A liquid crystal display

Abstract: A liquid crystal display is disclosed. The liquid crystal display includes: a liquid crystal panel including a pair of substrates and super twisted nematic liquid crystal having a twisted structure with a twist angle of 180° or more, the super twisted nematic liquid crystal (7) being contained between the pair of substrates; a pair of polarizing plates which sandwich the liquid crystal panel; an optically anisotropic plate (3) having a twisted structure with a twist angle of 90° or less, the optically anisotropic plate being disposed between one of the pair of polarizing plates and the liquid crystal panel, or between the other one of the pair of polarizing plates and the liquid crystal panel; and a phase plate (2) of a polymeric film which is uniaxially extended, the phase plate being disposed between one of the pair of polarizing plates and the liquid crystal panel, or between the other one of the pair of polarizing plates and the liquid crystal panel.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention: The present invention relates to a super twisted nematic mode liquid crystal display (hereinafter, abbreviated as an "STN-LCD") with color compensation which is used for, for example, a monochrome display or a multicolor display in a word processor, or a personal computer. 2. Description of the Related Art: In such an STN-LCD, a display is performed by utilizing the birefringence of super twisted nematic (STN) liquid crystal. Due to the anisotropy of refractive index, the display is colored so as to be yellow, green or blue, which is referred to as a coloring phenomenon. In order to compensate for the coloring phenomenon, the STN-LCD is generally provided with a color compensating plate. A double-layered STN-LCD (DSTN-LCD) is a representative example in which such a color compensating plate is provided. In the DSTN-LCD, the coloring which occurs in displaying cells constituting a first layer is color-compensated by using optical compensating cells constituting a second layer. The optical compensating cells of the second layer have a twisted structure which is reversed to a twisted structure of the cells of the first layer, whereby an achromatic color display is realized. Alternatively, there is a proposal to use a phase plate for the same optical compensation as in the case where the above optical compensating liquid crystal cells are used. An exemplary STN-LCD with a phase plate is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 64-519. In the disclosed STN-LCD, the phase plate is produced by uniaxially extending a polymeric film of polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, or the like, and a display is made to be achromatic by the thus produced phase plate. Figures 6A and 6B show the STN-LCD disclosed in the above-identified patent publication. Figure 6A shows an STN-LCD of a twentieth example, and Figure 6B shows an STN-LCD of a twenty-first example of the above-identified patent publication. The STN-LCD shown in Figure 6A includes a front-side polarizing plate 1, a front-side phase plate 2 of a polymeric film which is uniaxially extended, a pair of light transmission substrates 4 for an STN liquid crystal panel 10, a pair of transparent electrodes 5, a pair of orientation films 6, a nematic liquid crystal layer (an STN liquid crystal layer) 7 to which a chiral dopant is added, and a back-side polarizing plate 8. The STN-LCD shown in Figure 6B additionally includes a back-side phase plate 9 of a polymeric film which is uniaxially extended. In the STN-LCDs shown in these figures, light is incident on the STN liquid crystal panel 10 from the back-side polarizing plate 8. As described above, in the STN-LCD of the twentieth example, one phase plate of a uniaxial polymer film is provided in front of the STN liquid crystal panel. In the STN-LCD of the twenty-first example, two phase plates are provided in front of and at the back of the STN liquid crystal panel, respectively. Moreover, a thirty-first example to the thirty-fourth example of the above-identified patent publication describe, in order to perform the optical compensation, a construction in which one liquid crystal polymeric film of a mixture film of polypeptide and polymethylmethacrylate which exhibits a cholesteric phase and has an inversely twisted structure by 210° to 360°, is present instead of the phase plate. However, the conventional DSTN-LCD necessitates two layers of cells for displaying and compensating. Thus, the DSTN-LCD has a problem in that the thickness thereof is larger and also the weight is larger than that of a single-layer STN-LCD. In addition, the construction as shown in Figure 6A or 6 B in which one phase plate of a uniaxially extended polymeric film is provided in front of the STN liquid crystal panel, or two phase plates of uniaxially extended polymeric films are provided in front of and at the back of the STN liquid crystal panel has a limitation in an achromatic degree of the display. Thus, there exists a problem in that such a construction is inferior to the DSTN-LCD in the contrast ratio, and the black/white display. This is because the phase difference variation depending on the wavelength in the liquid crystal panel is not completely equal to the phase difference variation depending on the wavelength in the uniaxially extended polymeric film, so that the phase difference cannot be compensated over the entire visible range. Another reason is that the rotatory polarization of the liquid crystal panel cannot be compensated unless a plurality of phase plates are disposed one over the other in such a manner that the optical axes are rotated from each other so as to make a spurious twisted structure. Moreover, according to the construction in which one liquid crystal polymeric film which exhibits a cholesteric phase and has an inversely twisted structure is disposed in front of the STN liquid crystal panel, instead of the phase plate, a good display to a degree closer to that attained by the DSTN-LCD can be obtained. However. it is difficult to equalize the phase difference variation depending on the wavelength in the STN panel with the phase difference variation depending on the wavelengths in the liquid crystal polymeric film, so that the construction also has a limitation in achromatizing the display. In addition, the construction has various problems in a method for strictly regulating the twist angle by 180° or more, in reliability for environmental resistance, and in high-volume production capability, so that this construction is not practically used. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The liquid crystal display of this invention as defined in claim 1 comprises: a liquid crystal panel including a front-side substrate, a back-side substrate and a super twisted nematic liquid crystal material having a twisted structure with a twist angle of 180° or more in a first twist direction, said super twisted nematic liquid crystal material being contained between said front-side substrate and said back-side substrate; a front-side polarizing plate and a back-side polarizing plate which sandwich said liquid crystal panel, wherein said front-side polarizing plate is disposed on a side of said liquid crystal panel corresponding to said front-side substrate; an optically anisotropic plate which includes a low molecular nematic liquid crystal layer or a high molecular liquid crystal layer having a twisted structure in a second twist direction, said optically anisotropic plate being disposed between said front-side polarizing plate and said liquid crystal panel; and a phase plate of a polymeric film which is uniaxially extended, said phase plate being disposed between said front-side polarizing plate and said optically anisotropic plate. In one embodiment, the twist direction of the super twisted nematic liquid crystal is in reverse to the twist direction of the liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate. In the above embodiment, a product d · Δ n is in the range from 180 nm to 700 nm, where d is a thickness of the liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate and Δ n is the anisotropy of refractive index. In another embodiment, the twist direction of the super twisted nematic liquid crystal is the same as the twist direction of the liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate. In the above embodiment, a product of d · Δ n is in the range from 500 nm to 1100 nm, where d is a thickness of the liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate and Δ n is the anisotropy of refractive index. The phase plate may be a film of polycarbonate, or a film of polyvinylalcohol, or a quarter-wave plate of polycarbonate, or a quarter-wave plate of polyvinylalcohol. The liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate may have a twisted structure with a twist angle of 90° or less or with a twist angle of more than 90°. The twist angle may be from 60° to 130°. In a further embodiment, the liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate has a product d · Δ n being in the range from 180 nm to 700 nm, where d is a thickness of said liquid crystal layer and Δ n is the anisotropy of its refractive index. In the above embodiment, the first twist direction of said super twisted nematic liquid crystal material is in reverse to the second twist direction of said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate, and an angle () formed by an orientation direction of said front-side substrate and an optical axis of said liquid crystal layer is 90°, and a cross angle (β) formed by a slow axis of said phase plate and the optical axis of said liquid crystal layer is 90°. In another embodiment, said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate has a product of d · Δ n being in the range from 500 nm to 1100 nm, where d is a thickness of the liquid crystal layer and Δ n is the anisotropy of its refractive index. In the above embodiment, the first twist direction of said super twisted nematic liquid crystal material is the same as the second twist direction of said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate, and an angle () formed by an orientation direction of said front-side substrate and an optical axis of said liquid crystal layer is 0°, and a cross angle (β) formed by a slow axis of said phase plate and the optical axis of said liquid crystal layer is 90°. In this invention an optically anisotropic plate including a liquid crystal layer having a twisted structure, and a phase plate of a polymeric film which is uniaxially extended are disposed between the front side polarizing plate and the liquid crystal panel, whereby the rotatory polarization caused by the liquid crystal panel is eliminated, and the phase difference between the liquid crystal panel and the phase plate is compensated. Moreover, by using the optically anisotropic plate having a twisted structure, the retardation value depending on the wavelength can be controlled, so that it is possible to desirably use a phase plate of various kinds of polymeric films. Thus, the invention described herein makes possible the advantage of providing a thin and light liquid crystal display by which an achromatic color display can be realized with superior reliability and high-volume production capability. This and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a liquid crystal display according to the invention. Figure 2 is a diagram showing a relationship of axes of various components in the liquid crystal display shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a diagram showing the polarized condition of elliptically polarized light having wavelengths of λ = 450 nm, λ = 550 nm, and λ = 650 nm immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate, in the liquid crystal display of a first example. Figure 4 shows a relationship between a wavelength and a value obtained by standardizing a retardation value of the uniaxially extended polymeric by using the retardation value at λ = 550 nm. Figure 5 is a diagram showing the polarized condition of elliptically polarized light having wavelengths of λ = 450 nm, λ = 550 nm, and λ = 650 nm immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate, in the liquid crystal display of the second example. Figures 6A and 6B are schematic cross-sectional views showing conventional liquid crystal displays. Figure 7 is a diagram showing the polarized condition of elliptically polarized light having wavelengths of λ = 450 nm, λ = 550 nm, and λ = 650 nm immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate, in the conventional liquid crystal display shown in Figure 6B. Figure 8 is a diagram showing the polarized condition of elliptically polarized light having wavelengths of λ = 450 nm, λ = 550 nm, and λ = 650 nm immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate, in the conventional liquid crystal display shown in Figure 6B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, the invention will be described by way of examples with reference to figures. Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a liquid crystal display according to the invention. A liquid crystal panel 10 is constituted by a pair of light transmission substrates 4a and 4b, nematic liquid crystal (STN liquid crystal layer) 7 which is filled between the substrates 4a and 4b to which a chiral dopant is added, a pair of transparent electrodes 5 formed on the faces of the substrates 4a and 4b which face the STN liquid crystal layer 7, respectively, and a pair of orientation films 6. On the front side of the liquid crystal panel 10 (i.e., on the upper side in Figures 1, 2 and 3), a front-side polarizing plate 1 is provided, and on the back side of the liquid crystal panel 10 (i.e., on the lower side in Figures 1, 2 and 3), a back-side polarizing plate 8 is provided. In addition, a phase plate 2 of a polymeric film which is uniaxially extended is provided on the front side or the back side of the liquid crystal panel 10. Also, an optically anisotropic plate 3 having a twisted structure is provided on the front side of the liquid crystal panel 10. As shown in Figure 1, the phase plate 2 and the optically anisotropic plate 3 are both provided on the front side of the liquid crystal panel 10. Figure 2 shows relationships such as optical axes of various components and orientation directions of STN liquid crystal molecules in the liquid crystal display shown in Figure 1. In Figure 2, an angle formed by the orientation direction 15 of liquid crystal molecules in the emitting-side substrate 4a of the liquid crystal panel 10 and the orientation direction 16 of liquid crystal molecules in the incident-side substrate 4b of the liquid crystal panel 10 is represented by , that is,  is a twist angle of the liquid crystal panel 10. An angle formed by an emitting-side optical axis 13 (S-axis) of the optically anisotropic plate 3 and an incident-side optical axis 14 of the optically anisotropic plate 3 is represented by ψ, that is, ψ is a twist angle of the optically anisotropic plate 3. A cross angle formed by the incident-side optical axis 14 of the optically anisotropic plate 3 and the orientation direction 15 of liquid crystal molecules in the emitting-side substrate 4a is represented by . A cross angle formed by an absorption axis direction 11 of the front-side polarizing plate 1 and the emitting-side optical axis 13 of the optically anisotropic plate 3 is represented by α. A cross angle formed by an optical axis (S-axis) 12 of the phase plate 2 and the emitting-side optical axis 13 of the optically anisotropic plate 3 is represented by β. A cross angle formed by the orientation direction 16 of liquid crystal molecules in the incident-side substrate 4b and an absorption axis direction 17 of the back-side polarizing plate 8 is represented by γ. In the liquid crystal display having the above construction, by optimizing the respective retardation values and the respective axial angle arrangements of the optically anisotropic plate and the phase plate, a better black/white display can be realised and the contrast ratio can be improved. Example 1 In this example, the optically anisotropic plate 3 shown in Figure 1 is levorotatory and has a retardation of 900 nm, the phase plate 2 is a polycarbonate film which is uniaxially extended and has a retardation of 450 nm, and the STN liquid crystal layer 7 is levorotatory and has a retardation of 900 nm. The above various angles are set as follows:  = 240°, ψ = 90°,  = 0°, β = 90°, and γ = 40°. As to the liquid crystal display in this example, Figure 3 shows emission elliptically polarized light beams which have wavelengths of, for example, of λ = 450 nm (blue), λ = 550 nm (green), and λ = 650 nm (red) immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate 1. As a comparative example, Figure 7 shows emission elliptically polarized light beams having the above wavelengths of light immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate, in the case where, for example, in the conventional STN-LCD having a construction shown in Figure 6B, the front-side phase plate 2 and the back-side phase plate 9 are polycarbonate films which are uniaxially extended and have a retardation of 430 nm, and the STN liquid crystal layer 7 has a retardation of 900 nm. It is seen from Figures 3 and 7 that the liquid crystal display of this example has better ellipticity and azimuth as compared with the conventional STN-LCD. As to the liquid crystal display of this example, the luminance (Y) and the CIE chromaticity coordinates (x, y) are measured when the absorption axis direction 11 of the front-side polarizing plate 1 is actually adjusted to the azimuth of the emission elliptically polarized light immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate. As a result, the luminance (Y) is measured as 0.425, and the chromaticity coordinates (x, y) are measured as (0.2669, 0.2857). Thus, a very good black display can be obtained. Moreover, Figure 4 shows a relationship between a wavelength and a value obtained by standardizing a retardation value of polycarbonate which is used as a material of the uniaxially extended polymeric by using the retardation value at λ = 550 nm. Figure 4 also shows a relationship between a wavelength and a value obtained by standardizing a retardation value immediately before entering the front-side phase plate 2 by using the retardation value at λ = 550 nm. As seen from Figure 4, the retardation value variation depending on the wavelength in the front-side phase plate 2 is substantially the same as the retardation value variation depending on the wavelength immediately before entering the front-side phase plate 2. Therefore, in the liquid crystal display of this example, the optical compensation can be realized for the wavelengths over the entire visible range. Example 2 In this example, the optically anisotropic plate 3 shown in Figure 1 is dextrorotatory and has a retardation of 400 nm, the phase plate 2 is a polyvinylalcohol film which is uniaxially extended and has a retardation of 460 nm, and the STN liquid crystal layer 7 is levorotatory and has a retardation of 900 nm. The various angles above are set as follows:  = 240°, ψ = 90°,  = 90°, β = 90°, and γ = 40°. As to the liquid crystal display in this example, Figure 5 shows emission elliptically polarized light beams which have wavelengths of, for example, λ = 450 nm (blue), λ = 550 nm (green), and λ = 650 nm (red) immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate 1. As a comparative example, Figure 8 shows emission elliptically polarized light beams having the above wavelengths, in the case where, for example, in the conventional STN-LCD having a construction shown in Figure 6 B, the front-side phase plate 2 and the back-side phase plate 9 are polyvinylalcohol films which are uniaxially extended and have a retardation of 430 nm, and the STN liquid crystal layer 7 has a retardation of 900 nm. It is seen from Figures 5 and 8 that the liquid crystal display of this example has better ellipticity and azimuth as compared with the conventional STN-LCD. As to the liquid crystal display of this example, the luminance (Y) and the CIE chromaticity coordinates (x, y) are measured when the absorption axis direction 11 of the front-side polarizing plate 1 is actually adjusted to the azimuth of the emission elliptically polarized light immediately before entering the front-side polarizing plate. As a result, the luminance (Y) is measured as 1.2439, and the chromaticity coordinates (x, y) are measured as (0.2865, 0.3191). Thus, a very good black display can be obtained. It is noted that, in the complete black display, the luminance Y = 0, and the chromaticity coordinates (x, y) = (0.3101, 0.3162) (illuminant C). Moreover, Figure 4 shows a relationship between a wavelength and a value obtained by standardizing a retardation value of polyvinylalcohol which is used as a material of the uniaxially extended polymeric by using the retardation value at λ = 550 nm. Figure 4 also shows a relationship between a wavelength and a value obtained by standardizing a retardation value immediately before entering the front-side phase plate 2 by using the retardation value at λ = 550 nm. As seen from Figure 4, the retardation value variation depending on the wavelength in the front-side phase plate 2 is substantially the same as the retardation value variation depending on the wavelength immediately before entering the front-side phase plate 2. Therefore, in the liquid crystal display of this example, the optical compensation can be realized for the wavelengths over the entire visible range. In the above first and second examples, the description is made by using an optically anisotropic plate having a 90°-twisted structure. This invention is not limited solely to this. Alternatively, if a structure with a twist angle smaller than 90°, such as 60°, 70°, or 80°, or a structure with a twist angle larger than 90°, such as 130° is used, the same effects can be attained. As understood by the above description, the optically anisotropic plate having the above-mentioned twisted structure has a different function from a liquid crystal polymeric film which is intended to be substituted for a cell for optical compensation in the conventional DSTN-LCD. More specifically, when the optically anisotropic plate is used in combination with a phase plate of a uniaxially extended polymeric film, the rotatory polarization which is caused by the pass of light through an STN liquid crystal panel is eliminated and the phase difference is compensated. Therefore, by using an optically anisotropic plate having the above-mentioned twisted structure, a very good black/white display can be obtained. Moreover, the conventional liquid crystal polymeric film is required to have substantially the same but reverse twist angle as that of the STN liquid crystal panel with which the film is combined. On the contrary, in the liquid crystal display according to the invention, the optically anisotropic plate may have a twist angle of about 90°, and based on the characteristics of the combined phase plate, the optically anisotropic plate may be levorotatory, or dextrorotatory. Therefore, a liquid crystal display with superior high-volume production capability and high reliability can be provided. The optically anisotropic plate having a twisted structure can be produced by interposing a low molecular nematic liquid crystal layer to which a chiral dopant is added between light transmission substrates which have been subjected to the orientation process. Alternatively, high molecular liquid crystal in which chiral nematic molecules are applied to side chains of high molecular chains such as acrylate can be formed as a layer on a light transmission substrate the surface of which has been subjected to the orientation process. As apparent from the above description, according to the invention, an optically anisotropic plate having a twisted structure is used in combination with a phase plate of an uniaxially extended polymeric film, so that the rotatory polarization of light caused by the STN liquid crystal panel is eliminated, and the phase difference with respect to the liquid crystal panel can be compensated. Therefore, an optical compensation is performed for the wavelengths over the entire visible range, and thus a perfect achromatic color display can be attained. Therefore, the liquid crystal display can be compact and light as compared with the DSTN-LCD, and a black/white display and the contrast ratio can also be improved. By using the optically anisotropic plate having a twisted structure, the retardation value variation depending on the wavelength can be controlled. Accordingly, a phase plate which is constituted by various kinds of polymeric films can easily and desirably be used. Therefore, the liquid crystal display of the invention can largely contribute to the improvement in display quality, larger size, high resolution, and color display. In addition, a liquid crystal display with a high-volume production possibility can be provided.

Claims: A liquid crystal display comprising: a liquid crystal panel (10) including a front-side substrate (4a), a back-side substrate (4b) and a super twisted nematic liquid crystal material (7) having a twisted structure with a twist angle of 180° or more in a first twist direction, said super twisted nematic liquid crystal material being contained between said front-side substrate and said back-side substrate; a front-side polarizing plate (1) and a back-side polarizing plate (8) which sandwich said liquid crystal panel (10), wherein said front-side polarizing plate (1) is disposed on a side of said liquid crystal panel (10) corresponding to said front-side substrate (4a); an optically anisotropic plate (3) which includes a low molecular nematic liquid crystal layer or a high molecular liquid crystal layer having a twisted structure in a second twist direction, said optically anisotropic plate being disposed between said front-side polarizing plate (1) and said liquid crystal panel (10); and a phase plate (2) of a polymeric film which is uniaxially extended, said phase plate being disposed between said front-side polarizing plate and said optically anisotropic plate A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said first twist direction of said super twisted nematic liquid crystal material (7) is in reverse to said second twist direction of said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate (3). A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said first twist direction of said super twisted nematic liquid crystal material is the same as a twist direction of said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate. A liquid crystal display according to claim 2, wherein a product d · Δ n is in the range from 180 nm to 700 nm, where d is a thickness of said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate and Δ n is the anisotropy of its refractive index. A liquid crystal display according to claim 3, wherein a product of d · Δ n is in the range from 500 nm to 1100 nm, where d is a thickness of said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate and Δ n is the anisotropy of its refractive index. A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said phase plate is a film of polycarbonate. A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said phase plate is a film of polyvinylalcohol. A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said phase plate is a quarter-wave plate of polycarbonate. A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said phase plate is a quarter-wave plate of polyvinylalcohol. A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate has a twisted structure with a twist angle of 90° or less. A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate has a twisted structure with a twist angle of more than 90°. A liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate has a twisted structure with a twist angle from 60° to 130°. A liquid crystal display according to any of claims 10 to 12, wherein said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate (3) has a product d · Δ n being in a range from 180 nm to 700 nm, where d is a thickness of said liquid crystal layer and Δ n is the anisotropy of its refractive index. A liquid crystal display according to claim 13, wherein the first twist direction of said super twisted nematic liquid crystal material (7) is in reverse to the second twist direction of said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate (3), and an angle () formed by an orientation direction of said front-side substrate (4a) and an optical axis of said liquid crystal layer is 90°, and a cross angle (β) formed by a slow axis of said phase plate (2) and the optical axis of said liquid crystal layer is 90°. A liquid crystal display according to any of claims 10 to 12, wherein said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate has a product d · Δ n being in a range from 500 nm to 1100 nm, where d is a thickness of said liquid crystal layer and Δ n is the anisotropy of its refractive index. A liquid crystal display according to any of claims 10 to 12 or claim 15, wherein the first twist direction of said super twisted nematic liquid crystal material (7) is the same as the second twist direction of said liquid crystal layer of the optically anisotropic plate (3), and an angle () formed by an orientation direction of said front-side substrate (4a) and an optical axis of said liquid crystal layer is 0°, and a cross angle (β) formed by a slow axis of said phase plate (2) and the optical axis of said liquid crystal layer is 90°.

Inventors: KISHIMOTO KEIKO, OHNISHI HIROSHI, KISHIMOTO, KEIKO, OHNISHI, HIROSHI
Applicants: SHARP KK, SHARP KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1993
Main classification: G02F1
IPC codes: G02F1