FOUNDRY MIXES CONTAINING A POLYETHER POLYOL AND THEIR USE

Abstract: This invention relates to foundry mixes which comprise a dry foundry aggregate and a polyurethane-forming foundry binder. The binder components include a polyether polyol component and an organic polyisocyanate component which is cured with a liquid tertiary amine catalyst. The foundry mixes are used to prepare foundry shapes made from foundry mixes by a no-bake process. The resulting foundry shapes are used to cast metal parts from ferrous and non ferrous metals.

Description: rOUND Y "IXΞ£ CONTAINING A POLYETHΞR POLYC AND THEIR USE TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to foundry mixes whicn comprise a dry founαry aggregate, a polyuretnane-for mg founαry binder, and a liquid amine curing catalyst. The binder comprises a polyetner polyol component and an organic polyisocyanate component. The founαry mixes are used to prepare foundry snapes made from foundry mixes by a no-bake process. The cinders αo not contain any free formaldehyde cr pnenol, and are preferably solventless and oαorless, which results m less stress to the environment. The resulting founαry snapes are used to cast metal parts from ferrous and non ferrous metals. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the foundry industry, one of the processes used for making metal parts is sand casting. In sand casting, disposable foundry shapes (usually characterized as molds and cores) are made by shaping and curing a foundry mix which is a mixture cf sand and an organic or inorganic binder. The binder s used to strengthen the molds and cores. One cf the processes used in sanα casting for majcmg molds and cores is the no-bake process. In this process, a foundry aggregate, cinder, and liquid curing catalyst are mixed and compacted to proαuce a cured mold and/or core. In the no-Dake process, t s important to formulate a foundry mix whicn will provide sufficient worktime to allow snapmg. Worktime is the time oetween wnen mixing begins ana wnen tne mixture can no longer be effectively snaped to fill a mold cr core. A bmαer commonly used n tne no-na e process s a polyuretnane cmαer αerived ny curing a poiyuretnane- formmg cinder with a liquid tertiary amine catalyst. Sucr. poiyuretnane-rcrmmg cmαers useα tne no-ca e process, nave proven satisfactory ror casting sucn metals as iron cr steel wn cr. are normally cast at temperatures exceeding about 2500 degrees Fahrenheit. They are also useful in the casting cf light-weight metals, such as aluminum, which have melting points of less than 1500 degrees Fahrenheit. The polyurethane-forming binder usually consists of a phenolic resin component and polyisocyanate component which are mixed with sand prior to compacting and curing. Both the phenolic resin component and polyisocyanate component generally contain a substantial amount of organic solvent which can be obnoxious to smell and can create stress for the environment. Because of this, there is an interest in developing binders which do not require the use of organic solvents. British Patent Specification 1 203 943 discloses a foundry binder which purports to be solventless, yet effective. The foundry molds and/or cores disclosed in this patent are prepared from a foundry mix consisting of a (1) a wet foundry aggregate and (2) a polyurethane- forming foundry binder comprising (a) a polyether polyol having a hydroxyl value above 200 milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of polyether polyol and a functionality of at least 2.5 (b) an organic polyisocyanate, and (c) an organo-metallic or amine catalyst. The foundry mix is compacted into a mold and allowed to harden until the mix has sufficient dimensional stability so that it can be removed from the mold. The patent states that the amount of the water in the foundry aggregate is from 2 to 7% by weight based upon the weight of the foundry aggregate. The patent suggests that the water in the aggregate may contribute advantageously to an earlier attainment of dimensional stability in the foundry shape. It also states that excess polyisocyanate is desirable to compensate for the presence of water. The examples show an isocyanate index of 130. The patent is otherwise rather indefinite. For instance the amount of the catalyst level is not given in any cf the examples. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a foundry mix comprising as a mixture: (a) a dry foundry aggregate; (b) a polyurethane binder comprising: (1) a polyether polyol component; and (2) an organic polyisocyanate component; and (c) a catalytically effective amount of a liquid tertiary amine catalyst wherein components (1) and (2) are compatible with each other. The invention also relates to the use of these foundry mixes in a no-bake process for preparing foundry shapes, and the use of these foundry shapes to cast metal parts. The binders of the foundry mixes do not contain any free formaldehyde or phenol and preferably do not use solvents and thus are odorless, which creates less stress to the environment than conventional polyurethane-forming binders. The foundry shapes prepared with the binders also show good shakeout when used to make metal castings. Finally, the metal castings do not exhibit as much lustrous carbon as those made with many other commercial binders. This is significant because lower lustrous carbon results in reduced casting defects. BEST MODE AND OTHER MODES OF PRACTICING THE INVENTION The polyether polyols which are used in the polyurethane-forming foundry binders are liquid polyether polyols or blends cf liquid polyether polyols having a hydroxyl number cf from about 200 to about 600, preferably about 300 to about 500 milligrams cf KOH based upon one gram of polyether polyol. The viscosity cf the polyether polyol is from 100 to 1,000 centipoise, preferably from 200 to 700 centipoise, most preferably 300 to 500 centicoise. The ooivetner toivols av nave crimarv and/or seconαary r.yαrcxy__. groups. These poiycis are commercially available and their metnoα cf preparation ana aeterm ing tneir nyaroxyl value s well Known. The polyether polyols are prepared by reacting an ai>:ylene oxiαe witn a polynyαric alcohol in tne presence cf an appropriate catalyst sucn as sodium netnoxide acccrαmg to ethoαs well >:nown the art. Any suitable aiκylene oxide or mixtures of alkylene oxides may DΘ reacted with tne polyhyαr c aiconol to prepare the polyether co yols. The alkylene oxides used to prepare the polyetner polyols typically nave from two to six caroon atoms. Representative examples include ethylene oxiαe, propyiene cxiαe, outylene oxide, a ylene oxide, styrene oxiαe, or mixtures thereof. The polyhydπc alconois typically used to prepare the polyether polyols generally nave a functionality greater than 2.0, preferably from 2.5 to 5.0, most preferably from 2.5 to 4.5. Examples include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propyiene glycol, trimethylol propane, and glycerine. Although not preferred, minor amounts of phenolic resin and/or amme-baseα polyols can be added to the polyether polyol. By minor amounts, t is meant that less that 20 weight percent cf pnenolic resin and/or a me- oaseα polyo ^ _s aααeα oaseα upon tne weight cf tne polyether polyol, usually less tnan 15 weight percent and preferably less tnan 5 weight percent, said weight percent based upon the weight cf the polyether polyol component. If a phenolic resin is added to the polyether polyol, the preferred phenolic res s used are benzylic ether phenolic res s whicn are specifically described m U.S. Patent 3,485,797 whicn s hereby incorporated by reference into this disclosure. Althouσn not preferrεα, organic solvents may be added to the polyether polyol component, particularly f a oenzylic ether pnenolic resi s used with the polyetner polyol. The amount of solvent used s generally less tnan 30 weiαnt cercent, usually less tnan 1Ξ weiσnt percent, preferaoly less tnan 5 weignt percent baseα upon the total weignt cf the polyether polyol component. Other optional ingredients wnicn may be added to the polyether include release agents and adhesion promoters, such as silanes described in U.S. Patent 4,540,724 which is hereoy incorporated into this disclosure by reference, to improve humidity resistance. Organic polyisocyanates used in the organic polyisocyanate component, which act as a hardener, are liquid polyisocyanates having a functionality of two or more, preferably 2 to 5. They may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, or a hybrid polyisocyanate. Mixtures cf such polyisocyanates may be used. The polyisocyanates snouid have a viscosity of aoout 100 to aoout 1,000, preferaoly aoout 200 to aoout 600. Representative examples of polyisocyanates wnich can be used are aliphatic polyisocyanates such as hexa ethylene diisocyanate, alicyclic polyisocyanates such as 4 , 4 '-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, and aromatic polyisocyanates such as 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and dimethyl derivates thereof. Other examples of suitable polyisocyanates are 1 , 5-naphthalene diisocyanate, triphenylmethane tπisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, and the methyl derivates thereof, polymethylenepolypnenyl lsocyanates, chlorophenylene-2 , -diisocyanate, and the like. The polyisocyanates are used in sufficient concentrations to cause the curing of the polyether polyol when cured with the liquid amine curing catalyst. In general the isocyanate ratio of the polyisocyanate to the hydroxyl of the polyether polyol resin is from 1.25:1.0 to 0.75:1.0, preferably about 0.9:1.0 to 1.1:1.0, and most preferably aoout 1.0:1:0. The polyisocyanate preferably contains a natural oil wnich may include unmodified natural oils as well as their various Known modifications, e.g., the neat bodied air- blown, cr oxygen-clown oils sucn as blown linseeα c i and clown soycean oil. They are generally classified as esters cf ethyien cali nsaturated fatty acids. Preferably the viscosity cf tne natural oil is from A to J on the Garαner Holt viscosity index, more preferably from A to D, ana most preferaoly A to B. Preferably the acid value of the natural oil s from aoout 0 to about 10, more preferably aoout 0 to aoout 4, and most preferably about 0 to aoout 2 as measured by the number of milligrams of potassium nyαroxide needed to neutralize a 1 gram sample of tne natural oil. The natural oils are used m an effective amount sufficient to improve the tensile strength of the foundry snapes maαe witn tne c αers. This amount will generally range from aoout 1 percent by weignt to about 15 percent by weight, most preferably about 2 percent to about 10 percent by weignt, cased upon the weight of the organic polyisocyanate. Representative examples of natural oils which are used the isocyanate component are linseed oil including refined linseed oil, epoxidized linseed oil, alkali refined linseed oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, RBD Canola oil, refined sunflower oil, tung oil, and dehydrated castor oil. Preferably used as the natural o l are purer forms of natural oils wnicn are treateα to remove fatty acids and other impurities. These purer forms of natural oils typically consist of tπglycerides and less than 1 weight percent cf impurities such as fatty acids and other impurities. Specific examples cf these purer natural oils are purified Imseed oils, such as Supreme Linseed Oil manufactured by Cargill Corporation, having an acid value of aoout 0.30 maximum and a viscosity of A and purified soycean oils sucn as refined soycean oil having an acid value of less than 0.1 and viscosity of A to B. Drying oils, for example tnose disclosed m U.S. Patent 4,268,425, may also oe used tne polyisocyanate component. Drying oils may oe synthetic or natural occurrmα ana mciuae σivceriaes cf fattv acids wnicn conta two cr -ore doucie conαs vnerecy oxygen on exposure to a r can oe acscroed to give peroxides wnicn catalyze tne polymerization of tne unsaturated portions. Optional ingredients sucn as release agents and solvents may also oe used the organic polyisocyanate component. Althougn not prererred, solvents may be used m the organic polyisocyanate component and/or polyether polyol. If solvents are used ir. eitner, tnose skilled in the art will know now to select them. Typical organic solvents which are used include aromatic solvents, esters, or ethers, preferably mixtures cf these solvents. Generally, these solvents are used in amounts less than acout 20 weight percent cased upon the weight of the organic polyisocyanate component, preferably less than 5 weight percent. The cinder is preferably made available as a three package system with the polyether polyol component in one package, the organic polyisocyanate component in the second package, and the catalyst in the third package. When making foundry mixes, usually the binder components are combined and then mixed with sand or a similar aggregate to form the foundry mix cr the mix can be formed cy sequentially mixing tne components with the aggregate. Preferably tne polyether polyol and catalyst are first mixed with tne sand before mixing the isocyanate component with the sand. Methods of distributing the binder on the aggregate particles are well-known to those skilled m the art. The mix can, optionally, contain other ingredients such as iron oxide, ground flax fibers, wood cereals, pitch, refractory flours, and the like. The liquid a me catalyst is a case having a pKv, value generally m tne range cf aoout 7 to about 11. The term "liquid amme" s meant to include amines wnich are liquid at amoient temperature cr those m solid form wnicn are dissolved m appropriate solvents. The pK_ value is tne neσat ve loαaritnm cf the dissociation constant cf the — S — case and is a well-known measure of the basicity of a basic material. The higher this number is, the weaker the base. The bases falling within this range are generally organic compounds containing one or more nitrogen atoms. Preferred bases are heterocyclic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom in the ring structure. Specific examples of bases which have pl^ values within the necessary range include 4-alky1 pyridines wherein the alkyl group has from one to four carbon atoms, isoquinoline, arylpyridines such as phenyl pyridine, pyridine, acridine, 2-methoxypyridine, pyridazine, 3- chloro pyridine, quinoline, N-methyl imidazole, N-ethyl imidazole, 4 ,4 '-dipyridine, 4-phenylpropylpyridine, 1- methylbenzimidazole, and 1,4-thiazine. Preferably used are bicyclic tertiary amines such as DABCO 33 LV and DBU sold by Air Products Company, and diethylenetriamine. The amines have boiling points of at least 100*C, most preferably at least 200 * C. In view of the varying catalytic activity and varying catalytic effect desired, catalyst concentrations will vary widely. In general, the lower the pK j , value is, the shorter will be the worktime of the composition and the faster, more complete will be the cure. Solvents and any acidity present in added ingredients such as sand may affect the catalytic activity. In general, however, catalyst concentrations will be a catalytically effective amount which generally will range from about 0.5 to about 5.0 percent by weight of the polyether polyol, preferably 1.0 percent by weight to 3.0 percent by weight, most preferably 1.0 percent by weight to 2.5 percent by weight based upon the weight of the polyether polyol. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the catalyst level is adjusted to provide a worktime for the foundry mix of 3 minutes to 10 minutes, preferably ε minutes to about 10 minutes, and a striptime of about 4 minutes to 12 minutes, preferably 9 minutes to about 10 minutes. Worktime is defined as the time interval after ixing the polyisocyanate, polyether, and catalyst and the time when the foundry shape reaches a level of 60 on the Green Hardness "Ξ" Scale Gauge sold by Harry W. Dietert Co. , Detroit, Michigan. Striptime is time interval after mixing the polyisocyanate, polyether, and catalyst and the time when the foundry shape reaches a level of 90 on the Green Hardness "B" Scale Gauge. In this preferred embodiment, the ratio of the isocyanate groups of the polyisocyanate to hydroxyl groups of the polyether polyol is preferably about 0.9:1.0 to about 1.1:1.0, most preferably about 1.0:1:0, the hydroxyl number of the polyether polyol is from about 200 to about 500, and the weight ratio of polyisocyanate to polyether polyol is from about 55:45 to about 45:55, preferably about 50:50. These parameters provide optimum worktime, striptime, and tensile properties. Various types of aggregate and amounts of binder are used to prepare foundry mixes by methods well known in the art. Ordinary shapes, shapes for precision casting, and refractory shapes can be prepared by using the binder systems and proper aggregate. The amount of binder and the type of aggregate used is known to those skilled in the art. The preferred aggregate employed for preparing foundry mixes is sand wherein at least about 70 weight percent, and preferably at least about 85 weight percent, of the sand is silica. Other suitable aggregate materials for ordinary foundry shapes include zircon, olivine, aluminosilicate, chromite sand, and the like. In ordinary sand type foundry applications, the amount of binder is generally no greater than about 10% by weight and frequently within the range of about 0.5% to about 7% by weight based upon the weight of the aggregate. Most often, the binder content for ordinary sand foundry shapes ranges from about 0.6% to about 5% by weight based upon the weight cf the aggregate in ordinary sand-type foundry shapes. The agσreσate emoioved with the catalvzed binder in proαucmg tne founαry mix snouid ce suff ciently dry so tnat a nandleaole founαry snape results after a worktime of 2 to 13 minutes and a strip time of 4 to 12 minutes. Generally the amounts of moisture in tne aggregate is less than aoout C.5 per cent cy weight, preferably less than aoout 0.2 percent by weight, and most preferably less than about 0.1 percent by weignt caseα on the weight of the sand. EXAMPLES The examples wnich follow will illustrate specific embodiments cf the invention. These examples along with the written description will enable one sκilied the art to practice the invention. It is contemplated that many other embodiments of the invention will be operable besides those specifically disclosed. In all cf the examples, the test specimens, unless otherwise indicated, were produced by the no-bake process using DABCO 33 LV, a bicyclic tertiary amine sold by Air Products Company, as a 33 percent solution in dipropylene glycol. All parts are by weight and all temperatures are in °C unless otherwise specified. Unless otnerwise indicated, tne foundry mixes were prepared by first mixing WEDRON 540 sand with the polyether polyol and catalyst for about 2 minutes. Then the MONDUR MR was mixed with the mixture cf sand, polyether, and catalyst for aoout 2 minutes. The amount of polyether polyol and polyisocyanate was such that the ratio of hydroxyl groups cf the polyether polyol to isocyanato groups cf the polyisocyanate was about 1:1 and the weight ratio of polyether polyol to polyisocyanate was aoout 50:50. The binder level and amounts of polyisocyanate and polyether, plus any ether components are given in the tables wnicn follow. Measuring the tensile strength cf tne dog bone snapes enables one to predict how the mixture cf sand and binder will worκ n actual foundry operations. Lower tensile strengths for the snapes mαicate that the polyether polyol and polyisocyanate reacted more extensively during mixing with the sand prior to forming founαry snapes, and thus were not suitable for rormmg foundry snapes. The founαry snapes were stored 1 hour, 3 hours and 24 hours a constant temperature room at a relative humidity cf 5C% and a temperature of 25 °C before measuring their tensile strengths. Unless otherwise specified, the tensile strengths were also measured en snapes stored 24 hours at a relative numidity (RH) cf 100%. The following terms were used in tne examples: MONDUR MR = an organic polyisocyanate commercially available from MILES, INC. having a functionality of 2.5 to 2.7. PLURACOL POLYOL TP-440 = a polyether polyol, sold commercially by BASF, having an OH value of 398, prepared by reacting propyiene oxide with trimethyolpropane. * RH relative humidity. SLO = Supreme Linseed Oil ST = striptime. WT = worktime. O/W = on weignt cf. BOS = based on sand. EXAMPLE 1 and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES A-F Examples 1 and 2 are within the scope of the sucject invention and were prepared with dry sand. Comparative Examples A-F are the same as Example 1 except varying amounts of moisture were added to the sand as indicated in Table I. Additionally, m Comparative Examples B and D, the isocyanate index was varied from 1:1 to 1.3:1 to corresDond with the index snown m British Patent .-. s e ic example cr εnotnsr ommerceally availaDie poiverr.er pc yc- w.-.icr. _= effective s M'LTPAKCl 91ΞS oive-r.sr coivo. ΞOIC rv .".lies, Ir.c. ≤pecification 1 203 943. The data in Table I indicate that the foundry mixes prepared with dry sand and solventless binders perform effectively. They further indicate that these same binders do not perform effectively on wet sand which is surprising in view cf the teachings as shown in British Patent Specification 1 203 943. This indicates that there is a difference between the subject invention and the invention described in the British catent. TABLE I EFFECT OF MOISTURE .S nuj 4(HX(g W lmii S 10 Hinder 15 ~r DOS ( al 1'olyιl 10 <__<> I 20 WΛ O , /ft . , PCT/US93/08299 WO 94/0s44 / EXAMPLES 2 and 3 In Example 2 , the procedure of Example 1 was repeated. Example 3 s a repeat of Example 2 except five weight percent of the MONDUR MR organic polyisocyanate 5 was replaced with SLC, Supreme Linseed Oil. Obviously the weight ratio of polyisocyanate to polyether was affected by this addition. The weight ratio of polyether to polyisocyanate for Example 2 was 51.6/48.4 while the weight ratio for Example 3 , the formulation containing the 10 SLO, was 50.3/49.7. The results of the experiment are show in TABLE II. The experiments indicate that the tensile strengths of the test specimens are improved with the addition of the SLO. 15 TABLE II ADDITION OF SUPREME LINSEED OIL TO THE ISOCYANATE Smil lOOOg Wcdion 5)1) Hindi r I 5 ', DOS I 1 r > EXAMPLES 4-6 and COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES G-I Again the procedure of Example 1 was followed except the catalyst level was varied. These examples show the effect of catalyst levels on worktime and striptime. Table III indicates that, in order to obtain adequate worktime and striptime, the catalyst level must be from about 0.75 weight percent to about 2.25 weight percent based upon the total weight of the polyether polyol. TABLE III EFFECT OF CATALYST LEVEL Sand 4 ( KI()g Wedron 5 10 lliiulu 1 5 % IIOS 1 0 CO PARATIVE EXAMPLES J-L Comparative Examples J-L illustrate the effect of using polyether polyols with hydroxyl numbers outside the claimed range. VORANOL 230-660 polyether polyol, used in Comparative Examples J and K, is a trifunctional polyether polyol having a hydroxyl number of 660 and a viscosity of 850 cps. PLURACOL 726 polyether polyol, used in Comparative Example L, is a trifunctional polyether polyol having hydroxyl number of 55 and a viscosity of 420 cps. The data in Table IV which follows indicates that these polyols are not effective in achieving the results demonstrated by the subject invention. TABLE IV EFFECT OF HYDROXYL VALUE Sand 400( ) g Wedi n 40 Hinder: I 5 ','v IIOS Catalyst D.IIK O W I V 10 1 5 PI- = Polyether ISO -Isocyanate Voianol 230 tø.O is liiliiiiclional 20 Plnracol 726 is tiifunclioual

Claims: 7 -20- CLAIMS We Claim: 1. A no-bake foundry mix having a worktime from about 3 to 10 minutes and a striptime from about 4 to 12 minutes comprising in admixture: (a) a foundry aggregate containing less than 0.2 percent by weight of moisture, said weight based upon the total weight of the foundry aggregate; (b) a binder comprising: (1) a polyether polyol component comprising a polyether polyol having (i) a functionality greater than 2.0; (ii) a hydroxyl number of from about 200 to about 600; and (iii) a viscosity of from about 100 centipoise to about 1000 centipoise at 25° C; and (2) an organic polyisocyanate component wherein components (1) and (2) are compatible with each other; and (c) from about 0.75 weight percent to about 2.25 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the polyether polyol, of a liquid tertiary amine catalyst. 2. The foundry mix of claim 1 wherein the polyether polyol has a hydroxyl number of 200 to 500, a functionality of from about 2.5 to about 4.0, and a viscosity of from about 300 centipoise to about 500 centipoise at 25° C. 3. The foundry mix of claim 2 wherein the tertiary amine catalyst is a bicyclic tertiary amine. 4. The foundry mix of claim 3 wherein the amount of moisture in the aggregate is less than about 0.1 weight percent based upon the total weight cf the aggregate. 5. The foundry mix of claim 4 wherein the polyisocyanate is mixed with a natural oil. 6. The foundry mix of claim 5 wherein the tertiary amine catalyst is triethylenediamine. 7. The foundry mix of claim 6 wherein the natural oil is Supreme Linseed Oil. 8. A no-bake process for the fabrication of foundry shapes having a worktime from about 3 to 10 minutes and a striptime of from about 5 to 12 minutes comprising: (a) mixing a dry foundry aggregate with a bonding amount of up to about 10% by weight, based upon the weight of the aggregate, of a binder composition comprising: (1) a polyether polyol component comprising a polyether polyol having (i) a functionality greater than 2.0; (ii) a hydroxyl number of from about 200 to about 600; and (iii) a viscosity of from about 100 centipoise to about 1000 centipoise at 25° C; (2) an organic polyisocyanate component; and (3) from about 0.75 weight percent to about 2.25 weight percent based upon the total weight of the polyether polyol of a liquid bicyclic tertiary amine catalyst, wherein components (1) , (2) , and (3) are compatible with each other; (b) introducing the foundry mix obtained from step (a) into a pattern; (c) allowing the foundry mix to harden in the pattern until it becomes self-supporting; and (d) thereafter removing the shaped foundry mix of step (c) from the pattern and allowing it to further cure, thereby obtaining a hard, solid, cured foundry shape. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein the polyether polyol has a hydroxyl number of 200 to 500, a functionality of from about 2.5 to about 4.0, and a viscosity of from about 300 centipoise to about 500 centipoise at 25° C. 10. The process of claim 9 wherein the catalyst is a bicyclic tertiary amine. 11. The process of claim 10 wherein the amount of moisture in the aggregate is less than about 0.1 weight percent based upon the total weight of the aggregate. 12. The process of claim 11 wherein the polyisocyanate is mixed with a natural oil. 13. The process of claim 12 wherein the bicyclic tertiary amine catalyst is triethylenediamine. 14. A foundry shape prepared in accordance with claim 8. 15. A foundry shape prepared in accordance with claim 13. 16. A process for casting a low melting metal which comprises: (a) fabricating a shape in accordance with claim 8; (b) pouring said low melting metal while in the liquid state into and around said shape; (c) allowing said low melting metal to cool and solidify; and (d) then separating the molded article. 17. A metal casting prepared in accordance with claim 16.

Inventors: CARPENTIER WILLIAM G, DUNNAVANT WILLIAM R, CARPENTIER, WILLIAM, G., DUNNAVANT, WILLIAM, R.
Applicants: ASHLAND OIL INC, ASHLAND OIL, INC.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: B22C1
IPC codes: B22C1, C08G18, C08K5, C08L75