Method for thermal transfer printing

Abstract: A system and method for printing a predetermined image onto a substrate includes steps or structure for determining a first area on the substrate where a colorant is to be deposited; determining a second area which is immediately adjacent to the first area; depositing an image-enhancing precoat over the first area and the second area; and depositing a colorant on the exposed surface of the image-enhancing precoat substantially so as to be over the first area, whereby a border of precoat material will be defined about the printed image on the substrate. A second aspect of the disclosure involves sealing a printed image on a substrate by applying an aftercoat.

Description: This invention relates to improved methods of monochromatic and color printing on various types of substrate surfaces. More specifically, this invention relates to systems and methods for determining where to apply an image-enhancing precoat to a substrate in a thermal transfer printing (e.g., thermal wax transfer, dye diffusion transfer or the like) process. Thermal transfer printing, as defined herein, includes the known printing methods of thermal wax transfer printing, thermal dye diffusion printing, and the like. Thermal wax transfer printing involves the transfer of a colorant, which is dispersed in a wax base material, from a carrier onto a substrate surface such as smooth paper in a controlled manner to generate an image. A thermal transfer print engine having a large number of independently activatable heating elements per unit of length is one apparatus that has been employed for this purpose. The carrier is most often placed within the print engine such that one side of the carrier is adjacent to the heating elements and a second, opposite side bearing the wax base material is positioned adjacent to the substrate surface upon which printing is intended. To accomplish image generation, the print engine and substrate are moved relative to each cther. If a color is intended to be deposited at a location on the substrate surface with which the printhead is aligned, the appropriate heating element is activated, and the carrier is locally heated to a temperature at or above the melting point of the colorant. When this happens, an amount of the wax-based ink in the colorant softens and adheres to the substrate at the desired location, breaking away from the carrier and the unheated or insufficiently heated colorant. In generating a subtractive color image, three (cyan, magenta and yellow) or four (cyan, magenta, yellow and black) sequential passes are made over the same substrate with different carriers, each of which is dedicated to one of the primary colors. Dye diffusion printing involves the transfer of a dye colorant from a carrier, such as a polymer ribbon, onto a specialized substrate surface, such as a polyester sheet, in a controlled manner to generate an image. A thermal transfer print engine and three different color dye/carrier structures may also be employed in this type of image generation, utilizing similar heat-induced, subtractive color printing techniques. The operating principles for dye diffusion are different from those of thermal wax transfer printing, however. In dye diffusion applications, the amount of dye deposited at a single location can be varied, so that more subtle color gradations are achievable. Images of near photo quality have been produced using dye diffusion technology. If a color is to be deposited at a location on the substrate surface with which the printhead of the thermal transfer print engine is aligned, the appropriate heating element is activated, and the dye/carrier structure is heated to a temperature sufficient to cause migration of an appropriate amount of dye, thereby releasing the dye from the carrier in the vicinity of the specially structured substrate. In this manner, the appropriate amount of dye contacts and penetrates the substrate through molecular dispersion of the dye in the substrate at the desired location. Many types of paper, particularly the bond-type paper which is popular in the United States, exhibit a rough surface, featuring plateaus and voids. Conventional prior art thermal transfer printing techniques cannot be effectively used with such paper, because the voids in the paper substrate surface structure cause adherence problems or broken ink or dye dots. Also, most paper is not chemically compatible with diffusion dyes in a manner to provide a solid-in-solid dye-substrate solution. As a result, bright colored images cannot be generated on such substrates using dye diffusion technology. Since "plain paper" exhibiting a rough surface is less costly than specialized substrate materials, and high quality images are obtainable using thermal transfer techniques, methods of color printing on plain paper substrates are desirable. It has recently been suggested to deposit a precoat onto the substrate surface which is smoother and more chemically compatible with the intended colorant than the substrate surface is. U.S. Patents 4,527,171 issued to Takanashi et al., 4,670,307 issued to Onishi et al. and 4,704,615 issued to Tanaka are examples of thermal transfer printing systems which utilize a fusible binder material that is deposited as a precoating onto the substrate prior to printing. Takanashi et al. coat the entire substrate upon which printing is intended with a layer of the binder material. This method effectively prepares the substrate for deposition of colorant during printing, but consumes a large amount of the binder which is used during the precoating process. In addition, it results in a discernable smoothening of the surface of the substrate, which may be objectionable to those who prefer the look and feel of plain paper. In Tanaka, the precoating is applied to the substrate on a pixel by pixel basis, to the same pixel locations as where the deposition of colorant is intended. The precoating is applied to a slightly broader area at each pixel location than the colorant, as a result of a longer pulse width being applied to the printhead element during deposition of the precoat material. While the Tanaka system preserves the look and feel of plain paper for that portion of the substrate which had not been printed on, certain problems still exist. Specifically, it has been found that, in some instances, it is difficult to effectively apply the precoating to the substrate in discrete one pixel intervals. Such problems are most common in areas where the desired image requires that the colorant be applied only very sparsely to the substrate. In such areas, it appears that the combined effect of heat loss from a single activated heating element on the printhead and the transitional period needed to bring the heating element to its operational temperature result, at times, in a less than satisfactory deposition of the precoat material to the substrate. It is clear that there has existed a long and unfilled need in the prior art for an improved system and method for making printed products which overcomes the disadvantages discussed above. Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a system and method for thermal mass transfer printing which is capable of producing a high-quality image on a substrate without materially changing the texture or appearance of the substrate. It is an object of one aspect of the invention to provide a system and method for applying an image-enhancing pre-coat to a substrate in a thermal transfer printing process which may compensate for possible misregistration between applied pre-coat and the subsequent application of colorant. It is further an object of the invention to provide a system and method for applying image-enhancing pre-coat to a substrate in a thermal transfer printing process which will ensure that colorant may be applied to pre-coating, even in the event of the colorant pixels being slightly larger than the pre-coat pixels by virtue of their respective viscosity or other properties. It is further an object of the invention to provide such a system and method, which ensures more than adequate adherence of the image to the substrate. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of printing a predetermined image on a substrate, the method comprising:- (a) defining a plurality of discrete first areas of the substrate where a colorant is to be deposited; and (b) defining a plurality of discrete and spaced apart second areas of the substrate each of which second areas subsumes a respective first area and forms a border therearound; and either:- A (i) depositing a pre-coat of an image-enhancing coating material on said first and second areas, said pre-coat having an exposed surface for receiving said colorant; and (ii) depositing said colorant on the exposed surface of the pre-coat substantially overlying each first area; or B (i) depositing a colorant deposit substantially overlying each first area to create discrete images; and (ii) depositing an after-coat of an image-enhancing coating material over each colorant deposit and respective border to seal the deposited colorant of each created image characterized in that said areas are defined in steps (a) and (b) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a print comprising a substrate carrying a predetermined image formed by a method as hereinbefore described. According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for printing a predetermined image onto a substrate, the apparatus comprising first determining structure for determining a plurality of discrete first areas of the substrate where colorant is to be deposited; a second determining structure for determining a plurality of discrete and spaced apart second areas of the substrate each of which second areas subsumes a respective first area and forms a border therearound; a structure for depositing a pre-coat of an image-enhanced coating material over each first area and each corresponding second area, said pre-coat having an exposed surface for receiving a colorant; and a structure for depositing a colorant deposit onto an exposed surface of the pre-coat substantially so as to be over each first area characterized in that the apparatus is arranged to define said areas on a pixel-by-pixel basis. According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for printing a predetermined image onto a substrate, the apparatus comprising first determining structure for determining a plurality of discrete first areas on the substrate where a colorant is to be deposited; a second determining structure for determining a plurality of discrete and spaced apart second areas each of which second areas subsumes a respective first area and forms a border therearound; a structure means for depositing a colorant deposit substantially over each first area to create discrete images; and a structure for depositing an after-coat of an image-enhancing coating material over each colorant deposit and respective border for sealing the deposited colorant of each created image characterized in that the apparatus is arranged to define said areas on a pixel-by-pixel basis. According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for printing an image on a substrate, the apparatus comprising a plurality of print head elements; a structure for supporting a substrate relative to said print head elements; a multilayered image-enhancing coat application ribbon positioned between said substrate and said print head elements, said multilayer ribbon including a backing layer, a separation layer adjacent to the backing layer which is formulated to separate from the backing layer when heated, and an adhesive layer which is formulated to adhere to the substrate; and a structure for controlling the printhead elements, said controlling structure being constructed and arranged to perform the following, namely: (a)to determine pixels in a plurality of discrete first areas on the substrate where a colorant is to be deposited; (b) to determine a plurality of discrete and spaced apart second areas each of which second areas subsumes a respective first area and forms a border therearound; and (c) selectively to activate said print head elements to apply a pre-coat of an image-enhancing coating material from said ribbon to both each first area and each corresponding second area characterized in that the apparatus is arranged to define said areas on a pixel-by-pixel basis. These and various other advantages and features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, its advantages, and the objects obtained by its use, reference should be made to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there is illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of the invention. FIGURE 1 is a diagram illustrating two areas which are pertinent to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the surround area and the shadow mask area for a letter "E." FIGURE 2 is a general flowchart depicting the preferred steps involved in determining the two areas illustrated in FIGURE 1, according to one embodiment of the invention. FIGURE 3 is a flow chart illustrating one implementation of a step for determining the shadow mask area to which both precoat and colorant materials are applied according to the invention. FIGURES 4A, 4B and 4C illustrate how a portion of the shadow mask area (shown in FIGURE 4B and enlarged in FIGURE 4C) will be expanded to create the surround area according to a filter which specifies the pattern of expansion as shown in FIGURE 4A. FIGURE 5 is a flow chart illustrating one implementation of a step to determine the surround area. FIGURE 6A illustrates one row of a two-dimensional pixel array representing a portion of the shadow mask area. FIGURE 6B is a resulting shadow mask from the array depicted in FIGURE 6A, after application of a mask. FIGURE 6C is an inverted shadow mask area of FIGURE 6B. FIGURE 6D is a resulting expanded inverted shadow mask area of FIGURE 6C, after application of a mask. FIGURE 6E is a resulting double-inverted expanded shadow mask area of FIGURE 6D. FIGURE 6F is a copy of FIGURE 6A, which is provided for a convenient side-by-side comparison with FIGURE 6E. FIGURE 7A is a flow chart illustrating one implementation of a step for optimizing the shadow mask area and the surround area to which the precoat material is applied according to the invention. FIGURE 7B is a general flow chart illustrating another implementation of a step for optimizing the shadow mask area and the surround area to which the precoat material is applied according to the invention. FIGURE 8 is a schematic depiction of a thermal mass transfer printing system according to one embodiment of the invention. FIGURE 9 is a diagram illustrating a full-step vertical displacement of the printhead. FIGURES 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating a half-step vertical displacement of the printhead. FIGURE 11 is a perspective view illustrating the half-step overlapping of pixels in one column of the three rows shown in FIGURE 10B. Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding structure throughout the views, and referring in particular to FIGURE 1, the letter "E" is depicted in printed form on the surface of a substrate, such as plain paper. If the surface of the plain paper is rough and considered to have a series of alternating peaks and valleys, the precoat material is formulated so that each precoat pixel will cover the rough surface to provide a colorant receiving surface which is more uniform than the rough surface. The precoat material may also be applied to smoother surfaces for the purpose of making the surface more chemically compatible for certain types of colorants, such as for dye diffusion-type printing. This invention provides a method for determining the extent of the area to which the image enhancing precoat will be applied. In creating the image of the letter "E" as shown in FIGURE 1, both a first area directly underneath the image and an immediately adjacent second area are precoated. Still referring to FIGURE 1, the first area directly underneath the image may be termed the shadow mask area. The second area which is adjacent to the shadow mask area may be termed the surround area. While the precoat which is applied over the shadow mask area is intended to provide a colorant receiving surface, the precoat over the surround area is not so intended, although colorant inadvertently may be applied to the surround area due to the colorant, or the spreading effect caused by the lower viscosity of the colorant. This is most likely to happen during the course of multi-pass printing. Thus, the surround precoat serves to supplement the shadow mask precoat in enhancing an image on the edges of the image. FIGURE 2 is a flow chart which provides an overview of a process according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. In order to determine the area where precoat material will be deposited on to the surface of the substrate, the preferred embodiment of the invention may be considered to include three major steps. The first two steps, namely Step 1 and Step 2, are necessary, while the last step, Step 3, is optional. Step 1 involves the creation of a shadow mask array. The shadow mask array stores information on which pixel areas on substrate are intended to receive both colorant and precoat material. In other words, the shadow mask array defines an area directly underneath the intended image where both the precoat and colorant are deposited. Still referring to FIGURE 2, Step 2 involves determining the extent of the surround area which surrounds the shadow mask area. The purpose of the surround area, to which precoat material is also intended to be applied, is threefold. First, the surround area improves adherence of the precoat in the shadow mask area to the substrate through an anchoring effect. Second, the surround precoat provides a border area over which colorant having a lower viscosity than the precoat material may spread. Thirdly, the border area also compensates for possible misalignment which might take place during the colorant application process. The surround area is created as a function of the first shadow mask area, but the specific function or method used to determine the surround area can be adjusted, as will be described in greater detail below. Specifically, the size or the pattern of the surrounding area can be varied. For example, the surround area may be defined as a one-pixel band around the edges of the shadow mask area. Thus, the shadow mask area together with the surround area make up the precoat area where the image enhancing precoat is applied. Optionally, the precoat area defined by the shadow masks and the surround may be further optimized. Such optimization, shown in Step 3 in FIGURE 2, will, under certain circumstances, substantially improve the quality of an image. Precoat areas corresponding to dense image or shadow mask area regions tend to adhere well to the substrate because the precoat pixels in such regions are contiguous with many other precoat pixels. However, precoat pixels corresponding to sparse regions, such as regions including a single, free-standing pixel of colorant tend to have problems adhering to the substrate, even with a one pixel border of precoat therearound. The optimization depicted in Step 3 thus fills in the areas adjacent to sparse shadow masks with more precoat material while trimming the precoat surround areas in dense shadow mask regions, to avoid surplus precoating. Each of the three steps will be described in greater detail hereinbelow. Referring now to FIGURE 3, one embodiment of Step 1 of FIGURE 2 will now be described in detail. The shadow mask defines an area where both precoat and colorant will be deposited to produce an image. In order to determine this area, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the colorant information is traversed on a pixel by pixel basis. The process of creating the color information is well-known to those having ordinary skill in the relevant art and will not be elaborated on herein. To perform this process, a variable, w is first initialized to zero. w specifies a particular column of pixels on plain paper, and w ranges from 0 to the constant W, which is the width of the substrate in pixels. If w is not yet equal to W, the variable h is also initialized to zero. h specifies a particular row of pixels on the substrate, and h ranges from 0 to the constant H, which is the height of the substrate in pixels. Thus, a combination of w and h specifies a unique pixel on the substrate, and the specified pixel corresponds to a pixel in the shadow mask array S. Once a particular column, w is set, all the pixels in the column are examined on a pixel by pixel basis by incrementing h by one (set h=h+1) as shown in FIGURE 3. The shadow mask array S is a two dimensional array, according to the preferred embodiment. S(w, h) specifies a unique pixel, and its stored value indicates whether the precoat material is deposited over the pixel. Prior to setting specific elements of S(w, h) to indicate that those corresponding pixels will receive both colorant and precoat, all elements of the array are initialized to zero to indicate that no precoat material is to be deposited over the pixel as shown by set (w,h)=0 in FIGURE 3. Upon examining the color information, if any colorant is to be deposited over the pixel in question, S(w, h), is set to one. The color information is stored in three sets (Y, M, C) of two-dimensional arrays. Yellow (Y), magenta (M) and cyan (C) arrays separately keep the color information corresponding to that particular color for each pixel on the plain paper. For example, a stored value in Y(w, h) specifies whether the yellow colorant is to be deposited over a pixel located at the with column and with row. If the stored value is 1, the yellow colorant material is to be deposited over the pixel. More than one color may be deposited over the same pixel if corresponding color arrays so specify. For the purpose of determining whether image enhancing precoat is to be deposited on a given pixel, it is sufficient to ascertain whether any colorant is intended for placement at that pixel. After S(w, h) is initialized to zero, Y(w,h), M(w,h) and C(w,h) are examined one at a time. As soon as one of them is found to have a value of one, the corresponding shadow mask array element S(w, h) is set to one. In FIGURE 3, a series of three questions, i.e., Y(w,h)=1?, M(w,h=1)? and C(w,h)=1? examines the color information, and as soon as one of the examinations is affirmative, a corresponding shadow mask element is set by S(w,h)=1 and no further inquiry takes place. On the other hand, if none of these color arrays has value 1 for the same pixel, S(w, h) remains zero. At this point, regardless of the result of the examinations, h is incremented by one for the next iteration. This process repeats for all the pixels in the same column specified by w. When all the pixels in the same column were examined, h would be incremented to the constant, H. Thus, the test h = H is satisfied. Accordingly, w is incremented by one to specify the next column for the examination of all the pixels in the adjacent column. When all the pixels are examined on a column and row basis, w=W is satisfied. Thus, Step 1 terminates as shown in FIGURE 3. The shadow mask array, S now stores the information pertaining to the area on which the precoat material and colorant are applied. Referring now to FIGURE 4, it will be seen in detail how the surround area will be determined based upon a predetermined filter and the shadow mask array S. The filter or mask is a two-dimensional array designated by M (k, l), where k ranges from 0 to K-1 and l ranges from 0 to L-1. K and L are constants, and they limit the size of the filter. For example, as shown in FIGURE 4A, the filter M is 3 pixels wide and 3 pixels long. Thus, both K and L are 3 in this example. The size of the pixel in the filter M corresponds to that of a pixel on the substrate. In the example, the lower left pixel of the filter is identified by M (0,0). The filter M is set to a predetermined pattern as shown in FIGURE 4A by setting M(0,0), M(0,2), M(1,1), M(2,0) and M(2,2) to one, while setting the rest of elements in the array to zeroes. This pattern of zeroes and ones determines how the shadow mask area will be expanded to create the surround areas on the boarder of the shadow mask area. To explain the expansion process, a simplified case is conceptually explained using FIGURE 4. For example, FIGURE 4B diagrammatically shows a shadow mask area designated by S. FIGURE 4C is an enlarged view of pixels in the circled area in FIGURE 4B. Since the circled area is on the border between the shadow mask area and its adjacent areas, FIGURE 4C shows that two pixels, S(11,11) and S(10,10) are a part of the shadow mask area while the rest of pixels is not. When the filter M is placed over the pixels that are a part of the shadow mask area, the filter M specifies how the shadow mask area is to be expanded. Thus, when the filter M of FIGURE 4A is placed over the shadow mask area as shown in FIGURE 4C, M(0,0) and M(2,2) are respectively superimposed on S(9,9) and S(11,11). Since S(11,11) and S(10,10) are a part of the shadow mask area and the filter M specifies the predetermined pattern, the adjacent pixels S(9,11), S(9,9) and S(11,9) are included in the surround area to receive the additional precoat material over their pixels. As the mask M moves around over the shadow mask area and when S(9,11), S(9,9) and S(11,9) are placed at a center of the mask, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, these pixel locations are included in the surround area. As a result, the shadow mask area is now expanded to create the surround area. To depict the preferred method for implementing the procedure broadly shown in step 2 of Figure 2, FIGURE 5 will now be described in detail. As in Step 1, all the pixels on the substrate are compared on a pixel by pixel basis against the filter M. Variable w specifies a column and ranges from 0 to W, which is a constant specifying the width of the substrate in pixels. Variable h specifies the row and ranges from 0 to H, which is a constant specifying the length of the substrate in pixels. The pixel by pixel comparison of Step 2 is different from that of Step 1 in that every pixel in the filter M is compared against every pixel in the substrate. Accordingly, there are two more inner loops for iteration based upon k and l within the outer loop based upon w and h. The filter M is a two-dimensional array defined by M(k, l), where k ranges from 0 to K and l ranges from 0 to L. K is a constant specifying the width of the filter M in pixels, while L is a constant specifying the length of the filter M in pixels. According to the embodiment shown in FIGURE 5, both K and L must be odd numbers. When w is smaller than W and h is smaller than H, k is initialized to zero. At the same time, the precoat array P (W,h) is also initialized to zero. This two-dimensional array P defines the surround area adjacent to the shadow mask area and the shadow mask area. If P(w,h) is set to one, a corresponding pixel on the plain paper receives at least the precoat material. To proceed to the inner loop, if k is not equal to K or P(w,h) has not been set to one, l is initialized to zero. Then, the inner loop compares l to L. If l is not yet L or P(w,h) has not been set to one, a test to expand the shadow mask area for creating the surround area is now performed. Still referring to FIGURE 5, to determine whether P(w,h) is set to one, two conditions have to be satisfied. The first condition is that the pixel in the filter M specified by M(k,l) has been set to one. The second condition is that for the given values of k and l, the pixel in the shadow mask array specified by S(w-(K-1)/2+k, h-(L-1)/2+l) has also been set to one. S(w-(K-1)/2+k, h-(L-1)/2+l) represents a pixel in the shadow mask area that corresponds to the relative position of the filter M for a given set of k and l when the center of the filter M is superimposed on the shadow mask pixel at S(w, h). While in the inner loops, if any of filter pixels at M(k,l) has been set to one and the shadow mask pixel that corresponds to the relative position of the filter pixel in question has been also set to one, the precoat array at P(w, h) will be set to one. It is also noted that elements in the precoat array pixels which represent the shadow mask area are also set to one during this determination. Thus, the precoat array defines an area that include both the shadow mask area and the surround area. During the iteration of the inner loop, variable, l is incremented by one to examine every pixel in the same column of the filter M. When the entire row is finished, k is incremented by one to move to the next column in the filter M. Thus, the pattern specified in the filter M expands the shadow mask area to create the precoat surround area. If the filter M has a 3 by 3-pixel pattern as shown in FIGURE 4A, for every marked shadow mask pixel, its four surrounding corner pixels are marked as precoat area pixels. If, on the other hand, every mask pixel is marked, every side and every corner of each of the marked shadow mask pixel is expanded to be included in the precoat array. The latter pattern provides a wide surround area. The former pattern creates a narrower surround area for a better image-enhancing output. In addition, the former pattern also saves some nominal amount of print head life. When all the pixels in the filter M are compared against the corresponding pixels in the shadow mask area, h is incremented by one to repeat the inner loop. This is repeated until all the pixels in the same column of the shadow mask area are compared. Then, w is incremented by one to compare the next column in the shadow mask area against the filter M for the inner loop. Upon completion of Step 2, the precoat area array P defines the total area where the precoat materials will be deposited. Once the precoat area is determined in Step 2, an optional Step 3 can be performed to optimize the precoat area. The optimization is to counteract a specific phenomena created by a particular precoat formulation. While some formulas for the precoat allow colorant to adhere in a dense shadow mask region, they do not allow colorant to adhere well in a sparse shadow mask region. An improvement is made by filling the sparse shadow mask area with a greater area of precoat material and reducing the precoat area around the dense shadow mask area. For example, reference is made to FIGURE 6A, which depicts a row of shadow mask area. For the sake of simplicity, only one row will be considered in the following description. When a 7 by 7 filter with every pixel set to one is applied to the shadow mask area, the surround area indicated by the circled ones is created as shown in FIGURE 6B. By leaving the dense surround area of FIGURE 6B such as between the original second and third ones from the left edge of FIGURE 6A and trimming the precoat area along the dense area such as the original ones on the right hand side of the row in FIGURE 6A, the precoat area indicated by the underlined ones in FIGURE 6E is obtained. One embodiment of Step 3 is illustrated by FIGURE 7A. The edges of the precoat areas are trimmed by examining the number of contiguous pixels from the pixel in question. When there are more than a predetermined number of contiguously marked pixels and the immediately adjacent pixel to the most peripheral pixel of the contiguously marked pixels is not marked, the peripheral pixels are turned off. For example, after a 7 by 7 filter is used to create the shadow mask area, a 5 by 5 inverse filter is run against the shadow mask area and the surround area. The inverse filter specifies a pattern to convert the on-pixels to off-pixels. Since the 7 by 7 filter creates at least 3 pixel-wide surround area, the 5 by 5 inverse filter turns off the on pixels that are two peripheral pixels which are surrounded by any other off pixels in this example. One way to implement Step 3 is shown in the flow chart of FIGURE 7A. h and w respectively represent the row and the column of a pixel on the plain paper substrate. While the variable, h ranges from 0 to the constant H, which is the height in pixels, the variable, w ranges from 0 to W, which is the width in pixels. To start, h is set to zero. If h is not yet equal to H, then w is initialized to 0. When w is not yet equal to W, a counter i is initialized to one. One element of the precoat area array P is examined at a time. If the current element, P(i+w, h) has been set to one, the counter is incremented by one in step i=i+1. If the counter i is equal to or smaller than the predetermined surround width, X(i≤x), the next precoat pixel is examined. The examination is repeated for each of the peripheral pixels P(i+w, h) in the predetermined X-pixel width. If any of the pixels in the X-pixel wide surround area has not been turned on, w is incremented by one (w=w+1) and a new cycle of examination starts. On the other hand, if all the pixels in the X-pixel wide surround area are turned on, the immediately adjacent pixel, P(w+i,h) is examined where i=X . If this immediately adjacent pixel has been turned off, X-Y number of peripheral pixels on the edge of the precoat area will be turned off by setting P(w+i-1, h) to zero ( P(w+i+1,h)=0 ) . This inverting process is repeated while i >= X-Y, where x-Y is the number pixels that will be turned off. When this process is finished, w is incremented by one (w=w+1). Although the flow chart in FIGURE 7A shows the increment of h for rows, for the sake of simplicity the above described inversion process in this direction is not included in the flow chart. Thus, the constant H is 1. When all pixels in this row h are examined, the process ends. Another embodiment for Step 3 is described in FIGUREs 6 and 7B. FIGURE 7B describes the embodiment in general terms. The precoat area P is inverted first, then, a normal filter M of a desired size is used to expand the inverted area as described in Step 2 of FIGURE 2. Lastly, the expanded inverted area is once again inverted. As a result, the same effect as the first embodiment illustrated in FIGURE 7A is obtained. Instead of inverting a portion of the surround area, this alternative embodiment first inverts every pixel in the precoat area as shown in FIGURE 6B to achieve the inverted pixels of FIGURE 6C. A normal filter that is similar to one described in Step 2 of FIGURE 2 is run against the inverted pixels, as shown in FIGURE 6C. In this example, the filter is a 5 x 5 pixel in size, and every pixel has been set to one. As a result, the edges of the on pixels are expanded to the pixel pattern as shown in FIGURE 6D. When all the pixels in FIGURE 6D are inverted again, the pixel pattern in FIGURE 6E is obtained. A series of two inversions has led to the same result as the first embodiment. Since the second embodiment can use the same process as described in Step 2 of FIGURE 2 and the inversion of entire pixel array is relatively simple, the second embodiment may be easier to implement than the first embodiment. Some or all of the above described steps in determining the precoat area may be combined into a single step in another embodiment of the invention. Although the complexity of the single process increases due to a more computation-intensive nature of the implementation, some memory space can be saved as a trade-off. For example, this "on-the-fly" approach combines the determination of the shadow mask area and the surround area into a single step without storing an intermediate result in the shadow mask array. To accomplish this, the color information stored in the three sets (Y, M, C) of two-dimensional arrays is directly compared against the filter to create the precoat area without first creating and storing the shadow mask area. The computation may be performed during actual printing or may be performed prior to printing. Thus, a memory space used for storing the shadow mask area is saved. The "on-the-fly " approach further includes the above described optimization step. In addition to combining the steps of creating the shadow mask area array and the surround area array, the optional step of optimizing the precoat area array is performed on a "on-the-fly" basis. To accomplish this, one approach is to implement a more sophisticated filter such as a three-dimensional filter in which layers of a two-dimensional filter are stacked on top of each other. Thus, for example, after the shadow mask area is expanded according to one layer of the filter, another layer of the inverse filter specifies how the expanded area should be reduced or further enlarged. This combined process may save further memory space as no intermediate result is stored in an additional memory array. According to another embodiment of the invention, the image enhancing coating may be applied as an aftercoat over the colorant material instead of underneath the colorant material as a precoat. Such an aftercoating is applied over the colorant material to effectively seal the deposited colorant. As one of the purposes of applying the precoating is to substantially smoothen the rough surface of the substrate, the aftercoating may be applied for the purpose of preventing the colorant material from dropping or otherwise becoming separated from the substrate. The aftercoating is, of course, preferably transparent, although it may contain colorant, usually to match the color of the substrate. In determining the extent to which the aftercoat will be applied for this embodiment, the same steps of determining the shadow mask area and the surround area as described above are applicable. According to yet another embodiment of the invention, two image-enhancing layers of coating including a precoat and an aftercoat may be applied to sandwich a layer of colorant on the substrate. For this embodiment, one layer of precoat is applied to the surface of the substrate for the purpose of providing a more smooth colorant receiving surface. Then, after the colorant material is deposited over the precoat material, an additional layer of aftercoat is deposited at least over the area of the colorant. The aftercoat may cover only the shadow mask area, but not the surround area for the purpose of sealing the deposited colorant. The aftercoat material for the second layer application must be transparent so that the appearance of the colorant is not substantially affected by the film that is created by the precoat material. The shadow mask area and the surround area are again similarly determined by the above disclosed methods. FIGURE 8 depicts a thermal transfer printing system 10 of the type which may be used to perform the methods which have been described in detail above. System 10 is constructed for thermal transfer printing on a substrate 12, which may have a rough surface 14. System 10 includes a printhead element 16, which is responsive to commands from a printer controller 18. Printhead 16, according to the preferred embodiment of the invention, includes a linear array of heating elements 20, each of which may be heated in response to a command from the printer controller 18 by electrical resistance. The activated heating elements 20 make contact with a ribbon 24 so as to heat colorant or coating or both. Ribbon 24 preferably includes a backing layer which is heat resistant and intended for contact with the print head elements, and a layer of colorant or precoat on the backing layer, depending on whether the ribbon 24 is for transferring precoat or colorant to the substrate. For precoat purposes, the precoat layer preferably includes a first separation sublayer which is formulated to easily and efficiently release from the backing layer when heated, and a second adhesive sublayer which is formulated to strongly adhere to the substrate. Sharp Electronics part number A4JX5RPT is such a multilayered ribbon. For colorant purposes, the colorant ribbon preferably does not contain such sublayers. A support roller 22 or equivalent surface is provided to support substrate 12 in parallel spaced relationship with respect to the heating elements 20. Thus, the heated colorant or coating is deposited on the substrate surface 12. The increased tension in the ribbon 24 improves the departure of colorant and coating from the ribbon. By selectively controlling the heating elements 20 on printhead 16, printer controller 18 is constructed to control the placement of an image on to the substrate 12. Image creation is generally conducted in printer controller 18, using commercially available software specifically designed therefore, such as Adobe Postscript and the like. The printer assembly and system 10 may be one of several printers that are presently commercially available, such as the A4JX-560 printer which is manufactured by Sharp Electronics. FIGURES 9, 10A and 10B diagrammatically show the differences between a single and multiple delivery of colorant and precoat on the substrate. In other words, according to another embodiment of the invention, the above described printing technology is modified so that at least a part of the same pixel on the substrate receives more than one layer of precoat or more than one layer of colorant, or both, for better adherence of the colorant to the substrate. In FIGURES 9, 10A and 10B, each pixel is rectangular, as is the case for certain types of print head hardware, most notably the A4JX-560 printer which is manufactured by Sharp Electronics. FIGURE 9 shows what may be termed a full-step mode of operation for the printing system. As may be seen in FIGURE 9, a solid horizontal line may be formed by two vertically juxtaposed horizontal rows of pixels. In full-step mode, the horizontal line would be printed by applying precoat to the first row, shifting the substrate vertically by a full-step distance which is substantially equal to the vertical height of a pixel, then applying precoat to the second row. Colorant would then be applied on top of the precoat in identical fashion. In full-step mode, the each row of pixels receives only a single delivery of colorant and a single delivery of precoat. FIGURES 10A and 10B depict an alternative operative mode of the invention, the half-step mode. The half-step mode utilizes hardware which permits the substrate to be vertically shifted, through finer control of roller 22 in FIGURE 8, by a distance which is substantially half the distance between rows in the full-step process. This capability permits colorant and precoat alike to be applied in an overlapping relationship that enhances adherence of the colorant to the substrate. The A4JX-560 printer which is manufactured by Sharp Electronics is also the preferred hardware for the half-step mode. Now referring to FIGURE 11, the three rows of pixels depicted in FIGURE 10B are enlarged and viewed from a different view point. A pixel in first row 30 is superimposed by another pixel in the second row 40 to partially overlap the first row pixel. In turn, the second row pixel is superimposed by yet another pixel in the third row 50 to partially overlap the second row pixel. In the half-step mode, precoat is applied to the first horizontal row 30 of pixels, as is the case in the full-step mode. In FIGURE 10A, the first horizontal row constitutes the light upper portion and the middle shaded portion of the illustrated row. After the first row of colorant has been applied, the substrate will be moved approximately half the pixel height in the vertical direction as shown in FIGURE 10A. After this displacement, the printhead is located at a position where one half of the printhead element overlaps the first row 30 while the other half is vertically below the first row 30. At this point, a second horizontal line of precoat is applied to the substrate over the second row 40. The shaded area in FIGURE 10A depicts the overlap between the two rows. The substrate is again vertically repositioned at this point by a distance which is again approximately equal to half the vertical distance of the full-step. A third row 30 of precoat is applied at this point. Comparing FIGURE 9 with FIGURE 10B, it will be seen that the half-step mode thus results in a replication of the image printed in the full-step mode. The principal advantage of the half-step mode is that the overlapping effect so created tends to improve adherence of the printed image to the substrate. Another advantage is that the amount of colorant or precoat which is placed on the substrate increases. This is because the pixel substrate receives multiple deliveries of colorant or precoat. The adherence of image-enhancing coating on colorant to the substrate is improved, and the drop out of either material from the substrate is reduced. As a result, an improved color appearance is achieved. According to the invention, precoat may be applied in half-step mode while colorant is applied in full-step mode, or vice versa. The preferred embodiment, however, is for both precoat and colorant to be applied in half-step mode. In addition, the half-step mode could, within the scope of the invention, be used to apply an aftercoat in lieu of or in conjunction with a precoat. It should be noted that the preferred printer hardware maintains a registration between the printer ribbon and the substrate during printing. As a result, the preferred printer hardware will not deposit overlapping full-thickness layers of precoat and/or colorant during the half-step mode of printing, because most of the precoat or colorant on the portion of the ribbon that overlies the overlap regions will already have been transferred to the substrate. The second pass over the areas of overlap is expected, though, to facilitate transfer of whatever precoat or colorant that was not transferred during the first pass. It is expected that the half-step mode will result in superior transfer of colorant or precoat to the substrate with such hardware. The half-step mode also has great utility in systems where the printer ribbon and substrate are not so registered. It is to be understood, however, that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the invention, the disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of shape, size and arrangement of parts within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.

Claims: A method of printing a predetermined image on a substrate, the method comprising:- (a) defining a plurality of discrete first areas of the substrate where a colorant is to be deposited; and (b) defining a plurality of discrete and spaced apart second areas of the substrate each of which second areas subsumes a respective first area and forms a border therearound; and either:- A (i) depositing a pre-coat of an image-enhancing coating material on said first and second areas, said pre-coat having an exposed surface for receiving said colorant; and (ii) depositing said colorant on the exposed surface of the pre-coat substantially overlying each first area; or B (i) depositing a colorant deposit substantially overlying each first area to create discrete images; and (ii) depositing an after-coat of an image-enhancing coating material over each colorant deposit and respective border to seal the deposited colorant of each created image characterized in that said plurality of discrete areas are defined in steps (a) and (b) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein step (b) is performed by considering each first area defined in step (a), and defining each corresponding second area as a function of each first area. A method as claimed in Claim 2, wherein each second area is defined by comparing a filter against each first area, said filter comprising a grid of pixels and specifying a pattern for expanding each first area to defined each corresponding second area. A method as claimed in Claim 2 or claim 3, wherein step (b) includes consideration of the density of each image intended to be printed on the substrate and defining each second area as a function of such density. The method as claimed in Claim 4, wherein step (b) includes expansion of each second area in the vicinity of sparse image regions and reduction of each second area in the vicinity of dense image regions. A method as claimed in Claim 5, wherein each reduction is accomplished by comparing an inverse filter against an initial definition of each second area, said inverse filter indicating the extent to which each second area is to be reduced. A method as claimed in Claim 5 or Claim 6, wherein step (b) includes the steps of :- (i) inverting each first area for producing an inverted image of each first area; (ii) masking each inverted image against a filter for producing a masked inverted image, said filter being a grid of pixels and specifying a pattern for determining a sparse colorant region and edges of a dense colorant region; and (iii) inverting back each masked inverted image for defining each corresponding second area. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein each second area comprises a one-pixel border surrounding each respective first area. A method as claimed in any preceding claim and comprising a step of depositing a substantially transparent after-coat of an image-enhancing coating material over each colorant deposit and respective border subsequent to step A(ii) for sealing said deposited colorant of each created image. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein each first and second areas of the substrate are defined on a pixel-by-pixel basis and wherein step A(i) comprises the steps of:- (i) applying an image enhancing coating to a pixel area in a first row; and (ii) applying an image enhancing coating to a second pixel area in a second row which is adjacent to said first pixel area, said second pixel area overlapping with said first pixel area. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 9, wherein each first and second areas of the substrate are defined on a pixel-by-pixel basis and wherein step A(ii) comprises the steps of:- (i) applying a colorant to a pixel area in a first row; and (ii) applying a colorant to a second pixel area in a second row which is adjacent to said first pixel area, said second pixel area overlapping with said first pixel area. A method as claimed in Claim 10 or Claim 11, wherein said two adjacent rows are vertically overlapping. A method as claimed in Claim 12, wherein said two vertically adjacent rows are overlapped with each other by approximately one-half the height of said pixel. A print comprising a substrate carrying predetermined discrete and spaced apart images formed by a method as claimed in any preceding claim. An apparatus for printing a predetermined image onto a substrate, the apparatus comprising first determining structure for determining a plurality of discrete first areas on the substrate where colorant is to be deposited; a second determining structure for determining a plurality of discrete and spaced apart second areas each of which second areas subsumes a respective first area and forms a border therearound; a structure for depositing a pre-coat of an image-enhanced coating material over each first area and each corresponding second area, said pre-coat having an exposed surface for receiving a colorant; and a structure for depositing a colorant deposit onto an exposed surface of the pre-coat substantially so as to be over each first area characterized in that the apparatus is arranged to define said areas on a pixel-by-pixel basis. An apparatus for printing a predetermined image onto a substrate, the apparatus comprising first determining structure for determining a plurality of discrete first areas on the substrate where a colorant is to be deposited; a second determining structure for determining a plurality of discrete and spaced apart second areas each of which second areas subsumes a respective first area and forms a border therearound; a structure means for depositing a colorant deposit substantially over each first area to create discrete images; and a structure for depositing an after-coat of an image-enhancing coating material over each colorant deposit and respective border for sealing the deposited colorant of each created image characterized in that the apparatus is arranged to define said areas on a pixel-by-pixel basis. An apparatus for printing an image on a substrate, the apparatus comprising a plurality of print head elements; a structure for supporting a substrate relative to said print head elements; a multilayered image-enhancing coat application ribbon positioned between said substrate and said print head elements, said multilayer ribbon including a backing layer, a separation layer adjacent to the backing layer which is formulated to separate from the backing layer when heated, and an adhesive layer which is formulated to adhere to the substrate; and a structure for controlling the printhead elements, said controlling structure being constructed and arranged to perform the following, namely: (a)to determine pixels in a plurality of discrete first areas on the substrate where a colorant is to be deposited; (b) to determine a plurality of discrete and spaced apart second areas each of which second areas subsumes a respective first area and forms a border therearound; and (c) selectively to activate said print head elements to apply a pre-coat of an image-enhancing coating material from said ribbon to both each first area and each corresponding second area characterized in that the apparatus is arranged to define said areas on a pixel-by-pixel basis.

Inventors: BRANDT THOMAS J, ZIMMERMAN STEPHEN A, BRANDT, THOMAS J., ZIMMERMAN, STEPHEN A.
Applicants: TEKTRONIX INC, TEKTRONIX, INC.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: B41M5
IPC codes: B41J2, B41M5, B41M3