METHOD OF MEASURING ADJACENT BASE STATIONS IN TDMA RADIO SYSTEM AND TDMA RADIO SYSTEM

Abstract: The invention relates to a TDMA system and to a method of measuring adjacent base stations in a TDMA radio system. In the invention, dummy time slots (D) are inserted (III) to a TDMA signal sent by a base station (BS1). These dummy time slots offset the time slots of two carriers (BS1, BS2, BS3) with respect to each other, and therefore, a mobile station locked to a predetermined time slot on one carrier is able to measure and decode any time slot of an adjacent carrier within a longer period of time for a possible handover.

Description: Method of measuring adjacent base stations in TDMA radio system and TDMA radio system A Field of the Invention The invention relates to a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) radio system and a method of measur¬ ing signal strengths of adjacent base stations in a TDMA radio system for a possible handover. Background of the Invention In mobile communication systems, such as cellu¬ lar radio systems or trunking radio systems, mobile radio stations may move freely from one radio cell to another. When leaving a previous radio cell, a mobile station has to search for another cell and to regis¬ ter to this new cell. In order to be able to make handover from one cell to another during an on-go-J g call without significant break in the call, the τ.. j- bile station should be prepared for a change of cell preferably all the time, by monitoring the carriers of the base stations of adjacent cells. Thus there is continuously available precollected information on the coverage of the adjacent cells and the mobile station or the fixed network is capable of making quick decision to choose the best adjacent cell for a handover, when the carrier of the present cell be¬ comes weaker. Thus a handover may be performed for instance during a call without noticeable break in the call. In radio systems of TDMA type, a plurality of physical channels, i.e. time slots, are arranged for each carrier of a base station by time division mul¬ tiplexing. In Figure 1 for example, four time slots 0, 1, 2 and 3 are repeated on the carriers of base stations BSl and BS2. On these physical channels are conveyed logical channels, which may be divided into two categories: traffic channels transmitting user information and control channels transmitting sig¬ nalling messages. When a mobile station MS is regis- tered to a base station BS and monitors the carrier thereof, it is normally locked to one of the TDMA time slots, e.g. the time slot 0 of a base station BSl in Figure 1. The other time slots 1, 2 and 3 of BSl are then of no significance for the MS and there- fore, the MS may measure the carriers of the adjacent base stations during these time slots. If only mea¬ surement of the intensity of a received signal is required and no decoding of the time slot of the ad¬ jacent carrier is necessary, no problems will appear with finding the correct time slot. Still, the switching time (the time required for tuning from one frequency to another) of a synthetizer of the MS has then to be short enough. However, if it is necessary, besides measuring the intensity of the received sig- nal, to decode the information contained in the time slot, in order to derive e.g. base station identifi¬ cation, system identity, traffic load level or trans¬ mission power level, timing problems arise, which are caused by the limited switching time of the MS syn- thetizer. In the case of Figure 1 for instance, due to the abovementioned timing problems, the mobile station has time to measure and decode, between the time slots 0 of the base station BSl, only that time slot of the carrier of a base station BS2 which is located approximately at the time slot 2. We may pre¬ sume that the base station BS2 and the other base stations have the main control channel, which should be measured, in the TDMA time slot 0. Thus the MS may hardly ever be capable of measuring the correct time slot. If the MS monitors the main control channel (time slot 0) of the base station BSl, it is possible to take the risk and skip over this time slot occa¬ sionally and to decode the main control time slot 0 of the adjacent base station. A drawback will be a longer and less reliable call establishment, because the first paging message addressed to the MS may be lost inbetween. If the MS monitors a traffic channel time slot, it is possible to interrupt reception and speech coding and to skip over this time slot occa¬ sionally for decoding the main control channel time slot of the adjacent base station. Drawbacks of this approach will be a lower speech quality and a possi¬ bility of the message becoming incomprehensible. A Summary of the Invention The object of the present invention is to en¬ able measuring and decoding carriers of adjacent base stations without above-mentioned drawbacks. One aspect of the invention is a method of mea¬ suring adjacent base stations in a TDMA radio system, comprising mobile radio stations and a fixed radio network having base stations, each of which has at least one carrier, on which carrier control and traf- fie channels are conveyed in at least one TDMA time slot, in which method a mobile station is locked to one time slot of a base station and measures occa¬ sionally control channel time slots of the carriers of the adjacent base stations for a possible hand- over, which method is according to the invention characterized in that dummy time slots are randomly inserted between normal time slots of a TDMA signal to be sent on the carrier of the base station, for the purpose of making it possible to measure the car- riers of the adjacent base stations. In the invention, dummy time slots, i.e. empty time slots or time slots containing insignificant in¬ formation, are inserted to a TDMA signal sent by a base station. Due to these extra dummy time slots, the time slots of two carriers are offset with re¬ spect to each other, and therefore, a mobile station locked to a predetermined time slot on one carrier is capable of measuring and decoding any time slot of an adjacent carrier on a longer view. Additionally, the number of dummy time slots transmitted consecutively on a carrier at the same time may be varied randomly, due to which the probability of being measured is approximately the same for all time slots. Sending dummy time slots leads naturally to the fact that time slot numbering is shifted forward in the TDMA signal. In order to make it more easy for a mobile station to detect this change in time slot numbers, in a preferred embodiment of the invention the mobile station is informed about this change in a preceding frame or a multiframe of the TDMA signal. In the pre¬ ferred embodiment of the invention, dummy time slots are inserted and time slot numbering is shifted at intervals of 1 to 100 seconds on an average. For mea¬ suring adjacent stations, the mobile station of the invention may use dummy time slots and/or normal time slots between the time slots it is locked to. A dummy time slot may have the length of a normal time slot or a fraction thereof or it may be longer than the normal time slot. Another aspect of the invention is a TDMA radio system for implementing the method according to claim 1. The radio system is according to the invention characterized in that a transmission on a carrier of a base station comprises dummy-random time slots be- tween normal time slots for the purpose of making it possible for a mobile station to measure the carriers of the adjacent base stations. A Brief Description of the Drawings In the following, the invention will be ex¬ plained in more detail by means of illustrative em¬ bodiments referring to the enclosed drawing, in which Figure 1 is a timing diagram illustrating a measurement of adjacent carriers according to the prior art, Figure 2 illustrates a radio system, to which the invention may be applied, Figure 3 illustrates a TDMA frame structure, and Figure 4 is a timing diagram illustrating a measurement of adjacent carriers according to the invention. Preferred Embodiments of the Invention The invention may be applied to a TDMA radio system of any kind in principle. Figure 1 shows a trunking radiotelephone system, in which a geographi¬ cal area covered by the system is divided into smaller radio areas, i.e. radio cells Cl, C2 and C3, which are at a distance from each other, abut on each other or overlap each other at edge areas. Each cell Cl, C2, C3 comprises at least one fixed, typically multi-channel transceiver equipment BS, which is called base station. All base stations BS are coupled by fixed connections, such as cables, to an exchange MX, which controls the operation of the base stations BS. Mobile subscriber radio stations MS move freely in the area of the system and have radio communica¬ tion with the base stations BS on carrier frequencies allocated to the system, i.e. on radio channels. In a trunking radio system, several user groups, even several user organisations share a com¬ mon group of channels. In a TDMA system, each pair of downlink and uplink carriers is divided further into time slots, i.e. physical channels, the identifica¬ tions of which consist of time slot numbers. Figure 3 illustrates a TDMA frame format comprising hyper- frames HFR, multiframes MFR, frames FR and time slots TS. A basic block of a TDMA format is a time slot TS. In the illustrated example, four time slots TS form a TDMA frame FR. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to this 4-TDMA, but the number of time slots of the frame may be more or less than 4. At the minimum, the frame may comprise only 1 TDMA time slot, a so-called 1-TDMA. A multiframe MFR has 18 frames FR and its duration is about 1 second. A hyperframe comprising 12 multiframes MFR is the long¬ est repeated time period of the TDMA format. On the physical channels, i.e. in the time slots, are conveyed logical channels, which may be divided into two categories: traffic channels trans¬ mitting user information and control channels trans¬ mitting signalling messages. These two main catego- ries may be divided further into different sub¬ classes. When a mobile station MS is registered to a base station BS and monitors the carrier of the base station, it is normally locked to a predetermined TDMA time slot. This time slot may be a traffic chan¬ nel or a control channel depending on whether a call is going on or not. When the MS moves from the area of a first base station BS to the area of a second base station BS, it shall be capable of a handover to the carrier of the second base station when the car- rier of the first base station becomes weaker. To perform the handover as quickly as possible, the MS is continuously measuring the adjacent carriers in order to obtain information for selecting a new car- rier. In Figure 4 for instance, a mobile station MS locked to the time slot 0 of a base station BSl may measure adjacent base stations BS2 and BS3 during the other time slots 1, 2 and 3, as is indicated by sym¬ bols I and II. As shown earlier in connection with Figure 1, the MS is capable of measuring only one time slot during this time, if it is necessary to decode the time slot. If each base station has the main control channel, which should be measured, in the time slot 0, a MS of a conventional radio system is probably never capable of measuring and decoding the time slot 0 of the carrier of an adjacent base station, if the base stations are approximately in phase. Further, even if the base stations were off phase, the same problem would arise with some other time slot. This is solved according to the invention by randomly inserting dummy time slots D between normal time slots of a TDMA signal to be sent on a carrier of a base station, as is illustrated in Figure 4 by a reference III. Due to the inserted dummy time slots, time slot numberings of adjacent carriers are offset randomly with respect to each other, and therefore, time slots coinciding on different carriers vary ran¬ domly. In Figure 4 for example, it is equally likely that the mobile station MS locked to the base station BSl may be able to measure any time slot of an adja¬ cent carrier. In Figure 4 for instance, the measuring point on the carrier of the base station BS2 shifted by about two time slots when two dummy time slots were inserted to the carrier of the base station BSl, as illustrated by a reference IV. In the example pre¬ sented, a dummy time slot has the length of a normal time slot, but its length may also be a fraction of the length of the normal time slot, or alternatively, a dummy time slot may be longer than the normal time slot, e.g. a multiple thereof. In principle, dummy time slots may be inserted to any point of a TDMA format, but it is preferable to insert them between successive frames, as in Fig- ure 4, because a dummy time slot within a frame may lead to complicated implementations of mobile station MS equipments. In a preferred embodiment of the in¬ vention, a dummy time slot/dummy time slots are in¬ serted between multiframes MFR, as illustrated in Figure 3. If a dummy time slot D is inserted after each multiframe MFR, subsequent phase shift of the carriers and change in time slot numbering occur at intervals of one second. If dummy time slots are in¬ serted only after every 100th multiframe MFR, the time slot numbering changes at intervals of about 100 seconds only. In the preferred embodiment of the in¬ vention, a network operator may set an average inter¬ val for changes in a time slot numbering, which may be between 1 and 100 seconds. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the mobile station receives in advance an information on a change in the time slot numbering. This informa¬ tion is sent for instance in a frame or a multiframe preceding a dummy time slot within a time slot to which the mobile station is locked. A suitable chan¬ nel for this purpose is a broadcasting channel send¬ ing signalling messages to all mobile stations. The advance information facilitates the mobile station MS to detect the change in time slot numbering and to be adapted thereto. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the number of dummy time slots to be sent one after another at the same time may vary randomly, for in¬ stance between the values 1 and 2. This results in a higher probability of measuring all time slots of an adjacent carrier. The figures and the description associated thereto are only intended to illustrate the present invention. As to the details, the method and the sys- tem of the invention may vary within the scope of the attached claims.

Claims: Claims : 1. A method of measuring adjacent base stations in a TDMA radio system, comprising mobile radio sta- tions and a fixed radio network having base stations, each of which has at least one carrier, on which car¬ rier control and traffic channels are conveyed in at least one TDMA time slot, in which method a mobile station is locked to one time slot of a base station and measures occasionally control channel time slots of the carriers of the adjacent base stations for a possible handover, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that dummy time slots are randomly inserted between normal time slots of a TDMA signal to be sent on the carrier of the base station, for the purpose of mak¬ ing it possible to measure the carriers of the adja¬ cent base stations. 2. A method according to claim 1, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i z e d in that the number of said dummy time slots to be sent one after another is varied randomly, preferably between the values 1 and 2. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said dummy time slots are sent between frames formed by normal time slots. 4. A method according to claim 1, 2 or 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said dummy time slots are sent between multiframes formed by several frames. 5. A method according to any of the foregoing claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that time slot numbering of a carrier is shifted when dummy time slots are inserted. 6. A method according to claim 5, c h a r a c- t e r i z e d in that an advance information on the change in the time slot numbering is sent to the mo¬ bile station. 7. A method according to claim 6, c h a r a c¬ t e r i z e d in that the advance information is sent in a frame or a multiframe preceding a dummy time slot within a time slot to which the mobile sta¬ tion is locked. 8. A method according to claim 5, 6 or 7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the time slot num- bering is changed at intervals of 1 to 100 seconds on an average. 9. A method according to claim 1, c h a r a c¬ t e r i z e d in that said dummy time slot is longer or shorter than said normal time slot. 10. A TDMA radio system for implementing the method according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r¬ i z e d in that a transmission on a carrier of a base station comprises dummy time slots between nor¬ mal time slots for the purpose of making it possible for the mobile station to measure the carriers of the adjacent base stations.

Inventors: PAAVONEN TAPIO, PAAVONEN, TAPIO
Applicants: NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS OY, PAAVONEN TAPIO, PAAVONEN, TAPIO
Application year: 1993
Main classification: H04Q7
IPC codes: H04B7, H04W36, H04W48