Method of forming submicron contacts

Abstract: A conductive structure (14) is formed on the integrated circuit. A dielectric layer (24) is formed over the integrated circuit. A contact opening (25) is formed in the dielectric layer exposing a portion of the underlying first conductive structure (20). A barrier layer (26) is formed on the dielectric layer (24) and in the contact opening (25). A substantially conformal layer (28) is formed over the barrier layer (26) and in the contact opening (25). The conformal layer (28) is partially etched away wherein the conformal layer remains only in a bottom portion of the contact opening. A second conductive layer is formed over the barrier layer and the remaining conformal layer.

Description: The present invention relates generally to semiconductor integrated circuit processing, and more specifically to an improved method of forming submicron contacts. The trend to continue to miniaturize semiconductor integrated circuits to achieve submicron feature sizes and increase the number of devices fabricated on the integrated circuit has required smaller isolation areas between devices. In addition, step coverage has posed a major problem for integrated circuit manufacturers even into the late 1980s. Poor step coverage can be found at the sharp vertical step metal to substrate contacts, metal to metal vias, and metal crossovers. As dimensions shrink, conventional techniques used to improve step coverage fall short of expectations and are limited to stringent design criteria. Forming reliable submicron contacts for integrated circuit applications has received widespread attention in the microelectronics industry. Metal films, for example, are used extensively for surface wiring. The metallization process of wiring components together begins with etching contact openings or vias through the various layers down to the active regions within a semiconductor substrate, or to contact an underlying polycrystalline silicon or a metal interconnect layer. A conductive metal is then deposited over the surface of the wafer in a manner that provides good contact with the underlying active devices. Increasing chip density and smaller geometries have decreased the available area for surface wiring. Because of its physical properties, aluminum is especially well suited for fabrication of metal interconnects. Among the properties which make aluminum so useful is the fact that it is very conductive, it forms a good mechanical bond with various dielectric layers generally used in the semiconductor industry, and it makes a good ohmic contact with both N and P type semiconductors. However, the sputtering process used to apply aluminum thin film layers to an integrated circuit generally results in less than ideal filling of contact vias. Large aluminum grains tend to form on the upper surface of the insulating layer. These grains which form at the edges of the contact via tend to block the contact opening before the aluminum has a chance to completely fill the contact via. This blockage produces a thinner layer of aluminum along the sides of the insulating layer, resulting in voids and uneven structures within the via. This blockage also leads to non-uniform current densities in the metal interconnect. This problem is enhanced as circuit devices are fabricated using smaller geometries. The uneven thickness of the aluminum layer going into the via, caused by the step coverage problem described above, has an adverse impact on device functionality. If the voids in the via are large enough, contact resistance can be significantly higher than desired. In addition, the thinner regions of the aluminum layer will be subject to the well known electromigration problem. This problem can cause eventual open circuits at the contacts and premature failure of the devices. The devices must be designed so that the current density in the aluminum interconnect lines does not become high enough to cause rapid electromigration. The thinner regions of the aluminum layer tend to occur over abrupt height changes on the surface of the integrated circuit. Many approaches have been used to try to ensure good metal contact to lower interconnect levels. For example, refractory metal layers have been used in conjunction with the aluminum interconnect layer to improve conduction through a via. Sloped via sidewalls have been used to improve metal filling in the via. The use of sloped sidewalls is becoming less common as device sizes shrink because they consume too much area on a chip. Even with these techniques, the problems of completely filling a via with aluminum are not solved. In part, this is due to the fact that aluminum is deposited at a temperature which tends to encourage fairly large grain sizes. Voids and other irregularities within the contact continue to be problems with current technologies. DE-A-3915337 discloses a process for producing a low-impedance planar contact metallization for large-scale integrated semiconductor circuits. In order to improve planarity, the contact openings in an insulating layer are, following the deposition of an electrically conductive layer, filled with a planarizing material over which a metallization layer is applied. It would be desirable to provide a technique for manufacturing reliable submicron contacts for integrated circuits whereby contact openings are completely filled improving coverage in contact vias. It would further be desirable to provide a technique for plugging the contact opening to achieve improved step coverage and reliable devices. It is further desirable that such a technique be compatible with current standard process flows. The invention may be incorporated into a method for forming a semiconductor device structure, and the semiconductor device structure formed thereby, by forming a contact opening in a first dielectric layer exposing a portion of an underlying first conductive layer. A barrier layer is formed over the integrated circuit and in the contact opening. A dielectric plug is then formed in the bottom of the contact opening. A second conductive region is formed over the barrier layer and in the contact opening. The present invention provides a method according to claim 1 of forming submicron contacts of an integrated circuit, comprising the steps of: forming a contact opening in a first dielectric layer exposing a portion of an underlying first conductive layer; forming a barrier layer over the integrated circuit and in the contact opening; forming a dielectric plug in a lower portion of the contact opening; forming a conductive plug in an upper portion of the contact opening on top of the dielectric plug. The present invention further provides a structure according to claim 14 consisting of a portion of a semiconductor device, comprising: a dielectric layer having an opening therethrough exposing a portion of an underlying conductive structure; a barrier layer disposed over the dielectric layer and in the opening, said barrier layer comprising a refractory metal; a dielectric plug filling a lower portion of the opening; and a conductive plug on top of said dielectric plug and within an upper portion of the opening. The present invention may provide a method in which the dielectric layer comprises BPSG. The present invention may provide a method or structure in which the refractory metal nitride layer comprises titanium nitride. The present invention may provide a method or structure in which the refractory metal layer comprises titanium. The present invention may provide a method or structure in which the refractory metal layer comprises tungsten. The refractory metal nitride layer may be formed by chemical vapor depositions. The present invention may provide a method in which the conformal layer comprises oxide. The present invention may provide a method in which the conformal layer comprises polysilicon. The present invention may provide a structure in which the plug comprises oxide. The present invention may provide a structure in which the plug comprises polysilicon. The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, and further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figures 1-4 are cross-sectional views of the fabrication of a semiconductor device structure according to the present invention. Figures 5-6 are cross-sectional views of an alternative fabrication of a semiconductor device structure according to the present invention. The process steps and structures described below do not form a complete process flow for manufacturing integrated circuits. The present invention can be practiced in conjunction with integrated circuit fabrication techniques currently used in the art, and only so much of the commonly practiced process steps are included as are necessary for an understanding of the present invention. The figures representing cross-sections of portions of an integrated circuit during fabrication are not drawn to scale, but instead are drawn so as to illustrate the important features of the invention. Referring to Figure 1 , an integrated circuit device is to be formed on a silicon substrate 10. A field oxide region 12 is formed on the substrate to separate active areas. A conductive structure such as a transistor gate is formed on the substrate by known methods comprising gate electrode 14 disposed over a gate oxide 16. The transistor will also comprise oxide spacers 18 and source/drain regions 20. Another conductive structure 22 such as a polysilicon signal line may be formed over the field oxide region 12. A conformal dielectric layer 24 is formed over the integrated circuit. This dielectric layer may be borophosphorous silicate glass (BPSG), typically having a thickness of between approximately 500 to 1000 nanometres (5000 to 10000 angstroms). The BPSG layer 24 is then generally reflowed to form a more planarized layer. Referring to Figure 2 , a contact opening 25 is formed. A photoresist layer (not shown) is formed over the dielectric layer and patterned by methods known in the art. The dielectric layer 24 is etched using a dry, anisotropic etch process to form the contact opening 25 through the dielectric layer 24 exposing the underlying conductive structure 20. The photoresist layer would then be removed. A conformal barrier layer 26 is then formed over the dielectric layer 24 and in the opening 25. Barrier layer 26 is typically a refractory metal nitride such as titanium nitride or a titanium/titanium nitride composite or a tungsten/titanium nitride composite having a thickness between approximately 50 to 300 nanometres (500 to 3000 angstroms). The barrier layer is typically formed by deposition techniques such as sputtering or chemical vapor deposition. Once the barrier layer has been formed, it is annealed to form a silicide in the bottom of the contact opening which repairs crystal damage in the substrate. This annealing process also activates the dopants. The titanium nitride is annealed after formation. The titanium deposited before the titanium nitride, if formed, may be annealed before the titanium nitride is deposited. A conformal layer 28 is formed over the barrier layer 26 and in the opening 25. Conformal layer 28 may comprise an oxide having a thickness of between 100 to 400 nanometres (1000 to 4000 angstroms). The use of a high temperature oxide, ie, less than 800°C, or the use of polysilicon conforms to the underlying terrain thus completely filling the contact opening. Referring to Figure 3 , conformal layer 28 is etched back so that only a plug 30 remains in the bottom of the contact opening. The barrier layer 26 acts as an etch stop during the step which etches the conformal layer 28. The amount of the plug remaining in the contact opening depends in part on the material used to form the plug and its resulting capacitance. A conductive layer 32 is then formed over the integrated circuit. The conductive layer 32 may be aluminum, an aluminum alloy or tungsten. Referring to Figure 4 , the conductive layer 32 may be etched back to form a conductive plug 34 in the opening 25 and on top of the plug 30. If layer 32 is etched back it may form a more planar surface for subsequently formed layers. Referring to Figure 5 , an alternative method of forming a contact opening and plug is shown. A polysilicon layer is formed over the first dielectric layer 24 and in the opening 25. This polysilicon layer is then etched back to form sidewall polysilicon spacers 36 along the sidewalls of the contact opening 25. A barrier layer 38 is formed according to the process steps described above. Referring to Figure 6 , the barrier layer is annealed to form a silicide region 40 along the polysilicon sidewalls and in the bottom of the contact opening. A plug 42 and a conductive layer 44 are formed according to the process steps described above. The conductive layer 44 may also be etched back to form a conductive plug, as shown. Forming a plug in the bottom of the contact opening has several advantages. The plug further separates aluminum from the substrate, thus acting as an additional barrier to prevent spiking. The aspect ratio (step height/contact diameter) of the contact opening is much smaller after the dielectric plug is formed. Aluminum can then be deposited at higher temperatures with greater step coverage. The current "crowding" effect tends to confine most of the current to the periphery or the walls of the conductive material in a contact opening. Therefore, forming a plug from such materials as oxide or a non-conducting cylinder in the contact opening does not significantly change the current flow path. The current will flow through the conductive material around the plug taking the path of least resistance. Thus, the plug has little impact on device performance. Even though the introduction of the plug may change the electrical conductance of the interconnect structure, however, in submicron devices, this change will be relatively insignificant. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the process steps described above can be used with nearly any conventional process flow. While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope of the dependent claims.

Claims: A method of forming submicron contacts of an integrated circuit, comprising the steps of: forming a contact opening (25) in a first dielectric layer (24) exposing a portion of an underlying first conductive layer (20); forming a barrier layer (26;38) over the integrated circuit and in the contact opening (25), said barrier layer comprising a refractory metal; forming a dielectric plug (30;42) in a lower portion of the contact opening (25); and forming a conductive plug (34;44) in an upper portion of the contact opening (25) on top of the dielectric plug (30;42). The method of claim 1, wherein said step of forming said contact opening comprises: forming said first conductive layer (20) on the integrated circuit; forming said first dielectric layer (24) over the integrated circuit; and forming said contact opening (25) in the dielectric layer (24) exposing a portion of the underlying first conductive structure (20). The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said step of forming the dielectric plug (30;42) comprises: forming a substantially conformal layer (28) of oxide over the barrier layer (26;38) and in the contact opening (25); and partially etching the conformal layer (28) wherein the conformal layer (28) remains only in the lower portion of the contact opening (25). The method of claim 3, wherein the step of forming the conductive plug comprising depositing a conductive layer (32) over the barrier layer (26;38) and in the contact opening (25); and partially etching the conductive layer (32) wherein the conductive layer (32) remains only on the dielectric plug (30;42) in the contact opening (25). The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the first conductive layer (20) is a source/drain region of a transistor. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the first dielectric layer (24) comprises BPSG, and further comprising the steps of: reflowing the BPSG layer before the contact opening (25) is formed to substantially planarize the BPSG layer. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the contact opening (25) is formed by anisotropically dry etching the dielectric layer (24). The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the step of forming the barrier layer (26;38) comprises: forming a refractory metal nitride layer over the dielectric layer (24) and in the contact opening (25); and annealing the refractory metal nitride layer to form a silicide (27;40) in the bottom of the contact opening (25). The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of: forming a refractory metal layer over the dielectric layer (24) and in the contact opening (25) before the step of forming the refractory metal nitride layer. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of: annealing the refractory metal layer before forming the refractory metal nitride layer. The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of: forming a polysilicon layer over the integrated circuit and in the contract opening (25) before the step of forming the barrier layer; and etching the polysilicon layer wherein polysilicon sidewalls (36) remain on the sidewalls of the contact opening (25) and wherein the annealing step forms a silicide on the sidewalls (36) and in the bottom of the contact opening (25). The method of anyone of claims 1 to 11, further comprising the step of: forming polysilicon sidewalls (36) on the sides of the contact opening (25) before the step of forming the barrier layer. The method of any one of claim 1 to 12, further comprising forming a third conductive layer over the barrier layer and the conductive plug. A structure consisting of a portion of a semiconductor device, comprising: a dielectric layer (24) having an opening (25) therethrough exposing a portion of an underlying conductive structure (20); a barrier layer (26;38) disposed over the dielectric layer (24) and in the opening (25), said barrier layer comprising a refractory metal; a dielectric plug (30;42) filling a lower portion of the opening (25); and a conductive plug (34;44) on top of said dielectric plug (30;42) and within an upper portion of the opening (25). The structure of claim 14, further comprising a conductive layer disposed over a portion of the barrier layer (26;38) and the conductive plug (34;44). The structure of claim 14 or 15, further comprising: a first silicide region (27;40) disposed between the barrier layer (26;38) and the underlying conductive structure (20) in the bottom of the opening (25). The structure of any one of claims 14 to 16, further comprising: polysilicon sidewalls (36) on the sides of the opening (25); and a second silicide region disposed between the polysilicon sidewalls (36) and the barrier layer (26;38). The structure of any one of claims 14 to 17, wherein the barrier layer (26;38) comprises a refractory metal nitride composite layer. The structure of claim 18, further comprising: a refractory metal layer disposed under the refractory metal nitride layer.

Inventors: CHEN FUSEN E, DIXIT GIRISH ANANT, MILLER ROBERT O, CHEN, FUSEN E., DIXIT, GIRISH ANANT, MILLER, ROBERT O.
Applicants: ST MICROELECTRONICS INC, STMICROELECTRONICS, INC.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: H01L21
IPC codes: H01L21