CRUCIFER ACC SYNTHASE AND USES THEREOF

Abstract: Disclosed is substantially pure DNA encoding a crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide; a promoter functional in immature plant tissues which is capable of ethylene induction; and methods of using such promoters to express recombinant proteins or RNA and to regulate ethylene-inducible events of a plant, e.g., fruit ripening or senescence, especially during early stages of plant development.

Description: CRUCIFER ACC SYNTHASE AND USES THEREOF Background of the Invention The invention relates to recombinant plant nucleic acids and polypeptides. The gaseous plant hormone ethylene has a wide impact on plant growth and development (Yang et al., Ann . Rev. Plant Physiol . 35:155, 1984). Its synthesis is induced during many stages of plant life including seed germination, leaf abscission, organ senescence, and fruit ripening. Its production also rises strongly upon exposure to various stresses including wounding, excessive temperatures, drought, flooding, and exposure to certain chemicals. Many of these effects are of significant commercial importance in agriculture. The direct precursor of ethylene in higher plants is the three-membered-ring amino acid 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The synthesis of this three-membered-ring amino acid is catalyzed by 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (S-adenosyl-L- methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase, EC 4.4.1.14) , commonly termed ACC synthase. This synthetic step is the rate-limiting step in the pathway to ethylene production. Summary of the Invention In general, the invention features substantially pure DNA (for example, genomic DNA, cDNA or synthetic DNA) encoding a crucifer (for example, Arabidopsiε) ACC synthase polypeptide. In related aspects, the invention also features a vector, a cell (e.g., a plant cell), and a transgenic plant or seed thereof which includes such a substantially pure ACC synthase DNA. In various preferred embodiments, the cell is a prokaryotic cell, for example, E. coli or AgroJ acteriutπ, or more preferably, a eukaryotic cell, for example, a transformed plant cell derived from a cell of a transgenic plant. In a second aspect, the invention features a substantially pure DNA which includes a promoter which is capable of ethylene induction and which is functional in immature plant tissues. In preferred embodiments, the promoter is an ACC synthase promoter, for example, a crucifer ACC synthase promoter such as the ACC synthase promoter of AraJbodopsis. In related aspects, the invention features a transgenic plant containing a transgene which includes such an ethylene-inducible promoter which is functional in immature plant tissue; and a seed and a cell from such a transgenic plant. In a third aspect, the invention features a transgenic plant containing a transgene which includes a mutant crucifer ACC synthase DNA sequence; and a seed and cell from such a transgenic plant. In a fourth aspect, the invention features a method of producing a recombinant crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide which involves: (a) providing a cell transformed with DNA encoding a crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide positioned for expression in the cell; (b) culturing the transformed cell under conditions for expressing the DNA; and (c) isolating the recombinant crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide. In a fifth aspect, the invention features a method of inhibiting an ethylene-inducible event in a plant which involves: (a) providing a transgenic plant with DNA encoding a crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide positioned for expression in a cell of said plant; and (b) culturing the transgenic plant under conditions for expressing the DNA. In preferred embodiments, the events inhibited include fruit ripening, fruit maturation, senescence, and/or cell development. In a sixth aspect, the invention features a method of inducibly producing a compound in a cell which involves: providing a cell which includes DNA encoding the compound operably linked to an ethylene-inducible promoter which is functional in immature plant tissue; and administering ethylene to the cell to induce compound production. In a preferred embodiment, the method may further involve isolating the compound. In other preferred embodiments, the compound is a recombinant protein, a protein normally produced by the cell, or an RNA molecule; the cell is a plant cell; the cell is obtained from a transgenic plant which includes one or more cells which contain the ethylene-inducible promoter of the invention as a transgene. In a final aspect, the invention features substantially pure crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide. Preferably, the polypeptide includes a sequence substantially identical to an amino acid sequence shown in Fig 1 (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2) . Most preferably, the polypeptide is a crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide, for example, the Arabidopsis ACC synthase polypeptide. By "crucifer" is meant any plant that is classified within the Cruciferae family as commonly described in, e.g.. Gray's Manual of Botany American Book Company, N.Y., 1950; Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the U.S . and Canada , Macmillan, 1976; or Simmons, N.W. , Evolution of Crop Plants , 1986. The Cruciferae include many agricultural crops, including, broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, rapeseed, kale, Chinese kale, cauliflower, horseradish and Arabidopsis. By "ACC synthase" is meant an ACC synthase polypeptide capable of the enzymatic conversion of AdoMet(S-adenosylmethionine) to ACC (1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid) and MTR (5-methylthioribose) as described by Yang et al., supra. By "polypeptide" is meant any chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation or phosphorylation) . By "substantially identical" is meant a polypeptide or nucleic acid exhibiting at least 80%, preferably 85%, more preferably 90%, and most preferably 95% homology to a reference amino acid or nucleic acid sequence. For polypeptides, the length of comparison sequences will generally be at least 16 amino acids, preferably at least 20 amino acids, more preferably at least 25 amino acids, and most preferably 35 amino acids. For nucleic acids, the length of comparison sequences will generally be at least 50 nucleotides, preferably at least 60 nucleotides, more preferably at least 75 nucleotides, and most preferably 110 nucleotides. Homology is typically measured using sequence analysis software (e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wl 53705) . Such software matches similar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to various substitutions, deletions, substitutions, and other modifications. Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine. By a "substantially pure polypeptide" is meant an ACC synthase polypeptide which has been separated from components which naturally accompany it. Typically, the polypeptide is substantially pure when it is at least 60%, by weight, free from the proteins and naturally- occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight, ACC synthase polypeptide. A substantially pure ACC synthase polypeptide may be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source (e.g., a plant cell); by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding an ACC synthase polypeptide; or by chemically synthesizing the protein. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., those described in column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or by HPLC analysis. A protein is substantially free of naturally associated components when it is separated from those contaminants which accompany it in its natural state. Thus, a protein which is chemically synthesized or produced in a cellular system different from the cell from which it naturally originates will be substantially free from its naturally associated components. Accordingly, substantially pure polypeptides include those derived from eukaryotic organisms but synthesized in E. coli or other prokaryotes. By "substantially pure DNA" is meant DNA that is free of the genes which, in the naturally-occurring genome of the organism from which the DNA of the invention is derived, flank the gene. The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector; into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus; or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote; or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence. By "mutant form of ACC synthase polypeptide" is meant a polypeptide which includes any change (in comparison to the wild-type) in the DNA sequence. These changes can arise, e.g., spontaneously by chemical energy, e.g.. X-ray, or by other forms of mutagenesis, by genetic engineering, or as a result of mating or other forms of exchange of genetic information. Mutations include, e.g., base changes, deletions, insertions, inversions, translocations, or duplications. Such mutant forms of ACC polypeptides display an inactive or attenuated ACC synthase enzymatic activity, as measured by standard ACC synthase activity assays (e.g., Yu et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 198: 280, 1979; Lizada et al.. Anal. Biochem. 100: 140, 1979; or Van Der Straeten et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 182:639, 1989). Preferably, such mutant ACC synthase polypeptides have (a) significantly (i.e., at least 25%) decreased activity compared to the wild-type form, or (b) have significantly (i.e., at least 25%) decreased polypeptide production (e.g., by Western blot assay) as compared to the wild- type cell. By "transformed cell" is meant a cell into which (or into an ancestor of which) has been introduced, by means of recombinant DNA techniques, a DNA molecule encoding (as used herein) an ACC synthase polypeptide. By "positioned for expression" is meant that the DNA molecule is positioned adjacent to a DNA sequence which directs transcription and translation of the sequence (i.e., facilitates the production of, e.g., an ACC synthase polypeptide, a recombinant protein or a RNA molecule) . By "reporter gene" is meant a gene whose expression may be assayed; such genes include, without limitation. S-glucuronidase (GUS) , luciferase, chloramphenicol transacetylase (CAT) , and β-galactosidase. By "promoter" is meant minimal sequence sufficient to direct transcription. Also included in the invention are those promoter elements which are sufficient to render promoter-dependent gene expression inducible by ethylene in immature plant tissue; such elements may be located in the 5' or 3' regions of the native gene. By "immature plant tissue" is meant any tissue of the plant obtained between seed imbibition and germination, and the production of flowers. By "operably linked" is meant that a gene and a regulatory sequence(s) are connected in such a way as to permit gene expression when the appropriate molecules (e.g., transcriptional activator proteins) are bound to the regulatory sequence(s) . By "plant cell" is meant any self-propagating cell bounded by a semi-permeable membrane and containing a plastid. Such a cell also requires a cell wall if further propagation is desired. Plant cell, as used herein includes, without limitation, algae, cyanobacteria, seeds suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores. By "transgene" is meant any piece of DNA which is inserted by artifice into a cell, and becomes part of the genome of the organism which develops from that cell. Such a transgene may include a gene which is partly or entirely heterologous (i.e., foreign) to the transgenic organism, or may represent a gene homologous to an endogenous gene of the organism. By "transgenic" is meant any cell which includes a DNA sequence which is inserted by artifice into a cell and becomes part of the genome of the organism which develops from that cell. As used herein, the transgenic organisms are generally transgenic plants and the DNA (transgene) is inserted by artifice into the nuclear or plastidic genome. By an "ethylene inducible promotor" is meant a promoter whose level of activity is increased in response to treatment with ethylene or an equivalent compound such as propylene. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims. Detailed Descriptions The drawings will first be described. Drawings Fig. 1 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the A. thaliana ACC synthase gene (AThACCl) (SEQ ID NO: 1) and partial cDNA (AThACC2 (SEQ ID NO: 2). (A) DNA and amino acid sequences of AThACCl (SEQ ID NO: 1) . Exons are in upper case letters; noncoding regions are in lower case letters. The G box core element, the putative CAAT and TATA boxes, and polyadenylation signals are boxed. The region of highest similarity with other ACC synthase promoters, containing a short inverted repeat, is underlined, as well as long thymine and adenine stretches. Deduced amino acids are in the one letter code. The active site region is boxed. (B) DNA and amino acid sequences of the AThACC2 cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 2). Fig. 2 shows a genomic DNA gel blot analysis of A. thaliana , Oryza sativa (Cv. Taipei) , Lycopersicon esculentum (Cv. Orlando) , and Nicotiana tabacum. Panel A shows from left to right: A. thaliana (ecotype C24) , 1 μg total DNA; A. thaliana, 1 μg nuclear DNA; rice, 3 μg nuclear DNA; tomato, 5 μg total DNA; tobacco, 20 μg nuclear DNA. DNA was digested with Bglll (B) or EcoRI (E) . The filter was hybridized at 65°C with a 32 P-labeled 2.2-kb BamHI fragment of the AThACCl gene. Exposure was for 12 hours on flash-sensitized film. Panel B shows from left to right: A. thaliana (ecotype Lansberg erecta) Xbal and EcoRI digest. The filter was hybridized at 60°C with a PCR fragment 3,540-3,905 base pairs, most of which covered the 3' untranslated region. Exposure was for 5 days on flash-sensitized film. Fig. 3 is a reverse transcription-PCR analysis of the AThACCl gene on total RNA from different organs of Arabidopsis and from mature plants after ethylene exposure. In Panel A PCR analysis was carried out using a primer specific for AThACCl (PCR3 and PCR14) . Lane l, 500 base pair marker; lane 2, young leaves; lane 3, roots; lane 4, flowers; lane 5, mature green siliques; lane 6, ripe siliques; lane 7, etiolated seedlings; lane 8, mature plants; lane 9, as in 8, but after two hours of ethylene exposure; lane 10, four hours; lane 11, eight hours; lane 12, 12 hours of ethylene exposure. In Panel B PCR analysis was carried out as in Panel A but with nonspecific primers (PCR19 and PCR20) . Lanes are numbered as for Panel A. Fig. 4 is a reverse transcription-PCR analysis of expression of the AThACCl gene performed on total RNA from wounded, young Arabidopsis leaves. In Panel A, PCR analysis was carried out using a primer specific for AThACCl (PCR22 and PCR24) . Lane 1, young leaves; lane 2, after 30 minutes wounding; lane 3, 60 minutes; lane 4, 90 minutes; lane 5, 2 hours; lane 6, 3 hours; lane 7, 4 hours; lane 8, 8 hours; lane 9, control on 5 ng cosmid DNA carrying AThACCl . In Panel B PCR analysis was carried out as in Panel A but with nonspecific primers (PCR19 and PCR20) . Lanes are numbered as for Panel A. There now follows a description of the cloning and characterization of an AraJbidopsis ACC synthase genomic DNA and cDNA useful in the instant invention. This example is provided for the purpose of illustrating the invention, and should not be construed as limiting. Isolation of Arabidopsis ACC Synthase Genomic DNA and cDNA A cosmid library of A. thaliana (ecotype Columbia) constructed by standard techniques was screened (also by standard techniques) using degenerate oligonucleotides derived from a tomato ACC synthase peptide sequence (Van Der Straeten et al., supra) . Isolated genomic sequences were subcloned into the pUC18 plasmid, and DNA sequence analysis was performed by the Sanger method. The library screening led to the isolation of the AthACCl gene and its identification by similarity to other ACC synthases. Fig. 1A presents the genomic sequence of the AthACCl gene (5613 bp (SEQ ID NO: 1) . The sequence covers 1432 bp upstream from the initiation codon and 1993 bp downstream from the stop codon. Putative CAAT and TATA boxes (Joshi, Nucl. Acids Res. 15:6643 (1987), as well as the potential polyadenylation site (Dean et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 14:2229, 1986), are indicated. The gene contains three introns; consensus dinucleotides are located at their boundaries (Csank et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 18:5133, 1990). The position of the exon- intron junctions are identical to those in the tomato ACC synthase genes (Rottmann et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222:937, 1991) . When comparing the promoter region of AthACCl with the promoter of the CPACC1A encoding gene of zucchini (Huang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88:7021, 1991), the highest similarity was found in the region from 525 to 730. Interestingly, this region is partially overlapping with the region of highest similarity with the Lycopersicon esculentum LE-ACC2 promoter (Yip et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:2475, 1992) 661-827 bp in AThACCl) . A 13-bp-long sequence in AThACCl (903-915) was also found in the fourth exon of the zucchini gene and with 77% similarity, far upstream, in the promoter of the LE-ACC2 gene. Comparison of the AThACCl promoter with other ethylene- responsive promoters (Van Der Straeten et al. , Plant Genetic Engineering, eds., Biswas, B.B. and Harris, J.R., Plenum, NY pp. 279-326, 1991) revealed significant similarity (70-80%) in several short stretches of the 5' region. The wound-inducible promoters, winla (Stanford et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 215:200, 1989) and wunla (Logeman et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 219:81, 1989), were 91% similar to AThACCl in the regions 918-929 bp and 1170- 1180 bp, respectively. No significant similarities with auxin-responsive elements were found. It is worth noting that a tnyc-like binding site (Blackwell et al., Science 230:1149, 1990) resembling the G-box core is present at position 340, found in several light-regulated promoters (Giuliano et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7089, 1988; Schulze-Lefert et al., EMBO J. 8:651, 1989), in the abscisic acid response element of the wheat Em gene (29) , and in the LE-ACC2 promoter (Rottmann et al., supra) . In addition, both the 5'-untranslated region and intron 2 of ArhACCJ contain long thymine (Kosambi, Ann. Eugen. 12:172, 1944, 36 nucleotides) and adenine stretches (15 nucleotides, close to the start codon) . As indicated in Fig. 1, the genomic clone AthACCl , encodes a polypeptide of 496 amino acids. This polypeptide has a predicted molecular mass of 54.6 kDa and a Pi of 7.3. The 12 amino acids of the active-site region are identical to those of tomato (TACCI or pCW4A; Van Der Straeten et al., supra), winter squash (Nakajima et al., Plant Cell Physiol 31:1021, 1991), and zucchini (Sato et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266:3752, 1991) ACC synthases. Moreover, in all ACC synthases so far' cloned, 11 of the 12 amino acids involved in the binding of the substrate and the cofactor of amino transferases are conserved. This result supports the hypothesis that ACC synthases and aminotransferases are evolutionary related (Rottman et al., supra) . Table I gives an overview of the amino acid and nucleotide sequence similarities of ACC synthases from various species of which full-length clones have been isolated. TABLE I Nucleotide Amino Acid Enzyme Identity, % Identity, % Ref. TACCI (tomato) 68 75 Van Der Straeten et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 87:4589, 1190 TACC2 (tomato) 66 71 Olson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 88:5340, 1991 CMW33 (winter squash) 67 71 Nakajima et al. , Plant Cell Physiol., 31:1021, 1990 CMA101 (winter squash) 68 64 Nakagawa et al. , Plant Cell Physiol., 32:1153, 1991 CPACCIA (zucchini) 67 72 Huang et al. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 88:7021, 1991 CARACC3 (carnation) 65 73 Park et al. , Plant Mol. Biol. 18:388, 1992 A flower-specific cDNA library of ecotype C24 was constructed using standard techniques. The library was screened (also using standard techniques) with a 2.2- kilobase (kb) BamHl fragment of the A. thaliana ACC synthase cDNA (AthACCl) gene covering the first 140 amino acids of the coding region and the two first introns. A partial cDNA of another Arabidopsis ACC synthase gene was isolated from a flower-specific cDNA library using a 2.2-kb BamHI fragment of AthACCl as a probe and was designated AthACC2. Its sequence is shown in Fig. IB (SEQ ID NO: 2) . The 159 nucleotides are 79% identical to the corresponding region of AthACCl . This level of sequence difference cannot be readily accounted for by the difference in ecotypes (Columbia vs. C24) . Deduced amino acids in this region are 83% identical. Arabidopsis ACC Synthase Multigene Family and Its Relationship to Other Plant ACC Synthase Genes The existence of several ACC synthase genes in Arabidopsis was confirmed by genomic DNA gel blots (Fig. 2) . The AThACCl gene is a member of the ACC synthase gene family but without high similarity to any other member. Hybridization of the AthACCl 2.2-kb BamHI fragment to both total and nuclear Arabidopsis DNA under high-stringency conditions revealed a Bgrlll fragment at 2.7 kb and two EcoRI fragments of 5.0 and 6.5 kb, each with half the intensity of the Bglll band (Fig. 2A) . This is a single gene pattern corresponding to the restriction map of AthACCl . Confirmation was obtained by hybridizing Arabidopsis genomic DNA with the 1.1-kb BamHI fragment (covering approximately 75% of the coding region) ; as well as with a 350 bp PCR generated fragment, the sequence of which resides mostly in the 3' untranslated region (Fig. 2B) . In the latter cases a single band was observed at 6.5 kb in the EcoRI and at 12 kb in the Xbal lanes. However, when repeated under low- stringency conditions (53°C) with the 2.2- and 1.1-kb BamHI fragments covering the coding region as probes, several extra bands became apparent, indicating the existence of related members of the ACC synthase gene family. In addition, it could be concluded that AthACCl is relatively divergent from ACC synthases in rice, tomato, and tobacco, because no cross-hybridization was visible under high stringency conditions (Fig. 2A)', whereas faint bands appeared under lower stringency. From the aforementioned description and the nucleic acid sequence shown in Fig 1, the isolation of any crucifer cDNA encoding an ACC synthase polypeptide is easily accomplished through the use of standard hybridization screening techniques (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, 1989) . Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Mapping of the AthACCl Gene RFLP mapping analysis was done by the procedure detailed by Nam et al., Plant Cell 1:699, 1989, using the cosmid carrying the AthACCl gene as a probe. Segregation data were analyzed with the MAPMAKER computer program (Lander et al., Genomics 1:174, 1987), and the maximum likelihood recombination fractions for each pair of adjacent markers were transformed into centimorgan distances with the Kosambi function (Kosambi, supra) . Using the restriction enzyme Clal, one Columbia polymorphic band and one Landsberg erecta polymorphic band showed appropriate segregation and mapped to the same locus. This RFLP has been designated pw4 and maps to the telomere proximal region at the top of chromosome 1 at 0.0 centimorgans on a revised RFLP. It is 37.4 centimorgans above (telomere proximal) RFLP 5972 (which mapped at 0.0) in the published map of Nam et al. (supra) . Study of Expression of AThACCl as Determined by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) A. thaliana (ecotype C24) plants were grown at 22°C and 60% relative humidity under white-fluorescent light (photoperiod 16 hr light/8 hr dark, at a fluence rate of 75 μmol.m ~2 .s _1 ) . Young leaves from 3- to 5-week- old plants were wounded with a scalpel. Senescent leaves were from 8- to 12-week-old plants. Flower samples contained only flowers with white, non-senescing petals. Mature-ripe siliques presented a yellow to light-brown coloration and had mature seeds. Mature-green siliques did not show any sign of chlorophyll loss. Flowering A. thaliana plants (6- to 8-week old) were either immediately frozen or, for ethylene inductions, placed in a sealed container and subjected to a continuous flow of 9 liter/hr of ethylene at 10 ppm for 2-12 hr. Auxin treatments were done by soaking 7-day old light grown seedlings in 0.5 mM indoleacetic acid (IAA) in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, for 4 hr. Total RNA was isolated as reported (Rodriquez- Pousada et al., Technique 2:292, 1990). RT-PCR was done as in Goblet et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 17:2144, 1989, with minor modifications. In summary, 10 μg of total RNA (accurately quantified) was mixed with the 3' oligonucleotide in 50 μl of IX buffer (67.2 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 16.6 mM (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , 2 mM MgCl 2 , bovine serum albumin (nuclease free) at 1.68 mg/ml, 0.72% 2- mercaptoethanol) and incubated at 85°C for 5 min, followed by 5 min at 45°C. The tubes were put on ice and 50 μl of a reaction mixture containing the 5' oligonucleotide, IX buffer, 2.5 units of Tag polymerase (Beckman, Somerset, NJ) , 16 units of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, Wl) , 20 units of RNasin (Promega), and 0.2 mM of each dNTP were added. Reverse transcription was done by incubating the tubes at 40°C for 45 min immediately followed by the PCR reaction; 30-35 cycles of 1.5 min at 94°C, 1.5 min at 50°C and 45 min at 72°C. Reactions were done in a PHC-2 thermocycler (Techme, Cambridge, U.K.). The PCR products were analyzed by 0.8-1% agarose/TAE gel electrophoresis and blotted on Hybond-N membrane. Three pairs of oligonucleotides were used as primers: Pair 1: PCRH 5' TATAGTCTTTCTAAAGATATGGGACTT 3' (bp 2953-2979) (SEQ ID NO: 3) PCR3 5' GTCGTCGGAAACTTAGTCGA 3' (bp 2297-2316) (SEQ ID NO.: 4); Pair 2 (covering highly conserved regions, non-speci ic): PCR20 5'CTCATTCCCTCCCCGTACTA 3' (bp 2297-2316) (SEQ ID NO: 5) PCR19 5'CTCTAAAACCAGGAAGTCCC 3' (bp 2992-2973) (SEQ ID NO: 6); Pair 3 (specific for AthACCl): PCR22 5'TCGACTAAGTTTCCCACGAC 3' (bp 3537-3556) (SEQ ID NO: 7) PCR24 5 GTCGAAATTGAATTATTCCA 3' (bp 3758-3738) (SEQ ID NO: 8). All data are the result of two independent experiments. Due to the lack of sensitivity of Northern (RNA) blotting in detecting very low abundance mRNAs (as AThACCl mRNAs) , RT-PCR was used for analysis of mRNA levels (Deiidow et al., Gene Anal. Techn. 11:636, 1989; Buck et al., BioTechniques 11:636, 1991). To allow quantitative comparison within each experiment, the number of PCR cycles was kept low. In certain cases Northern blots were done with a probe predicted to produce constant signals under given induction conditions. Different sets of oligonucleotides derived from the coding sequences or the 3'-untranslated region of the AThACCl gene were synthesized to monitor levels of all ACC synthase mRNAs or AThACCl mRNA alone. Fig. 3 presents a DNA gel blot of a RT-PCR reaction on different total RNA samples using primers PCR3 and PCR14, which most likely specifically amplify AthACCl cDNA because primer PCR3 resides in the 3' end of the coding region where ACC synthases are known to be highly divergent. The signal was very high in young leaves and in flowers but barely visible in roots and absent in siliques and etiolated seedlings (Fig. 3A, lanes 1-7) . The same pattern was found when the conserved oligonucleotides PCR19 and PCR20 were used (Fig. 3B, lanes 1-7) . When mature plants were exposed to a continuous flow of ethylene at 10 pp , an early induction could be seen (2hr, Fig. 3A, lane 9) but the induction almost returned to basal level after 8 hr (lane 11) . Remarkably, control plants did not show any signal (Fig. 3A, lane 8) . The same pattern was observed when oligonucleotide pair 3 was used. When mature plants were exposed to a continuous flow of 10 ppm ethylene, an early induction occurred; a first peak occurred at 2 hr, and a second, strong induction occurred at 12 hr. Exposure of 7-day-old light-grown seedlings to indoleacetic acid did not lead to any significant induction of the AThACCl gene. In Fig. 4, the effect of wounding on Arabidopsis thaliana ACC synthase mRNA levels is shown. Fig. 4A presents a DNA gel blot of samples treated with the oligonucleotide pair 3, which specifically amplifies AthACCl mRNA. The signals obtained between 30-min and 8- hr wounding did not vary significantly. However, a clear induction was seen when the nonspecific set of oligonucleotides was used (pair 2) ; a peak occurred 4 hr after wounding (Fig. 4B) . Thus, in general, we describe the cloning of a gene encoding a member of the A. thaliana ACC synthase gene family (AthACCl) and one partial cDNA corresponding to another ACC synthase (AthACC2 ) . The existence of a multigene family in Arabidopsis was confirmed by genomic DNA gel blots that also indicate that the AthACCl gene is distantly related to other family members. An analysis of the promoter sequence revealed similarities with several other promoters. Most noteworthy was the homology with the promoter of the tomato ACC synthase LE- ACC2 gene (Rottman et al., supra) and the zucchini CP- ACCla gene (Huang et al., supra), in the region 661-730 bp. In addition a G-box core element was found far upstream (340-345 bp) . In both cases, their possible involvement in gene regulation remains to be provided. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with other ACC synthase proteins revealed the same common features presented earlier (Dong et al.. Plant Cell Physiol. 32:25, 1991), and similarities ranged between 71 and 75% (Table I) . The exact mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis by induction of ACC synthase genes is unclear. From physiological data (Yang et al., supra) , it can be argued that at least three classes of ACC synthases could exist — one ripening and senescence- related, one auxin-induced, and one stress-induced. However, a recent report on ACC synthase genes in tomato has indicated that the individual genes are not assigned to only one function (Yip et al., supra) . The data presented here support the existence of a complex regulatory pattern of the ACC synthase gene family in Arabidopsis . The AthACCl gene was expressed prominently in young leaves and flowers but was not expressed in leaves of mature plants nor in mature green or ripe siliques (Fig. 3) . The AthACCl gene was also shut down in rosette leaves with the onset of the reproductive phase. Interestingly, AthACCl mRNA levels seemed to be influenced by ethylene itself. Upon ethylene exposure of mature plants, the AthACCl mRNA accumulated after 2 hr. , whereas the ACC synthase gene family showed a biphasic activation with peaks after 2 and 12-hr treatment (Fig. 3) . Although the AthACCl gene appeared to be switched off in senescent leaves, it remains to be determined whether it has any role in the onset of senescence or in the early senescence phase remains to be determined. In addition, AthACCl was shown not to be wound-inducible, at least not in young tissue. This contrasted with the pattern of accumulation observed for the ACC synthase mRNAs in general, where a peak was detected after 4 hr (Fig. 4) . ACC Synthase Polypeptide Expression Polypeptides according to the invention may be produced by transformation of a suitable host cell with all or part of an ACC synthase cDNA (e.g., the cDNA described above) in a suitable expression vehicle. Those skilled in the field of molecular biology will understand that any of a wide variety of expression systems may be used to provide the recombinant protein. The precise host cell used is not critical to the invention. The ACC synthase polypeptide may be produced in a prokaryotic host, e.g., E. coli , or in a eukaryotic host, e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae , mammalian cells (e.g., COS 1 or NIH 3T3 cells), or any of a number of plant cells including, without limitation, algae, tree species, ornamental species, temperate fruit species, tropical fruit species, vegetable species, legume species, monocots, dicots, or in any plant of commercial or agricultural significance. Particular examples of suitable plant hosts include Chlamydomonas. Conifers, Petunia, Tomato, Potato, Tobacco, Arabidopsis , Lettuce, Sunflower, Oilseed rape, Flax, Cotton, Sugarbeet, Celery, Soybean, Alfalfa, Medicago , Lotus, Vigna , Cucumber, Carrot, Eggplant, Cauliflower, Horseradish, Morning Glory, Poplar, Walnut, Apple, Asparagus, Rice, Corn, Millet, Onion, Barley, Orchard grass, Oat, Rye, and Wheat. Such cells are available from a wide range of sources including: the American Type Culture Collection (Rockland, MD) ; Chlamydomonas Culture Collection, (Duke University) , Durham, North Carolina; or from any of a number seed companies, e.g., W. Atlee Burpee Seed Co. (Warminster, PA) , Park Seed Co. (Greenwood, SC) , Johnny Seed Co. (Albion, ME) , or Northrup King Seeds (Harstville, SC) . Descriptions and sources of useful host cells are also found in Vasil I.K., Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol I, II, III Laboratory Procedures and Their Applications Academic Press, New York, 1984; Dixon, R.A. , Plant Cell Culture-A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford University, 1985; Green et al., Plant Tissue and Cell Culture , Academic Press, New York, 1987; Gasser and Fraley, Science 244:1293, 1989. For prokaryotic expression, DNA encoding an ACC synthase of the invention is carried on a vector operably linked to control signals capable of effecting expression in the prokaryotic host. If desired, the coding sequence may contain, at its 5' end, a sequence encoding any of the known signal sequences capable of effecting secretion of the expressed protein into the periplasmic space of the host cell, thereby facilitating recovery of the protein and subsequent purification. Prokaryotes most frequently used are various strains of E. coli: however, other microbial strains may also be used. Plasmid vectors are used which contain replication origins, selectable markers, and control sequences derived from a species compatible with the microbial host. Examples of such vectors may be found in Pouwels et al. (supra) or Ausubel et al. (supra) . Commonly used prokaryotic control sequences (also referred to as "regulatory elements") are defined herein to include promoters for transcription initiation, optionally with an operator, along with ribosome binding site sequences. Promoters commonly used to direct protein expression include the beta-lactamase (penicillinase) , the lactose (lac) (Chang et al., Nature 198: 1056, 1977), the tryptophan (Trp) (Goeddel et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 8: 4057, 1980) and the tac promoter systems as well as the lambda-derived P L promoter and N-gene ribosome binding site (Simatake et al., Nature 292:128, 1981). For eukaryotic expression, the method of transformation or transfection and the choice of vehicle for expression of the ACC synthase will depend on the host system selected. Transformation and transfection methods are described, e.g., in Ausubel et al. (supra) : Weissbach and Weissbach, Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, 1989; Gelvin et al.. Plant Molecular Biology Manual , Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990; Kindle, K. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 87:1228, 1990; Potrykus, I., Annu . Rev. Plant Physiol . Plant Mol . Biology 42:205, 1991; and BioRad (Hercules, CA) Technical Bulletin #1687 (Biolistic Particle Delivery Systems) . Expression vehicles may be chosen from those provided, e.g., in Cloning Vectors : A Laboratory Manual (P.H. Pouwels et al., 1985, Supp. 1987); Gasser and Fraley (supra) ; Clontech Molecular Biology Catalog (Catalog 1992/93 Tools for the Molecular Biologist, Palo Alto, CA) ; and the references cited above. One preferred eukaryotic expression system is the mouse 3T3 fibroblast host cell transfected with a pMAMneo expression vector (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) . pMAMneo provides: an RSV-LTR enhancer linked to a dexamethasone- inducible MMTV-LTR promotor, an SV40 origin of replication which allows replication in mammalian systems, a selectable neomycin gene, and SV40 splicing and polyadenylation sites. DNA encoding an ACC synthase polypeptide would be inserted into the pMAMneo vector in an orientation designed to allow expression. The recombinant ACC synthase protein would be isolated as described below. Other preferable host cells which may be used in conjunction with the pMAMneo expression vehicle include COS cells and CHO cells (ATCC Accession Nos. CRL 1650 and CCL 61, respectively) . Alternatively, an ACC synthase polypeptide is produced by a stably-transfected mammalian cell line. A number of vectors suitable for stable transfection of mammalian cells are available to the public, e.g., see Pouwels et al. (supra) ; methods for constructing such cell lines are also publicly available, e.g., in Ausubel et al. (supra) . In one example, cDNA encoding the ACC synthase polypeptide is cloned into an expression vector which includes the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene. Integration of the plasmid and, therefore, the ACC synthase-encoding gene into the host cell chromosome is selected for by inclusion of 0.01-300 μM methotrexate in the cell culture medium (as described in Ausubel et al., supra) . This dominant selection can be accomplished in most cell types. Recombinant protein expression can be increased by DHFR-mediated amplification of the transfected gene. Methods for selecting cell lines bearing gene amplifications are described in Ausubel et al. (supra) ; such methods generally involve extended culture in medium containing gradually increasing levels of methotrexate. DHFR-containing expression vectors commonly used for this purpose include pCVSEII-DHRF and pAdD26SV(A) (described in Ausubel et al., supra) . Any of the host cells described above or, preferably, a DHFR- deficient CHO cell line (e.g., CHO DHFR ~ cells, ATCC Accession No. CRL 9096) are among the host cells preferred for DHFR selection of a stably-transfected cell line or DHFR-mediated gene amplification. Most preferably, an ACC synthase polypeptide is produced by a stably-transfected plant cell line or by a transgenic plant. A number of vectors suitable for stable transfection of plant cells or for the establishment of transgenic plants are available to the public; such vectors are described in Pouwels et al. (supra) , Weissbach and Weissbach (supra) , and Gelvin et al. (supra) . Methods for constructing such cell lines are described in, e.g., Weissbach and Weisbach (supra) , and Gelvin et al. (supra) . Typically, plant expression vectors include (1) a cloned plant gene under the transcriptional control of 5' and 3' regulatory sequences and (2) a dominant selectable marker. Such plant expression vectors may also contain, if desired, a promoter regulatory region (e.g., one conferring inducible or constitutive, environmentally- or developmentally-regulated, or cell- or tissue-specific expression) , a transcription initiation start site, a ribosome binding site, an RNA processing signal, a transcription termination site, and/or a polyadenylation signal. An example of a useful plant promoter according to the invention is a caulimovirus promoter, e.g., a cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) promoter. These promoters confer high levels of expression in most plant tissues, and the activity of these promoters is not dependent on virally encoded proteins. CaMV is a source for both the 35S and 19S promoters. In most tissues of transgenic plants, the CaMV 35S promoter is a strong promoter (see, e.g., Odell et al., Nature 313: 810, 1985) . The CaMV promoter is also highly active in monocots (see, e.g., Dekeyser et al., Plant Cell 2:591, 1990; Terada and Shimamoto, Mol. Gen. Genet. 220:389, 1990) . Moreover, activity of this promoter can be further increased (i.e., between 2-10 fold) by duplication of the CaMV 35S promoter (see e.g., Kay et al.. Science 236:1299, 1987; Ow et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 84: 4870, 1987; and Fang et al., Plant Cell 1: 141, 1989) . Other useful plant promoters include, without limitation, the nopaline synthase promoter (An et al., Plant Physiol. 88: 547, 1988) and the octopine synthase promoter (Fromm et al., Plant Cell 1: 977, 1989). For certain applications, it may be desirable to produce the ACC synthase gene product in an appropriate tissue, at an appropriate level, or at an appropriate developmental time. Thus, there are an assortment of gene promoters, each with its own distinct characteristics embodied in its regulatory sequences, shown to be regulated in response to the environment, hormones, and/or developmental cues. These include gene promoters that are responsible for (1) heat-regulated gene expression (see, e.g., Callis et al., Plant Physiol. 88: 965, 1988), (2) light-regulated gene expression (e.g., the pea rJbσS-3A described by Kuhlemeier et al., Plant Cell 1: 471, 1989; the maize rJbcS promoter described by Schaffner and Sheen, Plant Cell 3: 997, 1991; or the cholorphyll a/b-binding protein gene found in pea described by Simpson et al., EMBO J. 4: 2723, 1985), (3) hormone-regulated gene expression (e.g., the abscisic acid responsive sequences from the Em gene of wheat described Marcotte et al., Plant Cell 1:969, 1989), (4) wound-induced gene expression (e.g., of wunl described by Siebertz et al., Plant Cell 1: 961, 1989), or (5) organ-specific gene expression (e.g., of the tuber-specific storage protein gene described by Roshal et al., EMBO J. 6:1155, 1987; the 23-kDa zein gene from maize described by Schernthaner et al., EMBO J. 7: 1249, 1988; or the French bean β-phaseolin gene described by Bustos et al., Plant Cell 1:839, 1989). Plant expression vectors may also optionally include RNA processing signals, e.g, introns, which have been shown to be important for efficient RNA synthesis and accumulation (Callis et al., Genes and Dev. 1: 1183, 1987) . The location of the RNA splice sequences can dramatically influence the level of transgene expression in plants. In view of this fact, an intron may be positioned upstream or downstream of an ACC synthase polypeptide-encoding sequence in the transgene to modulate levels of gene expression. In addition to the aforementioned 5' regulatory control sequences, the expression vectors may also include regulatory control regions which are generally present in the 3' regions of plant genes (Thornburg et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 84: 744, 1987; An et al., Plant Cell 1: 115, 1989). For example, the 3' terminator region may be included in the expression vector to increase stability of the mRNA. One such terminator region may be derived from the PI-II terminator region of potato. In addition, other commonly used terminators are derived from the octopine or nopaline synthase signals. The plant expression vector also typically contains a dominant selectable marker gene used to identify those cells that have become transformed. Useful selectable genes for plant systems include genes encoding antibiotic resistance genes, for example, those encoding resistance to hygromycin, kanamycin, bleomycin, G418, streptomycin or spectinomycin. Genes required for photosynthesis may also be used as selectable markers in photosynthetic-deficient strains. Finally, genes encoding herbicide resistance may be used as selectable markers; useful herbicide resistance genes include the Jbar gene encoding the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and conferring resistance to the broad spectrum herbicide Basta® (Hoechst AG, Frankfurt, Germany) . Efficient use of selectable markers is facilitated by a determination of the susceptibility of a plant cell to a particular selectable agent and a determination of the concentration of this agent which effectively kills most, if not all, of the transformed cells. Some useful concentrations of antibiotics for tobacco transformation include, e.g., 75-100 μg/ml (kanamycin), 20-50 μg/ml (hygromycin) , or 5-10 μg/ml (bleomycin) . A useful strategy for selection of transformants for herbicide resistance is described, e.g., by Vasil et al. , supra . It should be readily apparent to one skilled in the art of molecular biology, especially in the field of plant molecular biology, that the level of gene expression is dependent, not only on the combination of promoters, RNA processing signals and terminator elements, but also on how these elements are used to increase the levels of selectable marker gene expression. Plant Transformation Upon construction of the plant expression vector, several standard methods are accessible for introduction of the recombinant genetic material into the host plant for the generation of a transgenic plant. These methods include (1) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (A. tumefacienε or A. rhizogeneε) (see, e.g. , Lichtenstein and Fuller In: Genetic Engineering, vol 6, PWJ Rigby, ed, London, Academic Press, 1987; and Lichtenstein,, C.P., and Draper, J, . In: DNA Cloning, Vol II, D.M. Glover, ed, Oxford, IRI Press, 1985) , (2) the particle delivery system (see, e.g., Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell 2:603, 1990; or BioRad Technical Bulletin 1687, supra) , (3) microinjection protocols (see, e.g.. Green et al., supra) , (4) polyethylene glycol (PEG) procedures (see, e.g.. Draper et al.. Plant Cell Physiol 23:451, 1982; or e.g., Zhang and WU, Theor Appl Genet 76:835, 1988), (5) liposome-mediated DNA uptake (see, e.g., Freeman et al., Plant Cell Physiol 25: 1353, 1984), (6) electroporation protocols (see, e.g., Gelvin et al supra; Dekeyser et al. supra: or Fromm et al Nature 319: 791, 1986), and (7) the vortexing method (see, e.g. , Kindle supra) . The following is an example outlining an Agrojbaσterium-mediated plant transformation. The general process for manipulating genes to be transferred into the genome of plant cells is carried out in two phases. First, all the cloning and DNA modification steps are done in E. coli , and the plasmid containing the gene construct of interest is transferred by conjugation into AgroJbaσterium. Second, the resulting AgrroJbacterium strain is used to transform plant cells. Thus, for the generalized plant expression vector, the plasmid contains an origin of replication that allows it to replicate in Agrobacterium and a high copy number origin of replication functional in E. coli . This permits facile production and testing of transgenes in E. coli prior to transfer to Agrobacterium for subsequent introduction into plants. Resistance genes can be carried on the vector, one for selection in bacteria, e.g., streptomycin, and the other that will express in plants, e.g., a gene encoding for kanamycin resistance or an herbicide resistance gene. Also present are restriction endonuclease sites for the addition of one or more transgenes operably linked to appropriate regulatory sequences and directional T-DNA border sequences which, when recognized by the transfer functions of Agrobacterium, delimit the region that will be transferred to the plant. In another example, plants cells may be transformed by shooting into the cell tungsten microprojectiles on which cloned DNA is precipitated. In the Biolistic Apparatus (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) used for the shooting, a gunpowder charge (22 caliber Power Piston Tool Charge) or an air-driven blast drives a plastic macroprojectile through a gun barrel. An aliquot of a suspension of tungsten particles on which DNA has been precipitated is placed on the front of the plastic macroprojectile. The latter is fired at an acrylic stopping plate that has a hole through it that is too small for the macroprojectile to go through. As a result, the plastic macroprojectile smashes against the stopping plate and the tungsten microprojectiles continue toward their target through the hole in the plate. For the instant invention the target can be any plant cell, tissue, seed, or embryo. The DNA introduced into the cell on the microprojectiles becomes integrated into either the nucleus or the chloroplast. Transfer and expression of transgenes in plant cells is now routine practice to those skilled in the art. It has become a major tool to carry out gene expression studies and to attempt to obtain improved plant varieties of agricultural or commercial interest. Transgenic Plant Regeneration Plants cells transformed with a plant expression vector can be regenerated, e.g., from single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs according to standard plant tissue culture techniques. It is well known in the art that various cells, tissues and organs from almost any plant can be successfully cultured to regenerate an entire plant; such techniques are described, e.g., in Vasil supra; Green et al., supra; Weissbach and Weisbacch, supra; and Gelvin et al., supra. In one particular example, a cloned ACC synthase polypeptide under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter and the nopaline synthase terminator and carrying a selectable marker (e.g., kanamycin resistance) is transformed into Agrobacterium. Transformation of leaf discs (e.g., of tobacco leaf discs), with vector- containing AgrroJbacteriuizi is carried out as described by Horsch et al. (Science 227: 1229, 1985). Putative transformants are selected after a few weeks (e.g., 3 to 5 weeks) on plant tissue culture media containing kanamycin (e.g. 100 μg/ml) . Kanamycin-resistant shoots are then placed on plant tissue culture media without hormones for root initiation. Kanamycin-resistant plants are then selected for greenhouse growth. If desired, seeds from self-fertilized transgenic plants can then be sowed in a soil-less media and grown in a greenhouse. Kanamycin-resistant progeny are selected by sowing surfaced sterilized seeds on hormone-free kanamycin- containing media. Analysis for the integration of the transgene is accomplished by standard techniques (see, e.g., Ausubel et al. supra; Gelvin et al. supra) . Transgenic plants expressing the selectable marker are then screened for transmission of the transgene DNA by standard immunoblot and DNA detection techniques. Each positive transgenic plant and its transgenic progeny are unique in comparison to other transgenic plants established with the same transgene. Integration of the transgene DNA into the plant genomic DNA is in most cases random and the site of integration can profoundly effect the levels, and the tissue and developmental patterns of transgene expression. Consequently, a number of transgenic lines are usually screened for each transgene to identify and select plants with the most appropriate expression profiles. Transgenic lines are evaluated on levels of transgene expression. Expression at the RNA level is determined initially to identify and quantitate expression-positive plants. Standard techniques for RNA analysis are employed and include PCR amplification assays using oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify only transgene RNA templates and solution hybridization assays using transgene-specific probes (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra) . The RNA-positive plants are then analyzed for protein expression by Western immunoblot analysis using ACC synthase specific antibodies (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra) . In addition, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry according to standard protocols can be done using transgene-specific nucleotide probes and antibodies, respectively, to localize sites of expression within transgenic tissue. Once the recombinant ACC synthase polypeptide is expressed in any cell or in a transgenic plant (e.g., as described above), it may be isolated, e.g., using affinity chromatography. In one example, an anti-ACC synthase antibody (e.g., produced as described in Ausubel et al., supra. or by any standard technique) may be attached to a column and used to isolate the polypeptide. Lysis and fractionation of ACC synthase- producing cells prior to affinity chromatography may be performed by standard methods (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra) . Once isolated, the recombinant protein can, if desired, be further purified, e.g., by high performance liquid chromatography (see, e.g., Fisher, Laboratory Techniques In Biochemistry And Molecular Biology, eds., Work and Burdon, Elsevier, 1980) . These general techniques of polypeptide expression and purification can also be used to produce and isolate useful ACC fragments or analogs. In other applications, however, expression of the transgene in the plant cell or the transgenic plant may be the desired result. These include applications such as ACC synthase-controlled regulation of fruit ripening or altering the normal development of the plant. ACC Svnthase Promoters Since plant gene expression varies in accordance with developmental stages of different cell types and in response to different environmental factors and hormonal cues, the promoters (including the gene regulatory sequences) of the present invention are most useful for applications aimed at improving or engineering plant varieties of agricultural or commercial interest. As described above, crucifer ACC synthase expression is developmentally regulated during the early stages of development. It is induced by ethylene and is not responsive to auxin or wounding. Accordingly, the ACC synthase nucleic acid sequences of the present invention include regulatory sequences that promote expression of a gene in response to the phytohormone, ethylene, at specific developmental times. To identify the minimal sequences sufficient to promote ethylene-inducible expression in immature plant tissues, functional analyses of the ACC synthase regulatory sequences are performed. These assays may be carried out using transiently transformed plant cells or transgenic plants according to standard methods (see, e.g., Gelvin et al., supra) . Likely candidates for regulatory elements include those sequences shown to be important for expression of other eukaryotic genes, e.g., upstream activating sequences or enhancer elements (which may control, e.g., tissue specific or inducible expression; Wasyllyk B. CRC Rev 23, 77, 1988). Other regulatory eleiήents useful for gene expression may include RNA processing signals, 3' terminator regions, and the gene-encoding sequence itself. To identify particular regulatory elements of the ACC synthase promoter, 5' deletion fragments of the promoter region are constructed and analyzed in either transient assays or in vivo in transgenic plants. Construction of chimeric transgenes carrying 5' deletion fragments are produced by standard methods (see, e.g., Ausubel et al, supra) . The wild-type promoter and deletion fragments are then fused to a reporter gene, for example, the β-glucuronidase gene (GUS) (see, e.g., Jefferson, Plant. Mol. Biol. Rep. 316: 387, 1987) in a plant expression vector and introduced into a host by any established method (as described above) . These expression vectors are then transformed into Agrobacterium followed by transformation of the plant material, e.g., leaf discs (see, e.g., Gelvin et al. supra) . Regenerated shoots are selected on medium containing, e.g., kanamycin. After rooting, transgenic plantlets are transferred to soil and grown in a growth room. Primary transformants are then assayed for ethylene-induced GUS activity at early stages of development either by quantitating GUS activity or by histochemical staining as described below. Untransformed plants are taken as controls. Ethylene inductions can be carried out by placing the transformant in a sealed container and subjecting it to a continuous flow of approximately 1-50 L/hr or 1-lOOppm ethylene for 1-24 hrs. Fluorometric analysis of GUS activity can be performed in any plant cell protoplast or transgenic plant according to standard methodologies. Alternatively, preparations of crude plant extracts can be assayed as described, e.g., by Jefferson (supra) . using extracts standardized for protein concentration (see, e.g., Bradford, Anal. Biochem. 72: 248, 1976). GUS levels in different plant tissues are assayed by enzymatic conversion of 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide to 4-methylumbelliferone, which is quantified with a fluorimeter (e.g., Perkin-Elmer LS 2B, Norwalk, CT) . Typically, the fluorimeter is set at 455 nm emission and 365 nm excitation wavelengths. GUS activity is generally expressed as picomoles per milligram of protein per minute (see, e.g., Jefferson supra) . Alternatively, GUS activity can be assayed by in situ histochemical staining, e.g., as follows. Whole tissues and thin sections from transgenic plants and untransformed control plant tissue can be stained by incubation with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl β-D-glucuronic acid (X-gluc; Research Organics, Inc., Cleveland OH) as described by Jefferson et al (EMBO J 6: 3901, 1987) and Gallagher (GUS Protocols, 1992) . Tissue sections are incubated at 37°C in 2 mM X-gluc in 0.1 M NaP0 4 (pH 7.0), and then sectioned. GUS activity in a transformed plant is easily identified by the presence of an indigo blue precipitate within the cells expressing the reporter gene. Stained material is optionally examined microscopically using bright-field and dark-field optics. Use Introduction of crucifer ACC synthase into a transformed plant cell facilitates the manipulation of developmental events controlled by ethylene. For example, transgenic plants of the instant invention expressing crucifer ACC synthase might be used to alter, simply and inexpensively, ethylene biosynthesis and thereby inhibit or regulate, e.g., senescence, or fruit ripening, or any number of other plant developmental events induced by ethylene. The instant invention also provides nucleic acid regulatory sequence elements capable of being induced by ethylene at early stages of plant development. Such sequences are useful, e.g., in transgenic plants to effect expression of a variety of recombinant proteins or RNA molecules. This expression may be controlled by ethylene induction and limited to specified periods of development. Other Embodiments The invention also includes any biologically active fragment or analog of a crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide. By "biologically active" is meant possessing any in vivo or in vitro activity which is characteristic of the ACC synthase polypeptide shown in Fig. 1. Because ACC synthase exhibits a range of physiological properties and because such properties may be attributable to different portions of the ACC synthase molecule, a useful ACC synthase fragment or ACC synthase analog is one which exhibits a biological activity in any biological assay for ACC synthase activity, for example, those assays described by Yang et al., supra. In particular, a biologically active ACC synthase fragment or analog possesses at least 10%, preferably 40%, and more preferably 90% of an activity of the wild-type ACC synthase polypeptide. Preferred analogs include ACC synthase polypeptides (or biologically active fragments thereof) whose sequences differ from the wild-type sequence only by conservative amino acid substitutions, for example, substitution of one amino acid for another with similar characteristics (e.g., valine for glycine, arginine for lysine, etc.) or by one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions which do not abolish the polypeptide's biological activity. Analogs can differ from naturally occurring ACC synthase polypeptide in amino acid sequence or can be modified in ways that do not involve sequence, or both. Analogs of the invention will generally exhibit at least 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90%, and most preferably 95% or even 99%, homology with a segment of 20 amino acid residues, preferably 40 amino acid residues, or more preferably the entire sequence of a naturally occurring ACC synthase polypeptide sequence. Alterations in primary sequence include genetic variants, both natural and induced. Also included are analogs that include residues other than naturally occurring L-amino acids, e.g., D-amino acids or non- naturally occurring or synthetic amino acids, e.g., β or γ amino acids. Alternatively, increased stability may be conferred by cyclizing the peptide molecule. Also included in the invention are crucifer ACC synthase polypeptides modified by in vivo or in vitro chemical derivatization of polypeptides, including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, carboxylation, or glycosylation. In addition to substantially full-length polypeptides, the invention also includes biologically active fragments of the polypeptides. As used herein, the term "fragment", as applied to a polypeptide, will ordinarily be at least 20 residues, more typically at least 40 residues, and preferably at least 60 residues in length. Fragments of ACC synthase polypeptide can be generated by methods known to those skilled in the art. The ability of a candidate fragment to exhibit a biological activity of ACC synthase can be assessed by those methods described herein. Also included in the invention are ACC synthase polypeptides containing residues that are not required for oiological activity of the peptide, e.g., those added by alternative mRNA splicing or alternative protein processing events. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: Van Der Straeten, Dominique et al. (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: CRUCIFER ACC SYNTHASE AND USES THER (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 4 (iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS: (A) ADDRESSEE: Fish & Richardson (B) STREET: 225 Franklin Street (C) CITY: Boston (D) STATE: Massachusetts (E) COUNTRY: U.S.A. (F) ZIP: 02110-2804 (v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: 3.5" Diskette, 1.44 Mb (B) COMPUTER: IBM PS/2 Model 50Z or 55SX (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: MS-DOS (Version 5.0) (D) SOFTWARE: WordPerfect (Version 5.1) (vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 07/962,481 (B) FILING DATE: October 15, 1992 (C) CLASSIFICATION: (vii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA: (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: (B) FILING DATE: (viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION: (A) NAME: Paul T.Clark (B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 30,162 (C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: 00786/161001 (ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION: (A) TELEPHONE: (617) 542-5070 (B) TELEFAX: (617) 542-8906 (C) TELEX: 200154 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQUENCE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 5613 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1: GATCCCAAAA AACAATGGGT TCGTTGGTTT TGTTTGAAAG TGTAGATGTA ACGACTCCAA 60 ATAGCCAAAA GTTGATATCT TCAGTCTATA TTATTGAGAT CTTATGTCCC CCCTGTAATT 120 AATTTTTCCA GCAATGCGTG CTTAAAGAAT ATTGTTTGAG ACTTTAGTTA TTGTAATACG 180 ACATTAGTAT AAGTAGAGCC AAAATCAGAT TTTAATATCT TTAGTCTTAA GACATGAAAC 240 AAGATTAAGA AAATACCTTG TTTTCAAAGA AAACGGT AT AAAAAGGAGG ATTTGAGTTT 300 TTGACATTCA GACGATAAAA ATTATGAACT AGGTCTAGTC ACGTGGTCGA CGCGTGAGAG 360 TTTCCGGCGT GAACTGCAAG TAAAATCACG TAGAGCATGT GATTGACTTG ACCAAAGAGT 420 CCAAACCCAC CAACTACAAA AAAAAATCAA GATATAAATA ACTAACTCTC ACTAGTCACT 480 AATATAATTT TTCATTACAA TTCATATATG ATCTACTAAC AATTGTTGTG GTTATACAAA 540 CAAAAAATTT ATTTTTCGTA AGACGGAAAT TTTGAAATCA AATTCCTCAA CACTCAAATG 600 AATATTCAGT AGTAGTTTAT CAATGACTAG ATTAGATATT TCTTAACGCC AGTCAAATTT 660 TGGAATTATG TGGAGGACGT ACGTTTATAC ATGTGCAGAC TACAACATAC CAAATGTTTT 720 ATTAAACCAA ATTACAATGT TGCAAATTGG TCTATTCTTT TGAATAATCT GATACATTTT 780 ATCTCATAAC TTTCTTCCTT TTTATTTGAA TTCAATCAAA TAATATTCTC CACATCCCCA 840 ACCTTCTTTT TTTTTTTGCA TGACTAAGTA GTTTAAGGTC AACATTTTTC ATAAGAAGTT 900 GCTTAGAAAT AGCCTTGGGT TCAAATAAAA TACACATG T TTTCCCGTTT CCACCAATAA 960 ATCCCAATGG ATTTTAATAC TGAAACGGAA ATCAATGCGA AACTATTGGA GTAAGACCAA 1020 TTTATTCATC TTAATCTACC AAATTCGATA CGATATGTTT AATACAAGGG AGATTGATGC 1080 TAGCAAAACA CAACCATCTT AATTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT AATTAGAAAT TCCCTTCCCA 1140 AATGGTAATT CAATCGTAAC AAAAGTACGT TTTGAAATAT TGTTTTGGAT GGAGATTTTT 1200 TCCTTGGTTC GCTTGTTACT TTTCACTTGT TTCATCAAAT CCTAACTCCT TTTATTTTGG 1260 ACCCCACATC AACTTTATTT GGTCTCCTCA AGGTTTCTGT TTCAACTCCT ATATAAAAGC 1320 AAATAACTCA TACGTTAATT AGTACACACC ACAAAAACTT GTATAAGATC AATATCGATA 1380 CCCCCAAAAA AAAAAAAAAA CAGCTACAAA GAAGTGAGAA TTGACACAGC AAATGGGTCT 1440 TCCGGGAAAA AATAAAGGTG CAGTTTTGTC GAAGATAGCG ACTAACAATC AACACGGAGA 1500 GAACTCAGAG TACTTTGATG GATGGAAAGC TTACGACAAA GATCCTTTTC ATCTTTCCCG 1560 TAACCCCCAT GGGATCATCC AAATGGGTCT TGCAGAGAAT CAGGTACAG TTATATATAA 1620 TCCAATAAAT CATGTTATAT GTTGTTGTCG TTGTGCATGA ACTTCCATCT ATTAGCTATT 1680 ATATATGAAC ACGTATACAC ATCAAGCTAA TACCTTTTTT TCTTCTTTTC AAGTCAAGTT 1740 AAATACTTAA TAACACATTT TTCTAAACTT CTTACAGCTT TGCTTAGATT TGATCAAAGA 1800 TTGGGTCAAA GAGAACCCAG AAGCTTCTAT TTGCACCCTT GAAGGTATTC ATCAGTTTAG 1860 CGACATCGCT AATTTCCAAG ACTACCATGG TCTTAAGAAG TTTAGACAGG TACTATAAAT 1920 CATTCATTAT TCAGATATCT TGTAATCAGC TACGGACATA TTAGAAAAAC AATTTTTACA 1980 TGGAAAGTTA ATAACACCTC TAAACAATCA GTTGATATGA TCTGCATAAG AAAAACAAAT 2040 TCAGTCGTGG TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTGTTA AAGATTCGTG 2100 TTGCATTTAA TTAGTAACTT ATTTTATAAA CTTATCCCTA ATATAAATTT TGGAATTGAA 2160 GGCAATTGCA CATTTCATGG GAAAAGCTAG AGGTGGAAGA GTGACTTTTG ATCCGGAGAG 2220 GGTGGTTATG AGCGGAGGAG CCACCGGAGC CAATGAAACA ATCATGTTCT GCCTTGCGGA 2280 TCCCGGCGAC GTTTTCCTCA TTCCCTCCCC GTACTATGCC GCGTAAGCAT TGTTAAAAAC 2340 ATTAATCACA TTTTTAAGAG AAAATAGTAC TAGTATATGA TAATGGATAA TGGTTAGGAC 2400 AGATTTCATT AATGTTACTT TCACATACTT TTTTGGGGTT AACAAATTCT AAATCGAAAT 2460 GAGTTATTAG TATCAAGTTT TGACTCTTTT GCCAAACTTT ATCACACGTG TACGATATAT 2520 CCATTCAATA GCGGTTTTAA TTGAACGACA AGCTCTCATA CGTGTGATAA TTAATGATTT 2580 AATCCTTTCC GCAGATTTGA TAGAGACTTG AGGTGGCGGA CAGGTGTCGA GATAATCCCG 2640 GTTCCTTGTT CAAGCTCCGA CAATTTCAAA TTAACCGTTG ACGCCGCGGA ATGGGCTTAT 2700 AAAAAAGCCC AAGAGTCCAA TAAAAAAGTC AAAGGTCTGA TTTTGACCAA CCCATCAAAT 2760 CCACTCGGTA CAATGTTGGA TAAGGACACA CTCACGAACT TGGTCCGGTT TGTCACGAGG 2820 AAGAACATTC ACCTAGTCGT CGACGAGATC TACGCCGCCA CAGTCTTCGC CGGAGGAGAT 2880 TTCGTGAGCG TTGCTGAGGT GGTCAATGAT GTGGACATCT CCGAAGTCAA CGTTGACTTG 2940 ATTCACATTG TCTATAGTCT TTCTAAAGAT ATGGGACTTC CTGGTTTTAG AGTCGGGATA 3000 GTCTATTCTT TCAATGACTC GGTCGTGTCT TGCGCAAGAA AAATGTCAAG TTTCGGACTT 3060 GTTTCGTCTC AGACACAACT CATGCTTGCT TCGATGTTGT CCGATGATCA GTTTGTGGAT 3120 AATTTTCTAA TGGAAAGCTC GAGAAGGTTG GGGATAAGGC ATAAAGTTTT TACCACGGGG 3180 ATCAAGAAAG CAGATATTGC TTGTTTGACA AGCAACGCTG GTTTATTTGC GTGGATGGAT 3240 TTGAGACATC TACTGAGAGA TCGTAACTCG TTTGAATCTG AGATCGAGCT TTGGCATATA 3300 ATCATCGATA GAGTTAAGCT CAATGTGTCT CCTGGCTCTT CCTTCCGTTG CACGGAACCT 3360 GGATGGTTTA GGATTTGCTT TGCCAACATG GACGATGATA CTCTCCATGT GGCGCTTGGA 3420 CGGATCCAAG ATTTCGTGTC TAAGAACAAG AACAAGATCG TCGAGAAAGC ATCTGAAAAT 3480 GATCAGGTAA TCCAGAACAA GAGTGCTAAA AAGCTGAAAT GGACGCAGAC CAATCTTCGA 3540 CTAAGTTTCC GACGACTTTA CGAGGATGGT CTCTCGTCTC CAGGGATAAT GTCACCACAC 3600 TCACCTCTTC TCCGAGCATG AAAATCTTAA GGCATAACGT CTGAGAGATT GGATTAACTC 3660 GTCCGCGTTT CACTCCGTGT TAATTAATCT TAAATTAGTA AGTGATTAAG TAAATGTTTT 3720 TTCTTTCATT GTAAGATTGG AATAATTCAA TTTCGACATT AGGGTTGTTT TTGACGGCCA 3780 GCTTTTTTCC TGGGGTCAAA TGGTAACTTT TAAGATTTTA TGTGTTTGAT TCTGTTTCTT 3840 TTTTCCGCTT AGGATTTTAA TCGATGGATT GTCCTAGTGG TGCTGGTGTG TAGCATATAT 3900 GCTTTTCTTA TATGTTTTTG TGTGTAATAA ATGAAACATT GTCTTTTGAT AAGGATCACC 3960 AGAGTTTATT AGTTGGGGAG GTTGATAATG TTTTGTGAGT AATGGAGGAT TTGTTAACCT 4020 AATTTATTCG ATTTTTTCTA GAACCGCATT TTCTTGTTCG CCCAATACGT CACACGAGCA 4080 TGCCAACATG CCTATCCTTT TTCTAAAATA ATCATTATAT GTACTAAATT GAACATCCGA 4140 TTATACAGAG ATATAATCAA TAAATGCATG TTAAGTTTTA TATCTTGGAA TTTGCCTTAG 4200 CCTATCATAT TGTGGGTGAT GAAAGATTCA TCAGCATTTC AGCTGCACCA AATATGATTA 4260 AATTCAACTT ATTATTTTGT TACAAAGTGA CAAATTTGCT TAGAATAATC AGCTATCAAA 4320 CATGATGACG TCTCCATCAA TTATTCAATA ATCGTCAGCT TTCTTTCCCC TTTTTCTTTG 4380 TTAATGATAA ACCGTCAGCT TGAATGTTAT AGTATTTATT TTTGGTCCTC TTTTGGTAAA 4440 CCATTAGCTA TTATTTGATA AAATTTACAG ATCTCAGATT GATAAATTTG TTACATATAT 4500 TATATGCTAC TACGACTTTG TTAGGTAATT AAGTGCTGAT GGTAAGGCGT GCTTTGGGCC 4560 GCCTCTTAGC TGATATTGAT ACTACACACA CGAACAAAAA TATATATATA TAAGACAAAA 4620 ATCAAATTTG ATACTTGGAA ACAACGGTTT GATCCTTTTC ACACAGAATA ATATGTATCT 4680 GGATAATATA TAGATATCTC TGTCTAATTA TAATCATCGA CATTATCGTC GTCATCATCA 4740 GTCACAAGTC ACAACCAATT CATGATCATC AACAGTAGGT TACGAAACAT GATCAAGTTA 4800 TATATTTATT TTGTTTGGTA GAAAAAATGA CATGGGCAAG TTTTTTTTTA TATATATATA 4860 GTGAATCCTC TTTTTAATAT TCAAGGGAAC TTTTTTCTGT CTTGGATTTT GTTTTGACTC 4920 TAAATAATTC AATACGGCAT AAATTGAAAA TGATG AA A CCAAATTAAG TTTTCACATG 4980 CTCCTTTTAG GTGGCTACCT ACCAAAATGT TTTTGACATT TGCATTTGGT TTGAGCCACA 5040 ACTTGATCTA TGACATTTAC AATGCACTTG GTTACGTGAA GACTATTTTT AGTAATATAT 5100 CTTTTAACAA AAAAAAAGAT ATATTTTCAA TAATCTTTTG GTGTCGAAAA AGAAAGAAGT 5160 TTGTATGTGG CCGAGATACG GGCATTTTTA TTCTTAAGTG GTTTCTAGAT TTTTTATTTT 5220 TTTTGTTTAG AATAAATTTA GAACTTCACT TTATGCTATT ATCCCCTGAA ATACAGGTAC 5280 ATTTGTGAAG AAACTAAATA AAAATTAGAA CAATTAAAAA CGCTTTACCT TCTCCTCTTA 5340 CAAAATTTCT AAAAGTGACT CATCAGATGA TCATGAAGGC CATGCCCTTT GCTTCGCGCA 5400 AAACAGAAGT AAAGATAAAT TATCAAGTTT ACAGCTGAAA TGTTAATAAG CCGCCCAACA 5460 ACATTTATTC ACCTAAGCTA GCACCCACAT ACATTTAAAA ATATATATAT TGACCAGATT 5520 ATGAAAAAAC TTTGACAATA ACATAGTTAT GAAATATACA TAACCTTAAG AAGAAGATGA 5580 CCAGGTTATG AAATAGCAAA ATCGAATAAA AAC 5613 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQUENCE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 496 (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: N/A (D) TOPOLOGY: N/A (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2: Met Gly Leu Pro Gly Lys Asn Lys Gly Ala Val Leu Ser Lys lie Ala 1 5 10 15 Thr Asn Asn Gin His Gly Glu Asn Ser Glu Tyr Phe Asp Gly Trp Lys 20 25 30 Ala Tyr Asp Lys Asp Pro Phe His Leu Ser Arg Asn Pro His Gly lie 35 40 45 lie Gin Met Gly Leu Ala Glu Asn Gin Leu Cys Leu Asp Leu lie Lys 50 55 60 Asp Trp Val Lys Glu Asn Pro Glu Ala Ser lie Cys Thr Leu Glu Gly 65 70 75 80 lie His Gin Phe Ser Asp lie Ala Asn Phe Gin Asp Tyr His Gly Leu 85 90 95 Lys Lys Phe Arg Gin Ala lie Ala His Phe Met Gly Lys Ala Arg Gly 100 105 110 Gly Arg Val Thr Phe Asp Pro Glu Arg Val Val Met Ser Gly Gly Ala 115 120 125 Thr Gly Ala Asn Glu Thr lie Met Phe Cys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Asp 130 135 140 Val Phe Leu lie Pro Ser Pro Tyr Try Ala Ala Phe Asp Arg Asp Leu 145 150 155 160 Arg Trp Arg Thr Gly Val Glu lie lie Pro Val Pro Cys Ser Ser Ser 165 170 175 Asp Asn Phe Lys Leu Thr Val Asp Ala Ala Glu Trp Ala Tyr Lys Lys 180 185 190 Ala Gin Glu Ser Asn Lys Lys Val Lys Gly Leu lie Leu Thr Asn Pro 195 200 205 Ser Asn Pro Leu Gly Thr Met Leu Asp Lys Asp Thr Leu Thr Asn Leu 210 215 220 Val Arg Phe Val Thr Arg Lys Asn lie His Leu Val Val Asp Glu lie 225 230 235 240 Tyr Ala Ala Thr Val Phe Ala Gly Gly Asp Phe Val Ser Val Ala Glu 245 250 255 Val Val Asn Asp Val Asp lie Ser Glu Val Asn Val Asp Leu lie His 260 265 270 lie Val Tyr Ser Leu Ser Lys Asp Met Gly Leu Pro Gly Phe Arg Val 275 280 285 Gly lie Val Tyr Ser Phe Asn Asp Ser Val Val Ser Cys Ala Arg Lys 290 295 300 Met Ser Ser Phe Gly Leu Val Ser Ser Gin Thr Gin Leu Met Leu Ala 305 310 315 320 Ser Met Leu Ser Asp Asp Gin Phe Val Asp Asn Phe Leu Met Glu Ser 325 330 335 Ser Arg Arg Leu Gly lie Arg His Lys Val Phe Thr Thr Gly lie Lys 340 345 350 Lys Ala Asp lie Ala Cys Leu Thr Ser Asn Ala Gly Leu Phe Ala Trp 355 360 365 Met Asp Leu Arg His Leu Leu Arg Asp Arg Asn Ser Phe Glu Ser Glu 370 375 380 lie Glu Leu Trp His lie lie lie Asp Arg Val Lys Leu Asn Val Ser 385 390 395 400 Pro Gly Ser Ser Phe Arg Cys Thr Glu Pro Gly Trp Phe Arg lie Cys 405 410 415 Phe Ala Asn Met Asp Asp Asp Thr Leu His Val Ala Leu Gly Arg lie 420 425 430 Gin Asp Phe Val Ser Lys Asn Lys Asn Lys lie Val Glu Lys Ala Ser 435 440 445 Glu Asn Asp Gin Val lie Gin Asn Lys Ser Ala Lys Lys Leu Lys Trp 450 455 460 Thr Gin Thr Asn Leu Arg Leu Ser Phe Arg Arg Leu Tyr Glu Asp Gly 465 470 475 480 Leu Ser Ser Pro Gly lie Met Ser Pro His Ser Pro Leu Leu Arg Ala 485 490 495 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQUENCE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 159 (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3: CAGGCGATTG CGACGTTTAT GGAGAGAGCG AGAGGCGGGC GGGTGAGGTT TGAGGCGGAG 60 AGGGTGGTGA TGAGCGGAGG AGCCACCGGA GCAAATGAGA CGATCATGTT CTGTCTTGCT 120 GATCCCGGCG ACGCTTTTCT CGTCCCTACT CCTTATTAT 159 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQUENCE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 53 (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: N/A (D) TOPOLOGY: N/A (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4: Gin Ala lie Ala Thr Phe Met Glu Arg Ala Arg Gly Gly Arg Val Arg 1 5 10 15 Phe Glu Ala Glu Arg Val Val Met Ser Gly Gly Ala Thr Gly Ala Asn 20 25 30 Glu Thr lie Met Phe Cys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Asp Ala Phe Leu Val 35 40 45 Pro Thr Pro Tyr Tyr 50 What is claimed is:

Claims: Claims 1. Substantially pure DNA encoding a crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide. 2. The DNA of claim 1, wherein said DNA is genomic DNA or said DNA is cDNA. 3. The DNA of claim 1, wherein said DNA is of the genus Arabidopsis. 4. A vector comprising the DNA of claim 1, said vector being capable of directing expression of the protein encoded by said DNA in a vector-containing cell. 5. A cell which contains the DNA of claim 1 or the vector of claim 4. 6. The cell of claim 5, said cell being a plant cell. 7. A transgenic plant which contains the DNA of claim 1 or claim 4. 8. A seed from a transgenic plant of claim 7. 9. A cell from a transgenic plant of claim 7. 10. Substantially pure DNA comprising a promoter capable of ethylene induction and functional in immature plant tissues. 11. The promoter of claim 10, said promoter being the ACC synthase promoter. 12. The promoter of claim 11, said promoter being the crucifer ACC synthase promoter. 13. The promoter of claim 12, said promoter being of the genus Arabidopsis. 14. A transgenic plant containing a transgene comprising a DNA sequence under the transcriptional control of the promoter of claim 10. 15. A seed from a transgenic plant of claim 14. 16. A cell from a transgenic plant of claim 14. 17. A transgenic plant containing a transgene comprising a mutant ACC synthase DNA sequence. 18. A seed from a transgenic plant of claim 17. 19. A cell from a transgenic plant of claim 17. 20. A method of producing a recombinant crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide comprising: (a) providing a cell transformed with DNA encoding a crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide positioned for expression in said cell; (b) culturing said transformed cell under conditions for expressing said DNA; and (c) isolating said recombinant crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide. 21. A method of inhibiting an ethylene-inducible event in a plant comprising: providing a transgenic plant with DNA encoding a crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide positioned for expression in a cell of said plant; and culturing said transgenic plant under conditions for expressing said DNA. 22. The method of claim 21, wherein said ethylene- inducible events comprise fruit ripening, fruit maturation, or senescence. 23. A method of inducibly producing a compound in a cell comprising: providing a cell which comprises DNA encoding said compound operably linked to a promoter of claim 10; and administering ethylene to said cell to induce compound production. 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said compound is a recombinant protein, a protein normally produced by said cell, or an RNA molecule. 25. The method of claim 23, wherein said cell is a plant cell. 26. The method of claim 23, wherein said cell is obtained from a transgenic plant which includes the promoter of claim 10 as a transgene. 27. A substantially pure crucifer ACC synthase polypeptide. 28. The polypeptide of claim 27, wherein said crucifer is of the genus Arabidopsis. 29. The polypeptide of claim 28, comprising an amino acid sequence substantially identical to an amino acid sequence shown in Fig. 1 (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2).

Inventors: GOODMAN HOWARD, VAN DER STRAETEN DOMINIQUE, VAN MONTAGUE MARC, GOODMAN, HOWARD, VAN DER STRAETEN, DOMINIQUE, VAN MONTAGUE, MARC
Applicants: GEN HOSPITAL CORP, RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT, THE GENERAL HOSPITAL CORPORATION
Application year: 1993
Main classification: A01H4
IPC codes: A01H5, C07K14, C12N5, C12N9, C12N15