Lattice matching device and method for fabricating the same

Abstract: A lattice matching device includes a substrate (1) having thereon monocrystal regions having different lattice mismatches with respect to a LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x superconductor. A superconducting thin film is formed on the substrate, which film consists essentially of a superconductor of LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and 6<x<7. The first and second superconducting thin film portions (3, 4) have different axes of orientation perpendicular to a main surface of the substrate, and arranged in contact with each other or at a distance which allows transmission of electron pairs from one to another.

Description: The present invention relates to a superconducting thin film grain boundary junction device and a method for fabricating such device. La 2-x M x CuO 4-y (M: Sr, Ba, 0<x<1) discovered in 1986 has a superconductivity transition temperature (T c ) of 30-40K which is much higher than the T c of conventional metal superconductor and, hence, extensive research on oxide superconductors has been made. As a result, LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x (Ln: Y or lanthanides; 6<x<7) oxide superconductors having T c of about 90K, BiSrCaCuO x oxide superconductors having T c of about 110K, and TlBaCaCuO x oxide superconductors having T c of about 120K have been discovered one after another. Various junction devices have been reported which utilize, among these high temperature superconductors, YBa 2 Cu 3 O x . These junction devices are classified into two groups, one is a group of vertical junction devices and the other is a group of lateral junction devices. The lateral junction devices include (1) a junction using a so-called bicrystal substrate which has two substrate regions adjacent each other differing in the direction of crystal axis from each other, and (2) a 45°-inclined junction having a first thin film formed on SrTiO 3 and a second thin film formed on MgO in which the first and second thin films have different intraplanar directions from each other. Next, explanation will be made of the junction using a bicrystal substrate. Fig. 1A is a planar view showing a thin film, and Fig. 1B is a cross sectional view showing the thin film shown in Fig. 1A. In Figs. 1A and 1B, reference numerals 31, 31' are SrTiO 3 substrates, respectively. The SrTiO 3 substrates 31 and 31' have different directions of crystal axes. Reference numeral 38 designates a junction portion at which the SrTiO 3 substrates 31 and 31', differing in the direction of crystal axis one from another, are adjacent to each other. Reference numerals 33 and 33' are YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films, respectively, formed on the bicrystal substrate. Arrows c indicate the direction of c-axes of the thin films 33, 33', and arrows a/b indicate directions of a- or b-axes of the thin films 33 and 33'. Reference numeral 35 designates an inclined grain boundary junction. With this junction, CuO 2 planes (a- or b-planes), in which electric current flows, exist in the same plane in both electrodes that sandwich the junction and contact each other in parallel relation. In this arrangement, leak current increases. Next, explanation will be made of 45°-inclined junction referring to Figs. 2A and 2B. Fig. 2A is a planar view showing a conventional thin film, and Fig. 2B is a cross sectional view showing the thin film shown in Fig. 2A. In Fig. 2B, reference numeral 41 designates a sapphire substrate, 42 is a MgO thin film formed on a part of a surface of the sapphire substrate 41, 43 is a SrTiO 3 thin film over the MgO thin film 42 and the remaining part of the surface of the sapphire substrate 41, and 44 and 44' are c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films, respectively, formed on the SrTiO 3 thin film 43. Reference numeral 45 designates a grain boundary junction formed between the thin films 44 and 44'. Arrows c indicate the direction of c-axes of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films 44 and 44', and arrows a/b indicate the direction of a- or b-axes of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films 44 and 44', respectively. As will be understood from Fig. 2A and 2B, the axes of preferential orientation of the electrodes sandwiching the grain boundary junction 45 are the same as the c-axis while the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films 44 and 44' form a 45°-inclined junction. In this case, too, CuO 2 planes (a- or b-planes), in which electric current flows, exist in the same plane in both electrodes sandwiching the junction and contact each other in parallel relation, as in the case of the bicrystal. As a result, the CuO 2 planes in the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x , in which electric current flows, always exist in the planes of YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films 44 and 44', and the CuO 2 planes contact each other always in parallel (a/b-axis direction vs. a/b-axis direction) in a boundary region of the junction and in the both electrode portions. This arrangement causes a serious problem of increase in leak current. In the case of vertical junctions, the use of c-axis oriented film, in which superconducting current flows more easily in a thin film plane, as an electrode gives rise to a junction portion having a smaller coherence length in a c-axis direction, causing a problem that no superconducting current can flow through the fabricated junction. On the other hand, when there is used an a-axis oriented thin film that has a larger coherence length in the direction of junction plane and in which superconducting current flows more easily, current is difficult to flow in the plane of the thin film, resulting in decreased current density. Therefore, a thicker wiring is required, which makes it difficult to reduce the size of the device. Further, superconducting current flows in c-axis direction having a small coherence length at a critical current density by several digits smaller than a-axis direction having a large coherence length. Hence, in a highly integrated three dimensional circuit having a pair of adjacent c-axis oriented thin films, superconducting current must flow through a c-axis oriented portion having a small coherence length at the time of transmission and receipt of signals from a lower circuit layer to an upper circuit layer. In this interlayer wiring region, cross section must be large so that the density of signal current does not exceed a critical current density. This causes a problem of difficulty of high integration of circuits. K.Char et al.: « Bi-epitaxial grain boundary junctions in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 ", Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 59, No. 6. page 733-735 discloses bi-epitaxial grain boundary junctions in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 . Grain boundary junctions in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 thin films are produced by controlling the in-plane epitaxy of the deposited film using seed and buffer layers. 45° grain boundaries along photolithographically defined lines are produced. EP-A-05 02 787 relates to a thin film of oxide superconductor consisting of more than two portions each possessing a predetennined crystal orientation and deposited on a common surface of a substrate. At least one selected portion of the thin film of oxide superconductor is deposited on a thin under-layer which facilitates crystal growth of the selected portion and which is deposited previously on the substrate. The selected portions may consist of a-axis oriented thin film portions while non-selected portions may consists of c-axis oriented thin film portions. The thin under-layer can be a buffer layer or a very thin film of oxide superconductor. MgO substrates for a-axis oriented portions and PrGaO 3 thin under-layers for c-axis oriented portions are proposed. An object of the present invention is to provide a superconducting thin film device in which a desired region on a substrate has a desired preferential orientation and a method for fabricating such a device. Another object of the present invention is to provide a superconducting thin film grain boundary junction device including a substrate having formed thereon a grain boundary junction whose CuO 2 planes in which current flows cross at right angles each other and showing less leak current, and a method for fabricating such a device. These objects are achieved according to the invention by the grain boundary junction device as defined in claim 1 and by the method as defined in claim 5. Preferred embodiments of the invention are subject of the dependent claims. The present invention provides a superconducting thin film grain boundary junction device comprising: a substrate; first and second monocrystal regions provided on the substrate and having lattice mismatches with respect to a superconductor represented by formula LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and x satisfies 6<x<7, wherein the lattice mismatch of said first monocrystal region is exceeding 1% and the lattice mismatch of said second monocrystal region is not exceeding 1%; a superconducting thin film composed of a superconductor represented by formula LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and x satisfies 6<x<7, the superconducting thin film in said first monocrystal region having a c-axis perpendicular to a surface of the superconducting thin film, and said superconducting thin film in said second monocrystal region having an a-axis perpendicular to a surface of said superconducting thin film. Here, the substrate may consist of a material selected from the group consisting of Nd:YAlO 3 , LaAlO 3 , SrLaGaO 4 , NdGaO 3 , PrGaO 3 , LaGaO 3 , SrTiO 3 and MgO. The present invention also provides a method for fabricating a lattice matching device, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate; forming on a surface of the substrate at least two monocrystal regions having lattice mismatches with respect to a superconductor represented by a formula LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and x satisfies 6<x<7, wherein the lattice mismatches of some of said at least two regions are exceeding 1% and the lattice mismatches of others of said at least two monocrystal regions are not exceeding 1%; simultaneously forming on said first and second monocrystal regions a thin film of a superconductor represented by a formula LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and x satisfies 6<x<7, at a substrate temperature from 550 to 850°C and an oxygen pressure from 1,33 x 10 -8 bar to 1,33 x 10 -2 bar, in such a manner that axes of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate of said thin film in said monocrystal regions where lattice mismatches thereof is exceeding 1% are c-axes, and axes of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate of said thin film in said monocrystal regions where lattice mismatches thereof is not exceeding 1% are a-axes. The substrate may consist of a material selected from the group consisting of Nd:YAlO 3 , LaAlO 3 , SrLaGaO 4 , NdGaO 3 , PrGaO 3 , LaGaO 3 , SrTiO 3 and MgO. According to the present invention, a grain boundary junction whose CuO 2 planes in that superconducting current flows contact perpendicular to each other can be fabricated with ease in high yield, the junction showing less leak current. The above and other objects, effects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1A is a planar view showing a conventional thin film planar grain boundary junction having a bicrystal substrate; Fig. 1B is a cross sectional view showing the thin film shown in Fig. 1A; Fig. 2A is a planar view showing a conventional thin film 45°-inclined grain boundary junction; Fig. 2B is a cross sectional view showing the thin film shown in Fig. 2A; Fig. 3 is a graph illustrating experimental results on relationship between lattice mismatch and substrate temperature differentiating whether or not a-axis oriented or c-axis oriented, with a vertical axis indicating deposition (substrate) temperature, and horizontal axis lattice mismatch of a thin film with a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film; Fig. 4 is a schematic cross sectional view showing a conventional laser beam deposition equipment; Figs. 5A, 5B and 5C together illustrate a fabrication procedure for fabricating a grain boundary junction according to Example 1 of the present invention, with Figs. 5A, 5B and 5C being cross sectional views, respectively, showing a grain boundary junction during a fabrication step; Fig. 6A is a planar view showing a grain boundary junction according to Example 2 of the present invention; Fig. 6B is a cross sectional view showing a grain boundary junction according to Example 2 of the present invention; Fig. 7 is a cross sectional view showing a grain boundary junction according to Example 3 of the present invention; Fig. 8 is a schematical cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 4; Figs. 9A through 9D together illustrate a fabrication procedure for fabricating a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 4, with Figs. 9A, 9B, 9C and 9D being cross sectional views, respectively, showing a superconducting vertical junction device during a fabrication step; Fig. 10 is a schematical cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 5; Figs. 11A and 11B together illustrate a fabrication procedure for fabricating a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 4, with Figs. 11A and 11B being cross sectional views, respectively, showing a superconducting vertical junction device during a fabrication step; Fig. 12 is a schematical cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 6; Figs. 13A through 13D together illustrate a fabrication procedure for fabricating a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 5, with Figs. 13A, 13B, 13C and 13D being cross sectional views, respectively, showing a superconducting vertical junction device during a fabrication step; Fig. 14 is a schematical cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 7; Fig. 15 is a schematical cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 8; Figs. 16A through 16D together illustrate a fabrication procedure for fabricating a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 8, with Figs. 16A, 16B, 16C and 16D being cross sectional views, respectively, showing a superconducting vertical junction device during a fabrication step; and Fig. 17 is a schematical cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction device according to illustrative Example 9. Fig. 3 is a graph illustrating dependence of an axis of crystallographic orientation on substrate temperature when a thin film of a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x superconductor is formed on a substrate composed of a material having a lattice mismatch differing from that of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x superconductor, the substrate being composed of a metal oxide such as MgO, SrTiO 3 , LaSrGaO 4 , PrGaO 3 , NdGaO 3 , LaAlO 3 , or YAlO 3 . As illustrated in Fig. 3, when lattice mismatch is present a substrate temperature or deposition temperature exists at which there appear both a-axis oriented and c-axis oriented phases. Table 1 below shows lattice constant at room temperature, lattice constant of pseudo tetragonal crystal, crystal structure, and thermal expansion coefficient of various substrates. The substrate materials have different lattice mismatches with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x from each other. Note that lattice mismatch is defined by the following equation: M = (a-b) {(a+b)/2} wherein a is a lattice constant of one monocrystal along its a- or b-axis direction; and b is a lattice constant of the other monocrystal along its a- or b-axis direction. In Fig. 3, symbol a designates a region where a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film grows which has an a-axis orientation (i.e., a CuO 2 plane is perpendicular to a surface of the substrate); symbol c designates a region where a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film grows which has a c-axis orientation (i.e., a CuO 2 plane is parallel to a surface of the substrate); and symbol (a+c) designates a region where a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film in which a-axis orientation and c-axis orientation coexist. Fig. 3 indicates that crystal directions (orientations) of YBa 2 Cu 3 O x superconducting thin films formed on substrates composed of different materials, respectively, depend on lattice mismatch with respect to the materials of substrates even when the substrates are at the same substrate temperature. A YBa 2 Cu 3 O x superconducting thin film is c-axis oriented on a substrate composed of a material having a large lattice mismatch with respect to the thin film while it is a-axis oriented on a substrate composed of a material having a small lattice mismatch with respect to the thin film. For example, let us consider a case where a SrTiO 3 substrate having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 1.1% is used and there is used PrGaO 3 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 0.02% as a vapor deposition material which is locally deposited on the SrTi03 substrate. Then, if the substrate temperature is set up to 750°C which is a vapor deposition temperature indicated in broken line in Fig. 3, a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film deposited on SrTiO 3 has a c-axis orientation (i.e., CuO 2 plane is parallel to a surface of the substrate) while a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film deposited on PrGaO 3 has an a-axis orientation (CuO 2 plane is perpendicular to a surface of the substrate). Therefore, the CuO 2 plane in which current flows can be made perpendicular to a surface of the thin film to thereby reduce leak current, which was impossible to attain conventionally. This is also true for the case where a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film is deposited at a deposition temperature shown in Fig. 3 on a substrate through NdGaO 3 (lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x : 0.3%) and SrTiO 3 (lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x : 1.1%) formed on a surface of the substrate. Fabrication of thin films can be performed by laser beam vapor deposition, for example, ArF excimer laser beam vapor deposition. Laser beam vapor deposition can be carried out by using a conventional laser beam vapor deposition apparatus as shown in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, reference numeral 50 designates a laser beam vapor deposition apparatus, which is provided with a vacuum container 52 formed with an inlet window 54. Inside the vacuum container 52, there is fixed a support rod 56. To a top 56a of the support rod 56 is attached a substrate holder 58 on which a substrate 59 is mounted. Opposite to the substrate holder 58, there is arranged a target holder 60 on which a target 61 is held. A motor 62 is arranged outside the vacuum container 52. The motor 62 has a shaft 64, which is inserted into the vacuum container 52 airtightly. An end of the shaft 64 is connected to the target holder 60, and the target holder 60 is rotated by the shaft 64 driven by the motor 62. The vacuum container 52 is connected to an oxygen inlet conduit 70 which supplies oxygen to the vacuum container 52 through a leak valve 68. On the other hand, the vacuum container 52 is provided with an exhaust port 72 and a valve 74 through which the vacuum container 52 is connected to an exhaust system (not shown) to maintain vacuum. Outside the inlet window 54, there is arranged a focusing lens 78 and a laser beam source (not shown). A laser beam from the laser beam source (not shown) passes through the focusing lens 78 and then through the inlet window 54 arrives onto a rotating target driven by the shaft 64 of the motor 62 to generate plasma, and allows a thin film to deposit on an opposing substrate held on the substrate holder 58. The substrate attached to the substrate holder 58 heated by a heater (not shown) energized by a power source (not shown) for the heater to an appropriate temperature. The temperature is monitored by a thermocouple (not shown). In the presence of oxygen supplied through an oxygen inlet port 70a of the oxygen inlet conduit 70, a target component is deposited on the substrate 59. A vacuum meter 80 attached to the vacuum container 52 monitors degree of vacuum inside the vacuum container 52 and sends a control signal to a vacuum control system (not shown) for adjusting the vacuum degree. While conditions for fabrication of a lattice matching device by laser beam vapor deposition various depending on oxygen source to be used. As oxygen source, there can be used oxygen atom, or ozone. Generally, it is carried out at a substrate temperature of from 550 to 850°C, preferably from 600 to 750°C, at an oxygen pressure of from 1,33 x 10 -8 from (1x10 -5 ) Torr to 1,33 x 10 -2 bar (10 Torr), preferably from 1,33 x 10 -6 bar (1 mTorr) to 1,33 x 10 -3 bar (1 Torr). For example, the substrate is composed of (100) SrTiO 3 having a lattice mismatch of 1.1%, a part of which is masked with MgO and unmasked part of which is deposited with a PrGaO 3 thin film having a lattice mismatch of 0.02% at a substrate temperature of 750°C and at an oxygen pressure of 50 mTorr to a thickness of 50Å. Then after the substrate temperature is decreased to room temperature, the mask is removed and a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film is deposited to a thickness of 800Å at a substrate temperature of 680°C and at an oxygen pressure of 5,32 x 10 -4 bar (400 mTorr). The thin film formed can be evaluated by XRD, RHEED, -scan using a (102) surface, and cross section TEM. Orientation axis length of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film formed is measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis using Cu-Kα. Preferential orientation axis of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x is determined by the intensities obtained by XRD. That is, c-axis and a-axis orientations are assumed to be represented by (005) peak and (200) peak, respectively, of the YBa 2 Cu 3 O x as representative peaks, and when both (005) and (200) peaks are detected by XRD, then the stronger peak is judged to be dominant, and when one of them is undetectable at all, orientation is judged to be pure or uniform. EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by examples. However, the Examples 4 to 9 do not fall within the scope of the present claims and serve for illustration only. Example 1 Figs. 5A, 5B and 5C are cross sectional views illustrating fabrication of a grain boundary junction device according to a first example of the present invention. In Figs. 5A, 5B and 5C, reference numeral 1 designates a SrTiO 3 substrate, 2 is a PrGaO 3 layer, 3 is a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 4 is an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 5 is a grain boundary junction formed between the c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 3 and the a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 4, and 6 is a mask. Fig. 5A shows, in cross section, a SrTiO 3 substrate 1 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 1.1%, for example, the substrate having thereon a mask 6. Then, PrGaO 3 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 0.02% is deposited on a part of the surface of the substrate 1 which part is uncovered by the mask 6. Removal of the mask 6 gives a structure shown in Fig. 5B. Finally, as shown in Fig. 5C, a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film is deposited on overall surface of the substrate shown in Fig. 5B at a substrate temperature of 750°C which is shown in broken line in Fig. 3. As shown in Fig. 5C, this results in the formation of a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 3 on the SrTiO 3 substrate 1 and an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 4 on the PrGaO 3 layer 2, and a grain boundary junction 5 is formed in a boundary region between the c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 3 and the a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 4. The grain boundary junction 5 is a grain boundary junction of c-axis orientation/a-axis orientation in which a CuO 2 plane, that allows current to pass therein, crosses the boundary portion between the both YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films at right angles. In this example, although explanation has been made with respect to the case where SrTiO 3 (lattice mismatch: 1.1%) and PrGaO 3 (lattice mismatch: 0.02%), it is sufficient to choose a material having a lattice mismatch exceeding 1% (for example, MgO, SrTiO 3 , LaAlO 3 , YAlO 3 , etc.) and another material having a lattice mismatch not exceeding 1% (for example, PrGaO 3 , NdGaO 3 , LaSrGaO 4 , etc.) since the curve illustrated in Fig. 3 has inflection points near ±1%. While explanation has been made using YBa 2 Cu 3 O x , LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x may also be used so far as it is a material which exhibits superconductivity. Example 2 Referring to Figs. 6A and 6B, a grain boundary junction according to a second example of the present invention will be described below. This example uses a (110) PrGaO 3 substrate and a SrTiO 3 deposition material. Fig. 6A is a planar view showing a grain boundary junction according to this example, and Fig. 6B is a cross sectional view of the grain boundary junction shown in Fig. 6A. In Fig. 6B, reference numeral 2 designates a (110) PrGaO 3 substrate, 1 is SrTiO 3 layer deposited on the substrate 2, 3 is a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 4 is an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 5 is a grain boundary junction formed between the c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 3 and the a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 4, and 7 is an arrow indicating direction of longer axis in an in-plane lattice of the substrate. Fabrication of the grain boundary junction device of this example is in substantially the same manner as in Example 1 illustrated in Figs. 5A to 5C except that a portion designed to be a-axis oriented must be masked. When a material whose in-plane lattice is not square, such as (110) PrGaO 3 , (110) NdGaO 3 , or (100) LaSrGaO 4 , is used for a substrate, the resulting a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film has a c-axis which is parallel to a surface of the substrate is in its nature in the direction of the longer axis of the in-plane lattice of the substrate. For example, when the direction of the longer axis of the in-plane lattice indicated by the arrow 7 is perpendicular to the grain boundary junction, as shown in Fig. 6A, the junction plane is defined between an a-/b-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film (formed on the SrTiO 3 layer) and a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film (formed on the PrGaO 3 substrate). On the contrary, when the longer axis direction of the in-plane lattice of the substrate indicated by the arrow 7 is parallel to the grain boundary junction, a junction is formed which has a junction plane defined between an a-/b-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film (formed on the SrTiO 3 layer) and a b-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film (formed on the PrGaO 3 substrate), which plane is perpendicular to a CuO 2 plane, that allows current to flow therein. As stated above, the junction plane of a grain boundary junction can be controlled by selecting orientation of the crystal of the substrate. In Fig. 3, the junction is fabricated only one side of the original substrate. However, an unmasked portion may be formed in the form of a rectangle on the substrate so that a plurality of junctions can be fabricated. In that case, a junction between a-/b-axis oriented thin film and a c-axis oriented thin film is fabricated on side of the rectangle and a junction between an a-/b-axis oriented thin film and a b-axis oriented thin film is fabricated on another side of the rectangle, thus giving rise to a junction having opposing electrodes one of which is constituted by an a-axis oriented thin film and the other is constituted by a c-axis oriented thin film so that a CuO 2 plane in which current flows can be perpendicular to a surface of the substrate. Thus, different types of junctions can be fabricated at will by selecting preferential orientation of the substrate. Example 3 Fig. 7 is a cross sectional view showing a grain boundary junction according to a third example of the present invention. In Fig. 7, reference numeral 1 designates SrTiO 3 layer, 2 is a (110) PrGaO 3 substrate, 3 is a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 4 is an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, and 5 is a grain boundary junction. The grain boundary junction device according to this example is fabricated in the same manner as the grain boundary junction device shown in Fig. 6B except that after a mask is provided on the substrate as shown in Figs. 5A, the substrate is etched to some depth, and SrTiO 3 is deposited on the etched portion to form a SrTiO 3 layer 1 to make up the hollow portion or provide an even or leveled surface. The leveling is advantageous in that a junction having a uniform junction plane 5a free of irregular crystal orientation. In this example, while one of monocrystal regions having different lattice mismatches is formed by deposition of a thin film and the substrate is used as the other region, the both regions may be formed by deposition of thin films. In that case, less expensive substrates may be used. Example 4 Fig. 8 is a cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction according to a fourth example. In Fig. 8, reference numeral 101 is a NdGaO 3 substrate, 102 is a SrTiO 3 thin film, 103 is a lower electrode composed of a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 104 is a lower electrode composed of an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 105 is a barrier layer composed of a SrTiO 3 thin film, 106 is a SrTiO 3 interlayer insulator, and 107 is an upper electrode composed of a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film. As shown in Fig. 8, the junction portion is comprised by the upper electrode 107, the barrier layer 105 and the lower electrode 104 which constitute a superconductor/insulator/superconductor structure (SIS structure). Here, the superconducting wiring 103 is composed of a c-axis oriented thin film (i.e., a thin film whose c-axis in the direction of a smaller coherence length is perpendicular to a surface of the substrate) and the lower electrode 104 is composed of an a-axis oriented thin film (i.e., a thin film whose c-axis in the direction of a smaller coherence length is in a plane parallel to a surface of the substrate). To operate this device, current is applied through the superconducting wiring 103 to the lower electrode 104, the barrier layer 105 and the upper electrode 107. On this occasion, current flows more easily in the superconducting wiring 103 while in the lower electrode 104, current flows more easily in a direction perpendicular to the plane parallel to a surface of the substrate. This is an important feature of the device according to this example. Next, fabrication of the device according to this example of the present invention will be explained referring to Figs. 9A through 9D, in which reference numerals 101 to 107 designate same or like parts or members shown in Fig. 8, and 108 is a mask. Fig. 9A illustrates a state in which a mask 108 is formed on, for example, a NdGaO 3 substrate 101 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 0.3%. Then, for example, a SrTiO 3 layer 102 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 1.1% is deposited on a portion other than that covered with the mask 108. After the deposition, the mask 108 is removed. Fig. 9B shows an arrangement in which the mask 108 has been removed after the deposition of the SrTiO 3 layer 102. On the overall surface of the substrate, there is deposited a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film at a substrate temperature of 750°C, for example, which is shown in broken line in Fig. 3. As a result, a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 103 is deposited on the SrTiO 3 thin film 102 and an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 104 is deposited on the NdGaO 3 substrate 101, as shown in Fig. 9C. On the overall surface of the resulting structure, there is deposited a SrTiO 3 ultra thin film 105 serving as a barrier layer, followed by depositing a mask 108 on the a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 104 which constitutes a superconducting junction to obtain a structure as shown in Fig. 9D. Then, a SrTiO 3 interlayer insulator 106 is deposited on the surface of the structure shown in Fig. 9D, and after the mask 108 is removed, an upper electrode 107 is deposited to obtain an arrangement shown in Fig. 8. By the procedure described above, there can be realized the c-axis oriented thin film 103 having the a-axis oriented lower electrode 104 only on the junction portion. While explanation has been made hereinabove on the case where a c-axis oriented thin film is used as the upper electrode, there may be used those thin films oriented in directions other than the direction of c-axis (such as <103>, <110>, <100>, etc.). Needless to say, the effect of the present invention can be obtained if only an a-axis oriented lower electrode exists only on the junction portion. Example 5 Fig. 10 is a cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction according to a fifth example. In Fig. 10, reference numeral 103 designates a lower electrode composed of a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 106 is a SrTiO 3 interlayer insulator, 107 is an upper electrode composed of a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 109 is a SrTiO 3 substrate, 110 is a NdGaO 3 barrier layer thin film, and 111 is an upper electrode composed of an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film. As shown in Fig. 10, the lower electrode 103, the barrier layer 110 and the upper electrode 108 constitute a superconductor/insulator/superconductor structure (SIS structure). Here, the superconducting wiring 107 is composed of a c-axis oriented thin film (i.e., a thin film whose c-axis in the direction of a smaller coherence length is perpendicular to a surface of the substrate) and the upper electrode 111 is composed of an a-axis oriented thin film (i.e., a thin film whose c-axis in the direction of a smaller coherence length is in a plane parallel to a surface of the substrate). To operate this device, current is applied through the superconducting wiring 107 to the upper electrode 111, the barrier layer 110 and the lower electrode 103 which constitute the junction portion. On this occasion, current flows more easily in a plane parallel to a surface of the substrate in the superconducting wiring 107 while in the upper electrode 111, current flows more easily in a direction perpendicular to the plane parallel to a surface of the substrate. This is an important feature of the device according to this example. Next, fabrication of the device according to this example will be explained referring to Figs. 11A and 11B, in which reference numerals 103, 106, 107, and 109 to 111 designate same or like parts or members shown in Fig. 10, and 108 is a mask. Fig. 11A illustrates a state in which a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 103 is deposited on the overall surface of a SrTiO 3 substrate 109. Next, on the overall surface of the structure shown in Fig. 11A, there is deposited an ultra thin film 110 of NdGaO 3 which serves as a barrier layer, followed by covering a surface of the layer 110 to obtain a structure shown in Fig. 11B. After a SrTiO 3 thin film 106 serving as an interlayer insulator is deposited and the mask 108 is removed, a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film is deposited on the overall surface of the resulting structure at a substrate temperature of 750°C, for example, which is shown in broken line in Fig. 3. As a result, a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 107 is deposited on the SrTiO 3 thin film 106 and an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 111 is deposited on the NdGaO 3 substrate 101, as shown in Fig. 10. By the procedure described above, there can be realized the a-axis oriented upper electrode 111 only on the barrier layer 110 which constitutes the junction portion. While explanation has been made hereinabove on the case where a c-axis oriented thin film is used for the lower electrode, there may also be used those thin films oriented in directions other than the direction of c-axis (such as <103>, <110>, <100>, etc.). Needless to say, the effect can be obtained if only an a-axis oriented upper electrode exists only on the junction portion. Example 6 Fig. 12 is a cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction according to a sixth example. In Fig. 12, reference numeral 101 is a NdGaO 3 substrate, 102 is a SrTiO 3 thin film, 103 is a lower electrode composed of a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 104 is a lower electrode composed of an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 106 is a SrTiO 3 interlayer insulator, 107 is an upper electrode composed of a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, 108 is a mask, 110 is a NdGaO 3 barrier layer thin film, and 111 is an upper electrode composed of an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film. As shown in Fig. 12, the lower electrode 103, the barrier layer 110 and the upper electrode 111 constitute a superconductor/insulator/superconductor structure (SIS structure). Here, the superconducting wiring 102 is composed of a c-axis oriented thin film (i.e., a thin film whose c-axis in the direction of a smaller coherence length is perpendicular to a surface of the substrate), the lower electrode 103 is composed of an a-axis oriented thin film (i.e., a thin film whose c-axis in the direction of a smaller coherence length is in a plane parallel to a surface of the substrate), the superconducting wiring 107 is c-axis oriented (i.e., a direction in which current flows more easily is parallel to a surface of the substrate), and the upper electrode 111 is a-axis oriented (i.e., direction in which current flows more easily is perpendicular to a surface of the substrate). To operate this device, current is applied through the superconducting wiring 107 to the upper electrode 111, the barrier layer 110, the lower electrode 104 and the superconducting wiring 103 which constitute the junction portion. On this occasion, current flows more easily in a plane parallel to a surface of the substrate in the superconducting wiring 107 while in the upper electrode 111, current flows more easily in a direction perpendicular to the plane parallel to a surface of the substrate. This is an important feature of the device according to this example. Next, fabrication of the device according to this example of the present invention will be explained referring to Figs. 13A through 13D, in which reference numerals 101 to 104, 106 to 107, and 109 to 111 designate same or like parts or members shown in Fig. 12, and 108 is a mask. Fig. 13A illustrates a state in which a mask 108 is formed on, for example, a NdGaO 3 substrate 101 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 0.3%. Then, for example, a SrTiO 3 layer 102 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 1.1% is deposited on a portion other than that covered with the mask 108. After the deposition, the mask 108 is removed. Fig. 13B shows an arrangement in which the mask 108 has been removed after the deposition of the SrTiO 3 layer 102. On the overall surface of the NdGaO 3 substrate 101 shown in Fig. 13B, there is deposited a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film at a substrate temperature of 750°C, for example, which is shown in broken line in Fig. 3. As a result, as shown in Fig. 13C, a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 103 is deposited on the SrTiO 3 thin film 102 and an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 104 is deposited on the NdGaO 3 substrate 101. On the overall surface of the resulting structure, there is deposited a NdGaO 3 ultra thin film 110 serving as a barrier layer, followed by covering a mask 108 on a portion which is designed to be a junction to obtain a structure as shown in Fig. 13D. Then, an interlayer insulator 106 composed of a SrTiO 3 thin film is formed by deposition, the mask 108 is removed, and an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film is deposited at a substrate temperature of, for example, 750°C, which is indicated in broken line in Fig. 3 on the overall surface to obtain a structure as shown in Fig. 12. By the procedure described above, a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 107 is deposited on the SrTiO 3 thin film 106 while an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 111 is deposited on the NdGaO 3 substrate 101. As a result, a junction is realized in which only the junction electrodes 111 and 104 sandwiching the barrier layer 110 constituting the junction are a-axis oriented, with wiring portions other than the junction portion being c-axis oriented. Example 7 Fig. 14 is a cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction according to a seventh example. In Fig. 14, reference numeral 101 designates a NdGaO 3 substrate, 102 is a SrTiO 3 thin film, 103 is a lower electrode composed of a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film, and 104 is a lower electrode composed of an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film. This example differs from Examples 1 and 3 in that in this example, before the SrTiO 3 thin film 102 is deposited on the substrate 101, the substrate 101 is etched to a depth equal to the thickness of the thin film 102 to be deposited subsequently with using a mask 108 to protect a portion on which a junction is designed to be formed. This increases contact area in which an a-axis oriented portion constituting the junction and a c-axis oriented portion constituting a wiring contact each other, i.e., current density, and additionally achieves leveling which increases process margin. While explanation has been made hereinabove on the case where a lower electrode is embedded, embedding interlayer insulator immediately below the upper electrode as described in Examples 5 and 6 above increases contact area in the boundary region at which an a-axis oriented portion constituting a junction of the upper electrode and a c-axis oriented portion constituting a wiring. While explanation has been made in Examples 4 to 7 on the use of SrTiO 3 (lattice mismatch: 1.1%), NdGaO 3 (lattice mismatch: 0.3%), YBa 2 Cu 3 O x as a superconducting material thin film in Examples 4 to 7, it is obvious to one skilled in the art that the same effects can be obtained so far as a deposition temperature is set up at which temperature a superconducting thin film deposited on two different materials having different lattice mismatches one from another is a-axis oriented on one of the materials which has a smaller lattice mismatch and c-axis oriented on the other of the materials, i.e., the material having a larger lattice mismatch. In this example, the substrate itself and a thin film are used as materials on whose surfaces a lower electrode is to be deposited. However, needless to say, the same or similar effects can be obtained with two or more thin film materials having different lattice mismatches deposited on the substrate in the same manner as the substrate surfaces prior to deposition of upper electrode as described in Examples 5 and 6 (Fig. 9C and Fig. 13C, respectively). Example 8 Fig. 15 is a cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction according to an eighth example. In Fig. 15, reference numeral 201 is a StTiO 3 substrate, 202 is a NdGaO 3 thin film, 203 is a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film as a lower integrated circuit, 204 is an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film serving as an interlayer wiring, 205 is a SrTiO 3 interlayer insulator, and 206 is a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film serving as an upper electrode. Here, the thin film in the integrated circuit is composed of a c-axis oriented thin film (direction of a smaller coherence length is perpendicular to a surface of the substrate), and the interlayer wiring 204 is composed of an a-axis oriented thin film (direction of a smaller coherence length is parallel to a surface of the substrate). Current which flows through the interlayer wiring transmits through the thin film 203 in the lower integrated circuit to the interlayer wiring 204 and then to the thin film 206 in the upper integrated circuit. On this occasion, current flows more easily in a plane parallel to a surface of the substrate (c-axis oriented thin film) in the thin film 203 while in the interlayer wiring 204, current flows more easily in a direction perpendicular to a surface of the substrate (a-axis oriented thin film), and further, in the thin film 206, current flows more easily in a plane parallel to a surface of the substrate (c-axis oriented thin film). This is an important feature of the device according to this example. Next, fabrication of the device according to this example will be explained referring to Figs. 16A through 16D, in which reference numerals 201 to 206 designate same or like parts or members shown in Fig. 15, and 207 is a mask. Fig. 16A illustrates a state in which a mask 207 is formed on, for example, a SrTiO 3 substrate 201 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 1.1%. Then, for example, a NdGaO 3 layer 202 having a lattice mismatch with respect to YBa 2 Cu 3 O x of 0.3% is deposited on a portion other than that covered with the mask 207. After the mask 207 is removed, the structure shown in Fig. 16B is obtained. Then, on the overall surface of the substrate, there is deposited a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film at a substrate temperature of 750°C, for example, which is shown in broken line in Fig. 3. As a result, a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 203 is deposited on the SrTiO 3 substrate 1 and an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 204 is deposited on the NdGaO 3 thin film 202, as shown in Fig. 16C. Then, a mask 207 is arranged on the a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 204 serving as an interlayer wiring to obtain a structure shown in Fig. 16D. Next, a SrTiO 3 interlayer insulator 205 is deposited and the mask 207 is removed, followed by depositing a YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film 206 in an upper integrated circuit. As a result, the c-axis oriented thin film 206 grows on the SrTiO 3 interlayer insulator 205 while the a-axis oriented thin film grows on the interlayer wiring 204 as shown in Fig. 15. As described above, there can be realized c-axis oriented lower and upper thin films 203 and 206 that have a-axis oriented thin film portions only in the interlayer wiring portion. Example 9 Fig. 17 is a cross sectional view showing a superconducting vertical junction according to a ninth example. In Fig. 17, reference numeral 201 designates a SrTiO 3 substrate, 202 is a NdGaO 3 thin film, 203 is a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film as a lower integrated circuit, 204 is an a-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film serving as an interlayer wiring, 205 is a SrTiO 3 interlayer insulator, and 206 is a c-axis oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film serving as an upper electrode. This example differs from Example 1 in that in this example, before the NdGaO 3 thin film 202 is deposited on the SrTiO 3 substrate 201, the substrate 201 is etched to a depth equal to the thickness of the thin film 202 to be deposited subsequently with using a mask to protect a portion on which a junction is designed to be formed. This increases contact area at which an a-axis oriented portion constituting the junction and a c-axis oriented portion constituting a wiring contact each other, i.e., current density, and additionally achieves leveling which increases process margin. While explanation has been made hereinabove on the case where a lower electrode is embedded, embedding interlayer insulator immediately below the upper electrode as described in Examples 5 and 6 above increases contact area in the boundary region at which an a-axis oriented portion constituting a junction of the upper electrode and a c-axis oriented portion constituting a wiring. While explanation has been made above on the use of SrTiO 3 (lattice mismatch: 1.1%), NdGaO 3 (lattice mismatch: 0.3%), YBa 2 Cu 3 O x as a superconducting material thin film, it is obvious to one skilled in the art that the same effects can be obtained so far as a deposition temperature is set up at which temperature a superconducting thin film deposited on two different materials having different lattice mismatches one from another is a-axis oriented on one of the materials which has a smaller lattice mismatch and c-axis oriented on the other of the materials, i.e., the material having a larger lattice mismatch. In this example, the substrate itself and a thin film are used as materials on whose surfaces a lower electrode is to be deposited. However, needless to say, the same or similar effects can be obtained with two or more thin film materials having different lattice mismatches deposited on the substrate in the same manner as the substrate surfaces prior to deposition of upper electrode.

Claims: A superconducting thin film grain boundary junction (5) device, comprising: a substrate (1); first and second monocrystal regions provided on said substrate (1) and having lattice-mismatches with respect to a superconductor represented by formula LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and x satisfies 6<x<7, wherein the lattice mismatch of said first monocrystal region is exceeding 1% and the lattice mismatch of said second monocrystal region is not exceeding 1%; a superconducting thin film (3, 4) composed of a superconductor represented by formula LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and x satisfies 6<x<7, said superconducting thin film (3) in said first monocrystal region having a c-axis perpendicular to a surface of said superconducting thin film, and said superconducting thin film (4) in said second monocrystal region having an a-axis perpendicular to a surface of said superconducting thin film. Device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said substrate (1) consists of a material selected from the group consisting of Nd:YAlO 3 , LaAlO 3 , SrLaGaO 4 . NdGaO 3 , PrGaO 3 , LaGaO 3 , SrTiO 3 and MgO. Device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said substrate (1) consists of SrTiO 3 and a PrGaO 3 -layer (2) is provided between the substrate (1) and the first monocrystal region (4) of said superconducting thin film (3, 4). Device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said substrate (1) consists of PrGaO 3 and a SrTiO 3 -layer (2) is provided between the substrate (1) and the second monocrystal region (3) of said superconducting film (3, 4). A method for fabricating a thin film grain boundary junction (5) device, comprising the steps of: providing a substrate (1); forming on a surface of said substrate at least two monocrystal regions having lattice mismatches with respect to a superconductor represented by formula LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and x satisfies 6<x<7, wherein the lattice mismatches of at least one of said at least two regions are exceeding 1% and the lattice mismatches of at least one other of said at least two monocrystal regions are not exceeding 1%; simultaneously forming on said first and second monocrystal regions a thin film (3, 4) of a superconductor represented by formula LnBa 2 Cu 3 O x wherein Ln represents yttrium or a lanthanide, and x satisfies 6<x<7, at a substrate temperature from 550° to 850°C and an oxygen pressure from 1,33 x 10 -8 bar (1 x 10 -5 Torr) to 1,33 x 10 -2 bar (10 Torr), in such a manner that axes of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate of said thin film (3) in said monocrystal regions where lattice mismatches thereof is exceeding 1% are c-axes, and axes of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate of said thin film (3) in said monocrystal regions where lattice mismatches thereof is not exceeding 1% are a-axes. Method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said substrate (1) consists of a material selected from the group consisting of Nd:YAlO 3 , LaAlO 3 , SrLaGaO 4 , NdGaO 3 , PrGaO 3 , LaGaO 3 , SrTiO 3 and MgO. Method as claimed in any of claims 5 or 6, comprising the steps: a) providing a substrate (1) consisting of SrTiO 3 , b) covering a part of the surface of said substrate (1) by a mask (6), c) depositing a PrGaO 3 -layer (2) on a part of the surface which is uncovered by the mask (6), d) removing the mask (6), and e) depositing said thin film (3, 4) of the superconductor on the overall surface of said substrate (1), wherein the axis of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate (1) of said thin film (3) on said substrate (1) is a c-axis, and the axis of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate (1) of said thin film (4) on said PrGaO 3 -layer (2) is an a-axis. Method as claimed in any of claims 5 or 6, comprising the steps: a) providing a substrate( 1) consisting of PrGaO 3 , b) covering a part of the surface of said substrate (1) by a mask (6), c) depositing a SrTiO 3 -layer (2) on a part of the surface of said substrate (1), which is uncovered by the mask (6), d) removing the mask (6), and e) depositing said thin film (3, 4) of the superconductor on the overall surface of said substrate (1), wherein the axis of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate (1) of said thin film (3) on said SrTiO 3 -layer (2) is a c-axis, and the axis of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate (1) of said thin film (4) on said substrate (1) is an a-axis. Method as claimed in any of claims 5 or 6, comprising the steps: a) providing a substrate(1) consisting of PrGaO 3 , b) covering a part of the surface of said substrate (1) by a mask (6), c) etching the substrate (1) to some depth, d) depositing a SrTiO 3 -layer (2) on the etched portion of said substrate (1), e) removing the mask (6), and f) depositing said thin film (3, 4) of the superconductor on the overall surface of said substrate (1), wherein the axis of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate (1) of said thin film (3) on said SrTiO 3 -layer (2) is a c-axis, and the axis of orientation perpendicular to a surface of said substrate (1) of said thin film (4) on said substrate (1) is an a-axis.

Inventors: KOBAYASHI JUNYA, MIYAZAWA SHINTARO, MUKAIDA MASASHI, KOBAYASHI, JUNYA, MIYAZAWA, SHINTARO, MUKAIDA, MASASHI
Applicants: NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE, NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION
Application year: 1993
Main classification: H01L39
IPC codes: H01L39