STERILIZER TEST METHOD AND APPARATUS

Abstract: The operation of a steam sterilizer (200) is monitored by a test unit (100) and a controller which together comprise a system which can be operated in two principal method schemes: (1) the testing for completeness of air removal from a sterilizer chamber (202), and (2) the testing for effective sterilization conditions. These methods each have two principal modes of operation: (a) the performance of a Bowie and Dick type test, as is usually done on a once-a-day basis; and (b) monitoring the sterilizer (200) during load conditions. In a preferred embodiment a test unit (100) including temperature (122) and pressure sensors (124), a moisture sensor (126) and a heat sink (112) are positioned within the chamber (100) of a steam sterilizer (200) and transmit by radio (120) the conditions therein to an external controller (150). The test unit (100) can employ a replaceable cartridge (110) to assure effective operation even after a large number of cycles of operation.

Description: STERILIZER TEST METHOD AND APPARATUS DESCRIPTION Technical Field The invention relates to sterilizers and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for improving the assurance of effective operation of sterilizers, especially those of the prevacuum type. Reusable medical and surgical supplies must be cleaned and sterilized before storage for reuse. While absolute sterility may not be possible and testing for it is virtual¬ ly impossible, strict adherence to stringent procedures can provide confidence that no viable organisms should survive. Items like dressings, gowns, drapes, and instruments must be stored ready for use, and it is essential that procedures assure that no unprocessed packages are designated sterile. Steam sterilization is the preferred method for use on an ongoing basis in hospitals. Conventional hospital prac¬ tice entails the use of heat-activated indicator strips on each package to identify packages which have been treated in the sterilizer. The strips change color when heated suffi¬ ciently by the steam. A changed color strip does not, however, assure that the contents of the package have been heated sufficiently. This is assured only by rigorous adherence to established procedures for operating the ster¬ ilizer and for assuring its effectiveness when operated properly. The leakage of air, and to a lesser extent the quality of steam in terms of superheating or wetness, can prevent a steam sterilizer from achieving its objective even though the proper times and temperatures are indicated on the sterilizer instruments. Short cycle times are preferred, but can be effective only when saturated steam directly contacts the objects of sterilization to permit transfer of the latent heat of vaporization to the objects and any microbiological contamination. Superheated steam does not condense, giving up its latent heat, as readily as saturated steam. In this regard, superheated steam is similar to hot air which alone, can sterilize, but it takes much longer and has the further problem that it does not mix well with steam. As a practical matter, air is an insulator. Wet steam can also cause an insulating effect by wetting fabric and inhibiting penetration of steam. The presence of air in a steam sterilizer has always been a problem to be avoided. The pressure in the steriliz¬ er and the condensation of steam in the packages tends to concentrate the air deep within the packages — preventing direct steam contact with the objects. To better free the sterilizer of air, many modern steam sterilizers employ a preliminary evacuation step. It is essential that evacua¬ tion be effective and that air does not have a chance to inhibit sterilization. Unfortunately, leaks of air are not uncommon. One investigator (Joslyn, citing Darmody et al (1964) in Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation,' S. Block, Ed.; Third Edition, 1983, page 23,) reported that not one of ten prevacuum sterilizers tested was able to meet and maintain recommended conditions. In 1963, a test was suggested by researchers J. H. Bowie and J. Dick to determine if a prevacuum sterilizer was operating effectively in terms of air removal. (See J. H. Bowie, J. C. Kelsey, G. R. Thompson; The Bowie and Dick Autoclave Tape Test; The Lancet , March 16, 1963, pp 586-7) Their procedure employed preparing a test package containing at least about 25 Huckaback towels folded into eight thick¬ nesses and stacked to a height of 10 - 11 inches, a sheet of unglazed paper bearing a cross of a specific heat-sensitive tape placed in the middle of the stack, and a suitable wrap¬ ping. A nonuniform color change on the tape after subject¬ ing the package to a complete sterilization cycle, indicated that air was present and sterility could not be assured. A uniform color change (supported by a record showing a satis- factory time-temperature relationship in the chamber drain) indicated a satisfactory result and could be interpreted as showing rapid steam penetration, adequate air removal, and freedom from significant air leaks. The Bowie and Dick test was, however, subject to wide variations in the manner in which it was per- formed, and its results were very subjective. Indeed, one survey re¬ vealed that no two central service departments from a total of 35 interviewed, performed the Bowie and Dick test in the same way. (P. Ryan, The Bowie-Dick type test ... The dis- crepancies between theory and practice, Journal HSPD, March/April 1984, pp. 20-24.) Another survey indicated the accuracy of interpreting test scores was only 60-80% at the beginning of a study. (D. Mayworm, The Bowie-Dick type test ... Are there alternative ways?. Journal HSPD, March/April 1984, pp. 31-34.) The reliability of steam sterilizers in the medical field remains an active area of concern and research. Bowie and Dick type tests are typically run once a day and, if run and interpreted correctly, can determine only the condition of air leakage and can determine it only at that time. The sterilizer operations which are actually responsible for assuring the safety of patients are conduct¬ ed under load conditions and cannot be monitored with accu¬ racy with current technology. There is a present need for a more objective, less subjective, more accurate test for adequate air removal, as well as a test which can reliably, automatically monitor sterilization conditions. Background Art Over the years, a number of devices and techniques have been proposed to provide a greater degree of assurance that a sterilizer is operating effectively to exclude air which could prevent direct contact of steam with the objects being sterilized. In some cases, these have been adopted by hospitals convinced that they needed more reliability. Efforts to mechanically assure the complete removal of air from steam sterilizers have not been fully successful. Prior to the publication of the Bowie and Dick test in 1963, co-developer J. Dick had employed thermocouples in a sim- pier form of the test, one in a test package and another at the sterilizer drain. With most loads like the towel pack¬ age, however, it is not possible to predict the location of the air bubble with the certainty required. The published version of the test replaced the thermocouple with a heat-sensitive tape to better indicate the extent of air incorporation, but still required monitoring drain tempera¬ tures. In U.S. Patent No. 3,967,494, Joslyn disclosed a method and apparatus for detecting entrapped air in a steam steril- izer. The device is shown outside the steam chamber to enable quantitative measurement of the amount of air or other noncondensible gas at the chamber drain. The device is intended for use with a sterilizer of the type that employs steam to displace air. The device does not, howev¬ er, eliminate the need for a Bowie and Dick test. In U.S. Patent No. 4,372,916, Chamberlain and Cook monitor the temperature of the exhausted steam at the drain and the pressure within the chamber, and compare these to the steam table values to determine if all the air has been evacuated. The positioning of sensors within the chamber, especially by retrofitting, can, however, create further problem areas for future concern. In U.S. Patent No. 4,115,068, Joslyn describes a small device for indicating air inside a sterilization chamber of the type used with steam or ethylene oxide. The device includes an upright tube holding an indicator strip and a heat sink. Air is said to pass into the tube where it interferes with the steam contacting the indicator strip. Dyke and Oshlag comment on this arrangement in U.S. Patent No. 4,594,223, indicating that steam, which is less dense than air, is required to work against the weight of any accumulated air. To correct this, they describe a device having a depending glass chamber which permits air to settle to the bottom along with water from condensed steam. This device, like that of Joslyn, is simply a replacement for the Bowie and Dick test and requires interpretation of the test results — a source of frequent errors in the original Bowie and Dick test. This is true also of a related device dis¬ closed by Augurt in U.S. patent No. 5,066,464, which has a strip of heatsensitive material in a horizontally-disposed chamber. Similarly, U.S. Patent No. 4,486,387 to Augurt and U.S. patent No. 4,596,696 to Scoville, describe disposable test packages which have Bowie and Dick type test sheets which require interpretation. There remains a need for a method and apparatus to more objectively, reliably, and precisely determine the effective operation of a steam sterilizer. There is especially a need for a test which provides a positive indication of problems or the absence of them and decreases the probability that either (1) the test performance or (2) interpretation of the results will be dependent upon the skills of a particular operator — both, areas of concern in Bowie and Dick test¬ ing. Disclosure of Invention It is an object of the invention to provide a test method and apparatus to determine the effective air removal from a steam sterilizer with less subjectivity, and there¬ for, greater accuracy than the Bowie and Dick test. It is an object of the invention to provide an elec¬ tronic test method and apparatus for determining the effec¬ tiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer and thereby reduce common causes of error in Bowie and Dick type tests. It is another object of the invention to provide a method and apparatus for monitoring the sterilization condi¬ tions within a steam sterilizer as desired for a Bowie and Dick test cycle or operation under load conditions. It is another and more specific object of the invention to provide a method and apparatus for monitoring a steam sterilizer operation under load conditions for the presence of wet steam, superheated steam and air. It is an additional object of the invention to provide a reliable test method and apparatus for monitoring the opera¬ tion of prevacuum sterilizers which can determine the effec- tive evacuation of air and the quality of the steam in terms of superheating and/or wetness. It is yet another object of the invention to provide an apparatus and method for determining the effective air removal from the chamber of a steam sterilizer and/or steam quality therin by placing a portable test unit in the cham¬ ber and either recording the data sensed by the unit inter¬ nally or transmitting it by radio to a receiver outside the chamber. It is a further object of the invention to provide an early warning system for a steam sterilizer which can determine the effective air removal from a prevacuum steril¬ izer and/or steam quality therein by comparing real time readings to either or both of standard values and average values for recent test runs for both a Bowie and Dick test cycle mode and for operation under load conditions. It is yet another specific object of the invention to provide a method and apparatus for determining the effective air removal from the chamber of a steam sterilizer by plac- ing a portable test unit in the chamber and either recording the data of the unit internally or transmitting it to out¬ side the chamber by radio. These and other objects are accomplished by the present invention which provides methods and apparatus for determin- ing the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer and for monitoring the sterilization conditions therein. The apparatus provides a test device, a controller and a system which utilizes one or both. The methods achieve the objects of the invention in its broad as well as specific aspects. In one of its preferred forms, the test device compris¬ es: a wall member defining an elongated test cavity having an opening at one end to permit entrance of ambient gases; a temperature sensor capable of generating a signal (T r ) indicative, of the temperature at its location at an end of the test cavity opposite from said opening; and a heat sink located in said test cavity between said opening and said temperature sensor. In another of its preferred forms the test device will comprise: means for sensing the tempera¬ ture at a location within a sterilization chamber and generating a signal (T ) indicative thereof; and radio transmission means for transmitting signal T χ to a location outside of the sterilization chamber. In yet another, storage means are provided for storing signal Ψ within said chamber. The controller in one of its preferred forms comprises: means for receiving a signal (T r ) indicative of the tempera¬ ture at a predetermined location within the chamber of a steam sterilizer; means for generating a signal (T r ) indica¬ tive of a reference temperature, which can be either a preselected reference temperature such as the desired ster- ilization temperature or a calculated temperature such as the average of selected temperatures reported in the latest of a predetermined number of cycles of operation in either two modes (namely, (1) Bowie and Dick test or (2) operation under load) ; means for comparing signal T j _ to signal T_; and means for generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. The means for receiving the signal χ can comprise a radio receiver or connector means to electrically couple the controller to the test device. The system in one of its embodiments comprises: a test device capable of sensing the temperature at its location and generating a signal (T x ) indicative thereof; means for generating a signal (T_) indicative of a reference tempera¬ ture, as above; means for comparing signal T L to signal T r ; and means for generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the compari¬ son. The method of the invention in one of its forms com- prises: placing a test device capable of sensing a tem¬ perature within the chamber of a sterilizer and generating a signal (T χ ) indicative of the sensed temperature; generating a signal T χ ; generating a signal T_ indicative of a refer¬ ence temperature; comparing signal T 1 to signal T_; and generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will be better understood and its advan¬ tages will be more fully appreciated from the following detailed description., especially when read in light of the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 is a perspective view of a preferred system of the invention including a test unit inside the chamber of a steam sterilizer, positioned for recording test data and transmitting by radio to an external controller unit; Figure 2 is a perspective view of a preferred form of test unit of the invention; Figure 3 is a perspective view of a preferred form of controller unit of the invention; Figure 4 is a side elevation view of the controller unit shown in Figure 3, partially cut away to illustrate major components; Figure 5 is a side elevation view of the test unit shown in Figure 2, partially cut away to illustrate major compo¬ nents; Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 6-6 in Figure 5; . Figure 7 is a block diagram of the circuitry for a test unit such as shown in Figure 2; Figure 8 is a block diagram of the circuitry for a controller unit such as shown in Figure 3; Figure 8A is a block diagram illustrating a simplified circuitry for a controller unit; Figure 9 is a flow-chart depicting the operation of a preferred test unit according to the invention; and Figure 10 is a flow chart depicting the operation of a preferred controller unit according to the invention. - Description of Preferred Embodiments The description which follows will focus on a preferred test unit and a preferred controller which together comprise a preferred system of the invention. This apparatus will be described in terms of the performance of the two principal method features of the invention: (1) the testing for completeness of air removal from a sterilizer chamber, and (2) the testing for effective sterilization conditions. These methods will be illustrated for the two principal modes of operation: (a) the performance of a Bowie and Dick type test, as is usually done on a once-a-day basis; and (b) monitoring the sterilizer during load conditions. The invention will be described in the specific context of prevacuum steam sterilizers, but is not strictly limited to sterilizers of this type. Figure 1 illustrates a preferred system of the invention which includes a test unit 100 inside the chamber 202 of a sterilizer 200. The test unit is shown positioned near drain 204, for obtaining data and transmitting via radio frequency to controller 300 which is shown outside of the chamber 202. The system can operate by obtaining tempera¬ ture data alone or in combination with pressure and/or dispersed liquid moisture data. The data can be transmitted from the chamber by radio to provide real time monitoring, or it can be stored within the test unit 100 for later later transmission to controller 300 such as through electrical connection, infra red data transmission, or other suitable means. Whatever means of transmission are selected, a permanent archiveable record 302 can be generated by display means such as a thermal printer or a chart recorder. This enables accurate records to be kept, whether the system is operated in a mode to perform a Bowie and Dick type test (Bowie and Dick mode) or in a mode to monitor the operation of the sterilizer under load conditions (load mode). Figure 2 shows a preferred form of test device of the invention in greater detail, as do the partially cut away view of Figure 5 and the sectional view of Figure 6. The test unit 100 is seen to be comprised of two principal components, illustrated as a replaceable test module 110 and a data collection and transmission unit 120. In the embodi¬ ment shown, data is transmitted via radio circuitry from transmission unit 120 via antenna 108 as will be described in greater detail below. Preferably, means are also provid¬ ed to store the data within the unit 100 for later process¬ ing. It is also possible to provide a test unit such as 100 which is not equipped with radio transmission means. Figure 7 corresponds to Figure 5 by showing the major components in block diagram form. Included are an array of sensors 121, namely temperature sensor 122, pressure sensor 124, moisture sensor 126, and box temperature sensor 128. Temperature sensor 122 is preferably a solid state tempera¬ ture transducer, such as an Analog Devices (Maynard, MA) model AD 590 with a resolution of 0.5°F and a measurement range of 257 β -286°F. The pressure sensor 124 is preferably a pressure transducer as shown in Figures 5 and 6. The temperature sensor 122 and port 123 to the pressure sensor 124 are shown as component parts of replaceable test module 110. The moisture sensor 126 is desirably embedded within heat sink material 112 in the test module 110. The tempera¬ ture sensor 128 will be embedded within or closely associat- ed with the temperature-sensitive electronic components, such as multiplexer 130 within the transmission unit 120. The temperature sensor 128, can be similar to sensor 122 and is capable of generating a signal indicative of the tem¬ perature within the transmission unit 120 to warn of over- heating. The temperature sensor 122, senses the temperature within test cavity 115 located at a position in the steril¬ izer, usually near the drain 204, where it would be most sensitive to the presence of air. All of the test devices of the present invention have the capability of obtaining temperature data by sensing the temperature within a chamber 202 and generating a signal indicative of that temperature. The pressure sensor 124 is optional, but preferred, and provides the ability to sense the pressure at the location of the sensed temperature and to generate a signal which corresponds to it. The pressure sensor 124 is preferably located within the transmission unit 120, but is open to the test module 110 through port 123 which can simply be a tube which fits into the transducer. The moisture sensor 126, is also preferred, but option¬ al, and adds the ability to sense the presence of liquid water dispersed in the steam. Most modern sterilizers include moisture traps near the steam inlet, e.g. , at 206, to maintain wet steam at low levels, but it is an added advantage of the invention that assurance can be provided to reduce the chances that wet loads could result due to steam moisture contents greater than a target level, usually a maximum of 3%. Suitable for this purpose are moisture sensors such as those described by Smith in U.S. Patent No. 4,909,070. The replaceable test module 110 is designed to concen¬ trate air to the specific location of the temperature sensor 122. It is shown to simply comprise a wall member 114 which defines an elongated test cavity 115 having an opening 116 to one end to permit entrance of ambient gases, a tempera¬ ture sensor 122 as described, and a heat sink 112 in the cavity between the temperature sensor 122 and the opening 116. The heat sink can be of any suitable material which is capable of condensing steam and retaining the condensed steam therein. The heat sink material should be of a densi¬ ty, porosity and thermal conductivity to condense a suffi¬ cient amount of steam to cause air, if present, to collect at the end of the test chamber where the temperature sensor 122 is located. It is preferably absorbent enough to hold condensed water and, yet, dry rapidly. Gauzes or felts of cotton with or without metalic fibers should be effective as will standard central supply wrap or open-celled polymer foam. Under conditions of use the test unit is placed within sterilizer 200 and is subjected to a vacuum before steam is applied. Steam, when introduced, will enter opening 116 and will progress into cavity 115 wherein it will begin to condense in heat sink 112. If any air is present in the steam due to a defective chamber seal, such as rubber seal 208 (or defective vacuum pump or piping) , the air will remain uncondensed as the steam around it condenses. As this process continues, air, to the extent present, will concentrate at the rear of test cavity 115 and insulate the temperature sensor 122 from the heat of the steam. If the steam is too wet, this could cause wet loads which are difficult to dry and are more easily recontamina- ted and may interfere with obtaining effective temperature readings. It is therefore desired to employ a moisture sensor 126. The replaceable test module 110 is desirably in car¬ tridge form which can simply be snapped into and out of position (see Figure 5) . It is recommended that these modules be replaced periodically, e. g. weekly or monthly, and whenever subjected to excessively wet steam. Good hospital practice would dictate eliminating the variability which, could arise by using a wet test module or one which has been used for a period of time which would permit corro- sion of the sensors or degradation of the heat sink material 112 by steam. When employed in the load mode to monitor the conditions during sterilization, the cartridges may be changed after each cycle to assure that a dry cartridge at room temperature is present at the start of each run. These cartriges may be reused several times. In one embodiment, it is desireable to provide means for preventingoperation of the unit in the load mode unless the cartridge has been replaced. Another feature of the cartridge is the provision of bottom wall 119 which slopes away from the sensors to pre¬ vent liquid water from collecting at that location. When placed on a level surface, liquid water flows toward opening 116. Referring again to Figure 5, the transmission unit 120 is shown to -have a casing 129 with an internal layer of insulation 127 (shown here as foamed plastic) and an exter¬ nal handle 125 for ease of handling. Potting in a high— mass, low-thermal-conductivity material is also effective. The casing and insulation together should provide tempera¬ ture protection for the sensitive internal components up to at least about 290°F, a vacuum of less than one-half inch of mercury and a pressure differential of at least 5 atmo- spheres. The transmitting antenna 108 is a length of 1/4— wave wire located perpendicular to the base of casing 129 which acts as a ground plane. Transmission of the data is effected by unit 150 shown in Figure 5 which includes UART 152 (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter) , modem 156 and radio transmitter 158. Specifically, the UART can be an Intersil 6402 unit and the modem and transmitter can be combined as in an FM unit such as a Motorola RNet 9600 series. Power is preferably provid¬ ed by a battery pack, preferably rechargeable. Figure 7 shows, in addition to the multiplexer 130 which receives the signals from the sensors and distributes them as called for, a signal processing unit 140 and a transmit¬ ter and modem unit 150. A suitable transmittter is an RNet 9600 unit manufactured by Motorola Inc. Radius Division, Schaumberg, IL, which transmits at 464 MHz FM with a fre¬ quency deviation of 7.5 KHz. The signal processing unit 140 can include an analog to digital converter (ADC) which digitizes the analog signals from the multiplexer, a timing and control unit 144 which instructs the multiplexer on the distribution of signals from the sensors to the ADC 142. The sensors are in one embodiment sequentially sampled at a 2 Hz rate and digitized to 6 bits, and two address bits are appended to identify from which of the four sensors the data word is generated. The 8-bit words are applied sequentially to UART 152 which converts them to a standard 9600 baud even parity 2-stop bit message. A microprocessor 146 can be employed to enable storage and manipulation of digitized signals from the sensors. For example, a microprocessor or other controller can receive signals representative of the temperature within the steril¬ izer, compare this to a signal representative of a designat¬ ed temperature (T 0 ) for powering up the transmitter, and subject to the results of the comparison, either waiting or powering up the transmitter to send data to the external controller 300. Similarly, the same sequence can be fol¬ lowed to shut down the unit when the temperature drops below T 0 . Also the unit can be shut down and a warning given when the temperature exceeds a preselected upper value. The microprocessor can also be provided with means to store the sensor data for transmission to the controller or other signal processor only after removal from the chamber. To facilitate this type of transfer, a-hard data link such as by female receptacle 128 on the test device 100 and a male plug 310 on the control unit can be provided to elec¬ trically couple the two units. Alternatively, other data transmission means, including those based on infrared trans¬ mission, can be employed. Figures 3 and 4 show the principal components of a preferred controller 300 according to the invention, and Figure 8 shows the arrangement of the components in a block diagram. The controller can display the test results in printed form 302 in any desired format and can provide real time indication of conditions on displays (e.ςr. , liquid crystal) for temperature 304 and pressure 306. Data on the conditions inside the steam sterilizer chamber is received preferably by radio, employing antenna 308. Alternatively, as discussed above, the data can be transmitted after the transmitter unit is removed from the sterilizer through a wired data link employing male plug 310. The face of the controller is also shown to include indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes) which provide visual warning of a wet condition 312 in the sterilizer and confirmation of effec¬ tive reception 314 of transmission from the transmission unit. Power can be provided from standard current through line 311 or from a designated source, as desired. In its preferred form, the system will be capable of operation in at least of two modes: (1) a Bowie and Dick test mode, typically run once a day (e. g. , each morning) on an empty sterilizer, and (2) a test under load. The partic¬ ular reference temperatures, and if employed, reference pressures and moistures which are referred to to determine the effectiveness of operation of the sterilizer, will differ depending on whether or not a load is present. Accordingly, the controller must be set for the particular mode for each cycle of operation and be programmed with the reference conditions for that mode. The load mode reference conditions will typically be unique to an individual steril¬ izer. The microprocessor is preferably programmed to re¬ ceive reference temperature, pressure and moisture data by a trained operator, periodically, via data link such as 310. Reference to Figure 8 shows a user program data block 311 which can be a keyboard, disk drive or other suitable data entry device. To assure that the proper mode of operation has been selected by the operator, a mode switch 318 includes a light source which will flash until a mode (as displayed on panel 316) is selected by actuating the switch. The controller preferably includes means which prevent the test cycle from beginning and any report to be printed until the mode switch is activated. The controller components are illustrated in block form for a preferred device in Figure 8 and for a simplified version in Figure 8A. This latter Figure shows a radio receiver 320 which receives the data transmission from the transmitter in test unit 100 inside the steam sterilizer 200 and sends the data to UART 330. The UART 350, address decode unit 340 manipulates the data and distributes the designated signals to digital to analog converters (DAC) , e. g. strobe driven, (362, 364, 366 and 368) as needed to display the temperature 372, pressure 374, moisture 376 and transmitter temperature 378. Of these, the temperature display 372 is most preferred. The moisture is preferably " handled simply by a warning light, and excessive tempera¬ tures within the transmitter itself are noted by visual indicator similar to wet indicator 312, which can be accom¬ panied by an audible warning. The operation of a preferred system can be followed by viewing Figures 9 and 10. Figure 9 is a preferred flow diagram for the operation of a test unit 100, and Figure 10 is a preferred flow diagram for the operation of a control¬ ler 300. Figure 8 is a preferred embodiment of a controller in block diagram form showing a receiver 320, a modem 330, a UART 350, and a microprocessor 380 which drives the condi- tion monitors 372, 374, 376 and 378. The microprocessor is instructed as to the mode of operation by mode switch 382, and other data can be input by user program data entry device 311 which can be a keyboard, disc drive, or the like. Output to printer 390 will generate a printed report. In one preferred Bowie and Dick mode operation, a ster¬ ilizer having a preliminary vacuum cycle is opened and the test unit 100 is placed therein. The sterilizer cycle is then begun, and a vacuum is drawn for the designated period of time. This is followed by the introduction of steam at a designated temperature (e.gr., 285°F) for a designated time (e. g. , 3.5 minutes). The test unit continuously monitors the temperature. Analog data from this and other transduc- ers is continuously digitized and presented to the micropro¬ cessor. When the temperature reaches a designated T 0 value, the test unit is turned on to collect and store test temperature values, T_ and P-. Temperature T 1 and the signal generated are indicative of the temperature at the location of temper¬ ature sensor 122 in cavity 115. Pressure Pi and the signal generated, are indicative of the pressure within cavity 115. Stored within memory is reference temperature information, and a signal T r is generated indicative of this reference temperature. The reference tempeature can be a predeter¬ mined temperature, e. g. 285°F, or a calculated value based on a computed average of selected values from earlier runs, e. g. , the last ten Bowie and Dick mode temperatures. When the comparison of Ti to T r indicates that the desired tem- perature has been reached, sampling for x is conducted. The test data is then converted from analog to digital and either stored coded and transmitted. The controller 300 or functional equivalent preferably receives transmitted test data and processes it in accor- dance with Figure 10. The controller receives and stores data indicative of T_, P x and K l t and then compares signal T x to a stored signal T r which is typically the intended ster¬ ilization temperature. If this test is met and if pressure data is being treated, signal P x will be compared to signal P r indicative of a reference pressure. The reference pres¬ sure can be a pressure obtained from stored steam table information to indicate the pressure for saturated steam at that temperature with or without a designated tolerance. For example, the signal P r can take into account a permiss- able 5° or 10"F degrees of superheat. In other words P r can be slightly higher than the value for saturated steam at ^ After comparison for temperature, and if desired pressure, the logic is queried to assure that the test time, or short- er time for the comparison, has not expired. Moisture data can then be taken and compared to a reference moisture, and a report printed. In the load mode, various packages undergoing steril¬ ization will be located within the sterilization chamber. Air from each may remain following evacuation. It is not possible to determine effective operation based on Bowie and Dick mode comparisons alone, but reference temperatures, pressures and moistures for this mode can be programmed into the microprocessor for comparisons during the load mode. Moreover, for both modes reference may be had to calculated values based on selected past data. In the Bowie and Dick mode this may be for the last ten final temperatures taken in this mode. In the load mode, a template of time and temperature readings characteristic of effective operation is preferred. The above description is for the purpose of teaching the person of ordinary skill in the art how to practice the invention, and is not intended to detail all of those obvi¬ ous modifications and variations of it which will become apparent to the skilled worker upon reading the description. It is intended, however, that all such obvious modifications and variations be included within the scope of the inven¬ tion which is defined by the following claims. The claims are meant to cover the claimed elements and steps in any arrangement or sequence which is effective to meet the objectives there intended, unless the context specifically indicates the contrary.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A method for determining the effectiveness of air remov¬ al from a steam sterilizer comprising: placing a test device capable of sensing a temperature within the chamber of a sterilizer and generating a signal (T χ ) indicative of the sensed temperature; generating a signal T χ ; generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a reference temperature; comparing signal T χ to signal T_; and generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein signal T 1 is transmitted by radio transmission to a receiver located outside of the chamber. 3. A method according to claim 1 which further includes the step of: displaying the results of said comparison in an archiveable, visual form. 4. A method according to claim 1 including the further step of calculating said reference temperature as the average of selected temperatures stored in the latest of a predeter- mined number of cycles of operation in a designated mode. 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the method is set in operation under load mode and the reference temperature is selected to provide appropriate sensitivity for determin¬ ing the effectiveness of air exclusion from the chamber under operational load conditions. 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the method is set in the Bowie and Dick mode and the reference temperature is selected to provide appropriate sensitivity for determining the effectiveness of air exclusion from the chamber under no load conditions. 7. A method according to claim 1 which further includes the steps of: storing signal T. within storage means within said chamber; removing said storage means from said chamber; linking said storage means to a logic circuit outside of said chamber to make said comparison; and displaying the results of said comparison in an archiveable, visual form. 8. A method according to claim 1 which further enables determining the quality of the steam in the chamber and includes the steps of: sensing the pressure within said chamber and generating a signal (P.) indicative thereof; identifying from steam table data the pressure for saturated steam at the temperature corresponding to signal T L and generating a signal (P_) indicative thereof; comparing signal P χ to signal P_; and generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 9. A method according to claim 8 including the further step of calculating said reference temperature as the average of selected temperatures stored in the latest of a predeter- mined number of cycles of operation in the given mode. 10. A method according to claim 8 wherein the method is set in the Bowie and Dick mode and the reference temperature is selected to provide appropriate sensitivity for determining the effectiveness of air exclusion from the chamber under no load conditions. 11. A method according to claim 8 wherein the method is set in operation under load mode and the reference temperature is selected to provide appropriate sensitivity for determin¬ ing the effectiveness of air exclusion from the chamber under operational load conditions. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein signal T 1 is transmitted by radio transmission to a receiver located outside of the chamber and the results of said comparison are displayed in an archiveable, visual form. 13. A method according to claim 1 which further enables determining the quality of the steam in the chamber and includes the steps of: sensing the moisture within said chamber and generating a signal (M χ ) indicative thereof; generating a signal (M r ) indicative of a reference moisture value; comparing signal M 1 to signal M_; and generating. a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 14. A method according to claim 13 which further includes the steps of: sensing the pressure within said chamber and generating a signal (P 1 ) indicative thereof; identifying from steam table data the pressure for saturated steam at the temperature corresponding to signal T χ and generating a signal (P_) indicative thereof; comparing signal T? to sig¬ nal P_; and generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 15. A test device for use in determining the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: a wall member defining an elongated test cavity having an opening at one end to permit entrance of ambient gases; a temperature sensor capable of generating a signal (T. indicative of the temperature at its location at an end of the test cavity opposite from said opening; and a heat sink located in said test cavity between said opening and said temperature sensor. 16. A test device according to claim 15 which further includes storage means for storing signal T χ within the chamber of a steam sterilizer. 17. A test device according to claim 15 which further includes means for sensing the pressure within said chamber and generating a signal (P indicative thereof. 18. A test device according to claim 15 which further includes means for sensing the moisture within said chamber and generating a signal (M indicative thereof. 19. A test device according to claim 15 wherein said heat sink comprises a porous material effective to condense steam under the conditions prevailing within a steam sterilizer operating satisfactorily. 20. A test device for use in determining the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: means for sensing the temperature at a location within a sterilization chamber and generating a signal (T χ ) indica- tive thereof; and radio transmission means for transmitting signal T χ to a location outside of the sterilization chamber. 21. A test device according to claim 20 which further includes means for sensing the pressure within said chamber and generating a signal (P χ ) indicative thereof. 22. A test device according to claim 20 which further includes means for sensing the moisture within said chamber and generating a signal (M χ ) indicative thereof. 23. A test device according to claim 20 which further includes means responsive to the signal T χ for initiating said transmission. 24. A controller for use in determining the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer, comprising: means for receiving a signal (T x ) indicative of the tem¬ perature at a predetermined location within the chamber of a steam sterilizer; means for generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a refer- ence temperature; means for comparing signal T_ to signal T r ;and means for generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 25. A controller according to claim 24 wherein said means for receiving the signal T x comprises a radio receiver. 26. A controller according to claim 24 wherein said means for receiving the signal x comprises connector means to electrically couple the controller to the test device. 27. A controller according to claim 24 wherein said refer- ence temperature is a preselected reference temperature. 28. A controller according to claim 27 wherein said prese¬ lected reference temperature is a desired sterilization temperature. 29. A controller according to claim 27 wherein said refer- ence temperature is a calculated temperature. 30. A controller according to claim 29 wherein said calcu¬ lated temperature is the average of the last temperatures reported in the latest of a predetermined number of selected cycles of operation in a given mode. 31. A controller according to claim 24 which further in¬ cludes a mode switch means activatable by an operator; means associated with said mode switch means to prevent completion of a test sequence until said switch is activated by the operator. 32. A system for determining the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: a test device capable of sensing the temperature at its location and generating a signal (T indicative thereof; means for generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a refer¬ ence temperature, which can be either a preselected refer¬ ence temperature such as the desired sterilization tempera¬ ture or a calculated temperature such as the average of the last temperature reported in the latest 10 cycles of opera- tion; means for comparing signal T x to signal T r ; and means for generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 33. A system according to claim 32 wherein said reference temperature is a preselected reference temperature. 34. A system according to claim 33 wherein said preselected reference temperature is the desired sterilization tempera¬ ture. 35. A system according to claim 32 wherein said reference temperature is a calculated temperature. 36. A system according to claim 35 wherein said calculated temperature is the average of selected temperatures reported in the latest of a predetermined number of cycles of opera¬ tion. 37. A system according to claim 32 wherein said test device further comprises: a wall member defining an elongated test cavity having an opening at one end to permit entrance of ambient gases; and a heat sink located in said test cavity between said opening and said temperature sensor which is located at an end of the test cavity opposite from said opening. 38. A system according to claim 32 which further includes: storage means for storing signal T 1 within the chamber of a steam sterilizer; a logic circuit outside of said chamber; means for linking said storage means to said logic cir¬ cuit to make said comparison; and means for displaying the results of said comparison in an archiveable, visual form. 39. A system according to claim 32 which further includes means for sensing the pressure within said chamber and generating a signal (P x ) indicative thereof. 40. A test device according to claim 32 which further includes means for sensing the moisture within said chamber and generating a signal (M x ) indicative thereof. 41. A system according to claim 32 which further includes radio transmission means for transmitting signal T x to a location outside of the sterilization chamber. AMENDED CLAIMS [received by the International Bureau on 4 October 1993 (04.10.93); original claims 1,13 and 32 amended; new claims 42-45 added; remaining claims unchanged (10 pages)] 1. A method for determining the effectiveness of air re¬ moval from a steam sterilizer comprising: placing a test device capable of concentrating air to the location of a temperature sensor and of sensing a temperature by means of said temperature sensor within the chamber of a ster¬ ilizer and generating a signal (T indicative of the sensed temperature, said test device including an elon¬ gated cavity having an opening to permit the entrance of steam and a heat sink capable of condensing steam; gener¬ ating a signal T ; generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a reference temperature; comparing signal T x to signal T r ; and generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. • 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein signal T. is transmitted by radio transmission to a receiver located outside of the chamber. 3. A method according to claim 1 which further includes the step of: displaying the results of said comparison in an archiveable, visual form. 4. A method according to claim 1 including the further step of calculating said reference temperature as the average of selected temperatures stored in the latest of a predetermined number of cycles of operation in a desig¬ nated mode. 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the method is set in operation under load mode and the reference tem¬ perature is selected to provide appropriate sensitivity for determining the effectiveness of air exclusion from the chamber under operational load conditions. 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the method is set in the Bowie and Dick mode and the reference tempera¬ ture is selected to provide appropriate sensitivity for determining the effectiveness of air exclusion from the chamber under no load conditions. 7. A method according to claim 1 which further includes the steps of: storing signal 1 1 within storage means within said chamber; removing said storage means from said chamber; linking said storage means to a logic cir¬ cuit outside of said chamber to make said comparison; and displaying the results of said comparison in an archive¬ able, visual form. 8. A method according to claim 1 which further enables determining the quality of the steam in the chamber and includes the steps of: sensing the pressure within said chamber and generating a signal (P indicative thereof; identifying from steam table data the pressure for saturat¬ ed steam at the temperature corresponding to signal T x and generating a signal (P r ) indicative thereof; comparing signal P 1 to signal P r ; and generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 9. A method according to claim 8 including the further step of calculating said reference temperature as the average of selected temperatures stored in the latest of a predetermined number of cycles of operation in the given mode. 10. A method according to claim 8 wherein the method is set in the Bowie and Dick mode and the reference tempera¬ ture is selected to provide appropriate sensitivity for determining the effectiveness of air exclusion from the chamber under no load conditions. 11. A method according to claim 8 wherein the method is set in operation under load mode and the reference tem¬ perature is selected to provide appropriate sensitivity for determining the effectiveness of air exclusion from the chamber under operational load conditions. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein signal T x is transmitted by radio transmission to a receiver located outside of the chamber and the results of said comparison are displayed in an archiveable, visual form. 13. A method according to claim 1 which further enables determining the quality of the steam in the chamber and wet pack conditions, and includes the steps of: by means of a moisture sensor in contact with the heat sink and capable of sensing liquid moisture, sensing liquid mois¬ ture and generating a signal (M 1 ) indicative thereof; generating a signal (M r ) indicative of a reference value; comparing M t to signal M r ; and generating a signal indica¬ tive of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 14. A method according to claim 13 which further in¬ cludes the steps of: sensing the pressure within said chamber and generating a signal (P indicative thereof; identifying from steam table data the pressure for satu¬ rated steam at the temperature corresponding to signal T x and generating a signal (P r ) indicative thereof; comparing signal P x to signal P r ; and generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 15. A test device for use in determining the effective¬ ness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: a wall member defining an elongated test cavity having an opening at one end to permit entrance of ambi¬ ent gases; a temperature sensor capable of generating a signal (T x ) indicative of the temperature at its location at an end of the test cavity opposite from said opening; and a heat sink located in said test cavity between said open¬ ing and said temperature sensor. 16. A test device according to claim 15 which further includes storage means for storing signal T x within the chamber of a steam sterilizer. 17. A test device according to claim 15 which further includes means for sensing the pressure within said cham¬ ber and generating a signal (P x ) indicative thereof. 18. A test device according to claim 15 which further includes means for sensing the moisture within said cham¬ ber and generating a signal (M x ) indicative thereof. 19. A test device according to claim 15 wherein said heat sink comprises a porous material effective to con¬ dense steam under the conditions prevailing within a steam sterilizer operating satisfactorily. 20. A test device for use in determining the effective¬ ness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: means for sensing the temperature at a location within a sterilization chamber and generating a signal (T indicative thereof; and radio transmission means for transmitting signal T. ^ to a location outside of the sterilization chamber. 21. A test device according to claim 20 which further includes means for sensing the pressure within said cham¬ ber and generating a signal (P indicative thereof. 22. A test device according to claim 20 which further includes means for sensing the moisture within said cham¬ ber and generating a signal (M x ) indicative thereof. 23. A test device according to claim 20 which further includes means responsive to the signal T x for initiating said transmission. 24. A controller for use in determining the effective¬ ness of air removal from a steam sterilizer, comprising: means for receiving a signal (T x ) indicative of the temperature at a predetermined location within the cham¬ ber of a steam sterilizer; means for generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a reference temperature; means for comparing signal T α to signal T r ; and means for generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the com¬ parison. 25. A controller according to claim 24 wherein said means for receiving the signal T x comprises a radio re¬ ceiver. 26. A controller according to claim 24 wherein said means for receiving the signal T x comprises connector means to electrically couple the controller to the test device. 27. A controller according to claim 24 wherein said reference temperature is a preselected reference tempera¬ ture. 28. A controller according to claim 27 wherein said preselected reference temperature is a desired steril¬ ization temperature. 29. A controller according to claim 27 wherein said reference temperature is a calculated temperature. 30. A controller according to claim 29 wherein said calculated temperature is the average of the last tem¬ peratures reported in the latest of a predetermined num¬ ber of selected cycles of operation in a given mode. 31. A controller according to claim 24 which further in¬ cludes a mode switch means activatable by an operator; means associated with said mode switch means to prevent completion of a test sequence until said switch is acti¬ vated by the operator. 32. A system for determining the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: a test device capable of sensing the temperature at its location and generating a signal (T x ) indicative thereof said test device comprising a temperature sensor and means, having an elongated cavity with an opening to permit the entrance of steam and a heat sink capable of condensing steam, for concentrating air to the location of said temperature sensor; means for generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a ref¬ erence temperature, which can be either a preselected reference temperature such as the desired sterilization temperature or a calculated temperature such as the aver- age of the last temperature reported in the latest 10 cycles of operation; means for comparing signal x to signal T r ; and means for generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the com¬ parison. 33. A system according to claim 32 wherein said refer¬ ence temperature is a preselected reference temperature. 34. A system according to claim 33 wherein said prese¬ lected reference temperature is the desired sterilization temperature. 35. A system according to claim 32 wherein said refer¬ ence temperature is a calculated temperature. 36. A system according to claim 35 wherein said calcu¬ lated temperature is the average of selected temperatures reported in the latest of a predetermined number of cy¬ cles of operation. 37. A system according to claim 32 wherein said test device further comprises: a wall member defining an elongated test cavity having an opening at one end to permit entrance of ambient gas¬ es; and a heat sink located in said test cavity between said opening and said temperature sensor which is located at an end of the test cavity opposite from said opening. 38. A system according to claim 32 which further in¬ cludes: storage means for storing signal T x within the cham¬ ber of a steam sterilizer; a logic circuit outside of said chamber; means for linking said storage means to said logic circuit to make said comparison; and means for displaying the results of said comparison in an archiveable, visual form. 39. A system according to claim 32 which further in¬ cludes means for sensing the pressure within said chamber and generating a signal (P x ) indicative thereof. 40. A test device according to claim 32 which further includes means for sensing the moisture within said cham¬ ber and generating a signal (M indicative thereof. 41. A system according to claim 32 which further in¬ cludes radio transmission means for transmitting signal T x to a location outside of the sterilization chamber. 42. A method for determining the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: placing a test device capable of concentrating air to the location of a temperature sensor and of sensing a temperature by means of said temperature sensor within the chamber of a sterilizer and generating a signal (T x ) indicative of the sensed temperature; generating a signal T x ; generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a reference temperature; compar¬ ing signal ~ \ ~ x to signal T r ; generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the temperature comparison; sensing the presence of liquid water dispersed in the steam; and comparing the sensed value of dispersed liquid water to a target level to thereby reduce the chances that wet loads could result due to steam moisture contents higher than the target level. 43. A method for determining the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: placing a test device capable of concentrating air to the location of a temperature sensor and of sensing a temperature by means of said temperature sensor within the chamber of a sterilizer and generating a signal (T x ) indicative of the sensed temperature; generating a signal T x ; transmitting signal T x to a location outside of the sterilization chamber; generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a refer¬ ence temperature; comparing signal T x to signal T r ; and generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the comparison. 44. A method for determining the effectiveness of air removal from a steam sterilizer comprising: placing a test device capable of concentrating air to the location of a temperature sensor and of sensing a temperature by means of said temperature sensor within the chamber of a sterilizer and generating a signal (T x ) indicative of the sensed temperature, said test device comprising an elon¬ gated cavity having an opening to permit the entrance of steam and containing a heat sink capable of condensing steam; generating a signal T x ; generating a signal (T r ) indicative of a reference temperature; transmitting sig¬ nal T x to a location outside of the sterilization chamber; comparing signal T x to signal T r ; generating a signal indicative of either a pass or fail condition based on the results of the temperature comparison; sensing the presence.cf liquid water dispersed in the steam; and comparing the sensed value of dispersed liquid water to a target level to thereby reduce the chances that wet loads could result due to steam moisture contents higher than the target level. 45. A method according to claim 13 wherein the value M x is sensed after a wait period following the temperature comparison.

Inventors: COLVIN RICHARD R, PERTEN HERBERT, COLVIN, RICHARD, R., PERTEN, HERBERT
Applicants: COLVIN RICHARD R, COLVIN, RICHARD, R.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: A61L2
IPC codes: A61L2