Secondary battery and manufacturing method therefor

Abstract: A secondary battery is comprised a positive electrode, an electrolyte and a negative electrode which intercalates lithium reversibly. The negative electrode uses a carbon compound having a crystal structure of graphite, and the carbon compound having carbon (C) being partially replaced by both boron (B) and nitrogen (N) and having a formula BC₃N or the carbon compound having carbon (C) being partially replaced by boron (B) and having a formula BC₃. In the battery, the positive electrode may be a metal chalcogen or metal oxide, such as FeS₂, MoS₂, TiS₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₃, LiFeO₂, LiCoO₂ and MnO₂. The electrolyte may be a nonaqueous electrolyte or a solid electrolyte. The non-aqueous electrolyte uses an organic solvent and a lithium salt.

Description: This invention relates to a secondary battery using lithium, as an active material, and further to an improvement of a negative electrode. Description of the prior art Currently, materials for use as a negative electrode, in a secondary battery using lithium, may be comprised of carbon compounds, including coke and the like, are tested for lithium metal content. The metals are tested because the carbon compounds have superior reversibility on charge-discharge cycles and substantially prevent electrical deposition from a mossy lithium on a surface of the negative electrode. However, carbon compounds of coke or the like, are not always a suitable material for the negative electrode. A long cycle life or a decrease of charging frequency, do not always produce a sufficient discharge capacity. For example, ordinary materials such as coke have an electrical capacity of about 240 mAh/g. When using coke for the negative electrode to obtain an AA size secondary battery, the maximum capacity of the battery has about 350 mAh, or at most 400 mAh. Research reported by YAMAGUCHI UNIV. and CENTRAL GLASS Co., discusses carbon compounds having a formula BC 2 N. However, these carbon compounds involve comparatively high level of nitrogen (N), and the conductivity of these carbon compounds are low. Therefore, carbon compounds need to be improved to be used as negative electrode material. Accordingly, a primary object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a secondary battery with improved battery characteristics, such as an improved discharge capacity. Another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a high capacity negative electrode for the battery. Still another object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method for a battery with a high discharge capacity. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a secondary battery, comprising, a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a negative electrode which intercalates lithium reversibly; wherein said negative electrode comprises a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke, said carbon compound having carbon (C) being partially replaced by both boron (B) and nitrogen (N) and having a formula of BC 3 N. According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a secondary battery, comprising, a positive electrode, an electrolyte, and a negative electrode which intercalates lithium reversibly; wherein said negative electrode comprises a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke, said carbon compound having carbon (C) being partially replaced by boron (B) and having a formula of BC 3 . The material for said positive electrode is preferably a chalcogen or metal oxide, such as FeS 2 , MoS 2 , TiS 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiFeO 2 , LiCoO 2 and MnO 2 . The electrolyte may be a non-aqueous electrolyte comprised of an organic solvent and a lithium salt, or a solid electrolyte. According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a negative electrode for a secondary battery, comprising a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke and having carbon (C) being partially replaced by both boron (B) and nitrogen (N), said carbon compound intercalating lithium reversibly and having a formula of BC 3 N. According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a negative electrode for a secondary battery, comprising a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke and having carbon (C) partially replaced by boron (B) said carbon compound intercalating lithium reversibly and having a formula BC 3 . According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for manufacturing a negative electrode for a secondary battery having lithium as an active material; said method comprising the steps of: mixing boron nitride (BN) with pitch coke in a weight ratio ranging from 5:95 to 50:50 to obtain a mixture; and heat-treating said mixture under an inert atmosphere at temperature ranging from 2000°C to 3000°C for a time duration ranging from 5 hours to 16 hours to obtain a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke, and having carbon (C) being partially replaced by both boron (B) and nitrogen (N). In the above method the carbon compound preferably has a formula of BC 3 N. According to a sixth aspect of sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for manufacturing a negative electrode for a secondary battery having lithium as an active material, said method comprising the steps of: mixing a compound selected from a group of boron (B) and boron compound with pitch coke in a weight ratio ranging from 5:95 to 50:50 to obtain a mixture; and heat-treating said mixture under an inert atmosphere at temperature ranging from 2000°C to 3000°C for time duration ranging from 5 hours to 16 hours to obtain a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke and having carbon (C) being partially replaced by boron (B). In the above method the carbon compound preferably has a formula of BC 3 , and the boron compound is preferably selected from a group consisting of boron carbide (B 4 C), boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) and boron halide (BCl 3 , BF 3 , BBr 3 , BI 3 ). Preferably the boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) should be mixed with pitch coke in a weight ratio ranging from 7:93 to 15:85, the preferred weight ratio being 10:90. These and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become apparent from the following description thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings which illustrate specific embodiments of the invention. In the drawings: FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional illustration of a secondary battery in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, FIG.2 is a graph showing the relationship between a charge/discharge capacity and a voltage potential of an embodiment of the present invention. The following detailed descriptions is of the best present contemplated mode of carrying out the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating general principles of embodiments of the invention. The scope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims. In an embodiment of the present invention, using a carbon compound in accordance with appended claims with part of the carbon elements replaced by boron (B) or nitrogen (N) for a negative electrode with a large capacity, increases an amount of intercalated lithium. As a result, a secondary batter's capacity is increased. A crystal structure of the carbon compound in an embodiment of the present invention, is suitable as long as the carbon compound has a lower level of crystallinity than coke. In an embodiment of the present invention, the carbon compound has a high capacity of about 375 mAh/g for the negative electrode. Therefore, the secondary battery using this negative electrode may obtain a 500 mAh to 600 mAh discharge capacity in an AA battery size. Thus, the secondary battery provides a substantially higher discharge capability than the prior art battery discharge capacity of 350 mAh to 400 mAh. In the preferred embodiments, the carbon compound is mixed with a binder, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidenfluoride (PVdF) or the like, to obtain a mixture. The mixture is then pressed on to a conductive plate for use as a negative electrode. On the other hand, in embodiments of the present invention, suitable material for the positive electrode may be metal chalcogens (FeS 2 , MoS 2 , TiS 2 or the like) or metal oxide (LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiFeO 2 , LiCoO 2 , MnO 2 or the like). These materials are mixed with a binder and a conductive agent to obtain a mixture, which is then used for the positive electrode. The conductive agent may include acetylene black, KETJEN BLACK, coke, artificial graphite, natural graphite and kish graphite. KETJEN BLACK is produced by KETJEN BLACK INTERNATIONAL COMPANY. In preferred embodiments, a non-aqueous electrolyte is used. The non-aqueous electrolyte comprises an organic solvent, such as EC, PC, γ-BL, DMC, DME, DEC or a combination mixture, with a lithium salt, such as LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAsF 6 or the like. In further embodiments, a solid electrolyte such as LiI, PEO added to LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAsF 6 , or the like is suitable. Using such solid electrolytes, provides a high quality battery which is maintenance free because leakage of the electrolyte is prevented. Further embodied in the present invention, is a manufacturing method that mixes boron nitride (BN) with pitch coke. The mixture is heat-treated under an atmosphere of nitrogen gas in a temperature ranging from 2000°C to 3000°C. The reason for this temperature range is that the carbon compound represented by a formula BC 3 N is not formed under reaction temperatures of less than 2000°C while formed BC 3 N is broken down under reaction temperatures of more than 3000°C. Therefore, the temperature ranging from 2000°C to 3000°C is chosen for the manufacturing method. After mixing either boron (B) or boron compound with pitch coke, the mixture is heat-treated under an atmosphere of nitrogen gas in a temperature ranging from 2000°C to 3000°C. The reason for this is that reaction temperatures of more than 2000°C causes boron to intrude into a carbon structure, while setting the reaction temperatures less than 3000°C prevents the evaporation of carbon (C) and boron (B) and a decomposition from a carbon compound represented by a formula BC 3 FIRST EMBODIMENT {A secondary battery "A" of the present invention} A preparation of a positive electrode is described below. A material of LiCoO 2 for the positive electrode is mixed with acetylene black, a conductive agent, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a binder, in a weight ratio of 90:5:5 to obtain a mixture. The mixture is kneaded and then pressed onto a conductive plate of thin aluminum to obtain an electrode plate. Next, the electrode plate is heat-treated at a temperature of 250°C for 2 hours under a vacuum condition, to prepare the positive electrode. Preparation of a negative electrode is described below. Boron nitride (BN) and pitch coke (Lc=14A d=3.41Å) are mixed in a weight ratio of 30:70, and heat-treated under a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 2000°C for 16 hours. The resulting carbon compound is presented by a formula BC 3 N (Lc=300A, d=3.90). Identification of the carbon compound is carried out by elementary analysis, where the carbon compound is burned at the temperature of 2500°C under an air atmosphere. The burning provides material for a quantitative analysis of the generated gases, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO) and diboron trioxide (B 2 O 3 ). The acceptable carbon compound is mixed with a PTFE binder in a ratio of 95:5 to obtain a mixture for the negative electrode. The mixture is pressed onto a current collector comprising a thin aluminum plate to obtain an electrode plate for the negative electrode. Next, the electrode plate is heated under a vacuum condition at a temperature of 250°C in 2 hours, wherein the negative electrode for the secondary battery "A" is formed. An electrolyte is an organic solvent, which is comprised by a solvent mixture of ethylenecarbonate (EC) and dimethylcarbonate (DMC) added to a lithium salt (LiPF 6 ) in a amount of 1 mol/l, wherein the electrolyte for the secondary battery "A" is obtained. In the electrolyte, a volume ratio of EC:DMC is set at 1:1. The above positive electrode, the negative electrode and the electrolyte are combined with a separator and a case, wherein the secondary battery "A" is produced. The battery "A" typically has a cylindrical shape with a 14.22 mm diameter and a 50 mm height. The separator typically is composed of an ion permeative porous thin film of polypropylene or the like. A sectional diagram of the battery "A" of the present invention is shown in FIG.1. In FIG.1, 1 is the positive electrode, 2 is the negative electrode and 3 is the separator. The positive electrode 1 and the negative electrode 2 are separated by the separator 3, which is impregnated with an electrolyte. The positive electrode 1, the negative electrode 2 and the separator 3 are spiraled and put into the outer case 7. The positive electrode 1 is connected to the positive terminal 6 through a lead plate 4 and the negative electrode 2 is connected to the outer case 7 through a lead plate 5, respectively, wherein chemical energy generated in the battery "A" produces electrical energy. SECOND EMBODIMENT {A secondary battery "B" of the present invention} A second embodiment is obtained by changing the carbon compound of the battery "A". In preparation of the negative electrode, boron carbide (B 4 C) and pitch coke are mixed in a weight ratio of 10:90 and heat-treated under a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of approximately 2400°C for 16 hours. A carbon compound represented by a formula BC 3 (Lc=430Å, d=3.78) is obtained. Identification of the carbon compound is carried out by an elementary analysis in the same way as the first embodiment. The acceptable carbon compound is used for the negative electrode. A secondary battery "B" of the present invention is provided in the same way as that used for battery "A". {A secondary battery "C" for a comparative example} The battery "C" uses coke as a negative material. The coke and a PTFE binder are mixed in a weight ratio of 95:5 to obtain a negative electrode, prepared in the same way of the battery "A", wherein the battery "C" for the comparative example is produced. COMPARISON OF A CHARGE AND DISCHARGE CAPACITY Negative electrodes for the above described batteries "A", "B" and "C" are prepared, and charge and discharge capacities are tested. In the test, the negative electrode is used as a working electrode, and accordingly, the test is carried out by a tri-electrode method. FIG.2 shows charge and discharge characteristics of the negative electrode tested. In FIG. 2, the horizontal axis represents a charge and discharge capacity (mAh/g) per 1 gram of material used for the negative electrode, the vertical axis represents a negative electrode potential (V) in contrast with a single electrode potential of Li + /Li. According to FIG.2, the negative electrodes of battery "A" and "B", have a large discharge capacity (375 mAh/g is obtained.) during an interval of increasing the potential to 1 V. On the other hand, the negative electrode of the battery "C", has a small discharge capacity (Only 240 mAh/g is obtained). Therefore, batteries "A" and "B", have large discharge capacities from the materials used for negative electrodes. Further, the amount to capability of reversibly intercalated lithium is improved and capacities of the batteries can be increased. In the above described embodiments, the type of the batteries shown is a cylindrical type. However, it is understood that a coin shaped battery or flat shaped battery are available as embodiments of the present invention. While the description above refers to particular embodiments of the present invention, it will be understood that many modifications may be made. The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims.

Claims: A secondary battery, comprising: a positive electrode; an electrolyte; and a negative electrode which intercalates lithium reversibly; wherein said negative electrode comprises a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke, said carbon compound having carbon (C) being partially replaced by both boron (B) and nitrogen (N) and having a formula of BC 3 N. A secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein material for said positive electrode is selected from a group consisting of metal chalcogen and metal oxide. A secondary battery according to claim 2, wherein said material is selected from a group consisting of FeS 2 , MoS 2 , TiS 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiFeO 2 , LiCoO 2 and MnO 2 . A secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein said electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte comprised of an organic solvent and a lithium salt. A secondary battery according to claim 1, wherein said electrolyte is a solid electrolyte. A secondary battery, comprising: a positive electrode; an electrolyte; and a negative electrode which intercalates lithium reversibly; wherein said negative electrode comprises a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke, said carbon compound having carbon (C) being partially replaced by boron (B) and having a formula of BC 3 . A secondary battery according to claim 6, wherein material for said positive electrode is selected from a group consisting of metal chalcogen and metal oxide. A secondary battery according to claim 7, wherein said material is selected from a group consisting of FeS 2 , MoS 2 , TiS 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiFeO 2 , LiCoO 2 and MnO 2 . A negative electrode for a secondary battery, comprising a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke and having carbon (C) being partially replaced by both boron (B) and nitrogen (N), said carbon compound intercalating lithium reversibly and having a formula of BC 3 N. A negative electrode for a secondary battery, comprising a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke and having carbon (C) partially replaced by born (B) said carbon compound intercalating lithium reversibly and having a formula BC 3 . A method for manufacturing a negative electrode for a secondary battery having lithium as an active material; said method comprising the steps of: mixing boron nitride (BN) with pitch coke in a weight ratio ranging from 5:95 to 50:50 to obtain a mixture; and heat-treating said mixture under an inert atmosphere at temperature ranging from 2000°C to 3000°C for a time duration ranging from 5 hours to 16 hours to obtain a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke and having carbon (C) being partially replaced by both boron (B) and nitrogen (N). A method according to claim 11, wherein said carbon compound has a formula of BC 3 N. A method according to claim 11, wherein said secondary battery uses a positive electrode, said positive electrode being essentially composed of a material defined by one of metal chalcogen and metal oxide. A method according to claim 13, wherein said material is selected from a group consisting of FeS 2 , MoS 2 , TiS 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiFeO 2 , LiCoO 2 and MnO 2 . A method for manufacturing a negative electrode for a secondary battery having lithium as an active material, said method comprising the steps of: mixing a compound selected from a group of boron (B) and boron compound with pitch coke in a weight ratio ranging from 5:95 to 50:50 to obtain a mixture; and heat-treating said mixture under an inert atmosphere at temperature ranging from 2000°C to 3000°C for time duration ranging from 5 hours to 16 hours to obtain a carbon compound having a lower level of crystallinity than coke and having carbon (C) being partially replaced by boron (B). A method according to claim 15, wherein said carbon compound has a formula of BC 3 . A method according to claim 15, wherein said boron compound is selected from a group consisting of boron carbide (B 4 C), boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) and boron halide (BCl 3 , BF 3 , BBr 3 , BI 3 ). A method according to claim 15, wherein said boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) is mixed with pitch coke in a weight ratio ranging from 7:93 to 15:85. A method according to claim 18, wherein said weight ratio is 10:90. A method according to claim 15, wherein said secondary battery uses a positive electrode, said positive electrode being essentially composed by a material selected from a group consisting of FeS 2 , MoS 2 , TiS 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiFeO 2 , LiCoO 2 and MnO 2 .

Inventors: FUJIMOTO MASAHISA, MORIWAKI KAZURO, NISHIO KOJI, UENO KOJI, YOSHINAGA NORIYUKI, FUJIMOTO, MASAHISA, MORIWAKI, KAZURO, NISHIO, KOJI, UENO, KOJI, YOSHINAGA, NORIYUKI
Applicants: SANYO ELECTRIC CO, SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LIMITED.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: H01M4
IPC codes: H01M6, H01M4, C01B31, H01M10