PROTEINS HAVING GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY

Abstract: The invention concerns proteins having glycosyltransferase activity, recombinant DNA molecules encoding proteins having glycosyltransferase activity, hybrid vectors comprising such recombinant DNA molecules, transformed hosts suitable for the multiplication and/or expression of the recombinant DNA molecules, and processes for the preparation of the proteins, DNA molecules and hosts.

Description: Proteins having glycosyltransferase activity The invention relates to proteins having glycosyltransferase activity and to a recombinant process for the production of proteins having glycosyltransferase activity. Glycosyltransferases transfer sugar residues from an activated donor substrate, usually a nucleotide sugar, to a specific acceptor sugar thus forming a glycosidic linkage. Based on the type of sugar transferred, these enzymes are grouped into families, e.g. galactosyl- transferases, sialyltransferases and fucosyltransferases. Being resident membrane proteins primarily located in the Golgi apparatus, the glycosyltransferases share a common domain structure consisting of a short amino-terminal cytoplasmic tail, a signal-anchor domain, and an extended stem region which is followed by a large carboxy-terminal catalytic domain. The signal-anchor or membrane domain acts as both uncleavable signal peptide and as membrane spanning region and orients the catalytic domain of the glycosyltransferase within the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. The luminal stem or spacer region is supposed to serve as a flexible tether, allowing the catalytic domain to glycosylate carbohydrate groups of membrane-bound and soluble proteins of the secretory pathway enroute through the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, the stem portion was discovered to function as retention signal to keep the enzyme bound to the Golgi membrane (PCT Application No. 91/06635). Soluble forms of glycosyltransferases are found in milk, serum and other body fluids. These soluble glycosyltransferases are supposed to result from proteolytic release from the corresponding membrane-bound forms of the enzymes by endogenous proteases. Glycosyltransferases are valuable tools for the synthesis or modification of glycoproteins, glycolipids and oligosaccharides. Enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrate structures has the advantage of high stereo- and regioselectivity. In contrast to chemical methods the time-consuming introduction of protective groups is superfluous. However, enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrate structures has been a problem because glycosyltransferases are not readily available. Therefore, production using recombinant DNA technology has been worked on. For example, galactosyltransferases have been expressed in E. coli (PCT 90/07000) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (Smith, D.F. et al. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 6225-34), sialyltransferases have been expressed in CHO cells (Lee, E.U. (1990) Diss. Abstr. Int.B.50, 3453-4) and COS-1 cells (Paulson, J.C. et al. (1988) J. Cell. Biol. 107, 10A), and fucosyltransferases have been produced in COS-1 cells (Goelz, S.E. et al. (1990) Cell 63, 1349-1356; Larsen R.D. et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6674-6678) and CHO cells (Potvin, B. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 1615-1622). Recently, Paulson et al. have disclosed a method for producing soluble glycosyltransferases (U.S. Patent No. 5,032,519). However, there still is a need for proteins having favorable glycosylating properties and for advantageous methods for producing such proteins. It is an object of the present invention to provide novel proteins having glycosyltransferase activity, recombinant DNA molecules encoding proteins having glycosyltransferase activity, hybrid vectors comprising such recombinant DNA molecules, transformed hosts suitable for the multiplication and/or expression of the recombinant DNA molecules, and processes for the preparation of the proteins, DNA molecules and hosts. The present invention concerns a protein having glycosyltransferase activity and comprising identical or different catalytically active domains of glycosyltransferases, e.g. hybrid proteins. Preferred is a protein of the invention which comprises two identical or two different catalytically active domains of glycosyltransferases. Particularly preferred is such a protein exhibiting two different glycosyltransferase activities, i.e. a protein capable of fransferring two different sugar residues. Besides the catalytically active domains a protein of the invention may comprise additional amino acid sequences, particularly amino acid sequences of the respective glycosyltransferases . The invention also concerns a hybrid polypeptide chain, i.e. a hybrid protein, comprising a membrane-bound or soluble glycosyltransferase linked to a soluble glycosyltransferase. For example, such a hybrid protein comprises a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase linked to a soluble glycosyltransferase in N-to C-terminal order. A glycosyltransferase is a protein exhibiting glycosyltransferase activity, i.e. transferring a particular sugar residue from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. Examples are N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases, N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases, mannosyltransferases, fucosyltransferases, galactosyltransferases and sialyltransferases. Preferably, the glycosyltransferase is of mammalian, e.g. bovine, murine, rat or, particularly, human origin. Preferred are hybrid proteins exhibiting galactosyl- and sialyltransferase activity. A membrane-bound glycosyltransferase is an enzyme which cannot be secreted by the cell it is produced by, e.g. a full-length enzyme. Examples of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases are the following galactosyltransferases: UDP-Galactose: β-galactoside α(l-3)-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.151) which uses galactose as acceptor substrate forming an α(l-3)-linkage and UDP-Galactose: β-N-acetylglucosamine β(l-4)-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) which transfers galactose to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) forming a β(l-4)-linkage. In the presence of α-lactalbumin, said β(l-4)-galactosyltransferase also accepts glucose as an acceptor substrate, thus catalysing the synthesis of lactose. An example of a membrane-bound sialyltransferase is the CMP-NeuAc: β-galactoside α(2-6)-sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1) which forms the NeuAc-α(2-6)Gal-β(l-4)GlcNAc-sequence common to many N-linked carbohydrate groups. A soluble glycosyltransferase is secretable by the host cell and is derivable from an N-terminally truncated full-length (i.e. a membrane-bound) glycosyltransferase naturally located in the Golgi apparatus. Such a soluble glycosyltransferase differs from the corresponding full-length enzyme by lack of the cytoplasmic tail, the signal anchor and, optionally, part or whole of the stem region. An example of soluble glycosyltransferases are galactosyltransferases differing from the protein with the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 1 in that they lack an NH 2 -terminal peptide comprising at least 41 amino acids. A soluble sialyltransferase is e.g. a sialyltransferase missing an NH 2 -terminal peptide consisting of 26 to 61 amino acids as compared to the full length form depicted in SEQ ID No. 3. As used hereinbefore and hereinafter the terra "glycosyltransferase" is intended to include variants with the provision that these variants are enzymatically active. Preferred are variants of human origin. For example, a variant is a naturally occurring variant of a glycosyltransferase found within a particular species, e.g. a variant of a galactosyltransferase which differs from the enzyme having the amino acid sequence with the SEQ ID NO. 1 in that it lacks serine in position 11 and has the amino acids valine and tyrosine instead of alanine and leucine in positions 31 and 32, respectively. Such a variant may be encoded by a related gene of the same gene family or by an allelic variant of a particular gene. The term "variant" also embraces a modified glycosyltransferase, e.g. a glycosyltransferase produced from a DNA which has been subjected to in vitro mutagenesis, with the provision that the protein encoded by said DNA has the enzymatic activity of the authentic glycosyltransferase. Such modifications may consist in an addition, exchange and/or deletion of one or more amino acids, the latter resulting in shortened variants. An example of a shortened membrane-bound, catalytically active variant is the galactosyltransferase designated GT (1 . 396) consisting of amino acids 1 to 396 of the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID No. 1. Preferred hybrid proteins comprise a membrane-bound or soluble glycosyltransferase linked to a soluble glycosyltransferase molecule, or a variant thereof, via a suitable linker consisting of genetically encoded amino acids. A suitable linker is a molecule which does not impair the favorable properties of the hybrid protein of the invention. The linker connects the C-terminal amino acid of one glycosyltransferase molecule with the N-terminal amino acid of the another glycosyltransferase molecule. For example, the linker is a peptide consisting of about 1 to about 20, e.g. of about 8 amino acids. In a preferred embodiment the linker, also referred to as adaptor, does not contain the amino acid cysteine. Particularly preferred is a peptide linker having the sequence Arg-Ala-Arg-Ile-Arg-Arg-Pro-Ala or Arg-Ala-Gly-Ile-Arg-Arg-Pro-Ala. Preferred is a hybrid protein consisting of a galactosyltransferase linked to a sialyltransferase via a suitable peptide linker. Particularly preferred is a hybrid protein consisting of a membrane-bound galactosyltransferase the C-terminal amino acid of which is linked to the N-terminal amino acid of a soluble sialyltransferase via a suitable peptide linker, e.g. a hybrid protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6 or in SEQ ID NO. 8. The hybrid protein according to the invention can be prepared by recombinant DNA techniques comprising culturing a suitable transformed yeast strain under conditions which allow the expression of the DNA encoding said hybrid protein. Subsequently, the enzymatic activity may be recovered. In a preferred embodiment, the desired compounds are manufactured in a process comprising a) providing an expression vector comprising an expression cassette containing a DNA sequence coding for a hybrid protein, b) transferring the expression vector into a suitable yeast strain, c) culturing the transformed yeast strain under conditions which allow expression of the hybrid protein, and d) recovering the enzymatic activity. The steps involved in the preparation of the hybrid proteins by means of recombinant techniques will be discussed in more detail hereinbelow. The invention further relates to a recombinant DNA molecule encoding a hybrid protein of the invention. Preferred are DNA molecules coding for the preferred hybrid proteins. The nucleotide sequence encoding a particular glycosyltransferase is known from the literature or can be deduced from the amino acid sequence of the protein according to conventional rules. Starting from the nucleotide sequences encoding the desired glycosyltransferase activities, a DNA molecule encoding the desired hybrid protein can be deduced and constructed according to methods well known in the art including, but not limited to, the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, DNA restriction enzymes, synthetic oligonucleotides, DNA ligases and DNA amplification techniques. Alternatively, the nucleotide sequence encoding the hybrid protein of the invention may be synthesized by chemical methods known in the art or by combining chemical with recombinant methods. The DNA coding for a particular glycosyltransferase may be obtained from cell sources by conventional methods, e.g. by making use of cDNA technology, from vectors in the art or by chemical synthesis of the DNA. More specifically, DNA encoding a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase can be prepared by methods known in the art and includes genomic DNA, e.g. DNA isolated from a mammalian genomic DNA library, e.g. from rat, murine, bovine or human cells. If necessary, the introns occurring in genomic DNA encoding the enzyme are deleted. Furthermore, DNA encoding a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase comprises cDNA which can be isolated from a mammalian cDNA library or produced from the corresponding mRNA. The cDNA library may be derived from cells from different tissues, e.g. placenta cells or liver cells. The preparation of cDNA via the mRNA route is achieved using conventional methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A DNA encoding a soluble glycosyltransferase is obtainable from a naturally occurring genomic DNA or a cDNA according to methods known in the art. For example, the partial DNA coding for a soluble form of a glycosyltransferase may be excised from the full-length DNA coding for the corresponding membrane-bound glycosyltransferase by using restriction enzymes. The availability of an appropriate restriction site is advantageous therefor. Furthermore, DNA encoding a glycosyltransferase can be enzymatically or chemically synthesized. A variant of a glycosyltransferase having enzymatic activity and an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are deleted (DNA fragments) and/or exchanged with one or more other amino acids, is encoded by a mutant DNA. Furthermore, a mutant DNA is intended to include a silent mutant wherein one or more nucleotides are replaced with other nucleotides, the new codons coding for the same amino acid(s). Such a mutant sequence is also a degenerated DNA sequence. Degenerated DNA sequences are degenerated within the meaning of the genetic code in that an unlimited number of nucleotides are replaced by other nucleotides without resulting in a change of the amino acid sequence originally encoded. Such degenerated DNA sequences may be useful due to their different restriction sites and/or frequency of particular codons which are preferred by the specific host to obtain optimal expression of a glycosyltransferase. Preferably, such DNA sequences have the yeast preferred codon usage. A mutant DNA is obtainable by in vitro mutation of a cDNA or of a naturally occurring genomic DNA according to methods known in the art. The invention also concerns hybrid vectors comprising a DNA sequence encoding a hybrid protein of the invention. The hybrid vectors of the invention provide for replication and, optionally, expression of the DNA encoding a hybrid protein of the invention. A hybrid vector of the invention comprises a DNA sequence encoding a hybrid protein of the invention linked with an origin of replication allowing the replication of the vector in the host cell, or a functionally equivalent sequence. A vector suitable for the expression of the hybrid protein of the invention (an expression vector) comprises a DNA sequence encoding said hybrid protein operably linked with expression control sequences, e.g. promoters, which ensure the effective expression of the hybrid proteins in yeast, and an origin of replication allowing the replication of the vector in the host cell, or a functionally equivalent sequence. Vectors suitable for replication and expression in yeast contain a yeast replication origin. Hybrid vectors that contain a yeast replication origin, for example the chromosomal autonomously replicating segment (ars), are retained extrachromosomally within the yeast cell after transformation and are replicated autonomously during mitosis. Also, hybrid vectors that contain sequences homologous to the yeast 2μ plasmid DNA can be used. Such hybrid vectors are integrated by recombination in 2μ plasmids already present within the cell, or replicate autonomously. Preferably, the hybrid vectors according to the invention include one or more, especially one or two, selective genetic markers for yeast and such a marker and an origin of replication for a bacterial host, especially Escherichia coli. As to the selective gene markers for yeast, any marker gene can be used which facilitates the selection for transformants due to the phenotypic expression of the marker gene. Suitable markers for yeast are, for example, those expressing antibiotic resistance or, in the case of auxotrophic yeast mutants, genes which complement host lesions. Corresponding genes confer, for example, resistance to the antibiotics G418, hygromycin or bleomycin or provide for prototrophy in an auxotrophic yeast mutant, for example the URA3, LEU2, LYS2 or TRP1 gene. As the amplification of the hybrid vectors is conveniently done in R. coli, an E_ coli genetic marker and an coli replication origin are included advantageously. These can be obtained from coli plasmids, such as pBR322 or a pUC plasmid, for example pUC18 or pUC19, which contain both & coli replication origin and R. coli genetic marker conferring resistance to antibiotics, such as ampicillin. An expression vector according to the invention comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter and a DNA sequence coding for hybrid protein of the invention, which DNA sequence is controlled by said promoter. In a first embodiment, an expression vector according to the invention comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter, a DNA sequence coding for a hybrid protein, which DNA sequence is controlled by said promoter, and a DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals. In a second embodiment, the an expression vector according to the invention comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter operably linked to a first DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide linked in the proper reading frame to a second DNA sequence encoding a hybrid protein, and a DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals. The yeast promoter may be a regulated or a constitutive promoter preferably derived from a highly expressed yeast gene, especially a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene. Thus, the promoter of the TRP1 gene, the ADHI or ADHII gene, the acid phosphatase (PH05) gene, a promoter of the yeast mating pheromone genes coding for the a- or α-factor or a promoter derived from a gene encoding a glycolytic enzyme such as the promoter of the enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP), 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), hexokinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglucose isomerase or glucokinase genes can be used. Furthermore, it is possible to use hybrid promoters comprising upstream activation sequences (UAS) of one yeast gene and downstream promoter elements including a functional TATA box of another yeast gene, for example a hybrid promoter including the UAS(s) of the yeast PH05 gene and downstream promoter elements including a functional TATA box of the yeast GAP gene (PH05 - GAP hybrid promoter). Prefeπed is the PH05 promoter, e.g. a constitutive PHO5 promoter such as a shortened acid phosphatase PH05 promoter devoid of the upstream regulatory elements (UAS). Particularly preferred is the PH05 (-173) promoter element starting at nucleotide -173 and ending at nucleotide -9 of the PH05 gene. The DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide ("signal sequence") is preferably derived from a yeast gene coding for a polypeptide which is ordinarily secreted. Other signal sequences of heterologous proteins, which are ordinarily secreted can also be chosen. Yeast signal sequences are, for example, the signal and prepro sequences of the yeast invertase, α-factor, pheromone peptidase (KEX1), "killer toxin" and repressible acid phosphatase (PH05) genes and the glucoamylase signal sequence from Aspergillus awa- mori. Alternatively, fused signal sequences may be constructed by ligating part of the signal sequence (if present) of the gene naturally linked to the promoter used (for example PH05), with part of the signal sequence of another heterologous protein. Those combina¬ tions are favoured which allow a precise cleavage between the signal sequence and the glycosyltransferase amino acid sequence. Additional sequences, such as pro- or spacer- sequences which may or may not carry specific processing signals can also be included in the constructions to facilitate accurate processing of precursor molecules. Alternatively, fused proteins can be generated containing internal processing signals which allow proper maturation in vivo or in vitro. For example, the processing signals contain Lys-Arg, which is recognized by a yeast endopeptidase located in the Golgi membranes. A DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals is preferably the 3' flanking sequence of a yeast gene which contains proper signals for transcription termination and polyadenylation. Suitable 3' flanking sequences are for example those of the yeast gene naturally linked to the promoter used. The prefeπed flanking sequence is that of the yeast PH05 gene. If a hybrid protein comprising a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase is expressed in yeast, the prefeπed yeast hybrid vector comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter, a DNA sequence encoding said hybrid protein, which DNA sequence is controlled by said promoter, and a DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals. If the DNA encodes a hybrid protein comprising a membrane-bound glycosyltransferase there is no need for an additional signal sequence. In case the hybrid protein to be expressed comprises two soluble glycosyltransferases, the prefeπed yeast hybrid vector comprises an expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter operably linked to a first DNA sequence encoding a signal peptide linked in the proper reading frame to a second DNA sequence encoding hybrid protein and a DNA sequence containing yeast transcription termination signals. The hybrid vectors according to the invention are prepared by methods known in the art, for example by linking the expression cassette comprising a yeast promoter and a DNA sequence coding for a glycosyltransferase, or a variant thereof, which DNA sequence is controlled by said promoter, or the several constituents of the expression cassette, and the DNA fragments containing selective genetic markers for yeast and for a bacterial host and origins of replication for yeast and for a bacterial host in the predetermined order, i.e. in a functional aπay. The hybrid vectors of the invention are used for the transformation of the yeast strains described below. The invention concerns furthermore a yeast strain which has been transformed with a hybrid vector of the invention. Suitable yeast host organisms are strains of the genus Saccharomvces, especially strains of Saccharomvces cerevisiae. Said yeast strains include strains which, optionally, have been cured of endogenous two-micron plasmids and/or which optionally lack yeast peptidase activity(ies), e.g. peptidase yscα, yscA, yscB, yscY and/or yscS activity. The yeast strains of the invention are used for the preparation of a hybrid protein of the invention. The transformation of yeast with the hybrid vectors according to the invention is accomplished by methods known in the art, for example according to the methods described by Hinnen et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1978) 75, 1929) and Ito et al. (J. Bact. (1983) 153, 163-168). The transformed yeast strains are cultured using methods known in the art. Thus, the transformed yeast strains according to the invention are cultured in a liquid medium containing assimilable sources of carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salts. Various carbon sources are usable. Examples of prefeπed carbon sources are assimilable carbohydrates, such as glucose, maltose, mannitol, fructose or lactose, or an acetate such as sodium acetate, which can be used either alone or in suitable mixtures. Suitable nitro¬ gen sources include, for example, amino acids, such as casamino acids, peptides and pro¬ teins and their degradation products, such as tryptone, peptone or meat extracts, further¬ more yeast extract, malt extract, corn steep liquor, as well as ammonium salts, such as ammonium chloride, sulphate or nitrate which can be used either alone or in suitable mixtures. Inorganic salts which may be used include, for example, sulphates, chlorides, phosphates and carbonates of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Additionally, the nutrient medium may also contain growth promoting substances. Substances which promote growth include, for example, trace elements, such as iron, zinc, manganese and the like, or individual amino acids. Due to the incompatibility between the endogenous two-micron DNA and hybrid vectors carrying its replicon, yeast cells transformed with such hybrid vectors tend to lose the latter. Such yeast cells have to be grown under selective conditions, i.e. conditions which require the expression of a plasmid-encoded gene for growth. Most selective markers cur¬ rently in use and present in the hybrid vectors according to the invention (infra) are genes coding for enzymes of amino acid or purine biosynthesis. This makes it necessary to use synthetic minimal media deficient in the coπesponding amino acid or purine base. How¬ ever, genes conferring resistance to an appropriate biocide may be used as well [e.g. a gene conferring resistance to the amino-glycoside G418]. Yeast cells transformed with vectors containing antibiotic resistance genes are grown in complex media containing the coπesponding antibiotic whereby faster growth rates and higher cell densities are reached. Hybrid vectors comprising the complete two-micron DNA (including a functional origin of replication) are stably maintained within strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which are devoid of endogenous two-micron plasmids (so-called cir° strains) so that the cultivation can be carried out under non-selective growth conditions, i.e. in a complex medium. Yeast cells containing hybrid plasmids with a constitutive promoter express the DNA encoding a glycosyltransferase, or a variant thereof, controlled by said promoter without induction. However, if said DNA is under the control of a regulated promoter the composition of the growth medium has to be adapted in order to obtain maximum levels of mRNA transcripts, e.g. when using the PH05 promoter the growth medium must contain a low concentration of inorganic phosphate for derepression of this promoter. The cultivation is carried out by employing conventional techniques. The culturing conditions, such as temperature, pH of the medium and fermentation time are selected in such a way that maximal levels of the heterologous protein are produced. A chosen yeast strain is e.g. grown under aerobic conditions in submerged culture with shaking or stirring at a temperature of about 25° to 35°C, preferably at about 28°C, at a pH value of from 4 to 7, for example at approximately pH 5, and for at least 1 to 3 days, preferably as long as satisfactory yields of protein are obtained. After expression in yeast the hybrid protein of the invention is either accumulated inside the cells or secreted by the cells. In the latter case the hybrid protein is found within the periplasmic space and/or in the culture medium. The enzymatic activity may be recovered e.g. by obtaining the protein from the cell or the culture supernatant by conventional means. For example, the first step usually consists in separating the cells from the culture fluid by centrifugation. In case the hybrid protein has accumulated within the cells, the enzymatic activity is recovered by cell disruption. Yeast cells can be disrupted in various ways well-known in the art: e.g. by exerting mechanical forces such as shaking with glass beads, by ultrasonic vibration, osmotic shock and/or by enzymatic digestion of the cell wall. If desired, the crude extracts thus obtainable can be directly used for glycosylation. Further enrichment may be achieved for example by differential centrifugation of the cell extracts and/or treatment with a detergent, such as Triton. In case the hybrid protein is secreted by the yeast cell into the periplasmic space, a simplified isolation protocol can be used: the protein is isolated without cell lysis by enzymatic removal of the cell wall or by chemical agents, e.g. thiol reagents or EDTA, which gives rise to cell wall damages permitting the produced hybrid protein to be released. In case the hybrid protein of the invention is secreted into the culture broth, the enzymatic activity can be isolated directly therefrom. Methods suitable for the purification of the crude hybrid protein include standard chromatographic procedures such as affinity chromatography, for example with a suitable substrate, antibodies or Concanavalin A, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, partition chromatography, HPLC, electrophoresis, precipitation steps such as ammonium sulfate precipitation and other processes, especially those known from the literature. In order to detect glycosyltransferase activity assays known from the literature can be used. For example, galactosyltransferase activity can be measured by determing the amount of radioactively labelled galactose incorporated into a suitable acceptor molecule such as a glycoprotein or a free sugar residue. Analogously, sialyltransferase activity may be assayed e.g. by the incorporation of sialic acid into a suitable substrate. For a hybrid protein exhibiting two different glycosyltransferase activities the activities may be assessed individually or together in a 'single pot assay'. A hybrid protein of the invention is useful e.g. for the synthesis or modification of glycoproteins, oligosaccharides and glycolipids. If the hybrid molecule comprises two different glycosyltransferase activities glycosylation in a one pot reaction is prefeπed. The invention especially concerns the hybrid proteins, the recominant DNA molecules coding therefor, the hybrid vectors and the transformed yeast strains, and the processes for the preparation thereof, as described in the Examples. In the Examples, the following abbreviations are used: GT = galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22), PCR = polymerase chain reaction; ST sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1). Example 1: Cloning of the galactosyltransferase (GT) cDNA from HeLa cells GT cDNA is isolated from HeLa cells (Watzele, G. and Berger, E.G. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 7174) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method: 1.1 Preparation of poly(A) + RNA from HeLa cells For RNA preparation HeLa cells are grown in monolayer culture on 5 plates (23x23 cm). The rapid and efficient isolation of RNA from cultured cells is performed by extraction with guanidine-HCl as described by Mac Donald, RJ. et al (Meth. Enzymol. (1987) 152, 226-227). Generally, yields are about 0.6 - 1 mg total RNA per plate of confluent cells. Enrichment of poly(A) + RNA is achieved by affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellu- lose according to the method described in the Maniatis manual (Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd edition), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Habor, USA), applying 4 mg of total RNA on a 400 μl column. 3 % of the loaded RNA are recovered as enriched poly(A) + RNA which is stored in aliquots precipitated with 3 volumes of ethanol at -70°C until it is used. 1.2 First strand cDNA synthesis for PCR Poly(A) + RNA (mRNA) is reverse-transcribed into DNA by Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus RNase H " Reverse Transcriptase (M-MLV H- RT) (BRL). In setting up the 20 μl reaction mix, the protocol provided by BRL is followed with minor variations: 1 μg of HeLa cell poly(A) + RNA and 500 ng Oligo(dT) 12 ., 8 (Pharmacia) in 11.5 μl sterile H 2 O are heated to 70°C for 10 min and then quickly chilled on ice. Then 4 μl reaction buffer provided by BRL (250 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 375 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl 2 ), 2 μl 0.1 M dithiothreitol, 1 μl mixed dNTP (10 mM each dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, Pharmacia), 0.5 μl (17.5 U) RNAguard (RNase Inhibitor of Pharmacia) and 1 μl (200 U)M-MLVH " RT are added. The reaction is carried out at 42°C and stopped after 1 h by heating the tube to 95°C for 10 min. In order to check the efficiency of the reaction an aliquot of the mixture (5 μl) is incubated in the presence of 2 μCi α- 32 P dCTP. By measuring the incorporated dCTP, the amount of cDNA synthesized is calculated. The yield of first strand synthesis is routinely between 5 and 15 . 1.3 Polymerase chain reaction The oligodeoxynucleotide primers used for PCR are synthesized in vitro by the phosphor- amidite method (M.H. Caruthers, in Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Gene Frag¬ ments, H.G. Gassen and A. Lang, eds., Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, FRG) on an Applied Biosystems Model 380B synthesizer. They are listed in Table 1. Table 1: PCR-primers corresponding to primer sequence (5' to 3')*> bp ^ GT C DNA 2 > Plup (Kpnl) cgcggtACCCTTCTTAAAGCGGCGGCGGGAAGATG ( -26) - 3 PI (EcoRI) gccgaattcATGAGGCTTCGGGAGCCGCTCCTGAGCG 1 - 28 P3 (Sad) CTGGAGCTCGTGGCAAAGCAGAACCC 448 - 473 P2d (EcoRI) gccgaaTTCAGTCTTTACCTGTACCAAAAGTCCTA 1222-1192 P4 (Hindiπ) cccaagctTGGAATGATGATGGCCACCTTGTGAGG 546- 520 ' Capital letters represent sequences from GT, small letters are additional sequences, sites for restriction enzymes are underlined. Codons for 'start' and 'stop' of RNA translation are highlighted in boldface. ' GT cDNA sequence from human placenta published in Genfiank (Accession No. M22921).. Standard PCR-conditions for a 30 μl incubation mixture are: 1 μl of the Reverse Trans- criptase reaction (see Example 1.2), containing about 5 ng first strand cDNA, 15 pmol each of the relevant primers, 200 μmol each of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) in PCR-buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3 (at 23°C), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.001 % gelatine) and 0.5 U AmpliTaq Polymerase (Perkin Elmer). The amplification is performed in the Thermocycler 60 (Biomed) using the following conditions: 0.5 min denaturing at 95°C, 1 min annealing at 56°C, and 1 min 15 sec extension at 72°C, for a total of 20 - 25 cycles. In the last cycle, primer extension at 72°C is carried out for 5 min. For sequencing and subcloning, the HeLa GT cDNA is amplified in two overlapping pieces, using different primer combinations: (1) Fragment PI -P4: Primers PI and P4 are used to amplify a DNA fragment covering nucleotide positions 7-555 in the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 1. (2) Fragment P3 - P2d: Primers P3 and P2d are used to amplify a DNA fragment covering nucleotide positions 457 - 1229 in the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 1. In order to avoid eπors during amplification four independent PCRs are carried out for each fragment. Also primer Plup (Kpnl) in combination with primer P4 is used to determine the DNA sequence followed by the 'start' codon. After PCR amplification, fragment PI - P4 is digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and HindHI, analysed on a 1.2 % agarose gel, eluted from the gel by GENECLEAN (BIO 101) and subcloned into the vector pUC18 (Pharmacia), digested with the same enzymes. Fragment P3 - P2d is digested with Sad and EcoRI, analysed on a 1.2 % gel, eluted and subcloned into pUC18, digested with Sad and EcoRI. The resulting subclones are pUC18/Pl - P4 and pUC18/P3 - P2d, respectively. For subcloning, ligation and transformation of K coli strain DH5α, standard protocols are followed as described in Example 2. Minipreparations of Plasmids pUC18/Pl - P4 and pUC18/P3 - P2d are used for dideoxy-sequencing of denatured double-stranded DNA with the T7 polymerase Sequencing kit (Pharmacia). M13/pUC sequencing primers and reverse sequencing primers (Pharmacia) are applied to sequence overlapping fragments produced from both DNA strands by digestion with various restriction enzymes. Further subcloning of restriction fragments of the GT gene is necessary for extensive sequencing of overlapping fragments of both strands. The sequence of fragments amplified by independent PCRs shows that the eπor of amplification is less than 1 in 3000 nucleotides. The complete nucleotide sequence of the HeLa cell GT cDNA which is presented in SEQ ID NO. 1 is 99.2 % homologous to that of human placenta (Genbank Accession No. M22921). Three differences are found: (a) Three extra base pairs at nucleotide positions 37-39 (SEQ ID NO. 1) resulting in one extra amino acid (Ser) in the N-terminal region of the protein; (b) bp 98 to 101 are 'CTCT' instead of 'TCTG' in the sequence of human placenta, leading to two conservative amino acid substitutions (Ala Leu instead of ValTyr) at amino acid positions 31 and 32 in the membrane spanning domain of GT; (c) the nucleotide at position 1047 is changed from 'A' to 'G' without ensuing a change in amino acid sequence. The two overlapping DNA-fragments PI - P4 and P3 - P2d encoding the HeLa GT cDNA are joined via the Notl restriction site at nucleotide position 498 which is present in both fragments. The complete HeLa cell GT cDNA is cloned as a 1.2 kb EcoRI-EcoRI restriction fragment in plasmid pIC-7, a derivative of pUC8 with additional restriction sites in the multicloning site (Marsh, J.L., Erfle, M. and Wykes, EJ. (1984) Gene 32, 481-485), resulting in vector p4ADl 13. SEQ ID NO. 1 shows the DNA sequence of the EcoRI-Hindm fragment from plasmid p4AD113 comprising HeLa cell cDNA coding for full-length GT (EC 2.4.1.22), said fragment having the following features: from 6 to 1200 bp cDNA sequence coding for HeLa cell galactosyltransferase from 1 to 6 bp EcoRI site from 497 to 504 bp Notl site from 1227 to 1232 bp EcoRI site from 1236 to 1241 bp EcoRV site from 1243 to 1248 bp Bglll site For the purpose of creating the GT expression cassette the EcoRI restriction site (bp 1227) at the 3' end of the cDNA sequence is deleted as follows: vector p4ADl 13 is first linearized by digestion with EcoRV and then treated with alkaline phosphatase. Furthermore, 1 μg of the linearised plasmid DNA is partially digested with 0.25 U EcoRI for 1 h at 37°C. After agarose gel electrophoresis a fragment coπesponding to the size of the linearized plasmid (3.95 kb) is isolated from the gel by GENECLEAN (Bio 101). The protruding EcoRI end is filled in with Klenow polymerase as described in the Maniatis manual (supra). After phenolisation and ethanol precipitation the plasmid is religated and used to transform E. coli DH5α (Gibco/BRL). Minipreparation of plasmids are prepared from six transformants. The plasmids obtained are checked by restriction analysis for the absence of the EcoRI and EcoRV restriction sites at the 3' end of HeLa GT cDNA. The plasmid designated p4AE113 is chosen for the following experiments, its DNA sequence being identical to that of plasmid p4ADl 13, with the exception that bp 1232-1238 with the EcoRI-EcoRV restriction sites are deleted. Example 2: Construction of expression cassettes for full length GT For heterologous expression in Saccharomvces cerevisiae the full length HeLa GT cDNA sequence (SEQ ID NO. 1) is fused to transcriptional control signals of yeast for efficient initiation and termination of transcription. The promoter and terminator sequences originate from the yeast acid phosphatase gene (PH05) (EP 100561). A short, 173 bp PH05 promoter fragment is used, which is devoid of all regulatory elements and therefore behaves as a constitutive promoter. The GT cDNA sequence is combined with a yeast 5' truncated PH05 promoter fragment and transcription terminator sequences as follows: (a) Full length HeLa GT cDNA sequence: Vector p4AE113 with the full length GT cDNA sequence is digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and Bgiπ. The DNA fragments are electrophoretically separated on a 1 % agarose gel. A 1.2 kb DNA fragment containing the complete cDNA sequence for HeLa GT is isolated from the gel by adsorption to glasmilk, using the GENECLE AN kit (BIO 101). On this fragment the ' ATG' start codon for protein synthesis of GT is located directly behind the restriction site for EcoRI, whereas the stop codon 'TAG' is followed by 32 bp contributed by the 3 'untranslated region of HeLa GT and the multiple cloning site of the vector with the BglH restriction site. (b) Vector for amplification in E. coli: The vector for amplification, plasmid p31R (cf. EP 100561), a derivative of pBR322, is digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and Sail. The restriction fragments are separated on a 1 % agarose gel and a 3.5 kb vector fragment is isolated from the gel as described before. This DNA fragment contains the large Sail - Hindlll vector fragment of the pBR322 derivative as well as a 337 bp PH05 transcription terminator sequence in place of the Hindlll - BamHI sequence of pBR322. (c) Construction of plasmid p31/PH05(-173)RIT - 1. The 5' truncated PHO5 promoter fragment without phosphate regulatory elements is isolated from plasmid p31/PH05(-173)R_T. Plasmid ρ31 RIT12 (EP 288435) comprises the full length, regulated PH05 promoter (with an EcoRI site introduced at nucleotide position -8 on a 534bp BamHI - EcoRI fragment, followed by the coding sequence for the yeast invertase signal sequence (72bp EcoRI - Xhol) and the PH05 transcription termination signal (135bp Xhol - Hindlll) cloned in a tandem array between BamHI and Hindlll of the pBR322 derived vector. The constitutive PH05(-173) promoter element from plasmid pJDB207/PH05(-173)-YHIR (EP 340170) comprises the nucleotide sequence of the yeast PH05 promoter from nucleotide position -9 to -173 (BstEII restriction site), but has no upstream regulatory sequences (UASp). The PH05(-173) promoter, therefore, behaves like a constitutive promoter. The regulated PH05 promoter in plasmid p31PJT12 is replaced by the short, constitutive PH05 (-173) promoter element in order to obtain plasmid p31/PH05 (-173) RΓΓ. Plasmids p31RIT12 (EP 288435) and pJDB207/PH05(-173)-YHIR (EP 340170) are digested with restriction endonucleases Sail and EcoRI. The respective 3.6 kb and 0.4 kb Sail - EcoRI fragments are isolated on a 0.8 % agarose gel, eluted from the gel, ethanol precipitated and resuspended in H 2 O at a concentration of 0.1 pmoles μl. Both DNA fragments are ligated and 1 μl aliquots of the ligation mix are used to transform J coli HB101 (ATCC) competent cells. Ampicillin resistant colonies are grown individually in LB medium supplemented with ampicillin (100 μg/ml). Plasmid DNA is isolated accord¬ ing to the method of Holmes, D.S. et al. (Anal. Biochem. (1981) 144, 193) and analysed by restriction digests with Sail and EcoRI. The plasmid of one clone with the correct restriction fragments is refeπed to as ρ31/PH05(-173)R_T. (d) Construction of plasmid pGTBl 135 Plasmid p31/PH05(-173)R_T is digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and Sail. After separation on a 1 % agarose gel, a 0.45 kb Sail - EcoRI fragment (fragment (c)) is isolated from the gel by GENECLEAN (BIO 101). This fragment contains the 276 bp Sall-BamHI sequence of pBR322 and the 173bp BamHI(BstEII)-EcoRI constitutive PH05 promoter fragment. The 0.45 kb Sall-EcoRI fragment is ligated to the 1.2 kb EcoRI - Bglll GT cDNA (fragment (a)) and the 3.5 kb BamHI-Sall vector part for amplification in E coli with the PH05 terminator (fragment (b)) described above. The three DNA fragments (a) to (c) are ligated in a 12 μl ligation mixture: 100 ng of DNA fragment (a) and 30 ng each of fragments (b) and (c) are ligated using 0.3 U T4 DNA ligase (Boehringer) in the supplied ligase buffer (66 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM dithioerythritol, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM ATP) at 15°C for 18 hours. Half of the ligation mix is used to transform competent cells of E. coli strain DH5α (Gibco/BRL). For preparing competent cells and for transformation, the standard protocol as given in the Maniatis manual (supra) is followed. The cells are plated on selective LB-medium, supplemented with 75 μg/ml ampicillin and incubated at 37°C. 58 transformants are obtained. Minipreparations of plasmid are performed from six independent transformants by using the modified alkaline lysis protocol of Birnboim, H.C. and Doly, J. as described in the Maniatis manual (supra). The isolated plasmids are characterized by restriction analysis with four different enzymes (EcoRI, Pstl, Hindlll, Sail, also in combination). All six plasmids show the expected fragments. One coπect clone is refeπed to as pGTB 1135. Plasmid pGTB 1135 contains the expression cassette with the full-lenght HeLaGT cDNA under the control of the constitutive PH05 (-173) promoter fragment, and the PHO5 transcriptional terminator sequence. This expression cassette can be excised from vector pGTB 1135 as a 2 kb Sail - Hindm fragment. Example 3: Construction of plasmids pAl and pA2 3.1 PCR for site-directed mutagenesis In order to knock out the stop codon of the GT coding sequence and to allow for an in frame fusion with ST a frame shift mutation and a point mutation are introduced into the cDNA coding for HeLa GT. The oligonucleotide primers used for PCR are synthesized in vitro according to the phosphoramidite method (supra) and listed in Table 2. Table 2; PCR-primers primer sequence (5' to 3') 1 ' corresponding tobp in SEQ ID NO.3 P3 (Sad) CTGGAGCTCGTGGCAAAGCAGAACCC 457 - 482 * P2A1 (BamHI) qgggaTCCTAGCTCG-TGTCCC 1205 - 1189 * * P2B1 (BamHI) ggqgaTCCCAGCTCG-TGTCCC 1205 - 1189 ' Capital letters represent sequences from GT, small letters are additional sequences, sites for restriction enzymes are underlined. Codons for 'start' and 'stop' of RNA translation are highlighted in boldface. Standard PCR-conditions for a 30 μl incubation mixture are: 1 μl of the Reverse Trans- criptase reaction mix containing about 5 ng first strand cDNA (see Example 1.2), 15 pmol each of the relevant primers, 200 μmol each of the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) in PCR-buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3 (at 23°C), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.001 % gelatine) and 0.5 U AmpliTaq Polymerase (Perkin Elmer). The amplification is performed in the Thermocycler 60 (Biomed) using the following conditions: 0.5 min denaturing at 95°C, 1 min annealing at 56°C, and 1 min 15 sec extension at 72°C, for a total of 20 - 25 cycles. In the last cycle, primer extension at 72°C is carried out for 5 min. For sequencing and subcloning, the HeLa GT cDNA is amplified as described above, yielding "mutated" fragments: (3) Fragment P3-P2A1: primers P3 and P2A1 are used to amplify a 0.77 kb fragment covering nucleotides 457-1205 in the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 3 (4) Fragment P3-P2B1: primers P3 and P2B1 are used to amplify a 0.77 kb fragment covering nucleotide positions 457-1205 in the sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 3. 3.2 Construction of plasmids pAl and pA2 Fragments P3-P2A1 and P3-P2B1, respectively, are amplified by PCR, digested with BamHI and Sad and subcloned into vector pUC18 (Pharmacia), digested with the same enzyme to produce plasmids pAl and pA2. Example 4: Cloning of the sialyltransferase (ST) cDNA from human HepG2 cells ST cDNA is isolated from HepG2 cells by PCR in analogy to GT cDNA. Preparation of poly (A) + RNA and first strand cDNA synthesis are performed as described in Example 1. The primers (Microsynth) listed in Table 3 are used for PCR. Table 3: PCR-primers coπesponding to bp primer sequence (S' to S')^ in ST cDNA 2) Pstl EcoRI SIA1 cgctgcagaattcaaaATGATTCACACCAACCTGAAGAAAAAGT 1 - 28 BamHI SIA3 cgcggatCCTGTGCTTAGCAGTGAATGGTCCGGAAGCC 1218 - 1198 ' Capital letters represent sequences from ST, small letters are additional sequences with sites for restriction enzymes (underlined). Codons for 'start' and 'stop' for protein synthesis are indicated in boldface. ' ST cDNA sequence from human placenta as published in EMBL Data Bank (Accession No. XI 7247) HepG2 ST cDNA can be amplified as one DNA fragment of 1.2 kb using the primers SIA1 and SIA3. PCR is performed as described for GT cDNA under slightly modified cycling conditions: 0.5 min denaturing at 95°C, 1 min. 15 sec annealing at 56°C, and 1 min 30 sec extension at 72°C, for a total of 25-35 cycles. In the last cycle, primer extension at 72°C is carried out for 5 min. After PCR amplification, the 1.2 kb fragment is digested with the restriction enzymes BamHI and Pstl, analysed on a 1.2 % agarose gel, eluted from the gel and subcloned into the vector pUC18. The resulting subclone is designated pSIA2. The nucleotide sequence of the Pstl-BamHI fragment from plasmid pSIA2 comprising HepG2 cDNA coding for full-length sialyltransferase is presented in SEQ ID NO. 3, said fragment having the following features: from 15 to 1232 bp cDNA sequence coding for HepG2 cell sialyltransferase from 1 to 6 bp Pstl site from 6 to 11 bp EcoRI site from 144 to 149 bp EcoRI site from 1241 to 1246 bp BamHI site. Example 5: Construction of plasmids pAlST and pBlST a) Plasmid pSIA2 is double digested using EcoRl/BamHl and the ensuing 1098 bp fragment (fragment (a)) is isolated. The fragment codes for a soluble ST designated ST (44 _ 406) starting at amino acid position 44 (Glu) and extending to amino acid position 406 (Cys) (SEQ ID NO. 4). b) Plasmids Al and Bl are linearized by BamHI digestion, treated with alkaline phosphatase and separated from contaminating enzymes by gel electrophoresis using GENECLEAN (Bio 101). c) Fragment (a) is linked to fragment (b) by means of an adaptor sequence from equimolar amounts of the synthesized oligonucleotides (Microsynth): 5' GATCCGTCGACCTGCAG 3' and 5' AATTCAGCAGGTCGACG 3' for the complementary strand. The oligonucleotides are annealed to each other by first heating to 95°C and then slowly cooling to 20°C. Ligation is carried out in 12 μl of ligase buffer (66 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM dithioerythritol, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM ATP) at 16°C for 18 hours. The sequences at the junction of GT and ST are as follows: P _ A 1 ST - BamHI Adaptor (bold) EcoRI GGG ACA CGA GCT AGG ATC CGT CGA CCT GCA GAA TTC CAG GTG Gly T r Arg Ala Arg lie Arg Arg Pro Ala Glu Phe Gin Val PBlST: GGG ACA CGA GCT GGG ATC CGT CGA CCT GCA GAA TTC CAG GTG Gly Thr Arg Ala Gly lie Arg Arg Pro Ala Glu Phe Gin Val The ligated plasmids pAlST and pBlST are transformed into E. coli strain DH5α. Plasmid DNA of 6 transformants from each transformation is isolated and digested with EcoRI to test the orientation of the BamHI insert. Plasmfids with a 3900 bp together with a 700 bp EcoRI fragment are used for the next step. Example 6: Construction of the GT-ST expression vectors YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb 6.1 Isolation of a Notl-BamHI fragment coding for the GT C-terminus fused to ST Plasmids pAlST and pBlST are linearised by cutting with Notl and then partially digested with BamHI. After gel electrophoresis a 1900 bp Notl-BamHI fragment coding for the GT C-terminus fused to ST is isolated. 6.2 Construction of the YEPGTB vector The episomal yeast vector YEP352 (S.E. Hill et al., Yeast 2, 163-167, 1986) is used to construct the YEPGTB vector which contains the constitutive PHO5 promoter, the cDNA coding for full length GT and the PHO5 transcriptional terminator sequence. YEP352 is digested with the restriction enzymes Sail and Hindlll at the multiple cloning site. After separation over an 0.8% agarose gel the linearized vector is isolated as a 5.2 kb DNA fragment (vector part) from the gel with the GENECLEAN kit (Bio 101). Vector pGTBl 135 (Example 2) is also digested with the restriction enzymes Sail and Hindiπ. A 2.0 kb fragment containing the expression cassette with the constitutive promoter is isolated. Ligation of the yeast vector and the exprssion cassette is carried out as follows: in a 12 μl ligation mix, 80 ng of the vector part (5.2 kb fragment) is combined with 40 ng of the 2.0 kb Sall-Hindlll fragment using 0.3U ligase (Boehringer) in the supplied buffer (66 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM dithioerythritol, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM ATP) for 18 hours at 15°C. The ligation mix is used to transform E.coli DH5α as described above. 24 transformants are obtained. Four independent colonies are chosen for minipreparation of plasmids. The isolated plasmids are characterized by restriction analysis: all four analyzed plasmids (YEPGTB 21-24) show the expected restriction patterns. YEPGTB24 is used for further experiments. 6.3 Isolation of the fragment coding for the N-terminal part of GT. YEPGTB24 carrying the whole constitutive expression cassette for GT in the yeast-E.coli shuttle vector YEP352 is cut with Notl and HindHI and a 6.3 kb fragment is isolated after gel electrophoresis. 6.4 PHO5-terminator sequence Plasmid p31 RIT12 (EP 288435) is cut with BamHI and Hind III and a 400 bp fragment carrying the PHO5 terminator sequnce is isolated. Fragments isolated as described in 6.1 (1.9 kb Notl-BamHI fragment, 6.3 (6.3 kb Hindiπ-Notl fragment) and 6.4 (0.4 kb BamHI-Hindπi fragment) are ligated to yield plasmids YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb, respectively, which are transformed in the E.coli strain DH5α. Plasmid DNA of transformants carrying the predicted pattern of BamHI fragments with 5580 bp, 1375 bp, 1150bp and 276 bp are used for yeast transformation. The nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs coding for the hybrid glycosyltransferases designated GT-STa and GT-STb are presented in SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 7, respectively, said sequences having the following common features: from 1 to 1188 bp cDNA sequence coding for HeLa cell GT (1 . 396) (cf. SEQ ID NO.l) from 1189 to 1212 bp Adaptor from 1213 to 2301 bp cDNA sequence coding for HepG2 cell sτ (44 ^ 06) Exam le 7: Transformation of yeast strain BT 150 CsCl-purified DNA of the expression vectors YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb is prepared following the protocol of R. Treisman in the Maniatis manual (supra). The protease deficient S. cerevisiae strain BT 150 (MATα, his4, leu2, ura3, pral, prbl, prcl, cpsl) is transformed with about 1 μg of plasmids YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb, respectively, according to the lithium-acetate transformation method (Ito et al., J. Bact. (1983) 153, 163-168). Approximately 200 transformants are obtained with YEPGSTa and YEPGSTb on SD plates (0.67% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 2% glucose, 2% agarose supplemented with leucine (30 μg/ml) and histidine (20 μg/ml). Single transformed yeast cells are selected and refeπed to as Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb, respectively. Example 8: Enzyme activity of the GT-ST hybrid proteins 8.1 Preparation of cell extracts Preparation of cell extracts Cells of transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains BT 150 are each grown under uracil selection in yeast minimal media (Difco) supplemented with histidine and leucine. The growth rate of the cells is not affected by the introduction of any of the expression vectors. Exponentially growing cells (at OD 578 of 2.0) or stationary cells are collected by centrifugation, washed once with 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.4 (buffer 1) and resuspended in buffer 1 at a concentration coπesponding to 2 OD 578 . A 60 ml culture (120 OD 578 ) of yeast cells is washed, pelleted and subjected to mechanical breakage by vigorous shaking on a vortex mixer with glass beads (0.45 - 0.5 mm diameter) for 4 min with intermittent cooling. The crude extracts are used directly for determination of enzyme activity. 8.2 Protein assay The protein concentration is determined by use of the BCA-Protein Assay Kit (Pierce). 8.3 Assay for GT activity GT activity can be measured with radiochemical methods using either ovalbumin, a glycoprotein which solely exposes GlcNAc as acceptor site, or free GlcNAc as acceptor substrates. Cell extracts (of 1 - 2 ODs 578 of cells) are assayed for 30 min at 37°C in a 100 μl incubation mixture containing 35 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 25 nCi UDP- 14 C-Gal (1.25 mCi/mmol), 1 μmol MnCl 2 , 2 % Triton X-100 and 1 mg ovalbumin or 20 mM GlcNAc as acceptor substrates . The reaction is terminated by acid precipition of the protein and the amount of 14 C galactose incorporated into ovalbumin is determined by liquid scintillation counting (Berger, E.G. et al. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 90, 213-222). For GlcNAc as acceptor substrate, the reaction is terminated by the addition of 0.4 ml ice cold H 2 O and the unused UDP- 14 C-galactose is separated from 14 C products on an anion exchange column (AG Xl-8, BioRad) as described (Masibay, A.S. and Qasba, P.K. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5733-5737). Assays are performed with and without acceptor molecules to assess the extent of hydrolysis of UDP-Gal by nucleotide pyrophosphatases. GT activity is determined in the crude extracts prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb. 8.4 Determination of optimum detergent activation The standard assay of GT activity according to Example 8.3 using 10 mM GICNAC as acceptor substrate is carried out in presence of zero, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5 and 4 % Triton X-100 in the assay. 2 % Triton X-100 induce a two fold stimulation as compared with zero % Triton. 8.5 Assay for lactose synthase activity The assay is carried out and terminated as indicated in Example 8.3 for GlcNAc as acceptor with the following modifications: instead of GlcNAc, 30 mM glucose is used as acceptor. Other ingredients include: 1 mg/ml human α-lactalbumin, 10 mM ATP. Optimum concentration of α-lactalbumin is determined in a range of 0 to 4 mg/ml α-lactalbumin. Maximum lactose synthase activity is observed at 1 mg/ml. 8.6 Assay for ST activity ST activity can be determined by measuring the amount of radiolabeled sialic acid which is transfeπed from CMP-sialic acid to a glycoprotein acceptor. In case of the use of a glycoprotein as acceptor such as asialofetuin, the reaction is terminated by acid precipitation using 5% (w/v) phosphotungstic acid and 5% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid. The precipitate is filtered using glass fiber filters (Whatman GFA), washed extensively with ice-cold ethanol and assessed for radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting (Hesford et al. (1984), Glycoconjugate J. 1, 141-153). In case of the use of oligosaccharides as acceptors such as lactose or LacNAc (N-acetyllactosamin), the reaction is terminated by addition of 0.4 ml ice-cold H 2 O. The unused CMP- 14 C-sialic acid is retained on a 1 ml-column of AG1-X8, phosphate form, 100-200 mesh. The column is washed with 4.5 ml H 2 O and eluted with 24 ml 5 mM K 2 HPO 4 buffer at pH 6.8. Eluant and wash solution are pooled and assessed for radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. Standard conditions are as follows: 20 μl of yeast extracts (200 to 500 μg protein) are incubated with 300 μg asialofetuin in 2 mM imidazole buffer pH 7.4 and 3 nmoles CMP- 14 sialic acid (specific activity: 2.7 mCi/mmol), Triton X-1000.5 %. ST-activity is found in the crude extracts prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb. 8.7 Combined GT and ST activity Yeast extracts prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb are used to transfer Gal from UDPGal and sialic acid from CMPNeuAc to asialo-agalacto-α j acid glycoprotein or GlcNAc according to the following conditions: 30 μl of extract, 20 μl of asialo-agalacto-α-, acid glycoprotein (prepared according to Hughes, R.C. and Jeanloz, R.W., (1966), Biochemistry 5, 253-258), 2 mM of unlabeled UDPGal, 60 μM of CMP 14 -sialic acid (specific activity: 5.4 mCi mmol) in 2 mM imidazole buffer, pH 7.4. ST-activity is shown by incorporation of 14 C-sialic acid. Control incubation carried out in the absence of unlabeled UDPGal results in a 4 times less incorporation of 14 C-sialic acid . Similar incubations are carried out using 20 mM GlcNAc or 30 mM glucose (in presence of 0.1 mg/ml α-lactalbumin) as acceptor and isolating the product according to 8.6. Linear incorporations of 14 C-sialic acid are observed during 180 min. The assay system contains in a final volume of 1 ml: 3 mmol glucose, 1 mg α-lactalbumin, 1 mM ATP, 1 mmol MnCl 2 , 20 mmol Tris-HCl, pH 7,420 nmol UDPGal, 12 nmol CMP 14 C-sialic acid (4.4 mCi mmol specific activity) and 350 μg protein (yeast extract). The reaction is terminated by adding 0.4 ml of ice-cold H 2 O. The mixture is passed over a 2 cm Bio-Rad Poly-Prep R column containing AG1-X8 A6, 100-200 mesh, phosphate form. The column is washed with 4.5 ml H 2 O and eluted with 24 ml 5mM K 2 HPO 4 buffer at pH 6.8. 1 ml of the eluant is used for radioactivity measurement by liquid scintillation counting in 10 ml Instagel R . 8.8 Product identification of oligosaccharides synthesized by the GT-ST hybrid proteins 8.8.1 Synthesis of 2,6 sialyllacNAc The incubation mixture contains in a volume of 1.57 ml: 20 mmol GlcNAc, 10 mM ATP, 1 mMol MnCl 2 , 5 mg Triton X-100, 200 mMol UDPGal, 30 mmol CMP 14 C-sialic acid (4.4 mCi mmol specific activity) and 1000 μg protein ( yeast extract prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BT 150/YEPGSTb, respectively) . Incubation is caπied out for 16 h at 37°C. The reaction is terminated by adding 0.5 ml of H 2 O. The incubation mixture is separated on AG1-X8 as described in Example 8.7. The total eluant of the anion exchange column is lyophilized. Then, the residue is dissolved in 0.6 ml H 2 O followed by separation on a Biogel P2 column (200-400 mesh, 2x90 cm). The column is eluted with H 2 O at a temperature of 42.5°C at 5 ml/h. 0.5 ml fractions are collected and assessed for radioactivity in 100 μl aliquots (to which 4 ml Instagel R is added for liquid scintillation counting). The peak fractions containing 14 C are pooled, lyophilized and repurified on AG1-X8 as described in Example 8.7. The total eluant of 24 ml is lyophilized, the resulting residue dissolved in 300 μl H 2 O. This solution is subjected to preparative thin layer chromatography (Merck Alu plates coated with silicagel 60 F*^) in a solvent system containing H 2 O/acetone/n-butanol 2/1.5/1.5 for 5 h and run against authentic standards including 50 mM sialyl 2i6-lactose and 2,6 sialyl LacNAc. After drying the products and standards are visualized using a spray containing 0.5 g thymol in 5 ml H 2 SO 4 (96 %) and 95 ml ethanol (96 %) followed by heating for 10 min at 130°C. The spots detected are found to be at identical positions as the coπesponding authentic standards. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: (A) NAME: CIBA-GEIGY AG (B) STREET: Klybeckstr. 141 (C) CITY: Basel (E) COUNTRY: SCHWEIZ (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP) : 4002 (G) TELEPHONE: +41 61 69 11 11 (H) TELEFAX: + 41 61 696 79 76 (I) TELEX: 962 991 (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Proteins havingglycosyltransferase activity (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8 (iv) COMPUTER READABLE FORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: Patentln Release #1.0, Version #1.25 (EPO) (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1265 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (B) STRAIN: E. coli DH5alpha (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: p4AD113 (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 7..1200 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product-- "full-length galactosyltransferase" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1: GAATTC ATG AGG CTT CGG GAG CCG CTC CTG AGC GGC AGC GCC GCGATG 48 Met Arg Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Ser Ala AlaMet 1 5 10 CCA GGC GCG TCC CTA CAG CGG GCC TGC CGC CTG CTC GTG GCC GTC TGC 96 Pro Gly Ala Ser Leu Gin Arg Ala Cys Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Val Cys 15 20 25 30 GCT CTG CAC CTT GGC GTC ACC CTC GTT TAC TAC CTG GCT GGC CGC GAC 144 Ala Leu His Leu Gly Val Thr Leu Val Tyr Tyr Leu Ala Gly ArgAsp 35 40 45 CTG AGC CGC CTG CCC CAA CTG GTC GGA GTC TCC ACA CCG CTG CAG GGC 192 Leu Ser Arg Leu Pro Gin Leu Val Gly Val Ser Thr Pro Leu GinGly 50 55 60 GGC TCG AAC AGT GCC GCC GCC ATC GGG CAG TCC TCC GGG GAG CTC CGG 240 Gly Ser Asn Ser Ala Ala Ala lie Gly Gin Ser Ser Gly Glu LeuArg 65 70 75 ACC GGA GGG GCC CGG CCG CCG CCT CCT CTA GGC GCC TCC TCC CAGCCG 288 Thr Gly Gly Ala Arg Pro Pro Pro Pro Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser Gin Pro 80 85 90 CGC CCG GGT GGC GAC TCC AGC CCA GTC GTG GAT TCT GGC CCT GGCCCC 336 Arg Pro Gly Gly Asp Ser Ser Pro Val Val Asp Ser Gly Pro Gly Pro 95 100 105 110 GCT AGC AAC TTG ACC TCG GTC CCA GTG CCC CAC ACC ACC GCA CTGTCG 384 Ala Ser Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Pro Val Pro His Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser 115 120 125 CTG CCC GCC TGC CCT GAG GAG TCC CCG CTG CTT GTG GGC CCC ATGCTG 432 Leu Pro Ala Cys Pro Glu Glu Ser Pro Leu Leu Val Gly Pro Met Leu 130 135 140 ATT GAG TTT AAC ATG CCT GTG GAC CTG GAG CTC GTG GCA AAG CAGAAC 480 lie Glu Phe Asn Met Pro Val Asp Leu Glu Leu Val Ala Lys GinAsn 145 150 155 CCA AAT GTG AAG ATG GGC GGC CGC TAT GCC CCC AGG GAC TGC GTCTCT 528 Pro Asn Val Lys Met Gly Gly Arg Tyr Ala Pro Arg Asp Cys Val Ser 160 165 170 CCT CAC AAG GTG GCC ATC ATC ATT CCA TTC CGC AAC CGG CAG GAGCAC 576 Pro His Lys Val Ala lie lie lie Pro Phe Arg Asn Arg Gin GluHis 175 180 185 190 CTC AAG TAC TGG CTA TAT TAT TTG CAC CCA GTC CTG CAG CGC CAGCAG 624 Leu Lys Tyr Trp Leu Tyr Tyr Leu His Pro Val Leu Gin Arg GinGin 195 200 205 CTG GAC TAT GGC ATC TAT GTT ATC AAC CAG GCG GGA GAC ACT ATATTC 672 Leu Asp Tyr Gly lie Tyr Val He Asn Gin Ala Gly Asp Thr He Phe 210 215 220 AAT CGT GCT AAG CTC CTC AAT GTT GGC TTT CAA GAA GCC TTG AAGGAC 720 Asn Arg Ala Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Gly Phe Gin Glu Ala Leu LysAsp 225 230 235 TAT GAC TAC ACC TGC TTT GTG TTT AGT GAC GTG GAC CTC ATT CCAATG 768 Tyr Asp Tyr Thr Cys Phe Val Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu He ProMet 240 245 250 AAT GAC CAT AAT GCG TAC AGG TGT TTT TCA CAG CCA CGG CAC ATTTCC 816 Asn Asp His Asn Ala Tyr Arg Cys Phe Ser Gin Pro Arg His He Ser 255 260 265 270 GTT GCA ATG GAT AAG TTT GGA TTC AGC CTA CCT TAT GTT CAG TATTTT 864 Val Ala Met Asp Lys Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Pro Tyr Val Gin Tyr Phe 275 280 285 GGA GGT GTC TCT GCT CTA AGT AAA CAA CAG TTT CTA ACC ATC AATGGA 912 Gly Gly Val Ser Ala Leu Ser Lys Gin Gin Phe Leu Thr He AsnGly 290 295 300 TTT CCT AAT AAT TAT TGG GGC TGG GGA GGA GAA GAT GAT GAC ATTTTT 960 Phe Pro Asn Asn Tyr Trp Gly Trp Gly Gly Glu Asp Asp Asp HePhe 305 310 315 AAC AGA TTA GTT TTT AGA GGC ATG TCT ATA TCT CGC CCA AAT GCTGTG 1008 Asn Arg Leu Val Phe Arg Gly Met Ser He Ser Arg Pro Asn AlaVal 320 325 330 GTC GGG AGG TGT CGC ATG ATC CGC CAC TCA AGA GAC AAG AAA AATGAA 1056 Val Gly Arg Cys Arg Met He Arg His Ser Arg Asp Lys Lys AsnGlu 335 340 345 350 CCC AAT CCT CAG AGG TTT GAC CGA ATT GCA CAC ACA AAG GAG ACAATG 1104 Pro Asn Pro Gin Arg Phe Asp Arg He Ala His Thr Lys Glu ThrMet 355 360 365 CTC TCT GAT GGT TTG AAC TCA CTC ACC TAC CAG GTG CTG GAT GTACAG 1152 Leu Ser Asp Gly Leu Asn Ser Leu Thr Tyr Gin Val Leu Asp Val Gin 370 375 380 AGA TAC CCA TTG TAT ACC CAA ATC ACA GTG GAC ATC GGG ACA CCGAGC 1200 Arg Tyr Pro Leu Tyr Thr Gin He Thr Val Asp He Gly Thr Pro Ser 385 390 395 TAGGACTTTT GGTACAGGTA AAGACTGAAT TCATCGATAT CTAGATCTCGAGCTCGCGAA 1260 AGCTT 1265 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 398 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2: Met Arg Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Ser Ala Ala Met ProGly 1 5 10 15 Ala Ser Leu Gin Arg Ala Cys Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Val Cys AlaLeu 20 25 30 His Leu Gly Val Thr Leu Val Tyr Tyr Leu Ala Gly Arg Asp Leu Ser 35 40 45 Arg Leu Pro Gin Leu Val Gly Val Ser Thr Pro Leu Gin Gly Gly Ser 50 55 60 Asn Ser Ala Ala Ala He Gly Gin Ser Ser Gly Glu Leu Arg Thr Gly 65 70 75 80 Gly Ala Arg Pro Pro Pro Pro Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser Gin Pro Arg Pro 85 90 95 Gly Gly Asp Ser Ser Pro Val Val Asp Ser Gly Pro Gly Pro Ala Ser 100 105 110 Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Pro Val Pro His Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Leu Pro 115 120 125 Ala Cys Pro Glu Glu Ser Pro Leu Leu Val Gly Pro Met Leu He Glu 130 135 140 Phe Asn Met Pro Val Asp Leu Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Gin Asn ProAsn 145 150 155 160 Val Lys Met Gly Gly Arg Tyr Ala Pro Arg Asp Cys Val Ser ProHis 165 170 175 Lys Val Ala He He He Pro Phe Arg Asn Arg Gin Glu His Leu Lys 180 185 190 Tyr Trp Leu Tyr Tyr Leu His Pro Val Leu Gin Arg Gin Gin LeuAsp 195 200 205 Tyr Gly He Tyr Val He Asn Gin Ala Gly Asp Thr He Phe AsnArg 210 215 220 Ala Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Gly Phe Gin Glu Ala Leu Lys Asp TyrAsp 22.5 230 235 240 Tyr Thr Cys Phe Val Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu He Pro Met AsnAsp 245 250 255 His Asn Ala Tyr Arg Cys Phe Ser Gin Pro Arg His He Ser Val Ala 260 265 270 Met Asp Lys Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Pro Tyr Val Gin Tyr Phe Gly Gly 275 280 285 Val Ser Ala Leu Ser Lys Gin Gin Phe Leu Thr He Asn Gly Phe Pro 290 295 300 Asn Asn Tyr Trp Gly Trp Gly Gly Glu Asp Asp Asp He Phe AsnArg 305 310 315 320 Leu Val Phe Arg Gly Met Ser He Ser Arg Pro Asn Ala Val Val Gly 325 330 335 Arg Cys Arg Met He Arg His Ser Arg Asp Lys Lys Asn Glu ProAsn 340 345 350 Pro Gin Arg Phe Asp Arg He Ala His Thr Lys Glu Thr Met Leu Ser 355 360 365 Asp Gly Leu Asn Ser Leu Thr Tyr Gin Val Leu Asp Val Gin ArgTyr 370 375 380 Pro Leu Tyr Thr Gin He Thr Val Asp He Gly Thr Pro Ser 385 390 395 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1246 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA to mRNA (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (B) STRAIN: E. coli DH5alpha (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: pSIA2 (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 15..1232 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "full-length sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1) " (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3: CTGCAGAATT CAAA ATG ATT CAC ACC AAC CTG AAG AAA AAG TTC AGC TGC 50 Met He His Thr Asn Leu Lys Lys Lys Phe Ser Cys 1 5 10 TGC GTC CTG GTC TTT CTT CTG TTT GCA GTC ATC TGT GTG TGG AAGGAA 98 Cys Val Leu Val Phe Leu Leu Phe Ala Val He Cys Val Trp Lys Glu 15 20 25 AAG AAG AAA GGG AGT TAC TAT GAT TCC TTT AAA TTG CAA ACC AAGGAA 146 Lys Lys Lys Gly Ser Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Phe Lys Leu Gin Thr Lys Glu 30 35 40 TTC CAG GTG TTA AAG AGT CTG GGG AAA TTG GCC ATG GGG TCT GATTCC 194 Phe Gin Val Leu Lys Ser Leu Gly Lys Leu Ala Met Gly Ser Asp Ser 45 50 55 60 CAG TCT GTA TCC TCA AGC AGC ACC CAG GAC CCC CAC AGG GGC CGC CAG 242 Gin Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr Gin Asp Pro His Arg Gly Arg Gin 65 70 75 ACC CTC GGC AGT CTC AGA GGC CTA GCC AAG GCC AAA CCA GAG GCCTCC 290 Thr Leu Gly Ser Leu Arg Gly Leu Ala Lys Ala Lys Pro Glu Ala Ser 80 85 90 TTC CAG GTG TGG AAC AAG GAC AGC TCT TCC AAA AAC CTT ATC CCTAGG 338 Phe Gin Val Trp Asn Lys Asp Ser Ser Ser Lys Asn Leu He ProArg 95 100 105 CTG CAA AAG ATC TGG AAG AAT TAC CTA AGC ATG AAC AAG TAC AAAGTG 386 Leu Gin Lys He Trp Lys Asn Tyr Leu Ser Met Asn Lys Tyr LysVal 110 115 120 TCC TAC AAG GGG CCA GGA CCA GGC ATC AAG TTC AGT GCA GAG GCCCTG 434 Ser Tyr Lys Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly He Lys Phe Ser Ala Glu AlaLeu 125 130 135 140 CGC TGC CAC CTC CGG GAC CAT GTG AAT GTA TCC ATG GTA GAG GTCACA 482 Arg Cys His Leu Arg Asp His Val Asn Val Ser Met Val Glu Val Thr 145 150 155 GAT TTT CCC TTC AAT ACC TCT GAA TGG GAG GGT TAT CTG CCC AAGGAG 530 Asp Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Glu Trp Glu Gly Tyr Leu Pro Lys Glu 160 165 170 AGC ATT AGG ACC AAG GCT GGG CCT TGG GGC AGG TGT GCT GTT GTGTCG 578 Ser He Arg Thr Lys Ala Gly Pro Trp Gly Arg Cys Ala Val Val Ser 175 180 185 TCA GCG GGA TCT CTG AAG TCC TCC CAA CTA GGC AGA GAA ATC GATGAT 626 Ser Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Ser Ser Gin Leu Gly Arg Glu He AspAsp 190 195 200 CAT GAC GCA GTC CTG AGG TTT AAT GGG GCA CCC ACA GCC AAC TTCCAA 674 His Asp Ala Val Leu Arg Phe Asn Gly Ala Pro Thr Ala Asn PheGin 205 210 215 220 CAA GAT GTG GGC ACA AAA ACT ACC ATT CGC CTG ATG AAC TCT CAGTTG 722 Gin Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Thr Thr He Arg Leu Met Asn Ser GinLeu 225 230 235 GTT ACC ACA GAG AAG CGC TTC CTC AAA GAC AGT TTG TAC AAT GAAGGA 770 Val Thr Thr Glu Lys Arg Phe Leu Lys Asp Ser Leu Tyr Asn GluGly 240 245 250 ATC CTA ATT GTA TGG GAC CCA TCT GTA TAC CAC TCA GAT ATC CCAAAG 818 He Leu He Val Trp Asp Pro Ser Val Tyr His Ser Asp He ProLys 255 260 265 TGG TAC CAG AAT CCG GAT TAT AAT TTC TTT AAC AAC TAC AAG ACTTAT 866 Trp Tyr Gin Asn Pro Asp Tyr Asn Phe Phe Asn Asn Tyr Lys ThrTyr 270 275 280 CGT AAG CTG CAC CCC AAT CAG CCC TTT TAC ATC CTC AAG CCC CAGATG 914 Arg Lys Leu His Pro Asn Gin Pro Phe Tyr He Leu Lys Pro GinMet 285 290 295 300 CCT TGG GAG CTA TGG GAC ATT CTT CAA GAA ATC TCC CCA GAA GAGATT 962 Pro Trp Glu Leu Trp Asp He Leu Gin Glu He Ser Pro Glu Glu He 305 310 315 CAG CCA AAC CCC CCA TCC TCT GGG ATG CTT GGT ATC ATC ATC ATGATG 1010 Gin Pro Asn Pro Pro Ser Ser Gly Met Leu Gly He He He MetMet 320 325 330 ACG CTG TGT GAC CAG GTG GAT ATT TAT GAG TTC CTC CCA TCC AAGCGC 1058 Thr Leu Cys Asp Gin Val Asp He Tyr Glu Phe Leu Pro Ser LysArg 335 340 345 AAG ACT GAC GTG TGC TAC TAC TAC CAG AAG TTC TTC GAT AGT GCCTGC 1106 Lys Thr Asp Val Cys Tyr Tyr Tyr Gin Lys Phe Phe Asp Ser AlaCys 350 355 360 ACG ATG GGT GCC TAC CAC CCG CTG CTC TAT GAG AAG AAT TTG GTGAAG 1154 Thr Met Gly Ala Tyr His Pro Leu Leu Tyr Glu Lys Asn Leu Val Lys 365 370 375 380 CAT CTC AAC CAG GGC ACA GAT GAG GAC ATC TAC CTG CTT GGA AAAGCC 1202 His Leu Asn Gin Gly Thr Asp Glu Asp He Tyr Leu Leu Gly Lys Ala 385 390 395 ACA CTG CCT GGC TTC CGG ACC ATT CAC TGC TAAGCACAGG ATCC 1246 Thr Leu Pro Gly Phe Arg Thr He His Cys 400 405 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 406 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4: Met He His Thr Asn Leu Lys Lys Lys Phe Ser Cys Cys Val Leu Val 1 5 10 15 Phe Leu Leu Phe Ala Val He Cys Val Trp Lys Glu Lys Lys Lys Gly 20 25 30 Ser Tyr Tyr Asp Ser Phe Lys Leu Gin Thr Lys Glu Phe Gin Val Leu 35 40 45 Lys Ser Leu Gly Lys Leu Ala Met Gly Ser Asp Ser Gin Ser Val Ser 50 55 60 Ser Ser Ser Thr Gin Asp Pro His Arg Gly Arg Gin Thr Leu Gly Ser 65 70 75 80 Leu Arg Gly Leu Ala Lys Ala Lys Pro Glu Ala Ser Phe Gin Val Trp 85 90 95 Asn Lys Asp Ser Ser Ser Lys Asn Leu He Pro Arg Leu Gin Lys He 100 105 110 Trp Lys Asn Tyr Leu Ser Met Asn Lys Tyr Lys Val Ser Tyr Lys Gly 115 120 125 Pro Gly Pro Gly He Lys Phe Ser Ala Glu Ala Leu Arg Cys His Leu 130 135 140 Arg Asp His Val Asn Val Ser Met Val Glu Val Thr Asp Phe Pro Phe 145 150 155 160 Asn Thr Ser Glu Trp Glu Gly Tyr Leu Pro Lys Glu Ser He ArgThr 165 170 175 Lys Ala Gly Pro Trp Gly Arg Cys Ala Val Val Ser Ser Ala Gly Ser 180 185 190 Leu Lys Ser Ser Gin Leu Gly Arg Glu He Asp Asp His Asp AlaVal 195 200 205 Leu Arg Phe Asn Gly Ala Pro Thr Ala Asn Phe Gin Gin Asp Val Gly 210 215 220 Thr Lys Thr Thr He Arg Leu Met Asn Ser Gin Leu Val Thr ThrGlu 225 230 235 240 Lys Arg Phe Leu Lys Asp Ser Leu Tyr Asn Glu Gly He Leu HeVal 245 250 255 Trp Asp Pro Ser Val Tyr His Ser Asp He Pro Lys Trp Tyr GinAsn 260 265 270 Pro Asp Tyr Asn Phe Phe Asn Asn Tyr Lys Thr Tyr Arg Lys Leu His 275 280 285 Pro Asn Gin Pro Phe Tyr He Leu Lys Pro Gin Met Pro Trp GluLeu 290 295 300 Trp Asp He Leu Gin Glu He Ser Pro Glu Glu He Gin Pro Asn Pro 305 310 315 320 Pro Ser Ser Gly Met Leu Gly He He He Met Met Thr Leu CysAsp 325 330 335 Gin Val Asp He Tyr Glu Phe Leu Pro Ser Lys Arg Lys Thr AspVal 340 345 350 Cys Tyr Tyr Tyr Gin Lys Phe Phe Asp Ser Ala Cys Thr Met GlyAla 355 360 365 Tyr His Pro Leu Leu Tyr Glu Lys Asn Leu Val Lys His Leu AsnGin 370 375 380 Gly Thr Asp Glu Asp He Tyr Leu Leu Gly Lys Ala Thr Leu ProGly 385 390 395 400 Phe Arg Thr He His Cys 405 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 2304 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (B) STRAIN: E. coli DH5alpha (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: YEPGSTa (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..2301 . (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "galactosyltransferase-sialyltransferasehybrid protein" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 5: ATG AGG CTT CGG GAG CCG CTC CTG AGC GGC AGC GCC GCG ATG CCAGGC 48 Met Arg Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Ser Ala Ala Met ProGly 1 5 10 15 GCG TCC CTA CAG CGG GCC TGC CGC CTG CTC GTG GCC GTC TGC GCTCTG 96 Ala Ser Leu Gin Arg Ala Cys Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Val Cys Ala Leu 20 25 30 CAC CTT GGC GTC ACC CTC GTT TAC TAC CTG GCT GGC CGC GAC CTGAGC 144 His Leu Gly Val Thr Leu Val Tyr Tyr Leu Ala Gly Arg Asp Leu Ser 35 40 45 CGC CTG CCC CAA CTG GTC GGA GTC TCC ACA CCG CTG CAG GGC GGC TCG 192 Arg Leu Pro Gin Leu Val Gly Val Ser Thr Pro Leu Gin Gly Gly Ser 50 55 60 AAC AGT GCC GCC GCC ATC GGG CAG TCC TCC GGG GAG CTC CGG ACC GGA 240 Asn Ser Ala Ala Ala He Gly Gin Ser Ser Gly Glu Leu Arg Thr Gly 65 70 75 80 GGG GCC CGG CCG CCG CCT CCT CTA GGC GCC TCC TCC CAG CCG CGCCCG 288 Gly Ala Arg Pro Pro Pro Pro Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser Gin Pro ArgPro 85 90 95 GGT GGC GAC TCC AGC CCA GTC GTG GAT TCT GGC CCT GGC CCC GCTAGC 336 Gly Gly Asp Ser Ser Pro Val Val Asp Ser Gly Pro Gly Pro Ala Ser 100 105 110 AAC TTG ACC TCG GTC CCA GTG CCC CAC ACC ACC GCA CTG TCG CTGCCC 384 Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Pro Val Pro His Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Leu Pro 115 120 125 GCC TGC CCT GAG GAG TCC CCG CTG CTT GTG GGC CCC ATG CTG ATTGAG 432 Ala Cys Pro Glu Glu Ser Pro Leu Leu Val Gly Pro Met Leu HeGlu 130 135 140 TTT AAC ATG CCT GTG GAC CTG GAG CTC GTG GCA AAG CAG AAC CCAAAT 480 Phe Asn Met Pro Val Asp Leu Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Gin Asn ProAsn 145 150 155 160 GTG AAG ATG GGC GGC CGC TAT GCC CCC AGG GAC TGC GTC TCT CCTCAC 528 Val Lys Met Gly Gly Arg Tyr Ala Pro Arg Asp Cys Val Ser ProHis 165 170 175 AAG GTG GCC ATC ATC ATT CCA TTC CGC AAC CGG CAG GAG CAC CTCAAG 576 Lys Val Ala He He He Pro Phe Arg Asn Arg Gin Glu His LeuLys 180 185 190 TAC TGG CTA TAT TAT TTG CAC CCA GTC CTG CAG CGC CAG CAG CTGGAC 624 Tyr Trp Leu Tyr Tyr Leu His Pro Val Leu Gin Arg Gin Gin LeuAsp 195 200 205 TAT GGC ATC TAT GTT ATC AAC CAG GCG GGA GAC ACT ATA TTC AATCGT 672 Tyr Gly He Tyr Val He Asn Gin Ala Gly Asp Thr He Phe AsnArg 210 215 220 GCT AAG CTC CTC AAT GTT GGC TTT CAA GAA GCC TTG AAG GAC TATGAC 720 Ala Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Gly Phe Gin Glu Ala Leu Lys Asp TyrAsp 225 230 235 240 TAC ACC TGC TTT GTG TTT AGT GAC GTG GAC CTC ATT CCA ATG AATGAC 768 Tyr Thr Cys Phe Val Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu He Pro Met AsnAsp 245 250 255 CAT AAT GCG TAC AGG TGT TTT TCA CAG CCA CGG CAC ATT TCC GTTGCA 816 His Asn Ala Tyr Arg Cys Phe Ser Gin Pro Arg His He Ser ValAla 260 265 270 ATG GAT AAG TTT GGA TTC AGC CTA CCT TAT GTT CAG TAT TTT GGAGGT 864 Met Asp Lys Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Pro Tyr Val Gin Tyr Phe GlyGly 275 280 285 GTC TCT GCT CTA AGT AAA CAA CAG TTT CTA ACC ATC AAT GGA TTTCCT 912 Val Ser Ala Leu Ser Lys Gin Gin Phe Leu Thr He Asn Gly Phe Pro 290 295 300 AAT AAT TAT TGG GGC TGG GGA GGA GAA GAT GAT GAC ATT TTT AACAGA 960 Asn Asn Tyr Trp Gly Trp Gly Gly Glu Asp Asp Asp He Phe AsnArg 305 310 315 320 TTA GTT TTT AGA GGC ATG TCT ATA TCT CGC CCA AAT GCT GTG GTCGGG 1008 Leu Val Phe Arg Gly Met Ser He Ser Arg Pro Asn Ala Val Val Gly 325 330 335 AGG TGT CGC ATG ATC CGC CAC TCA AGA GAC AAG AAA AAT GAA CCCAAT 1056 Arg Cys Arg Met He Arg His Ser Arg Asp Lys Lys Asn Glu ProAsn 340 345 350 CCT CAG AGG TTT GAC CGA ATT GCA CAC ACA AAG GAG ACA ATG CTCTCT 1104 Pro Gin Arg Phe Asp Arg He Ala His Thr Lys Glu Thr Met LeuSer 355 360 365 GAT GGT TTG AAC TCA CTC ACC TAC CAG GTG CTG GAT GTA CAG AGATAC 1152 Asp Gly Leu Asn Ser Leu Thr Tyr Gin Val Leu Asp Val Gin ArgTyr 370 375 380 CCA TTG TAT ACC CAA ATC ACA GTG GAC ATC GGG ACA CGA GCT GGGATC 1200 Pro Leu Tyr Thr Gin He Thr Val Asp He Gly Thr Arg Ala Gly He 385 390 395 400 CGT CGA CCT GCA GAA TTC CAG GTG TTA AAG AGT CTG GGG AAA TTGGCC 1248 Arg Arg Pro Ala Glu Phe Gin Val Leu Lys Ser Leu Gly Lys LeuAla 405 410 415 ATG GGG TCT GAT TCC CAG TCT GTA TCC TCA AGC AGC ACC CAG GAC CCC 1296 Met Gly Ser Asp Ser Gin Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr Gin AspPro 420 425 430 CAC AGG GGC CGC CAG ACC CTC GGC AGT CTC AGA GGC CTA GCC AAGGCC 1344 His Arg Gly Arg Gin Thr Leu Gly Ser Leu Arg Gly Leu Ala LysAla 435 440 445 AAA CCA GAG GCC TCC TTC CAG GTG TGG AAC AAG GAC AGC TCT TCCAAA 1392 Lys Pro Glu Ala Ser Phe Gin Val Trp Asn Lys Asp Ser Ser SerLys 450 455 460 AAC CTT ATC CCT AGG CTG CAA AAG ATC TGG AAG AAT TAC CTA AGCATG 1440 Asn Leu He Pro Arg Leu Gin Lys He Trp Lys Asn Tyr Leu SerMet 465 470 475 480 AAC AAG TAC AAA GTG TCC TAC AAG GGG CCA GGA CCA GGC ATC AAGTTC 1488 Asn Lys Tyr Lys Val Ser Tyr Lys Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly He Lys Phe 485 490 495 AGT GCA GAG GCC CTG CGC TGC CAC CTC CGG GAC CAT GTG AAT GTATCC 1536 Ser Ala Glu Ala Leu Arg Cys His Leu Arg Asp His Val Asn Val Ser 500 505 510 ATG GTA GAG GTC ACA GAT TTT CCC TTC AAT ACC TCT GAA TGG GAGGGT 1584 Met Val Glu Val Thr Asp Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Glu Trp GluGly 515 520 525 TAT CTG CCC AAG GAG AGC ATT AGG ACC AAG GCT GGG CCT TGG GGCAGG 1632 Tyr Leu Pro Lys Glu Ser He Arg Thr Lys Ala Gly Pro Trp GlyArg 530 535 540 TGT GCT GTT GTG TCG TCA GCG GGA TCT CTG AAG TCC TCC CAA CTAGGC 1680 Cys Ala Val Val Ser Ser Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Ser Ser Gin LeuGly 545 550 555 560 AGA GAA ATC GAT GAT CAT GAC GCA GTC CTG AGG TTT AAT GGG GCACCC 1728 Arg Glu He Asp Asp His Asp Ala Val Leu Arg Phe Asn Gly Ala Pro 565 570 575 ACA GCC AAC TTC CAA CAA GAT GTG GGC ACA AAA ACT ACC ATT CGC CTG 1776 Thr Ala Asn Phe Gin Gin Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Thr Thr He ArgLeu 580 585 590 ATG AAC TCT CAG TTG GTT ACC ACA GAG AAG CGC TTC CTC AAA GACAGT 1824 Met Asn Ser Gin Leu Val Thr Thr Glu Lys Arg Phe Leu Lys AspSer 595 600 605 TTG TAC AAT GAA GGA ATC CTA ATT GTA TGG GAC CCA TCT GTA TACCAC 1872 Leu Tyr Asn Glu Gly He Leu He Val Trp Asp Pro Ser Val TyrHis 610 615 620 TCA GAT ATC CCA AAG TGG TAC CAG AAT CCG GAT TAT AAT TTC TTTAAC 1920 Ser Asp He Pro Lys Trp Tyr Gin Asn Pro Asp Tyr Asn Phe PheAsn 625 630 635 640 AAC TAC AAG ACT TAT CGT AAG CTG CAC CCC AAT CAG CCC TTT TACATC 1968 Asn Tyr Lys Thr Tyr Arg Lys Leu His Pro Asn Gin Pro Phe Tyr He 645 650 655 CTC AAG CCC CAG ATG CCT TGG GAG CTA TGG GAC ATT CTT CAA GAAATC 2016 Leu Lys Pro Gin Met Pro Trp Glu Leu Trp Asp He Leu Gin Glu He 660 665 670 TCC CCA GAA GAG ATT CAG CCA AAC CCC CCA TCC TCT GGG ATG CTTGGT 2064 Ser Pro Glu Glu He Gin Pro Asn Pro Pro Ser Ser Gly Met LeuGly 675 680 685 ATC ATC ATC ATG ATG ACG CTG TGT GAC CAG GTG GAT ATT TAT GAGTTC 2112 He He He Met Met Thr Leu Cys Asp Gin Val Asp He Tyr Glu Phe 690 695 700 CTC CCA TCC AAG CGC AAG ACT GAC GTG TGC TAC TAC TAC CAG AAGTTC 2160 Leu Pro Ser Lys Arg Lys Thr Asp Val Cys Tyr Tyr Tyr Gin Lys Phe 705 710 715 720 TTC GAT AGT GCC TGC ACG ATG GGT GCC TAC CAC CCG CTG CTC TATGAG 2208 Phe Asp Ser Ala Cys Thr Met Gly Ala Tyr His Pro Leu Leu TyrGlu 725 730 735 AAG AAT TTG GTG AAG CAT CTC AAC CAG GGC ACA GAT GAG GAC ATCTAC 2256 Lys Asn Leu Val Lys His Leu Asn Gin Gly Thr Asp Glu Asp HeTyr 740 745 750 CTG CTT GGA AAA GCC ACA CTG CCT GGC TTC CGG ACC ATT CAC TGC 2301 Leu Leu Gly Lys Ala Thr Leu Pro Gly Phe Arg Thr He His Cys 755 760 765 TAA 2304 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 767 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6: Met Arg Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Ser Ala Ala Met Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Ala Ser Leu Gin Arg Ala Cys Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Val Cys Ala Leu 20 25 30 His Leu Gly Val Thr Leu Val Tyr Tyr Leu Ala Gly Arg Asp Leu Ser 35 40 45 Arg Leu Pro Gin Leu Val Gly Val Ser Thr Pro Leu Gin Gly Gly Ser 50 55 60 Asn Ser Ala Ala Ala He Gly Gin Ser Ser Gly Glu Leu Arg Thr Gly 65 70 75 80 Gly Ala Arg Pro Pro Pro Pro Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser Gin Pro Arg Pro 85 90 95 Gly Gly Asp Ser Ser Pro Val Val Asp Ser Gly Pro Gly Pro Ala Ser 100 105 110 Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Pro Val Pro His Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Leu Pro 115 120 125 Ala Cys Pro Glu Glu Ser Pro Leu Leu Val Gly Pro Met Leu HeGlu 130 135 140 Phe Asn Met Pro Val Asp Leu Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Gin Asn ProAsn 145 150 155 160 Val Lys Met Gly Gly Arg Tyr Ala Pro Arg Asp Cys Val Ser ProHis 165 170 175 Lys Val Ala He He He Pro Phe Arg Asn Arg Gin Glu His LeuLys 180 185 190 Tyr Trp Leu Tyr Tyr Leu His Pro Val Leu Gin Arg Gin Gin LeuAsp 195 200 205 Tyr Gly He Tyr Val He Asn Gin Ala Gly Asp Thr He Phe AsnArg 210 215 220 Ala Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Gly Phe Gin Glu Ala Leu Lys Asp TyrAsp 225 230 235 240 Tyr Thr Cys Phe Val Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu He Pro Met AsnAsp 245 250 255 His Asn Ala Tyr Arg Cys Phe Ser Gin Pro Arg His He Ser ValAla 260 265 270 Met Asp Lys Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Pro Tyr Val Gin Tyr Phe GlyGly 275 280 285 Val Ser Ala Leu Ser Lys Gin Gin Phe Leu Thr He Asn Gly PhePro 290 295 300 Asn Asn Tyr Trp Gly Trp Gly Gly Glu Asp Asp Asp He Phe AsnArg 305 310 315 320 Leu Val Phe Arg Gly Met Ser He Ser Arg Pro Asn Ala Val Val Gly 325 330 335 Arg Cys Arg Met He Arg His Ser Arg Asp Lys Lys Asn Glu ProAsn 340 345 350 Pro Gin Arg Phe Asp Arg He Ala His Thr Lys Glu Thr Met LeuSer 355 360 365 Asp Gly Leu Asn Ser Leu Thr Tyr Gin Val Leu Asp Val Gin ArgTyr 370 375 380 Pro Leu Tyr Thr Gin He Thr Val Asp He Gly Thr Arg Ala Gly He 385 390 395 400 Arg Arg Pro Ala Glu Phe Gin Val Leu Lys Ser Leu Gly Lys LeuAla 405 410 415 Met Gly Ser Asp Ser Gin Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr Gin Asp Pro 420 425 430 His Arg Gly Arg Gin Thr Leu Gly Ser Leu Arg Gly Leu Ala LysAla 435 440 445 Lys Pro Glu Ala Ser Phe Gin Val Trp Asn Lys Asp Ser Ser SerLys 450 455 460 Asn Leu He Pro Arg Leu Gin Lys He Trp Lys Asn Tyr Leu SerMet 465 470 475 480 Asn Lys Tyr Lys Val Ser Tyr Lys Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly He Lys Phe 485 490 495 Ser Ala Glu Ala Leu Arg Cys His Leu Arg Asp His Val Asn Val Ser 500 505 510 Met Val Glu Val Thr Asp Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Glu Trp GluGly 515 520 525 Tyr Leu Pro Lys Glu Ser He Arg Thr Lys Ala Gly Pro Trp GlyArg 530 535 540 Cys Ala Val Val Ser Ser Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Ser Ser Gin LeuGly 545 550 555 560 Arg Glu He Asp Asp His Asp Ala Val Leu Arg Phe Asn Gly Ala Pro 565 570 575 Thr Ala Asn Phe Gin Gin Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Thr Thr He ArgLeu 580 585 590 Met Asn Ser Gin Leu Val Thr Thr Glu Lys Arg Phe Leu Lys Asp Ser 595 600 605 Leu Tyr Asn Glu Gly He Leu He Val Trp Asp Pro Ser Val TyrHis 610 615 620 Ser Asp He Pro Lys Trp Tyr Gin Asn Pro Asp Tyr Asn Phe PheAsn 625 630 635 640 Asn Tyr Lys Thr Tyr Arg Lys Leu His Pro Asn Gin Pro Phe Tyr He 645 650 655 Leu Lys Pro Gin Met Pro Trp Glu Leu Trp Asp He Leu Gin Glu He 660 665 670 Ser Pro Glu Glu He Gin Pro Asn Pro Pro Ser Ser Gly Met LeuGly 675 680 685 He He He Met Met Thr Leu Cys Asp Gin Val Asp He Tyr Glu Phe 690 695 700 Leu Pro Ser Lys Arg Lys Thr Asp Val Cys Tyr Tyr Tyr Gin Lys Phe 705 710 715 720 Phe Asp Ser Ala Cys Thr Met Gly Ala Tyr His Pro Leu Leu Tyr Glu 725 730 735 Lys Asn Leu Val Lys His Leu Asn Gin Gly Thr Asp Glu Asp He Tyr 740 745 750 Leu Leu Gly Lys Ala Thr Leu Pro Gly Phe Arg Thr He His Cys 755 760 765 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTER STICS: (A) LENGTH: 2304 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: CDNA (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (B) STRAIN: E. coli DH5alpha (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (B) CLONE: YEPGSTb (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B) LOCATION: 1..2301 (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /produc = "galactosyltransferase-sialyltransferasehybrid protein" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 7: ATG AGG CTT CGG GAG CCG CTC CTG AGC GGC AGC GCC GCG ATG CCAGGC 48 Met Arg Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Ser Ala Ala Met Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 GCG TCC CTA CAG CGG GCC TGC CGC CTG CTC GTG GCC GTC TGC GCTCTG 96 Ala Ser Leu Gin Arg Ala Cys Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Val Cys AlaLeu 20 25 30 CAC CTT GGC GTC ACC CTC GTT TAC TAC CTG GCT GGC CGC GAC CTGAGC 144 His Leu Gly Val Thr Leu Val Tyr Tyr Leu Ala Gly Arg Asp LeuSer 35 40 45 CGC CTG CCC CAA CTG GTC GGA GTC TCC ACA CCG CTG CAG GGC GGCTCG 192 Arg Leu Pro Gin Leu Val Gly Val Ser Thr Pro Leu Gin Gly Gly Ser 50 55 60 AAC AGT GCC GCC GCC ATC GGG CAG TCC TCC GGG GAG CTC CGG ACCGGA 240 Asn Ser Ala Ala Ala He Gly Gin Ser Ser Gly Glu Leu Arg Thr Gly 65 70 75 80 GGG GCC CGG CCG CCG CCT CCT CTA GGC GCC TCC TCC CAG CCG CGC CCG 288 Gly Ala Arg Pro Pro Pro Pro Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser Gin Pro Arg Pro 85 90 95 GGT GGC GAC TCC AGC CCA GTC GTG GAT TCT GGC CCT GGC CCC GCTAGC 336 Gly Gly Asp Ser Ser Pro Val Val Asp Ser Gly Pro Gly Pro Ala Ser 100 105 110 AAC TTG ACC TCG GTC CCA GTG CCC CAC ACC ACC GCA CTG TCG CTGCCC 384 Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Pro Val Pro His Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Leu Pro 115 120 125 GCC TGC CCT GAG GAG TCC CCG CTG CTT GTG GGC CCC ATG CTG ATTGAG 432 Ala Cys Pro Glu Glu Ser Pro Leu Leu Val Gly Pro Met Leu HeGlu 130 135 140 TTT AAC ATG CCT GTG GAC CTG GAG CTC GTG GCA AAG CAG AAC CCAAAT 480 Phe Asn Met Pro Val Asp Leu Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Gin Asn ProAsn 145 150 155 160 GTG AAG ATG GGC GGC CGC TAT GCC CCC AGG GAC TGC GTC TCT CCTCAC 528 Val Lys Met Gly Gly Arg Tyr Ala Pro Arg Asp Cys Val Ser ProHis 165 170 175 AAG GTG GCC ATC ATC ATT CCA TTC CGC AAC CGG CAG GAG CAC CTCAAG 576 Lys Val Ala He He He Pro Phe Arg Asn Arg Gin Glu His LeuLys 180 185 190 TAC TGG CTA TAT TAT TTG CAC CCA GTC CTG CAG CGC CAG CAG CTGGAC 624 Tyr Trp Leu Tyr Tyr Leu His Pro Val Leu Gin Arg Gin Gin LeuAsp 195 200 205 TAT GGC ATC TAT GTT ATC AAC CAG GCG GGA GAC ACT ATA TTC AATCGT 672 Tyr Gly He Tyr Val He Asn Gin Ala Gly Asp Thr He Phe AsnArg 210 215 220 GCT AAG CTC CTC AAT GTT GGC TTT CAA GAA GCC TTG AAG GAC TATGAC 720 Ala Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Gly Phe Gin Glu Ala Leu Lys Asp TyrAsp 225 230 235 240 TAC ACC TGC TTT GTG TTT AGT GAC GTG GAC CTC ATT CCA ATG AATGAC 768 Tyr Thr Cys Phe Val Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu He Pro Met AsnAsp 245 250 255 CAT AAT GCG TAC AGG TGT TTT TCA CAG CCA CGG CAC ATT TCC GTTGCA 816 His Asn Ala Tyr Arg Cys Phe Ser Gin Pro Arg His He Ser ValAla 260 265 270 ATG GAT AAG TTT GGA TTC AGC CTA CCT TAT GTT CAG TAT TTT GGAGGT 864 Met Asp Lys Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Pro Tyr Val Gin Tyr Phe Gly Gly 275 280 285 GTC TCT GCT CTA AGT AAA CAA CAG TTT CTA ACC ATC AAT GGA TTTCCT 912 Val Ser Ala Leu Ser Lys Gin Gin Phe Leu Thr He Asn Gly Phe Pro 290 295 300 AAT AAT TAT TGG GGC TGG GGA GGA GAA GAT GAT GAC ATT TTT AACAGA 960 Asn Asn Tyr Trp Gly Trp Gly Gly Glu Asp Asp Asp He Phe AsnArg 305 310 315 320 TTA GTT TTT AGA GGC ATG TCT ATA TCT CGC CCA AAT GCT GTG GTCGGG 1008 Leu Val Phe Arg Gly Met Ser He Ser Arg Pro Asn Ala Val Val Gly 325 330 335 AGG TGT CGC ATG ATC CGC CAC TCA AGA GAC AAG AAA AAT GAA CCCAAT 1056 Arg Cys Arg Met He Arg His Ser Arg Asp Lys Lys Asn Glu ProAsn 340 345 350 CCT CAG AGG TTT GAC CGA ATT GCA CAC ACA AAG GAG ACA ATG CTCTCT 1104 Pro Gin Arg Phe Asp Arg He Ala His Thr Lys Glu Thr Met LeuSer 355 360 365 GAT GGT TTG AAC TCA CTC ACC TAC CAG GTG CTG GAT GTA CAG AGATAC 1152 Asp Gly Leu Asn Ser Leu Thr Tyr Gin Val Leu Asp Val Gin ArgTyr 370 375 380 CCA TTG TAT ACC CAA ATC ACA GTG GAC ATC GGG ACA CGA GCT AGGATC 1200 Pro Leu Tyr Thr Gin He Thr Val Asp He Gly Thr Arg Ala Arg He 385 390 395 400 CGT CGA CCT GCA GAA TTC CAG GTG TTA AAG AGT CTG GGG AAA TTGGCC 1248 Arg Arg Pro Ala Glu Phe Gin Val Leu Lys Ser Leu Gly Lys LeuAla 405 410 415 ATG GGG TCT GAT TCC CAG TCT GTA TCC TCA AGC AGC ACC CAG GAC CCC 1296 Met Gly Ser Asp Ser Gin Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr Gin Asp Pro 420 425 430 CAC AGG GGC CGC CAG ACC CTC GGC AGT CTC AGA GGC CTA GCC AAGGCC 1344 His Arg Gly Arg Gin Thr Leu Gly Ser Leu Arg Gly Leu Ala Lys Ala 435 440 445 AAA CCA GAG GCC TCC TTC CAG GTG TGG AAC AAG GAC AGC TCT TCCAAA 1392 Lys Pro Glu Ala Ser Phe Gin Val Trp Asn Lys Asp Ser Ser Ser Lys 450 455 460 AAC CTT ATC CCT AGG CTG CAA AAG ATC TGG AAG AAT TAC CTA AGCATG 1440 Asn Leu He Pro Arg Leu Gin Lys He Trp Lys Asn Tyr Leu SerMet 465 470 475 480 AAC AAG TAC AAA GTG TCC TAC AAG GGG CCA GGA CCA GGC ATC AAGTTC 1488 Asn Lys Tyr Lys Val Ser Tyr Lys Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly He Lys Phe 485 490 495 AGT GCA GAG GCC CTG CGC TGC CAC CTC CGG GAC CAT GTG AAT GTATCC 1536 Ser Ala Glu Ala Leu Arg Cys His Leu Arg Asp His Val Asn Val Ser 500 505 510 ATG GTA GAG GTC ACA GAT TTT CCC TTC AAT ACC TCT GAA TGG GAGGGT 1584 Met Val Glu Val Thr Asp Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Glu Trp GluGly 515 520 525 TAT CTG CCC AAG GAG AGC ATT AGG ACC AAG GCT GGG CCT TGG GGCAGG 1632 Tyr Leu Pro Lys Glu Ser He Arg Thr Lys Ala Gly Pro Trp GlyArg 530 535 540 TGT GCT GTT GTG TCG TCA GCG GGA TCT CTG AAG TCC TCC CAA CTAGGC 1680 Cys Ala Val Val Ser Ser Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Ser Ser Gin LeuGly 545 550 555 560 AGA GAA ATC GAT GAT CAT GAC GCA GTC CTG AGG TTT AAT GGG GCACCC 1728 Arg Glu He Asp Asp His Asp Ala Val Leu Arg Phe Asn Gly Ala Pro 565 570 575 ACA GCC AAC TTC CAA CAA GAT GTG GGC ACA AAA ACT ACC ATT CGCCTG 1776 Thr Ala Asn Phe Gin Gin Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Thr Thr He ArgLeu 580 585 590 ATG AAC TCT CAG TTG GTT ACC ACA GAG AAG CGC TTC CTC AAA GACAGT 1824 Met Asn Ser Gin Leu Val Thr Thr Glu Lys Arg Phe Leu Lys AspSer 595 600 605 TTG TAC AAT GAA GGA ATC CTA ATT GTA TGG GAC CCA TCT GTA TACCAC 1872 Leu Tyr Asn Glu Gly He Leu He Val Trp Asp Pro Ser Val TyrHis 610 615 620 TCA GAT ATC CCA AAG TGG TAC CAG AAT CCG GAT TAT AAT TTC TTTAAC 1920 Ser Asp He Pro Lys Trp Tyr Gin Asn Pro Asp Tyr Asn Phe PheAsn 625 630 635 640 AAC TAC AAG ACT TAT CGT AAG CTG CAC CCC AAT CAG CCC TTT TACATC 1968 Asn Tyr Lys Thr Tyr Arg Lys Leu His Pro Asn Gin Pro Phe Tyr He 645 650 655 CTC AAG CCC CAG ATG CCT TGG GAG CTA TGG GAC ATT CTT CAA GAAATC 2016 Leu Lys Pro Gin Met Pro Trp Glu Leu Trp Asp He Leu Gin Glu He 660 665 670 TCC CCA GAA GAG ATT CAG CCA AAC CCC CCA TCC TCT GGG ATG CTTGGT 2064 Ser Pro Glu Glu He Gin Pro Asn Pro Pro Ser Ser Gly Met LeuGly 675 680 685 ATC ATC ATC ATG ATG ACG CTG TGT GAC CAG GTG GAT ATT TAT GAGTTC 2112 He He He Met Met Thr Leu Cys Asp Gin Val Asp He Tyr Glu Phe 690 695 700 CTC CCA TCC AAG CGC AAG ACT GAC GTG TGC TAC TAC TAC CAG AAG TTC 2160 Leu Pro Ser Lys Arg Lys Thr Asp Val Cys Tyr Tyr Tyr Gin Lys Phe 705 710 715 720 TTC GAT AGT GCC TGC ACG ATG GGT GCC TAC CAC CCG CTG CTC TATGAG 2208 Phe Asp Ser Ala Cys Thr Met Gly Ala Tyr His Pro Leu Leu Tyr Glu 725 730 735 AAG AAT TTG GTG AAG CAT CTC AAC CAG GGC ACA GAT GAG GAC ATC TAC 2256 Lys Asn Leu Val Lys His Leu Asn Gin Gly Thr Asp Glu Asp He Tyr 740 745 750 CTG CTT GGA AAA GCC ACA CTG CCT GGC TTC CGG ACC ATT CAC TGC 2301 Leu Leu Gly Lys Ala Thr Leu Pro Gly Phe Arg Thr He His Cys 755 760 765 TAA 2304 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 767 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 8: Met Arg Leu Arg Glu Pro Leu Leu Ser Gly Ser Ala Ala Met Pro Gly 1 5 10 15 Ala Ser Leu Gin Arg Ala Cys Arg Leu Leu Val Ala Val Cys Ala Leu 20 25 30 His Leu Gly Val Thr Leu Val Tyr Tyr Leu Ala Gly Arg Asp Leu Ser 35 40 45 Arg Leu Pro Gin Leu Val Gly Val Ser Thr Pro Leu Gin Gly Gly Ser 50 55 60 Asn Ser Ala Ala Ala He Gly Gin Ser Ser Gly Glu Leu Arg Thr Gly 65 70 75 80 Gly Ala Arg Pro Pro Pro Pro Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser Gin Pro Arg Pro 85 90 95 Gly Gly Asp Ser Ser Pro Val Val Asp Ser Gly Pro Gly Pro Ala Ser 100 105 110 Asn Leu Thr Ser Val Pro Val Pro His Thr Thr Ala Leu Ser Leu Pro 115 120 125 Ala Cys Pro Glu Glu Ser Pro Leu Leu Val Gly Pro Met Leu HeGlu 130 135 140 Phe Asn Met Pro Val Asp Leu Glu Leu Val Ala Lys Gin Asn ProAsn 145 150 155 160 Val Lys Met Gly Gly Arg Tyr Ala Pro Arg Asp Cys Val Ser ProHis 165 170 175 Lys Val Ala He He He Pro Phe Arg Asn Arg Gin Glu His LeuLys 180 185 190 Tyr Trp Leu Tyr Tyr Leu His Pro Val Leu Gin Arg Gin Gin LeuAsp 195 200 205 Tyr Gly He Tyr Val He Asn Gin Ala Gly Asp Thr He Phe AsnArg 210 215 220 Ala Lys Leu Leu Asn Val Gly Phe Gin Glu Ala Leu Lys Asp TyrAsp 225 230 235 240 Tyr Thr Cys Phe Val Phe Ser Asp Val Asp Leu He Pro Met AsnAsp 245 250 255 His Asn Ala Tyr Arg Cys Phe Ser Gin Pro Arg His He Ser ValAla 260 265 270 Met Asp Lys Phe Gly Phe Ser Leu Pro Tyr Val Gin Tyr Phe GlyGly 275 280 285 Val Ser Ala Leu Ser Lys Gin Gin Phe Leu Thr He Asn Gly Phe Pro 290 295 300 Asn Asn Tyr Trp Gly Trp Gly Gly Glu Asp Asp Asp He Phe AsnArg 305 310 315 320 Leu Val Phe Arg Gly Met Ser He Ser Arg Pro Asn Ala Val Val Gly 325 330 335 Arg Cys Arg Met He Arg His Ser Arg Asp Lys Lys Asn Glu ProAsn 340 345 350 Pro Gin Arg Phe Asp Arg He Ala His Thr Lys Glu Thr Met Leu Ser 355 360 365 Asp Gly Leu Asn Ser Leu Thr Tyr Gin Val Leu Asp Val Gin ArgTyr 370 375 380 Pro Leu Tyr Thr Gin He Thr Val Asp He Gly Thr Arg Ala Arg He 385 390 395 400 Arg Arg Pro Ala Glu Phe Gin Val Leu Lys Ser Leu Gly Lys LeuAla 405 410 415 Met Gly Ser Asp Ser Gin Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Ser Thr Gin Asp Pro 420 425 430 His Arg Gly Arg Gin Thr Leu Gly Ser Leu Arg Gly Leu Ala LysAla 435 440 445 Lys Pro Glu Ala Ser Phe Gin Val Trp Asn Lys Asp Ser Ser SerLys 450 455 460 Asn Leu He Pro Arg Leu Gin Lys He Trp Lys Asn Tyr Leu SerMet 465 470 475 480 Asn Lys Tyr Lys Val Ser Tyr Lys Gly Pro Gly Pro Gly He Lys Phe 485 490 495 Ser Ala Glu Ala Leu Arg Cys His Leu Arg Asp His Val Asn Val Ser 500 505 510 Met Val Glu Val Thr Asp Phe Pro Phe Asn Thr Ser Glu Trp GluGly 515 520 525 Tyr Leu Pro Lys Glu Ser He Arg Thr Lys Ala Gly Pro Trp GlyArg 530 535 540 Cys Ala Val Val Ser Ser Ala Gly Ser Leu Lys Ser Ser Gin LeuGly 545 550 555 560 Arg Glu He Asp Asp His Asp Ala Val Leu Arg Phe Asn Gly Ala Pro 565 570 575 Thr Ala Asn Phe Gin Gin Asp Val Gly Thr Lys Thr Thr He ArgLeu 580 585 590 Met Asn Ser Gin Leu Val Thr Thr Glu Lys Arg Phe Leu Lys Asp Ser 595 600 605 - 61 - Leu Tyr Asn Glu Gly He Leu He Val Trp Asp Pro Ser Val TyrHis 610 615 620 Ser Asp He Pro Lys Trp Tyr Gin Asn Pro Asp Tyr Asn Phe PheAsn 625 630 635 640 Asn Tyr Lys Thr Tyr Arg Lys Leu His Pro Asn Gin Pro Phe Tyr He 645 650 655 Leu Lys Pro Gin Met Pro Trp Glu Leu Trp Asp He Leu Gin Glu He 660 665 670 Ser Pro Glu Glu He Gin Pro Asn Pro Pro Ser Ser Gly Met LeuGly 675 680 685 He He He Met Met Thr Leu Cys Asp Gin Val Asp He Tyr Glu Phe 690 695 700 Leu Pro Ser Lys Arg Lys Thr Asp Val Cys T r Tyr Tyr Gin Lys Phe 705 710 715 720 Phe Asp Ser Ala Cys Thr Met Gly Ala Tyr His Pro Leu Leu TyrGlu 725 730 735 Lys Asn Leu Val Lys His Leu Asn Gin Gly Thr Asp Glu Asp HeTyr 740 745 750 Leu Leu Gly Lys Ala Thr Leu Pro Gly Phe Arg Thr He His Cys 755 760 765

Claims: Claims: 1. A protein having glycosyltransferase activity comprising identical or different catalytically active domains of glycosyltransferases. 2. A protein according to claim 1 which is a hybrid protein. 3. A protein according to claim 2 comprising a membrane-bound or soluble glycosyltransferase linked to a soluble glycosyltransferase. 4. A protein according to claim 2 comprising a suitable linker consisting of genetically encoded amino acids. 5. A protein according to claim 2 selected from the group consisting of the protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 5 and the protein having the amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO. 7. 6. A method for preparing a protein according to claim 2 comprising culturing a suitable transformed yeast strain under conditions which allow the expression of said protein. 7. A DNA molecule coding for a protein according to claim 2. 8. A hybrid vector comprising a DNA molecule according to claim 7. 9. A transformed yeast strain comprising a hybrid vector according to claim 8. 10. Use of a protein according to claim 1 for glycosylation.

Inventors: BERGER ERIC G, IWANOW SVETOSLAV X, WATZELE MANFRED, BERGER, ERIC, G., IWANOW, SVETOSLAV, X., WATZELE, MANFRED
Applicants: BERGER ERIC G, CIBA GEIGY AG, IWANOW SVETOSLAV X, WATZELE MANFRED, BERGER, ERIC, G., CIBA-GEIGY AG, IWANOW, SVETOSLAV, X., WATZELE, MANFRED
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: C12N1, C12N9, C12N15, C12P19, C12R1