Apparatus and technique for generating a screened reproduction of an image

Abstract: Apparatus and a technique for generating a screened reproduction of an image including the steps of providing a representation of an original containing information representing the input density values of the original, employing a plurality of spatial functions and a function of the input density values of the original to compose reference screen dots and composing printing dots using the reference screen dots and the input density values of the original.

Description: FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to screened image reproduction and more particularly to a method and apparatus for electronically generating a screened reproduction of an image. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Electronic screening for image reproduction is well known in the art. According to a well known technique described in U.S. Patent 4,456,924 of the present assignee, for each screened dot, a multiplicity of coordinates of a laser plotter are translated into screen-cell coordinates. A corresponding cell memory is preloaded by threshold values, defining a cell memory matrix. Input digitized scanned density values of an image, such as a color separation, are compared with the threshold values, cell by cell. The results provide an on/off control input for a laser plotter. U.S. Patent 4,635,131 describes a method of and apparatus for producing halftone dot film of graduated density distribution. In an electronic image reproduction system, a halftone dot film of a density distribution of a specific pattern is produced by obtaining a value 1 expressed by an equation 1 = f(x) + g(y) representative of the specific pattern corresponding to the density value. By superimposing a density signal corresponding to the value 1 on an image signal developed by scanning an original, a reproduction image of the original, modulated by the density signal of a specific pattern, is obtained. U.S. Patent 4,825,298 to Ikuta and Murai describes a technique for generating a screened reproduction of an image in which the density distribution of a given screen dot is expressed in three dimensions, wherein the area of the screen dot is expressed along X and Y axes and the density is expressed along a Z axis perpendicular thereto. A film coordinate generator generates film coordinates (u,v), corresponding to the position of an exposure beam on a recording film which position is detected by encoders. The film coordinates are in turn supplied to a screen coordinate generator to be converted into virtual screen coordinates (x,y). A beam control signal generator receives the coordinates (x,y) and an image signal corresponding to the position of the exposure beam to output a beam control signal indicating lighting of the exposure beam when one of the coordinates (x,y) is between upper and lower limit values, corresponding to the same, which are previously determined for each combination of the other of the coordinates (x,y) and the density value of the image signal. U.K. Published Patent Application 2,157,119A to Ikuta describes apparatus which operates similarly to the technique of U.S. Patent 4,456,924 but does not employ a matrix memory. Instead, the threshold function is calculated on the fly in real time or near real time. This apparatus is limited to relatively simple dot configurations. U.S. Patent 4,556,918 describes a method and apparatus for generating screened halftone images which includes means for assuming an area of halftone dots with desired periodicity and tone reproducibility, subdividing the area into minute cells and setting address values for each of the minute cells, computing out a threshold value of density for each of the cells as a function of the relevant address values and using the computed value as a threshold value of density for the cell, apparatus for obtaining a density-related video signal of the portion of the original corresponding to each of the cells by scanning the original, and apparatus for producing halftone dot signals by comparing the video signals and the threshold value of density with each other. Applicant/assignee's earlier U.S. Patent 5,079,721 describes apparatus and a technique for generating a screened reproduction of an image including the steps of providing a representation of an original having input density values representing the grey levels of various locations of the original for a given color separation, defining a desired screen dot arrangement for the image, writing screen dots in a line by line fashion, wherein each screen dot is made up of a plurality of lines whose length and location determines the dot configuration and whose length and location is determined by an analog operation employing the input density values of the original and the desired screen dot arrangement. DE-A-2500564 discloses a method of reproducing images by half tone printing, by scanning in two mutually perpendicular directions and producing a plurality of pairs of pulse train signals, combining these signals and repeatedly accumulating. The results of the combination, a periodic two-dimensional function of the position of the scanned image element in the two mutually perpendicular directions, whereby a screen pattern having a screen angle whose tangent is irrational or nearly irrational may be obtained. The periodic signal is combined with an image representing signal to provide an output signal. EP-A-481 602 discloses, inter alia, a method of halftone generation using an alogrithm which allows direct, independent modification of the x and y frequency components of halftone dot patterns. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention seeks to provide an improved technique and apparatus for generating a screened reproduction of an image. The invention provides a method for generating a screened reproduction of an image comprising: providing a representation of an original containing information representing the input density values of the original; composing reference screen dots; and composing printing dots using said reference screen dots and the input density values of the original; characterized in that said step of composing said reference screen dots comprises: employing a first plurality of non arithmetic spatial functions independently of said input density values to produce a first results; employing a second plurality of non arithmetic spatial functions independently to said input density values to produce a second result; and selecting between said first and second result to compose said reference screen dots. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustration of a process color printing system constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 2 is an illustration of one color separation of a typical color original; Fig. 3 is an enlarged illustration of a small portion of the halftone color separation of Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is an illustration of pixel-by-pixel input density values for the small portion of the color separation of Fig. 2; Fig. 5A is a pictorial illustration of a printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 5B, 5C, 5D and 5E are illustrations of spatial functions employed to create the printing dot of Fig. 5A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 5F and 5G are illustrations of the printing dot of Fig. 5A as it appears for input density values of 75% and 50% respectively; Fig. 6A is a pictorial illustration of a printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 6B, 6C, 6D and 6E are illustrations of spatial functions employed to create the printing dot of Fig. 6A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 6F, 6G and 6H are illustrations of the printing dot of Fig. 6A as it appears for input density values of 75%, 50% and 25% respectively; Fig. 7A is a pictorial illustration of a printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 7B, 7C, 7D and 7E are illustrations of spatial functions employed to create the printing dot of Fig. 7A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 7F, 7G and 7H are illustrations of the printing dot of Fig. 7A as it appears for input density values of 75%, 50% and 25% respectively; Fig. 8A is a pictorial illustration of a printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 8B, 8C, 8D and 8E are illustrations of spatial functions employed to create the printing dot of Fig. 8A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 8F, 8G and 8H are illustrations of the printing dot of Fig. 8A as it appears for input density values of 75%, 50% and 25% respectively; Fig. 9A is a pictorial illustration of a printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 9B, 9C, 9D and 9E are illustrations of spatial functions employed to create the printing dot of Fig. 9A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Figs. 9F, 9G and 9H are illustrations of the printing dot of Fig. 9A as it appears for input density values of 75%, 50% and 25% respectively; Fig. 10 is a simplified block diagram of the dot generator employed in the apparatus of Fig. 1; Fig. 11 is a simplified block diagram of part of the apparatus of Fig. 10; Fig. 12 is a functional illustration of the apparatus of Fig. 11; Figs. 13A, 13B and 13C are illustrated tables used to explain the construction of five types of dots using the apparatus of Figs. 10 - 12; Figs. 14A, 14B, 14C, 14D, 14E and 14F are illustrations of a dot produced using combinations of the dots illustrated in Fig. 13; Figs. 15A, 15B, 15C, 15D, 15E and 15F are illustrations of a dot produced using additional combinations of the dots illustrated in Fig. 13; Figs. 16A and 16B are illustrations of types of printing dots which can be produced in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 17 is a simplified block diagram illustration of comparator apparatus employed for screen dot generation in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention; and Fig. 18 is an illustration of a line by line written screen dot produced in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention for a uniform input density. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Reference is now made to Fig. 1, which illustrates a system for generating a screened reproduction of an image constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The system preferably comprises a color separation scanner 10, such as a Scitex Smart Scanner, manufactured and sold by Scitex Corporation Ltd. of Herzlia, Israel, which is adapted to provide a digital color separation output of a color original. The digital output of scanner 10 is normally stored on a image data disc 12 or any other suitable storage medium, which is accessible by a CPU 14, such as an Intel 80486. Interfacing with the CPU 14 is an interactive workstation 16, such as a Scitex Prisma, manufactured and sold by Scitex Corporation Ltd. of Herzlia, Israel. CPU 14 interfaces with screen dot generation circuitry 18, which in turn provides a control output to laser beam control circuitry 24 in a laser plotter 26, such as a Raystar, manufactured and sold by Scitex Corporation Ltd. of Herzlia, Israel. Laser plotter 26 produces halftone film color separations 28 which are employed in a conventional process color printing press 30, to produce process color prints. Reference is now made to Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 2 illustrates a typical halftone color separation which is stored on disc 12. Fig. 3 illustrates in enlarged detail, a small area 32 indicated on Fig. 2. It is noted that the gray level over area 32 varies thereacross. The halftone color separation in general and the small area 32 in particular are hereinafter termed the input image and are divided into a first multiplicity of pixels 34 which are arranged along coordinate axes I x and I y . Pixels 34 typically have a resolution of 100 - 400 pixels per inch along each of the coordinate axes of the input image. Each average gray level for a pixel 34 is represented digitally by an input density level. There are typically provided 256 different input density levels, 0 being the lightest and 255 being the blackest. Fig. 4 illustrates the input density values for the pixels 34 of Fig. 3. Reference is now made to Figs. 5A - 5E, which illustrate a round printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention together with spatial functions employed to create the round printing dot. Fig. 5A shows the round printing dot in a Cartesian frame of reference wherein the x and y axes represent spatial dimensions and the z axis represents the screen value. It is appreciated that truncation of the dot of Fig. 5A at a given z value produces a round dot whose dimensions are determined by the z value in accordance with the spatial functions which are employed to create the dot. The various one-dimensional spatial functions which are employed to create the dot of Fig. 5A appear in Figs. 5B - 5E. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, these spatial functions are combined in the following manner to achieve the dot of Fig. 5A: Z = MAX (X1A,Y1A) + MIN (X2A,Y2A) It is noted that here the configurations of all of the spatial functions are identical upside-down parabolas. This need not necessarily be the case for non-round printing dots. An asymmetrical or symmetrical elliptical dot may be realized by employing similar but non-identical spatial functions. Reference is now made to Figs. 5F and 5G, which illustrate truncations of the dot of Fig. 5A, representing the printing dot at input densities of 75% and 50% respectively. Reference is now made to Figs. 6A - 6E, which illustrate a square printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention together with spatial functions employed to create the square printing dot. Fig. 6A shows the square printing dot in a Cartesian frame of reference wherein the x and y axes represent spatial dimensions and the z axis represents the screen value. It is appreciated that truncation of the dot of Fig. 6A at a given z value produces a square dot whose dimensions are determined by the z value in accordance with the spatial functions which are employed to create the dot. The various one-dimensional spatial functions which are employed to create the dot of Fig. 6A appear in Figs. 6B - 6E. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, these spatial functions are combined in the following manner to achieve the dot of Fig. 6A: Z = MAX (X1A,Y1A) + MIN (X2A,Y2A) It is noted that here the configurations of all of the spatial functions are identical triangular functions. This need not necessarily be the case for non-square printing dots. It is noted that an asymmetrical or symmetrical diamond-shaped dot may be realized by employing similar but non-identical spatial functions. Reference is now made to Figs. 6F - 6H, which illustrate truncations of the dot of Fig. 6A, representing the printing dot at input densities of 75%, 50% and 25% respectively. Reference is now made to Figs. 7A - 7E, which illustrate a combination printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention together with spatial functions employed to create the combination printing dot. The combination printing dot has characteristics either of a round dot or a square dot depending on the input density. The round dot may be expressed positively or negatively. Fig. 7A shows the combination printing dot in a Cartesian frame of reference wherein the x and y axes represent spatial dimensions and the z axis represents the screen value. It is appreciated that truncation of the dot of Fig. 7A at a given z value produces a combination dot whose dimensions are determined by the z value in accordance with the spatial functions which are employed to create the dot. The various one-dimensional spatial functions which are employed to create the dot of Fig. 7A appear in Figs. 7B - 7E. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, these spatial functions are combined in the following manner to achieve the dot of Fig. 7A: Z = MAX (X1A,Y1A) + MIN (X2A,Y2A) It is noted that here the configurations of all of the spatial functions are identical functions. This need not necessarily be the case. An asymmetrical or symmetrical dot may be realized by employing similar but non-identical spatial functions. Reference is now made to Figs. 7F - 7H, which illustrate truncations of the dot of Fig. 7A, representing the printing dot at input densities of 75%, 50% and 25% respectively. Reference is now made to Figs. 8A - 8E, which illustrate a gravure printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention together with spatial functions employed to create the gravure printing dot. The gravure printing dot has characteristics of a square pyramid-shaped dot. Fig. 8A shows the gravure printing dot in a Cartesian frame of reference wherein the x and y axes represent spatial dimensions and the z axis represents the screen value. It is appreciated that truncation of the dot of Fig. 8A at a given z value produces a gravure dot whose dimensions are determined by the z value in accordance with the spatial functions which are employed to create the dot. The various one-dimensional spatial functions which are employed to create the dot of Fig. 8A appear in Figs. 8B - 8E. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, these spatial functions are combined in the following manner to achieve the dot of Fig. 8A: Z = MIN (X1A,Y1A) + MIN (X2A,Y2A) It is noted that here the configurations of all of the spatial functions are identical functions. This need not necessarily be the case. An asymmetrical dot may be realized by employing similar but non-identical spatial functions. Reference is now made to Figs. 8F - 8H, which illustrate truncations of the dot of Fig. 8A, representing the printing dot at input densities of 75%, 50% and 25% respectively. Reference is now made to Figs. 9A - 9E, which illustrate a modified gravure printing dot constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention together with spatial functions employed to create the modified gravure printing dot. The modified gravure printing dot has characteristics of a partially rounded square pyramid-shaped dot. Fig. 9A shows the modified gravure printing dot in a Cartesian frame of reference wherein the x and y axes represent spatial dimensions and the z axis represents the screen value. It is appreciated that truncation of the dot of Fig. 9A at a given z value produces a modified gravure dot whose dimensions are determined by the z value in accordance with the spatial functions which are employed to create the dot. The various one-dimensional spatial functions which are employed to create the dot of Fig. 9A appear in Figs. 9B - 9E. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, these spatial functions are combined in the following manner to achieve the dot of Fig. 9A: Z = MIN (X1A,Y1A) + MIN (X2A,Y2A) It is noted that here the configurations of two of the spatial functions, X1A and Y1A are identical upside down parabola functions. The other two spatial functions X2A and Y2A are identical parabolas. This need not necessarily be the case. An asymmetrical dot may be realized by employing similar but non-identical spatial functions. Reference is now made to Figs. 9F - 9H, which illustrate truncations of the dot of Fig. 9A, representing the printing dot at input densities of 75%, 50% and 25% respectively. Reference is now made to Fig. 10 which is a simplified block diagram of the dot generator employed in the apparatus of Fig. 1. The dot generator comprises a stored vector array 40 which includes vector information received from the CPU 14 prior to actual dot generation. The vector information includes the spatial functions mentioned hereinabove. During dot generation, for every point on a film to be exposed, a cell address is determined by a cell address generator 42, typically employing a set of registers and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). For each cell address, which is expressed in Cartesian coordinates x,y, a screen generator 44 calculates the screen value by operating on the spatial functions in stored vector array 40 by non-arithmetic operators. The screen generator 44 also carries out other mathematical functions in order to generate the screen values. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention the screen generator 44 may receive input density information of the original in order to enable automatic dot type selection to be made by the screen generator 44 in response to given levels of input densities of the original. The screen value output of screen generator 44 is preferably supplied to a bank 46 of look up tables which is operative to provide desired linearization and corrections to the screen value output. The output of the bank of look up tables 46 is supplied via a screen buffer 48 to a comparator 50. Comparator 50 also receives input density information of the original via an image buffer 52 and compares the input densities with the screen values thereof, effectively carrying out the truncation illustrated and described hereinabove. The output of comparator 50 is effectively an expose/do not expose instruction to the expose control circuitry 24 of laser plotter 26 (Fig. 1). Reference is now made to Fig. 11, which is a simplified block diagram of the vector array 40, the cell address generator 42 and the screen generator 44 shown in Fig. 10. Stored data vectors 60: X1A, Y1A, X2A and Y2A etc. receive x and y address parameters from respective x and y address generators 62 and 64 which form part of cell address generator 42 (Fig. 10). The outputs from predetermined pairs of stored vectors 60 are supplied to non-arithmetic operators 66, each pair of which preferably output to an ALU 68. The output of each ALU 68 is supplied via a calibration look up table (CLUT) 70. A multiplexer 72 receives the outputs of all of the CLUTs 70 as well as CPU control and input density inputs which are used as selection criteria. It is appreciated that in practice any suitable number of spatial functions may be employed, with the attendant provision of a suitable number of elements 66, 68 and 70. Reference is now made to Fig. 12, which is a functional analog of one preferred embodiment of the apparatus shown in the block diagram illustration of Fig. 11. It is seen that in this preferred embodiment, the non-arithmetic operators 66 are effectively minimum/maximum selectors and the ALU 68 functions to sum the outputs of a pair of selectors 66. The CLUT 70 performs dot value calibration and the multiplexer 72 selects between the outputs of a plurality of different CLUTS 70. Normally each CLUT 70 output represents a different dot type. Reference is now made to Figs. 13A, 13B and 13C which illustrate the construction of five types of dots. For each type of dot, i.e. Gravure, Combination, Square, Round and Star, four typical one dimensional spatial functions are illustrated, followed by the non-arithmetical functions which operate thereon. The output of CLUT 70 is illustrated, followed by the algorithm employed by the multiplexer 72. The dot configuration is then illustrated in the form of superimposed dot outlines for a plurality of different input densities of the original. Reference is now made to Figs. 14A - 14F, which illustrate the operation of the apparatus of Figs. 11 and 12 for input densities of 25%, 40%, 50%, 51%, 60% and 75%. Here it is seen that screen dot is either the star dot or the square dot, both of which appear in Fig. 13. Multiplexer 72 outputs the star dot for original input densities more than 50% and outputs the square dot for original input densities up to and including 50%. Reference is now made to Figs. 15A - 15F, which illustrate the operation of the apparatus of Figs. 11 and 12 for input densities of 25%, 35%, 50%, 51%, 60% and 75%. Here it is seen that screen dot is either the star dot or the combination dot, both of which appear in Fig. 13. Multiplexer 72 outputs the star dot for original input densities more than 50% and outputs the combination dot for original input densities up to and including 50%. Figs. 16A and 16B illustrate diagrams of the dot configuration versus input density for dots whose coverage of a given dot region need not increase monotonically with increasing input density. It may be appreciated that in certain cases a dot region may be exposed for a first input density and not be exposed for a higher input density. Such an occurrence may be envisioned by comparing Figs. 14C and 14D as well as Figs. 15C and 15D. Reference is now made to Fig. 17 which shows one particular preferred structure of comparator 50 of Fig. 10. The output of screen buffer 48 (Fig. 10) is supplied via a digital to analog converter 80 and a low pass filter 82 to an analog comparator 84. Analog comparator 84 also receives the output from image buffer 52 (Fig. 10) via a digital to analog converter 86 and an optional low pass filter 88. It will be appreciated that the low pass filter 82 is adapted to extrapolate and interpolate the values stored in screen buffer 48 so as to provide an accurate reproduction of the dot density threshold. The inclusion of low pass filter 88 depends on the quality of the input image. The output of comparator 84 is employed to control the operation of expose control circuitry 24 (Fig. 1), indicating when the laser plotter 26 (Fig. 1) is to write. It is noted that there may also be provided various additional control functions, such as intensity control, to enhance the operation of the laser plotter 26. Reference is now made to Fig. 18, which illustrates the construction of an output screen dot. The laser plotter 26 (Fig. 1) defines a plurality of parallel lines 92, having a spacing 94, and whose beginning and end are determined by the output of comparator 84. The screen dot is a composite of such lines. In a case wherein the input density values represented by the dot are uniform, the dot will have a generally symmetrical shape, as illustrated. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, each written line has infinite resolution along its length, because the on/off control inputs to the laser plotter are arrived at by comparison of two generally continuous analog signals. It will be appreciated that the apparatus and technique described hereinabove in connection with Figs. 17 and 18 is operative to generate a grid-independent, reference screen dot value continuum which is employed for printing dot generation.

Claims: A method for generating a screened reproduction of an image comprising: providing a representation (32) of an original containing information representing the input density values (34) of the original; composing reference screen dots and composing printing dots using said reference screen dots and the input density values of the original; characterized in that said step of composing said reference screen dots comprises: employing a first plurality of non arithmetic spatial functions independently of said input density values (34) to produce a first result; employing a second plurality of non arithmetic spatial functions independently to said input density values to produce a second result; and selecting between said first and second result to compose said reference screen dots. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said plurality of spatial functions comprises a plurality of one-dimensional functions. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said plurality of spatial functions is stored in a vector memory. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said steps of employing produce a two dimensional result. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said employing steps also include the step of employing at least one additional plurality of spatial functions to produce at least one additional result and wherein said step of combining between said first result and said second result is operative to combine between said first, second and said at least one additional result.

Inventors: FISHER GIL, GERSHONY MOSHE, FISHER, GIL, GERSHONY, MOSHE
Applicants: SCITEX CORP LTD, SCITEX CORPORATION LTD.
Application year: 1993
Main classification: H04N1
IPC codes: H04N1, G06T5