Optical angle measuring device

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical angle measuring device (1) for electromagnetic radiation, such as laser light. The angle measuring device exhibits no moving parts and can be made compact. According to the invention, means (2,6.1,6.2) are provided for dividing the incident radiation into at least two radiation parts. A detector (7.1,7.2) is allocated to each respective radiation part. The angular position is calculated on the basis of signal strengths output by the detectors (7.1,7.2) by calculating ratios between difference signals and sum signals for signal strengths of the detectors, which ratios correspond to predetermined angular positions.

Description: The present invention relates to an optical angle measuring device for measuring the angular position of electromagnetic radiation, such as laser light, incident on the angle measuring device. The device comprises a lens arrangement defining an input surface for receiving said incident electromagnetic radiation and an output surface towards which the incident radiation within the optical field of vision of the device is deflected by the lens arrangement, a plurality of detectors detecting the electromagnetic radiation leaving the output surface of the lens arrangement and a calculating unit for determining a present angular position. Each detector is connected to the output surface by a respective light guide. Each light guide has a first end facing and in direct physical and optical contact with the output surface of the lens arrangement and a second end connected to a corresponding detector. The first ends of the light guides are arranged to essentially cover the output surface of the lens arrangement. A device according to the above is disclosed in US-A-3 819 940. In this case the light guides are made of a multiplicity of fibre optical elements the axis of which are parallel to the optical axis of the lens arrangement and which elements collected are to operate as a corrector device. The individual known positions of illuminated detectors in an array are used to determine the angular position of incident radiation. Adequate angular position measurements require that the individual detectors of the array are positioned in a well-defined way mutually and with regard to the lens arrangement or refractor. This makes the device complicated. Another example of an optical angle measuring device partly reminding of the the device according to the first section above is disclosed in US-A-4 286 760. The disclosed device involves moving parts, has a considerable extension in the viewing direction and is rather complicated in its construction due to the type of elements involved. The object of the present invention is to avoid the drawbacks of the disclosed devices and to produce an optical angle measuring device which does not have any moving parts and can be made very compact with little active surface for radiation incident on the angle measuring device, which makes the angle measuring device very easy to position and able to absorb shocks and relative insensitive to so-called speckle. It is therefore quite suitable for use in, among other things. defence equipment and the angular position of incident radiation can be determined with very high accuracy on the basis of the instantaneous values of the incident radiation. The object of the invention is achieved by an optical angle measuring device which is characterised in that the input surface is defined by the input surface of an optical lens included in the lens arrangement, each first end of a light guide is shaped to essentially cover a corresponding circular sector of the circular output surface of the arrangement, the second ends of the light guides are separable from each other to admit a location of each second end of the light guides with its corresponding detector distance independent of the other second ends of the light guides, and the present angular position is determined by the calculating unit on the basis of the signal strengths offered by the detectors by calculating ratios between difference signals and sum signals of signal strengths of the detectors and determining the correspondence in angular position of these ratios. Expressed more simply, it can be said that an imbalance in strength between the radiation parts is utilised for calculating the angular position. The combination consisting of a lens arrangement and light guides or optical fibres is completely free of moving parts and can be given a compact form. It is to be noted that the calculations of ratios between difference signals and sum signals of signal strengths are known from the above mentioned US-A-4 286 760. In this connection is to be noted that providing optical fibres per se is known in connection to a direction determining device, see US-A-4 625 108. In this case the first ends of the optical fibres are uniformly distributed over the convexly arched surface area of a hemispherical body while the second ends are connected to detectors. The first ends of the optical fibres are used to directly receive incident electromagnetic radiation. According to an advantageous embodiment the optical light guides are shaped to change from a circle sector section at the output surface to a circular section at the detector end. According to another advantageous embodiment, the lens arrangement comprises a plano-convex lens, the plane surface of which constitutes the output surface of the lens arrangement and a negative lens increasing the field of view, one surface of which constitute the input surface of the lens arrangement and the other surface of which is turned towards the convex surface of the plano-convex lens. The embodiment is particular compact and has due to the negative lens an increased field of view. An example of a suitable negative lens is a plane-concave lens, the plane surface of which is turned towards the input opening of the angle measuring device. The lens arrangement can advantageously be constructed of a compact body divided into lenses having different refractive indexes. To prevent stray light from reducing the applicable angle range. the edge surfaces of the lens arrangement are at least partially blackened according to a further advantageous embodiment. The operation of the angle measuring device can be tested by introducing a further optical fibre. One end of the optical fibre is connected to the lens arrangement whilst the other end is connected to a light source. The light which is transported to the lens arrangement through the further optical fibre is fed back at least in part to detectors included in the angle measuring device in accordance with a known characteristic in one test. On connecting the further part to the centre of the lens arrangement, essentially equally large signals at the different detectors can indicate a faultless operation of the angle measuring device. Angular positions of signal ratios which can occur are suitable plotted in advance in table form. According to a suitable embodiment, the means for dividing the incident radiation are arranged to divide the incident radiation into four beam parts. The angular position can be easily determined thereby in two directions at right angles to one another. The invention will be described in greater detail below, with reference to attached drawings in which Figure 1 diagrammatically shows an angle measuring device according to the invention in partial section according to 1-1 in Figure 2, Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic top view of the angle measuring device according to the invention, Figures 3 and 4 show curve diagrams of detected signals and clarify the calculation of the angular position, Figure 5 shows in a partial section an example of how the means for dividing the incident radiation can be included at the input opening of the angle measuring device and Figure 6 shows a further example of a lens arrangement which can be included in the angle measuring device. The optical angle measuring device 1 diagrammatically shown in Figure 1 comprises a lens arrangement 2 consisting of a plane-concave lens 3 and a plane-convex lens 4 in the said order counting from the input opening of the angle measuring device. One end of four separate optical fibres 6.1-6.4 is connected to the plane surface 5 of the plane-convex lens 4, only the two rear optical fibres 6.1 and 6.2 of which are shown in Figure 1. At the other end of the optical fibres, optical detectors 7.1 and 7.2 are arranged. The output of each detector 7.1, 7.2 is connected to an associated amplifier 8.1, 8.2. The detectors are connected via the amplifiers to an electronic calculating circuit 9. Figure 2 shows the connection of the optical fibres 6.1-6.4 to the plane-convex lens 4. According to the figure each optical fibre fills up a circle sector of 90° 10.1-10.4. In the direction of the detectors, the optical fibres are arranged to change from the circle sector-shaped section to a circular section. As can be seen from Figures 1 and 2 a further optical fibre 13 is connected between the centre of the plane surface 5 of the plane-convex lens 4 and a light source 14. The optical fibre 13 and light source 14 are included in a test operation which will be described further below. Radiation 11, in the form of, for example, monopulses, incident on the angle measuring device 1 within the field of view of the angle measuring device is refracted via the lens arrangement 2 towards the circle-sector shaped end faces of the optical fibres connected to the plane-convex lens 4. In the case where the incident radiation is incident at right angles on the plane surface 12 of the plane-concave lens, the radiation is ideally distributed equally between the four incoming optical fibres 6.1-6.4 and their associated detectors 7.1-7.4. When the incident radiation deviates from the right-angle direction an imbalance is created in the detected signal strengths. The imbalance created contains information about the angular position relative to the right-angle direction of incidence and can be utilised for determining the angular position in a way which is described in greater detail below. The curve diagram in Figure 3 shows an example of how the signals output by the detectors can appear as a function of an angle deviation  from the normal at the input opening in the case where only two symmetrically arranged optical fibres are included in the angle measuring device. In the example shown, one signal A has a top value at an angle deviation of approximately 15° whilst the second signal B has a top value at an angle deviation of approximately -15°. In the curve diagram in Figure 4, the signal ratio D = (A-B)/(A+B) is plotted as a function of the angle deviation . By calculating the signal ratio D and checking the angular position to which this corresponds, a current angular position can be determined. Angular positions of signal ratios which can occur are suitably plotted in advance in table form. The vertical and horizontal angular position can be calculated by interpolation. The determination of the angular position has been illustrated above for two optical fibres with associated detectors. However, there is nothing to prevent the number from being increased to four or perhaps more. In the case of four detectors, which are provided by the embodiment according to Figures 1 and 2, the determination of the angular position can be carried out in a first direction by the signals from two first pairs of adjacent detectors being summed before the calculation of the ratio, for example the sum of the signals from detectors 7.1 and 7.2 and the sum of the signals from detectors 7.3 and 7.4. In a direction at right angles with respect to the first direction, the angular position can thereby be determined by summing the signals of the detectors 7.1 and 7.4 and summing the signals of detectors 7.2 and 7.3 before calculating the ratio. Testing of the operation of the angular measuring device takes place in such a manner that the light source 14 placed at one of the ends of the optical fibre 13 is activated. The light source can be formed by, for example, a diode laser. The light is conducted from the light source 14 via the optical fibre 13 to the plane part 5 of the plane-convex lens 4. At least one part of the light conducted to the plane-convex lens is reflected towards the optical fibres 6.1-6.4. Since it is a question of a completely symmetrical arrangement of optical fibres in this case, the light reflected towards the optical fibres 6.1-6.4 is distributed essentially constant between the optical fibres and their associated detectors. The electronic circuit 9 indicates an operating angle measuring device in the case where the detectors output signals of essentially the same magnitude. A malfunction is indicated in the other case. Figure 5 shows a partial section of an example of how the means for dividing the incident radiation can be included at the input opening of the angle measuring device. The lens arrangement 2 and the optical fibres 6.1-6.4 are included in circular essentially tubular elements 15, 16, 17. The plane-concave lens 3 is kept in place by the interaction between the tubular elements 16, 17. The plane-convex lens 4 can be fixed on the inside of the tubular element 17 by gluing. The tubular elements 15, 16 are combined by a screw connection 18. The optical fibres 6.1-6.4 can be glued with their ends to the plane surface 5 of the plane-convex lens 4 according to a variant. The transition between the optical fibres and the plane surface can possibly be filled with a refractive-index-adapted oil, that is to say an oil with a refractive index which squared corresponds to the product of the refractive index of the plane-convex lens and the refractive index of the optical fibres. A suitable choice of material for the lenses included can be sapphire for the plane-concave lens 3 and crown glass for the plane-convex lens 4. Stray light in the angle measuring device reduces its applicable angular range. To reduce the stray light, the edge surfaces 20, 21 of the lens arrangement can be wholly or partially blackened according to a first method. If the refractive index of the blackening means closely corresponds to the associated lens, the light is incident at the blackening means almost without reflection losses. By the blackening means containing attenuating means such as carbon grains the light is almost completely attenuated before it again approaches the lens. According to a second method, the lenses can be provided with preferably circular baffles which surround the edge surfaces of the lenses. Figure 6 shows a lens arrangement 2 in the form of a compact body comprising three lens parts. In addition to the lens parts described in accordance with the above, in the form of a plane-concave and a plane-convex lens 3 and 4, respectively, an intermediate lens 19 is present which fills out the space between the lenses 3 and 4. The arrangement prevents moisture from penetrating into the lens arrangement and causing formation of a film. The invention is not in any way limited to the embodiments described but a large number of variants are accommodated within the scope of the invention as defined by the patent claims. For example, the number of optical fibres with associated detectors, and thereby the form taken by the ends of the optical fibres on connection to the plane-convex lens can be varied within wide limits.

Claims: Optical angle measuring device for measuring the angular position of electromagnetic radiation, such as laser light, incident on the angle measuring device, the device comprising a lens arrangement (2) having an input surface for receiving said incident electromagnetic radiation and an circular output surface (5) towards which the incident radiation within the optical field of vision of the device is deflected by the lens arrangement (2), a plurality of detectors (7.1, 7.2) detecting the electromagnetic radiation leaving the output surface of the lens arrangement and a calculating unit (9) for determining a present angular position, each detector (7.1, 7.2) being connected to the output surface by a respective light guide (6.1, 6.2), each light guide having a first end facing and in direct physical and optical contact with the output surface (5) of the lens arrangement (2) and a second end connected to a corresponding detector (7.1, 7.2), the first ends of the light guides being arranged to essentially cover the output surface (5) of the lens arrangement, characterised in that the input surface is defined by the input surface of an optical lens (3) included in the lens arrangement (2). each first end of a light guide (6.1, 6.2) is shaped to essentially cover a corresponding circular sector of the circular output surface (5) of the arrangement, the second ends of the light guides are separable from each other to admit a location of each second end of the light guides with its corresponding detector (7.1, 7.2) distance independent of the other second ends of the light guides, and the present angular position is determined by the calculating unit (9) on the basis of the signal strengths offered by the detectors (7.1, 7,2) by calculating ratios between difference signals and sum signals of signal strengths of the detectors and determining the correspondance in angular position of these ratios. Optical device according to claim 1, characterized in that the optical light guides (6.1, 6.2) are shaped to change from a circle sector section at the output surface (5) end to a circular section at the detector (7.1, 7.2) end. Optical device according to any of claims 1-2, characterized in that the lens arrangement (2) comprises a plano-convex lens (4), the plane surface (5) of which constitutes the output surface of the lens arrangement and a negative lens (3) increasing the field of view, one surface of which constitute the input surface of the lens arrangement and the other surface of which is turned towards the convex surface of the plano-convex lens (4). Optical device according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that the lens arrangement (2) is constructed of a compact body divided into lenses (3, 4) having different refractive indexes. Optical device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the edge surfaces (20, 21) of the lens arrangement (2) are at least partially blackened. Optical device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that for test of the optical device a further optical fibre (13) is connected in direct physical and optical contact with the lens arrangement (2) and preferably at the centre through its one end whilst the other end of the further optical fibre is connected to a light source (14). Optical device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the correspondence of the ratios are stored tabulated.

Inventors: BJOERKMAN BENGT, VOGL GEORG, BJOERKMAN, BENGT, VOGL, GEORG, Björkman, Bengt
Applicants: CELSIUSTECH ELECTRONICS AB
Application year: 1993
Main classification: G01S3
IPC codes: G01S3