PULTRUDED COMPOSITE JOINT SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION TOWERS AND OTHER LARGE STRUCTURES

Abstract: A pultruded composite column (10, 110, 156) and beam (12, 130, 168) joint system is used in the construction of large structures and is particularly adapted for an electrical transmission tower because of the reduced EMF levels at ground level below the tower effected by the replacement of steel with composite members. The tower has corner legs or columns (10, 110, 156) which are interconnected and supported by a lattice structure of cross members (12, 130, 168). The columns (10, 110, 156) have one or more specialized longitudinal channels (14, 112, 158) spanning their lengths and the cross members (12, 130, 168) have specialized locking ends which lock into retaining structure defined in the column (10, 110, 156) channels (14, 112, 158), permitting cross member braces (12, 130, 168) to be inserted and locked in place at any selected point along the channel (14, 112, 158).

Description: PULTRUDED COMPOSITE JOINT SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION TOWERS AND OTHER LARGE STRUCTURES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a continuation-in-part of a UNITE STATES patent application for a BIFURCATED COLUMN JOINT SYSTEM FO ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION TOWER, invented by W. BRANDT GOLDSWORTH DAVID W. JOHNSON AND GEORGE KORZENIOWS I and filed with the Unite States Patent Office on or about January 20, 1993, and Unite States patent application No. 828,499 filed January 31, 1992 b David W. Johnson and W. Brandt Goldsworthy for a JOINT SYSTEM AN TOWER MADE THEREWITH. Both of these patents deal with configurin pultruded composites such that two or more meeting members ca couple together without the use of fasteners, and particularl without the use of metal bolts. The invention is in the field of pultruded composites, a fiel in which the inventors have been working for years and have number of patents. Pultruded composites, that is, elongate members formed by pulling bunched fibers or fiber cloth through resin bath and then through a die, have been used most extensivel to make simple stick-like products such as ax and hammer handles There are millions of pultruded reflective highway delineatin posts. A utility pole of composite construction is illustrated i the U.S. Patent Number 4,803,819, issued February 14, 1989. The structural members with which this disclosure detail could be made from a wide variety of reinforcement fibers an matrix binders. The fibers could be glass, Kevlar"" or carbon, t name just three, and the matrix could be a thermoplastic such a polypropylene or a thermoset resin such as a polyester, vinylester, or epoxy. The fibers may be parallel, woven or rove cloth which are produced commercially in a variety of weaves, fibe diameters and orientations. By their nature, pultruded composites have a potential for use in a great many fields and products. The nature of the resin and the fibers that are used in any particular pultrusion may be almost infinitely varied to produce wide variations in such different characteristics as modulus of elasticity, electrical or heat conductivity or resistance, resistance to ultraviolet light, resistance to the aging effects of certain chemicals, and so forth. A high dielectric constant is inherent in glass fiber use, a quality of great importance to the primary implementation of th invention in this disclosure. By the nature of the manufacturing process, pultrusions ca be made in an unlimited variety of shapes, from a simple hollow o solid stick or beam to a configuration with a complex cross-sectio created by a combination of dies and mandrels. Once the die is made, the pultrusion can be made continuously twenty-four hours a day with little expense other than the direct materials an production costs. It is an ideal process for producing elongate members with complex cross-sections used in significant quantities. Pultrusions are also characterized by having a relatively high strength and moderate cost when glass fibers are used, and havin a good strength-to-weight ratio when configured in appropriat cross-sections. Compared to steel, which is the most common structural material in use with respect to large tower structures, pultrude composites offer decided advantages as indicated above, includin virtual immunity from corrosion, non-conductivity, high dielectri constant and in many applications higher strength-to-weight ratio and approximately equivalent cost-to-strength ratio. For thes reasons, there have been efforts over the last few years on th part of the instant inventors and others to move the use o structural composites into traditional infrastructure application. One of the instant inventors has designed and produced vehicle carrying railroad cars made largely of composites. The large structure emphasized in this disclosure is a high voltage transmission tower. It could also be a microwave or radi tower or a windmill support. It is largely the dielectric an electromagnetic properties of composites that constitute th greatest attraction in composite high voltage power lin transmission tower construction. The high dielectric strength o glass composites and their low electrical conductivity make th much safer for repairmen, especially if the weather is inclemen When steel towers are maintained, there is a constant danger flashover from a transmission wire to the steel tower structur Grounding of a high voltage line to the tower body may be caus by a conductor being thrown across a tower structure in a stor The electrical and electromagnetic qualities of steel aggrava many of the safety problems inherent in supporting high volta power lines in the range of 115 kv. and higher. An additional and unexpected advantage of composites ov steel in transmission towers lies in enabling the wires to brought closer together due to the absence of the ground conductive steel frame. Once conductors are positioned clos together, the different phases act to partially cancel out t electromagnetic field of adjacent wires and reduce the EMF ground level. The closer the wires are together, the mo cancellation of out-of-phase wires is exhibited. By bringi the conductors closer together, the tower can be made substantial smaller, with the highest conductors being substantially closer the ground, and ground-level EMF is still decreased due to pha cancellation. This compaction reduces the widths of the right-o way that must be purchased by the power authority to install t transmission towers. Currently, the expense of right-of-way purchases represen one of the major obstacles to the expansion of electrical servic Service expansion includes installation of new transmission lin as well as increasing the power capacities of older lines. If wider right-of-way must be purchased for a higher volta transmission line due to ground level EMF regulations, or accordi to safe engineering standards, the cost may be prohibitiv However, using the tower construction described in this disclosur a tower designed to be of the same voltage class as a prior ste tower will have a higher power transmission level without requiri expansion of the right-of-way. Constructing towers of pultrusions is not without i challenges. There is one area in which composites must be treat quite differently than steel. Whereas steel joints are often bolt in field assembly, and the bolt holes reduce the net material ar of the members at the joint, nonetheless the bolt holes can close together without risking tearout or bearing strength failure. Towers made of angled members may have ten or more closely spaced bolts at a joint face. In contrast to steel, because of the low bearing and shear strength inherent in composites, joint construction using bolts creates major risk-of-failure problems. The principal problem with composites when used as structural members lies in the difficulty of forming joints. Two steel beams or braces drilled and bolted together or welded together make a strong joint. The same technique applied to composites destroys the fiber continuity which gives the longitudinal fiber material its strength, and greatly weakens the structure at the joints. The need is apparent to develop new techniques for joining structural members of various sizes and configurations to withstand compression, shear, and tension forces. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides coupling means used to join structural members including large structural members of different size and cross-sectional configurations, and a high voltage tower made from columns and cross members using these joints. The coupling of the instant invention is a product of the need for a coupling system to produce tower structures, such as high tension power line towers, radio and television broadcast towers, microwave towers, and so forth. Structures of this nature are constructed from large vertical leg members which take compressive loads together with a reinforcing lattice made up of smaller braces to prevent buckling of the large vertical members. Typically, the tower would be square or rectangular in cross- section, with four large, vertical, compressive load-bearing members defining the four corners, and a lattice defining a central grid structure between the four corner members. Two- or three- legged structures can also be constructed according to the invention. The principle challenge of the instant coupling is to couple the continuous high-load large diameter vertical corner members to the smaller bracing members which form the reinforcing grid. Although applicable to a wide variety of structures, the invention is described in the context of high voltage power transmission towers, which at present are made primarily of steel. Irrespective of the material of which the vertical compression members are made, Euler's buckling formula is used to determine whether a particular member is adequate to resist the buckling compressive forces on the column. The portion of Euler's formula which includes the variables of interest here is expressed as follows: El V where: E = the modulus of elasticity; I = the moment of inertia; and L = the unsupported length between nodes or intersections on that column. Because pultruded composite construction is being used to replace steel in the construction of these towers, the buckling formula is applied to both materials in order to assist designing composite columns which replace steel columns. The principle parameter that affects this substitution is the "E" factor in Euler's formula, the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity (rigidity) is about 30 mil. PSI for steel, compared to about 3 mil. PSI for a typical composite pultrusion. In other words, from the outset, the top of Euler's formula is ten times as great for steel as it is for composites. To compensate for this, the moment of inertia (I) is maximized in composites. This means the production of large-diameter hollow tubes, which have the greatest moment of inertia with the least mass and material cost. A circular cylindrical-type column maximizes this consideration, with square or rectangular columns also having a relatively high "I," all columns being hollow, and all such columns having a moment of inertia considerably superior to a similar column that is a simple angle. The other variable in Euler's formula is the unsupported length between nodes (L) . This would suggest that a composite tower which utilizes large-diameter hollow columns to provide the compressive support for the weight of the tower, with an internal truss or grid structure having low-cost joints which provides relatively closely spaced support braces to reduce unsupported lengths of the main columns. These are the primary considerations behind the design of the tower of this disclosure. In the primary embodiments of the invention, large diameter columns that form the corners of the structure have continuous parallel-walled longitudinal channels entrant through the column wall or projected exterior. The parallel sidewalls of the channels in the columns are pultruded with the rest of the column, to define opposing retaining structure which lock into detentes milled into the seating ends of the smaller, transverse cross members as they are inserted into the channels. This configuration enables a column to be reinforced at any number of points at any selected spacing along its length with transverse support members. These cross members may enter the channel either perpendicularly to the column axis (horizontally) , or the support member may be oriented at 45 degrees or at some other angle above or below the horizontal, with the seating end of such members having been fabricated to accommodate entrance into the column at the specific angle. Cover plates may be snapped into place between cross members so that the channel is not open between the transverse supports. The configuration of the lateral support members is pre-established by the lengths and sequence of the cover plates . In a modification of the invention, a sleeve is used which encircles the main column and provides a channel which, similar to the channel in the primary embodiments, receives and locks-in the seating end of a cross member. The sleeve concept has the advantage over the continuous channel of the first embodiment in that it may be swiveled around and oriented at any angle about the vertical axis of the main column, and the integrity of the column is not affected by the circumferential discontinuity of the channels. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic side elevation view of a tower made according to the instant invention; Figure 2 is a vertical section through a column illustratin three cross members converging in the column channel as referenced on Figure 1 at 2-2; Figure 3 is a cross section taken along line 3-3 of Figure 1; Figure 4 is a longitudinal section taken through the seatin end of a cross member illustrating the tines in their compresse mode and the wedge block in its non-locked mode; Figure 5 is a side elevation view of the seating end of th cross member of Figure 4; Figure 6 is a section taken along line 6-6 of Figure 5; Figure 7 is a top plan view of the seating end of a cros member; Figure 8 is a section taken through a column and a seate cross member end with the wedge block and cover plate in place; Figure 9 is an elevation view of a column illustrating a typical cover plate configuration with the cross members removed for clarity and shown in phantom in plan view; Figure 10 is a perspective view of a cover plate having two wedge block-stopping tabs; Figure 11 is a perspective view of a wedge block; Figure 12 illustrates the clamping manner in which the two tines of the seating end of a cross member are compressed together; Figure 13 is a perspective view of a column illustrating a long channel access window; Figure 14 is a detail of construction taken from the area indicated at 14-14 of Figure 1; Figure 15 is a section taken along line 15-15 of Figure 14; Figure 16 is an elevation view of a modified form of the elongated window shown in Figure 13; Figure 17 is a form of the column in which the two cross member-receiving channels are oriented sixty degrees apart to form a tower which is triangular in cross section and has three legs; Figure 18 is a side elevation view of a modification of the joint system illustrating a continuously channeled column seating a horizontal transverse structural member, and a transverse member inserted at about a 45 degree angle below the horizontal; Figure 19 is a section taken along line 19-19 of Figure 18; Figure 19a is a horizontal section taken parallel to and just below the section of Figure 19, at line 19a-19a; Figure 20 is a section taken along line 20-20 of Figure 18; Figure 21 is a horizontal section taken through a column which defines two continuous re-entrant channels to receive two transverse members at the same level to define a lattice corner; Figure 22 is a section taken along line 22-22 of Figure 21; Figure 23 is a perspective view of the seating end of an orthogonally inserted transverse member; Figure 24 is a horizontal section taken through a cylindrical column illustrating an alternative embodiment of the coupling system in which a sleeve slips onto the column and snap-mounts the inserted end of a cross-member; Figure 25 illustrates a horizontal cross-section similar to Figure 24 but illustrating the same type of sleeve mounted on a square column; Figure 26 is a side elevation view of the sleeve and column of Figure 24; Figure 27 is a side elevation similar to Figure 26 but of a modified form of the sleeve which holds a diagonal brace; Figure 28 is a side elevation view of a coupling similar to that of Figure 27 showing yet another modified form of the sleeves; Figure 29 is a top section view similar to that of Figure 24, but showing the use of a coupling collar to hold the beam and sleeve together; Figure 30 is a side elevation view of the configuration of Figure 29 illustrating the use of a coupling collar; Figure 31 is a side elevation view of a joint formed between two rectangular tubes of the type illustrated in Figure 25; Figure 32a illustrates a pultrusion which is cut into sections to make the sleeve illustrated in Figure 24, illustrating the angle of the cut; Figure 32b illustrates the same pultrusion shown in 32a bu cut at different angles to produce a slightly different sleeve ; Figure 32c is again the same pultrusion as Figures 32a and 32 but cut at different angles to produce a different coupling sleeve; Figure 33 is a perspective view of a column illustrating the sleeve coupling construction used with several types of beams extending out at several different angles from the main column; Figure 34 is a perspective view of the coupling shown in Figures 25 and 31 in which both coupled members are rectangular in cross-section; Figure 35 is a perspective view of a slight modification of the tower of Figure 1 made from pultruded composites according to the disclosure; Figure 36 is a diagrammatic illustration of the planform of Figure 35; Figure 37 is a diagrammatic illustration of a slightly modified planform of a tower such as that shown in Figure 36 but with radially-directed brace connectors; and, Figure 38 is a cross-section of a tower in which the columns have been modified as shown in Figure 26 to receive two support members inserted at right angles in the horizontal plane. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The subject matter of this disclosure derives largely from the two prior U. S. Patent applications mentioned in the Background. The description parallels those disclosures and is grouped in part into material referencing Figures 1-17 and that which references Figures 18-38. with particular reference now to Figures 1-17, there are four basic components used to construct the entire tower shown in Figure 1, excluding the insulated wire suspension rods at the top. The two principle components are the column 10 and the cross member 12 shown in the overall completed construction in Figure 1. The column configuration is best shown in Figures 3, 8 and 13. The column is a single, continuous pultrusion. Its cross section is necessarily uniform. All of the features defined on any segment of the column are found at any other segment of the column. The principle structural features of the column are its two channels 14. The joint of the invention requires only a single column, a single channel and cross member. The single channel provides an example of a basic joint useable for a variety of purposes and can be used to produce a tower shown in Figure 38. However, the two-channel column will be described here. The column channels each have side walls 16 which are generally parallel to one another, and in the illustrated embodiment are covered at their outer ends with a skin 18 which is continuous around the column, taking the form of the side walls and the curved back portion 20 and the channel-covering surfaces 22 so that the complete column member is enclosed. The skin 18 must be cut out at cross member attachment points. Each of the channels defines retaining structure for the inserted seating end of one of the cross members 12 which butts into the column. In the embodiment illustrated in Figures 1-13, this retaining structure takes the form of sawtooth detentes 24 which complement oppositely-oriented sawtooth detentes formed on the lateral side walls of the seating ends of the cross members. The two mating sets of sawteeth define a uni-directional insertion path into the respective channel. As can be clearly seen in Figure 3, the side walls of the channels define the sawtooth detentes on the inside and corresponding undulations which form character lines on the outside so that the thickness of the channel side walls is generally uniform. This configuration also results from the use of the easiest uniform ply schedule. A reinforcing web 28 forms the inner ends of the channels. Lands 29 are designed to seat the ends of the cross members and withstand the compressive force they exert. Small conduit corridors 30 are formed in the pultrusion to accommodate ground wires or fiber optics cables in the finished tower, keeping them hidden and out of the weather. Turning to the cross members 12, each cross member begins as a section cut from a pultruded composite having a cross section indicated in Figure 6, with lateral side walls 32 being thicker than the adjoining side walls 34 so that these thicker side walls can be machined after being pultruded to define locking means for engaging the retaining means of the column channel. The locking means takes the form of the complimentary sawtooth detentes 36 which mate with the channel sawtooth detentes 24 when the joint is assembled. The thicker lateral side walls permit machining the necessary grooves to form the sawteeth without unduly weakening the wall structure. Although cross member 12 is shown square as it was described in the parent application, it could be rectangular, C- shaped, or an I-beam, as long as the lateral sidewalls 32 are of the same outside width dimensions to seat in the column channels. In addition to the sawteeth being machined into the lateral side walls of the cross members, the ends, or one end, of any cross member which is to be butted into a column is bifurcated as shown in Figure 7, forming a deep, converging groove 38. This groove terminates at an expanded terminal end 40, and diverges outwardl to its widest point at its seating end. The two tines 42 and 4 defined by this bifurcation are cut to different length corresponding to different depths of insertion permitted by th column channel geometry shown in Figure 8. The channel side wall on the acute angle side of the column extend further along th cross member than do the outer side walls, but the side walls eac engage approximately the same length of cross member surface fo strength/weight efficiency. The shape of the bifurcation 38 is such that the two tines 4 and 44 may be compressed together as indicated in Figure 4 an clamped as shown in Figure 12 in the compressed position. Th sides of the V-shaped bifurcation will then lie substantiall parallel and flush against one another as shown in Figure 4. I this configuration the seating end 46 of the cross member i adequately narrowed so that it can be inserted into one of th column channels, after release of the clamp, as shown in Figure 3 and 8. The modulus of elasticity (i.e. highly elastic) of th glass fiber composite used to make the cross members creates idea resilient, springy tines that will compress together and the return to engage the inner sides of the channel side walls wit considerable rigidity. The cross member as defined above would create a butt join with the column that would be adequate for many purposes. However to maximize the strength and rigidity of this joint a wedge bloc 48 would be used to positively lock the tines in their outwar orientation and prevent their collapse once they have been seate as shown in Figures 3 and 8. The block is dimensioned to occup substantially the entire cross section of the interior corridor 5 formed in the hollow cross member. Thus when pushed down to the tip of the seating end of the cross member no convergence of the tines would be permitted. There are two restraints of motion imposed upon the block. First, a pin 52 projects from the block such that it travels in the bifurcation 38, with it's farthest position from the tines being limited by butting into the wall at the end of expanded terminal 40 of the bifurcation. This prevents escape of the block into the interior corridor, and the expanded portion provides room for the pin when the tines are compressed together as shown in Figure 4. The block is not required to exhibit great strength qualities and could be made from a number of materials, but is most conveniently produced as a segment of a pultruded composite with the pin 52 being subsequently inserted. The other constraint on the block maintains it in its wedging mode once in place. In the illustrated embodiment, tabs extend from the central portions of the cover plate 56 as illustrated in Figure 10. This plate is intended to lie between two cross members such as is shown in Figure 9 and has a tab extending from each side to pass through two bifurcated slots to backstop two blocks. Aside from their utility in forming block stop tabs, the cover plates are used to cover the portions of the long window 58, shown in Figure 13, which are not occupied by cross members butted into the channel. The window is much longer or taller than the space occupied by the cross member because it has to accommodate the end of a cross member which is swung into place rather than being longitudinally slid into place, as the two columns it spans are fixed. Even if only a single cross member were used, and the cross member were 2 inches on a side, the window would still have to be 12-18 inches tall. The cover plates cover these otherwise exposed window portions and seal off the internal channel from the outside. As shown in Figure 10 the cover member has a central web 60 which aligns with the terminal edges 62 of the channel side walls 16 so that a flush surface with the adjoining skin above and below the central web is achieved. Locking means 64, similar to the sawtooth detentes 36, snap into engagement with the retaining structure of the channel as shown in Figure 8. The extended detentes defining the locking structure compress together when inserted into the channel. An optional feature of the cover plate is the use of the curved laterally-directed lips 66 which lock around the outsides of the side walls to prevent their separation. They are provided in different lengths, having one or two tabs, produced as pultrusions, and cut into section with the tabs machined in. An optional form of the window is shown at 68 in Figure 16. This window is not rectangular but has width which is reduced, as indicated at 70, where the cross member is inserted but does not finally rest. The final resting positions of cross members are defined as expanded areas 72. This configuration minimizes the erosion of strength at the window area of the column. The window of Figure 16 corresponds to the three- cross member joint of Figure 9, so that the top and bottom expanded openings 72 are taller than the center opening to accommodate the diagonal cross section of the diagonal cross members. The column could be formed with no skin 18 covering the channels. In this way both channels would be continuously open and would not require machining. Open channel construction, as shown in Figures 18 et seq . , will be described below. The tower shown in Figure 1 has four corner columns, that is four columns which would appear in the corners of any transverse section of the tower. A structure having a different number of columns such as 3, 5, or 6 or more, could be made with obvious modifications. The column whose cross section is shown in Figure 17 has a 60-degree angle between the planes defined by the two channels for forming three-legged tower structures. Referring again to Figure 1, the top portion of the tower is made completely according to the six-cross-member joint construction shown in Figure 9. Toward the lower end of the tower the span lengths of the cross members and columns become so great that it becomes necessary to use braces 74, which are another form of cross member in which one end is a seating end which is identical to the other cross members, but the other end does not seat in a channel of the column but rather is a brace joint end. An appropriate means of joining the brace joint end to a midsection of a cross member is shown in Figures 14 and 15. A rigid strap 76 encircles the midsection of the cross member. The extending ends 78 of the strap insert into the open end of the brace and outwardly directed tabs 80 at the tips of the strap ends deflect into detente apertures 82 in the brace. As shown in Figure 14, the meeting of the brace with the midsection of the cross member need not be orthogonal and usually would not be. Generally either the channel-seating end of the brace or the other end will butt into its respective joining member non-orthogonally, making non-rectangular connection necessary. Either or both ends would reflect the change. Aside from the structure shown, in the event it is necessary to interface a column with a steel cross member or anything els that is not pre-formed into the appropriate seating configuration an adaptor could be used which is configured like the cross membe and locks into the channel and connects to the steel brace. These couplings are more than adequate without the use o adhesives, and especially without additional fasteners. There ar problems inherent in the use of adhesives but there may b instances in which they would be useful in the construction of th tower. Also, the tower columns as shown in Figure 1 are no straight, although they could be, but are defined in a natura shallow arc which is followed when engineering the lengths an angle cuts on the ends of the cross members at various height along the tower. The attachments of the conductors which are connected at loc 84 defined by the ends of insulator rods 86, known as horizonta V's, are not new and may be done however is most appropriate. A modification of the invention is shown in Figures 18 throug 20. The column 110 in this embodiment is cylindrical as can b seen in from the cross-section of Figures 19 and 19a and has onl a single channel 112. This column is used to create towers lik those shown in Figures 36 and 38, having a central lattice tha connects to the columns with single cross members. The column ski wraps around the entryway 114 and folds into the channel to for substantially parallel, re-entrant channel walls 116, each of whic in turn defines an inwardly directed tang 118. A continuou seating trough 120, defined between ramps 122, is formed along th entire interior of the column structure. The outer wall 124 of the column defines shoulders 12 adjacent the channel entryway 114 and a second pair of inwardl directed tangs 128 just inside the entryway. The entryway 114 is continuously open over the length of the column so that machining slots through the skin, as was required with the embodiment of Figure 3, is not necessary here. All of this structure spans the entire length of the column because it is pultruded from a single die. Although the interior configuration of these columns is complex for a structural member, once the die and the mandrels have been made indefinite lengths of it can be produced without much additional tooling cost. The column 110 would ordinarily be relatively wide, on the order of five inches to ten inches in outside diameter and with a wall thickness of V to 3/8". Due to its large diameter and relatively thick wall, it has a high moment of inertia to resist buckling. The overall positioning of the column in a tower structure is shown in Figures 1 and 35, in which four of the columns 110 are used at the edges of the tower. Cross member 130 is jointed to the column 110 to stabilize it against buckling. Ordinarily, but not necessarily, this member would be hollow as shown in Figures 18 through 20 and rectangular with walls 132. Like the cross members 34, this member can also be an I-beam, a C-channel, Z-channel or some other shape than the box beam shown. At least one end of the cross member is a seating end 134, comparable to the seating end 46 of the prior embodiment, which is snapped into the channel 112 of the column 110 as best shown in Figure 19. The seating end of the cross member is provided with a pair of opposed notch sets 136 and 138. The tip of the seating end is tapered as indicated at 140. This member could have an notch-defining insert plug extending from its main hollow length, or a reinforcing insert wall could be forced into the hollow end of the structural member to provide adequate thickness to enable the notches 136 and 138 to be milled into the seating end without unduly weakening the structure. Alternatively the wall thickness would be adequate relative to notch depth to prevent joint weakness. Cross member 130 is pushed into the channel 112 into the position indicated at Figure 19, with the tapered tip 140 seated into the trough 120, and the tangs 118 and 128 seated in the notch pairs 136 and 138 respectively. As the member is forced into the channel, the walls 124 of the column 110 expand as indicated in phantom in Figure 19, with the internal channel walls 116 also deflecting to permit the cross member to seat in the seating trough 120 and the tangs 118 to snap into place in the grooves. This construction takes advantage of the low modulus of elasticity inherent in composite members, as does the embodiment of Figures 1-17 described above. But in contrast to that prior embodiment in which the cross member deflects and the column is rigid, here the structure of the column itself deflects. This action, in which snap-in positive detente action is achieved with a yielding large structural member, which would not be possible without the low modulus. Like the Figure 21 embodiment, the cross members 130 can be inserted into channel 112 orthogonally or non-orthogonally to the column axis. A brace inserted at a diagonal angle of about 45 degrees is shown at 142 in Figures 18 and 20. This brace terminates at a seating end substantially like that shown at 134 in Figure 18, except that the appropriate notches would have to be cut at the appropriate diagonal angle and the tip 140 tapered. This is a major advantage of all of the embodiments of the channeled column construction. Braces can be snapped into place anywhere along the column and at any reasonable angle above or below the horizontal. The cover plate 144 like the cover plate 56 snaps into the entryway 114 of the channel like the cross members. As shown in Figure 19 and 19a, its edges 146 seat against the shoulders 26 so that the external contour of the column is maintained as an uninterrupted cylinder. Two continuous retainers 148 engage the tangs 128 as shown in Figure 19 and 19a. It should be noted that the tangs and retainers are somewhat exaggerated for clarity in these drawings, and that ordinarily the retainers 148 would be capable of some inward deflection, so that a combination of expansion of the channel walls and compression of these hooked retainers will enable the cover to be snapped into place. When creating a configuration as shown in Figure 18, the first step would be to put in the bottom-most cover plate 144, shown below the brace 142 in that figure. Once the bottom cover plate is in, the brace 142 is forced into place into the channel and then tapped down over the cover plate, seating over the top edge of the plate. Subsequently, an additional cover plate is snapped in above the brace 142 and the structural member 130 is pushed into the channel and so forth, so that as one builds up, an unlimited variety of braces separated by cover plates is possible. An additional effect inherent in the use of the cover plates is the pre-defining of the cross member schedule. That is, if the cross members and the cover members are to be assembled in a particular sequence, as long as the members are numbered or the sequencing otherwise indicated, assembly is pre-determined and is virtually fool-proof. A modified form of joint construction is shown in Figures 22 through 34. Here, the same channeled member concept is followed, but rather than defining the channel into the cylindrical column member directly, a sleeve 154 is produced which encircles the cylindrical column 156, with the channel 158 being defined by outwardly-directed walls 160 which double back at 162 to define tangs 164. The main cylindrical structural member thus maintains its structural integrity. A seating trough 166, similar to seat 120, accommodates the end of the cross member 168, differing slightly from cross member 130. The brace 168 need not be tapered at its end, and simply defines a pair of inwardly-directed, opposed channels 170 to enable the tangs 164 to snap in place when the brace 168 is pressed into the channel. As shown in Figure 33, one major advantage of the sleeve construction is that the sleeve can be oriented in any rotated direction around the cylindrical axis of the main structural member. If necessary, the sleeve may be rigidified around the member with epoxy, becoming essentially as strong as though the entire unit were one piece. The intent that the sleeve as well as other small parts are pultrusions is an central theme of the invention. The pultrusion process does not require the use of exclusively longitudinal fibers, or the sleeve would be weak. At least some of the fibers are incorporated into woven fiber fabric or roven fiber mat, with orthogonally or bias-oriented fibers in addition to longitudinal fibers. Transverse fiber cords, bands and weave direction create omnidirectional toughness. For this reason, none of the pultruded members are susceptible to splitting along the grain. The choice of fiber schedules used in any piece is variable, but the sleeve has a substantial cross- fiber content and is not subject to fracture along any primary grain orientation direction. Figures 24 through 31 are illustrations, in some cases diagrammatic, of variations of the sleeve construction described with reference to Figure 24. Figure 25 differs only in that the central beam 172 is square and the sleeve 173 is correspondingly square. Figure 26 is actually a side elevation view of Figure 24, and Figure 27 illustrates the sleeve 175 which is cut from the same pultruded length as the sleeve 154 but along different planes to accommodate a diagonal brace 174 instead of an orthogonal brace as shown in Figures 24 through 26. Figure 28 illustrates brace 174 of Figure 27 but with a diagonal-cut sleeve 176. Figure 29 and 30 illustrate the simplest form of orthogonal junction utilizing normal-cut ends, and illustrating the use of a restraining collar 173 that prevents the crossbeams 130 from slipping out of the sleeve. Figure 33 illustrates in perspective a number of different brace configurations on the same central column, with Figure 34 illustrating the possibility of a brace-to-brace construction. These two figures make it clear that virtually any kind of lattice configuration can be made with these sleeves, be it brace-to-brace, cylindrical column to brace, rectangular lattice or diagonal bracing. Figures 32a, 32b and 32c illustrate the continuous pultrusions for the sleeves 154, 176 and 178 as they would appear, as segments are cut off to define the individual sleeves. These pultrusions are diagrammatically illustrated, and are actually all the same except for the fact that they are cut along different planes. The pultrusion of Figure 32a is cut straight across to define the sleeve 154, and in Figure 32b and 32c the member is cut into rectilinear/diagonal slices. The tower as shown in Figure 35 can be easily fabricated using the jointing systems described above. The central grid 182 connects to the corner columns, which are either the structural members 10, 110 or 156, depending on which system is used. The cross-sectional configuration could be as illustrated in Figures 35 and 37, with opposed column pairs being arched toward one another, or radially oriented as shown in Figure 7. One of the advantages of the composite tower lies in the fact that the high-voltage conductors can be brought closer together because the composite construction reduces EMF and flashover potential. For this reason, the conductors 181 shown in Figure 35, which are generally suspended through insulators on laterally extended crossarms, can now have their insulators 183 connected directly to the tower as indicated. Although it is clear that the joint embodiment of Figures 18 through 20 could be effectively used to create the tower of Figures 35 and 37, it should also be clear from a review of those figures that the configuration is constrained by the fact that the columns 110 define only a single channel 112 which dictates the angle at which the transverse support beams must the columns and limits the support given to each column to a single bracing plane. To increase the versatility of the joint, a modification of the first embodiment of the invention is shown in cross-section in Figure 21. This embodiment is substantially the version shown in Figures 18 through 20, with the channel 112 duplicated at right angles to the first channel similar to the channel configuration of column 10. As shown in Figure 21, the main column 184 defines re-entrant channel walls 186 for two orthogonally related channels 188. The inside of the member is characterized by a transverse web 190 defining troughs 192 which are basically the same functionally as the troughs in the first embodiment. The cross member, or transverse structural support 194 that is used with the post 184 has the same notches 138 as the member 130, and one of the notches 136. The notches engage the tangs 128 and 118, and the end of the beam is mitered as indicated at 196 to seat snugly in the trough 192 against the web 190. Cover plates 144 are inserted in the same fashion as in the embodiments of Figures 18-20. More channels could be added around the circumference of the main structural member 184, although a strength-to-weight penalty must be paid. This disclosure pertains principally to attachment of a connector brace ' from the interior lattice to the vertical, weight- supporting column structure. The interior of the lattice could be constructed according to the techniques disclosed above, but could also be constructed in a number of other ways that work well for three dimensional orthogonally intersecting and meeting members that are each square or rectangular in cross-section, but generally uniform from one to the next. Interlocking these orthogonal uniform members has not been a problem, as pointed out earlier. The invention bridges between the orthogonal grid on the one hand, which can be made rigid without glue, resin or fasteners, and on the other hand much larger diameter, ordinarily cylindrical columns which may not meet connecting braces orthogonally. The jointing structure described herein represents an advance in the development of techniques and structure to integrate composite pultrusion technology and structural members into traditional infrastructure applications, replacing or supplementing steel, especially in applications such as high tension power wire support towers in which the qualities of electrical conductivity, weight and corrosibility of steel are definitely deterrents to its use. The tower of Figures 1 and 35, built according to the construction detailed above, is smaller and reduced in height compared to a steel tower of the same voltage rating. In addition, this tower will not rust or corrode, mitigates induced EMF at ground level, has a high dielectric strength to reduce flashover potential, is much lighter in weight, and will last indefinitely.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A column and cross member system in which a pultruded composite column and at least one cross member are configured to couple together to define a joint, said system comprising: (a) a pultruded composite column having a longitudinal direction and defining a longitudinal internal seating channel extending substantially the entire length of said column and being open to the outside over a longitudinal length at least adequate to permit the insertion of the end of at least one cross member therein; (b) at least one cross member having at least one seating end insertable into said seating channel where same is open to the outside of the column; (c) said channel defining cross member retaining structure along at least a portion of the length thereof to rigidly engage the seating end of a cross member butted into said channel; and, (d) said at least one seating end of said at least one cross member defining locking means cooperating with said retaining structure to insert into said channel and engage said retaining structure to define a rigid joint with said cross member butted into said column. 2. A system according to Claim 1 wherein said channel defines a cross member-receiving entryway and said entryway is open to the outside of the column over the substantial length of said channel. 3. A system according to Claim 2 wherein said column is pultruded in a form which includes an enclosing skin completely covering said entryway such that windows into said channel to permit the insertion of cross members must be cut through said skin wherever along said channel cross members are needed. 4. A system according to Claim 1 wherein said seating end is laterally compressible and said locking means comprises detente elements externally defined on said seating end, and said retaining structure is defined in the lateral sides of said seating channel, and said cross member and said channel are dimensioned such that said seating end must be compressed to enter said channel and when released expands such that said detente elements engage said retaining structure. 5. A system according to Claim 4 wherein said retaining structure and detente elements comprise complimentary sawtooth elements defining unidirectional εlidability in the direction toward and normal to said column into said channel. 6. A system according to Claim 1 wherein the seating end of said cross member is hollow to define an open-ended internal corridor and is bifurcated to produce two mutually compressible tines having lateral side walls defining said locking means thereon such that said tines are compressible together to permit said seating end to be inserted in said channel, and upon releasing said tines said locking means move into seated locking engagement with said retaining means. 7. A system according to Claim 6 and including a wedge block slidably received in said corridor with means to effect the sliding of said wedge block into said seating end to prevent said tines from moving together to maximize joint rigidity. 8. A system according to Claim 7 wherein said means to effect the sliding of said wedge block comprises a pair of channels entrant from the seating end of at least one cross member, said channels resulting from the bifurcation of said seating end and said wedge block being accessible through said channels for moving said wedge block along said corridor in the direction of said seating end, and said channels each have a terminal end at the opposite end of the respective channel from the entrant end and said block has at least one pin extending therefrom at a position to permit same to travel along one of said channels and catch at the terminal end of said one of said channels to prevent escape of said block into the central portions of said at least one cross member. 9. A system according to Claim 8 and including means to stop said wedge block in a wedged position between said tines comprising a tab to extend through one of said channels into said corridor between the terminal end of the respective channel and said block. 10. A system according to Claim 9 and including a cover plate mounted to said column to cover at least a part of said entryway and said tabs extends from said cover plate. 11. A system according to Claim 1 wherein said channel has a cross member-receiving entryway side and said column defines an enclosing skin having at least one window at the entryway side of said channel to permit the insertion and seating of the seating ends of at least one cross member therethrough, said window being of longitudinal extent substantially greater than the corresponding end of a cross member seated in said channel to permit said cross member to be swung into place in said channel rather than longitudinally inserted, and including a cover plate dimensioned to cover at least a portion of said window unoccupied by cross members. 12. A system according to Claim 11 wherein said cover plate has locking means for locking into the retaining means in said channel and said channel has lateral side walls and said cover plate has lateral edges which curve around said channel at the edges of said chamber entryway to prevent separation of the lateral side walls of said channel. 13. A system according to Claim 1 wherein said channel is a first channel and comprises a substantially parallel-walled channel defining a plane parallel to the longitudinal dimension of said column, and including at least one additional channel substantially identical to said first channel and extending longitudinally in a direction parallel to the longitudinal direction of extension of said first channel. 14. A system according to Claim 13 wherein said at least one additional channel is a channel defining a plane normal to the plane defined by said first channel. 15. A tower structure constructed in substantial part from pultruded composite members comprising: (a) at least three spaced pultruded composite main longitudinal support columns defining the transverse sectional corners of said tower; (b) a plurality of cross members defining a support lattice for said columns and at least some of said cross members having at least one seating end terminating at one of said columns to form a butt joint; (c) said columns each defining two longitudinally extended channels for receiving the seating ends of at least one butted cross member; (d) said channels each defining internal retaining means for engaging the seating ends of said butted cross members; and, (e) said seating ends having locking means which insert into and engage said retaining means in a respective one of said channels to define a locked joint, whereby said butted cross members can be inserted into a selected channel at any one of a plurality of possible positions therealong and locked in place to define a rigid butt joint. 16. A tower structure according to Claim 15 wherein said seating ends are bifurcated to define two resilient mutually compressible tines with lateral side walls, and said locking means comprises cross member sawtooth detentes defined on said lateral side walls, said channels have inner substantially parallel side walls and said retaining means comprise channel sawtooth detentes which lock together with said cross member sawtooth detentes when a respective seated end is compressed to reduce the mutual tine spacing, inserted into a respective channel and released. 17. A tower structure according to Claim 16 wherein a substantial portion of said cross members comprise hollow pultruded composites having said cross member sawtooth detentes machined into the opposite lateral side walls of the seating ends subsequent to pultrusion. 18. A tower structure according to Claim 17 wherein said hollow pultruded cross members each define an internal hollow corridor and including a wedge block slidably received within said corridor, said wedge block being dimensioned to occupy substantially all of the cross section of said corridor such that sliding said block into said seating end into a locking position after seating said seating end in a channel locks said cross member in place and prevents compression of said tines. 19. A tower structure according to Claim 15 wherein the two channels in each of said columns are mutually parallel in their directions of extension and the channels of each column are oriented such that they are laterally directed to the two next adjacent columns in the tower planform configuration to seat butted cross members extending therebetween, and including respective butted cross members which seat in and span between every next adjacent pair of cross members in the tower plan form to define a rigid structure. 20. A tower structure according to Claim 19 wherein some of said cross members are hollow pultruded composite braces which extend from one seating end seated in one of said channels to a midportion of one of a cross member where the respective brace forms a brace butt joint at said midsection, and including a strap encirclin said midportion and having strap ends mounted to said brace joint end. 21. A tower structure according to Claim 15 wherein some of said butted cross members are each diagonally oriented relative to the column in which it seats such that it lies in a side plane substantially defined by the column within which it seats and a next adjacent column. 22. Structure according to Claim 1 wherein said column has a substantially uniform cross-section by virtue of having been formed by being forced through a die. 23. Structure according to Claim 22 wherein said column defines two opposite re-entrant stabilizing walls along the edges of said channel defining a continuation of said channel to orientationally stabilize said seating end when inserted into said channel. 24. Structure according to Claim 23 wherein said stabilizing walls are at least slightly resilient and said cross member retaining structure and locking means comprise mating snap-in detents defined in at least one of said stabilizing walls and said seating end, respectively. 25. Structure according to Claim 24 wherein said snap-in detents comprise a tang in at least one of said stabilizing walls and a mating groove in said seating end. 26. Structure according to Claim 25 wherein said snap-in detents comprise facing, inwardly-directed tangs defined by both of said stabilizing walls, and mating grooves in said seating end. 27. Structure according to Claim 1 and including at least one channel cover member and retaining means to retain same in at least a portion of said channel, said slot defines an inwardly-directed tang pair and said cover member defines an outwardly-directed groove pair such that said tang pair and groove pair snap together to comprise said cross member retaining structure and locking means. 28. Structure according to Claim 27 wherein said column and cross member are pultruded composites 29. Structure according to Claim 28 wherein said jointing system includes a column and a plurality of cross members, with each of the seating ends of said cross members being seated in substantial longitudinal adjacency in the channel of said column, and continuously between each adjacent pair of said cross members a cover member is seated in the channel defined by said column. 30. Structure according to Claim 1 wherein said column comprises a main tubular structure and a sleeve encircling said main tubular structure, said sleeve defining said channel. 31. Structure according to Claim 30 wherein said channel comprises two resilient walls outwardly-directed from said main tubular structure which bend to define re-entrant tangs, and said tangs engage in grooves in said seating end when same is seated in said channel, such that said tangs and grooves define said cross member retaining structure and said locking means, respectively.

Inventors: GOLDSWORTHY W BRANDT, JOHNSON DAVID W, KORZENIOWSKI GEORGE, GOLDSWORTHY, W., BRANDT, JOHNSON, DAVID, W., KORZENIOWSKI, GEORGE
Applicants: GOLDSWORTHY W BRANDT, JOHNSON DAVID W, KORZENIOWSKI GEORGE, GOLDSWORTHY, W., BRANDT, JOHNSON, DAVID, W., KORZENIOWSKI, GEORGE
Application year: 1993
Main classification: E04H12
IPC codes: B29C70, E04B1, E04C3, E04H12, E06C7, F16B7