High density connector

Abstract: An electrical connector (10) for interconnecting a pair of circuit members (e.g., a circuit board and module), which, in one embodiment, includes a housing (11), at least one flexible circuit (15) within the housing (11) and a spring means (27) attached to the flexible circuit at two spaced locations for exerting force against the flexible circuit to cause the circuit to engage respective conductive pads on the circuit members when the circuit members are moved toward each other (e.g., compressed). The shape of the spring means conforms substantially to the portion of the flexible circuit between the locations of attachment. In another embodiment, a connector for interconnecting such circuit members includes a housing adapted for being located between both members and at least one elongated, compressible contact member in the housing and including conductive end portions for engaging the circuit members. The contact occupies a first, prestressed position before engagement and is adapted for moving to a second, compressed position during the engagement. The conductive end portions of the flexible circuit in the first embodiment and the contact member in the second embodiment preferably comprise a plurality of dendrites for providing enhanced connections.

Description: The invention relates to the field of electrical connectors and particularly to electrical connectors for interconnecting at least two electrical circuit members such as printed circuit boards, circuit modules or the like. Even more particularly, the invention relates to connectors of this type which may be used in the information handling system (computer) environment. The current trend in connector design for those connectors utilized in the computer field is to provide both high density and high reliability connections between various circuit devices which form important parts of the computer. High reliability for such connections is essential due to potential end product failure, should vital misconnections of these devices occur. Further, to assure effective repair, upgrade, and/or replacement of various components of the system (i.e., connectors, cards, chips, boards, modules, etc.), it is also highly desired that such connections be separable and reconnectable in the field within the final product, as well as tolerant of dust and fibrous debris. Such a capability is also desirable during the manufacturing process for such products, e.g., to facilitate testing. One prior technique for providing various interconnections is referred to as a wire bond technique, which involves the mechanical and thermal compression of a soft metal wire, e.g., gold, from one circuit to another. Such bonding, however, does not lend itself readily to high density connections because of possible wire breakage and accompanying mechanical difficulty in wire handling. Another technique involves strategic placement of solder balls or the like between respective circuit elements, e.g., pads, and reflowing the solder to effect interconnection. While this technique has proven extremely successful in providing high density interconnections for various structures, this technique does not allow facile separation and subsequent reconnection. In yet another technique, an elastomer has been used which included therein a plurality of conductive paths, e.g., small diameter wires or columns of conductive material, to provide the necessary interconnections. Known techniques using such material typically possess the following deficiencies: (1) high force necessary per contact which can be inherent in a particular design and exacerbated due to non-planarity of the mating surfaces; (2) relatively high electrical resistance through the interconnection between the associated circuit elements, e.g., pads; (3) sensitivity to dust, debris and other environmental elements which could readily adversely affect a sound connection; and (4) limited density, e.g., due to physical limitations of particular connector designs. Such prior art elastomeric structures also typically fail to provide effective wiping connections, which form of connection is highly desirable in many high density interconnection schemes. Attention is directed to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,960,423, 3,960,424, 4,295,700, 4,636,018, 4,655,519, 4,793,814 and 5,049,084 for various techniques for providing electrical interconnections for a variety of electrical circuit members. As understood from a reading of these patents, the techniques as described therein include many of the aforedefined disadvantages, e.g., non-repeatability, potential misalignment, low density, etc. as well as others, e.g., relatively complex design, costly to manufacture, etc. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,192, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, there is defined an electrical connector for interconnecting a pair of circuit members (e.g., circuit, module and printed circuit board) which assures highly reliable, yet separable connections for these members. The connector includes an electrically insulative (e.g., plastic) frame which defines an internal opening therein. Bridging this opening are a plurality of individual, resilient contact members which are maintained in a suspended and spaced orientation within the opening by a plurality of pairs of elongated insulative members (e.g., polymer rods). Each of the contacts is thus removable from the connector's frame to facilitate repair and/or replacement. As described, the connector is capable of providing wiping connections, thus assuring removal of debris or other contaminants from the respective conductive pads for each circuit member. In another embodiment, the connector includes a common carrier (e.g., plastic) having therein a plurality of cylindrical shaped resilient contact members (e.g., silicone) which further include a quantity of conductive (e.g., metallic) particles therein. To assure a wiping form of engagement with the respective conductive pads, each of the terminal ends of each contact member preferably includes a plurality of dendritic, interdigitated members thereon. This patent is incorporated herein by reference. It is believed that a high density electrical connector capable of providing effective, reliable connections (including providing a wiping type of connection), wherein such connections are repeatable (such that connection and reconnection can readily occur), and which provides the other advantageous features discernible from the following description would constitute a significant advancement in the art. Such a connector, as defined herein, also represents an improvement over the connector in U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,192, e.g., through elimination of the need for elongated insulative members for contact alignment and retention. US-A-4,655,519 discloses an electrical connector for positioning between and electrically interconnecting electrical components. The electrical connector includes a dielectric housing having compartments and contact elements freely disposed in the compartments and having cantilever spring arms supporting conductive contact areas at the free ends thereof for electrical engagement with conductive pads or the like on the electrical components. It is, therefore, a primary object of the present invention to enhance the electrical connector art. It is another object of the invention to provide an electrical connector capable of providing high density interconnections of a highly reliable and improved nature, which connections can be readily separated and repeated if desired. It is yet another object of the invention to provide such a connector which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture and also of a relatively simplistic design. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a connector for electrically interconnecting first and second electrical circuit members according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments thereof are defined in the dependent claims. FIG. 1 illustrates, in a partial side, sectional view, an electrical connector in accordance with another embodiment of the invention prior to circuit member engagement (and prior to positioning member movement); FIG. 2 is a partial side view, in section, of the connector of FIG. 1, during circuit member engagement; FIG. 3 is a side view, in section, of a elongated flexible circuit member and spring means which may be used in the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1, in a relaxed state prior to positioning thereof within the invention's housing; FIG. 4 is a side view, in section, of the member,of FIG.3 in an actuated position (the remaining parts of the invention not shown, for illustration purposes); FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an elongated flexible circuit member illustrating a plurality of conductive elements spacedly positioned thereon; and FIG. 6 is a top view of the connector of FIG. 1, on a smaller scale, including a housing in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. For a better understanding of the present invention reference is made to the following preferred embodiment and the appended claims in connection with the above-described drawings. Alternatively, as an extension to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, it is possible to incorporate as part of member 115 one or more coupling metallic portions (not shown) between adjacent elements which, like elements 141, 143 and 145 in FIG. 5, are capable of providing a common connection to two or more opposing pairs of conductive pads 31. In one embodiment, a metallic portion may be used to thus couple two elements 141 as part thereof. Thus, in this embodiment, it is possible to combine signal and power functions utilizing a singular flexible circuit member. Understandably, dielectric layer 119 is of sufficient thickness to maintain the individual contacting sections in the desired spaced orientation so as to assume an overall, elongated configuration such as shown in FIG. 5. As in flexible circuit member 15, the presence of elements 145 functioning as a ground plane provides the additional benefit of essentially shielding elements 143 (if used as signal elements) from adjacent members 115, thereby reducing possible coupled noise generated from those members 115 to extremely low levels. Additionally, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the shape of end portions 123 and 125 of elements 141 may narrow closer to the tip of the end portion, while the shape of narrow elements 143 may widen. This is also done for the same reasons cited above. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the tips may possess a width (dimension "WTB") of about 0.015 inch. and a thickness (dimension "TTB") of about 0.0014 to 0.0028 inch. Spring means 127, as shown in FIG. 1, may be either partially or completely vertically segmented to enhance its mechanical properties (i.e. the compliancy of adjacent end portions 123 and 125). In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, spring means 127 may comprise a plurality of individual spring elements, each of which is substantially equal in width to the dielectric layer 119 lying thereover as well as the corresponding, wider conductive element 141 in the region other than the middle portion 121. In that region, such spring elements may be mechanically connected together to form an elongated, assembled structure, as in the case of spring means 27, and for the same reasons. Spring means 127, like spring means 27, should preferably be electrically commoned either to conductive elements (145, if these are used) or to one or more conductive element (141, 143, at a power or ground potential), preferably at one of the upper and lower locations 129 and 129', respectively, to ensure that the spring means is at a defined voltage level and does not impair the performance of elements used to carry signals. Significantly spring means 127, which acts mechanically as a buckling beam in the preferred embodiment, allows for a narrow range of contact force over a wide range of vertical compliancy. For example, in one embodiment of connector 101, a vertical compliancy range of greater than 0.020 inch is achieved with less than a ten percent variation in force. In comparison, typical area array connector presently available have a usable vertical compliancy range of less than 0.010 inch over a variation in force of 100-300 percent. Additionally, the use of a buckling beam-type spring means 127, allows the length of conductive elements 141, 143 and 145 to be reduced. This improves both the electrical (from both a signal and power carrying point of view) and thermal properties of connector 101. It is also significant to note that end portions 123 and 125 of flexible circuit members 115 are at maximum force almost immediately after initially contacting conductive pads 31, and substantially maintain that same force during the remainder of actuation. Significantly, contact members 114 of this particular embodiment of the invention are capable of occupying a first, prestressed condition prior to engagement with circuit members 33 and 35 (such prestressing caused by engagement with a positioning member, as defined in greater detail below) and thereafter moving to a second position in which these members are in a compressed state. This will be better understood from the following description. Such compression is shown in FIG. 2 and occurs after the contact's ends 123 and 125 have engaged respective pads 31. Contact members 114 are thus in a prestressed condition in FIG. 1, prior to such engagement. Additionally, connector 101 does not have to be overdriven to achieve a minimum force per contact (such may be the case for connectors with larger force variation), thus rendering the invention capable of minimizing unnecessary clamping forces on circuit members 33 and 35. Connector 101, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, further includes at least one (and preferably a plurality) of the aforementioned, elongated, electrically insulative positioning members 103. Each positioning member 103 preferably includes a cross section of substantially convex shape on one of its vertical sides and a substantially concave shape on the opposite side, and is of polymer material, suitable examples of such material being Vectra, Ryton, phenolic, and polyester. Member 103 is preferably manufactured by a process such as molding or extrusion (extrusion allows for modular construction of the connector assembly, thus lending the device to be customized in any array configuration), and is held in position by opposing housing end parts 111a and 111c. Positioning members 103, each acting against an adjacent contact member 114, cause members 114 to occupy the described prestressed position (in FIG. 1, immediately prior to direct engagement with pads 31) and thereafter move to the left in FIG. 2 to enable the contact members 114 to fully compress (FIG. 2). Positioning members 103 are each designed to engage an adjacent flexible circuit member 115 (of member 114) initially at two outer locating surfaces 105 and one inner locating surface 107, slightly deflecting the flexible circuit members, and thereby retaining them in a centered, slightly bowed, free-floating, prestressed condition prior to circuit member 33 and 35 engagement. Each flexible circuit member 115 is retained by friction between the three surfaces of contact (105 and 107) and the bowed flexible circuit members as shown in FIG. 1. This slightly bowed form predisposes the bending direction of the flexible circuit members so that during the actuation of connector 101, all of the flexible circuit members deflect in the same direction. In cases where additional retention of flexible circuit member 115 is desired, tabs (not shown), which may be captured by opposing housing end parts 111a and 111c (e.g. by mating grooves), may be included as part of the edges of flexible circuit member 115. Additionally, the outer locating surfaces 105 of each positioning member 103 and the substantially convex-shaped part of the adjacent positioning member 103 immediately to its right (as shown if FIGS. 1 and 2) define a pair of slots 165 through which end portions 123 and 125 of each flexible circuit member 115 extend. Positioning members 103, as shown in FIG. 6, are secured to or form part (extensions) of opposing housing end parts 111a and 111c and thus move when these parts move. Such securement may be achieved using a suitable adhesive, or these members may be press fit into parts 111a and 111c. (Contacts 114 are not shown in FIG. 6 for illustration purposes). Alternatively, positioning members 103 may be formed as integral parts of the housing (e.g., molded as either a single piece, or, as described above for connector 10, as upper and lower halves). Although such a construction may hinder the possibility of modular construction, it may be more cost effective for those embodiments of connector 101 that are intended to be produced in large quantities. Opposing housing end parts 111a and 111c, shown in FIG. 6, further include one or more X-axis alignment slot 187, X-axis alignment surface 189, and biasing means 191, which, when used in conjunction with X-axis alignment pin 193, comprise the X-axis alignment means to align connector 101 to circuit members 33 and 35, as well as to align member 33 to member 35. Pin 193 (and pin 197, described below) may be secured to members 33 and 35 by suitable means such as adhesive, brazing, and/or frictional fitting. Biasing means 191, preferably a coil spring which has a relatively light spring force (e.g., one pound) compared to the amount of force needed to actuate all of the flexible circuit members and spring means of connector 101, positions each X-axis alignment surface 189 against its corresponding X-axis alignment pin 193. Biasing means 191 also accurately returns housing 111 to its initial location (FIG. 1) during deactuation of connector 101. Housing 111 may further include one or more standoffs (not shown), which may be used to define the minimum vertical distance between circuit members 33 or 35 and positioning members 103 and the rest of housing 111. Opposing housing side parts 111b and 111d, also shown in FIG. 6, include one or more Y-axis alignment slots 195, which, when used in conjunction with Y-axis alignment pin 197 (which may be part of the same circuit member as described above), comprise the Y-axis alignment means to align connector 101 with respect to members 33 and 35, as well as to align member 33 to member 35. Once positioning members 103 are secured to the housing 111 (including alignment means described above), flexible circuit members 115 with associated spring means 127 may be inserted into the openings 109 defined between members 103 to complete the assembly of connector 101 as best seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. Since each flexible circuit member 115 is retained by the corresponding outer locating surfaces 105 and inner locating surface 107 of members 103 (which are mechanically coupled to housing 111 prior to the actuation of connector 101), housing 111 aids in the alignment of end portions 123 and 125 of flexible circuit members to respective conductive pads 31. In the preferred embodiment of connector 101, housing 111 differs from current state-of-the-art technology since it is not held in a rigid, fixed position during actuation of the connector. During the engagement of connector 101 into its final actuated position (FIG. 2), flexible circuit members 115 and spring means 127 are compressed causing the increasing arcuate formation of the same. This removes the force exerted on each flexible circuit member from corresponding inner locating surface 107 and causes each member 115 to push on the respective two outer locating surfaces 105, displacing housing 111 in the same direction that the flexible circuit members are bowing, thereby allowing the unimpeded vertical actuation of flexible circuit members 115 and electrical circuit members 33 and 35 to thus form part of connector 101, which understandably serves to interconnect said circuit members. Housing 111 is thus movable in response to compression of contact members 114 within openings 109, members 114 slidably engaging the housing's positioning members 103 during this compressive engagement. The housing, via members 103, also serves to positively engage contact members 114 prior to such circuit member compression, thereby aligning these as needed. The operation and functionality of connector 101 are greatly enhanced by allowing the housing to so move both during actuation and deactuation of the connector. Two benefits of this are a substantial reduction in the amount of force needed to actuate the connector while minimizing the possibility of the crushing of the end portions of the flexible circuit members. It is possible that if the housing is not allowed to move during actuation of the connector, the end portions, which may already have a high coefficient of friction with conductive pads 31, may try to wipe against the pads, but because of the possible interference between the bowing end portions of the flexible circuit members and the outer locating surfaces 105, the end portions may have a tendency to bend in a direction opposite of the direction of bow. To enable cooling of the flexible circuit members 115 within housing 111, including during operation of connector 101, one or more slots (not shown) may be provided. Preferably, these slots are provided in housing end parts 111a and 111c to enable fluid coolant (liquid or gas) to readily pass through the parallel aligned and closely spaced flexible circuit members (in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, this may require the slight relocation of X-direction alignment means to improve the flow of the coolant). A preferred coolant is air. It is also possible to use nitrogen and oil for this purpose. It may be desirable to provide a sealed system through the use of bladders, tubes, etc. (not shown), if liquids are to be used as the coolant. Should connector 101 be utilized solely as a power connector, temperatures may be reduced by approximately fifty percent, thus enhancing the operation of the invention. As an alternative embodiment, the contact members in FIGS. 1-6 may include conductive elements 141 and 143 (e.g., of beryllium-copper) on only one side of the dielectric layer. Beryllium-copper is the preferred material or the conductive elements because it performs the electrical functions of the flexible circuit member (e.g. provide conductive paths) and also provides the mechanical functions of (and thereby eliminates the need for) spring means 27. This simplifies the manufacture of the conductive means thereby reducing the overall cost of the connector. Thus, by the term contact member as used in this embodiment of the invention is meant to include combined flexible circuit and spring means structures, as well as a singular member comprised, e.g., of dielectric having a metallic layer thereon. Significantly, penetrating-type contact geometries such as dendritic elements 77 are included on the end portions of the flexible circuit member's contact interfaces to enhance the reliability of the connections by offering contact redundance, which in turn reduces contact resistance, heat dissipation, and the temperature in the contacts during operation. Furthermore, dendritic elements 77 can break through dust, films, and fibrous debris that may be present on such conductive pads 31 as those shown for circuit members 33 and 35. Thus there has been shown and described an electrical connector for providing highly dense interconnections between corresponding pluralities of conductive elements on opposing pairs of circuit members. Such connections are obtainable in a facile manner using the invention, which is of relatively simple construction and thus relatively inexpensive to manufacture and operate. It is understood from the foregoing that the described connections are readily separable such that the connector can be removed and repositioned, if necessary. Such a capability enables testing of the respective circuits on the described circuit members, if desired, in an overall connector scheme. While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims: A connector (101) for electrically interconnecting first and second electrical circuit members (33, 35), said connector comprising: a housing (111) adapted for being positioned between said first and second electrical circuit members (33, 35); elongated, flexible circuit members (115) located within said housing (111) and including first and second conductive end portions (123, 125) for engaging said first and second electrical circuit members (33, 35), respectively, when said housing (111) is positioned between said first and second electrical circuit members; positioning members (103) arranged between said flexible circuit members, each adapted to engage an adjacent flexible circuit member at two outer locating surfaces (105) and one inner locating surface (107), said elongated flexible circuit members (115) thereby occupying a first position while in a prestressed condition and having a first predetermined shape within said housing (111) prior to said engagement between said first and second conductive end portions (123, 125) and said first and second electrical circuit members (33, 35) and thereafter occupying a second position while in a compressed condition and having a second predetermined shape different from said first predetermined shape within said housing (111) during said engagement, wherein all of said elongated flexible circuit members (115) deflect in the same direction, characterized in that said flexible circuit members comprise buckling-beam-type spring means (127) operatively connected to each of said flexible circuit members such that they deflect in the same direction as said elongated flexible circuit members (115) during said engagement; and wherein said housing (111) is adapted for occupying first and second locations between said first and second electrical circuit members (33, 35), said housing occupying said first location prior to said engagement of said first and second electrical circuit members by said first and second conductive end portions (123, 125), and moving to said second location during said engagement, whereby said housing is displaced in the same direction that the flexible circuit members (115) are bowing. The connector according to claim 1 wherein said housing includes at least one positioning member, said elongated, compressible contact member slidably engaging said positioning member during said engagement between said first and second conductive end portions and said first and second electrical circuit members. The connector according to claim 2 wherein said positioning member includes at least one curved surface, said contact member slidably engaging said curved surface. The connector according to claim 3 wherein said positioning member is electrically insulative. The connector according to claim 3 wherein said curved surface of said positioning member is substantially concave. The connector according to claim 1 wherein said housing includes alignment means, said housing adapted for moving within said alignment means to occupy said first and second locations. The connector according to claim 6 further including biasing means for biasing said housing in the direction of said second location within said alignment means. The connector according to claim 7 wherein said biasing means comprises at least one spring. The connector according to claim 1 wherein said housing is electrically insulative. The connector according to claim 9 wherein said housing is plastic. The connector according to claim 1 wherein said compressible contact member comprises a flexible circuit member and a spring means operatively connected thereto for exerting a predetermined force against said flexible circuit member to cause said first and second conductive end portions to engage said first and second circuit members, respectively. The connector according to claim 11 wherein said elongated flexible circuit member includes a plurality of conductive elements spacedly positioned thereon. The connector according to claim 12 wherein said conductive elements include said conductive end portions thereon, said conductive elements being of substantially similar width. The connector according to claim 12 wherein said conductive elements include said conductive end portions thereon, said conductive elements being of substantially similar thickness. The connector according to claim 12 wherein said conductive elements are copper. The connector according to claim 11 wherein said flexible circuit member includes a dielectric layer. The connector according to claim 16 wherein said dielectric material is comprised of polymer material. The connector according to claim 17 wherein said polymer material is polyimide. The connector according to claim 11 wherein said spring means is metallic. The connector according to claim 19 wherein said spring means is comprised of steel. The connector according to claim 19 wherein said spring means includes a tensile strength substantially greater than the tensile strength of said conductive element. The connector according to claim 21 wherein said tensile strength of said spring means is at least twice said tensile strength of said conductive element. The connector according to claim 11 wherein said spring means is attached to said flexible circuit member at spaced locations and includes a shape substantially conforming to the portion of said flexible circuit member between said spaced locations, said spring means and said flexible circuit member defining a first space therebetween prior to engagement between said first and second conductive end portions of said flexible circuit member and said first and second circuit members and a second, narrower space therebetween during said engagement. The connector according to claim 1 wherein each of said conductive end portions comprises a plurality of dendrites. The connector according to claim 24 wherein said dendrites are comprised of palladium.

Inventors: BUSACCO RAYMOND ARCHIE, CHANG CHI SHIH, CHAPIN FLETCHER WILLIAM, DRANCHAK DAVID WILLIAM, MACEK THOMAS GEORGE, PETROZELLO JAMES RALPH, SAXENMEYER JR GEORGE JOHN, SMITH ROD ALAN, BUSACCO, RAYMOND ARCHIE, CHANG, CHI SHIH, CHAPIN, FLETCHER WILLIAM, DRANCHAK, DAVID WILLIAM, MACEK, THOMAS GEORGE, PETROZELLO, JAMES RALPH, SAXENMEYER JR.,GEORGE JOHN, SMITH, ROD ALAN
Applicants: INTERNAT BUSINESS MACHINES BR, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES<BR>CORPORATION
Application year: 1993
Main classification: H01R12
IPC codes: H05K7