Compressor fouling inhibition in vinyl acetate production units

Abstract: In a method for reducing the fouling of a compressor of a vinyl acetate production unit having a light ends stream feed, a hindered phenol is added to the compressor feed. The method retards the loss of compressor efficiency with run time and increases the run time before clean-out is required. The hindered phenol is added in a dosage amount effective for reducing the fouling of the compressor.

Description: The present invention is in the technical field of the inhibition or reduction of fouling in a light ends stream compressor used for vinyl acetate production; in particular, it relates to a method for inhibiting or reducing the fouling in a light ends stream compressor of a vinyl acetate production system and the use of such method. Background of the Invention Vinyl acetate is an ethylenically unsaturated monomer used for the production of various polyvinyl resins. It is stabilized against premature polymerization by inhibitors such as hydroquinone and diphenylamine. Such inhibitors are routinely added to vinyl acetate after production, maintained in the vinyl acetate during storage, shipping and the like, and removed prior to, or overcome during, polymerization of vinyl acetate to produce the desired resin. Vinyl acetate is commonly produced commercially by vapor-phase reaction of ethylene and acetic acid with a palladium-based catalyst, such as a potassium or sodium acetate supported palladium catalyst system. For instance, a vapor-phase mixture of ethylene, acetic acid and oxygen is formed by passing ethylene through an evaporator containing acetic acid, and then it is passed over a fixed-bed catalyst, at elevated pressure and temperature, exiting therefrom as a product mixture. Such product mixture is typically comprised of the vinyl acetate product, ethylene, acetic acid, oxygen, and by-products/impurities. The vapor-phase product mixture is cooled by a heat exchanger(s), resulting in a vapor-liquid stream. Of the product mixture constituents, the acetic acid raw material and the vinyl acetate product have relatively high boiling points, and thus comprise the major portion of the liquid of the vapor-liquid stream, while the ethylene, oxygen, and carbon dioxide comprise the major portion of the vapor of the vapor-liquid stream. Such vapor-liquid stream is fractionated and purified through a series of columns and washes to recover a product-quality vinyl acetate fraction and unreacted raw materials for recycling. In more detail, the vapor-liquid stream is fractionated in a column in which vinyl acetate and unreacted acetic acid (the crude vinyl acetate product) are collected as liquids at the bottom, while the vapor phase, the "light ends" or "overhead", are collected at the top. As noted above, the major portion of the vapor, and thus the light ends stream, is ethylene, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Some small amount of acetic acid may go out the top during this fractionation. If it does, then some vinyl acetate will also go out the top because vinyl acetate has a lower boiling point than acetic acid. The presence of acetic acid in the light ends stream is itself of little concern, but optimization of production requires the optimization of vinyl acetate collected at the bottom. Therefore production facilities and parameters are designed to minimize the amount of vinyl acetate in the light ends, and therefore the amount of acetic acid therein. The light ends stream contains unreacted ethylene for recycling back to the evaporator. The light ends stream is processed through a series of wash columns to remove various by-products and then is sent to a compressor(s) to prepare the unreacted materials for reentry to the evaporator. The light ends stream is at least partially liquified by the compressor, which is referred to at times herein as the "light ends stream compressor". Both vinyl acetate and ethylene, one of its raw material precursors, are unsaturated monomers capable of undergoing addition polymerization through their carbon-carbon double bonds. Addition polymerization may be initiated by free radicals or ions. Free radicals can be generated by the action of ultraviolet light, X-rays, heat, peroxides, oxygen, diazo compounds, and other means. Once initiated, an addition polymerization normally propagates itself by a chain-reaction mechanism, whereby polymer molecules comprised of thousands of monomer ("mer") units may be formed in a few seconds or less. The polymerization chain-reaction for a given polymer molecule is terminated when its growing end, which is itself a free radical, reacts and combines with another free radical, rather than a monomer molecule. Termination may also occur when a labile hydrogen is abstracted. The vinyl acetate monomer is, like many ethylenically-unsaturated monomers, a volatile liquid at ambient room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and has a melting point of about -93 °C. The ethylene raw material is a vapor at ambient room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and has a melting point of -169 °C. Polymerization products of either generally would be solids at ambient room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Formation of polymeric material in a light ends stream compressor will foul the compressor. Compressor fouling reduces compressor efficiency, and thus its production rate. Compressor fouling eventually requires that the compressor be shut down for cleaning, typically requiring the entire vinyl acetate production unit to be shut down, at least for some time period. Thus compressor fouling inevitably leads to lost production and increased maintenance costs. Fouling is caused by the presence of solid materials that coat the compressor blades and/or casing. Although solid material foulants may, to some extent, be introduced into the compressor by other means, analysis of such foulants has in the past revealed that they are comprised mostly of organic polymeric material. The major source of such foulants in such a compressor hence is the formation of polymeric materials from the unsaturated constituents of the light ends stream. US-A-4 021 476 discloses a process for the production of vinyl acetate in which a p-alkyl phenol is dissolved in the crude product of the recovery of pure vinyl acetate from the crude reaction product by distillation and maintained in the vinyl acetate through all distillation stages. This means, the additive p-alkyl phenol disclosed in US-A-4 021 476 is added to the vinyl acetate product which is not later reacted or fed back to a vinyl acetate production unit. Thus, the formation of polymeric material in a light ends stream compressor used for vinyl acetate production cannot be reduced or avoided. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a method of inhibiting or reducing the fouling of a light ends stream compressor and to provide a means for treating the light ends stream or compressor feed so as to retard the loss of compressor efficiency with run time by inhibiting or reducing the fouling of the light ends stream compressor as well as a means whereby the run time of a light ends stream compressor before clean-out is required is increased by inhibiting or reducing the fouling of the compressor. Disclosure of the invention According to the present invention the above object can be achieved according to a first aspect, by a method for inhibiting or reducing the fouling in a light ends stream compressor of a vinyl acetate production system comprising: adding to the light ends stream a hindered phenol having a 2- or 6-position substituent or combinations of substituents that provide a spatial arrangement of atoms sufficient to hinder the OH radical at the 1-position in a dosage amount effective for inhibiting or reducing the fouling of said compressor; according to a second aspect, by the use of the above defined method for treating a light ends stream of a vinyl acetate production system upstream of a compressor feed point so as to retard the loss of compressor efficiency with run time by reducing the fouling of said compressor; and according to a third aspect, by the use of a hindered phenol as defined above for increasing the run time of a light ends stream compressor before clean-out is required by inhibiting or reducing the fouling of the compressor by adding to said compressor feed said hindered phenol at a dosage of from 5 ppm to 200 ppm. As can be seen from the data given in example 1 following below the adiabatic efficiency of the light ends stream compressor of a commercial vinyl acetate production installation according to the present invention can be improved over the prior art by more than 60 %. According to preferred embodiments of the present invention the said hindered phenol is added to said compressor feed at a dosage of from 1 ppm to 500 ppm, preferably from 5 ppm to 200 ppm, most preferably from 10 ppm to 100 ppm; the said hindered phenol is a compound of formula I wherein R' is a linear or branched chain alkyl having at least 3 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof, R'' is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl, and mixtures thereof, provided that R' and R'' together are comprised of no more than about 12 carbon atoms, and R is hydrogen or linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl having from 1 to 28 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof; wherein both R' and R'' preferably are alkyls each having at least about 3 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof, and wherein R' and R'' together preferably contain no more than about 10 carbon atoms; wherein R' and R'' preferably are independently (iso)propyl, (iso/tert)butyl, or mixtures thereof; and wherein R preferably is an alkyl having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof; wherein R' and R'' are independently a linear or branched chain alkyl having from 3 to 4 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof, and R is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof; and wherein the said hindered phenol preferably is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonylphenol. The hindered phenol used according to the present invention is preferably added to the light ends stream after it is washed and upstream of the point at which it is fed to the compressor. In such embodiment the hindered phenol is added to the compressor feed. Preferred Embodiments of the Invention The effluent of a light ends stream compressor, or at least a major portion thereof, is ultimately recycled back to the evaporator, and the vapor-phase stream therefrom is fed to the catalyst bed. Any chemical species that could carry over to, and contaminate, the catalyst bed must be excluded from the light ends stream. Chemical species that contain nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, halogens, or metals are considered particularly undesirable because of the damage such species could cause to the catalyst bed. The present anti-foulant treatment for the compressor advantageously does not contain any such species. The hindered phenol itself is comprised solely of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The hindered phenol generally cannot be carried over to the catalyst bed because it is a nonvolatile species, having only a negligible vapor pressure, as discussed in more detail below. It will be carried with the compressor feed stream through the compressor. If a vehicle is employed for the hindered phenol, in preferred embodiment it is acetic acid, which of course is a component of the vapor-phase catalyst bed feed stream. In another embodiment, the hindered phenol may be charged neat to the light ends stream upstream of the compressor. The hindered phenol is added to the compressor feed in an amount effective to reduce compressor fouling. One measure of reduced compressor fouling is the retardation of loss of compressor efficiency over its running period. In an embodiment of the present invention, the hindered phenol is added to the compressor feed in an amount effective to retard the loss of compressor efficiency. One measure of reduced compressor fouling is an increase in the time a compressor can run without requiring clean-out maintenance. In an embodiment of the present invention, the hindered phenol is added to the compressor feed in an amount effective to increase the compressor run, that is, the time a compressor can run without requiring clean-out maintenance. In preferred embodiment, the hindered phenol is added to the compressor feed at a dosage of from 1 ppm to 500 ppm, and in another preferred embodiment at a dosage of from 5 ppm to 200 ppm. In another preferred embodiment, the hindered phenol is added to the compressor feed at a dosage of from 10 ppm to 100 ppm. By "ppm" is meant one part by weight of hindered phenol actives per million parts by weight of compressor feed. By "compressor feed" is meant the light ends stream as directly fed to the compressor, after any washing or other processing to remove by-products therefrom. It is believed that the hindered phenol will provide effective anti-fouling activity in typical light ends stream compressors when added to the feed stream at a dosage of from 5 to 100 ppm. The present method is believed effective for any other compressor that processes like type of streams. The efficiency of such a compressor can be measured in terms of its adiabatic efficiency. The adiabatic efficiency of a compressor is the ratio of the work required to compress a gas adiabatically (without loss or gain of heat) to the work actually done by the compressor piston or impeller. The adiabatic efficiency of a compressor can be expressed as a percentage by the following formula: The Work Required To Compress A Gas Adiabatically The Work Actually Done By The Compressor Piston Or Impeller X 100 By hindered phenol is meant herein a phenol that is sterically hindered by virtue of aromatic ring substitution at one or both of the ortho positions (ortho to the phenol's hydroxyl substituent). Such hindered phenol is one having a 2- or 6- position substituent or combinations of substituents that provide a spatial arrangement of atoms sufficient to hinder the -OH radical at the one position. In preferred embodiment, the structure of such hindered phenol is of the Formula I: wherein R' is a linear or branched chain alkyl having at least 3 carbons and mixtures thereof, R'' is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl and mixtures thereof, provided that together R' and R'' be comprised of no more than about 12 carbons, and R is hydrogen or linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl having from one to 28 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. In this embodiment, the hindered phenol may have one or two ortho-position substituents, and may or may not have a para-position substituent; when it has two ortho-position substituents, one of them must have at least 3 carbons, and the other may have as few as 1 carbon. An alkyl substituent(s) at an ortho-position generally is a saturated alkyl. In more preferred embodiment, both R' and R'' are alkyls each having at least about 3 carbons and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, R' and R'' together contain no more than about 10 carbons. In another preferred embodiment, R is an alkyl having from 1 to 28 carbons and mixtures thereof, and in more preferred embodiment from 1 to 22 carbons and mixtures thereof, and in even are preferred embodiment from 6 to 22 carbons, in particular 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof. In any of these preferred embodiments, a further preferred embodiment thereof is when an alkyl substituent(s) at the ortho-position is a branched alkyl, and preferably is branched at its 1- or benzylic-position. In preferred embodiment, R' and R'' are independently (iso)propyl, (iso/tert)butyl, or mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, R is a nonyl isomer. In another preferred embodiment, R' and R'' are independently a linear or branched chain alkyl having from 3 to 4 carbons and mixtures thereof, and R is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. A preferred specific hindered phenol is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonylphenol. In other preferred embodiments, the para-position may be substituted with alkyl radicals derived from fatty acids, including: unbranched saturated alkyls such as butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic, lignoceric, cerotic, and montanic; branched saturated alkyls such isovaleric and tuberculostearic; monoenoic alkyls such as caproleic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, petroselinic, oleic, and erucic; dienioc alkyls such as stillingic and linoleic; trienoic alkyls such as hiragonic, linolenic and eleostearic, and alkyls of more unusual structures. In preferred embodiment, the hindered phenol has a low vapor pressure, which preferably is less than about 333 Pa (2.5 mm Hg) at 38 °C (100 °F), and more preferably is less than about 333 Pa (2.5 mm Hg) at 57 °C (135 °F). Example 1 The antifouling performance was demonstrated by the addition of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonyl phenol to a light ends stream compressor of a commercial vinyl acetate production installation as follows. Two runs of such compressor were made before employing the hindered phenol antifoulant, which runs provided a base-line for assessing the hindered phenol's performance. The adiabatic efficiency of the compressor during these runs was monitored. The first run was started on day-1, at which time the compressor was freshly cleaned, and terminated on day-43, after which it was recleaned. The second run was started on day-44 and terminated on day-123. The untreated runs therefor lasted 43 and 80 days of continuous vinyl acetate production. A third run, also with a freshly cleaned compressor, but adding the hindered phenol in an acetic acid diluent to the compressor feed, at a dosage within the range of from 10 to 50 ppm based on phenol actives, started on day-124 and the adiabatic efficiency monitoring, but not the run, terminated on day-192. The dosage of hindered phenol, while within the above-noted range, was not constant over the day-124 to day-192, but the treatment at dosages of at least 10 ppm was continuous over that time period. Over the course of the first run, the adiabatic efficiency decreased from 72.5% to 61.5%, which was an 11 percentage point reduction over 43 days, or an average of 0.26 percentage points per day. Over the course of the second run, the adiabatic efficiency decreased from 74.5% to 53%, which was an 21.5 percentage point reduction over 80 days, or an average of 0.27 percentage points per day. Over the course of the third run, the adiabatic efficiency decreased from 75% to 63%, which was an 12 percentage point reduction over 69 days, or an average of 0.17 percentage points per day. In comparison to the first run, as a base-line, the treatment of the present invention extended the time period in which similar levels of adiabatic efficiencies were reached by 26 days, or 60 percent. In comparison to the second run, as a base-line, the treatment of the present invention reduced the average drop in adiabatic efficiency (measured in percentage points based on percentage differentials) by about 37 percent ((0.27-0.17)/0.27 x 100). In addition, during all three runs the compressor flow speed, which is another measure of compressor efficiency, was monitored. Example 2 A solution of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonylphenol in acetic acid was prepared, stored at ambient room temperature for a time period of about 127 days, and then analyzed together with a freshly made sample by 1 HNMR and 13 CNMR, which demonstrated that no significant chemical changes occurred during such aging period despite the presence of the acetic acid. Example 3 A solution of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonylphenol in a heavy aromatic solvent was determined to have a vapor pressure of < 333 Pa (< 2.5 mm Hg) at both 38 °C (100 °F) and 57 °C (135 °F), which is considered negligible, the vapor pressure instrumentation accurately reading down only to 333 Pa (2.5 mm Hg). The present invention provides a method for reducing the fouling of a compressor of a vinyl acetate production unit having a light ends stream feed. The present method is also a method for treating a light ends stream of a vinyl acetate production system upstream of a compressor feed point so as to retard the loss of compressor efficiency with run time by reducing the fouling of the compressor. The invention also provides method whereby the run time of a light ends stream compressor before clean-out is required is increased by inhibiting or reducing the fouling of the compressor. The method(s) is comprised of adding to the compressor feed or light ends stream a hindered phenol in a dosage amount effective for reducing the fouling of the compressor. In preferred embodiment the hindered phenol is added at a dosage of from 1 ppm to 500 ppm, and more preferably at a dosage of from 5 ppm to 200 ppm. For most compressors in preferred embodiment the hindered phenol is added at a dosage of from 10 ppm to 100 ppm. The hindered phenol in preferred embodiment has a structure of Formula I above, wherein R' is a linear or branched chain alkyl having at least 3 carbons and mixtures thereof, R'' is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl and mixtures thereof, provided that together R' and R'' are comprised of no more than about 12 carbons, and R is hydrogen or linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl having from one to 28 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. In more preferred embodiments: both R' and R'' are alkyls each having at least about 3 carbons and mixtures thereof: R' and R'' together contain no more than about 10 carbons; R is an alkyl having from 1 to 22 carbons and mixtures thereof, R is an alkyl having from 6 to 22 carbons and mixtures thereof; R' and R'' are independently (iso)propyl, (iso/tert)butyl, or mixtures thereof, and R' and R'' are independently a linear or branched chain alkyl having from 3 to 4 carbons and mixtures thereof, and R is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the hindered phenol is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonylphenol, including any and all isomers thereof. Industrial Applicability of the Invention The present invention is applicable to the vinyl acetate production industry.

Claims: A method for inhibiting or reducing the fouling in a light ends stream compressor of a vinyl acetate production system comprising: adding to the light ends stream a hindered phenol having a 2- or 6-position substituent or combinations of substituents that provide a spatial arrangement of atoms sufficient to hinder the OH-radical at the 1-position in a dosage amount effective for inhibiting or reducing the fouling of said compressor. The method of claim 1 wherein said hindered phenol is added to said compressor feed at a dosage of from 1 ppm to 500 ppm, preferably from 5 ppm to 200 ppm, most preferably from 10 ppm to 100 ppm. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein said hindered phenol is a compound of formula I wherein R' is a linear or branched chain alkyl having at least 3 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof, R'' is hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl, and mixtures thereof, provided that together R' and R'' are comprised of no more than about 12 carbon atoms, and R is hydrogen or linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl having from 1 to 28 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof. The method of claim 3 wherein both R' and R'' are alkyls each having at least 3 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof. The method of claim 3 or 4 wherein R' and R'' together contain no more than 10 carbon atoms. The method of any of claims 3 to 5 wherein R' and R'' are independently (iso)propyl, (iso/tert)butyl, or mixtures thereof. The method of any of claims 3 to 6 wherein R is an alkyl having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to 22 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof. The method of any of claims 3 to 7 wherein R' and R'' are independently a linear or branched chain alkyl having from 3 to 4 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof, and R is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated alkyl having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof. The method of any of claims 1 to 8 wherein said hindered phenol is 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nonylphenol. Use of the method according to any of claims 1 to 9 for treating a light ends stream of a vinyl acetate production system upstream of a compressor feed point so as to retard the loss of compressor efficiency with run time by reducing the fouling of said compressor. Use of a hindered phenol as defined in any of claims 1 to 9 for increasing the run time of a light ends stream compressor before clean-out is required by inhibiting or reducing the fouling of the compressor by adding to said compressor feed said hindered phenol at a dosage of from 5 ppm to 200 ppm.

Inventors: LEWIS VINCENT E, POINDEXTER MICHAEL K, LEWIS, VINCENT E., POINDEXTER, MICHAEL K.
Applicants: NALCO EXXON ENERGY CHEM LP, NALCO/EXXON ENERGY CHEMICALS L.P.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C07C67
IPC codes: C09K15, C07C67, C07C69