Method and apparatus for injecting sludge into a kiln

Abstract: Sludge for injection into a kiln (14) is attrited into smaller particles to promote burning thereof by a process in which sludge is conveyed through a conduit (18) to an attrition portion (20) thereof adjacent to the kiln. The attrition portion is of segmental form. A fluid, preferably air, is introduced into the atrition portion through passageways (138) through the attrition portion and at a pressure sufficient to attrite the sludge in the attrition poriton into smaller particles and to eject the particles from the attrition portion into the kiln. As a result sludge is burned more efficiently, a flame shape of the burning sludge is enhanced and large, incombustible objects are removed from the sludge.

Description: The present invention relates to apparatus for feeding fuel to a kiln and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for feeding sludge into a kiln. In response to increasing concern over the disposal of waste material in a manner which does not generate pollution, attempts have been made to burn waste material as a part of a rotary kiln cement-making process. Use of refuse-derived fuel ("RDF"), having a volatile organic content, is desirable in a cement-making process in that the waste is incinerated at relatively elevated temperatures, such as 1,300-1,600 o C, which is sufficient to break down the toxic or hazardous constituents of the waste. Further, the combustion of waste adds heat to the cement-making process and the ash becomes part of the cement clinker. Since industries and municipalities are willing to pay for the disposal of such waste, the overall cost of cement making is reduced by the income received from accepting waste and from the reduced dependence upon conventional fossil fuels in the cement-making process. An example of such a process is disclosed in Watson, et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,022,630. That patent discloses a method of incinerating municipal refuse by burning it in a pulverized condition in a rotary cement kiln by blowing the refuse, in a comminuted state, into a kiln at the same location as the conventional fuel burners. The device requires that the comminuted refuse have a heating value sufficient to enable it to be burned while entrained in an air stream in a manner similar to the burning of conventional fuel. In order to utilize RDF and, at the same time, produce the highest quality cement clinker, it is necessary to burn the RDF as completely as possible. This requires that the RDF be comminuted into very small particles to increase the collective surface area of the RDF and promote mixing with oxygen. While this is relatively easy to accomplish with standard municipal refuse and liquid refuse, such as oil or cleaning solvents, it becomes difficult with more viscous material, such as sludge. The Benoit, et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,850,290 discloses an apparatus for burning sludge in a rotary kiln in which the sludge is injected into the kiln in the form of discrete fuel containers. The kiln body includes a radially-extending tube in which the sludge capsule is placed. As the tube passes the vertical, the sludge capsule is drawn by gravity downwardly into the kiln bed where it is burned. The sludge capsule itself comprises combustible material. A disadvantage with such a device is that the sludge is placed into the kiln in a large mass which does not promote burning of the sludge and also creates a relatively "cool" spot in the burning clinker. Such a cool spot may adversely affect the quality of the clinker produced by the kiln. Also, incomplete burning of the sludge may lead to the generation of carbon monoxide which subsequently is discharged to the atmosphere as an undesirable constituent. Accordingly, there is a need for a system in which highly viscous sludge may be injected into a cement kiln in a fashion which promotes the rapid and complete burning of the sludge without affecting the quality of the cement clinker produced. United States Patent 5 076 179 describes a system, for which the present inventor was also the inventor, in which sludge is injected into a kiln by use of a pump for pumping sludge, an attrition segment for attriting the sludge into smaller particles, and a conduit enclosing the attrition segment for entraining the particles in a stream of compressed air to carry the particles into a kiln. The attrition segment comprises a plurality of tubes, the majority of which are serpentine in configuration, and which extend along the attrition segment and are provided with orifices directed inwardly thereof so as to project jets of compressed air radially inwardly to slice the sludge mass within the segment into smaller particles. As the particles exit the attrition segment, they become entrained in a stream of compressed air flowing through the air conduit enclosing the attrition segment and are carried into the kiln. The present invention represents an improvement in or modification to the system of US Patent 5 076 179 which provides an apparatus according to the pre-characterising clause of Claim 1; in particular, the present invention employs an attrition portion of quite different form to that disclosed in the aforesaid US Patent. Practical embodiments of apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention achieve a consistent quality in the cement clinker produced in the kiln and promote the complete burning of the sludge within the kiln. In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for injecting sludge into a kiln, the apparatus comprising: a conduit having an open end; an attrition portion adjacent thereto, said attrition portion having a plurality of passageways therethrough; a manifold communicating with said passageways; sludge supply means for operably feeding sludge along said conduit to said attrition portion; and fluid supply means arranged for supplying a fluid, preferably air, to said manifold under pressure sufficient to form jets of fluid through said passageways into an interior of said attrition portion, whereby said jets penetrate into and attrite said sludge in said portion; the apparatus being characterised in that said attrition portion is formed in segmental form, said attrition portion including a plurality of overlapping segments, said segments having longitudinally-extending channels therein formed at overlapped portions of said segments, which channels form said passageways. In a second and alternative aspect thereof, the invention provides a method of attriting sludge into smaller particles to promote burning thereof, and for injecting said particles into a kiln, said method comprising the steps of: conveying sludge through a conduit to an attrition portion thereof adjacent to a kiln, said attrition portion being of segmental form, including a plurality of overlapping segments having longitudinally-extending channels formed at overlapped portions of the segments and providing passageways therethrough; and introducing a fluid, preferably air, into said attrition portion through said passageways at a pressure sufficient to attrite said sludge in said attrition portion into smaller particles and to eject said particles from said attrition portion into said kiln, whereby said sludge is burned more efficiently, a flame shape of said burning sludge is enhanced, and large, incombustible objects are removed from said sludge. The attrition portion may have a plurality of nested segments and a plurality of the said channels may be formed in an outer surface of the segments, the channels extending through an overlapping portion of each of the segments. Each of the overlapping segments may have a plurality of passages extending from an outer surface of the segment to an inner volume of the conduit to provide the passageways. Preferably, compressed air is supplied through an outer conduit, concentric with the inner conduit. The attrition portion is enclosed in a larger conduit which conveys compressed air into the kiln so that the attrited sludge is entrained in the air. An extension tube projects from the attrition portion and includes an internal, helical thread to impart a swirl to the attrited sludge exiting the attrition portion. In a preferred embodiment, the attrition portion includes a plurality of nested, frusto-conical segments, each having channels on an exterior surface which extend through the overlapped portion of the segment to form the passageways. The segments are held in the nested arrangement by an end cap, threaded on the outer conduit, which clamps the segments against the end of the conduit. A central tube in the inner conduit supplies compressed air to the centre of the attrition portion, as needed, and is selectively positionable relative to the attrition portion. In operation, sludge is pumped to the attrition portion where the jets of compressed air slice through the sludge like knives to break up the sludge into small particles. The force of the compressed air, combined with the pressure of the sludge flowing to the attrition portion, causes the sludge particles to move forwardly into the kiln. At this point, the sludge particles become entrained in the compressed air stream flowing into the kiln and are carried, airborne-fashion, into the kiln for combustion. The invention is hereinafter more particularly described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a schematic, side elevation in section of an embodiment of sludge injection apparatus of the present invention; Fig. 2 is a detail side elevation in section of the attrition portion of the apparatus of Fig. 1, in which the nozzle has been displaced into the attrition portion; Fig. 3 is an end elevation in section taken at line 3-3 of Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is an end elevation in section taken at line 4-4 of Fig. 2; Fig. 5 is an exploded, perspective view of the attrition portion of the apparatus of Fig. 1; Fig. 6 is an end elevation a base segment of the attrition portion shown in Fig. 5; Fig. 7 is an end elevation of a first intermediate segment of the attrition portion of Fig. 5; Fig. 8 is an end elevation of a second intermediate segment of the attrition portion of Fig. 5; and Fig. 9 is an end elevation of the end segment of the attrition portion of Fig. 5. As shown in Figure 1, the sludge injection apparatus, generally designated 10, protrudes through the end wall 12 of a rotary reactor such as a cement kiln 14 and extends into the interior area 16 where combustion occurs. The apparatus 10 includes an inner conduit 18 which terminates in an attrition portion 20 at an outer end within the interior 16 and is enclosed at an outer end by an end cap 22 secured to an end flange 24 by a ring of bolts 26. The inner conduit 18 includes a branching conduit 28 which terminates in a flange 30 which is connected to a sludge supply conduit 32, shown schematically in Fig. 1. The sludge supply conduit 32 is connected to a sludge pump 34, preferably a piston pump. The inner conduit 18 is enclosed by, and is concentric with, an outer conduit 36 which is sealed by an end cap 38 at an inner end (see also Fig. 2) and by a cover plate 40 at an outer end. Cover plate 40 includes an orifice which receives the inner conduit 18 therethrough an is connected to the inner conduit by weldments 42. The cover plate 40 is connected by a ring of bolts 44 to an end flange 46 of the outer conduit. Consequently, the inner and outer conduits form a cylindrical inner air supply chamber 48 which extends along the exterior of the inner conduit 18. The outer conduit 36 includes inlets 50 which are connected to air supply conduits 52 (shown schematically) which supply air from a source of compressed air, such as a compressor 54. The outer conduit 36 is enclosed by a housing 56 which includes a cylindrical jacket 58 lined with an insulating refractory 60. The housing has an annular opening 62 within the kiln interior 16 and is sealed by an end plate 64 at an outer end, through which the outer conduit 36 extends. The connection is sealed by weldments 66 and the end plate 64 is welded to end flange 68. The jacket 58 includes inlets 70 which are connected to air supply conduits 72 that receive compressed air from supply conduit 52. An inner air supply tube 74 is concentric with the inner conduit 18 and terminates in a nozzle 76 immediately adjacent to the attrition segment 20. The tube 74 extends through end packing 78 in end cap 22 and is supplied with compressed air from flexible conduit 80, which receives compressed air from compressor 54. Tube 74 is longitudinally displaceable within conduit 18, so that nozzle 76 is selectively displaceable relative to attrition portion 20, and is activated by actuating a valve 81. As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, the tube 74 is supported at its inner end by a bracket 82 which is attached to the interior wall of the inner conduit 18 by weld 84, and includes an arcuate portion which cradles the tube. The outer tube end cap 38 includes a threaded annular wall 86 which screws onto corresponding threads 88 on the end of the outer conduit 36. The end cap 38 includes a central orifice 90 which is threaded and receives the outer end of an extension tube 92, so that the extension tube communicates with the inner conduit 18. As shown in Figs. 2 and 4, extension tube 92 includes a series of helical ribs 94 which project radially inwardly to a centerline of the tube. Six mounting bars 96 are threaded into the end cap 38 at their outer ends and include angled inner ends 98. As shown in Fig. 4, the bars 96 are spaced about the extension tube 92. The mounting bars 96 support an insulating shell 100 of refractory material which encases the extension tube 92 and is approximately equal in diameter to the end cap 38. The end cap 38 is assembled by first attaching the extension tube 92 and mounting bars 96 to the end cap, then casting the refractory shell 100 about the tube and bars. The air supply tube 74 includes radially-inwardly projecting, helical ribs 102. The nozzle 76 includes a restricted orifice 104, which adds velocity to the air conveyed by the tube 74. The nozzle 76 is threaded on the end of the tube 74. As shown in Fig. 5, the attribution portion 20 comprises four annular nested segments, which comprise a base segment 106 (see also Fig. 6), a first intermediate segment 108 (see also Fig. 7), a second intermediate segment 110 (see also Fig. 8) and an outer segment 112 (see also Fig. 9). Base segment 106 is attached to the end of the inter conduit 18 by weldments and includes a frusto-conical portion 114 having a series of longitudinally-extending, skewed slots 116 spaced about its periphery. First intermediate segment 108 includes a frusto-conical portion 118 having a plurality of longitudinally-extending, skewed slots 120 extending about its periphery. Second intermediate segment 110 includes frusto-conical portion 122 which includes a plurality of slots 124 spaced about its periphery; and end segment 112 includes frusto-conical portion 126 having a plurality of longitudinally-extending, skewed slots 128 spaced about its periphery. Segments 106-112 also include the base portions 130, 132, 134 and 136, which are also frusto-conical in shape, but do not taper as severely as adjacent portions 114, 118, 122 and 126, respectively. The slots 116, 120, 124 and 128 project rearwardly from the inner portions of the segments 106-112 and extend slightly into the base portions 130, 132, 134 and 136. The base portions 130-136, and frusto-conical portions 114, 118, 122 and 126 are tapered such that, when nested, the segments 106-112 form a continuous, tapered body 137 having passages 138 (see Fig. 2), formed from slots 116, 120, 124 and 128 extending from the inner air supply chamber 48 to the interior of the inner conduit 18. The inner end 140 of the outer segment 112 is beveled and engages a correspondingly-beveled outer opening 142 of the end cap 38. This connection provides a centering feature such that the segments 106-112 remain concentric with a central axis of the apparatus 10. Further, the engagement between the outer segment 112 and end cap 38 clamps the segments 106-112 against the inner conduit 18, and the nested engagement between these segments prevents them from skewing relative to each other. Consequently, there is no need for a mechanical connection between the segments 106-112 such as bolts or welds. Further, the disassembly of the body 137 is for cleaning or repair is facilitated. The operation of the sludge injection apparatus is as follows. Sludge --which is primarily a viscous liquid, or a viscous liquid with relatively small particulates suspended in it-- is deposited in the sludge pump 34 and is conveyed through the supply conduit 32 to the branch conduit 28, where it enters the interior of the inner conduit 18 and flows inwardly along the conduit to an area within the rotary kiln 14. Compressed air from compressor 54 is conveyed through conduits 52, 72, 80 to the inner air supply chamber 48 and to the annular space within jacket 58. Experiments have achieved successful results with air pressure as low as 75 psi (5.17 x 10 5 N/m 2 ), but best results are obtained at pressures of at least 90 psi (6.205 x 10 5 N/m 2 ). Further, compressed air is conveyed through air supply tube 74 along the center of the inner conduit 18. As the sludge material enters the attrition portion, it is attrited by jets of compressed air which pass through the passages 138 formed by the segments 106-112 of the attrition portion. The jets of compressed air slice through the sludge, breaking it up into small particles, where is continues to progress through the opening 90 in the end cap 38 and enters the extension tube. There, the sludge is accelerated by the jet of air exiting the nozzle 76 of the air supply tube and is swirled as a result of frictional engagement with the helical ribs 94 of the extension tube. Experiments have indicated that best results can be obtained with a rib height of at least 0.125 in (3.18 mm) and preferably 0.25 in (6.35 mm). Upon exiting the extension tube, the sludge particles form a swirling stream which is further confined by compressed air exiting the jacket 58, which envelopes the shell 100 of the extension tube 92 and helps maintain its temperature within the desired limits. Although not normally needed, if necessary, the tube 74 is activated and the nozzle 76 displaced to the attriter body 137 (Fig. 2) in order to attrite or dislodge large particles in the attriter body.

Claims: An apparatus for injecting sludge into a kiln, the apparatus comprising: a conduit (18) having an open end; an attrition portion (20) adjacent thereto, said attrition portion having a plurality of passageways (138) therethrough; a manifold (48) communicating with said passageways; sludge supply means (32, 34) for operably feeding sludge along said conduit to said attrition portion; and fluid supply means (52, 54) arranged for supplying a fluid, preferably air, to said manifold under pressure sufficient to form jets of fluid through said passageways into an interior of said attrition portion, whereby said jets penetrate into and attrite said sludge in said portion; the apparatus being characterised in that said attrition portion is formed in segmental form, said attrition portion including a plurality of overlapping segments (106, 108, 110, 112), said segments having longitudinally-extending channels (116, 120, 124, 128) therein formed at overlapped portions of said segments, which channels form said passageways. Apparatus according to Claim 1, further characterised in that said passageways (138) are angled towards said open end. Apparatus according to Claims 1 or 2, further characterised in that said attrition portion comprises a plurality of nested segments (106, 108, 110, 112), each of said segments having a plurality of said channels (116, 120, 124, 128) formed in an outer surface thereof, said channels extending through an overlapping portion of each of said segments. Apparatus according to Claims 1 or 2, further characterised in that each of said overlapping segments has a plurality of passages (138) extending from an outer surface of said segment to an inner volume of said conduit to provide the said passageways. Apparatus according to Claim 4, further characterised in that said passageways (138) extend through overlapped portions of said segments (106, 108, 110, 112). Apparatus according to Claim 5, further characterised in that each of said segments (106, 108, 110, 112) is frusto-conical in shape. Apparatus according to Claim 6, further characterised in that said segments (106, 108, 110, 112), when arranged in said overlapping relation, form a frusto-conical body (20) diminishing in cross-section toward said open end. Apparatus according to any preceding Claim, further characterised in that said passageways are spaced about a periphery of each of said segments (106, 108, 110, 112). Apparatus according to any preceding Claim, further characterised in that said conduit (18) includes an extension (92) projecting from said open end, and adapted to impart a swirling motion to discrete particles of attrited sludge passing through said open end. Apparatus according to Claim 9, further characterised in that said extension (92) is cylindrical in shape and includes helical ribs (94) on an internal surface thereof. Apparatus according to any preceding Claim, further characterised in that said manifold (48) includes an outer conduit (36), concentric with said conduit (18), said conduit and said outer conduit forming said manifold. Apparatus according to Claim 11, further characterised in comprising an end cap (38) attached to said outer conduit (36), said end cap engaging said conduit (18) to form a portion of said manifold and including an opening (90) in registry with said open end. Apparatus according to both Claim 7 and 12, further characterised in that said end cap (38) includes bearing surface means (142) for engaging an end (140) of said frusto-conical section, said engagement maintaining said segments in overlapping relation concentric with said conduit. Apparatus according to Claim 13, further characterised in that said end (140) of said frusto-conical section includes a bevelled rim, and said bearing surface means (142) includes a complementarily-bevelled portion, said bevelled portion engaging and centering said frusto-conical section. Apparatus according to any of Claims 12, 13 or 14, further characterised in that said end cap (38) is threaded on to said outer conduit, said threaded engagement (88) clamping said segments against each other and a remainder of said conduit. Apparatus according to Claims 9 or 10, further characterised in comprising insulation means (100) surrounding said extension. Apparatus according to both Claim 16 and any one of Claims 12 to 15, characterised in further comprising anchoring means (90) for anchoring said insulation means to said end cap. Apparatus according to Claim 17, further characterised in that said anchoring means (96) includes a plurality of rods attached to said end cap (38) and extending through said insulation means (100). Apparatus according to any preceding Claim, further characterised in comprising injection means (54, 80, 74, 76) for operatively injecting a compressed fluid axially along said conduit (18) to attrite said sludge and to propel attrited sludge from said open end. Apparatus according to Claim 19, further characterised in that said injecting means includes a tube (74) extending axially along said conduit (18) and including a nozzle (76) at the end of said tube, said tube being displaceable within said tube whereby said nozzle is selectively positionable relative to said attrition portion (20). Apparatus according to Claim 20, further characterised in that said tube includes internal helical ribs (102) shaped to impart a swirling motion to pressurized fluid flowing through said tube; and a nozzle (76), attached at an end of said tube, shaped to increase velocity of fluid flowing through said nozzle. Apparatus according to Claims 20 or 21, further characterised in that said conduit includes means (82) for supporting said tube. A method of attriting sludge into smaller particles to promote burning thereof, and for injecting said particles into a kiln (14), said method comprising the steps of: conveying sludge through a conduit (18) to an attrition portion (20) thereof adjacent to a kiln, said attrition portion being of segmental form, including a plurality of overlapping segments (106, 108, 110, 112) having longitudinally-extending channels (116, 120, 124, 128) formed at overlapped portions of the segments and providing passageways (138) therethrough; and introducing a fluid, preferably air, into said attrition portion through said passageways at a pressure sufficient to attrite said sludge in said attrition portion into smaller particles and to eject said particles from said attrition portion into said kiln, whereby said sludge is burned more efficiently, a flame shape of said burning sludge is enhanced, and large, incombustible objects are removed from said sludge. A method according to Claim 23, wherein said fluid carries entrained particulate material. A method according to Claims 23 or 24, wherein said introducing step occurs only when said attrition portion is substantially completely filled with sludge, such that said fluid is injected into said attrition segment periodically. A method according to Claim 23, wherein said fluid is introduced as discrete jets of high pressure fluid along a length of said attrition chamber and radially inwardly about an inner periphery thereof. A method according to Claim 26, wherein said introducing step includes directing high pressure jets of air angled forwardly at said sludge. A method according to Claim 27, wherein said high pressure streams of air are oriented to impart a helical trajectory to said sludge. A method according to any of Claims 23 to 28, further comprising the step of injecting said particles into a stream of combustion air to promote burning of said particles in said kiln. A method according to Claim 29, wherein said injecting step includes the step of enveloping said particles completely in said stream.

Inventors: CARPENTER KEITH HERBERT, CARPENTER, KEITH HERBERT
Applicants: SYSTECH ENVIRONMENTAL CORP, SYSTECH ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION
Application year: 1993
Main classification: F23G5
IPC codes: C04B7, F23K3, F23G5, F23G7