Vibration control devices for structures, using laminated rubber

Abstract: The buckling strength of a laminated rubber (1) is increased to fully make use of the deformation ability of a hollow laminated rubber either by making the inside and/or the outside of the hollow laminated rubber of non-uniform section in a vertical direction so that the width in a horizontal section may be gradually enlarged from the vertical central portion to both vertical ends or by forming a plurality of projections (5) in a vertical direction on the inside and/or the outside, the laminated rubber may be used as a spring element in an active or passive vibration control device or as a supporting device, resulting in the construction of a vibration control device suitable for a structure having a long natural period such as a multi-storey building.

Description: This invention relates to a laminated rubber used in a vibration control device such as a dynamic damper for controlling the vibration of a structure. As a base isolation structure for trying to reduce each earthquake input into a superstructure or the like, a variety of structures using a laminated rubber support have conventionally been developed [Newly Opened Model Facilities "Base Isolation Buildings" are now on stage (refer to the Nikkei Architecture, the issue of July 14, 1986, pp.54-75)]. Of all conventional laminated rubber supports, the most general item is given by superposing each steel plate on each rubber in an alternate manner and providing connection plates installed to a superstructure or a lower structure such as a foundation at upper and lower portions of the superposition. Furthermore, there are laminated rubber supports in which high damping rubbers are used or lead plug dampers are contained. Conventionally, a solid laminated rubber used in a base isolation structure gives a deformation ability in a same degree with that in a height thereof, but a diameter thereof has to be made very small in order to reduce shearing stiffness. Therefore, it has been difficult to complete both large deformation and low shearing stiffness at a same time. As shown in Figs. 18 and 19, it has been considered to try to reduce shearing stiffness and to develop deformation ability by forming a laminated rubber 1 in a ring shape and making an internal portion thereof hollow. In this case, a laminated rubber having a long period and a small shearing stiffness becomes possible. There is, however, a problem that the resulting buckling strength is reduced due to the hollowness. Furthermore, a mechanism is known which completes a laminated rubber support having a large deformation ability and a low shearing stiffness by connecting the laminated rubbers of a small element, which are obtained by miniaturizing usual laminated rubbers, to each other in multistage through upper and lower connection plates. There is, however, another problem that the number of the elements become too many. With reference to the uses other than the base isolation structures, it can be considered to utilize laminated rubbers, e.g., as a spring element in a passive type vibration control device (designated as DD thereafter) such as a dynamic damper, as a spring element or a supporting device in an active type vibration control device for actively controlling the vibration of a structure by applying control force such as oil pressure due to an actuator and electromagnetic force or the like. In these vibration control devices, normally, the natural period of a spring is synchronized with the natural period of a structure or it is set to be period longer than the natural period of the structure (e.g., in case of using the vibration control device as a supporting device). A large stroke becomes necessary for getting a large seismic response control effect by a compact device. For example, an active type vibration control device disclosed in Japanese Pat. Laid-open No. 1275866 is constituted by suspending a weight to support by use of a hanger material as a supporting device, instead of using a spring, and exciting the weight by means of an actuator in accordance with the response from a building against earthquake or the like. In the suspending mode, however, there is a problem that the resulting movement in a vertical direction is also enlarged accordingly as the stroke becomes larger. In addition, when the natural period of a structure as a seismic response control object becomes longer, it will, be hard to use the laminated rubbers having the period matching to such a constitution as described above. Furthermore, in case of vibrating the weight by means of the actuator as described in the active type vibration control device, there is still a further problem that the vibration due to the drive is transmitted to the structure, resulting in the transmission of noise and uncomfortable vibration in the neighborhood of the floor installed with the vibration control device as well. In one aspect the invention is concerned with a combination as defined by the preamble of each of claims 1 and 2. In another aspect the invention is concerned with a combination as defined by the preamble of each of claims 3 and 4. In a further aspect the invention is concerned with a combination as defined by the preamble of each of claims 7 and 8. Such combinations are disclosed in JP-A-63-156171. The present invention is defined by the independent claims 1 to 4, 7, and 8. With the width of the laminated rubber spread to the inside or outside towards both vertical ends and a large bending moment thereof in the installation state, the buckling strength of the laminated rubber is increased to fully make use of the deformation ability of the hollow laminated rubber. The projections in a vertical direction plays a stiffening rib's role on the buckling of the laminated rubber to fully make use of the deformation ability of the hollow laminated rubber. Normally, horizontal connection plates made of steel plates or the like are mounted on the upper and lower portions of these laminated rubbers, and the installation of the laminated rubbers can be done by jointing the laminated rubbers to upper and lower structure bodies with bolts by use of the connection plates. Furthermore, the steel plates in the laminated rubber can be ring-shaped steel plates. By use of disk-type steel plates, without making the steel plates in a ring form, it is also possible to divide the internal hollow portion of the laminated rubber. In the case of using the disk-type steel plates, any local deformations are hardly produced and the resulting laminated rubber is more stable against an overturning moment or the like, in comparison with the case where the steel plate is formed in a ring shape. A vibration control device of the present invention uses the laminated rubber of a non-uniform section type or of a projection type described above as a spring element in a passive or active type vibration control device. In case of using the laminated rubber in DD, DD can be constituted by disposing the laminated rubber of a non-uniform section type or of a projection type (in a plural form) at a predetermined position of a structure as a seismic response control object and mounting an additional mass body of a predetermined mass m d on the laminated rubber. It is considered that the mass m d of the additional mass body is within the normal range of 1/50 to 1/100 of a mass m l of the structure. By use of the laminated rubber of a non-uniform section type or of a projection type, a spring (spring constant k d ) having a large deformation ability in a horizontal direction is formed at a long period corresponding to the natural period of the structure, and the spring can be applied to multi-storied buildings or the like. As an active type vibration control device, for example, the following types can be listed. (a) What intervenes an actuator for applying a control force u(t) corresponding to the vibration of the structure between the structure having a mass m l and the additional mass body having a predetermined mass m d (designated as AMD thereafter). (b) What intervenes a spring having a predetermined spring constant k d between the structure and the additional mass body in the construction of above description (a) and synchronizes the period in case of freely vibrating the additional mass body with the natural period of the structure (designated as HMD thereafter). (c) What has such a construction as DD is doubly overlapped on AMD or HMD (designated as DMD thereafter), i.e., what further provides a second additional mass body having a predetermined mass m b for an additional mass body (i.e., a first additional mass body) having a predetermined m a and allows to act a control force u(t) between the first additional mass body and the second additional mass body in the construction of DD (refer to e.g., Japanese Pat. Laid-open No. 63-156171), further synchronizes the periods of the first additional mass body and the second additional mass body with the natural period of the structure using a spring (spring constant k b ). Also in case of the active type vibration control device, the laminated rubbers (usually in a plural form) of a non-uniform section type or of a projection type are installed to a predetermined position of the structure as a seismic response control object and the additional mass body having the predetermined mass m d (or m a ) is mounted on the laminated rubbers in similar to the case of DD. In case of AMD, the laminated rubbers are used which support the additional mass body in a vertical direction, functionate as a spring for keeping a neutral position with respect to a horizontal direction, and should have a fully longer period than the natural period of the structure not so as to give any obstacles when the control force u(t) is acted. HMD is arranged to cancel a part of an inertial force acting on the additional mass body by adding a term corresponding to the spring to the control force so that the additional mass body can be vibrated by a less control force. In this case, the period of the laminated rubber should be coincided with the natural period of the structure. In addition, DMD also supports the first additional mass body by means of the laminated rubber (spring constant k d ) coincided with the natural period of the structure, and a large damping effect can be obtained by a small control force in case of adding the control force to the second additional mass body. Furthermore, there are still noise and vibration problems when driven in the active type vibration control device utilizing the actuator. However, these noise and vibration problems in the neighborhood of the floor installed with the vibration control device are reduced since the additional mass body is supported by the laminated rubbers. Accordingly, by use of the present invention it is possible to provide a laminated rubber having a high buckling strength and a large deformation ability by making a hollow laminated rubber, which has a small shearing stiffness and a long vibration period, in a non-uniform section in accordance with the bending moment distribution for acting the hollow laminated rubber and by forming projections in a vertical direction on the internal or external surface of the hollow laminated rubber. By use of the present invention it is also possible to provide a vibration control device of a passive or active type which constructs a large spring element or a supporting device having a large stroke and a long period and is suitable to a structure having a long period such as a multi-storey building, by use of the hollow laminated rubbers of a non-uniform section type or of a projection type as described above. It is also possible to provide a vibration control device which can reduce the influence of noise and vibration on the neighborhood of the floor installed with the vibration control device by supporting an additional mass body by using the above-described laminated rubbers as a spring element. It is also possible to provide a vibration control device which is suitable to a structure having a small friction and a long period by using the above-described laminated rubbers. It is also possible to provide a compact vibration control device having a simplified construction by using the above-described laminated rubbers as a spring element. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a vertical sectional view showing a laminated rubber of a non-uniform type ; Fig. 2 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 1; Figs. 3 is a vertical sectional view showing another laminated rubber of a non-uniform section type; Fig. 4 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a vertical sectional view showing a further laminated rubber of a non-uniform section type; Fig. 6 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 5; Fig. 7 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 5 in case where the center portion is formed in a rectangular form; Fig. 8 is a vertical sectional view showing a laminated rubber of a projection type; Fig. 9 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 8; Fig. 10 is a vertical sectional view showing another laminated rubber of a projection type; Fig. 11 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 10; Fig. 12 is a vertical sectional view showing a further laminated rubber of a projection type; Fig. 13 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 12; Fig. 14 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 12 in case where the center portion is formed in a rectangular form; Fig. 15 is a schematic view showing a vibration control device of a structure as a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 16 is a schematic view showing a vibration control device of a structure as another preferred embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 17 is a schematic view showing a vibration control device of a structure as a further preferred embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 18 is a vertical sectional view showing a hollow laminated rubber of prior art; and Fig. 19 is a horizontal sectional view showing the vertical center portion of the laminated rubber of Fig. 18. Figs. 1 through 7 show laminated rubbers of a non-uniform type suitable for use in the present invention. Figs. 1 and 2 show what forms a hollow laminated rubber 1 by horizontal embedding a plurality of ring-shaped steel plates 3 in a hollow rubber 2 formed in a ring shape to set the outside of the laminated rubber 1 as a non-uniform section. That is, the outside of the laminated rubber 1 is continuously spread from the vertical center portion to both vertical ends. Connection plates 6 made of steel plates or the like are monolithically installed to the upper and lower ends of the laminated rubber 1, and the connection plates 6 are jointed to a lower structural body and an upper or lower structural body when installed. In case when bolt holes (not shown) are formed in the connection plates, the connection plates 6 can be fixed to the lower structural body and the upper or lower structural body by bolted joint. Likewise, the inside of the laminated rubber 1 is formed as a non-uniform section in the preferred embodiment shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The inside and the outside of the laminated rubber 1 are formed as non-uniform sections in the preferred embodiment shown in Figs. 5 through 7. Figs. 1 through 6 show the cases where the outer shape of the laminated rubber 1 in the horizontal section is circular, but Fig. 7 shows a case where the outer shape of the laminated rubber 1 is rectangular. In case where the outer shape is circular, the shearing stiffness of the laminated rubbers are all the same. On the other hand, when the outer shape of the laminated rubber is made rectangular or elliptic, the shearing stiffness can be varied depending on the direction. For example, in case where the natural period of the structure as a base isolation or seismic response control object becomes largely different depending on the direction thereof, effective base isolation and seismic response control become possible by altering the shearing stiffness depending on the direction. Even with respect to the non-uniform section of the inside shown in Figs. 1 and 2 and the non-uniform section of the outside shown in Figs. 3 and 4, it is possible to make the outer shape of the laminated rubber 1 rectangular or elliptic to give the laminated rubber 1 having the directionality. In an illustrated embodiment, the steel plates 3 in a ring shape are also embedded into the hollow rubber 2, but any disk-type steel plates with no hole may be used so as to divide the hollow portion 4 within the rubber 2 without using the ring-shaped steel plates. It may be considered to use all the disk-type steel plates instead of the steel plates in the laminated rubber 1, but disk-type steel plates may be used every several sheets between the ring-shaped steel plates. By intervening some disk-type steel plates, any local deformation are hardly made, and it may be considered that move stable construction will be obtained. Figs. 8 through 14 show the preferred embodiments with reference to the laminated rubbers of a projection type, respectively. The preferred embodiment in Figs. 8 and 9 is what forms a plurality of projections 5 in a vertical direction on the internal surface of the hollow laminated rubber 1, and the projections 5 in a vertical direction play a stiffening rib's role on the buckling of the hollow laminated rubber 1. By improving the buckling strength in this manner, it is possible to fully make use of the deformation ability of the hollow laminated rubber 1 having a small shearing stiffness. Likewise, a plurality of projections 5 are formed on the external surface of the laminated rubber 1 in the preferred embodiment shown in Figs. 10 and 11. In case of the preferred embodiment shown in Figs. 12 through 14, the projections 5 are formed on the internal and external surfaces of the laminated rubber. Figs. 8 through 13 shows the case where the outer shape of the laminated rubber 1 in a horizontal section is circular, and Fig. 14 shows the case where the outer shape is rectangular. In case of providing the projections 5 on the internal surface of the laminated rubber 1 shown in Figs. 8 and 9, and even in case of providing the projections 5 on the external surface of the laminated rubber 1 shown in Figs. 10 and 11, the laminated rubber 1 having the directionality can be prepared by making the outer shape of the laminated rubber 1 rectangular or elliptic. In similar to the case of the non-uniform section type shown in Figs. 1 through 7, the hollow portion 4 within the rubber 2 may be divided by using the disk-type steel plates with no hole, instead of the ring-shaped steel plates. Figs. 15 through 17 show preferred embodiments of a vibration control device for a structure, in which the laminated rubbers are used, respectively. Fig. 15 shows a preferred embodiment in case of DD, and an additional mass body 11 is supported through a plurality of laminated rubbers 1 on a structure 10. As for the laminated rubber, either the non-uniform section type or the projection type described above may be used. In case a mass of the structure 10 on which the device is mounted is expressed as m l , a mass of the additional mass body 11 is expressed as m d , a spring constant of the main body of the structure 10 is expressed as k₁, a spring constant of the laminated rubber 1 is expressed as k d , and a damping coefficient is expressed as c d , respectively, the intrinsic angular frequency of the structure 10 constructing a main vibration system is given by: ω 1 = (k 1 / m 1 ) 1/2 The mass m d of the additional mass body 11 constructing a vibration absorption system is designed so that the ratio of the mass m d to the mass m₁ of the structure 10 may be µ = m d / m 1 ≧ 0.01 and at this time, the intrinsic angular frequency of the vibration absorption system is given by: ω d = (1 / 1 + µ ) ω 1 Then, the damping coefficient c d and the damping factor h d are expressed by: c d = 2 m d ω d h d h d = [3µ / 8 (1 +µ)] 1/2 Fig. 16 shows the preferred embodiment in case of either AMD or HMD, a control force u(t) due to an oil pressure from an actuator 12 or an electromagnetic force or the like is applied to the additional mass body 11 placed on the laminated rubbers 1 to actively control the vibration of the structure. In AMD, the spring (laminated rubber 1) between the main body of the structure 10 and the additional mass body 11 constructing the vibration control device is kept in a soft state, e.g., ω d ≦ (1 / 2) ω 1 and then, the control force u(t) is given in the form of a following equation, e.g., u(t) = G 1 (dx 1 /dt) + G 2 (dx d /dt) Wherein x₁ is a displacement of the structure 10 and x d is a displacement of a first additional mass body. G₁ shows a gain in a circuit including an AGC circuit or the like to the response speed of the structure, and the correspondences from a large input to a small input are attained. Furthermore, the second term in the above equation gives a damping property to the additional mass body side by adding a product resulting from multiplying a gain G₂ (minus sign) by the vibration speed of the additional mass body side to the control force and more stabilization is attained. In case of HMD, the spring constant k d is set so that the vibration of the additional mass body 11 may be synchronized with the vibration of the structure 10, that is: ω d = ω 1 and the control force u(t) is given in the form of a following equation, e.g., u(t) = G 1 (dx 1 /dt) + G 2 (dx d /dt) + G 3 (x 1 -x d ) wherein G₃ is a gain having a minus sign and a part of the inertial force acting on the additional mass body 11 at the vibration time is canceled by the third term of the above equation so as to allow the additional mass body 11 to vibrate by a small control force. Fig. 17 shows a preferred embodiment in case of DMD. A second additional mass body 13 having a predetermined mass m b is further provided to the additional mass body 11 having the predetermined mass m a and the control force u(t) is added by an actuator 14 between the first additional mass body 11 and the second additional mass body 13 to actively control the vibration of the structure. DMD corresponds to what doubly constructs DD and either AMD or HMD, and a large vibration control effect can be obtained by a small control force. In such a construction, the application to the structure having a long period is possible by supporting the additional mass body 11 by means of the laminated rubber 1 either of a non-uniform section type or of a projection type, and since the deformation ability is also large, the resulting vibration control can be done effectively.

Claims: A combination comprising a structure (10), an additional mass body (11) and a spring (1), the additional mass body (11) and the spring (1) constituting a vibration control device for the structure (10) in the form of a dynamic damper, in which the additional mass body (11) having a predetermined mass (m d ) as a vibration absorption system is connected to the structure (10) having a known mass (m₁) for constructing a main vibration system by way of the spring (1), which has a predetermined spring constant (k d ) and which has a period synchronizing with the natural period of the main vibration system, characterised in that: (a) the spring (1) comprises a laminated rubber (1) formed by laminating ring-shaped rubbers and a plurality of steel plates (3) alternately in a vertical direction so as to make an internal portion (4) of the laminated rubber (1) hollow, at least one of the inside and the outside of the laminated rubber being made to be a non-uniform section in a vertical direction so that the width in a horizontal section gradually increases from the vertical central portion to both vertical ends, (b) the laminated rubber constituting the said spring (1) is installed at a predetermined position on the structure (10); and (c) the additional mass body (11) is mounted on the laminated rubber (1). A combination comprising a structure (10), an additional mass body (11) and a spring (1), the additional body (11) and the spring (1) constituting a vibration control device for the structure (10) in the form of a dynamic damper, in which the additional mass body (11) having a predetermined mass (m d ) as a vibration absorption system is connected to the structure (10) having a known mass (m₁) for constructing a main vibration system by way of the spring (1), which has a predetermined spring constant (k d ) and which has a period synchronizing with the natural period of the main vibration system, characterised in that: (a) the spring (1) comprises a laminated rubber (1) formed by laminating ring-shaped rubbers and a plurality of steel plates (3) alternately in a vertical direction so as to make an internal portion (4) of the laminated rubber (1) hollow, the laminated rubber (1) having a plurality of radial rubber projections (5) extending in a vertical direction and formed on at least one of the internal and external surfaces of the laminated rubber (1); (b) the laminated rubber constituting the said spring (1) is installed at a predetermined position on the structure (10); and (c) the additional mass body (11) is mounted on the laminated rubber (1). A combination comprising a structure (10), an additional mass body (11), a spring (1), and an actuator (12), the additional mass body (11), the spring (1) and the actuator (12) constituting an active type vibration control device for the structure (10), in which control device the actuator (12) for applying a control force (u(t)) corresponding to the vibration of the structure (10) having a known mass (m₁) is intervened between the structure (10) and the additional mass body (11) having a predetermined mass (m d ), characterised in that: (a) the spring (1) comprises a laminated rubber (1) formed by laminating ring-shaped rubbers and a plurality of steel plates (3) alternately in a vertical direction so as to make an internal portion (4) of the laminated rubber (1) hollow, at least one of the inside and the outside of the laminated rubber (1) being made to be a non-uniform section in a vertical direction so that the width in a horizontal section gradually increases from the vertical central portion to both vertical ends; (b) the laminated rubber constituting the said spring (1) is installed at a predetermined position on the structure (10); and (c) the additional mass body (11) is mounted on the laminated rubber (1). A combination comprising a structure (10), an additional mass body (11), a spring (1), and an actuator (12), the additional mass body (11), the spring (1) and the actuator (12) constituting an active type vibration control device for the structure (10), in which control device the actuator (12) for applying a control force (u(t)) corresponding to the vibration of the structure (10) having a known mass (m₁) is intervened between the structure (10) and the additional mass body (11) having a predetermined mass (m d ), characterised in that: (a) the spring (1) comprising a laminated rubber (1) formed by laminating ring-shaped rubbers and a plurality of steel plates (3) alternately in a vertical direction so as to make an internal portion (4) of the laminated rubber (1) hollow, the laminated rubber (1) having a plurality of radial rubber projections (5) extending in a vertical direction and formed on at least one of the internal and external surfaces of the laminated rubber (1); (b) the laminated rubber constituting the said spring (1) is installed at a predetermined position on the structure (10); and (c) the additional mass body (11) is mounted on the laminated rubber (1). A combination as claimed in claim 3 or 4, wherein the period of the laminated rubber (1) is set so as to be fully longer than the natural period of the structure (10). A combination as claimed in claim 3 or 4, wherein the period of the laminated rubber (1) is set so as to synchronize with the natural period of the structure (10). A combination comprising a structure (10), a first additional mass body (11), a second additional mass body (13) movably mounted on the first additional mass body (11), a spring (1) and an actuator (14), the additional mass bodies (11,13), the spring (1) and the actuator (14) constituting an active type vibration control device for the structure (10), in which control device the actuator (14) for applying a control force (u(t)) corresponding to the vibration of the structure (10) having a known mass (m₁) is intervened between the first additional mass body (11) having a predetermined mass (m a ) and the second additional mass body (13) having a predetermined mass (m b ), characterised in that: (a) the spring (1) comprises a laminated rubber (1) formed by laminating ring-shaped rubbers and a plurality of steel plates (3) alternately in a vertical direction so as to make an internal portion (4) of the laminated rubber (1) hollow, at least one of the inside and the outside of the laminated rubber (1) being made to be a non-uniform section in a vertical direction so that the width in a horizontal section gradually increases from the vertical central portion to both vertical ends; (b) the laminated rubber constituting the said spring (1) is installed at a predetermined position on the structure (10); and (c) the first additional mass body (11) is mounted on the laminated rubber (1). A combination comprising a structure (10), a first additional mass body (11), a second additional mass body (13) mounted on the first additional mass body (11), a spring (1) and an actuator (14), the additional mass bodies (11,13), the spring (1) and the actuator (14) constituting an active type vibration control device for the structure (10), in which control device the actuator (14) for applying a control force (u(t)) corresponding to the vibration of the structure (10) having a known mass (m₁) is intervened between the first additional mass body (11) having a predetermined mass (m a ) and the second additional mass body (13) having a predetermined mass (m b ), characterised in that: (a) the spring (1) comprising a laminated rubber (1) formed by laminating ring-shaped rubbers and a plurality of steel plates (3) alternately in a vertical direction so as to make an internal portion (4) of the laminated rubber (1) hollow, the laminated rubber (1) having a plurality of radial rubber projections (5) extending in a vertical direction and formed on at least one of the internal and external surfaces of the laminated rubber (1); (b) the laminated rubber constituting the said spring (1) is installed at a predetermined position on the structure (10); and (c) the first additional mass body (11) is mounted on the laminated rubber (1). A combination as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein a plurality of the steel plates (3) are ring shaped.

Inventors: KOSHIKA NORIHIDE C O KAJIMA CO, NISHIMURA ISAO C O KAJIMA CORP, OORUI SATOSHI C O KAJIMA CORPO, SAKAMOTO MITSUO C O KAJIMA COR, SASAKI KATSUYASU C O KAJIMA CO, KOSHIKA, NORIHIDE, C/O KAJIMA CORPORATION, NISHIMURA, ISAO, C/O KAJIMA CORPORATION, OORUI, SATOSHI, C/O KAJIMA CORPORATION, SAKAMOTO, MITSUO, C/O KAJIMA CORPORATION, SASAKI, KATSUYASU, C/O KAJIMA CORPORATION
Applicants: KAJIMA CORP, KAJIMA CORPORATION
Application year: 1992
Main classification: F16F1
IPC codes: E04B1, F16F1, E04H9, F16F15