Process for the production of amino acids by fermentation

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the production of L-threonine or L-isoleucine by fermentation, which comprises culturing in a medium a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichi a and having a resistance to a purine analogue and the ability to produce L-threonine or L-isoleucine until L-threonine or L-isoleucine is accumulated in the culture, and recovering L-threonine or L-isoleucine therefrom.

Description: The present invention relates to a process for the production of L-threonine or L-isoleucine by fermentation. L-threonine or L-isoleucine are useful as a medicament such as an amino acid preparation and can also be used as an animal feed additive. As processes for producing L-threonine by fermentation comprising the use of a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia , there is known a process by the use of a microorganism having a borrelidin sensitivity (Japanese Published Examined Patent Application No. 6752/76), a process by the use of a microorganism requiring diaminopimelic acid and methionine for growth and having a threonine biosynthetic system with resistance to feedback inhibition by threonine (Japanese Published Examined Patent Application No. 10037/81), and a process by the use of microorganisms having a resistance to at least one of rifampicin, lysine, methionine, aspartic acid, and homoserine, or with the decreased ability to decompose L-threonine (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 273487/88. U.S. Patent No. 5017483). The present applicant has applied for a patent on a process by the use of a microorganism having a resistance to L-serine and/or ethionine (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 259088/91, European Publication No. 445830) and a process by the use of a microorganism having a resistance to L-Phenylalanine and/or L-leucine in the presence of L-lysine (JP-A-5064593). On the other hand, few reports have been made for a process for the production of L-isoleucine by fermentation comprising the use of a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia , and, as a process by the use of a mutant, only a process by the use of a microorganism having a resistance to an isoleucine analogue and further having a resistance to arginine hydroxamate and/or ethionine has been applied for a patent by the present applicant (EP-A-542 487). In addition, there is also known a process by the use of a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia having the activity of threonine deaminase or acetohydroxy acid synthase (i.e., key enzymes of synthesizing L-isoleucine) increased by recombinant DNA technology (Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 458/90). This prior art process, however, is not sufficiently satisfactory since the yield of isoleucine formed is low. According to the present invention, there is provided a process for the production of L-threonine or L-isoleucine by fermentation, which comprises culturing in a medium a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia and having a resistance to a purine analogue and the ability to produce L-threonine or L-isoleucine until L-threonine or L-isoleucine are accumulated in the culture, and recovering L-threonine or L-isoleucine therefrom. As the microorganism used in the present invention, any microorganism may be used so long as it belongs to the genus Escherichia and has a resistance to a purine analogue and the ability to produce L-threonine or L-isoleucine. The purine analogue resistance of the microorganism used in the present invention refers to resistance to 6-dimethylaminopurine, 6-methylaminopurine, 6-mercaptopurine, 8-azaadenine, 8-azadiaminopurine, etc. According to a conventional mutagenesis, the L-threonine- or L-isoleucine-producing microorganism of the present invention can be obtained by imparting the purine analogue-resistance to an microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia capable of producing of L-threonine or L-isoleucine. Alternatively, the mutant strain can also be obtained by endowing a purine analogue-resistant mutant strain derived from a wild-type strain with a mutation for the improvement of L-threonine or L-isoleucine productivity, such as nutrient requirement or threonine (or isoleucine) metabolic antagonist resistance. Preferred examples of the suitable microorganism include Escherichia col i H-8460, H-8461, and H-8624. Production of L-threonine or L-isoleucine using the microorganism of the present invention can be effected by culturing the microorganism in a conventional manner. As the medium used, any synthetic or natural medium may be used so long as it appropriately contains carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic compounds, and trace amounts of other nutrients required for the strain used. As the carbon sources, there can be employed carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, lactose, molasses, cellulose hydrolyzates, crude sugar hydrolyzates or starch hydrolyzates ; and organic acids such as pyruvic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid or lactic acid. Depending upon the assimilability of a microorganism used, alcohols such as glycerol or ethanol, can also be employed. As the nitrogen sources, there can be employed ammonia and various inorganic and organic ammonium salts, such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate or ammonium phosphate, amines and other nitrogen-containing compounds, as well as peptone, meat extract, corn steep liquor, casein hydrolyzates, soybean cake hydrolyzates, various fermented bacterial cells or their digested product. As the inorganic compounds, there can be employed potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate or calcium carbonate . Culturing is carried out under aerobic conditions, for example, by submerged shaking culture or aeration-agitation culture. The temperature for the culturing is in the range of 20-40°C, preferably 25-38°C. The pH of the medium is in the range of pH 5-9, preferably maintained around neutrality. During the culturing, the pH of the medium is adjusted by using calcium carbonate, inorganic and organic acids, alkali solution, ammonia or pH buffer. Usually, after culturing for 2-7 days, L-threonine or L-isoleucine are accumulated in the culture. After the completion of culturing, precipitates such as bacterial cells are removed from the culture by means of for instance centrifugation, and L-threonine or L-isoleucine can be recovered from the supernatant by a combination of techniques such as a treatment with ion-exchange, concentration or salting-out. Hereinafter the present invention is specifically described with reference to the examples. Example 1 Acquirement of mutant strain (1) L-threonine-producing Escherichia coli H-8311 (FERM BP-3520) was subjected to a conventional mutation treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (0.2 mg/ml) at 30 °C for 30 minutes. Subsequently. the cells were spread on a minimum medium containing 1.5 g/l 6-dimethylaminopurine (0.5 % glucose, 0.2 % NH 4 Cl, 0.2 % KH 2 PO 4 , 0.01 % MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 20 mg/l FeSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 50 mg/l DL-methionine, and 2 % agar, pH 7.2). After culturing at 30°C for 2-6 days. large colonies grown on the medium were picked up and separated as 6-dimethylaminopurine-resistant mutant, whereby H-8460 was obtained. This bacterial strain was deposited with Fermentation Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, on February 21, 1992, under the Budapest treaty, with the accession No. FERM BP-3756. Separately, an L-isoleucine-producing microorganism. Escherichia coli H-8285 (FERM BP-3629: Japanese Patent Application 294420/91), was subjected to mutation treatment in the same manner as described above. Then, the cells were spread on a 1.5 g/l 6-dimethylaminopurine-containing minimum medium with the same composition as described above. After culturing at 30°C for 2-6 days, large colonies grown on the medium were picked up and separated as 6-dimethylaminopurine-resistant mutant, whereby H-8461 was obtained. This bacterial strain was deposited with Fermentation Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, on February 21, 1992, under the Budapest treaty, with the accession No. FERM BP-3757. Because of the diaminopimelic acid requirement of its parent strain H-8285, 200 mg/l diaminopimelic acid was added to the above minimum medium for the acquirement of H-8461. The thus obtained mutants were compared with their respective parent strains with respect to the degrees of resistance to 6-dimethylaminopurine. The degree of resistance was expressed in terms of degree of growth. That is, each strain was cultured in a complete medium (1 % trypton, 0.5 % yeast extract, 1 % NaCI. and 200 mg/l diaminopimelic acid, pH 7.5) for 24 hours in a slant. The cells were then suspended in a sterilized water and the obtained suspensions each were spread on a minimum medium (0.5 % glucose, 0.2 % NH 4 Cl, 0.2 % KH 2 PO 4 , 0.01 % MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 20 mg/l FeSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 50 mg/l DL-methionine, 200 mg/l diaminopimelic acid. and 2 % agar, pH 7.5) containing 6-dimethylaminopurine in the amounts set forth in Table 1 and culturing was carried out at 30 °C for 72 hours. The results are shown in Table 1. 6-dimethylaminopurine (g/l) Strain 0 1.0 1.5 H-8311 + ± - H-8460 + + + H-8285 + ± - H-8461 + + + +: sufficient growth ±: slight growth -: no growth Acquirement of mutant strain (2) L-threonine-producing Escherichia coli H-8311 (FERM BP-3520) was subjected to a conventional mutation treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (0.2 mg/ml) at 30 °C for 30 minutes. Subsequently, the cells were spread on a minimum medium containing 1.0 g/l 6-methylaminopurine (0.5 % glucose, 0.2 % NH 4 Cl, 0.2 % KH 2 PO 4 , 0.01 % MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 20 mg/l FeSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 50 mg/l DL-methionine, and 2 % agar, pH 7.2). After culturing at 30°C for 2-6 days, large colonies grown on the medium were picked up and separated as 6-methylaminopurine-resistant mutant, whereby H-8624 was obtained. This bacterial strain was deposited with Fermentation Research Institute, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, on November 11, 1992, under the Budapest treaty, with the accession No. FERM BP-4072. The thus obtained mutant was compared with the parent strain with respect to the degrees of resistance to 6-methylaminopurine. The degree of resistance was expressed in terms of degree of growth. That is, each strain was cultured in a complete medium (1 % trypton, 0.5 % yeast extract, 1 % NaCl, and 200 mg/l diaminopimelic acid. pH 7.5) for 24 hours in a slant. The cells were then suspended in a sterilized water and the obtained suspensions each were spread on a minimum medium (0.5 % glucose, 0.2 % NH 4 Cl, 0.2 % KH 2 PO 4 , 0.01 % MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 20 mg/l FeSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 50 mg/l DL-methionine, 200 mg/l diaminopimelic acid, and 2 % agar, pH 7.5) containing 6-methylaminopurine in the amounts set forth in Table 2 and culturing was carried out at 30 °C for 72 hours. The results are shown in Table 2. 6-methylaminopurine (g/l) Strain 0 0.5 1.0 H-8311 + + - H-8624 + + + +: sufficient growth -: no growth Example 2 L-threonine production test The mutants obtained in Example 1 were examined for fermentation production of L-threonine. Escherichia coli H-8311, Escherichia coli H-8460, and Escherichia coli H-8624, respectively, were cultured with shaking at 30°C for 16 hours in a seed medium (pH 7.4) containing 2 % glucose, 1 % peptone, 1 % yeast extract, and 0.25 % NaCI. Then, 100 ml of the resulting seed culture was inoculated into a 2 l-jar fermentor containing 1 1 of the fermentation medium as set forth below, followed by culturing with stirring at 800 rpm at 30 °C and an aeration rate of 1 liter/min. During the culturing, aqueous ammonia was added to the culture to adjust the pH to 6.5 ±0.2 and supply a nitrogen source. Glucose and KH 2 PO 4 were also supplied at an appropriate time. The culture was carried out for 70 hours. After the completion of the culturing, the amount of L-threonine accumulated was quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results are shown in Table 3. Strain L-threonine (g/l) H-8311 65.3 H-8460 76.5 H-8624 74.8 Fermentation medium composition: 4 % glucose, 1.2 % (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.2 % KH 2 PO 4 , 0.01 % MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 0.5 % corn steep liquor, and 0.3 g/l DL-methionine, at pH 7.4. One liter of the L-threonine-containing fermentation broth obtained by culturing H-8460 strain described above was centrifuged at 3, 000 rpm for 10 minutes, whereby the bacterial cells and other impurities were removed. The thus obtained supernatant was passed through a column packed with strongly acidic cationic ion exchange resin Diaion SK1B (H + type ; product of Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, Japan), so that L-threonine was adsorbed thereto. After the column was washed with water, the sample was eluted with 0.5 N aqueous ammonia to collect L-threonine fractions. The collected fractions were concentrated and ethanol was added to the concentrate. By storing the mixture under cooling, 61.4 g of L-threonine crystals (purity: 98 % or more) were obtained. Example 3 L-isoleucine production test The mutants obtained in Example 1 were examined for fermentation production of L-isoleucine. Escherichia coli H-8285 and Escherichia coli H-8461 were cultured respectively with shaking at 30°C for 16 hours in a seed medium (pH 7.4) prepared by adding 0.02 % diaminopimelic acid to the seed medium used in Example 2. Then, 100 ml of the resulting seed culture was inoculated into 2 l-jar fermentor containing 1 l of the fermentation medium as set forth below, followed by culturing with stirring at 800 rpm at 30°C and an aeration rate of 1 liter/min. During the culturing, aqueous ammonia was added to the culture to adjust the pH to 6.5 ±0.2 and supply a nitrogen source. Glucose was supplied at an appropriate time. The culture was carried out for 45 hours. After the completion of the culturing, the amount of L-isoleucine accumulated was quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results are shown in Table 4. Strain L-isoleucine (g/l) H-8285 26.7 H-8461 30.2 Fermentation medium composition: 4 % glucose, 0.5 % (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , 0.1 % KH 2 PO 4 , 0.01 % MgSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 0.5 % corn steep liquor, 0.35 g/l DL-methionine, and 0.9 g/l diaminopimelic acid, at pH 7.4. One liter of the L-isoleucine-containing fermentation broth obtained by culturing H-8461 strain described above was centrifuged at 3, 000 rpm for 10 minutes, whereby the bacterial cells and other impurities were removed. The thus obtained supernatant was passed through a column packed with strongly acidic cationic ion exchange resin Diaion SK1B (H + type; product of Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, Japan), so that L-isoleucine was adsorbed thereto. After the column was washed with water, the sample was eluted with 0.5 N aqueous ammonia to collect L-isoleucine fractions. The collected fractions were concentrated and ethanol was added to the concentrate. By storing the mixture under cooling, 22.0 g of L-isoleucine crystals (purity: 98 % or more) were obtained.

Claims: A process for the production of L-threonine or L-isoleucine by fermentation, which comprises culturing in a medium a microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia and having a resistance to a purine analogue and the ability to produce L-threonine or L-isoleucine until L-threonine or L-isoleucine are accumulated in the culture, and recovering L-threonine or L-isoleucine therefrom. The process according to claim 1, wherein said microorganism belongs to the species Escherichia coli . The process according to claim 2, wherein said microorganism is Escherichia coli FERM BP-3756, Escherichia coli FERM BP-3757 or Escherichia coli FERM BP-4072. Escherichia coli H-8460 (FERM BP-3756). Escherichia coli H-8461 (FERM BP-3757). Escherichia coli H-8624 (FERM BP-4072).

Inventors: KINO KUNIKI, KURATSU YOSHIYUKI, OKAMOTO KAZUYUKI, TAKEDA YASUYA, KINO, KUNIKI, KURATSU, YOSHIYUKI, OKAMOTO, KAZUYUKI, TAKEDA, YASUYA
Applicants: KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO KK, KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO CO., LTD.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: C12P13
IPC codes: C12N1, C12P13, C12R1