Video special effects apparatus and method

Abstract: There is described a video special effects apparatus 1 comprising: transforming means 2, 10, 12, 14 for mapping an input video image (Figure 3A) onto a three-dimensional surface (Figure 3B) to form a transformed image; luminance level calculating means 16 for calculating luminance levels I out for parts of said transformed image to produce an effect of a positive light source P generating positive light that increases luminance levels of parts of said transformed image corresponding to parts of said three-dimensional surface where said positive light is incident and a negative light source Ne generating negative light that decreases luminance levels of parts of said transformed image corresponding to parts of said three-dimensional surface where said negative light is incident; and luminance level control means 6 for controlling luminance levels of parts of said transformed image in dependence upon said calculated luminance levels.

Description: This invention relates to video special effects apparatus and methods. United States Patent US-A-4,791,581 and United Kingdom Published Patent Application GB-A-2,254,751 describe examples of video special effects apparatus which transforms two-dimensional video images into pseudo three-dimensional video images in three-dimensional co-ordinate space. In such conventional video special effects apparatus (such as European Published Patent Application EP-A-0248626), one or more imaginary light sources can be used to generate an illusion of depth. However, such conventional video special effects apparatus has the disadvantage that it may generate inappropriate brighter portions in particular three-dimensional video images. An example of such a situation is illustrated in Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings. An imaginary light P is shone on to areas A and B of a free-form solid S. Since both area A and area B are facing the imaginary light P in a similar manner, the image intensity for both area A and area B is increased. However, in the real world, a shadow would be cast on area B by hump C. Thus, the increase in the image intensity for area B gives an unnatural appearance to the transformed image. The invention provides a video special effects apparatus comprising: transforming means (6, 10, 12, 14) for mapping an input video image onto a three-dimensional surface to form a transformed image; luminance level calculating means (16) for calculating luminance levels (I OUT ) for parts of said transformed image; and luminance level control means (2) for controlling luminance levels of parts of said transformed image in dependence upon said calculated luminance levels; characterized in that said luminance level calculating means produces an effect of a negative light source (Ne) generating negative light that decreases luminance levels of parts of said transformed image corresponding to parts of said three-dimensional surface where said negative light is incident in that said negative light produces a greater decrease in luminance levels when incident with greater intensity. The use of negative light (negative light from a negative light source has the property of reducing the luminance level at points upon which it is incident and can be considered to be the opposite of a normal (positive) light source that produces light that increases the luminance levels at points upon which it is incident) enables shadows to be introduced into a transformed image to create more realistic results, e.g. in Figure 1 a shadow for hump C can be introduced. In preferred embodiments of the invention said luminance level calculating means is operable to calculate luminance levels for parts of said transformed image to produce an effect of a positive light source generating positive light that increases luminance levels of parts of said transformed image corresponding to parts of said three-dimensional surface where said positive light is incident. The use of both positive and negative light enables both highlights and shadows to be introduced so as to produce particularly natural looking transformed images. In preferred embodiments of the invention said luminance level calculating means produces said effect such that, for a point on said three-dimensional surface, said negative light decreases luminance by an amount substantially inversely proportional to distance from said negative lights source to said point. This preferred feature enhances the realism of the effect by diminishing the decrease in luminance level as the distance between the negative light source and the point in question increases. The same preferred feature also applies to the positive light source. Another feature of preferred embodiments of the invention is that said luminance level calculating means produces said effect such that, for a point on said three-dimensional surface, said negative light decreases luminance by an amount substantially proportional to a scalar product of a unit vector normal to said three-dimensional surface at said point and a unit vector of said negative light at said point. This preferred feature enhances the realism of the effect by taking account of the angle of incidence of the negative light when determining by how much it darkens the luminance level. Once again the same preferred feature also applies for the positive light source. It is important that the calculation of luminance level should be performed as efficiently as possible. To this end, in preferred embodiments of the invention said luminance level calculating means calculates luminance level, for a point on said three-dimensional surface, using a relationship, I out = K d * I pin *( N . L p ) D p + d0 + K d * I nin *( N.L n ) D p + d0 where I out is said luminance level, K d is a coefficient of reflection at said point, I pin is a positive light source intensity, I nin is a negative light source intensity, N is a normal vector to said three-dimensional surface at said point, L p is a unit vector of said positive light at said point, L n is a unit vector of said negative light at said point, D p is a distance from said positive light source to said point, D n is a distance from said negative light source to said point, and d0 is a constant to allow for non-division by zero. The invention also provides a video special effects method comprising the steps of: mapping an input video image onto a three-dimensional surface to form a transformed image; calculating luminance levels (I OUT ) for parts of said transformed image formed by mapping said input video image onto said three-dimensional surface; and controlling luminance levels of parts of said transformed image in dependence upon said calculated luminance levels; characterized in that said calculating step produces an effect of a negative light source (Ne) generating negative light that decreases luminance levels of parts of said transformed image corresponding to parts of said three-dimensional surface where said negative light is incident in that said negative light produces a grdater decrease in luminance levels when incident with greater intensity. The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, throughout which like parts are referred to by like reference numerals, and in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagram for illustrating use of a positive light source in a video special effects apparatus; Figure 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a video special effects apparatus according to the invention; Figures 3A and 3B are schematic diagrams illustrating a transforming operation that may be performed by the video special effects apparatus shown in Figure 2; and Figure 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the calculation of luminance level that may be performed by the video special effect apparatus shown in Figure 2. Referring to Figure 2, the structure of a video special effects apparatus 1 will be described. Input video image signals are input to an add means 2. Output video signals from the add means 2 are supplied to a filter means 4. Output video signals from filter means 4 are supplied to an input frame memory 6. Input key signals are supplied to a depth shade means 8. Output key signals from the depth shade means are also supplied to the input frame memory 6. Output video signals and key signals from the input frame memory 6 are supplied to an interpolation means 10. Output video signals and output key signals from the interpolation means 10 are supplied to an output frame memory 12. A control means 14 supplies: transformation information signals and imaginary light position signals to a light and shade control means 16; filter control signal to the filter means; read/write control signals to the input frame memory 6 and the output frame memory 12; and interpolation control signals to the interpolation means 10. The light and shade control means 16 also supplies luminance level control signals and depth shade control signals to the add means 2 and the depth shade means 8 respectively. Input means 18 supplies user defined instruction signals to the control means 14. Next referring to Figure 2, Figure 3A and Figure 3B, a transformation operation of the video special effect apparatus 1 will be described. A video image signal, as shown in Figure 3A, which may, for example, be reproduced by a VTR, is input to the input frame memory 6 through the add means 2 and the filter means 4, and stored at appropriate pixel locations in the input frame memory 6 in dependence upon write address control signals from the control means 14. User input instruction signals, which designate transformation information, imaginary positive light position and imaginary negative light position, are input via input means 18. The input means 18 supplies these instruction signals to the control means 14. The control means 14 generates read/write control signals for the input frame memory 6 and the output frame memory 12 and interpolation control signal for the interpolation means 10 according to transformation information signals specifying the mapping and supplies these control signals to the input frame memory 6, output frame memory 12 and interpolation means 10 respectively. The input video image is transformed by the combined action of the input frame memory 6, the interpolation means 10 and the output frame memory 12 to effect the coordinate transformation and mapping as shown in Figure 3B. Transforming an input video image on to a three-dimensional surface is described in US-A-4,791,581. Next with reference to Figure 4, the light and shade control means 16 calculates luminance level at all of points Q on the three-dimensional surface (free-form solid) according to the transformation information and position signals representing positions of a positive light source P and a negative light source N supplied from the control means 14 by using the following relationship: I out = K d * I pin *( N . L p ) D p + d0 + K d * I nin *( N.L n ) D p + d0 where I out is said luminance level, K d is a coefficient of reflection at said point, I pin is a positive light source intensity, I nin is a negative light source intensity, N is a normal vector to said three-dimensional surface at said point, L p is a unit vector of said positive light at said point, L n is a unit vector of said negative light at said point, D p is a distance from said positive light source to said point, D n is a distance from said negative light source to said point, and d0 is a constant to allow for non-division by zero. In the equation, (N.L) represents the scalar vector product (inner product) of the vectors N and L. The final output intensities I out are calculated over all of the three-dimensional surface. The add means 2 controls luminance level of input video signal according to the calculated intensities I out calculated by the light and shade control means 16. The light and shade control means 16 also calculates depth shade values data according to depth information supplied from the control means 14. The depth shade means controls the level of the input key signal so that the key signal also has depth information which represents a depth effect. The luminance level controlled video signals from the add means 2 are supplied to the filter means. The filter means 4 filters output video signals from the add means 2 with filter coefficient controlled by the control means 14 so that the alias components are reduced. Then the output video signals from the filter means are supplied to the input frame memory to transformed. The interpolation means 10 generates video data and key data for each pixel of the output frame memory 12 from the video data and key data output from the input frame memory 6 using an interpolation controlled by an interpolation control signal from the control means 14. The output video signals and the key signals from the interpolation means 10 are supplied to the output frame memory 12 and stored in the output frame memory 12 according to the write control signal from the control means 14. Video data and key data are read out from the output frame memory 12 under controlling the control means 14 are subsequently supplied to another signal processing means or a monitor (not shown). According to the above described preferred embodiment of the invention, it is possible to cast a realistic shadow on the transformed image. The add means 6 can be inserted at a point behind the interpolation means 10 or output frame memory 12 instead of the point shown in Figure 2, although the position shown in Figure 2 is preferred as it reduces the processing requirements needed to cope with controlling pixel values near discontinuities in the transformed image.

Claims: A video special effects apparatus comprising: transforming means (6, 10, 12, 14) for mapping an input video image onto a three-dimensional surface to form a transformed image; luminance level calculating means (16) for calculating luminance levels (I OUT ) for parts of said transformed image; and luminance level control means (2) for controlling luminance levels of parts of said transformed image in dependence upon said calculated luminance levels; characterized in that said luminance level calculating means produces an effect of a negative light source (Ne) generating negative light that decreases luminance levels of parts of said transformed image corresponding to parts of said three-dimensional surface where said negative light is incident in that said negative light produces a greater decrease in luminance levels when incident with greater intensity. A video special effects apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said luminance level calculating means (16) is operable to calculate luminance levels (I OUT ) for parts of said transformed image to produce an effect of a positive light source (Po) generating positive light that increases luminance levels of parts of said transformed image corresponding to parts of said three-dimensional surface where said positive light is incident. A video special effects apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein said luminance level calculating means (16) produces said effect such that, for a point (Q) on said three-dimensional surface, said positive light increases luminance by an amount substantially inversely proportional to distance from said positive lights source to said point. A video special effects apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1, 2 or 3, wherein said luminance level calculating means (16) produces said effect such that, for a point (Q) on said three-dimensional surface, said negative light decreases luminance by an amount substantially inversely proportional to distance from said negative lights source to said point. A video special effects apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 2, 3 or 4, wherein said luminance level calculating means (16) produces said effect such that, for a point (Q) on said three-dimensional surface, said positive light increases luminance by an amount substantially proportional to a scalar product of a unit vector (N) normal to said three-dimensional surface at said point and a unit vector (Lp) of said positive light at said point. A video special effects apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said luminance level calculating means (16) produces said effect such that, for a point (Q) on said three-dimensional surface, said negative light decreases luminance by an amount substantially proportional to a scalar product of a unit vector (N) normal to said three-dimensional surface at said point and a unit vector (L N ) of said negative light at said point. A video special effect apparatus as claimed in any one of the claim 2 to 6, wherein said luminance level calculating means calculates luminance level, for a point on said three-dimensional surface, using a relationship, I out = K d * I pin *( N . L p ) D p + d0 + K d * I nin *( N.L n ) D p + d0 where I out is said luminance level, K d is a coefficient of reflection at said point, I pin is a positive light source intensity, I nin is a negative light source intensity, N is a normal vector to said three-dimensional surface at said point, L p is a unit vector of said positive light at said point, L n is a unit vector of said negative light at said point, D p is a distance from said positive light source to said point, D n is a distance from said negative light source to said point, and d0 is a constant to allow for non-division by zero. A video special effect apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said transforming means has input video memory means (6), interpolation means (10), output video memory means (12) and control means (14) for controlling read addresses for said input memory means and write addresses for said output memory means in dependence upon transformation information specifying said mapping, and said interpolation means interpolates video data at each pixel of said output video memory from video data read from said input memory means in dependence upon said transformation information. A video special effect apparatus as claimed in claim 8, comprising user operable input means (18) for inputting said transformation information. A video special effect apparatus as claimed in any one of the claim 2 to 9, comprising user operable input means (18) for inputting position data representing positions relative to said three-dimensional surface of said positive light source and said negative light source. A video special effects method comprising the steps of: mapping an input video image onto a three-dimensional surface to form a transformed image; calculating luminance levels (I OUT ) for parts of said transformed image formed by mapping said input video image onto said three-dimensional surface; and controlling luminance levels of parts of said transformed image in dependence upon said calculated luminance levels; characterized in that said calculating step produces an effect of a negative light source (Ne) generating negative light that decreases luminance levels of parts of said transformed image corresponding to parts of said three-dimensional surface where said negative light is incident in that said negative light produces a greater decrease in luminance levels when incident with greater intensity.

Inventors: TEECE HOWARD JOHN, TEECE, HOWARD JOHN
Applicants: SONY UK LTD, SONY UNITED KINGDOM LIMITED
Application year: 1993
Main classification: H04N5
IPC codes: G06T15, H04N5, G06T11