Bone-related carboxypeptidase-like protein and process for its production

Abstract: A bone-related carboxypeptidase-like protein named OSF-5 which is obtained from bone tissue of a mammal including mouse or human, and a process for its production. This protein is a novel naturally occurring mammal protein which belongs to a group of carboxypeptidase molecules. OSF-5 acts as an adhesion molecule or a growth factor which takes part in the process of osteogenesis at the site of bone induction. OSF-5 can be used as an agent for treating bone metabolic diseases, and its high organ specificity for bones enables its use as a diagnostic reagent for bone metabolic diseases.

Description: This invention provides a novel bone-related protein. Named OSF-5, this protein belongs to a group of carboxypeptidase molecules. The OSF-5 can be obtained from bone tissue of a mammal including mouse or human. The present invention also provides a process for producing the OSF-5 by recombinant DNA technology using cultured cells such as animal cells. Bone metabolic diseases include osteoporosis, Paget's disease, osteomalacia, hyperostosis, and osteopetrosis. Osteoporosis, in particular, has a high incidence enough to affect about more than a half of postmenopausal women and elderly people, and effective methods for its diagnosis and treatment have been strongly desired. Bone metabolic diseases involve some disorder of bone metabolism at the cellular level in bone tissue. The discovery, isolation and identification of factors associated specifically with bone metabolism are very effective for elucidating this disorder. A cell line of osteoblasts, which play a major role in osteogenesis, was used in the present invention to identify a proteinaceous factor produced specifically by this cell line. Therefore, the present invention refers to a novel protein named OSF-5 which is substantially bone-specific, and which has a high homology with various known carboxypeptidases in terms of amino acid sequence. OSF-5 can also be produced from the DNA sequence described in the present specification by an ordinary genetic engineering technique known in the art. Furthermore, the OSF-5 or its fragment can be produced from the amino acid sequence described in the specification by a chemical peptide synthesis method. Moreover, that fragment of the DNA sequence of the OSF-5 described in the present invention which has a high specificity particularly for other carboxypeptidase can be synthesized with a length of 15 to 50 bases by an ordinary chemical oligonucleotide synthesis method. That fragmentary sequence can be used as a DNA probe for finding and identifying bone-derived cells. This identification of bone-derived cells is useful particularly for grasping the origin of metastatic or recurrent carcinoma, thus leading to an appropriate therapy for recurrent cancer. Of the partial peptides of the OSF-5, the peptide in the epitope portion that can be recognized by antibodies is usable for preparing a monoclonal antibody specific for OSF-5. The resulting monoclonal antibody is of marked value for identifying bone-derived cells by an immunological cell tissue staining method. The following is known about the proteins in a group of carboxypeptidases where the OSF-5 belongs. Remarkable progress in the study of physiologically active peptides has made the importance of carboxypeptidases clearer. Carboxypeptidases are roughly classified, according to their active center, into metallo carboxypeptidases (E.C.3.4. 17), serine carboxypeptidases (E.C.3.4. 16), and cysteine carboxypeptidases (E.C.3.4. 18). These carboxypeptidases release amino acids specific for them from the C-terminus of a peptide or protein. The metallo carboxypeptidases include basic carboxypeptidases closely related to peptide hormones. Typical of them are carboxypeptidases B, N, H (E) and M. Carboxypeptidase B was discovered as an enzyme to release arginine from protamine. It is widely present as a precursor in the mammalian pancreas, is activated in the digestive tract by the action of trypsin, and plays a role in digestion in cooperation with other digestive enzymes. Carboxypeptidase N (kininase I) is detected in the plasma of animals, and deactivates bradykinin and anaphylatoxin, thus taking part in the homeostasis of kinins. Carboxypeptidase H (enkephalin convertase) was identified as a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of enkephalins. This enzyme is involved in the processing of peptide hormone precursors, and is localized in secretory granules. Carboxypeptidase M is a cell membrane-bound enzyme capable of controlling the receptor specificity of peptide hormones on the cell surface. Thus, the functions of carboxypeptidases are classified into at least three, (1) to generate active peptides from inactive peptide precursors, (2) to deactivate active peptides, and (3) to change the receptor specificity of peptides (Skidgel, (1988), Trends Pharmacol. Sci. vol. 9, pp. 299-304). Growth factors and local factors, such as parathyroid hormone, interleukin-1, calcitonin, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), insulin-like growth factor (IGF) or fibroblast growth factor (FGF), take part in the process of bone remodeling. Normal bone remodeling is maintained when the biological activity of these factors is strictly controlled. Much is unknown about the mechanisms of this control, but one of the possible mechanisms is by local proteases. Many proteases are present in vivo, of which carboxypeptidases can be noticed for such a mechanism. Namely, carboxypeptidases localized in bone tissue may control the biological activity of the peptide factors involved in bone metabolism. Recently, enkephalinase, a neutral metalloendopeptidase, has been shown to inhibit bone resorption in vitro (Ibbotson et al. (1992), J. Bone Miner. Res., vol. 7, pp. 273-279). Thus, light is gradually being shed on the protease-catalyzed control of bone metabolism. During bone remodeling, the osteoid is digested by collagenase and plasminogen activator (an enzyme activating collagenase) which may be synthesized mainly in osteoblasts. As a result, the underlying calcified matrix is exposed, and osteoclasts are directed there for resorption of the bone matrix. There is a possibility that carboxypeptidases may be included in the group of proteases synthesized by osteoblasts during the bone remodeling process. The carboxypeptidases may further decompose the degradation products formed by the action of the collagenase and plasminogen activator of osteoblasts. They may also play the role of a scavenger after osteoclasia, i.e. the role of further degrading digested pieces formed by acids or proteases secreted by osteoclasts, thereby creating an environment in which osteoblasts act efficiently at the site of the calcified matrix having undergone osteoclasia. Furthermore, when osteoclasts absorb the calcified matrix, growth factors such as TGF-β are secreted normally in the inactive form. These growth factors may be activated by carboxypeptidases. By removing the C-terminal amino acid residue, carboxypeptidases are assumed to supply materials, such as amino acids, necessary for bone formation (protein synthesis) by osteoblasts. However, osteoblast-specific carboxypeptidases have not been known. Thus, the object of the present invention is to find new carboxypeptidases which are expressed specifically in bone cells, especially osteoblasts. Such bone-derived carboxypeptidases can be generally used for the C-terminal analysis of proteins. Furthermore, because of their bone origin, they control the activity of peptide hormones that act on bone tissue. Besides, they promote the digestion of osteoid tissue as well as the supply of amino acids, and function as a scavenger. Through these actions, they can be expected to treat various bone metabolic diseases. cDNA of mouse OSF-5 was isolated from the mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 cDNA library constructed by a combination of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and the subtraction method, and cloned by the differential screening technique. The resulting clone was named OSF-5, and its DNA sequence determined. Search through the currently available DNA and amino acid sequence data bases showed the DNA sequence of the OSF-5 to be novel. OSF-5 has a typical signal sequence (25 amino acid residues) generally known to be present in a secretory protein, but contains no typical transmembrane region. OSF-5 has lysine- and proline-rich four-fold repeating units each composed of the 11 amino acid residues, Lys-Pro-Lys-Glu-Lys-Pro-Pro-Lys-Ala-Thr-Lys, at the 116th to 159th positions from the N-terminus. These 11 amino acid residues show weak homology with prolactin receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, gamma aminobutyric acid receptor, serotonin receptor, histone H1, and so on. At the 423rd to 531st positions, there is a domain homologous with the phospholipid binding region of blood coagulation factor VIII. The phospholipid binding region of blood coagulation factor VIII may bind to phospholipids on the cell membrane surface. Thus, said domain directs the OSF-5 itself to the cell membrane surface of particular cells (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, etc.) where the OSF-5 is to function. This action can be used for targeting the OSF-5 at bone tissue as in a drug delivery system. At the 544th to 1027th positions, there is a carboxypeptidase H-homologous domain, which contains almost all regions of carboxypeptidase H. This carboxypeptidase-like domain acts as a controlling element for peptide hormones and cytokines during the process of bone metabolism. Peptides were synthesized which corresponded to 11 amino acid residues (KPKEKPPKATK) at the 116th to 126th positions, and 15 amino acid residues each at the 482nd to 496th positions (GYEEMTFYGNVDKDT), at the 557th to 571st positions (SYKDMRQLMKAVDEE), at the 701st to 715th positions (WAAEEKKWVPYRVPN), and at the 872nd to 886th positions (PHESELPREWENNKE), each derived from the hydrophilic regions of OSF-5. Each peptide was conjugated with ovalbumin, and used for immunization of rabbits. Anti-OSF-5 peptide antisera obtained were used for immunohistochemical detection of OSF-5 in systemic slices of the mouse neonate. OSF-5 was detected in the osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Generally, the OSF-5 can be directly extracted from bone tissue or cartilage tissue of a human, bovine, murine or other source by a known biochemical technique. Moreover, the mouse OSF-5 of the present invention can be used to isolate and identify other mammalian OSF-5 proteins similar in DNA sequence and amino acid sequence. That is, the DNA coding for the OSF-5 can be obtained by constructing a cDNA library or a genomic library from mRNA extracted from vertebrate bone tissue, and using a probe comprising a labeled fragment of the mouse DNA sequence disclosed in the present specification. A full length cDNA clone can be obtained by combining the above-described and other standard techniques on molecular biology. The present invention further provides polypeptides comprising analogues of OSF-5, i.e. mutants and fused proteins having OSF-5 activity, as well as fragments containing at least 11, preferably 15, particularly the main part of the OSF-5 namely the Factor VIII-like domain and/or the carboxypeptidase-like domain. This invention also provides a process for producing the OSF-5 by recombinant DNA technology. According to the present application, the term hybridization under stringent conditions means hybridization condition with a salt concentration of 6 x SSC (NaCI-citrate puffer) at 62-68 °C. Brief Explanation of Figures and Tables Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of the structure of mouse OSF-5 precursor protein. OSF-5 is divided into four regions consisting of a signal sequence, four fold repeating sequence composed of 11 amino acids, blood coagulation factor VIII-like region which may bind to phospholipid on the cell membrane surface, and carboxypeptidase-like region. Figure 2 shows a restriction enzyme map of cDNA coding for mouse OSF-5. The bold letters indicate the region coding for the amino acid of OSF-5. There are no KpnI, HindIII , SaII and XbaI sites. Figure 3 shows the tissue-specific expression of mouse OSF-5. This was analyzed by purifying RNA from various tissue and cultured cells followed by RNA dot blotting. This diagram shows the results of autoradiography. Table 1 shows an alignment of the amino acid sequences of mouse OSF-5 and other carboxypeptidase molecules. Common amino acid residues are shown in the form of a consensus. Table 2 shows a continuation of the alignment of the amino acid sequences of mouse OSF-5 and other carboxypeptidase molecules shown in Table 1. Common amino acid residues are shown in the form of a consensus. Table 3 shows a continuation of the alignment of the amino acid sequences of mouse OSF-5 and other carboxypeptidase molecules shown in Table 2. Common amino acid residues are shown in the form of a consensus. Table 4 shows an alignment of the amino acid sequences of mouse OSF-5 and the phospholipid binding region of other blood coagulation factors. Common amino acid residues are shown in the form of a consensus. It is mentioned that the contents of the Japanese priority application No. 230029/92 and 324033/92 are part of the present application. Examples The present invention will be described in more detail by reference to the following Examples: Example 1 Construction of cDNA library by subtraction and PCR The construction of a cDNA library specific for the osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 will be hereinafter described. This cDNA library is constructed by a combination of the subtraction method and the PCR with the gene expressed in mouse liver tissue being subtracted. Each cDNA clone has gene fragments with an average length of about 300 bases, and is characterized in that the gene with a low content has been amplified. Unless otherwise specified, all general recombinant DNA protocols complied with Sambrook et al., "Molecular Cloning Manual" (1989), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, U.S.A. Total RNAs were extracted from 8x10 7 MC3T3-E1 cells and about 1 g of mouse liver tissue by the guanidine method. Poly A + RNAs were purified from the total RNAs by means of the commercially available product "Oligo dT Latex mRNA Purification Kit" (Takara Shuzo). cDNAs were synthesized by a cDNA synthesis kit (Amersham) using 1 µg of each poly A + RNA as a template. However, a random primer was used, instead of an oligo dT primer, in an amount of 1.5 times its ordinary amount used, whereby the cDNA chain elongation was restricted to an average length of about 300 bases. After the cDNAs were made double-stranded blunt-ended by use of the above kit, they were joined with T4 DNA ligase (Takara Shuzo) to the below-described two DNA linkers, i.e. ATOS-1/2 (Sequence ID Nos. 2 and 3 of the Sequence Table) for the MC3T3-E1 cDNA, and ATOS-4/5 (Sequence ID Nos. 4 and 5 of the Sequence Table) for the liver cDNA. Then, each reaction product was subjected to DNA amplification by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method using ATOS-1 and ATOS-4, respectively, as primers. The amplified DNA concentration was determined with the DNA assay kit "DNA Dipstick" (Invitrogen). The subtraction method was performed using photobiotin (Pirce). Photobiotin (20 ng) was added to 20 µg of the PCR-amplified liver cDNA, and light from a sunlamp 10 cm apart was projected onto the liver cDNA for 10 minutes to label it with biotin. To 3.0 µg of the labeled liver cDNA was added 0.3 µg of unlabeled MC3T3-E1 cDNA for hybridization. Then, streptavidin (Takara Shuzo) was reacted, and the reaction mixture was extracted with phenol to remove cDNA common to the liver cDNA from the MC3T3-E1 cDNA. The subtraction method was repeated to remove as much of the common cDNA as possible from the MC3T3-E1 cDNA. DNA was amplified by PCR using the aforementioned ATOS-1, and the DNA concentration was measured. This cDNA (10 ng) was digested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, and then ligated with T4 ligase to 1 µg of the phage vector lambda gt10 (lambda gt10/EcoRI cloning kit, Stratagene) which was digested with EcoRI and dephosphorylated at its ends. The resulting recombinant DNA was packaged into lambda phage particles by use of the in vitro packaging kit "Gigapack-gold" (Stratagene). The recombinant phages were infected into E. coli C600 (preserved as HT003 at Japanese Cancer Research Resources Bank, National Institute of Health of Japan), and the organisms were applied to an agar medium along with a soft agar medium to form phage plaques. The efficiency of infection was determined to be 3x10 6 phage plaques/µg vectorDNA. The resulting cDNA library was subjected to differential screening to select clones with a high specificity for MC3T3-E1. Specifically, 2.25x10 4 phages were applied to total 10 plates, and the resulting plaques on each plate were transferred to two nylon membrane filters (total 20 filters). These series of plaques were subjected to plaque hybridization using as the probe radiolabeled MC3T3-E1 cDNA for one of the series, and radiolabeled liver cDNA for the other series. In 273 clones, expression was observed with the MC3T3-E1 cDNA probe, but not with the liver cDNA probe. These clones were used as a mini-library in subsequent experiments. Example 2 Isolation of mouse OSF-5 clone A description will be made of methods to identify a cDNA fragment of OSF-5 as an MC3T3-E1 specific clone from the mini-library constructed in Example 1, and to clone full length cDNA from the cDNA library of MC3T3-E1 with the use of this fragment. The total RNAs from MC3T3-E1 and liver prepared in Example 1 were spotted in an amount of 1 µg each onto nylon membrane filters. 273 of the filters were prepared, and used for hybridization to be described later on. Separately, the DNA of the inserts of the 273 phage clones prepared in Example 1 was amplified by PCR. This DNA was agarose gel electrophoresed, and main bands were cut out, purified, and radiolabeled for use as a probe. A clone showing expression with MC3T3-E1 cDNA but no expression with liver cDNA upon autoradiography was recloned into a plasmid vector. Specifically, the DNA of the inserts amplified by PCR and then purified was digested with the restriction enzyme EcoRI, and recloned into the EcoRI site of the plasmid vector pUC118 (Takara Shuzo). The DNA sequence of the resulting clone was determined with commercially available "DNA Sequence Kit" (Takara Shuzo) using a universal primer. Search through DNA and protein data bases showed that DNA sequence to constitute a novel clone dissimilar to the existing DNAs or proteins. This clone was designated as pMCLS68, and used for subsequent cloning of the full length cDNA. For cloning of the full length cDNA, blund-ended double-stranded cDNA was synthesized with the cDNA synthesis kit "cDNA Synthesis System Plus" (Amersham) using 5 µg of the poly A + RNA of MC3T3-E1 purified in Example 1. The resulting cDNA was ligated to EcoRI/NotI adaptor (Takara Shuzo) using T4 ligase, and the product was agarose gel electrophoresed to purify a fragment more than about 700 base pair long. This fragment was joined to the EcoRI site of lambda gt10 phage vector (Stratagene), and packaged into phage particles in the same way as in Example 1. The packages were infected into E. coli as in Example 1, and the efficiency of infection was determined to be 1.5x10 7 phage plaques/µg vector DNA. The aforementioned pMCLS68 was radioactively labeled for use as a probe, and 1.0x10 6 phage clones of the cDNA library were screened by plaque hybridization. Five positive hybridization signals were obtained, whereafter the EcoRI fragment of the phage clone with the longest insert was recloned into the EcoRI site of the plasmid vector pUC118 (Takara Shuzo). The resulting clone was designated as pKOT20. Example 3 DNA sequence of mouse OSF-5 Deletion mutants of the pKOT20 and a subclone containing its cDNA fragment were prepared with "the Deletion Kit for Kilo Sequence" (Takara Shuzo) by cutting at intervals of 300 base pairs in each opposite direction. The DNA sequence of each deletion mutant was determined with the automatic DNA sequencer 373A (Applied Biosystems, U.S.A.). The entire DNA sequence of the cDNA, and an amino acid sequence translated from this DNA sequence are shown as Sequence ID No. 1 of the Sequence Table. No. 1 of the amino acid residue corresponds to the N-terminus of the predicted OSF-5 precursor protein. The protein encoded by this cDNA was designated as OSF-5. The structure of the resulting mouse OSF-5 protein is schematically shown in Fig. 1, and the restriction enzyme map of the cDNA coding for mouse OSF-5 is shown in Fig. 2. Search through DNA and protein data bases showed that the resulting DNA sequence contained the phospholipid binding domain of blood coagulation factor VIII, as well as domains homologous with all domains of carboxypeptidase H. Alignments of amino acids between mouse OSF-5 and other carboxypeptidase molecules are shown in Tables 1 to 3, and an alignment of amino acids between mouse OSF-5 and the phospholipid binding domains of other blood coagulation factors are shown in Table 4. Example 4 Tissue specific expression of mouse OSF-5 RNA dot blotting was performed to investigate the tissue specific expression of mouse OSF-5. The total RNAs of the thymus, spleen, brain, kidney, liver, lung, testis and heart of mice (purchased from Nippon Clea) were prepared by the guanidine method. Calvarial osteoblast-rich cells were obtained from a culture of newborn mice calvaria. Total RNA was extracted from these cells in the same way as described above. One µg of the total RNA each from the above-mentioned tissues, calvarial cultured cells, MC3T3-E1 and mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3 (ATCC CRL 1658) were dotted onto nylon membrane filters (Biodyne, PALL), fixed by heating, and used for hybridization. Separately, the pKOT20 was digested with Sphl, and isolated by agarose gel electrophoresis for purification. Then, the isolate was radioactively labeled and used as a probe. Autoradiography indicated high expression for the calvarial cultured cells and MC3T3-E1 (Fig. 3). Example 5 Preparation of anti-OSF-5 antisera In preparing anti-peptide antibodies against mouse OSF-5, total five peptides, i.e. 11 amino acid residues at the 116th to 126th positions from the N-terminus of the repeating domain, 15 amino acid residues at the 482nd to 496th positions of the blood coagulation factor VIII-like domain, and 15 amino acid residues each at the 557th to 571st, the 701st to 715th, and the 872nd to 886th positions of the carboxypeptidase-like domain, were synthesized by the solid phase synthesis method using a peptide synthesizer (430A, Applied Biosystems). The synthetic peptides were, respectively, OSF-5.1 (KPKEKPPKATK, Sequence ID No. 6), OSF-5.2 (GYEEMTFYGNVDKDT, Sequence ID No. 7), OSF-5.3 (SYKDMRQLMKAVDEE, Sequence ID No. 8), OSF-5.4 (WAAEEKKWVPYRVPN, Sequence ID No. 9), and OSF-5.5 (PHESELPREWENNKE, Sequence ID No. 10). These synthetic peptides were each joined to ovalbumin using glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent, and used for immunization of rabbits. The resulting antisera could be used to search immunohistochemically for the presence of OSF-5 in newborn mouse systemic slices, and to detect the expression of OSF-5 in E. coli, yeast and animal cells. Example 6 Expression of OSF-5 in animal cells Not fragment containing the cDNA domain of mouse OSF-5 was cloned using pRc/CMV, a vector for expression in animal cells. The resulting plasmid DNA was introduced into Chinese hamster ovarian cells (CHO) by the calcium-phosphate coprecipitation method. The resulting G418-resistant colonies were isolated and proliferated so that each clone was analyzed for OSF-5 expression by Northern blotting analysis. The cloned cells with the highest expression of OSF-5 were analyzed by Western blot analysis, whereby a band with about 80 kilodaltons was detected. OSF-5 provided by the present invention can be used as an agent for treating bone metabolic diseases, and because of its high organ specificity for bones, it can also be used as a diagnostic reagent for bone metabolic diseases.

Claims: A protein comprising OSF-5 having an amino acid sequence at the 26th to 1128th positions in Sequence ID No.1 of the Sequence Listing, or an analogue of the OSF-5, i.e. mutants and fused proteins having OSF-5 activity, or an immunogenic fragment of the OSF-5 containing at least 11, preferably 15, particularly the main part of the OSF-5 namely the Factor VIII-like domain and/or the carboxypeptidase-like domain amino-acids. A protein comprising an OSF-5 precursor protein having an amino acid sequence at the 1st to 1128th positions, including a signal peptide at the 1st to 25th positions, in Sequence ID No. 1 of the Sequence Listing; or an analogue of the precursor protein i.e. mutants and fused proteins having OSF-5 activity or an immunogenic fragment of the precursor protein containing at least 11, preferably 15, particularly the main part of the OSF-5 namely the Factor VIII-like domain and/or the carboxypeptidase-like domain amino-acids. DNA or RNA coding for the protein of Claim 1 or 2. DNA or RNA which hybridizes under stringent conditions with DNA or RNA according to claim 3 and encoding a protein as defined in Claims 1 or 2. A process for the production of a recombinant mammalian OSF-5 protein according to claim 1, or an analogue thereof, or a fragment thereof as defined in Claim 1 comprising the steps of: (a) obtaining a population of cells containing a heterogeneous DNA composed of the following DNA sequences: (i) a sequence which can function in the cells to control transcription and translation, and (ii) a DNA sequence joined downstream of said controlling sequence to code for said recombinant protein, and (b) culturing said population of cells under conditions which permit the production of said recombinant protein. The process of Claim 5 wherein the controlling sequence further contains a DNA coding for a signal peptide for secreting said recombinant protein extracellularly such that said DNA is positioned immediately upstream of said DNA sequence coding for said recombinant protein. The process of Claim 5 or 6 wherein the population of cells is Escherichia coli, or yeast, or mammalian cells. A diagnostic reagent for bone metabolic diseases, containing the whole or a fragment of the DNA or RNA of Claim 3. A diagnostic reagent for bone metabolic diseases, containing the protein of Claim 1. A polyclonal or monoclonal antibody against the protein of Claim 1. A diagnostic reagent for bone metabolic diseases, containing the antibody of Claim 10. A therapeutic agent for bone metabolic diseases, containing the protein of Claim 1.

Inventors: AMANN EGON DR, KAWAI SHINJI, OKAZAKI MAKOTO, TAKESHITA SUNAO, AMANN, EGON DR., KAWAI, SHINJI, OKAZAKI, MAKOTO, TAKESHITA, SUNAO, KAWAI, SHINJI,, OKAZAKI, MAKOTO,, TAKESHITA, SUNAO,
Applicants: HOECHST MARION ROUSSEL LTD, HOECHST MARION ROUSSEL, LTD.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12P21, A61P43, C07K14, C07K16, A61K38, C12N9, G01N33, A61P3, C12N15, A61P19, A61K39