METHOD AND CIRCUIT FOR DRIVING LIQUID CRYSTAL ELEMENTS, AND DISPLAY APPARATUS

Abstract: The present invention aims at providing a driving method and a driving circuit which are capable of excellently driving even a liquid crystal element having a large number of electrodes and, moreover, excellent displaying performance; and a display apparatus. To achieve this object, the present invention provides a method of multiplex-driving a liquid crystal element having a liquid crystal layer between a scanning electrode-carrying substrate and a signal electrode-carrying substrate; and a display apparatus, which are characterized in that a liquid crystal element is driven with a plurality of scanning electrodes selected in order at once and with a period of time for selecting the same divided into a plurality of parts within one frame. When a liquid crystal element is driven in the above-mentioned manner, the contrast of a displayed image can be improved, and a driving method and a driving circuit for a liquid crystal element having excellent displaying performance, and a display apparatus can be provided.

Description: Technical Field The present invention concerns a driving method, and drive circuit for liquid crystal cells such as, for example, a liquid crystal display panel. The invention further concerns a liquid crystal display device. Background Technology In the prior art, multiplex driving based on the amplitude selective addressing scheme is known as one method of driving the liquid crystal cells mentioned above. Prior art Example 1 Fig. 21 shows a drawing of applied voltage waveforms that illustrate one example of the prior art driving method of multiplex driving a simple matrix type liquid crystal cell such as that shown in Fig. 22, which operates according to the amplitude selective addressing scheme. Figs. 21 (a) and 21 (b) show the voltage waveforms that will be applied to row electrodes X 1 and X 2 , respectively. Fig. 21 (c) shows the waveform to be applied to column electrode Y 1 . Fig. 21 (d) shows the voltage waveform that will be applied to the pixel defined by the column electrode Y 1 and the row electrode X 1 . In this example driving is performed by applying the row voltage to one line each of row electrodes X 1 , X 2 .... X n selected in sequence and by applying at the same time the column voltage to column electrodes Y 1 , Y 2 .... Y m depending on whether each pixel on the selected row electrode is ON or OFF. However, in order to select and drive the one line of the row electrodes mentioned above, it requires a relatively high voltage to achieve a good display. Prior art Example 2 A method designed to decrease the drive voltage mentioned above in which more than one address line (row electrode) is selected simultaneously in sequenceis disclosed in Proceedings of the SID, vol. 24, no. 3, 1983 Los Angeles, pp. 259-262, Ruckmongathan et al.: "New addressing technique for multiplexed liquid crystal displays" and further detailed in International Display Research Conference, 1988, pp. 80-85 Ruckmongathan: "A Generalized Addressing Technique for RMS Responding Matrix LCDs". As indicated above, Fig. 23 shows a drawing of one example of the conventional simultaneous selection and driving of a group comprising a plurality of row electrodes and sequential selection of the groups. In Fig. 23, (a) indicates the voltage waveforms applied to row electrodes X 1 and X 2 . (b) indicates the voltage waveforms applied to row electrodes X 3 and X 4 . (c) indicates the voltage waveform applied to column electrode Y 1 . (d) indicates the voltage waveform applied to the pixel defined by the column electrode Y 1 and the row electrode X 1 . This example is such that the display pattern shown in Fig. 22 mentioned above is displayed by sequentially selecting groups of two simultaneously selected row electrodes each. At first, two row electrodes, X 1 and X 2 , are selected and a row voltage such as that shown in Fig. 23 (a) is, for example, applied to each. At the same time, the designated column voltage, which is described below, is applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . Next, row electrodes X 3 and X 4 are selected and the same type of row voltage as that described above is applied to these. At the same time, column voltage is applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . One frame represents the selection of all row electrodes, X 1 to X n , and this cycle is repeated continuously. The voltage waveforms applied to the row electrodes described above use 2 h row-select patterns when the number of row electrodes that are selected simultaneously is h. In this example, the number of 2 2 = 4 row-select patterns are used. The column voltage applied to each column electrode Y 1 to Y m provides the same number of pulse patterns as that of the row select pulse patterns, and are determined by comparing the state of ON or OFF of pixels on simultaneously selected row electrodes with the state of positive or negative of the voltage pulses applied to these row electrodes. In this example, as shown in the previously described Fig. 23, when row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are selected and row voltages such as those in Fig. 23 (a) and Fig. 24 (a) are applied to them, and when the pixels on row electrodes X 1 and X 2 , are ON and OFF in sequence, the Y a column voltage waveform in Fig. 24 (b) is applied. When they are OFF and ON in sequence, the Y b column voltage waveform is applied. When they are both ON, the Y c column voltage waveform is applied. When they are both OFF, the Y d column voltage waveform is applied. The above-mentioned column voltage waveform is determined as follows. At first, it is defined that 1 represents the positive polarity of the voltage applied to a row electrode of the simultaneously selected row electrodes and -1 represents the negative polarity. Next, it is defined that -1 represents the ON display state of a pixel on each row electrode and 1 represents the OFF display state. Further, when the row-select pattern and the display data pattern are compared bit-by-bit, the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches is calculated. When the difference is two, V 2 is applied; when 0, V 0 is applied; and when -2, -V 2 is applied. For example, in the case of the above-mentioned column voltage waveform of Y a the display data pattern is [-1, 1] because the pixels on row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are ON and OFF, respectively. In contrast to this, pulse waveforms at the row electrodes, X 1 and X 2 , in the first half of time interval t 1 in Fig. 24 are both negative providing a row-select pattern of [-1, -1]. When these are compared in sequence, the first combination matches, being -1 and -1, but the next combination does not, being -1 and 1. Thus, the number of matches is 1 and the number of mismatches is also 1. Therefore, the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches is zero. Thus, zero volts will be applied to the first half of time interval t 1 of Y a . Next, concerning the pulse waveforms of the second half of the above described time interval t 1 , applied voltage of row electrode X 1 is positive and applied voltage of row electrode pulse X 2 is negative resulting in a row-select pattern of [1, -1]. When this is compared in sequence with the [-1, 1] display data pattern of the pixels described above, the number of matches is zero and the number of mismatches is 2. Thus, -V 2 volts will be applied to the second half of time interval t 1 . The pulse waveforms of the first half of time interval t 2 in Fig. 24 are represented by [-1, 1] because the voltage applied to row electrode X 1 is negative and the voltage applied to row electrode X 2 is positive. When these are compared with the display data pattern [-1, 1] of the pixels in sequence, the number of matches is two and the number of mismatches is zero. The difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches is 2. Thus, V 2 volts will be applied to Y a in the first half of time interval t 2 . Moreover, in the case of the pulse waveforms of the second half of time interval t 2 , the voltages applied to row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are both positive. Thus, the pattern is [1, 1]. When compared to the pixels' display data pattern of [-1, 1], the number of matches is 1 and the number of mismatches is 1, making the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches zero. Thus, zero volts will be applied to Y a for the second half of time interval t 2 . As for the other column voltage waveforms, Y b to Y d , the voltage will be set under the same type of guidelines as described above. In this regard, with the driving method of Fig. 23, when driving is according to the display pattern in Fig. 22, the display pattern on row electrodes X 1 and X 2 , which corresponds to column electrode Y 1 of Fig. 22, will be ON and OFF in sequence. Thus, a column voltage equivalent to the aforesaid Y a will be applied to column electrode Y 1 , as shown in Fig. 23 (c). In the examples above, the positive polarity of row-select voltage is represented by 1 and the negative by -1, and when the display state of each pixel is ON, it is represented by -1, when OFF, by 1. The column voltage waveforms were selected based on the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches. However, either may be 1 or -1. Moreover, it also is possible to set the column voltage waveforms based on only the number of matches or the number of mismatches, without having to calculate the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches. Prior art Example 3 Fig. 25 shows another example of the prior art in which a plurality of row electrodes are simultaneously selected and driven. In this example, a group of three lines each of the row electrodes are simultaneously selected at one time and the groups are selected in sequence in order to generate a display pattern, as shown in Fig. 26. In other words, initially three row electrodes, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , are selected and row voltages such as those shown in Fig. 25 (a) are applied to these row electrodes, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 . At the same time, the designated column voltages, to be discussed later, are applied to each column electrode Y 1 to Y m . Next, row electrodes X 4 , X 5 and X 6 , shown in Fig. 26, are selected and row voltage such as that in Fig. 25 (b) is applied to these electrodes in the same manner as described above. At the same time, column voltage is applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . One frame will be the selection of all of the row electrodes, X 1 to X n , in Fig. 26, and this cycle will be repeated continuously. When each row voltage waveform described above is based on h as the number of row electrodes that are simultaneously selected, as in prior art Example 2, the number of 2 h row-select pattern are used. In this example, the number of 2 3 patterns are used. Moreover, as in the previous example, the number of patterns of column voltages applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m , is the same as the number of row-select patterns. The column voltage level is determined by comparing the row-select pattern and display pattern. Thus, for example, when the row voltage waveforms applied to row electrodes X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , which are selected simultaneously in this example, have a positive pulse, they are defined to be ON, and when they have a negative pulse, they are defined to be OFF. The ON and the OFF of the display data are compared at each pulse and the column voltage waveforms are set according to the number of mismatches. In other words, in Fig. 25, when the number of mismatches is zero, -V 3 volts are applied. When it is 1, -V 2 volts are applied. When it is 2, V 2 volts are applied. When it is 3, V 3 volts are applied. The voltage ratios for V 2 and V 3 above are set such that V 2 : V 3 = 1 : 3 In specific terms, in the case of the voltage waveforms applied to row electrodes X 1 , X 2 and X 3 in Fig. 25, they are ON when V 1 volts are applied and OFF when -V 1 volts are applied. Assuming the display of a pixel in Fig. 26 is ON when there is a black circle and OFF when there is an open circle, the display of the pixels at the intersections of column electrode Y 1 and row electrodes X 1 , X 2 and X 3 in Fig. 26 will be ON, ON and OFF in sequence. In contrast to this, the initial pulse pattern of the voltage applied to each row electrode, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , is OFF, OFF and OFF, respectively. Comparing both in sequence, the number of mismatches is 2. Therefore, V 2 volts are applied as the initial pulse to the electrode Y 1 , as shown in Fig. 25 (c). In addition, the second pulse pattern of the voltage that is applied to each row electrode, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , is OFF, OFF and ON, respectively. When comparing in sequence the voltage pattern with the ON, ON and OFF sequence of the aforesaid pixel display pattern, all are mismatching. Since the number of mismatches is 3, voltage V 3 is applied as the second pulse to column electrode Y 1 . Under like guidelines, V 2 is applied as the third pulse and -V 2 is applied as the fourth pulse. The following voltages will be in the sequence -V 3 , V 2 , -V 2 and -V 2 . The next three row electrodes, X 4 to X 6 , will then be selected. When the voltage shown in Fig. 25 (b) is applied to row electrodes X 4 to X 6 , a column voltage pattern of voltage levels that correspond to the mismatch between the ON and OFF displays of the pixels located where each of row electrodes X 4 to X 6 and a respective column electrode cross, and the ON and OFF of each pulse pattern of the voltage applied to each of the above described row electrodes X 4 to X 6 will be as the one shown in Fig. 25 (c) for column electrode Y 1 . In Fig. 25, (d) are the voltage waveforms that are applied to the pixel at the crossing point of row electrode X 1 and column electrode Y 1 . That is, it is the synthesized waveform between the voltage waveform applied to row electrode X 1 and the voltage waveform applied to column electrode Y 1 . As indicated above, the method that simultaneously selects a plurality of row electrodes in a group and selects each group in sequence has the advantage of reducing drive voltage. Next, the general requirements, guidelines and procedures, etc., of the method that simultaneously selects a plurality of row electrodes of one of plural groups at one time and selects the groups in sequence and drives them will be described in sequence. A. Requirements (a) The number N of row electrodes is to be divided up into N/h subgroups. (b) Each subgroup will have h address lines. (c) At a time for addressing, the display data pattern on each column electrode is represented by an h-bit word. d k*h+1 , d k*h+2 .... d k*h+h ; d k*h+j = 0 or 1 where 0 ≤ k ≤ (N/h) - 1 (k: subgroup) In other words, one column of display data is: d 1 , d 2 .... d h ....Subgroup 0 d h+1 , d h+2 .... d h+h .... Subgroup 1 d N-h+1 , d N-h+2 .... d N-h+h .... Subgroup N/h-1 (d) The row-select pattern has a 2 h cycle and is represented by an h-bit word. a k*h+1 , a k*h+2 .... a k*h+h ; a k*h+j = 0 or 1 B. Guidelines (1) The row electrodes of one subgroup are selected simultaneously for addressing. (2) One h-bit word is selected as the row-select pattern. (3) The row-select voltage is: -V r for a logic 0 in said h-bit row-select pattern word, +V r for a logic 1 in said h-bit row-select pattern word, 0 volts for the unselected period. (4) The row-select patterns and the display data patterns in the selected subgroup are compared bit-by-bit. (5) The number of mismatches i between these two patterns is determined by (6) The column voltage is chosen to be V(i) when the number of mismatches is i. (7) The column voltages for each column in the matrix is determined independently by repeating the steps (4)-(6). (8) Both the row voltage and column voltage are applied simultaneously to the matrix display for a time duration Δt, where Δt is minimum pulse width. (9) A new row-select pattern is chosen and the column voltages are determined using steps (4)-(6). The new row and column voltages are applied to the display for an equal duration of time at the end of Δt. (10) A cycle is completed when all the subgroups (= N/h) have been selected once with all the 2 h row-select patterns. 1 cycle = Δt ·2 h · N/h C. Analysis The row select patterns in a case in which there are i number of mismatches will be considered. The number of h-bit row-select patterns which differ from an h-bit display data pattern by i bits is given by h Ci = h!/{i! (h-i)!} = Ci For example, when the case for h=3 and row electrode selection pattern = (0,0,0) are considered, the results would be as shown in the table below: Mismatching number Display Data pattern Ci i = 0 (0,0,0) 1 way i = 1 (0,0,1) (0,1,0) (1,0,0) 3 ways i = 2 (1,1,0) (1,0,1) (0,1,1) 3 ways i = 3 (1,1,1) 1 way These are determined by the number of bits of a word, not the row electrode selection patterns. If the amplitude V pixel of the instantaneous voltage that is applied to the pixel had a row voltage of V row and column voltage of V column , the following would occur: V pixel = (V column - V row ) or (V row - V column ) where, if V row = ±V r and V column = V(i), then V pixel = +V r - V(i) or -V r - V(i). If V row = ±V r and V column = ±V(i), then V pixel = V r - V(i), V r + V(i), -V r - V(i) or -V r + V(i). That is: V pixel = V r - V(i) or V r + V(i) As a consequence, the specific amplitude to be applied to the pixel will be -(V r + V(i)) or (V r - V(i)) in the selection row and will be V(i) in the non-selection row. (When considering V(i) to be bipolar, the description becomes as in the previously described literature.) In general, in order to achieve a high selection ratio, it is desirable that the voltage across a pixel should be as high as possible for an ON pixel and as low as possible for an OFF pixel. As a result, when ON: The voltage |V r + V(i)| is favorable for the ON pixel and The voltage |V r - V(i)| is unfavorable for the ON pixel. When OFF: The voltage |V r - V(i)| is favorable for the OFF pixel and The voltage |V r + V(i)| functions unfavorable for the OFF pixel. Here, it is favorable for the ON pixel to increase the effective voltage and unfavorable for the ON pixel to decrease the effective voltage. The number of combinations that selects i units from among the h bits is: Ci = h Ci = {h!} / {i! (h-i)!} The number of mismatches gives the number of unfavorable voltages in the selected rows in a column. The total number of mismatches is i·Ci in Ci because every Ci row select patterns have i mismatches. Hence the number of unfavorable voltages per pixel (Bi) when number of mismatches is i can be obtained as given following; Bi = i · Ci/h (units/pixel) The number of times a pixel gets a favorable voltage during the Ci time intervals considered is: Ai = {(h-i)/h} · Ci In addition: {(h-i)/h} · Ci + (i/h) · Ci = (h/h) Ci = Ci Accordingly, the following is obtained: Ai = Ci - Bi = {(h-1)!}/{i! · (h-i-1)!} Where: h ≥ i + 1 To summarize the above: V on (rms) = {(S1 + S2 + S3) / S4} 1/2 V off (rms) = {(S5 + S6 + S3) / S4} 1/2 S 4 = 2 h · (N/h) In addition: V r /V 0 = N 1/2 / h row selection voltage V(i)/V 0 = (h - 2i)/h = {1-(2i/h)} column voltage, and R = (V on /V off ) max = {(N 1/2 + 1)/(N 1/2 -1)} 1/2 However, as shown in Fig. 27, with the driving methods of the prior art, as shown in prior art Examples 1 to 3 above, in the first frame, for example, after the selection voltage has been applied to a certain pixel, during the period until the next selection voltage is applied to that pixel, the brightness will gradually decrease along with the elapse of time t. This will reduce the transmission rate T in the ON condition and, on the other hand, slightly increase the transmission rate T in the OFF condition. This will create deficiencies, such as poor contrast between the ON condition and the OFF condition. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 25, in prior art Example 3 above, the pulse width applied to the row electrodes and the column electrodes narrows as the number of simultaneously selected row electrodes increases, and this increases the amount of crosstalk due to the distortion of the waveforms and causes problems, such as poor image quality. This problem becomes even more serious, for example, in a case in which gray shade display, which is caused by the pulse width modulation (PWM), takes place. Disclosure of the Invention Because this invention was proposed in consideration of the problem points of the prior art as described above, its objectives are to allow excellent driving for liquid crystal cells with a lot of electrodes in particular and to offer a driving method, a drive circuit and a liquid crystal display device for liquid crystal cells with excellent display performance. These objectives are achieved with a multiplex driving method as claimed in claim 1, a drive circuit as claimed in claim 8 and a display device having such drive circuit as claimed in claim 10, respectively. Preferred embodiments of the invention are subject-matter of the dependent claims. The multiplex driving method according to the present invention wherein the liquid crystal cell comprises a liquid crystal layer located in between a substrate having row electrodes and a substrate having column electrodes, simultaneously selects a plurality of row electrodes continuously, and further this selection period is divided into multiple times within one frame. By adopting a driving method like that described above, for example, after selection voltage has been applied to a certain pixel in the initial frame, the voltage will be applied to that pixel several times during the period until selection voltage is applied to that pixel in the next frame. This makes it possible to maintain brightness and prevent a reduction in contrast. In addition, for the drive circuit of the liquid crystal cells of this invention, the row-select pattern data generated from the row electrode data generation circuit and the display data pattern on a plurality of row electrodes in correspondence to a column electrode, which are read in sequence from the frame memory and are selected simultaneously, will be calculated by an arithmetic operation circuit. The converted data, which will be the result of the calculation, will be transferred to the column electrode driver. The row-select pattern generated by the row electrode data generation circuit will be transferred to the row electrode driver. When one screen of row-select pattern has finished scanning, the above operation will be repeated by the next row-select pattern and display data pattern. The configuration is such that the operation will repeat a plurality of times in one frame period. By having a drive circuit such as that described above, it becomes possible to execute the driving method described above easily and reliably. Additionally, the display device of this invention has a driving circuit which performs the steps of calculating the row-select pattern generated by the row electrode data generation circuit and the display data pattern on the plurality of row electrodes which are read in sequence from the frame memory and is selected simultaneously with the row-select pattern. The driving circuit transfers the converted data, which is the result of the calculation, to the column electrode driver, transferring the row data, which is generated by the row electrode data generation circuit, to the row electrode driver. Further, the driving circuit repeats the above-mentioned operation by the next row-select pattern data and display data pattern when scanning of one screen is finished; and the screen operation is repeated several times in one frame period. By being configured as described above, it is possible to offer a display device with excellent contrast. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that represent the first embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal cells of this invention. Fig. 2 shows a top view of the general configuration of the liquid crystal display. Fig. 3 shows a graph that shows the relationship between the applied voltage that goes to the pixels and the transmission rate in the embodiments. Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of the first embodiment of the drive circuit. Fig. 5 shows a block diagram of the row electrode driver. Fig. 6 shows a block diagram of the column electrode driver. Fig. 7 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms of another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal cells of this invention. Fig. 8 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms of another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal elements of this invention. Fig. 9 is a drawing that describes the display patterns. Fig. 10 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that go to the column electrodes that correspond to the display patterns. Fig. 11 shows the applied voltage waveforms of another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal elements of this invention. Fig. 12 is a drawing that describes the display patterns. Fig. 13 (a) shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that is applied to the row electrodes. Fig. 13 (b) shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that go to the column electrodes that correspond to the display patterns. Fig. 14 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that show another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal cells of this invention. Fig. 15 is a drawing that describes another example of the applied voltage waveforms that is applied to the row electrodes. Fig. 16 shows the applied voltage waveforms in a case in which another row voltage is applied and driving takes place. Fig. 17 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that show another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal elements of this invention. Fig. 18 is a drawing that shows a layout example of the virtual electrodes. Fig. 19 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that show another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal cells of this invention. Fig. 20 is a drawing that describes the guidelines that reduce the column voltage level by using the virtual electrodes. Fig. 21 shows the applied voltage waveforms that show one example of the driving method of the liquid crystal cell of the prior art. Fig. 22 is a drawing that describes the display patterns. Fig. 23 shows the applied voltage waveforms that show another example of the driving method of the liquid crystal elements of the prior art. Fig. 24 is a drawing that describes the column voltage waveforms that are applied to the column electrodes in accordance with the display patterns. Fig. 25 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that show another example of the driving method of the liquid crystal elements of the prior art. Fig. 26 is a drawing that describes the display patterns. Fig. 27 shows a graph that shows the relationship between the applied voltage that goes to the pixels and the transmission rate of the prior art. Best Mode for Implementing the Invention Below, a specific description of the driving method of the liquid crystal cells, the drive circuit and the display device of this invention will be given based on the embodiments indicated in the drawings. First Embodiment Fig. 1 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that represent the first embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal cells of this invention. (a) in this drawing represents the voltage waveforms applied to row electrodes X 1 and X 2 . (b) in this drawing represents the voltage waveforms applied to row electrodes X 3 and X 4 . (c) in this drawing represents the voltage waveforms applied to column electrode Y 1 . (d) in this drawing represents the voltage waveforms applied to the pixel at the crossing point of row electrode X 1 and column electrode Y 1 . Fig. 2 shows a top view of the general configuration of the liquid crystal display of the liquid crystal cells (liquid crystal display module) that are driven by applying the voltage described above. In this drawing, 1 is the row electrode driver; 2 is the column electrode driver; X 1 , X 2 .... X n are row electrodes; and Y 1 , Y 2 .... Y m are column electrodes. This embodiment implements the type of display shown in Fig. 2 by dividing the selection period in two intervals and separating them within one frame F and driving, as in the case of the method shown in aforesaid Fig. 23 in the aforesaid Example of the prior art. That is, as shown in Fig. 1, first row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are selected. Then, for the time duration t 1 the same row voltage as in Fig. 23 is applied to row electrodes X 1 and X 2 . At the same time, the column voltage set under the same guidelines as in the aforesaid prior art Example is applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . Next, row electrodes X 3 and X 4 are selected and the same row voltage as that for the above row electrodes X 1 and X 2 is applied to them. At the same time column voltage is applied in the same manner to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . This process is repeated until all of the row electrodes have been selected. Next, row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are selected once again and for the time duration t 2 the row voltage, which is shown in Fig. 23, is applied to them. At the same time column voltage is applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . This is repeated until all of the row electrodes, X 1 to X n , have been selected. By carrying out the above operations within one frame F, one screen of display takes place. This is repeated in sequence. By driving as indicated above, the optical response shown in Fig. 3 is obtained. What is clear from a comparison with the prior art Example shown in Fig. 27 is that because brighter bright state is possible in the ON condition than in the prior art and because darker dark state is possible in the OFF condition than in the prior art, it is possible to improve the contrast and to reduce flicker. Next, examples of the configuration of the drive circuit that implements the driving method like that above will be described based on Fig. 4 through Fig. 6. Fig. 4 is a block diagram showing one example of the drive circuit. In this drawing, 1 represents the row electrode driver; 2 represents the column electrode driver; 3 represents the frame memory; 4 represents the arithmetic operations circuit; 5 represents the row electrode data generation circuit; and 6 represents a latch. Fig. 5 shows a block diagram of the row electrode driver. In this drawing, 11 is a shift register; 12 is a latch; 13 is a decoder; and 14 is a level shifter. Fig. 6 shows a block diagram of the column electrode driver. In this drawing, 21 a shift register; 22 is a latch; 23 is a decoder; and 24 is a level shifter. With the configuration indicated above, each voltage waveform that is applied to row electrodes will be generated by positive selection data or negative selection data or unselected data. This data is generated by row electrode data generation circuit 5 shown in Fig. 4. This data will be transferred to row electrode driver 1. As shown in Fig. 5, in row electrode driver 1, row-select pattern signal S3 from row electrode data generation circuit 5 will be transferred to shift register 11 by row shift clock signal S5. After the data of each row electrode in one scanning period have been transferred, each data will be latched by latch signal S6. The data that indicates the condition of each row electrode will be decoded by decoder 13, and, via level shifter 14, turn on one of the three switches of analog switch 15 at each output. When the positive polarity has been selected, V 1 volts will be applied to the selected row electrode. When the negative polarity has been selected, -V 1 volts will be applied to the selected row electrode. During the unselected period, zero volts will be applied to the selected row electrode. One the other hand, display data signal S1, which corresponds to each two row electrodes selected simultaneously, will be read from memory 3 for generating each column voltage waveform. Then the row-select data from row-select pattern signal S3 will be latched. Display data signal S1 and row-select pattern data signal S4 will be converted by arithmetic operations circuit 4. Data conversion step will be performed, for example, under the guidelines described in the aforesaid technology of the prior art, and the data will then be transferred to column electrode driver 2. As shown in Fig. 6, with column electrode driver 2, data signal S2 from arithmetic operations circuit 4 will be transferred to shift register 21 by shift clock signal S7. After each column electrode data during one scanning period has been transferred, each data will be latched in latch 22 by latch signal S8 and the data that indicates the condition of each column electrode will be decoded. One out of the three switches in each stage of analog switch 25 will be turned on and either V 2 volts, -V 2 volts or zero volts will be applied to each column electrode. By using a drive circuit such as that described above, it is possible to easily and reliably implement the aforesaid type of driving method. In addition, if the above described drive circuit is provided for a display device that has the aforesaid type of display elements, and the aforesaid type of driving method is such that it can be executed, a display device with high contrast can be obtained. In the above embodiment, the selection period was divided in two intervals in one frame F and voltage was applied. However, it is possible to divide it up into two or more times, for example, four times. In addition, in the embodiment described above, the row electrodes were selected two at a time according to the array sequence. However, it also is possible to make the selection without necessarily following the array sequence. Such modifications will also be possible in the embodiments to be described below. Second Embodiment Fig. 7 shows a drawing of applied voltage waveforms that show another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal display cells of this invention. For each frame F, this embodiment alternately exchanges the row voltage waveforms applied to the row electrodes that are selected simultaneously. Other configurations are the same as the first embodiment. As described above, if for each frame F, the alternately exchanged row voltage waveforms are applied to the row electrodes that are selected simultaneously, it is possible to prevent pictures on the display from generating non-uniformity caused by differences in the applied voltage waveforms. In addition, because in this embodiment the selection period is divided in two intervals which are separated within one frame F, and voltage is applied, just as with the aforesaid first embodiment, the contrast will improve and flickering also can be reduced. Further, in this embodiment, it is also possible to use a drive circuit that is the same as the drive circuit that is explained in the aforesaid embodiment, and to provide a display device having a high display quality as well. In the aforesaid embodiment, the row voltage waveforms were exchanged after each frame. However, they also can be exchanged after each plurality of frames. The description of the aforesaid first embodiment and second embodiment provided an example in which two row electrodes were selected simultaneously. However, as in the embodiments to be described below, it also is possible to drive by selecting three or more row electrodes simultaneously. In such a case, as in the second embodiment, it is possible to cyclically exchange among each other every frame or every plurality of frames the row voltage waveforms that are applied to the row electrodes that are selected simultaneously. Third Embodiment Fig. 8 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms of another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal cells of this invention. (a) in this drawing represents the voltage waveforms applied to row electrodes X 1 and X 2 . (b) in this drawing represents the voltage waveforms applied to row electrodes X 3 and X 4 . (c) in this drawing represents the voltage waveforms applied to column electrode Y 1 . (d) in this drawing represents the voltage waveforms applied to the pixel at the crossing point of row electrode X 1 and column electrode Y 1 . As in the aforesaid first embodiment, in this embodiment, two row electrodes are selected simultaneously. The row voltage with the voltage waveform shown in Fig. 8 (a) is applied to the row electrodes that are selected simultaneously. A display such as that shown in Fig. 2 takes place by dividing the selection period in two within one frame and driving. The sequence of the row electrode selection is the same as that in the aforesaid first embodiment. First, row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are selected and row voltage is applied to these electrodes for a time duration t 1 . At the same time, the designated column voltage, which corresponds to the display data, is applied to all of the column electrodes Y 1 to Y m . Next, row electrodes X 3 and X 4 are selected and the same row voltage as with the aforesaid row electrodes X 1 and X 2 is applied to them for the time duration t 11 . At the same time, the designated column voltage, which corresponds to the display data pattern, is applied to all of the column electrodes Y 1 to Y m . This is repeated until all of the row electrodes X 1 to X n have been selected. Next, row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are selected once again and row voltage is applied to them for the time duration t 2 . At the same time, the designated column voltage, which corresponds to the display data, is applied to all of the column electrodes Y 1 to Y m . Next, row electrodes X 3 and X 4 are selected and the same row voltage as the aforesaid row electrodes, X 1 and X 2 , is applied to them for the time duration t 12 . At the same time, the designated column voltage, which corresponds to the display data, is applied to all of the column electrodes Y 1 to Y m . This is repeated until all of the row electrodes X 1 to X n have been selected. By executing the foregoing operation within one frame F, one display screen takes place, and this is repeated in sequence. In this embodiment, the polarity of the row voltage of waveforms applied to each row electrode is reversed every frame, which is what is called alternating current drive scheme. In such a case, it is possible to reverse the polarities every multiple of frames. In addition, it also is possible to apply the alternating current driving method mentioned above to the previously described embodiments and to the embodiments to be described below. Since the column voltage that is set under the same guidelines as in the aforesaid prior art Example 2 and the first embodiment is such that it is applied to the previously described column electrodes Y 1 to Y m , those guidelines will be described based on Fig. 9 and Fig. 10. Fig. 9 shows four types of display patterns of the pixels on, for example, row electrodes X 1 and X 2 , which are selected simultaneously. That is, in the drawing, with the solid circles representing ON and the open circles representing OFF, display pattern on line a indicates that the pixels on both row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are both OFF. Display pattern on line b indicates that the pixel on row electrode X 1 is OFF and that the pixel on row electrode X 2 is ON. Display pattern on line c indicates that the pixel on row electrode X 1 is ON and that the pixel on row electrode X 2 is OFF. Display pattern on line d indicates that the pixels on both row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are ON. Fig. 10 shows the relationship between the row voltage waveforms applied to the row electrodes that are selected simultaneously and the signal waveforms applied to each column electrode. X 1 and X 2 of Fig. 10 (a) represent the scanning waveforms applied to row electrodes X 1 and X 2 . Y a to Y d of Fig. 10 (b) represent the column voltage waveforms applied to column electrodes Y 1 to Y m in correspondence to display patterns on lines a to d of Fig. 9. In other words, when the pixels on both row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are both OFF, as in display pattern a in Fig. 9, the Y a column voltage waveforms in Fig. 10 (b) will be applied. In the same manner, column voltage waveforms Y b , Y c and Y d will be applied to display patterns b, c and d, respectively. As in previously described prior art Example 2 and the first embodiment, in the case of the column voltage waveforms described above, it is assumed that when the row voltage pulse applied to row electrodes X 1 and X 2 is positive, this is represented by a 1, if it is negative, by a -1. If a pixel is ON, this is represented by -1,if it is OFF, by 1. A comparison is performed at each pulse. When the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches is 2, V 2 volts will be applied. When it is zero, zero volts will be applied. When it is -2, -V 2 volts will be applied. For example, as in display pattern a in Fig. 9, when either of the pixels on row electrodes X 1 and X 2 is OFF, both will be represented by 1. When lined up in sequence, this becomes [1, 1]. In contrast to this, since the pulse waveform of row electrode X 1 is positive for a time duration t1 shown in Fig. 10, it is represented by 1. Since the pulse waveform of row electrode X 2 is negative, it is represented by -1. When lined up in sequence this becomes [1, -1]. When this [1, -1] and the [1, 1] of the above display pattern are compared in sequence, the former matches because there is a 1 and a 1. However, the latter does not match because there is a -1 and a 1. Since the number of matches is a 1 and the number of mismatches also is a 1, subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches yields zero. Thus, in the time duration t1 of Y a , zero volts will be applied. In addition, in the time duration t 2 , since the pulse waveforms of row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are both positive, that yields a [1, 1]. When compared in sequence to the [1, 1] of the above described display pattern, both match. Thus, because the number of matches is two and the number of mismatches is zero, subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches yields a 2. Therefore, in the time duration t 2 of Y a , column voltage of V 2 volts will be applied. As for the other column voltage waveforms, Y b to Y d , the designated voltage will be applied according to the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches under the same guidelines. In this connection, in the driving method of Fig. 8 of this embodiment, which drives in response to the display pattern of previously described Fig. 2, the display patterns on row electrodes X 1 and X 2 , which correspond to column electrode Y 1 of Fig. 2, will be ON and OFF. Therefore, this is equivalent to the display pattern on the line c of Fig. 9, and, as shown in Fig. 8 (c), column voltage that is equivalent to Y c will be applied to column electrode Y 1 for the time durations t 1 and t 2 . In addition, the display pattern on row electrodes X 3 and X 4 , which correspond to column electrode Y 1 of Fig. 2, also are ON and OFF and are equivalent to the display pattern on line c of Fig. 9. As shown in Fig. 8 (c), column voltage equivalent to Y c is applied to column electrode Y 1 for the time durations t 11 and t 12 . As described above, pairs of two simultaneously selected row electrodes are selected in sequence in this embodiment as well. The same effect as in the previously described first embodiment will be obtained because they are driven by dividing the selection time period into two times in one frame F. Indeed, when 240 row electrodes were fabricated and the driving took place at drive voltages set to V 1 = 16.8 volts and V 2 = 2.1 volts, the same optical response as in the previously described Fig. 3 was obtained. In the ON condition, there was more brightness than in the prior art. In the OFF condition, there was more darkness than in the prior art. This allowed an improvement in the contrast and a reduction in flicker. Moreover, in the driving method of this embodiment, it also was possible to use a drive circuit that was almost the same as that of the first embodiment, which is shown in the previously described Fig. 4, a row electrode driver that was almost the same as that of the first embodiment, which is shown in Fig. 5, and a column electrode driver that was almost the same as that of the first embodiment, which is shown in Fig. 6. In such a case, as in the previously described embodiment, the calculation of the difference between the number of matches and number of mismatches takes place through arithmetic operation circuit 4, which is shown in the previously mentioned Fig. 4. A converted data signal will be transferred to the column electrode driver by arithmetic operation circuit 4, and it need only generate the column voltage waveforms that will be applied to each column electrode. By using a drive circuit such as that described above, it is possible to execute the previously described driving method simply and reliably. In addition, it also is possible to offer a display device that has excellent display performance. Fourth Embodiment Fig. 11 shows a drawing of applied voltage waveforms that represent another embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal elements of this invention. Fig. 11 (a) shows the voltage waveforms that are applied to row electrodes X 1 to X 4 . Fig. 11 (b) shows the voltage waveforms that are applied to row electrodes X 5 and X 6 . Fig. 11 (c) shows the voltage waveform that is applied to column electrode Y 1 . Fig. 11 (d) shows the voltage waveform that is applied to the pixel at the crossing point of row electrode X 1 and column electrode Y 1 . This embodiment simultaneously selects four row electrodes each and applies voltage waveforms, such as that shown in Fig. 11 (a), to the simultaneously selected electrodes. In addition, by driving with the method of dividing the selection period into four intervals and distributing them in one frame, a display such as that shown in the previously described Fig. 2 will be provided. In other words, first, row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are selected and row voltage is applied to these row electrodes, X 1 to X 4 , for the time duration t 1 . At the same time, a designated column voltage that corresponds to the display data is applied to column electrodes Y 1 to Y m . Next, row electrodes X 5 to X 8 are selected. Due to paper space limitations, Fig. 11 (b) only shows row electrodes X 5 and X 6 . The same row voltages as that for the previously described row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are applied to the selected row electrodes, X 5 to X 8 , for the time duration t 11 . At the same time, the designated column voltage that corresponds to the display data is applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . This is repeated until all of the row electrodes, X 1 to X n , have been selected. Next, row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are selected once again and row voltage is applied to them during the time duration t 2 . At the same time, the designated column voltage that corresponds to the display data will be applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . After this, row electrodes X 5 to X 8 are selected and the same row voltages as with the previously described row electrodes X 1 and X 2 are applied to them during the time duration t 12 . At the same time, the designated column voltage that corresponds to the display data is applied to each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m . This is repeated until all of the row electrodes, X 1 to X n , have been selected. By repeating the same operation as the above operation four times in one frame F, one screen of display will be performed. In this embodiment as well, by reversing the polarities of the row voltage waveforms that are applied to each row electrode in each one frame, the so-called alternating current drive scheme is employed. Moreover, in this embodiment, column voltages that are set under almost the same guidelines as in the previously described third embodiment are applied to the above described column electrodes, Y 1 to Y m . The guidelines will be described based on Fig. 12 and Fig. 13. Fig. 12 shows a drawing of the display pattern that occurs on simultaneously selected row electrodes, for example, row electrodes X 1 to X 4 . In the drawing, with the black circles representing ON and the open circles representing OFF, eight examples of display patterns, from a to h, are given. Fig. 13 (a) shows the row voltage waveforms applied to each of the row electrodes, X 1 to X 4 . Fig. 13 (b) shows the column voltage waveforms that are applied to column electrodes Y 1 to Y m in response to display patterns a to h in Fig. 12. That is to say, when the pixels on simultaneously selected row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are all OFF, as is, for example, display pattern on line a of Fig. 12, the Y a column voltage waveform in Fig. 13 (b) is applied. At the same time, column voltage waveform Y b is applied in the case of display pattern on line b. Column voltage waveform Y c is applied in the case of display pattern on line c. Column voltage waveform Y d is applied in the case of display pattern on line d. Column voltage waveform Y e is applied in the case of display pattern on line e. Column voltage waveform Y f is applied in the case of display pattern f. Column voltage waveform Y g is applied in the case of display pattern g. Column voltage waveform Y h is applied in the case of display pattern h. As in the previously described third embodiment, in the case of the column voltage waveforms described above, it is assumed that if the row voltage waveform applied to a row electrode X 1 to X 4 is a positive selection pulse, this is represented by a 1,a negative selection pulse by a -1. If a pixel display is ON, this is assumed to be represented by a -1, and if it is OFF, by a 1. The resulting patterns are compared bit-by-bit as in the previous embodiments and the number of matches and number of mismatches are calculated. When the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches is 4, V 3 volts will be applied. When the difference is 2, V 2 volts will be applied. When the difference is zero, zero volts will be applied. When the difference is -2, -V 2 volts will be applied. When the difference is -4, -V 3 volts will be applied. The ratio of the above described V 2 and V 3 volts is set to V 2 : V 3 = 1:2. For example, as in the display pattern shown in Fig. 12, when all of the pixels on row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are OFF, each display will be represented by 1. When lined up in sequence, they yield a pattern of [1, 1, 1, 1]. The waveforms of row electrodes X 1 to X 4 in the time duration t1 shown in Fig. 13 (a) are all positive. So, they are all represented by 1. When lined up in sequence, they yield a pattern of [1, 1, 1, 1]. When both patterns are compared bit-by-bit, they all match. The number of matches amounts to four and the number of mismatches amounts to zero. Subtracting the mismatches from the matches yields a 4. Voltage of V 3 volts will be applied for the time duration t1 of Y a . In the time duration t 2 , the waveforms of the four row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are positive, positive, negative and negative in sequence. Thus, in sequence, that is represented by the pattern [1, 1, -1, -1]. When compared in sequence to the [1, 1, 1, 1] of the display pattern described above, there are two matches and two mismatches. Subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches yields a zero. Thus, zero volts will be applied for the time duration t 2 of Y a . In the same manner, the waveforms of the four row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are positive and negative and positive and negative in sequence for the time duration t 3 . Thus, in sequence, they are represented by [1, -1, 1, -1] Comparing this to the [1, 1, 1, 1] of the display pattern described above, there are two matches and two mismatches. Subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches yields a zero. Zero volts will be applied for the time duration t 3 . Finally, since the waveforms of the four row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are positive, negative, negative and positive in sequence, this yields a pattern of [1, -1, -1, 1]. When compared to the [1, 1, 1, 1] of the above display pattern , there are two matches and two mismatches. Subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches yields zero. Zero volts of voltage will be applied for the time duration t 4 of Y a . Next, the display pattern shown in Fig. 12 (b) shows that the pixels on row electrodes X 1 to X 4 are ON, OFF, ON and OFF, which gives a display pattern of [-1, 1, -1, 1]. The waveforms of the row voltage for the time duration t1 of Fig. 13 (a) are all positive. Thus, in sequence, they are represented by [1, 1, 1, 1]. When each is compared in sequence, there are two matches and two mismatches. Subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches yields zero. Thus, zero volts will be applied during the time duration t1 of Y b . The waveforms of the four row electrodes X 1 to X 4 for the duration t 2 are positive, positive, negative and negative. In sequence, that corresponds to a pattern [1, 1, -1, -1]. When compared in sequence to the display pattern described above, which is [-1, 1, -1, 1], there are two matches and two mismatches. Subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches yields a zero. Thus, zero volts will be applied for the time duration t2 of Y b . In the same manner, the waveforms of the four row electrodes X 1 to X 4 for the time duration t 3 are positive, negative, positive and negative in sequence. That is, in sequence, they are represented by [1, -1, 1, -1]. When compared in sequence to the display pattern described above, all are mismatches, which yields zero matches and four mismatches. Subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches, yields a -4. Thus, -V 3 volts of voltage will be applied for the time duration t 3 of Y b . Finally, the waveforms of the four row electrodes X 1 to X 4 for the time duration t 4 in sequence are positive, negative, negative and positive, which yields in sequence [1, -1, -1, 1]. Compared in sequence to the [-1, 1, -1, 1] of the display pattern described above, there are two matches and two mismatches. Subtracting the number of mismatches from the number of matches yields a zero. Thus, zero volts will be applied for the time duration t 4 of Y b . Under the same guidelines for the other display patterns, c to h, when the difference between the number of matches and number of mismatches is 4, V 3 volts will be applied. When the difference is 2, V 2 volts will be applied. When the difference is 0, zero volts will be applied. When the difference is -2, -V 2 volts will be applied. When the difference is -4, -V 3 volts will be applied. Column voltages Y c to Y h , which correspond to each display pattern, on line c to h, will be formed. In addition to the eight display patterns, on line a to h, shown in Fig. 12, it is possible to create additional eight display patterns. However, the column voltage waveforms will be formed under the same guidelines as above in the case of these eight display patterns as well. In this manner, the display pattern on the simultaneously selected row electrodes in correspondence to a column electrode and the row-select pattern applied to the selected electrodes are compared. By calculating the difference between the number of matches and the number of mismatches of data of patterns, column voltage that corresponds to the display content will be applied to each column electrode. In this connection, in the driving method of the previously described Fig. 11 of this embodiment, which drives according to the display pattern of previously described Fig. 2, the display pattern on the row electrodes, X 1 to X 4 , that correspond to the column electrode Y 1 of Fig. 2 are ON, OFF, ON and OFF in sequence. Therefore, they are equivalent to display pattern b in Fig. 12. As shown in Fig. 11 (c), for the time durations t 1 , t 2 , t 3 and t 4 , column voltage that is in correspondence to Y b is applied to column electrode Y 1 . As described above, in this embodiment as well, four row electrodes are selected in sequence and driving will be carried out by dividing the selection period into four intervals and separating them within the one frame F. Thus, the same effects gained in the previously described first embodiment can be obtained. Indeed, when fabricating 240 row electrodes and driving with the drive voltage as V 1 = 12 volts, V 2 = 1.5 volts, and V 3 = 3 volts, the optical response is the same as that shown in previously described Fig. 3. In the ON condition, they are brighter that those of the prior art. In the OFF condition, they are darker than those of the prior art. This allows an improvement in contrast and a reduction in flicker. In addition, in the driving method of this embodiment as well, a drive circuit that is almost the same as that of the previously described first embodiment, which is shown in Fig. 4, the row electrode driver shown in Fig. 5, and a column electrode driver that is almost the same as that in Fig. 6 can be used. In this case, as with the embodiments described above, the calculation of the difference between the number of matches and number of mismatches described above is carried out by arithmetic operation circuit 4, which is shown in Fig. 4. A signal that has been data converted by arithmetic operation circuit 4 is transferred to column electrode driver 2 and the column voltage waveforms that are applied to the column electrodes need only be generated. At that time, analog switch 25 of the column electrode driver shown in previously described Fig. 6 has a configuration that comprises three switches for each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m , inputs three types of voltages, V 2 , 0 and -V 2 , and outputs one of them. However, in this embodiment, it need only be a configuration that comprises five switches for each column electrode, Y 1 to Y m , and inputs five types of voltages, V 3 , V 2 , 0, -V 2 and -V 3 , and outputs one of those voltages. By using a drive circuit such as that described above, a driving method such as that described above can be executed simply and reliably and allows a display device that has excellent display performance to be provided. In the third embodiment and the fourth embodiment, driving took place by dividing the selection period either into two or four intervals and separating them two times or four times within one frame F. However, the number of times of the division can be any number desired. In addition, a description was given of the simultaneous selection of either two or four row electrodes in the third embodiment and the fourth embodiment described above. However, it is possible to drive by selecting three row electrodes or four or more row electrodes. Fifth embodiment Fig. 14 shows a drawing of the applied voltage waveforms that indicate the fifth embodiment of the driving method of the liquid crystal cells of this invention. In the Example of the prior art shown in previously described Fig. 25, a plurality of row electrodes are simultaneously selected and groups of simultaneously selected row electrodes are selected in sequence. In contrast to the selection period being one in one place within one frame F, in this invention, the selection period is divided and separated in several intervals within one frame F. In the case of the drawings in particular, the voltage waveforms, which are applied to the row electrodes and the column electrodes and composed of eight pulse patterns or blocks as shown in the prior art Example in Fig. 25, are divided and separated in 8 intervals having equal period respectively and delivered one for each pulse pattern. In this connection, as shown in Fig. 14, the initial pulses among the eight pulse patterns that were applied to each row electrode, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , in Fig. 25 will be applied to the three row electrodes, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , that were initially selected. At the same time, the column voltage waveforms of the designated voltage level, which corresponds to the number of mismatches between the selection pulse and display data under the same guideline as with the prior art Examples, will be applied to each column electrode Y 1 to Y m . Next, the initial pulse within the eight pulse patterns will be applied to the selected row electrodes in Fig. 25. At the same time, column voltage waveforms of the designated voltage level will be applied to each column electrode Y 1 to Y m . After scanning all of the row electrodes once, the second pulse among the previously mentioned eight pulses will be applied once again to the initial row electrodes, X 1 ,X 2 and X 3 . Once previously mentioned eight pulse patterns have been applied to all of the row electrodes, one frame F will be finished. As indicated above, in this embodiment especially, since the selection pulse is applied eight times within one frame, the unselected period of each pixel between two successive selected periods, that is, the OFF period, will be even shorter. As in Fig. 3 above, the ON condition will be brighter and the OFF condition will be darker, allowing an increase in the contrast and reducing the amount of flicker. In addition, in the driving method of this embodiment, it is possible to use a drive circuit that is almost the same as that of the first embodiment, a row electrode driver that is almost the same as that of the first embodiment, and a column electrode driver that is almost the same as that of the first embodiment. In this case, as in the previously described embodiment, the calculation of the difference between the number of matches and number of mismatches takes place through arithmetic operation circuit 4, which is shown in the previously described Fig. 4. The signal that underwent data conversion is transferred to a column electrode driver that is configured in the same manner as that in the previously described fourth embodiment, and the column voltage waveform to be applied to each column electrode is created. In addition, by using a drive circuit such as that described above, it is possible to execute the previously described driving method simply and positively. In addition, it also is possible to offer a display device that has excellent display performance. The sequence for generating the selection pulse of each selection period in this embodiment is as desired. It also is possible to make appropriate changes within one frame F. Also, eight pulse patterns are divided into eight intervals in this embodiment. It is also possible to divide into four intervals and output two pulse patterns at a time four times in sequence. Sixth Embodiment As stated above, the number of bit-word patterns when selecting and driving a plurality (h number) of row electrodes in sequence is 2 h . For example, as in the aforesaid example, when h = 3, 2 3 = 8 patterns. With ON represented by 1 and OFF by 0, the voltage ON and OFF pattern that applies these to row electrodes, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , can be expressed as shown in the Table below. X 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 X 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 If the voltage waveforms are applied to each row electrode based on this, they will be as shown in Fig. 15 (a). However, the waveforms in Fig. 15 (a) have many different frequency components, therefore, if actually used, there is the danger that display distortion will appear. For this reason, the arrangement is changed to eliminate the deviation of the frequency component. These are the waveforms in Fig. 15 (b). The prior art Example in Fig. 25 uses these waveforms. However, using the type of waveform in Fig. 15(b), not only those shown in Fig. 15 (a) above, when the number of row electrodes that are simultaneously selected increases, the number of above described bit-word patterns will increase exponentially. Along with this, each pulse width will have to become narrower. When actually applied to the pixel, there is a danger of rounding or distortion of a waveform. Further, when implementing gray shade display, for example, which are caused by the modulation of the pulse widths, the narrower pulse width becomes the cause of generating crosstalk. For this reason, in this embodiment, the voltage waveforms applied to the row electrodes are set under the following guidelines so that the pulse widths become wider. For applied voltage waveforms to the row electrodes, these are determined taking the following into consideration: (1) Each row electrode must be distinguishable. (2) The frequency components applied to each row electrode must not differ significantly. (3) The alternating current characteristics within one frame or within a plurality of frames must be guaranteed. In other words, the applied voltage patterns are to be appropriately selected, taking the conditions mentioned above into consideration, from among the systems of orthogonal functions, such as natural binary, Walsh and Hadamard. Among these, item number (1) is a necessary-sufficient condition. In particular, in order to satisfy item number (1), it has been decided that the applied voltage waveforms of each row electrode will each have different frequency components. What is decided by taking into considering the above conditions are the applied voltage waveforms in Fig. 15 (c). The applied voltage waveforms, which include different frequency components, are: X 1 : 4 * Δt X 2 : 4 * Δt, 2 * Δt X 3 : 2 * Δt Fig. 16 shows drawings of applied voltage waveforms in a case in which the applied voltage waveforms to the row electrodes are formed based on the waveforms of Fig. 15 (c) above and the voltage waveforms to the column electrodes that relate to this are formed and driven under the same guidelines as in the prior art. In contrast to the shortest pulse width in Figs. 15 (a) and (b) above and in contrast to the prior art Example in Fig. 25 above, which is Δt, the shortest pulse width of Fig. 15 (c) and Fig. 16 above is 2 Δt, which allows a pulse width to enlarge double. By making the pulse width large in this manner, it is possible to reduce the impact of the waveform rounding, thereby making it possible to reduce cross talk as well as making it possible to increase the number of simultaneously selected row electrodes. The waveforms of the embodiment described above are one example. They can be changed as appropriate. In addition, things such as the row electrode selection sequence and the arrangement sequence of the pulse patterns that are applied to each row electrode can be changed as desired. Fig. 17 shows examples in which the drive waveforms in Fig. 16 above are divided into a plurality of times within one frame F and applied, as in the fifth embodiment above. If carried out as indicated above, it is possible to increase the contrast of the ON and OFF conditions and reduce the amount of flicker, just as in the fifth embodiment. Further, it is possible to reduce crosstalk, which is caused by waveform distortion. It also is possible to use the same circuitry as that of the fifth embodiment as well as obtain the same kind of display device. Seventh Embodiment In the embodiment described above, four levels, V 3 , V 2 , -V 2 and -V 3 , were used as the column electrode voltage levels. However, the number of levels can be reduced under the following guidelines. First of all, a description will be given based on the general methods of reducing the number of previously mentioned voltage levels. In the aforementioned subgroup of h row electrodes, there are e virtual row electrodes (virtual lines). By controlling the matching and mismatching of this virtual row electrode data, the total number of matches and number of mismatches will be limited, and the number of drive voltage levels for column electrodes will be reduced. With Mi representing the number of mismatches and Vc representing an appropriate constant, V column , the applied voltage to the column electrode, will be as follows: or, more simply: V column = V(i) (0 ≤ i ≤ h) In either case, V column has h + 1 levels. For example, the case in which subgroup h = 4 and virtual row electrode e = 1 will be considered. As in the previous embodiment, the number of levels when h = 3 will be four levels, -V 3 , -V 2 , V 2 and V 3 . If control takes place through the virtual row electrodes so that there is an even number of mismatches, the results will be as shown in the Table below. Original voltage level Original number of mismatches Virtual row electrode Number of mismatches on revision Voltage levels on revision -V 3 0 Match 0 V a -V 2 1 Mismatch 2 V b V 2 2 Match 2 V b V 3 3 Mismatch 4 V d As shown above, it is possible to reduce original four levels to three levels. In addition, if the number of mismatches is made an odd number, the number of mismatches on revision in the above table will change in sequence from the top to 1, 1, 3 and 3. This will make it possible to have, for example, two levels in voltage. In addition, the voltage levels in a case in which the subgroup comprises h = 4 row electrodes and there are no reductions in voltage levels, will be five levels, for example, -V 3 , -V 2 , 0, V 2 and V 3 . However, in contrast to requiring these five levels, if control takes place through the virtual row electrodes so that there is an even number of mismatches, the results would be as shown in the Table below. Original voltage level Original number of mismatches Virtual row electrode Number of mismatches on revision Voltage levels on revision -V 3 0 Match 0 V a -V 2 1 Mismatch 2 V b 0 2 Match 2 V b V 2 3 Mismatch 4 V d V 3 4 Match 4 V d As shown above, it is possible to reduce original five levels to three levels. In the above case, it is possible to set the voltage levels so that the number of mismatches is an odd number. As for the virtual row electrodes above, since normally they need not display, they do not necessarily have to be fabricated. However, if they are fabricated, they can be fabricated in an area where they will not effect the display. For example, as shown in Fig. 18, the virtual row electrodes X n+1 and so on are fabricated on the outside of display region R in a device such as a liquid crystal display device. Or, if there are extra row electrodes on the outside of display region R, it also is possible to use them as virtual row electrodes. In addition, if the number e of virtual row electrodes is increased, the number of levels can be reduced even further. In such a case, if as above, e = 1, all of the numbers of mismatches will be controlled so that they can be divided by 2. For example, in the case of e = 2, the numbers of mismatches can all be controlled so that they can be divided by 3. However, they can all be divided by 3 and have 1 remaining or 2 remaining. Finally, the maximum number of reductions possible under the above method is 1/(e+1). When e = 1, it is 1/2, except for zero volts. Fig. 19 shows an example in which groups each of three row electrodes and one virtual row electrode are used to reduce the applied voltage level to the column electrodes. In this example as well, the selection period is divided into a plurality of times in one frame. This embodiment divides the selection period into four times in one frame and counts the number of aforesaid mismatches for the four row electrodes (including the virtual row electrode) for each period. It then makes the number of mismatches so that they always are an odd number, making the number of mismatches a one or a three. In response to this, the number of voltage levels of the column voltage waveform will become two levels, V 2 and -V 2 . More specifically, for example, when creating the type of display shown in Fig. 18, after the initially selected row electrodes, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , as shown in Fig. 20, will come virtual row electrode X n+1 . (Actually, virtual row electrodes need not really be existent as stated above. When they are existent, it is desirable to have them on the outside of display region R, as shown in Fig. 18.) When considering the time duration t1, assuming ON to represent a positive voltage being applied to the above row electrodes and OFF a negative voltage, and assuming that V 1 , V 1 and -V 1 volts pulses will be applied to each row electrode, X 1 , X 2 and X 3 , respectively, and assuming that V 1 will be applied to the virtual row electrode X n+1 , and assuming the data that will be displayed by the pixels at the crossing point between column electrode Y 1 and virtual row electrode X n+1 at that time to be OFF, the number of mismatches would be one, and a -V 2 voltage pulse should be applied to the column electrode. Next, looking at the t 2 period, assuming that V 1 is applied to virtual row electrode X n+1 , the number of mismatches is three, and voltage pulse V 2 should be applied to the column electrode. In addition, assuming that V 1 is applied to virtual row electrode X n+1 in the t 3 period, there are three number of mismatches, and voltage pulse V 2 should be applied to the column electrode. Finally, assuming voltage pulse -V 1 is applied to virtual row electrode X n+1 in the period t 4 , there is one mismatch, and voltage pulse -V 2 should be applied to the column electrode. The voltage levels that are applied to the column electrodes can be reduced by assuming the polarity and the display data of the selection pulse to be applied to the virtual row electrodes in this manner, and by making the number of mismatches always an odd number of one and three. In the embodiment above, they can be reduced to two levels. However, as stated above, they also may be made into even numbers. By reversing each polarity of the applied voltage in the F 1 period and the applied voltage in F 2 period, alternating current drive scheme is realized. By reducing the number of voltage levels that are applied to the column electrodes as described above, the circuit configuration of things such as the liquid crystal drive can be simplified, allowing a drive circuit that is almost identical to that described in the previous embodiment(s) to be used. In addition, as in the previously described embodiment(s), this allows a display device with excellent display performance to be obtained. Possible Industrial Applications As described above, because the driving method, drive circuit and display device of the liquid crystal elements of this invention have the configurations described above, the effects that can be obtained are as follows: (1) Because groups each comprising a plurality of simultaneously selected row electrodes are selected in sequence, and because driving takes place by dividing the selection period into a plurality of times within one frame, as shown in Fig. 3, it is possible to have pixels that are brighter when ON and darker when OFF, which allows an improvement in contrast. (2) Because, by dividing, the selection pulse is applied in a plurality of intervals within one frame, flicker is not conspicuous. In addition, flicker is reduced even though the frame frequency is reduced, which reduces flicker as well as crosstalk. (3) It is possible to reduce the drive voltage to generate a display. (4) Because it is possible to reduce the number of different frequency components as described above, it also is possible to lengthen the pulse width and, by doing that, reduce crosstalk, which is caused by the rounding of the waveform. This allows an improvement in the image quality. As described above, a variety of effects will take place due to this invention. For example, by applying it to a variety of display devices, such as the liquid crystal displays of products such as computers and dedicated word processing machines, it is possible to improve things such as display quality and reliability.

Claims: A multiplex driving method for a liquid crystal display device having a first substrate with a plurality of row electrodes (X 1 -X n , X n+1 , X n+2 ) formed thereon, a second substrate with a plurality of column electrodes (Y 1 -Y m ) formed thereon and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the substrates, said row and column electrodes being arranged to intersect each other with a respective pixel being defined at each intersection, the method comprising the steps of: grouping said row electrodes into a plurality of groups each group including h row electrodes, and sequentially selecting each group while simultaneously selecting the h row electrodes of the selected group, wherein each group is selected for a selection period in each frame period (F), the frame period being said selection period times the number of groups, characterized in that said selection period is divided into a plurality of separate selection intervals (t 1 -t 2 ; t 1 -t 3 ; t 1 -t 4 ; t 1 -t 8 ) within each frame period, said groups being sequentially selected, each for one selection interval, and this sequential selection being performed a number of times in each frame period, said number corresponding to said plurality of selection intervals. The method according to claim 1, wherein said selecting comprises: generating h selection voltage waveforms determined in accordance with a set of orthogonal functions, each selection voltage waveform being composed of a number of voltage pulses defining a corresponding number of waveform intervals (Δt; 2Δt) and the voltage pulses of the h selection voltage waveforms defining a respective row selection pattern in each of said waveform intervals, generating for each column electrode (Y 1 -Y m ) a column voltage waveform composed of waveform intervals corresponding to the waveform intervals of said selection voltage waveforms, the voltage level of said column voltage waveform being determined for each waveform interval based on a comparison between the respective row selection pattern and the ON/OFF display pattern of the pixels formed at the intersections between the respective column electrode (Y 1 -Y m ) and said h simultaneously selected row electrodes (X 1 -X n , X n+1 , X n+2 ), and applying in each of said plurality of selection intervals a respective part of said selection voltage waveforms and said column voltage waveforms to said h row electrodes and said column electrodes, respectively. The method according to claim 2, wherein said selection voltage waveforms have, during each of said waveform intervals, a predetermined voltage level (V 1 ) of either positive or negative polarity and said row selection patterns represent the polarities of the selection voltage waveforms in the respective waveform interval. The method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein said selection voltage waveforms applied to said h simultaneously selected row electrodes are periodically exchanged for each other. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein said selection voltage waveforms are determined such as to enlarge the duration of said waveform intervals. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said h simultaneously selected row electrodes include at least one virtual row electrode (X n+1 , X n+2 ) so as to reduce the number of required voltage levels in said column voltage waveforms. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said selection period is divided into h separate selection intervals (t1 - t2; t1 - t4) within each frame period. A drive circuit for performing the method of claim 2 comprising: a row electrode data generating circuit for generating row selection pattern data; a frame memory (3) for providing said ON/OFF display pattern; an arithmetic operation circuit (4) responsive to said row selection pattern data and said ON/OFF display pattern for calculating data representing the voltage levels of said column voltage waveforms; a column electrode driver (2) responsive to said calculated data for applying said column voltage waveforms to said column electrodes; and a row electrode driver (1) responsive to said row selection pattern data for applying said selection voltage waveforms to the h row electrodes of each selected group, wherein said column electrode driver (2) and said row electrode driver (1) are adapted to apply during each of said plurality of selection intervals (t 1 -t 2 ; t 1 -t 3 ; t 1 -t 4 ; t 1 -t 8 ) a respective part of said selection voltage waveforms and said column voltage waveforms to said h row electrodes and said column electrodes, respectively. A drive circuit according to claim 8, wherein said column electrode driver (2) and said row electrode driver (1) are adapted to apply during each of h selection intervals (t1 - t2; t1 - t4) a respective part of said selection voltage waveforms and said column voltage waveforms to said h row electrodes and said column electrodes, respectively. A display device having a drive circuit according to claim8 or 9.

Inventors: IINO SHOICHI, ITO AKIHIKO, IINO, SHOICHI, ITO, AKIHIKO
Applicants: SEIKO EPSON CORP, SEIKO EPSON CORPORATION
Application year: 1993
Main classification: G09G3
IPC codes: G09G3