in the Table which follows. Also included are control Examples IV*-VII*. Control Example V* utilizes a commercially available NiMo catalyst (the HDS-1443 B brand of catalyst marketed by Criterion Catalyst Co.). Average Advantage for Hydrodemetallation (%) (from 0.035 to 1.05 m 3 /kg Catalyst Age) Catalyst HDV HDNi Example I +2.2 +9.5 Example VII Base = 0 Base = 0 Example IV -5.0 +3.6 Example V -4.2 +6.7 Example VI -10.3 -3.2 From the above Table, it is apparent that the process of this invention shows higher levels of vanadium and nickel removal than the control examples. The Hydrodemetallation Advantage calculated for Examples I, IV, V and VII* is: Example Hydrodemetallation Advantage HDV HDNi I +2.2 +9.4 IV* -5.0 +3.6 V* -4.2 +6.7 VI* -10.3 -3.2 VII* (Control) 0 0 The Average Catalytic Activity in weight % is determined over the age range of 0.035 - 1.05 m 3 /kg. From the above Tables, the following conclusions may be drawn: (i) The catalysts of Examples I-II of this invention permit attainment of desirable results when used in hydrodesulfurization and asphaltene conversion; (ii) the process of the instant invention permits a high level of denickelization (HDNi) of the charge; (iii) the process of the instant invention permits a high level of asphaltene cracking conversion. (iv) the process of the instant invention permits a high level of hydro demetallation (HDM) of the charge; (v) the process of the instant invention permits a high level of carbon residue reduction (CCR); and (vi) the process of the instant invention permits conversion of feedstock components having a boiling point above about 540°C to product components having a boiling point less than 540°C ;

Claims: A method of catalytically hydroconverting a charge hydrocarbon feed containing components boiling above 540°C, together with sulfur, metals and asphaltenes which comprises: (a) contacting said charge hydrocarbon feed with hydrogen at isothermal hydrotreating conditions in the presence of, as catalyst, a porous alumina support bearing 3-6w% of a Group- VIII metal oxide, 14.5-24w% of a Group VI-B metal oxide, and 0-6w% of a phosphorus oxide, said catalyst having a Total Surface Area of 165-230m 2 /g, and a Total Pore Volume determined by mercury absorption of 0.5-0.8 cm 3 /g; (b) thereby forming hydrotreated product containing decreased contents of components boiling above 540°C, sulfur, metals and asphaltene, and (c) thereafter recovering said hydrotreated product, characterised in that said catalyst used in said contacting step has a Pore Diameter Distribution determined by mercury absorption in which less than 5% of the Total Pore Volume is present as primary micropores of diameter less than 80Å, and secondary micropores of diameter within ±20Å of a Pore Mode of 100-135Å are present in a proportion of at least 65% of the micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250Å, and 22-29% (but excluding the proportion of precisely 22%) of the Total Pore Volume is present as macropores of diameter ≥250Å. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said porous support is gamma alumina. A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein said Group VI-B metal is molybdenum. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein said Group VIII metal is nickel. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein said secondary micropores having diameters within ±20Å of a Pore Mode of 100Å - 135Å are present in amount of 65%-70% of the micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250Å. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein said contacting is carried out in an ebullated bed. A method as claimed in claim 1 which comprises contacting said charge hydrocarbon feed with hydrogen at isothermal hydrotreating conditions in the presence of, as catalyst, a porous alumina support bearing 3.0-3.5% NiO, 14.5-16.5% MoO 3 , and < 0.2w% of P 2 O 5 , said catalyst having a Total Surface Area of 165-230 m 2 /g, a Total Pore Volume of 0.73-0.8 cm 3 /g, and a Pore Diameter Distribution whereby 0-3% of the Total Pore Volume is present as primary micropores of diameter less than 80Å, and secondary micropores having diameters within +20Å of a Pore Mode of 105Å-125Å are present in amount of at least 65% of the micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250Å, and 25-29% of the Total Pore Volume is present as macropores of diameter greater than 250Å, thereby forming hydrotreated product containing decreased contents of components boiling above 5400C, sulfur, metals, and asphaltenes. A catalyst comprising a porous alumina support bearing 3-6w% of a Group VIII metal oxide, 14.5-24w% of a Group VI-B metal oxide, and 0-6w% of a phosphorus oxide, said catalyst having a Total Surface Area of 165-230m2/g, and a Total Pore Volume determined by mercury absorption of 0.5-0.8 cm 3 /g; characterised by a Pore Diameter Distribution determined by mercury absorption in which less than 5% of the Total Pore Volume is present as primary micropores of diameter less than 80Å, and secondary micropores of diameter within ±20Å of a Pore Mode of 100-135Å are present in a proportion of at least 65% of the micropore volume having pores with diameter less than 250Å, and 22-29% (but excluding the proportion of precisely 22%) of the Total Pore Volume is present as macropores of diameter ≥250Å.

Inventors: DAI PEI-SHING EUGENE, NELSON GERALD VERDELL, NONGBRI GOVANON, PRATT RAY EARL, SHERWOOD DAVID EDWARD JR, DAI, PEI-SHING EUGENE, NELSON, GERALD VERDELL, NONGBRI, GOVANON, PRATT, RAY EARL, SHERWOOD, DAVID EDWARD, JR.
Applicants: TEXACO DEVELOPMENT CORP, TEXACO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C10G45
IPC codes: C10G47, C10G45, B01J35, C10G49, B01J27, C07B61, B01J23