ANTIVIRAL CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES, PARTICULARLY CONDOMS

Abstract: An antiviral contraceptive device is obtained by blocking adsorption sites for the antiinfective agent which may exist in the lubricating agent, e.g., crosslinked corn starch, or in the material of the glove itself. The contraceptive device of the invention comprises an elastomeric hand-shaped body having interior and exterior surfaces and an inner coating disposed on the interior surface of the elastomeric body. The inner coating comprises (a) an antiinfective agent selected from the group consisting of chlorhexidine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of chlorhexidine and (b) a lubricating agent which does not significantly adsorb the antiinfective agent. The inner coating is effective to deliver an antivirally effective amount of the antiinfective agent within ten minutes of exposure to a liquid.

Description: Description Antiviral Contraceptive Devices. Particularly Condoms Background of the Invention This application relates to antiinfective contraceptive devices, such as condoms or single use diaphragms having a quick release coating containing a biguanide antiinfective agent. The devices of the invention provide rapid protection against infectious agents, including viruses, and are stable over prolonged storage periods. Contraceptive devices provide a barrier function to prevent passage of sperm. At the same time, a barrier to the passage of infectious microorganisms may be provided in a manner similar to the way in which surgical and examination gloves provide a barrier function providing separation between a patient and a health care worker. In fulfilling this function, the devices act to block the introduction of infectious agents, particularly viruses, bacteria and fungi from the body fluids of one individual to another. Of particular significance in this regard are viruses, such as HIV, the virus causing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) , and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which may even penetrate through a latex condom that is not actually perforated but merely stretched, although other organisms causing sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) are also of significance. Agents which are effective against these pathogenic agents, however, are less common than those that will provide an effect against simple skin bacteria or fungi and must frequently be present at much higher levels to be efficacious. This can cause difficulties if the user is in contact with high levels of antiinfective agent for prolonged periods of time. It would therefore be highly advantageous to provide contraceptive devices in which an effective virucidal agent were maintained in a ■■ ready" state, available for quick or even instant release as needed to counter the effects of possible viral contamination. Chlorhexidine has the ability to kill the AIDS virus and HBV, as well as numerous other STD causing organisms, as shown in prior commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 5,019,016 and 4,952,411 and application Serial No. 07/385,290, which are incorporated herein by reference. Previous disclosures of the use of chlorhexidine in medical gloves, e.g. in U.S. Patent No. 4,853,978, provide release from the coating over several hours, and thus are not quick enough to provide meaningful protection from viral pathogens. Moreover, we have found that gloves made by dipping cured gloves in an antimicrobial preparation suffer from significant activity loss on storage, and thus from poor reliability. This deficiency would extend to contraceptive devices given the similarity of the base materials. It is the objective of the present invention to provide contraceptive devices, particularly condoms, which rapidly release effective antiviral amounts of an antiinfective agent upon exposure to liquid, and which retain this ability over periods of prolonged storage. Summary of the Invention In accordance with the present invention, an antiviral elastomeric contraceptive device, and particularly a condom, is obtained by blocking adsorption sites for the antiinfective agent which may exist in the lubricating agent, e.g., cross-linked corn starch, and optionally in the elastomeric material itself. The articles of the invention comprise a shaped, elastomeric body having interior and exterior surfaces and an antiinfective coating disposed on at least one surface of the elastomeric body. The antiinfective coating comprises (a) an antiinfective agent selected from the group consisting of chlorhexidine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of chlorhexidine and (b) a lubricating agent which does not significantly adsorb the antiinfective agent. The inner coating is effective to deliver an antivirally effective amount of the antiinfective agent within minutes, and preferably within seconds of exposure to a liquid. Suitable lubricating agents include dry lubricants such as zinc oxide and corn starch modified with didecyldimethylammonium chloride; and aqueous lubricants such as hydroxyethyl cellulose in glycerol or nonoxynol-9. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention resides in an antiviral contraceptive device. The devices of the invention comprise a shaped, elastomeric body and an antiinfective coating. Such articles include condoms and single use diaphragms. The elastomeric body may be formed from any of a variety of materials known in the art for the manufacture of elastomeric articles such as condoms including polyvinylchloride, polyurethane and silicone rubbers. Natural rubber latex is the preferred material, however, because of the flexibility and durability of this material. The elastomeric body is formed in accordance with known procedures for the formation of contraceptive devices. Basically, these procedures involve preparing a fluid containing the elastomer, dipping a shaped mandrel into the fluid to obtain a shaped coating, and coagulating, drying and curing the coating. In the case of a condom, the desired inner coating can be incorporated on the outside of the coated mandrel, either before or after the curing step, because the condom is inverted in the process of removing it from the mandrel. The antiinfective coating of the invention comprises chlorhexidine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of chlorhexidine as an antiinfective agent. Suitable salts of chlorhexidine include chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorhexidine acetate and chlorhexidine chloride. The antiinfective coating of the invention also includes a lubricating agent. This lubricating agent is selected so that it does not significantly adsorb the antiinfective agent as this adsorption retards the release of the antiinfective agent, e.g., as in the Stockum glove patent, U.S. 4,583,978. Suitable lubricating agents include zinc oxide (applied using a slurry containing, e.g., levels of 1 to 5% by weight), nonoxynol-9 (e.g., 0.1 to 0.5 mg per condom), hydroxycellulose and corn starch, provided that the corn starch has been modified to block or saturate adsorption sites for the antiinfective agent. This can be accomplished using surfactants such as benzalkoniu chloride or didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Gluconic acid has also been found to be useful for this purpose. The antiinfective coating may also incorporate one or more biomedically acceptable polymers. Suitable materials include polyurethanes and silicones which are dealt with at length in U.S. Patent Application S.N. 07/385,290 cited hereinabove. The use of these materials may be desirable to minimize the possibility of lubricating agent being released from the glove surface and to provide lubricity due to the nature of the polymeric component. Additional polymer materials may also reduce binding of the antiinfective agent to the latex, as these materials have less affinity for the antiinfective agent such that even if bound, the antiinfective agent is rapidly released from this surface. The antiinfective coating is formulated using nonadsorbent lubricating agents and sufficient antiinfective agent such that an effective antiviral amount of the antiinfective agent is released within ten minutes of being exposed to a fluid, e.g., semen or other body fluid. Preferably the antiinfective coating will provide substantially instantaneous release of the antiinfective agent so that any virus or other infective agent present is killed in the minimum possible time. We have found that concentrations of 300 μg/ml of chlorhexidine are sufficient to prevent infectivity by HBV or Rauscher's Leukemia Virus, an accepted model for HIV. Thus, suitable antiviral levels would be achieved if there were about 1.25 to 2.5 mg of releasable antiinfective agent per condom. To provide protection to the female in case of leakage of ejaculate from the condom, however, it is desirable to include an additional amount of the antiinfective lubricant composition near the tip of the condom, for example an additional amount containing form 2.0 to 6.0 mg of chlorhexidine. The, the total amount of releasable chlorhexidine is preferably from 1.25 to 8.5 mg per condom, and more preferably from 3.25 to 8.5 mg. In addition to adsorption by the lubricating agent, the antiviral agent may also be adsorbed or otherwise made unavailable for release by the shaped, elastomeric body. This is particularly significant in the case of natural rubber articles, because natural rubber latex has a high affinity for chlorhexidine. This type of adsorption appears to be a major fact or in loss of activity on storage of chlorhexidine treated gloves. Specifically, it appears that chlorhexidine originally present in the inner coating may be taken up over time by the glove body to be released slowly, if at all, on contact with fluids. This problem of adsorption of the antiviral agent by the body of the article leading to poor shelf stability can be solved in two ways. The first involves the manufacturing procedure of the article, the second incorporation of an additional material in the article. In the first approach to producing contraceptive devices with high shelf stability, the devices are cast onto the mandrels and dried to form a film in the normal manner. Then, however, prior to curing the elastomeric body, the body is soaked in a solution of antiviral agent to saturate its ability to adsorb the antiviral agent. This saturation process may be accelerated by the heating, e.g., to 100°C. The antiviral agent in the subsequently applied antiinfective coating cannot be adsorbed by the saturated elastomeric body and remains available at a consistent level throughout the shelf life of the contraceptive device, generally a period of 6 months or longer. While this approach to saturating the elastomeric body is effective it has two potential drawbacks. First, a high level of antiinfective agent is actually present in the contraceptive device which may be released if the device is worn for long periods of time. Secondly, using the antiinfective agent itself as the saturating agent is not very cost effective. For these reasons, it may be desirable to saturate adsorption sites in the glove body with a distinct material for this purpose. Suitable materials include metal ions or heavy metals such as zinc, silver, etc. ; organic acids such as gluconic acid and surfactants preferably cationic surfactants, such as quaternary ammonium compounds. Adsorption of antiviral agent by the elastomeric body can also be prevented by covering the surface of the body with a thin layer of a lubricating agent/surfactant - treated silicone or polyurethane, and then coating with the antiinfective coating layer containing the antiinfective agent and a nonadsorbent lubricating agent. Preferred materials for this thin layer are 2-5% silicone emulsion treated with didecyldimethylammonium chloride (sold under the trade name Bardac) or a 10% polyurethane. Adsorption by the elastomeric body can also be prevented by the use of weak acid and Bardac before high temperature cure. A suitable treatment involves application of 0.3% gluconic acid and 0.2% Bardac before the antiinfective agent. In the case where a separate saturating material is used, this agent is advantageously added either to the original fluid for molding into the elastomeric or between the drying and curing steps. The coating containing the antiviral itself is then applied either before or after curing of the glove body. If polymeric materials such as silicones are to be included in the antiinfective coating, the elastomeric body should be saturated to block adsorption and the antiinfective coating should be applied after curing of the elastomeric body. In this way, reaction of the antiviral agent with the silicone polymer which might occur at the curing temperatures, thus bonding the antiviral in the inner coating and eliminating the quick release performance features of the contraceptive device is eliminated. The invention will now be further described by way of the following specific examples. These examples are intended to demonstrate the efficacy of the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of protection. Example 1 The tendency of natural rubber latex with unmodi¬ fied starch lubricant to adsorb chlorhexidine can be seen from gloves prepared from a dipping solution containing 33% natural rubber latex. A first glove was prepared from a dipping solution containing 2000 ml of 60% TSC concentrate, latex was mixed with 1600 ml deionized/distilled water containing 1.6 ml of Bevaloid and stirred gently on a magnetic stirrer. In order to reduce foaming, the addition of a few more drops of Bevaloid was necessary. The pH was adjusted to 10.0 using ammonium hydroxide and stirring continued for 10 minutes. The latex was then covered and allowed to stand for 20 minutes before use. Before dipping, the latex was stirred gently. Hand-shaped glove forms were prepared for use by rinsing them with 1% HCl and then with 0.6% ammonium hydroxide and drying at 100°C for 20 minutes. The dried glove forms were then dipped in a coagulant bath (280 g of a mixture of calcium nitrate and calcium carbonate, and 1 ml Surfynol TG surfactant per 4000 ml of coagulant) at a temperature of 50°C for 24 seconds. The coagulant coated glove forms were then dried for 75 seconds at 100°C to prepare them for dipping in the latex dipping solution. The dip in the latex dipping solution had a duration of 15 seconds after which the partially formed gloves were dried at 100°C for 5 minutes. The dried partially formed gloves were next mechanically rolled to make a bead on the cuff and then immersed in a water bath at 80°C for 3 minutes to leach out unwanted chemicals. After the leaching step, the inner coating was formed by dipping the leached glove into a powder slurry containing 15% cornstarch, 0.2% Bardac 2250 and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) . To form this slurry 450 g of cornstarch was suspended in water and diluted to 2700 ml deionized water. 6 ml of Bardac 2250 was added to it and mixed well. This solution was mixed by placing on a magnetic stirrer and 300 ml of 20% CHG was added slowly and the mixing continued for 20 minutes. This slurry was then ready for use. Finally, the CHG treated glove was dried in an oven at 100°C for 1 hour to complete the gloves which were then removed from the forms. Additional gloves were formed by this same procedure up to the stage of leaching the latex on the glove mold as follows: For Glove 2, after the leaching step, the mold is dipped either into a solution containing 2% hydroxyethyl-cellulose (HEC) + 1% silicone emulsion + 0.2% Bardac or 10% polyurethane + 0.2% Bardac. The glove is cured in 100°C oven for 1 hour. As soon as the glove comes out of the oven and while it is hot, it is dipped into a slurry containing 15% cornstarch + 0.2% Bardac + 2% CHG. This slurry is dried and the gloves removed from the molds. For Glove 3, the antiinfective slurry contained 5% zinc oxide + 1% silicone emulsion + 0.2% Bardac + either 1 or 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) . Antiviral gloves were obtained providing instant release of the CHG. For Glove 4, the antiinfective slurry was 2% HEC + 1% silicone emulsion + 0.2% Bardac + 1 or 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Instant release antiviral gloves were obtained. The slurry may also contain 1% zinc oxide. Example 2 The effect of aging on gloves prepared using the instant release method of the invention and gloves prepared without care to avoid adsorption was compared. Comparative gloves were prepared using the basic procedure of Example 1 up to the stage of leaching the latex. After leaching, the comparative glove was cured at 100°C for one hour and then dipped into 8% cornstarch + 2% CHG + 0.5% silicone emulsion (LE46) . The gloves were removed from the molds, and the ability to amount of releasable chlorhexidine was determined at various times thereafter. (Table IA) . TABLE IA the f rst day's release. Comparative gloves were also prepared using the procedure described above, except that the antiinfec¬ tive dip contain 12% cornstarch, 4% CHG and 1.42% silicone emulsion (LE46) . (Table IB) . TABLE IB Rate of Release of CHG from Aged* Gloves ade b Com arative Method 2 3.0 ml of saline is place in each finger to extract the drug. * The gloves were 6 months old at the time the above tests were done. Finally, comparative gloves were prepared according to the procedure described in Stockum method (Example 1) . Results in Table IC. TABLE IC Effect of Aging of CHG-Glove* on the Release of CHG from the Glove Surface CHG Released in 1 Minute Time (μg/finger) 1 day post manufacture 238 12 days post manufacture 39 Prepared according to Example 1, Stockum patent. Each of these tables shows that a substantial reduction in available chlorhexidine occurs using known techniques, e.g., for comparative glove 1 only 24% of the CHG originally available being released after 180 days. In contrast, during release by gloves made using the instant release technology of the invention which limits adsorption is essentially constant over 6 months. (Table ID) . TABLE ID Drug Release and Retention of Gloves According to Example 1* Time CHG in one finger (μg) 1 week 350 3 months 360 6 months 350 * Left at room temperature in open package. Example 3 Method of Preparation of Condoms with Chlorhexidine Condom forms are dipped in a coagulant bath (e.g., 29 gm of a mixture of calcium carbonate and calcium nitrate and 0.1 ml of Surfynol TG surfactant in 400 ml deionized water) at 50°C for 24 seconds. The forms are then dried for about 75 seconds at 100°C to prepare them for dipping in the latex dipping solution. A 30% latex emulsion is prepared by mixing 200 ml of 60% TSC concentrate latex with 200 ml deionized water containing 0.16 ml of Bevaloid and stirred gently on a magnetic stirrer. The pH was adjusted to 10.0 using ammonium hydroxide. The coagulant-coated formers are then dipped in latex solution for 15 seconds after which the formed condoms are dried at 100°C for 5 minutes. The condoms are then immersed in a water bath at 80°C for 3 minutes to leach out unwanted chemicals. In an industrial setting, the standard procedure for preparing the condoms is carried out up to the leaching step. After leaching, the inner instant release chlorhexidine coating was applied. Method A: Saturation of Latex/No Chlorhexidine in Lubricant Dip the leached condoms into a solution containing 0.5 % to 5.0 % chlorhexidine gluconate, cure at about 100°C for 1/2 hour. The condoms are then stripped off the forms. 0.7 gm lubricant solution(e.g., aqueous solution containing 0.3% hydroxyethyl cellulose + 1% silicone) is applied on the interior of the condom. Method B: Saturation of Latex/Chlorhexidine in Lubricant The procedure is the same as Method A but the lubricant contains 2,000 μg chlorhexidine gluconate. Method C: Additional Chlorhexidine at Tip The procedure is the same as Method A but to the tip of the condom, an additional 1,500 μg CHG ((7.5 μl of 20% CHG) is placed using an automatic dispenser. Method D: Zinc Oxide/Chlorhexidine Lubricant The same as Method A but instead of applying aqueous lubricant, the condom is dipped into an aqueous slurry containing 5% zinc oxide and 1% CHG. Method E: Zinc Oxide/Chlorhexidine Lubricant Applied Before Cure After leaching, the partially formed condom is dipped into a solution containing 3% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5% zinc oxide and cured at 100°C for one- half hour. An aqueous lubricant can be used in conjunction with the above. Method F: Chlorhexidine/Modified Cornstarch Lubricant The leached condoms are dipped into a solution containing 0.5% to 5.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.0% to 10.0% cornstarch containing 0.02% to 0.2 Bardac cured at 100°C for one-half hour. Condoms may also be formed by applying chlorhexidine after curing. Method G After leaching, the condoms are cured at 100°C for one-half hour. As soon as the condoms come out of the oven and while they are hot, they are dipped into a slurry containing 3% chlorhexidine + 5% zinc oxide + 1% glycerine. Method H After leaching the condoms, they are dipped into a 15% polyurethane solution (a mixture containing 23% 290H +7% W234) and cured at 100°C. Then they are dipped into a slurry containing 2% CHG and 0.3% HEC. Method I The same as Method G + 0.7 gm aqueous based lubricant, e.g. nonoxynol-9 containing 1,000 μg CHG. Method J The same as Method H + 0.7 gm aqueous based lubricant containing 1,000 μg CHG. Example 4 Drug (CHG) release was measured for condoms prepared in accordance with Methods A, B and F, and for condoms made as follows: Comp. Condom 1: The condom is leached and fully cured, and while it is hot, 0.5 ml lubricant containing 2,000 μg CHG is added to the inner side. (There is no CHG coating on the condom but it has a lubricant containing CHG.) Comp. Condom 2: Prepared by Method A and then 0.5 ml K-Y jelly containing 250 μg CHG is added to the inner side. (There is CHG coating on the inner surface of the condom + a lubricant containing CHG.) Comp. Condom 3: After leaching, the condom is fully cured and then 0.5 ml K-Y jelly containing 250 μg CHG is added to the inner side. (There is no CHG coating in the condom but it has a lubricant containing CHG.) 3 ml water is added to the condom and massaged for one minute and then transferred to a centrifuge tube. After centrifugation the supernatant is collected and the chlorhexidine level is determined by spectrophotometry (measured at 253 nm) . (Table 2) . As can be seen from the data in Table 2. COMMENTS ON THE RESULTS DESCRIBED IN TABLE 1 When the lubricant is not saturated with chlorhexidine, (Method A) , it appears to extract some chlorhexidine from the inner surface of the condom. On the other hand, the drug release is stable and high when the latex is presaturated with chlorhexidine and then the lubricant containing a higher amount of CHG (more than 50 μg) is applied on top. (Method B) . When dry lubricant is used the drug release is also unaffected by aging. (Method F) . When the lubricant containing CHG is applied on the latex which is not presaturated, the drug from the lubricant (even if it contains a high concentration) will be bound to the latex and stability of drug release will not be obtained as the product ages. (Com. Condom 1) . When K-Y jelly (containing only 250 μg is used on the surface of CHG coated condom, K-Y jelly appears to extract CHG from the latex. (Comp. Condom 2) . Thus, the drug release characteristics will change as the device ages. Finally, when KY Jelly is applied on uncoated condom, drug from K-Y jelly is bound to the latex surface within 24 hrs at room temperature. When dry lubricant is used the drug release is also unaffected by aging. (Method F) . An anti-infective condom (with an instant drug release on the inner surface) which is stable upon a prolonged storage period, can be prepared using a method by which the latex gets saturated with CHG and, in addition, there is a sufficient amount of CHG (more than 500 μg) on the inner surface along with a dry or wet lubricant. An improvement to this condom can be made by adding 500 μg or a higher amount of CHG to the tip of the condom to ensure safety in case the tip breaks and all the semen (2-3 ml) is leaked out of the condom. TABLE 2 AMOUNT OF DRUG RELEASED BEFORE AND AFTER AGING Total CHG Released (μgm) in 1 Minute From A Whole Condom Before After Type of Condom Aging* Aging** Prepared by Method A 608 948 Prepared by Method B 2,890 2,871 Comp. Condom 1 The condom is leached and fully cured, and while it is hot, 0.5 ml lubricant containing 2,000 μg CHG is added to the inner side. (There is no CHG coating on the condom but it has a lubricant containing CHG.) 1,992 1,500 Comp. Condom 2 Prepared by Method A and then 0.5 ml K-Y jelly containing 250 μg CHG is added to the inner side. (There is CHG coating on the inner surface of the condom + a lubricant containing CHG.) 1,125 1,425 Comp. Condom 3 After leaching, the condom is fully cured and then 0.5 ml K-Y jelly containing 250 μg CHG is added to the inner side. (There is no CHG coating in the condom but it has a lubricant containing CHG.) 96 99 Method F 1,700 1,632 * After preparation the condoms were stored at room temperature for 24 hours and then the drug release was measured. ** Accelerated aging was carried out by leaving the condoms at 70°C with 80% humidity for 48 hours. Example 4 Condoms prepared by Method F were used for evaluation of bioactivity. These were tested for bioactivity against different pathogens. (See, Table 3) . Additional studies to determine the effect of viruses permeated or leaked through latex surfaces of uncrated and CHG coated condoms were evaluated. The description of the procedure and the results (Tables 4 and 5) are enclosed. Rapid inactivation of viruses in the presence of blood by the CHG coated condoms prepared by Method F were tested and the results are given in Table 6. Furthermore, the effect of CHG coated condoms and nonoxynol-9 coated condoms (Method F + 0.7 % nonoxynol- 9 as to lubrication inner surface) were evaluated for their antifungal activity in the presence of trypticase soy broth containing 12.5% albumin. The results are given in Table 7. TABLE 3 Did not evaluate using coated condoms. Values are taken from reference. ("Anti¬ bacterial effect of chlorhexidine on Bacteria of Groin, Perineum and Vagina," Vorherr et al., Jour. Reprod. Med. 24:153-157, 1980). Did not evaluate using coated condoms. Values are taken from reference. (In vitro virucidal effectiveness of a 0.12%-Chlorhexi- dine Gluconate Mouthrinse", Bernstein et al., Jour, of Dental Research 69:874-876, 1990) . Semen may carry lymphocytes and macrophages containing HIV, in addition to free viruses. Therefore, it is important that the CHG on the condom surface is capable of disintegrat¬ ing these cells in order to get access to the viruses which are harbored inside. TABLE 4 Infec ivity of Bacteriophage 6 Permeated(*) Through Stressed Control and CHG Coated Catheters Control Condoms Experiment No. of Plaque Condoms Forming Units Average Range 1 5 (1-15) 2 1 (1) 3 12 (2-20) 4 2 (2) 5 6 (1-14) 6 1 (1) 7 23 (23) Total: 62 16(26%) 0(0%) (*) After the experiment, condoms were tested for leakage by inflating the tip of the condom (stressed area) with 60 cc of air and held under water. If no air bubble was observed, it was assumed that the positive result was due to virus permeation. TABLE 5 Infectivity of bacteriophage φ6 Leaked Through Stressed Control and CHG Coated Condoms Control Condoms Experiment No. of Plaque Condoms Forming Units Average Range 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 5 600 6 123 7 10 3 Total: (X) Leakage was tested by inflating the tip of the condoms (stressed area) with 60 cc of air and was held underwater and observed for air bubbles. TABLE 6 Infectivity of 06 Bacteriophage Suspended in Blood and Exposed to CHG Coated Condom for 2 Minutes Infective Phage (PFU) CHG-Coated Number Control Condoms Condoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Per cent of condoms with infective phage: 83% 8.3 J TABLE 7 Antifungal Activity of CHG-Coated and Nonoxynol-9 Coated Condoms Group Colony Forming Units Control Condom Condom with 10 mg Nonoxynol-9 Condom with 20 mg Nonoxyno1-9 Condom with 500 μg CHG Condom with 1500 μg 0 0 Example 5 The efficacy of CHG coated condoms in preventing infectivity of viruses which may permeate through stressed latex surfaces was evaluated. As a virus model ø6 phage which is a lipophilic phage and is susceptible to the action of chlorhexidine was used. Pseudomonas phaseolicola HB10Y was used as the host for evaluating the infectivity of this phage. Sinclair et al. Journal of Virology 1975.16., p. 685- 695. Olbonnen et al. Proc. National Academy of Science, p. 9173-9177, jJ7, 1990. Gottlieb et al. Journal of Bacteriology, 172. 1990, pp. 5774-5782. Condoms were stressed using a standardized set of manipulations designed to mimic actual use. Control and anti-infective condom tips (1.5 cm length) are stretched three times their length and the process repeated ten times. This is accomplished by inserting glass test tubes inside the condom and pulling the tip of the condom upwards. After removing the test tube 0.1 ml normal saline is added to the condom and the test tube is inserted again. The tip is stretched again and fastened in place with a rubber band. These stressed condoms are placed in a beaker containing 25 ml (10 7 plaque forming units) virus pool for 10 minutes. (The stretched condom tips are surrounded by the virus pool) . They are then removed from the test tubes and 0.5 ml saline is added to the bottom of the condom and all the fluid is immediately withdrawn, transferred into a tube, and centrifuged for two minutes to collect the supernatant. After removing the saline from the interior of the condoms, they were tested for leakage by inflating the tip (stretched area) with 60 cc of air and held under water and observed for air bubbles. Immediately after the centrifugation, soluble CHG in the supernatant was removed by passing it through a 1 ml Sephadex-G-10 column. After adding the super¬ natant to the column, it is placed in a small test tube, and is centrifuged at a low speed for one minute. The eluate (which is free of CHG) is collected at the bottom of the test type (phage) and is immediately used for infectivity test. (1) Detailed Description of Method of Infectivity Assay L.B. (Luria-Bortani) Medium for overnight cultures of Ps. phaseolicola and storage of 06 phage. To make 1 liter: lOg Bacto tryptone 5g Bacto yeast extrac lOg NaCl Adjust to pH 7.5 With NaOH After autoclaving, the following sterile buffers are added: 2 ml IM.CaCl 2 5 ml IM.Glucose 25 ml IM.TRIS adjusted to pH 7.5 with HC1 (2) Luria-Bortani Solid Media for Making Plates The same formulation as for liquid media except that agar (12 gm agar Difco #0140-01 (liter) is added just prior to the autoclaving step after which the buffers are added. Luria-Bortani Solid Media for Inoculum Layer The same as above except 8g agar/liter was used. L.B. Media containing 8g agar/liter and buffer is pipetted into autoclavable plastic tubes (2.5 ml/tube) and autoclaved again. These are then stored at 4°C. To liquify, place tubes in boiling H 2 0 and then cool to 45°C before adding cells. Preparation of Log Phage Culture of Ps. phaseolicola A loopful of bacteria from solid agar plate was used to inoculate 50 ml of L.B. liquid media and incubated at stationary condition at 27°C for 24 hours. Dilution of 6 phage The phage stock is diluted to the desired concentration using 0.9% sterile saline. Method of Infecting Ps. phaseolicola 0.2 ml of log phage culture was added to tube containing 2.5 cc of semi-solid media. Then either control phage (100 μl of different dilutions of 10 9 PFU/ml stock phage culture) or the first fraction from the Sephadex column derived from the 0.5 ml condom extract was added and mixed well. Pour the entire contents of this tube into L.B. media plate, allow to solidify for 1 to 2 minutes and incubate at 27°C for 24 hours. Infectivity is determined by the presence of plaques on the plate. Results and Conclusions Table 4 shows the infectivity of bacteriophage which permeated stressed condom surfaces. Out of the 62 condoms tested 26% of control condoms permitted the passage of phage even when there is no leakage as confirmed by air bubble test. No active phage was detected on the inner surface of stressed CHG condoms. This indicates that the CHG matrix on the surface of the condoms rapidly inactivate the phage. (Instant killing action cannot be detected since removal of CHG from the condom extract involves a 2 to 3 minutes procedure.) Table 5 shows the effect of CHG condoms on the rapid inactivation of phage leaked through stressed latex surface. In both control and CHG condom 10% of the condom had leakage. However, none of the CHG condoms showed the presence of active phage. On the contrary, 5% of the control condoms contained a significant number of infectious phage particles (10 ~2 - 10 "3 PFU) on their inner surface. These results indicate that CHG coated condoms are effective barriers in preventing virus penetration through weakened latex surfaces. When virus is exposed to the chlorhexidine matrix on the inner surface of the condom it is inactivated rapidly; thus preventing infectivity. Statistical Results The statistical analysis supported our hypothesis that there was a significant difference between the control group and the group treated with the CHG compound. This result held with respect to permeability and leakage of the virus. Statistically this conclusion was derived by the employment of an equality of proportion test. This procedure tests for the difference in the probability of the fingers having the virus present in the two groups. Our results are summarized below: Permeability Between The Two Sample Groups Control Group - number of condoms tested 62 - number of condoms with virus present 16 - estimated standard error 0.055 Treated Group - number of condoms tested 62 - number of condoms with virus present 0 - estimated standard error 0 Egualitv of Proportion Test - pooled standard error from two samples 0.6 - calculated Z value for inequality of means test using a normal distribution 4.3 Decision Rule Reject the null hypothesis that the two samples have equal percentages of the virus present. Instead the alternative phypothesis should be accepted at the 99 percent confidence level suggesting that the probability of having a virus present in the control group is larger than the treated group. Leakage Between The Two Sample Groups Control Group - number of condoms tested 62 - number of condoms with virus present 4 - estimated standard error 0.031 Treated Group - number of condoms tested 62 - number of condoms with virus present 0 - estimated standard error 0 Eguality of Proportion Test - pooled standard error from two samples 0.031 - calculated Z value for inequality of means test using a normal distribution 2.05 Decision Rule Reject the null hypothesis that the two samples have equal percentages of the virus present. Instead the alternative hypothesis should be accepted at the 95 percent confidence level suggesting that the probability of having a virus present in the control group is larger than the treated group. Viral Presence in Cases Where Virus Leaked Through Control Group - number of condoms with leakages 6 - number of condoms with virus present 3 - estimated standard error 0.20 Treated Group - number of condoms with leakages 6 - number of condoms with virus present 0 - estimated standard error 0 Eguality of Proportion Test - pooled standard error from two samples 0.25 - calculated Z value for inequality of means test using a normal distribution 2.0 Example 6 Containing Φ6 Bacteriophage To determine the effect of these condoms on the rapid inactivation (2 minutes) of virus in the presence of blood a bioassay was carried out. 0.1 ml of rat blood containing 06 bacteriophage (10 5 /ml blood) was added to each condom, (12 control condoms and 12 CHG- coated condoms) and massaged for 2 minutes. 0.9 ml saline was added to the condom and all the fluid was removed. 0.1 ml of this was diluted to 10 ml (total dilution of blood 1 to 1000) and 0.5 ml aliquot of the dilution was passed through a Sephadex column (1 cc column) . The column was immediately centrifuged at low speed and the eluate collected. This eluate which is free of CHG - (it was found in our pilot study that the first fraction which filters through the Sephadex column is only virus and all the CHG comes in the 3rd and 4th fraction) - was added to 2.5 ml of L.B. media containing 0.2 ml of Ps. phaseolicola (10 8 CFU/ml) and this whole media was poured on to the R. Media agar plate. After incubation at 27°C, the virus plaque was counted. The results (Table 6) indicate that 83% of the control condoms exposed to virus containing blood have infective phage while only 8.3% of the CHG-coated condoms have infective phage. It is clear from these results that CHG-coated condoms can inactivate viruses even in the presence of blood. Example 7 The effect of nonoxynol-9 or CHG-coated condoms on Candida albicans was detemined as follows: Condoms containing 500 and 1500 μg chlorhexidine gluconate on the interior (prepared by Method A and Method A + 1000 μg CHG in the lubricant, respectively) and condoms containing 10-20 mg nonoxynol-9 on the interior (to fully cured condom nonoxynol-9 was added) were used for this evaluation. Candida culture in TSB containing 12.5% albumin was prepared as follows: Mix 20 ml of 25% albumin + 18 ml TSB. Add 2 ml of Candida albicans culture (10 5 CFU/ml) . Place 2 ml of the above culture in each condom and massage. After 5 minutes, remove 0.1 ml and dilute to 10 ml in TSB, (1 to 100 dilution) . Subculture 0.5 ml of this diluted culture on blood agar plates and incubate. After 24 hours the fungal colonies were counted. (Table 7) . Example 8 Effect of CHG-Coated Condoms on the Lymphocytes and Macrophages in Semen It is well documented that HIV in semen is mainly associated with lymphocytes and macrophages, with relatively few viruses detected in semen plasma. In order to inactivate the virus, the cells with which they are associated have to be disrupted first to get access to the virus. We have shown that the lethal concentration of chlorhexidine for lymphocytes in blood is 3000 μg for 10 4 cells/ml and 300 μg/ ml for HIV. The disintegration of lymphocytes and macrophage can result in the complete destruction of viruses, therefore, the effect of chlorhexidine on these cells in the presence of semen was evaluated to determine whether a chlorhexidine coated condom could inactivate the cell associated viruses in the ejaculate. Lymphocytes from blood were separated on a Ficoll Hypaque gradient. To different 1 ml samples of semen 10 4 lymphocytes were added and exposed to different amounts of chlorhexidine and nonoxynol-9 and immediately diluted 30-fold with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) . 3 ml was then layered on 3 ml Ficoll Hypaque gradient and centrifuged at 400 x g for 30 minutes. After centrifugation, the upper layer to within 0.5 cm of the opaque interface containing lymphocytes was aspirated with a Pasteur pipette and discarded. The opaque layer of lymphocytes on the corresponding region on the gradient was carefully transferred to a conical centrifuge tube. 5 ml PBS was added to this tube, mixed well and centrifuged at 250 x g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the lymphocyte pellet was obtained after centrifugation, resuspended in PBS, centrifuged and the pellet collected. Lymphocyte vialibity was determined by exclusion of trypan blue. The cidal effect of chlorhexidine, nonoxynol-9 and the combination of the two on the lymphocytes in semen was determined using the above procedure and the results are shown in Table A. The results in Table 8 show that 2000 μg chlorhexidine gluconate inactivates 97% of the lymphocytes when exposed to 1 ml semen containing 10 4 cells. The addition of small amounts of nonoxynol-9 to chlorhexidine appears to exhibit synergism. Chlorhexidine coated condoms prepared in our laboratory as per Method C were also challenged with semen containing lymphocytes (10/ml) . Complete inactivation of lymphocytes was observed. TABLE 8 Inactivation of Lymphocytes in Semen B Chlorhexidine and Nonox nol-9 Control (No Drug) 63 37 Lymphocyte counts in semen 5 x 10 4 /ml . TABLE 9 Synergistic Effect of CHG and Bardac against S. aureus after 10 Minute Ex osure Example 9 The efficacy of Bardac for providing the instant chlorhexidine release of the invention was demonstrated using latex gloves. A slurry containing 2.5% CHG + 8% cornstarch and varying concentrations of Bardac was prepared and used in making gloves in accordance with Example 1. Liquids were then added and the level of CHG in the supernatant was determined. The results indicate the CHG released from the cornstarch is proportional to the concentration of Bardac in the slurry (Table 10A) . Table 10B shows the amount of CHG adsorbed on cross-linked cornstarch and surface modified cross-linked cornstarch (8% cornstarch slurry containing 0.5% Bardac was stirred for 1 hour). The results indicate that modified cornstarch adsorbs a significantly lower amount of drug and is unaffected by the contact period. Adsorption of drug on regular cornstarch is affected by the contact time. TABLE 10A Effect of Bardac on the Release of CHG Concentration of Bardac in Slurry (%) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Amount of Chlorhexidine in the Supernatant of CHG Slurry Containing Untreated Cornstarch and Surface Modified Cornstarch Slurry % of CHG in Supernatant 5 Hours* 30 Hours* 8% cornstarch + 2% CHG 0.5 0.12 8% modified cornstarch ** + 2% CHG 1.0 1.0 * The drug content in supernatant was determined 5 and 30 hours after the of addition of CHG to the slurry. ** Bardac is added to an 8% cornstarch slurry for a final concentration of 0.5% and then stirred for 1 hour followed by the addition of CHG. Bardac interferes with the adsorption of chlorhexidine on cornstarch and also permits the rapid release of chlorhexidine. Thus, the use of Bardac in the coating slurry modifies the cornstarch surface and permits the instant release of chlorhexidine. As can be seen from Table 10A, all the drug adsorbed on the cornstarch is released immediately after the addition of Bardac. In addition, as noted above, Bardac also acts synergistically with chlorhexidine in the rapid inactivation of fluid-borne viral and microbial pathogens. Example 10 Table 11 shows the amount of CHG released in 10 minutes from glove fingers coated with slurries of different compositions. TABLE 11 Effect of the Coating Slurry Composition on Release of CHG Composition of Slurry CHG/Finger (ug) 12% cornstarch + 1% CHG 65 12% cornstarch + 1% CHG + 0.2% Bardac 88 12% cornstarch + 1% CHG + 0.4% Bardac 165 12% cornstarch + 1% CHG + 0.3% Gluconic acid 227 The above values are derived from a 10 minute release of drug from the fingers using 3 ml of saline. Cornstarch treated with gluconic acid also induces instant release. Example 11 Antiinfective release levels were measured for a glove prepared in accordance with Example 1 as shown in Table 11A. For comparison, the release rates given in the Stockum Patent are also listed. As shown in Table 11B, the amount of chlorhexidine released from this glove is substantially constant over periods of time from 1 to 240 minutes. TABLE 11A CHG Release from A Glove Made According Example 1 Time CHG release (Minutes) (mg) 1 4.5 10 4.5 30 4.6 60 4.9 120 4.8 240 4.8 TABLE 11B CHG Release from Gloves Filled and Incubated with 50 ml of Saline Made b Two Different Methods * Results are taken from Stockum's patent and converted to common units. Example 12 An infectivity study using a Rauscher Leukemia Virus ("RLV") assay was conducted to determine the efficacy of stressed CHG-coated latex gloves challenged by a viral probe. It is known that when RLV is injected intravenously into mice, the live virus produces clear disease indicators (here, splenomegaly or weight increase) within 20 days from injection. The experiment sought to evaluate whether the CHG coating on the inner glove surface can perform a supplementary protective function in cases in which the latex glove barrier appears intact (without holes or visible breaks) and is impermeable to fluids, yet is semi¬ permeable to infectious viral particles. The protocol was designed to simulate the stressing of the latex glove barrier found in use situations. Initial studies were performed to demonstrate potency of the virus, and that no apparent bias existed in the assignment of animals to any test group or controls. Animals used were six week old female Balb/c (ICR) mice. Pre-worn gloves were checked to make sure they had no pinholes or other breaks using a visual and a water test. Tests were conducted for the inventors in a double blind manner at an independent. laboratory under the direction of Dr. Irving Millman. 10 ml of an RLV-infected mouse spleen homogenate was placed in a large glass test tube (the virus pool) with glove fingers stretched over the mouth. These glove fingers had been worn and subjected to physical manipulation before being stretched over a 50 ml beaker for 5 minutes. Six to seven glove fingers from Control (ordinary, uncoated glove fingers) and CHG-coated groups were processed similarly. 200 μl of buffer was placed in the tip of the glove finger. A glass pestle was used as a stretching rod to distend the glove into the virus pool for 20 stretches. Each stretch-release cycle extended approximately 3.5 times the length of the finger. After stretching, the glove finger was distended and held into the virus pool for 200 minutes, and then a 50 μl sample was taken from the exterior virus pool. All of the fluid was removed from the interior of the glove finger, and the empty glove finger was rinsed with 2 ml buffer and pooled with the interior fluid. The entire procedure was done on ice. Samples from the virus pool and the finger interiors were diluted to 4.8 ml and all the samples pelleted for 1 hour at 108,000 xg. The supernatant was aspirated, and the pelleted virus in the centrifuge tubes was frozen at -70°C overnight. The pellets were resuspended using 125 μl of Dulbecco's PBS. 25 μl was removed for a reverse transcriptase assay. The remaining 100 μl was removed for a reverse transcriptase assay. The remaining 100 μl was diluted with PBS to a final value of 250 μl and placed in a 1 ml syringe. The contents from each syringe were used to inject one six week old female Balb/c (ICR) mouse (tail vein injection) . A group of 5 mice was injected with PBS to serve as negative (no virus) controls and 10 mice with diluted RLV stock to serve as positive controls. After 20 days, all the animals were sacrificed, their spleens removed and weighed. To summarize, the experimental groups consisted of mice tested with water from inside an uncoated glove, water from inside a coated glove, and the virus suspension outside either of the gloves. The experimental design and the mean spleen weight results are summarized in Table 12. Analyses of variance in the experimental groups showed the latex glove barrier itself had the greatest effect on spleen weights; the CHG coating had less of an effect, but the data suggest it is important. The comparison of greatest interest was between the inside of the gloves with or without the CHG coating. The analysis revealed highly significant results demonstrating the enhanced protective effect of CHG-coated gloves. The data showed that one mouse in the group receiving the liquid from inside the uncoated gloves had a spleen weight of 0.1707 g, strongly suggesting viral infection had definitely occurred. If correct, this indicated that at least one of six mice from the uncoated gloves had picked up the virus, versus none of seven from the CHG-coated gloves. Because of the possible importance of this observation, statistical analysis was carried out with a data set consisting only of mice treated with the liquid from inside the gloves, either coated or uncoated. This analysis demonstrated a significant difference in mean spleen weights between coated and uncoated gloves at the p=0.01 level. The comparison between these values and the positive and negative controls is shown in Table 13. TABLE 13 Mean spleen wight 20 days Group post-in ection (grams) Positive Control (Virus in buffer) Negative Control (No virus in buffer) Control glove interior CHG-glove interior From these data, it appears that some live viruses or infectious viral particles can pass through the stressed latex as indicated by the increased spleen size in Control glove fingers (0.125g). When viruses pass through CHG-coated gloves, they are inactivated and are not infective as indicated by the spleen size (0.09 g) , which is similar to that of the Control group using no virus. Furthermore, every mouse injected with liquid from the inside of a CHG-coated glove had a spleen weight of 0.1 g or less (comparable to no virus Control); in contrast, every mouse injected with liquid from the interior of an uncoated glove had a spleen weight of 0.1 g or greater, with one mouse having an extremely high weight of 0.17 g. See, Table 14 for the test results. (These results, demonstrating passage of such viral particles through "semi-permeable" latex barriers compromised by stretching but free of macroscopic defects, are consistent with other research findings, e.g., Goldstein et al., "Small Particle Permeability of Stressed Latex Rubber Barriers.") TABLE 14 Individual Spleen Weights (grams) CHG-coated glove (interior) .0959 .0786 .0917 .0802 .0899 .1018 .0833 The results demonstrate the supplementary protective effect of the CHG coating when the latex barrier becomes permeable to infectious viral particles due to stretching, but appears "physically intact." In the study, the CHG coating was effective against the occasional passage of virus through compromised, semi¬ permeable gloves. The mean of coated gloves was clearly the closest to the negative control of no virus at all, whereas in the absence of the coating, there was a consistent trend toward higher measures of viral presence, and at least one strong case of infection approaching the mean for glove exteriors.

Claims: Claims 1. An antiviral contraceptive device consisting essentially of an elastomeric body having interior and exterior surfaces and an antiinfective coating disposed on at least one surface of the elastomeric body, characterized in that the antiinfective coating comprises (a) an antiinfective agent selected from the group consisting of chlorhexidine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of chlorhexidine and (b) a lubricating agent which does not significantly adsorb the antiinfective agent, said antiinfective coating being effective to deliver an antivirally effective amount of the antiinfective agent within ten minutes of exposure to a liquid. 2. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claim 1, characterized in that the delivery of antiinfective agent from the inner coating is substantially complete within ten minutes of exposure to liquid. 3. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claims 1-2, characterized in that the lubricating agent is corn starch modified with didecyldimethylammonium chloride. 4. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claims 1-3, characterized in that the inner coating further comprises a biomedically acceptable polymer. 5. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claim 4, characterized in that the polymer is selected from the group consisting of silicones and polyurethanes. 6. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claims 1-5, characterized in that the elastomeric body is formed from a natural rubber latex. 7. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claim 6, characterized in that the natural rubber latex is modified to saturate binding sites for the antiinfective agent in the latex. 8. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claim 7, characterized in that the latex is saturated with a material selected from the group selected from metal ions, organic acids and cationic surfactants. 9. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claims 1-8, characterized in that the lubricating agent is zinc oxide. 10. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claims 1-9, characterized in that the contraceptive device contains from 1.25 to 8.5 mg of releasable antiinfective agent. 11. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claims 1-10, characterized in that the device is a condom. 12. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claim 11, characterized in that extra antiinfective coating material is provided at the tip of the condom. 13. An antiviral contraceptive device according to claims 1-12, characterized in that the lubricant comprises nonoxynol-9.

Inventors: MODAK SHANTA M, SAMPATH LESTER, MODAK, SHANTA, M., SAMPATH, LESTER
Applicants: UNIV COLUMBIA, TRUSTEES OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN THE CITY OF NEW
Application year: 1993
Main classification: A01N25
IPC codes: A01N47, A61F6, A61K31, A61P31