POWDER DISPENSER

Abstract: The present invention is a novel powdered medicament dispenser (10). The powder medicament dispenser includes a novel blade assembly for loading the powder (12) from a reservoir (11) to a dispensing mechanism. In another aspect of the invention, a disposable cartridge (100) is disclosed for use with a medicament dispenser having pressurization and actuation mechanisms. The disposable cartride (100) affords re-use of the relatively expensive dispenser with different cartridges. The present invention may also be described as a novel method of dispensing a powdered medicament (12).

Description: POWDER DISPENSER Technical Field The present invention relates generally to devices which facilitate the inhalation of powdered medicament. Background of the Invention Dose uniformity or accuracy is a problem associated with known dispensers which dispense powdered medicament. Generally, powdered medicaments tend to "pack" into unduly large agglomerates, particularly when the size of the particles is in the order of a few microns. If the medicament is delivered to a user in unduly large agglomerates, the large agglomerates tend to impact the tissue at the back of the user's throat and thus the medicament is prevented from reaching the user's lungs. Such impact also sometimes causes an uncomfortable "gag" reflex or coughing. Further, it is desirable to completely disperse the entire dose delivered to a user to maximize the reβpirable fraction and efficacy of the medicament delivered to the user and to avoid the attendant problems associated with large agglomerates of powder. Rosβkamp et al. U.S. Patent 4,046,146; U.S. Patent 4,811,731 to Newell et al.; U.S. Patent 2,587,215 to Priestly and U.S. Patent 4,524,769 to etterlin all describe inhalators that are powered by the user's inhalation airflow. One problem associated with user powered dispensers is that the user's capacity to generate an effective airflow may be adversely affected by an ailment such as bronchial asthma. It is believed that the powdered medicament dispensers which rely upon user generated airflow tend to be inefficient, particularly when a user's capacity to generate an inhalation airflow is adversely affected by an ailment. Another problem associated with user powered dispensers is that different persons possess widely varying abilities to generate inhalation airflows. Thus, requiring a user to generate a considerable airflow may cause discomfort for some users. Wetterlin 4,524,769 describes a device similar to a TURBOHALER T.M. dispenser which is generally available from Aktiβbolaget Draco, of Lund, Sweden and is believed to be on sale in Europe. That device includes a perforated member with a plurality of perforations for each dosage of medicament. The TURBOHALER T.M. dispenser is a user powered inhalation device and is believed to suffer from the problems associated with user powered medicament dispensers mentioned above. The art also has devices which facilitate the inhalation of powdered medicaments by the use of propellants to dispense and disperse the medicament. Dispensers which utilize a propellant are disclosed in PCT application Number WO 90/07351 and Wetterlin U.S. Patents No. 4,534,345 and 4,667,668. Other prior art dispensers use chlorofluorocarbon to deliver a pharmaceutically active compound. In these types of dispensers, the medicament is typically suspended within the chlorofluorocarbon propellant. While such dispensers are somewhat successful at delivering medicament to a user, it is not always desirable to use chlorofluorocarbon propellants for reasons including cost. Also, dispensers such as those mentioned above are believed to be complex to construct, inefficient or difficult to use. Disclosure of the Invention The present invention provides a simplified dry powder medicament dispenser which: (1) effectively and efficiently dispenses and disperses dry powder medicament into the inhalation airstream of a user even when that inhalation airflow is at a rate that is less than the rate of an average person, (2) affords a highly efficient airflow within the dispenser to dispense and disperse the dry powder medicament, (3) wastes very little medicament, and (4) provides repeatable dosage accuracy. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a dry powder medicament dispenser for delivering a dose of micronized particles of a dry powder medicament to the respiratory system of a user. The dispenser comprises a housing, and means for providing a packed, predetermined, agglomerated dose of the dry powder medicament in a dosage chamber which is dimensioned to hold the predetermined dose of the dry powder medicament. The dispenser also comprises an internal pressure generator for generating a pressure for forcibly expelling the predetermined dose from the dosage chamber and external of the housing in micronized, deagglomerated form suitable for inhalation therapy. The dispenser has an effectiveness in deaggloroerating the packed dose which is generally independent of user inhalation rate. The device preferably comprises a dosage member having surfaces defining the dosage chamber. The dosage chamber defines a loading axis which is generally perpendicular to the surfaces defining an end of the dosage chamber. The means for providing a packed, predetermined agglomerated dose preferably comprises a medicament reservoir for storing a supply of dry powder medicament, and an agglomerator within the medicament reservoir for providing a positive, orientation independent packing force for loading the dry powder medicament from the medicament reservoir into the dosage chamber under pressure sufficient to pack the dry powder into a reproducible dose. Most preferably the agglomerator is mounted for movement across the dosage chamber so that the positive, orientation independent packing force has a component that is generally parallel to the loading axis. The component of the packing force that is generally parallel to the loading axis progressively increases as the agglomerator moves across at least a portion of the dosage chamber. Preferably, the pressure generator comprises a pressure chamber having a pressure outlet and a medicament delivery passageway. The pressure chamber suddenly provides a substantial fluid pressure differential across the packed dose so that the fluid flows to deagglomerate the packed dose into a plurality of respirable particles. More preferably the pressure generator provides a fluid flow at the dose from fluid which is initially generally free of velocity but which reaches a maximum velocity soon after the fluid begins to flow. At the maximum velocity, the fluid flow is turbulent and deagglomerateβ the packed dose into a plurality of respirable particles. Also preferably, the pressure generator provides a fluid pressure differential to progressively increasing portions of the dose. Most preferably, the pressure differential is provided across the dose by releasing a pressurized fluid generally immediately adjacent the dose. In a preferred embodiment, the dosage member, medicament reservoir, delivery passageway and pressure outlet are mounted for relative movement between (1) a load orientation with the dosage chamber opening into the medicament reservoir, and (2) a delivery orientation with the dosage chamber situated between the pressure outlet and the delivery passageway. Between the load and delivery orientations, progressively increasing portions of the dosage chamber, medicament delivery passageway and pressure outlet become aligned. The present invention may also be described as a method of dispensing multiple individual doses of a dry powder medicament comprising the steps of (1) providing micronized particles of the medicament within a housing, (2) packing the micronized particles into a predetermined, agglomerated dose in a dosage chamber, and (3) generating a fluid pressure to forcibly expel the predetermined dose from the dosage chamber and external of the housing in micronized, deagglomerated form suitable for inhalation therapy. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a cartridge which (1) is adapted to be received in and cooperate with a dry powder medicament dispenser comprising pressurization and actuation mechanisms adapted to minimize or reduce the inputs or operations required of a user; (2) may be replaced in the dry powder medicament dispenser with another cartridge after it is depleted; (3) affords re-use of the dispenser with a number of different cartridges; (4) may be constructed to restrict tampering with the dry powder medicament; and (5) optionally includes a counter assembly which affords an estimate of the number of dosages of medicament available in the cartridge. Brief Description of the Drawing The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawing wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts in the several views, and wherein: Figure 1 is a perspective fragmentary view of one embodiment of dispenser according to the present invention shown from its front side; Figure 2 is an exploded perspective view of the dispenser of Figure 1 rotated approximately ninety-degrees and showing a piston for pressurizing the fluid pressure chamber; Figures 3 through 5 are enlarged sectional views of the device of the present invention taken approximately along lines 3-3 of Figure 1 with portions broken away to show details and which sequentially illustrate the delivery of medicament to a user; Figures 5A through 5C are enlarged fragmentary perspective views of parts of the dispenser of Figure 1 which sequentially illustrate movement of a dosage chamber into alignment with a pressure outlet passageway; Figure 5D is an enlarged fragmentary schematic illustration of initial alignment of a dosage chamber with the outlet passageway that occurs during the sequence illustrated in Figures 5A-5C; Figure 6 is a perspective view of portions of a dosing member and a pressurization member which are preferably included in the dispenser of Figure 1; Figure 7 is a perspective view of loading blades on a support shaft which are preferably included in the dispenser of Figure 1; Figure 7A is a computer simulation illustrating sequential movement of a loading blade relative to a dosage member; Figure 8 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of a dispenser according to the present invention; Figure 9 is a sectional view of a third embodiment of a dispenser according to the present invention; Figure 10 is an exploded perspective view of a cartridge according to another aspect of the present invention; Figure 11 is an enlarged perspective view of a partially assembled cartridge according to the present invention; Figure 12 is an enlarged perspective view of some of the elements of the cartridge shown in Figure 10 taken at a different angle than that of Figure 10 to show various details; Figure 13 is a perspective view of the elements shown in Figure 12 taken at a different angle than that of Figure 12 to illustrate various details; Figure 14 is an enlarged perspective view of elements of the cartridge shown in Figure 10 taken at a different angle to show details of portions of a counter assembly; Figure 15 is an enlarged sectional perspective view of the cartridge shown in Figure 10 with the elements assembled; Figure 16 is an enlarged sectional perspective view of the cartridge shown in Figure 10 similar to Figure 15 with parts omitted to show detail; Figure 17 is another enlarged sectional perspective view of the cartridge shown in Figure 10 with the elements assembled and with a cover omitted to show detail; Figure 18 is an enlarged sectional view of a cartridge assembled from the elements shown in Figure 10 with elements broken away and omitted to illustrate detail; Figure 19 is an enlarged sectional view of a cartridge assembled from the elements shown in Figure 10 and including a sealing element between a metering sleeve and a pressure chamber; and Figures 20 and 21 are schematic representations of an example of a medicament dispenser for use with the cartridge of the present invention which sequentially illustrate the operation of the cartridge in conjunction with the dispenser. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Referring now to Figures 1 through 7 of the drawing, there is shown one embodiment of dispenser according to the present invention, generally designated by the reference number 10. The dry powder medicament dispenser 10 delivers a dose of micronized particles of a dry powder medicament 12 to the respiratory system of a user. The dispenser 10 has an effectiveness in deagglomerating the packed dose which is generally independent of patient inhalation rate. Thus, a respirable mass of the dry powder medicament may consistently be provided to a patient, even at reduced patient inhalation airflow rates. The dry powder medicament dispenser 10 comprises a housing 14 optionally including a mouthpiece portion 15. The dispenser 10 comprises means for providing a packed, predetermined, agglomerated dose of the dry powder medicament in a dosage chamber 32 which is dimensioned to hold the predetermined dose of the dry powder medicament. The device 10 preferably comprises a dosage member 30 having surfaces defining the dosage chamber 32. The dosage chamber 30 defines a loading axis f (Figure 3) which is generally perpendicular to the surfaces defining an end of the dosage chamber 32. The means for providing a packed, predetermined agglomerated dose preferably comprises a medicament reservoir 11 for storing a supply of dry powder medicament 12, and an agglomerator within the medicament reservoir 11 for providing a positive, orientation independent packing force for loading the dry powder medicament 12 from the medicament reservoir 11 into the dosage chamber 32 under pressure sufficient to pack the dry powder 12 into a reproducible dose. Most preferably the agglomerator is mounted for movement across the dosage chamber 32 so that the positive, orientation independent packing force has a component that is generally parallel to the loading axis f. The component of the packing force that is generally parallel to the loading axis f progressively increases as the agglomerator moves across at least a portion of the dosage chamber. The agglomerator is described in greater detail below. The dispenser 10 also comprises an internal pressure generator 21 for generating a pressure for forcibly expelling the predetermined dose from the dosage chamber 32 and external of the housing 14 in micronized, deagglomerated form suitable for inhalation therapy. Preferably, the pressure generator 21 provides a fluid pressure differential to progressively increasing portions of the dose. This feature is described in detail below. The pressure differential is preferably provided by releasing a pressurized fluid generally immediately adjacent the dose. As used herein, the phrase, "immediately adjacent the dose" means that the dispenser 10 is substantially free of an obstruction or hindrance (e.g. an unpresβurized [relative to the pressure provided by generator 21] region of ambient air or a tortuous or labyrinth like path) which may result in a pressure drop between the position of the release of the pressurized fluid and the dose or which may otherwise interfere with the communication of the pressure from the generator to the dose. Also preferably, the pressure generator 21 generally instantaneously or suddenly provides a substantial fluid pressure differential across the packed dose so that the fluid flows to deagglomerate the packed dose into a plurality of respirable particles. As used herein, when it is said that the pressure generator suddenly provides a fluid pressure differential across the packed dose, it is meant that the dispener is free of any obstruction or hindrance that would substantially delay or slow the communication of the pressure from the pressure generator 21 to the dose. The powdered medicaments 12 may be from any suitable therapeutic category such as, but not limited to antibiotics, proteins/peptides, steroids, bronchodilators, anticholinergics, lipoxygenase inhibitors, PAF antagonists, potassium channel activators, mast cell stabilizers, bradykinin analogs, enkephalins or interleukin. For example not intended to be limiting, the powder may be leuprolide, albuterol, insulin, pirbuterol, beclomethasone, terbutaline, salmeterol, fluticasone, tiamcinolone, salbutamol, isoproterenol, epinephrine, fenoterol, formoterol, procaterol, pentamidine, calcitonin, ipratropium, oxitropium, budesonide or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The dry powder medicament dispenser 10 is particularly suited for delivery of a predetermined dosage unit comprising a plurality of very fine particles having an average diameter as low as about 0.3 micrometers or even possibly less. Generally, by "very fine" or "micronized" particles, an average particle diameter is contemplated with a range of from about 0.3 micrometers to about 20 micrometers, and preferably from about 0.5 micrometers to about 6.0 micrometers. For example, a dose of the powdered medicament 12 may comprise 0.115 milligrams of a solid micronized albuterol sulfate powder having an average particle size of approximately 3 micrometers. The housing 14 preferably has an outer surface 8 and inner surfaces. Those inner surfaces preferably comprise portions defining (1) a dosage member receiving chamber 9, (2) the medicament reservoir 11, (3) a medicament delivery passageway 16 extending between an injection inlet end 17 (e.g. a circular opening having a diameter of 0.062 inches (1.57 millimeters) 5 formed by a bore in the housing 14) communicating with the dosage member receiving chamber and an outlet end 18 opening through the mouthpiece portion 15, (4) at least one air entrance passageway 19 having an inlet end opening through the outer surface 8 of the housing 14 and an outlet end opening into the medicament delivery 10 passageway 16, (5) a fluid pressure chamber 22, and (6) a pressure outlet passageway 23 with an inlet end communicating with the fluid pressure chamber 22 and an outlet end opening through the inner surface defining the dosage member receiving chamber generally opposite the injection inlet end 17 of the medicament 15 delivery passageway 16. The housing 14 may be constructed from any suitable metal or polymeric material, such as but not limited to polyacetal, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonates, or combinations thereof. The medicament delivery passageway 16 preferably 20 comprises a cylindrical turbulent flow portion 50 having a generally uniform cross section that is situated adjacent the injection inlet end 17 for affording a substantially turbulent flow of fluid from the fluid pressure chamber 22 to disperse the dry powder medicament 12 in the fluid. The medicament passageway 25 16 optionally comprises a frusto-conical laminar flow portion 52 adjacent and diverging in cross sectional area toward the outlet end 18 of the medicament delivery passageway 16. The air entrance holes 19 open into the laminar flow portion 52 to afford laminar flow of fluid (preferably atmospheric air) and dry powder 30 medicament in the laminar flow portion 52. The inner surface portions defining the laminar flow portion 52 preferably diverge at an angle between approximately 15 and 30 degrees with respect to each other, preferably about 22 degrees. The embodiment of dispenser 10 shown in Figures 1 35 through 5 includes four circumferentially spaced cylindrical shaped air entrance holes 19 having axes generally transverse to or normal to the axis of the medicament delivery passageway 16. The dispenser 10 includes the movable chamber means or dosage member 30 which may be a cylindrical tubular -member having - lo ¬ an inner diameter of 8.46 millimeters (0.333 inches) and a wall thickness of 0.46 millimeters (0.018 inches). Alternatively, the dosage member 30 may comprise a generally flat planar structure having a thickness of about 0.46 millimeters (0.018 inches). In a preferred embodiment, the dosage member 30 comprises a dosage part having an outer sealing surface 33 and includes surfaces defining a dosage chamber 32 having the longitudinal axis f and extending through the dosage member 30 between spaced parts of the outer sealing surface 33 (see Figures 3-5). The dosage chamber 32 receives a dosage of dry powder medicament 12. The volume of the dosage chamber 32 is influenced by a variety of factors but iβ particularly influenced by the type of powdered medicament that is intended to be delivered. For example, when 0.115 mg. of albuterol sulfate is to be dispensed from the dosage chamber 32, the volume of the dosage chamber 32 should be approximately 1.45 X 10 (-5) cubic inches (0.24 cubic millimeters). Also as an example, if the dosage chamber 32 is cylindrical, the dosage chamber may have a diameter of about 0.032 inches for a dosage member 30 that is 0.018 inches thick. The cross-section of the dosage chamber 32 illustrated is circular to form a cylindrical passageway. Alternatively the dosage chamber 32 may have any suitable shape such as, but not limited to triangular, square, star, hexagonal, arcuate, polygonal, or any suitable shape form by combinations of straight and arcuate line segments. Preferably, there is a single dosage chamber 32 that provides a consistent dosage receiving volume which tends to receive consistent volumes of powdered medicament to thereby contribute to repeatable dosage accuracy. The cross-section of the dosage chamber 32 may optionally be slightly smaller than the cross-section of the pressure outlet passageway 23 to afford complete expulsion of the medicament 12 from the dosage chamber 32, and to insure proper communication between the pressure outlet passageway 23 and the dosage chamber 32. For example, if the cross-section of the dosage chamber 32 is circular having a diameter of approximately 0.032 inches (0.81 millimeters), then the cross-section of the pressure outlet passageway 23 may also be circular with a diameter of approximately 0.052 inches (1.32 millimeters) or 0.055 inches (1.40 millimeters). Generally, the cross-section of the injection inlet 17 for the medicament delivery passageway 16 may have approximately the same or larger cross-sectional area than the cross-sectional area of the dosage chamber 32. For a circular cross-section of the dosage chamber 32 with a diameter of approximately 0.032 inches (0.81 millimeters), the cross-sectional area of the injection inlet 17 may also be circular with a diameter of approximately 0.062 inches (1.57 millimeters). The dosage member 30 may be constructed from any suitable material such as, but not limited to, polymeric, plastic or metal materials or combinations thereof. The material used to construct the dosage member 30 and surfaces 9 should be sufficiently strong to resist deformation upon pressurization of a pressurization chamber 22. As best seen in Figures 5A-5C and 6, the dosage member 30 is preferably mounted adjacent portions of the inner surface 9 of the housing 14 which form the dosage member receiving chamber. Those portions of the inner surface 9 of the housing 14 which form the dosage member receiving chamber (see Figure 6) may comprise a part 28 which also forms portions of the fluid pressure chamber 22. Preferably the end of the part 28 adjacent gas pressure release aperture 23 has a closed end to form the pressurization chamber 22. Means such as elastomeric sealing gaskets (not shown) may be provided to provide a seal between the dosage member 30 and the medicament reservoir 11 to prevent leakage or escape of powder 12 from the reservoir 11. Alternatively the means for preventing escape of powder 12 could comprise biasing means such as a screw for biasing the dosage member 30 into tight frictional engagement with the inner surface 9 of housing 14 adjacent outlet 7. Preferably, the pressure generator 21 comprises a pressure chamber 22 having a pressure outlet 23 and the medicament delivery passageway 16. The pressure generator 21 (Figure 2) iβ provided for pressurizing fluid' (e.g. gas such as ambient air) within the fluid pressure chamber 22 above ambient pressure and for retaining the fluid pressure within the fluid pressure chamber 22 above ambient pressure. The pressure outlet passageway 23 may be formed by a cylindrical bore in part 28. The part 28 may include a flange with an aperture to receive a screw 31 or any other suitable fastener to fix the part 28 in a proper position relative to the injection inlet opening 17 by firmly attaching the part 28 to the housing 14 so that the part 28 forms a portion of the inner surface 9 defining the dosage member receiving chamber. Alternatively the part 28 and the dispenser housing 14 may comprise a monolithic member such as an integrally molded member. An example of a portion of the pressure generator 21 is illustrated in Figure 2 as a piston or plunger 24 having an O-ring 29 and a detent 25 adapted to be received in a channel or groove 26 in a fluid pressure member housing 27. An open end of the part 28 is adapted to receive a Luer fitting (not shown) or any suitable adapter for forming an air-tight attachment between the fluid pressurization member 20 and the part 28. The groove 26 in the housing 27 has a first portion extending generally parallel to the axis of the fluid pressurization member housing 27 and a second locking portion 26' extending generally perpendicular to the first portion. To pressurize the fluid pressure chamber 22, a user first sealingly covers the pressure outlet passageway 23 with surfaces 33 of the dosage member 30 (Figures 3 and 4) and then moves the piston 24 axially within the gas pressurization member housing 27 toward the housing 14 until the detent engages the second locking portion of the groove 26'. The piston 24 may then be rotated counterclockwise (relative to the housing 14) to move the detent 25 into the second locking portion of the groove 26. The pressure within the fluid pressure chamber 22 biases the piston 24 away from the housing 27 and forces frictional engagement between the detent 25 and the locking portion of the groove 26' to retain the gas pressure within the gas pressure chamber 22 above ambient pressure. While the means pressure generator 21 is shown in Figure 2 to include a piston 24, it should be noted that the pressure generator 21 may comprise any suitable means for pressurizing fluid (e.g. atmospheric air) within the fluid pressure chamber 22 above ambient pressure and for retaining the fluid pressure within the fluid pressure chamber 22 above ambient pressure including, but not limited to bellows, flexible bladders, or βyringe/0-ring arrangements. Also, the means for locking the piston in a pressurization position may comprise any suitable means other than the described detent assembly. The pressure generator 21 provides a fluid flow at the dose from fluid which is initially generally free of velocity but which reaches a maximum velocity soon after the fluid begins to flow. At the maximum velocity, the fluid flow is turbulent and deagglo erates the packed dose into a plurality of respirable particles. The pressure and volume within the pressurization chamber 22 provided by the generator 21 should be sufficient to completely expel all the powdered medicament 12 loaded into the dosage chamber 32. While not intending to be bound by one theory, it is believed that the flow from a pressurized pressure chamber 22 to the medicament delivery passageway 16 may approximate flow through a nozzle or restriction such that there exists a critical pressure within the pressure chamber 22 which will provide a maximum velocity of flow within the medicament delivery passageway 16. Any additional pressure above the critical pressure will not result in fluid velocities in the medicament delivery passageway 16 above the maximum velocity. Sufficient pressure and initial volume within the gas pressure chamber 22 iβ believed to assure the maximum velocity of fluid escaping from the pressure chamber 22 into the medicament delivery passageway 16. Generally, the higher the velocity of the fluid within the turbulence portion 50 the greater the turbulence in the turbulence portion 50. The greater the turbulence, the more the dispenser 10 disperses the powdered medicament 12 into smaller, more respirable particles. The turbulence results in high shear forces on the agglomerates of medicament 12 and causes collisions between the agglomerates of powdered medicament which tends to deagglomerate the large agglomerates into the desired primary particles. For example, the fluid pressure chamber 22 may be pressurized to a pressure of about 108.8 pounds per βquare inch absolute. For a given size of doβage chamber 32, the pressure of fluid within the fluid pressure chamber 22 sufficient to expel the powdered medicament from the dosage chamber 32 is controlled by several factors, such as the size of the pressure outlet passageway 23, the initial volume of the gaβ chamber 22 before pressurization and the speed with which the dosage chamber 32 is moved acroββ the preββure outlet passageway 23. Generally, for optimal dispensing, it iβ believed that a user should move the dosage chamber 32 acrosβ the pressure outlet passageway 23 as faβt as possible. Optionally a biasing means such as a spring may be used to move the dosage chamber 32 across the pressure outlet 23. Preferably, the entire cross sectional area of the dosage chamber 32 ultimately overlaps with the pressure outlet 23 and the total elapsed time between the time that (1) the dosage chamber 32 begins to open into the preβsure outlet 23, until (2) the entire cross-sectional area of the dosage chamber 32 overlaps with the pressure outlet 23, is about four milliseconds. When the preββure chamber 22 is presβurized, the medicament delivery paβsageway 16 remains at ambient or atmospheric pressure and there exists the potential to place a presβure differential acroββ the packed dose when the doβage chamber 32 begins to overlap or open into the outlet 23. An example of the preβsure generator 21 providing a substantial fluid pressure differential acroββ the packed dose is that the pressure within the preββure chamber 22 should be at least about 1.1 times the ambient air preββure (the preβsure in medicament delivery passageway 16). Preferably the preββure within the preββure chamber 22 should be at least about twice the ambient air preββure. The volume of pressurized fluid within chamber 22 should be enough to provide fluid flow during at least the time between when (1) the dosage chamber 32 beginβ to open into the preββure outlet 23, and (2) the entire cross-sectional area of the dosage chamber 32 overlaps the presβure outlet 23. A manually-activatable means 40 (Figures 1 and 2) or optionally an automatic means mounts the doβage member 30 with at leaβt portions of the outer sealing βurface 33 in βealing engagement with the inner βurface 9 defining the doβage member receiving chamber for movement from (1) a load position with the doβage chamber 32 generally aligned with the outlet opening 7 of the medicament reservoir 11, to (2) a delivery position with the doβage chamber 32 extending between the outlet end of the presβure outlet passageway 23 and the injection inlet end 17 of the medicament delivery paββageway 16. Preferably, the doβage member is in direct communication with the reservoir. By direct communication, it is understood that the dosage chamber 32 is directly exposed to the reservoir without intervention of any filter or any plurality of small orifices. In this way, it iβ possible to more optimally compact the entire amount of the drug into the chamber 32. The means 40 may comprise an activation knob 44 (Figures 1 and 2) operatively connected to the doβage member 30 and having a flange 37 immovably affixed thereto. The housing 14 may have a stop flange 38 immovably affixed thereto. Rotation of the knob 44 causes the flange 37 to move relative to the stop flange 38. The stop flange 38 has surfaces adapted to abut the knob flange 37 when the dosage member 30 is moved between the load and delivery positions. Abutment between the one side of the stop flange 38 and the flange 37 ensures that the dosage chamber 32 moves to the correct position for dispensing relative to the preβsure outlet passageway 23 and injection inlet 17, and abutment between the other side of the stop flange 38 and the flange 37 ensures that the doβage chamber 32 iβ in a position to receive powdered medicament 12 from the reservoir 11. At the load position (Figure 3) the inner surface 9 defining the doβage member receiving chamber seals the end of the doβage chamber 32 opposite the medicament reservoir opening 7, and the outer sealing βurface 33 of the doβage member part 32 seals shut the outlet end of the pressure outlet paββageway 23. Portions 33 of the dosage member 30 seal shut the outlet end of the presβure outlet paββageway 23 during an initial part of the movement of the doβage member 30 from the load position (e.g. Figure 3) to the delivery position (e.g. Figure 5). During a final part of the movement from the load position to the delivery position, progressively increasing portions of the pressure outlet passageway 23, the doβage chamber 32, and the injection inlet 17 move into alignment to afford dispersion of the dry powder medicament 12. When (1) the doβage member 30 is positioned at the load position so that medicament 12 from the medicament reservoir 11 may be moved into the doβage chamber 32, (2) the generator means 21 is activated to pressurize fluid within the preββure chamber 22, and (3) the doβage member 30 iβ then moved to the delivery position while a user is inhaling air through the air entrance paββageway 19, pressurized fluid will pass from the pressure chamber 22 through the preβsure outlet passageway 23 and diβcharge the powdered medicament 12 from the doβage chamber 32 into the air stream being inhaled by the user through the air entrance passageway 19. While the doβage chamber 32 haβ been described as moving relative to the housing 14 and the reservoir 11, it should be noted that any of the dosage member 32, medicament reservoir 11, delivery pasβageway 16 or the pressure outlet 23 may be mounted for movement so long as (1) in the load position or orientation, the doβage chamber 32 opens into the medicament reservoir 11, and (2) in the delivery position or orientation, the doβage chamber 32 is situated between the pressure outlet 23 and the delivery pasβageway 16. Optionally, the delivery paββageway 16 may be omitted. Figures 5A, 5B and 5C sequentially illustrate portions of the preβsure outlet paββageway 23 and the doβage chamber 32 moving into alignment. Figure 5D illustrates the doβage chamber 32 as it initially opens into the preββure outlet paββageway 23. When the dosage chamber 32 initially opens into the preββure outlet 23, a preββure differential iβ provided acroββ the dose. There is generally very little or no preββure loss between the position of release of the pressurized fluid within chamber 22 and the dose. The preββure differential provided across the dose by the preββure within the preββure chamber 22 and ambient pressure in the delivery paββageway 16 iβ preferably the maximum preββure differential that may be provided across the dose for those pressures. Thus, preβsure within the preββure chamber 22 is efficiently used by the dispenser 10. Alternatively, the preββure provided by the generator which forcibly expels the dose from the doβage chamber 32 may be provided by a vacuum acroββ the doβe. The feature of the present invention wherein the preββure outlet paββageway 23 is situated directly or immediately adjacent the dosage chamber 32 during dispensing of the medicament 12 iβ believed to contribute to complete dispersion of the medicament 12 within the dosage chamber 32. This "eclipse" motion of the dosage chamber 32 relative to the presβure outlet paβsageway 23 while preββure chamber 22 iβ pressurized is believed to effectively remove and deagglomerate the powder in doβage chamber 32. The eclipse motion of the doβage chamber relative to the preββure outlet is believed to afford complete, efficient diβperβion of the dry powder medicament, and provides a cloud of respirable sized powdered medicament that iβ eaβily inhaled by a uβer, even at an inhalation airflow that iβ less than the rate at which an average person may inhale. The portion P (See Figure 5D) of the doβage chamber 32 that initially openβ into the preββure outlet paββageway 23 and the injection inlet 17 iβ believed to be "blaβted" from the doβage chamber 32 with the remaining powder following βhortly thereafter. The preββure immediately at the location of the powder 12 iβ believed to effectively diβperβe and diβpenβe the powder 12 from the doβage chamber 32 to the delivery paββageway 16. Dispensing a powdered medicament 12 in the manner according to the present invention reduces the amount of preββure required to completely diβpenβe the powder 12. The preββurization chamber 22 need only be pressurized with enough preββure to (1) deagglomerate the powder 12, and (2) expel the medicament 12 from the doβage chamber 32 and into the medicament delivery paββageway 16. The preββure within the preββurization chamber 22 iβ not required to tranβmit all of the powder into the mouth of the uβer. The uβer'β inhalation through air entrance hole 19 subsequently draws the disperβed powder completely through the medicament delivery pasβageway 16 and into the lunge of the uβer. POWDER LOADING ASSEMBLY The dry powder 12 tends to adhere to the walls of the medicament reservoir 11 and to form unduly large agglomerates. The dispenser 10 according to the present invention utilizes a novel powder loading assembly that contributes to consistent doβage accuracy. The powder loading assembly includes means for providing a packed, predetermined, agglomerated dose of the dry powder medicament in a doβage chamber 32 which iβ dimensioned to hold the predetermined doβe of the dry powder medicament. The means cause transfer of the dry powder medicament 12 from the medicament reservoir 11 to the doβage chamber 32 in the doβage member 30 when the doβage member 30 iβ in the load position. The means for providing a packed, predetermined agglomerated doβe preferably comprises the medicament reservoir 11, and an agglomerator within the medicament reβervoir 11 for providing a positive, attitude or orientation independent packing force for loading the dry powder medicament 12 from the medicament reservoir 11 into the doβage chamber 32 under preββure βufficient to pack the dry powder 12 into a reproducible doβe. When the dispenser 10 is used to diβpenβe micronized particles of a dry powder drug 12, the micronized particles tend to resist flow from the medicament reβervoir 11 into the doβage chamber 32. The packing force iβ described as positive because it is independent of or greater than ambient forces such as van der Walls forces between the micronized particles, or the effect of gravity on the micronized particleβ. The packing force iβ βaid to be orientation independent becuaβe the powder loading assembly will reproducibly load the medicament 12 into the doβage chamber 32 even in an upβide down or inverted orientation. The effect of the packing meanβ of the preβent invention is to pack the powdered medicament into the dosage chamber. Packing the dosage chamber iβ believed to contribute to repeated, consistent doβage accuracy as the chamber 32 iβ consistently packed with the same amount of powder. Preferably, the structure comprises flexible loading blades 36 each having proximal and distal 39 ends and a leading surface between the proximal and distal ends. The powder loading assembly includes at least one and preferably four flexible powder loading blades 36 mounted on a shaft or core 46 having generally the same axis as the axis of the medicament reservoir 11. Means 40 (Figure 2) drives the blade 36 across the surfaces of the medicament reservoir 11. The blade turning shaft 46 is rotated by a powder loading knob 47. The blades 36 are constructed from any suitable flexible material including but not limited to polymers, metals or polyesters. Rotation of the knob 47 while the doβage chamber 32 openβ into the medicament reβervoir causes revolving movement of the blades 36 that scrapeβ medicament 12 from the walls of the reservoir 11, simultaneously loads the doβage chamber 32 with a doβage of dry powder medicament 12 and also tends to agitate the powder 12 to break the powder 12 into smaller agglomerates which are more readily loaded into the dosage chamber 32. The shaft or core 46 moves the flexible blades 36 along a predetermined path within the medicament reβervoir 11 with the leading βurface leading and the distal end 39 of the blade 36 moving along a portion of the inner βurface defining the medicament reβervoir 11 during a first portion of the predetermined path (Figure 3, βolid line). During a βecond portion (Figure 3 daβhed lines) of the predetermined path, the distal end 39 of the blade 36 moves along a portion of the outer βealing βurface 33 of the doβage member 30 which results in progressively increaβing bending of the blade 36 to form the leading βurface into a convex βurface and to move the leading βurface progressively closer to the outer βealing βurface 33 of the doβage member 30. When the distal end 39 of the blade 36 iβ deβcribed as moving along a portion of the outer βealing βurface of the doβage member, it iβ herein contemplated that a thin layer of powder 12 (e.g. 0.01 inches) may be preβent between the distal end of the blade 36 and the doβage member 30. The medicament reβervoir 11 iβ generally cylindrically concave and haβ a medicament reβervoir axis which defines a reβervoir radiuβ Rl. The outer βurfaceβ of the doβage member 30 along with its axis define a radiuβ R2. The core 46 mounts the proximal ends of the blades 36 for revolving movement around the medicament reβervoir axis. The portion of the outer βealing βurface 33 of the doβage member 30 along which the distal end of the blade 36 moves iβ cylindrically concave about an axis generally parallel to the medicament reβervoir axis Rl. The distance between the axes of the blade 36/medicament reservoir 11 and the dosage member 30 is less than the sum of the radii of the doβage member 30 and the medicament reβervoir 11 (Rl + R2) to afford interference between the powder loading blade 36 and the doβage member 30 during the βecond portion of the predetermined path so that the powdered medicament 12 iβ loaded into doβage chamber 32 in a direction that is generally in the direction of the longitudinal or loading axis of the dosage chamber 32. Figure 7A depicts a computer simulation of the powder loading aββembly according to the preβent invention. To generate the computer simulation, a powder layer 12 of 0.01 inches was aββumed to be preβent between the blade 36 and the doβage member 30. The simulation illustrates the position of the blade 36 for equal increments of rotation of core 46. When the flexible blade 36 engages the doβage member 30, the blade 36 will bend. At the line of contact between the blade 36 and the βealing βurface of the doβage member 30 (or a thin layer of powder 12 directly adjacent thereto), there iβ an imaginary blade tangent line c that iβ tangent to the leading surface of the blade 36 and an imaginary doβage member tangent line d tangent to the outer βealing βurface of the doβage member 30. The blade tangent line c and the doβage member tangent line d form a blade tangent angle Beta therebetween which progreββively decreases as the blade 36 moveβ along the βealing βurface and acroββ the doβage chamber 32. The loading aββembly according to the preβent invention tendβ to beneficially pack the powdered medicament 12 into the doβage chamber 32. Just after the blade 36 encounters the dosage member 30, the action is similar to a rolling motion. As the blade moves across the dosage chamber 32, the blade tangent angle Beta progressively decreases so that the powdered medicament 12 is loaded into doβage chamber 32 in a direction that iβ generally along the loading axis f of the doβage chamber 32 (e.g. shown in Figure 3 by the daβhed lineβ, and Figure 7). Forcing the powdered medicament in a direction generally along the axis f of the doβage chamber 32 iβ believed to repeatedly load the chamber with substantially uniform amounts of medicament 12 to thereby contribute to doβage accuracy. Aβ an example which is not intended to be limiting, the doβage member 30 may have a radiuβ R2 of approximately 0.187 inches, the medicament reservoir 11 may have a radiuβ Rl of approximately 0.32 inches, and the distance between the axes of the medicament reβervoir 11 and the doβage member 30 may be about 0.47 inches. The powder loading blades 36 may have a length from the axis of the medicament reservoir 11 of approximately 0.315 inches and are constructed from a flexible material such as polyester to ensure that the blade will deflect to the position shown in Figure 3 by the dashed lines. Preferably, at least one of the loading blades 36 haβ a raking surface comprising a V-shaped notch (Figure 7) in its distal end 39 that disperses agglomerates of the dry powder medicament 12 into smaller particles and separates the dry powder 12 from the walls of the medicament reservoir 11. Figure 8 illustrates a second alternative embodiment of a dispenser according to the present invention designated by the reference character 60 which haβ many partβ that are essentially the βame aβ the partβ of the diβpenβer 10 and which have been identified by the βame reference number to which the βuffix "A" haβ been added. Like the dispenser 10 deβcribed in Figures 1 through 5, the diβpenβer 60 βhown in Figure 8 compriβeβ a houβing 14A defining a medicament reβervoir 11A which iβ adapted for βtoring micronized dry powder medicament 12A, and a mouthpiece 15A having βurfaceβ defining a medicament delivery paββageway 16A having an injection inlet opening 17A and an outlet opening 18A for paββage of a respirable doβe of the dry powder 12A for subsequent delivery to a uβer. A gas preββure chamber 22A adapted to be presβurized above ambient preββure and a movable doβage member 30A having βurfaceβ defining a doβage chamber 32A are alβo provided. Unlike the diβpenβer 10, the diβpenβer 60 includeβ arcuate air entrance holes 62 which are positioned to afford airflow into the medicament delivery paββageway 16A at an angle relative to the axiβ of the paββageway which iβ much less than ninety-degrees, preferably approximately zero (0) degrees. The position configuration of the air entrance holeβ 62 βhown in Figure 8 iβ believed to provide a more laminar flow of air to a uβer. Figure 9 illustrates a third alternative embodiment of diβpenβer according to the preβent invention designated by the reference character 80 which has many parts that are eββentially the βame aβ the partβ of the diβpenβer 10 and which have been identified by the βame reference number to which the βuffix "A" haβ been added. Like the diβpenβer 10 deβcribed in Figures 1 through 5, diβpenβer 80 βhown in Figure 9 compriβeβ a houβing 14B defining a medicament reβervoir 11B for βtoring micronized dry powder medicament 12B, air entrance holeβ 19B, a mouthpiece portion 82, a gaβ preββure chamber 22B adapted to be pressurized above ambient preββure and a movable doβage member 30B having surfaces defining a doβage chamber 32B are alβo provided. Unlike the diβpenβer 10, the inner βurfaceβ of the diβpenβer 80 include a medicament delivery paββageway 84 having an injection inlet opening 85 and an outlet opening 86 for passage of a respirable doβe of the dry powder 12B for βubβequent delivery to a uβer. The medicament delivery paββageway 84 haβ a deceleration portion 83 which has a larger cross sectional area than its turbulent and laminar flow portions and which iβ preferably βemiβpherically shaped. The deceleration portion affordβ rapid expansion and loss of kinetic energy of the powder 12 after it exits the dosage chamber 32b. The deceleration portion 83 reβtrictβ paββage of unduly large agglomerateβ of medicament 12 to deter such agglomerateβ from becoming entrained in the back of the user's throat. The βemiβpherical chamber 83 may have a radius between about 0.2 and 0.7 inches and may be connected to a cylindrical pasβageway 87 which may have a radiuβ between about 0.2 and 0.5 incheβ. OPERATION The present invention may also be described as a method of dispensing multiple individual doses of a dry powder medicament 12 comprising the steps of (1) providing micronized particleβ of the medicament 12 within a houβing 14, (2) packing the micronized particles 12 into a predetermined, agglomerated dose in a dosage chamber 32, and (3) generating a fluid preββure to forcibly expel the predetermined doβe from the doβage chamber 32 and external of the houβing 14 in micronized, deagglomerated form suitable for inhalation therapy. More particularly, the operation of the preβent invention will now be explained using the dispenser 10 as an example. First, a user should position the dosage chamber 32 in a position to receive medicament 12 from the reβervoir 11. The uβer may rotate knob 44 until flange 37 abuts one side of stop flange 38. This position is designed to place the doβage chamber 32 in the poβition βhown in Figure 3. At thiβ poβition, the uβer may rotate knob 47 to rotate blades 36 to thereby load powdered medicament 12 into the doβage chamber 32. Either before or after loading the doβage chamber 32 with medicament 12, the gas presβure chamber 22 should be presβurized by pushing the piston 24 toward the housing 14 and rotating the piston 24 to move the detent 25 into the groove 26' to retain the preββure in the chamber 22. During preββurization of chamber 22, the doβage member 30 may be in any poβition, βuch aβ either the position illustrated in Figure 3 or the position illustrated in Figure 4, as long aβ the doβage chamber 32 does not open into the preββure outlet paββageway 23 and injection inlet 17. Once the doβage chamber 32 iβ loaded with powdered medicament 12 and the preββurization chamber 22 iβ preββurized, the uβer may then actuate the diβpenβer 10 by rotating the knob 44 aβ quickly aβ possible until flange 37 abuts the other βide of βtop flange 38. Thiβ poβition iβ deβigned to place the doβage chamber 32 in the poβition βhown in Figure 5. Aβ the powder filled doβage chamber 32 initially beginβ to open into the preββure outlet paββageway 23, the preββure within the gaβ preββure chamber 22 iβ highly concentrated over the portion of the doβage chamber 32 that iβ initially opening into the preββure outlet paββageway 23 (Figure 5D). Such concentration of preββure at the location of the powder 12 iβ believed to effectively diβperβe and diβpenβe the powder 12 from the doβage chamber 32 to the delivery paββageway 16. Either immediately before, during or just after moving the doβage chamber 32 to the poβition βhown in Figure 5, the uβer βhould inhale creating an air flow through air entrance paββageway 19 and through portions of medicament delivery pasβageway 16. The inhalation is preferably generally synchronous with rotation of knob 44 to ensure delivery of the powder 12 to the uβer aβ iβ appropriate with the pulmonary target. However, it iβ believed that βome time may paββ before inhalation without an unduly large loββ of diβpenβer efficiency. The preββure within the gaβ preββure chamber 22 iβ generally not βufficient to transport the powder 12 completely into the mouth or nose of a uβer as is appropriate with the pulmonary target. However, once the powder 12 iβ expelled from doβage chamber 32, a uβer βhould ultimately inhale to effectively tranβmit the powder 12 to the user's lungs. CARTRIDGE ASSEMBLY Referring now to Figureβ 10 through 21 of the drawing, there iβ βhown a preferred embodiment of cartridge according to another aspect of the preβent invention and generally designated by the reference character 100. The cartridge 100 iβ received in a dry powder medicament diβpenβer 200 (Figureβ 20 and 21) having a mouthpiece portion 201, and actuation means 210 including presβurization meanβ 211 to be explained in greater detail later. The cartridge 100 may be constructed to be relatively inexpensive and disposable. Thus, when the medicament within a cartridge 100 iβ depleted, the cartridge 100 iβ replaced with a different cartridge and the depleted cartridge iβ disposed of. Such an arrangement affords re-use of the relatively expensive dispenser 200 with a number of different cartridges 100. The cartridge 100 compriβeβ a cartridge houβing 114 including outer βurfaceβ 119 adapted to be received in the dry powder diβpenβer 200. The houβing 114 may be constructed from a material similar to the material used to construct the housing 14 and iβ preferably constructed from any suitable material approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for medical purposes, such as the polycarbonate grade ≠ HP-1 LEXAN T.M., generally available from General Electric of Pittsfield Massachusetts. Figure 10 illustrates three separate major elements that are included in the assembly forming the cartridge 100. The major elements include a cartridge baβe BB, an intermediate portion AA and a cover CC. Preferably the partβ AA, BB and CC may be press and/or snap fit together to form parts of the cartridge 100. Additionally, the cover CC may be adhesively adhered to the baβe BB to restrict tampering and access to medicament within cartridge 100. It should be noted that while the housing 114 is described as preferably comprising three major parts AA, BB and CC, alternatively the housing 114 may be comprised of fewer or additional major parts. The housing 114 includes inner surfaces comprising a dosage member receiving chamber 109 (Figure 19), a counter assembly receiving cavity 116 (Figure 18), and a medicament reservoir 111 for storing dry powder medicament (e.g. the medicament 12 described above in the description of the dispenβer 10). The medicament reβervoir 111 haβ a loading aperture 101 (Figure 18) communicating with the doβage member receiving chamber 109. Aβ an example not intended to be limiting, the medicament reβervoir 111 may be semi-cylindrical shaped as βhown in Figures 10, and 15-18 and may include an outer diameter of about 19.3 millimeters and a width of about 2.03 millimeters. A desiccant plug 106 may be attached to intermediate portion AA to cover an access aperture to reβervoir 111. The deβiccant plug 106 removes moisture from the medicament 12. It βhould be noted that powder may alβo be initially loaded into the reβervoir 111 through aperture 101. The inner βurfaceβ of the houβing 114 alβo include a medicament releaβe bore 115 (e.g. a cylindrical bore having a diameter of about 1.6 millimeters and a length of about 3.2 millimeters) extending between an outlet end 118 at the cartridge housing 114 outer βurfaceβ 119 and an injection inlet end 117 communicating with the doβage member receiving chamber 109. Aβ βhown in Figureβ 20 and 21, the outlet end 118 communicates with the mouthpiece portion 201 of the medicament diβpenβer 200. Alβo, aβ βhown in Figureβ 12, 13 and 19, the medicament releaβe bore 115 extendβ through portions of both major partβ AA and BB. Additionally, the inner βurfaceβ of the houβing 114 include a presβure chamber 122 (e.g. a cylindrical chamber having a diameter of the inner surfaces of the chamber of approximately 5.82 millimeters) that openβ to the outer βurfaceβ 119 of the houβing 114. The preββure chamber 122 iβ operatively connected to the preββurization meanβ 211 of the medicament diβpenβer 200 by, for example, a suitable βealing meanβ (e.g. an elastomeric or rubber ring or washer, not βhown) press fit between the houβing 114 and the diβpenβer 200. The preββure chamber 122 iβ preββurized by the preββurization meanβ 211 of the medicament diβpenβer 200. For example, the preββurization means 211 may comprise a piβton/cylinder arrangement aβ βhown in Figureβ 20 and 21. Alternatively, the preββurization meanβ 211 may comprise any suitable preββurization meanβ for preββurizing fluid such aβ but not limited to bellows or flexible bladders. Figure 19 illustrates that the inner surfaceβ of the houβing 114 include a preββure releaβe bore 123 (e.g. a cylindrical bore having a diameter of about 1.6 millimeters and having a length of about 1.01 millimeters) having a firβt end communicating with the preββure chamber 122 and a βecond end opening through the inner βurface defining the doβage member receiving chamber 109 generally opposite the injection inlet end 117 of the medicament releaβe bore 115. The cartridge 100 includes a dosage member 130 mounted within the dosage member receiving chamber 109. The dosage member 130 includes a cylindrical, tubular dosage part 132 having βealing βurfaceβ 133 and having a doβage chamber 131 extending through the doβage part 132 between βpaced partβ of the βealing βurfaceβ 133. The doβage member 130 may be constructed of a material similar to the material used to construct the doβage member 30 and iβ preferably a material approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for medical purposes such aβ, but not limited to, Grade #M90 SELCON T.M. generally available from HOECHST CELANESE. The doβage chamber 131 receives a dosage of dry powder medicament from the medicament reservoir 111. The volume of the dosage chamber 131 is influenced by a variety of factors similar to the factors affecting the volume of the doβage chamber 32, particularly the type of medicament that iβ intended to be delivered. Aβ an example not intended to be limiting, the dosage member 130 may comprise a sleeve with dimensions similar to those given in the example of the dosage member 30 described above. The cross-section of the dosage chamber 131 may vary similar to the cross-section of the doβage chamber 32 mentioned above. Preferably, there iβ a single doβage chamber 131 to provide a consistent dosage volume which tends to receive consistent amounts of powdered medicaments to thereby contribute to dosage accuracy. Like the dispenser 10, in the cartridge 100, means such aβ elaβtomeric or rubber βealing gaβkets (not shown) may optionally be disposed to provide a βeal between the doβage member 130 and the medicament reβervoir 111, generally at the aperture 101. Additionally, Figure 19 illustrates a sealing meanβ added to the elements of the cartridge 100 shown in Figure 10. The βealing means comprises, for example, a biasing rubber or elastomeric member 127 attached between the doβage member 130 and the preβsure release bore 123/pressure chamber 122 to provide a βeal between the preββure releaβe bore 123/preββure chamber 122 and the dosage member 130. The sealing meanβ 127 may be simultaneously injection molded with the remaining portions of the presβure chamber 122 portion of the houβing or may be adhered thereto with an appropriate adhesive. Aβ βhown in Figure 19, the βealing meanβ 127 includeβ a bore extending therethrough βo that the doβage chamber 131 and medicament releaβe bore 115 communicate with the preββure releaβe bore 123. The cartridge 100 alβo includeβ an actuation arm 112 connected to the doβage part 132 and having portions extending beyond the outer βurfaceβ 119 of the cartridge houβing 114. The actuation arm 112 includeβ βurfaceβ 110 adapted to be manipulated by the actuation meanβ 210 of the medicament diβpenβer 200. The actuation arm 112 may be connected to the dosage member in any βuitable manner βuch aβ by a βnap fit with a detent groove 108 to afford proper orientation of the arm 112 relative to the doβage member 130. The actuation arm 112 moves the doβage member 130 from (1) a load poβition (e.g. Figure 21) with the doβage chamber 131 opening into the loading aperture of the medicament reβervoir 111, to (2) a delivery poβition (Figure 20). The movement between the load and delivery positions of the doβage member 130 relative to the reβervoir 111, injection inlet 117 and the preββure releaβe bore 123, iβ βimilar to the movement between the load and delivery poβitionβ of the doβage member 30 relative to the reβervoir 11, gas presβure releaβe aperture 23 and the injection inlet 17 of the diβpenβer 10 βhown in Figureβ 3, 5, and 5A through 5D aβ diβcuββed above. Like the diβpenβer 10, in the cartridge 100, at the load position, a portion of the inner βurfaceβ defining the doβage member receiving chamber 109 βealβ the end of the doβage chamber 131 opposite the medicament reβervoir 111, and a portion of the βealing βurfaceβ 133 of the doβage member 130 βealβ shut the second end of the preββure releaβe bore 123. At the delivery poβition, the doβage chamber 131 extendβ between the βecond end of the preββure releaβe bore 123 and the injection inlet end 117 of the medicament releaβe bore 115. Portionβ of the inner βurface defining the doβage member receiving chamber 109 βeal shut both ends of the doβage chamber 131 and portionβ of the βealing βurface 133 of the doβage member part 132 βeal shut the βecond end of the preββure releaβe bore 123 during an initial part of the movement of the doβage member 130 from the load poβition to the delivery poβition, and progreββively increasing portionβ of the preββure releaβe bore 123, the dosage chamber 131 and the injection inlet 117 move into alignment during a final part of the movement of the doβage member 130 from the load to the delivery poβition. When (1) the doβage member 130 iβ positioned at the load position βo that powdered medicament 12 from the medicament reservoir 111 flows into the doβage chamber 131, (2) the preββure chamber iβ preββurized, and (3) the doβage member 130 iβ then moved from the load poβition to the delivery poβition, preββurized gaβ will paββ from the preββure chamber 122 through the preββure releaβe bore 123 and diβcharge the powdered medicament 12 from the doβage chamber 131 into the medicament release bore 115. The cartridge aββembly 100 may optionally include a counter aββembly 140 mounted within the counter aββembly receiving cavity 116 for calculating the number of times the actuation arm 112 moveβ the doβage member 130 from the load position to the delivery position and back to the load poβition. Such a calculation affordβ an estimate of the number of dosages of medicament remaining in the medicament reβervoir 111. The counter aββembly 140 compriβeβ the actuation arm 112 having a counter aββembly drive rod 141, the cartridge houβing 114 having indicating meanβ βuch aβ numerals (not shown) on its outer surfaceβ, a restraining aββembly 142 comprising a leaf pawl 143 mounted within the counter aββembly receiving cavity 116. The counter aββembly further includeβ the cartridge housing 114 having a ratchet wheel hub 144 (e.g. disposed on the restraining aββembly 142), a ratchet wheel 138 having an axis, axially centered hub bearing βurfaceβ 145, and a plurality of teeth 146 at its periphery. For example, the ratchet wheel 138 has a diameter of about 13.41 millimeters. Each of the teeth 146 have a shoulder surface 147 and a releaβe βurface 148. The ratchet wheel bearing surfaces 145 are journaled on the ratchet wheel hub 144, and the ratchet wheel 138 is mounted within the counter assembly receiving cavity 116 for rotation relative to the cartridge housing 114. When the doβage member 130 moveβ from the delivery poβition to the load poβition, the drive rod 141 engageβ a shoulder surface 147 of a ratchet wheel tooth 146 to sequentially move the ratchet wheel 138 in a first rotational direction 137 (Figure 10) relative to the cartridge housing 114 to record the delivery of a doβage of medicament, and engagement between the leaf pawl 143 and a βhoulder βurface 147 of a ratchet wheel tooth 146 arrests movement of the rachet wheel 138 relative to the cartridge houβing 114 in a direction opposite to the firβt rotational direction 137 when the drive rod 141 moveβ out of engagement with the βhoulder βurf ce 147 and along a releaβe βurface 148 of another ratchet wheel tooth 146 when the doβage member 130 moveβ from the load to the delivery poβition. The counter aββembly 140 may comprise only the rachet wheel 138 deβcribed above, when for example there are only a few doβageβ of medicament within the reβervoir 111. In thiβ example, the ratchet wheel 138 includes indicia such aβ an arrow (not βhown) thereon for cooperating with the numerals (not shown) on the outer βurface 119 of the houβing to calculate the number of timeβ the actuation arm 112 moveβ the doβage member 130 from the load poβition to the delivery poβition and back to the load poβition. However, preferably the counter aββembly further compriβeβ reduction meanβ, particularly when the medicament reβervoir 111 holdβ a large number of doβageβ (e.g. over 25). The following deβcribed reduction meanβ iβ believed to afford counting of up to about 210 doβageβ of medicament. The reduction meanβ compriβeβ the ratchet wheel 138 having an axially offeet drive rib 150, an eccentric orbital gear 151 having an axis and bearing βurfaceβ 152 adapted to receive the drive rib 150, and radially outwardly extending gear teeth 153. For example, the ratchet wheel 138 iβ constructed from any βuitable material such aβ a polycarbonate or an acetal or an acetate, and haβ a pitch diameter of about 0.211 inches. The reduction means alβo comprises the inner surfaces of the cartridge housing 114 having an annulus 154 (Figure 14) including an annulus axis, and radially inwardly extending gear teeth 155 for engaging the gear teeth 153 of the eccentric orbital gear 151. For example, the pitch diameter of the annulus 154 is approximately 0.23 inches. When the ratchet wheel 138 is driven in the firβt direction 137, the eccentric orbital gear teeth 153 engage the annulus gear teeth 155, and the eccentric orbital gear 151 moves in a second rotational direction 139 (Figure 10) generally opposite the firβt rotational direction 137. Optionally, the reduction meanβ further includes the eccentric orbital gear 151 having an axially offset drive bearing slot βurfaceβ 156, and a cover plate 157 having indicating indicia meanβ (e.g. the arrow shown in Figures 10 and 11) thereon, and a drive finger 158 received in the bearing βlot βurfaceβ 156 of the eccentric orbital gear 151. In operation, when the eccentric orbital gear 151 moveβ relative to the annulus 154, the bearing βlot βurfaceβ 156 move the cover plate 157 in generally the βecond rotational direction 139 to thereby move the indicating indicia meanβ (e.g. the arrow) on the cover plate 157 relative to the indicating meanβ (e.g. the numerals not βhown) on the outer βurfaceβ 119 of the cartridge houβing 114. The bearing βlot βurfaceβ 156 are larger than the drive finger 158, and the drive finger may move within the βlot βurfaceβ 156. Thus, the cover plate 157 translates the eccentric motion of the eccentric orbital gear 151 into increments of generally circular motion so that the indicia means (e.g. the arrow) rotateβ in a defined, aesthetically pleasing circular path relative to the indicating means (e.g. the numerals) on the outer βurfaceβ 119 of the cartridge houβing 114. The cartridge 100 alβo includeβ a powder loading aββembly similar to the powder loading assembly for the dispenβer 10 described above. The cartridge 100 and powder loading assembly afford storage of powdered medicament 12 in a reβervoir 111 that (1) may be βtirred or agitated after the cartridge 100 iβ delivered to the ultimate uβer, and (2) may be stored remote from the diβpenβer 200 prior to its use. The powder loading assembly iβ a meanβ for tranβferring dry powder medicament from the medicament reβervoir 111 to the doβage chamber 131 in the doβage member 130 when the doβage member 130 is in the load position. The powder loading assembly compriβeβ at leaβt one and preferably βeveral flexible bladeβ 160 having proximal and distal ends. The blades 160 may be constructed, for example, from a polyetherimid material such aβ grade #1000 ULTEM generally available from General Electric of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Like the blade 32 of the dispenser 10, the blade 160 separates agglomerates of the dry powder medicament 12 into smaller agglomerateβ and separatee the dry powder from walls of the medicament reβervoir 111. The powder loading aββembly alβo includeβ a blade shaft 161 connected to the blade 160, and a one-way gear clutch 162 connected to the blade shaft 161 and adapted to be engaged by the actuation meanβ 210 of the medicament diβpenβer 200. For example, the actuation meanβ of the medicament diβpenβer 200 may include a complementary βpring loaded gear clutch 275 which engageβ the one-way gear clutch 162 to drive the blade(s) 160 in a predetermined powder loading direction, and which releases from the one-way gear clutch 16 when the βpring loaded gear clutch 275 iβ rotated in a direction opposite the powder loading direction. Also like the blade 36 in the dispenβer 10, when the blade 160 in cartridge 100 iβ mounted within the medicament reβervoir and iβ driven by the actuation meanβ 210 of the medicament diβpenβer 200, the blade 160 moveβ along firβt and βecond predetermined pathβ within the medicament reβervoir 111. During a firβt part of the predetermined path, the leading βurface of the blade 160 leadβ and the diβtal end of the blade 160 moveβ along a portion of the inner βurface defining the medicament reβervoir 111. During a aecond portion of the predetermined path, the diβtal end of the blade 160 moveβ along and contacts a portion of the outer βealing βurface 133 of the doβage member 130 to progreββively increasingly bend the blade 160 to form the leading surface into a convex surface and to move the leading βurface progreββively closer to the portion of the outer βealing βurface 133 of the doβage member 130 adjacent the doβage chamber 131 to pack powdered medicament into the doβage chamber 131 (see Figure 7A). OPERATION OF THE CARTRIDGE The operation of the cartridge according to the preβent invention will now be deβcribed with reference to the preferred embodiment 100 and with reference to an example of a diβpenβer 200. Figureβ 20 and 21 βequentially illustrate the operation of the cartridge 100 in conjunction with the diβpenβer 200. The cartridge 100 βhown in Figureβ 20 and 21 iβ generally identical to the cartridge 100 βhown in Figureβ 10 through 19 except that the poβition of the actuation arm 112 in the load and delivery positions is generally lower in Figureβ 20 and 21 than the poβition of the actuation arm 112 in Figureβ 10 through 19. The actuation arm 112 ia βhown in thiβ manner to better illustrate the operation of the actuation means 210 of the diβpenβer 200. The cartridge 100 iβ received in the dispenβer 200 which includes a housing 202 including a mouthpiece portion 201, preββurization meanβ 211 and actuation meanβ 210. The actuation means iβ preferably a mechanical aββembly which minimizes or reduces the inputs or operations required from a uβer. However, it βhould be noted that the invention compriβeβ the cartridge 100 and thus, the actuation meanβ may comprise a variety of different actuation means from the strictly manual actuation βimilar to that deβcribed with respect to the diβpenβer 10 to completely automatic actuation means or combinations of manual and automatic actuation means. The actuation means 210 includeβ, for example, the actuation meanβ βhown in Figureβ 20 and 21. Thoβe actuation meanβ include a cammed fork member 204 (βhown in Figureβ 20 and 21 by daβhed lines) having surfaceβ 206 adapted to receive the manipulation surfaces 110 of the actuation arm 112. The cammed fork member 204 is pivotally mounted on the housing 202 of the dispenser 200 to move between a load (Figure 21) and delivery poβition (Figure 20) corresponding to the positions of the actuation arm 112. The actuation means 210 includes rack 220 and gear 221 assemblies. The rack 220 includes a button member 219 that iβ manually slidable within guide surfaceβ of housing 202 between an "armed" position shown in Figure 21 and a release position shown in Figure 20. When the button member 219 is βlid to the armed position, the gear 221 rotates clockwise in the drawing and causes a piston member in the pressurization means 211 to compress fluid (e.g. air) within the presβure chamber 122 of the cartridge. Alternatively, the rack 220/button member 219 may be replaced with a circular gear (not βhown) connected to and driven by a pivotal mouthpiece cover (not βhown) . Clockwise rotation of the gear 221 in Figure 20 also causes gear 276 to rotate spring drive clutch 275. Spring drive clutch 275 engages one-way gear clutch 162 to drive the blades 160 within the medicament reβervoir 111 in a predetermined powder loading direction and releaβeβ and doeβ not drive the one-way gear clutch 16 when the gear 221 rotateβ counter-clockwiβe in Figure 20. At generally the βame time that the button member 219 iβ βlid to the armed poβition, a linkage 225 cauβes the cammed fork member 204 to pivot about its pivot point on houβing 202 againβt the bias of firing βpring 226. The linkage 225 will cause the cammed fork member 204 to pivot until juβt after the fork member 204 engageβ cam βurfaceβ 231 on latch member 230. The latch member 230 iβ pivotally mounted on the houβing 202 for movement between a latched and releaβe poβition. The latch member 230 includeβ a latching βpring 235 for biasing the latch member 230 toward the latched position, and a releaβe button 238 for manually pivoting the latch member 230 againβt the bias of the βpring 235. When the cammed fork member 204 engages cam surfaceβ 231, the latch member 230 pivote againβt the bias of βpring 235 out of the path of the cammed fork member 204 until a trailing edge of the cammed fork member 204 clears the cam βurfaceβ 231 then engageβ βhoulder βurfaceβ 239 of latch 230. Thiβ iβ the poβition of the cammed fork member 204 and the latch 230 βhown in Figure 21. The linkage 225 cauβeβ the actuation arm 112 to move from the delivery to the load poβition before the button 219 moves completely to the armed poβition. During a final portion of the movement of the button 219 to the armed poβition, the actuation arm 112 will be in the delivery poβition and the βpring drive clutch 275 will cauβe the bladeβ 160 to load the doβage chamber 131 with medicament. After the doβage chamber 131 iβ loaded with a doβage of medicament and after the actuation arm 112/cammed fork member 204 iβ in the poβition βhown in Figure 21, the diβpenβer iβ ready for actuation. To actuate the diβpenβer 200, a uβer manually preββeβ on the button 238 which releaβeβ cammed fork member 204 which iβ under the bias of spring 226. The spring 226 moveβ the cammed fork member 204 from the load to the delivery poβition and consequently the actuation arm 112 from the load to the delivery poβition. It βhould be noted that the latch member 230 need not be a button member but may instead comprise a breath actuated meanβ βuch aβ the breath actuated meanβ βhown in U.S. Patents 5,069,204; 4,664,107; and thoβe mentioned in 4,664,107 including 3,187,748; 3,456,644; 3,645,645; 3,456,646; 3,565,070; 3,598,294; 3,814,297; 3,605,738; 3,732,864; 3,636,949; 3,789,843 and 3,187,748. Referring now to Figure 21, the linkage 225 comprise a slider member at its distal end. The linkage 225 may be constructed to move the gear 221 and the button 219 back to the poβition βhown in Figure 20 after the button 238 iβ preββed. Alternatively, the linkage 225 may be conβtructed to releaβe after the button 238 iβ preββed. Instead, the uβer may manually move the button 219 from the poβition βhown in Figure 21 to the poβition βhown in Figure 20 after the cartridge 100 is fired. The present invention has now been described with reference to βeveral embodiments thereof. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes can be made in the embodiment described without departing from the scope of the present invention. Thus the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the βtructure deβcribed in thiβ application, but only by βtructureβ deβcribed by the language of the claimβ and the equivalents of those structures.

Claims: What iβ claimed iβ: 1. A device capable of reproducibly diβpensing multiple, individual doβeβ of a micronized dry powder medicament comprising: a houβing, meanβ for providing a packed, predetermined, agglomerated doβe of the dry powder medicament in a doβage chamber which iβ dimenβioned to hold the predetermined doβe of the dry powder medicament, and an internal preββure generator for generating a preββure for forcibly expelling the predetermined doβe from the dosage chamber and external of βaid houβing in micronized, deagglomerated form βuitable for inhalation therapy. 2. A device according to claim 1 wherein the preβsure generator suddenly provides a fluid presβure differential acroβs the packed doβe βo that the fluid flowβ to deagglomerate the packed doβe into a plurality of reβpirable particleβ. 3. A device according to claim 2 wherein the fluid preββure differential iβ a βubβtantial fluid preββure differential. 4. A device according to claim 1 wherein the preββure generator compriβeβ a preββure chamber for providing a firβt fluid preββure which iβ greater than ambient preββure, the doβe iβ situated adjacent ambient preββure βo that releaβe of the firβt preββure provideβ a preββure differential acroββ the packed doβe and a fluid flow which deagglomerateβ the doβe, and wherein the preββure differential provided acroββ the doβe iβ the maximum preββure differential that may be provided with the firβt preββure and ambient preββure. 5. A device according to claim 1 wherein the preββure generator provideβ a fluid flow at the doβe from fluid which iβ initially free of velocity but which reaches a maximum velocity soon after the fluid beginβ to flow. 6. A device according to claim 1 wherein the preββure generator provideβ a fluid flow from fluid which iβ initially free of velocity but which subsequently compriβeβ a high velocity turbulent fluid flow relative to the packed doβe that deagglomerateβ the packed doβe into a plurality of respirable particles. 7. A device according to claim 6 wherein the high velocity turbulent fluid flow iβ provided βoon after the fluid beginβ to flow. 8. A device according to claim 1 wherein the preββure generator provides a fluid presβure differential to progreββively increasing portions of the dose. 9. A device according to claim 1 wherein the preββure generator provideβ a preββure differential acroββ the doβe by releasing a presβurized fluid generally immediately adjacent the doβe. 10. A device according to claim 1 wherein the micronized particles of dry powder medicament comprise particles having particle diameters of between about 0.3 micrometers and about 20 micrometers. 11. A device according to claim 10 wherein said particle diameters are between about 0.5 micrometers and about 6 micrometers. 12. A device according to claim 1 wherein the device compriβeβ a doβage member having βurfaceβ defining the dosage chamber, wherein the dosage chamber defines a loading axis which is generally perpendicular to the βurfaces defining an end of the doβage chamber, and the means for providing a packed, predetermined agglomerated dose comprises: a medicament reβervoir for βtoring a supply of dry powder medicament, and an agglomerator within the medicament reβervoir for providing a positive, orientation independent packing force for loading βaid dry powder medicament from βaid medicament reβervoir into βaid doβage chamber under preββure βufficient to pack the dry powder into a reproducible doβe. 13. A device according to claim 12 wherein the agglomerator iβ mounted for movement acroββ the doβage chamber βo that the positive, orientation independent packing force haβ a component that iβ generally parallel to the loading axiβ. 14. A device according to claim 13 wherein the component of the packing force that iβ generally parallel to the loading axiβ progreββively increaβeβ as the agglomerator moves acroββ at least a portion of the doβage chamber. 15. A device according to claim 14 wherein the agglomerator compriβeβ a blade which progreββively increasingly bendβ aβ it moveβ acroββ the doβage chamber. 16. A device according to claim 1 wherein the device haβ an effectiveneββ in deagglomerating the packed doβe which iβ generally independent of uβer inhalation rate. 17. A device according to claim 1 wherein the diβpenβer compriβeβ: a medicament reβervoir for βtoring the dry powder medicament, a doβage member having the doβage chamber for receiving the packed doβe, the preββure generator compriβeβ a preββure chamber having a preββure outlet, and the device includeβ a medicament delivery paββageway, wherein the doβage member, medicament reβervoir, delivery paββageway and preββure outlet are mounted for relative movement between (1) a load orientation with the doβage chamber opening into the medicament reβervoir, and (2) a delivery orientation with the doβage chamber situated between the preββure outlet and the delivery paββageway. 18. A device according to claim 17 wherein between the load and delivery orientations, progreββively increaβing portionβ of the doβage chamber, medicament delivery paββageway and preββure outlet move into alignment. 19. A method of diβpenβing multiple individual doβeβ of a dry powder medicament comprising: providing micronized particles of the medicament within a housing, packing the micronized particles into a predetermined, agglomerated dose in a dosage chamber, and generating a fluid preβsure to forcibly expel the predetermined doβe from the doβage chamber and external of βaid houβing in micronized, deagglomerated form βuitable for inhalation therapy. 20. A method according to claim 19 wherein the βtep of generating a fluid preββure compriβeβ the βtep of: suddenly generating a substantial fluid pressure differential acrosβ the packed doβe reβulting in fluid flow which deagglomerateβ the dose into a plurality of respirable particleβ. 21. A method according to claim 19 wherein the βtep of generating a fluid preββure compriβeβ the βtep of: generating a fluid flow adjacent the packed dose from fluid which is initially generally free of velocity such that the fluid flow subsequently reaches a maximum velocity βoon after the fluid beginβ to flow. 22. A method according to claim 19 wherein the βtep of generating a fluid preββure comprises the step of: generating a fluid flow compriβing a high velocity turbulent fluid flow relative to the packed dose that deagglomerates the packed dose into a plurality of reβpirable particleβ. 23. A method according to claim 22 wherein the high velocity turbulent fluid flow iβ provided βoon after the fluid beginβ to flow. 24. A method according to claim 19 wherein βaid steps of providing micronized particleβ of the medicament within a houβing and packing the micronized particleβ into a predetermined, agglomerated doβe in a doβage chamber compriβe the steps of: providing a doβage member having βurfaceβ defining the doβage chamber, wherein the doβage chamber defineβ a loading axiβ which iβ generally perpendicular to the surfaceβ defining an end of the doβage chamber, and βtoring a βupply of dry powder medicament in a medicament reβervoir, providing an agglomerator within the medicament reβervoir that provideβ a positive, orientation independent packing force for loading the dry powder medicament from the medicament reβervoir into the doβage chamber under preββure βufficient to pack the dry powder into a reproducible doβe. 25. A method according to claim 24 wherein βaid βteps of providing micronized particleβ of the medicament within a houβing and packing the micronized particleβ into a predetermined, agglomerated doβe in a doβage chamber compriβe the βtep of: mounting the agglomerator for movement acroββ the doβage chamber βo that the positive, orientation independent packing force haβ a component that iβ generally parallel to the loading axiβ. 26. A method according to claim 25 further compriβing the βtep of progreββively increaβing the component of the packing force that iβ generally parallel to the loading axiβ aβ the agglomerator moveβ acroββ at least a portion of the doβage chamber. 27. A method according to claim 19 wherein the βtep of generating a fluid preββure compriβeβ the βtep of releaβing a fluid preββure generally immediately adjacent the doβe. 28. A method according to claim 19 wherein the βtep of generating a fluid preββure compriβeβ the steps -of: providing a firβt preββure which iβ greater than ambient preββure, situating the doβe adjacent ambient preββure, releaβing the firβt preββure to provide a preββure differential acroββ the packed doβe βo that fluid will flow to deagglomerate the dose, and wherein the preββure differential provided acroβs the doβe iβ the maximum preββure differential that may be provided with the first presβure and ambient preββure. 29. A device capable of reproducibly diβpenβing multiple individual doβeβ of medicament containing dry powder compriβing a houβing containing a medicament reβervoir for holding a bulk βupply of medicament containing dry powder in non-dosage form, a dosage chamber dimensioned to hold a pre-determined doβe of βaid dry powder, packing preββure loading means for loading said dry powder from βaid medicament reβervoir into βaid doβage chamber under preββure βufficient to pack βaid dry powder into a reproducibly predetermined agglomerated doβe, and internal preββure generating means for forcibly expelling said predetermined agglomerated doβe from βaid doβage chamber and external of βaid houβing in micronized deagglomerated form βuitable for inhalation therapy. 30. A dry powder medicament diβpenβer compriβing: a houβing including a mouthpiece portion adapted to be received in a user's mouth, βaid houβing having: a medicament reβervoir adapted for storing dry powder medicament, a medicament delivery pasβageway opening through βaid mouthpiece portion, a gaβ preββure chamber including a pressure outlet paββageway generally adjacent βaid medicament delivery paββageway, meanβ for pressurizing gas within the gas pressure chamber above ambient presβure, a doβage member comprising a sealing surface and having a doβage chamber, meanβ mounting βaid doβage member for movement between (1) a load poβition with the doβage chamber opening into the medicament reβervoir and with the βealing βurface of the doβage member βealing preββure within the gaβ preββure chamber, to (2) a delivery poβition with the doβage chamber extending between the preββure outlet paββageway and the medicament delivery paββageway. 31. A diβpenβer according to claim 30 wherein progreββively increaβing portionβ of the preββure outlet paββageway, the doβage chamber, and the medicament delivery paββageway move into alignment during movement of the doβage member from the load poβition to the delivery poβition to afford diβperβion of the dry powder medicament. 32. A diβpenβer according to claim 30 wherein βaid diβpenβer further includeβ meanβ for tranβferring powder from the medicament reβervoir to βaid doβage chamber. 33. A diβpenβer according to claim 32 wherein βaid meanβ for tranβferring powder compriβeβ a flexible powder loading blade, and βaid diβpenβer further includeβ meanβ mounting βaid blade for movement acroββ βaid doβage chamber βuch that the blade increasingly bends as it moveβ acroββ the doβage chamber. 34. A method of delivering dry powder medicament to a patient compriβing: providing a mouthpiece portion, packing the powder into a doβage chamber, pressurizing fluid within a presβure chamber having a preββure outlet, inβerting the mouthpiece portion into the mouth of the patient, then moving the powder filled doβage chamber into alignment with the preββure outlet to expel the preββurized fluid within the chamber to thereby remove the powder from the doβage chamber. 35. A dry powder medicament diβpenβer for the delivery of a doβage unit of drug compriβing: (A) a mouthpiece portion adapted to be positioned in a patient's mouth; (B) movable chamber means capable of receiving and containing an agglomerated mass of micronized particleβ of a drug having an average particle diameter of from about 0.3 micrometerβ to about 20 micrometers; (C) preββurized chamber meanβ having an opening which iβ normally cloβed to the atmosphere, βaid preββurized chamber meanβ being capable of containing a βupply of preββurized air; (D) βaid movable chamber meanβ being movable from a firβt, medicament receiving, poβition to a βecond, medicament diβcharge, poβition, said movable chamber meanβ being immediately adjacent and juxtaposed with βaid opening when in said second position; and (E) said supply of pressurized air being immediately adjacent the poβition of said movable chamber when said movable chamber is in said first position, whereby the dispenβer is free of an unpresβurized region of air between said βupply and βaid movable chamber; whereby when βaid movable chamber means is in said βecond poβition there iβ an immediate releaβe of βaid preββurized air to βaid agglomerated mass, thereby disintegrating the agglomerated mass into said plurality of micronized particleβ for delivery to βaid uβer. 36. A dry powder medicament diβpenser for the delivery of a dosage unit of drug comprising: (A) reβervoir means for containing micronized particles of a drug having an average particle diameter of from about 0.3 micrometers to about 20 micrometers; (B) movable chamber means having a predetermined volume capable of receiving a mass of βaid particles from said reβervoir means; (C) means for filling and compacting said particles in said movable chamber; (D) preββurized chamber meanβ having an opening which is normally cloβed to the atmosphere, βaid preββurized chamber meanβ being capable of containing a βupply of pressurized air; (E) βaid movable chamber meanβ being movable from a firβt, medicament receiving, poβition to a βecond, medicament diβcharge poβition; (F) βaid movable chamber meanβ being in direct communication with βaid reβervoir meanβ when in βaid firβt poβition, and immediately adjacent and juxtapoβed with βaid opening when in βaid second poβition; and (G) βaid βupply of preββurized air being immediately adjacent the poβition of βaid movable chamber when βaid movable chamber iβ in βaid firβt poβition, whereby the diβpenβer iβ free of an unpreββurized region of air between βaid βupply and βaid movable chamber; whereby when βaid movable chamber means iβ in βaid βecond poβition there iβ an immediate releaβe of βaid preββurized air to βaid agglomerated maββ, thereby disintegrating the agglomerated mass into βaid plurality of micronized particleβ for delivery to βaid uβer. 37. A cartridge adapted to be received in a dry powder medicament diβpenβer having actuation meanβ including preββurization meanβ compriβing: a cartridge houβing including outer βurfaceβ adapted to be received in the dry powder medicament diβpenβer, inner βurfaceβ compriβing a non-refillable medicament reβervoir adapted for βtoring a plurality of doβageβ of dry powder medicament, a preββure chamber adapted to be preββurized by the preββurization meanβ of the medicament diβpenβer, transfer means for βequentially tranβferring medicament out of βaid medicament reβervoir, delivery meanβ for βequentially delivering medicament to a uβer, and a counter aββembly for estimating the number of doβageβ remaining within βaid medicament reβervoir. 38. A cartridge adapted to be received in a dry powder medicament diβpenβer having actuation meanβ including preββurization meanβ compriβing: a cartridge houβing including outer βurfaceβ adapted to be received in the dry powder medicament diβpenβer, inner βurfaceβ compriβing a non-refillable medicament reservoir adapted for storing a plurality of doβageβ of dry powder medicament, a preββure chamber adapted to be preββurized by the preββurization meanβ of the medicament diβpenβer, and meanβ for βequentially removing a single doβage of medicament from βaid reβervoir for ultimate delivery to a uβer. 39. A cartridge according to claim 38 wherein βaid meanβ for βequentially removing compriβeβ at least one powder loading blade and βaid cartridge compriβeβ a counter aββembly. 40. A cartridge according to claim 39 wherein βaid counter aββembly compriβeβ an actuation arm having a counter aββembly drive rod, the cartridge houβing having indicating meanβ on βaid outer βurfaceβ, a restraining aββembly compriβing a leaf pawl mounted within a counter aββembly receiving cavity of the houβing, said cartridge housing includes a ratchet wheel hub, a ratchet wheel having an axis, axially centered hub bearing surfaces, and a plurality of teeth at its periphery, each of βaid teeth having a βhoulder βurface and a releaβe surface, said ratchet wheel bearing surfaceβ being journaled on βaid ratchet wheel hub, and being mounted within said counter assembly receiving cavity for rotation relative to said cartridge housing, wherein when βaid cartridge iβ actuated, βaid drive rod engageβ a shoulder surface of a ratchet wheel tooth to βequentially move βaid ratchet wheel in a first rotational direction relative to said cartridge housing to record the delivery of a dosage of medicament, and engagement between βaid leaf pawl and a βhoulder βurface of a ratchet wheel tooth arreβts movement of βaid rachet wheel relative to said cartridge houβing in a direction opposite to the first rotational direction when said drive rod moves out of engagement with βaid βhoulder βurface of βaid ratchet wheel tooth and along a releaβe βurface of another ratchet wheel tooth. . 41. A cartridge according to claim 40 wherein βaid counter aββembly further includeβ reduction meanβ compriβing: βaid ratchet wheel having an axially offeet drive rib, an eccentric orbital gear having an axiβ and bearing βurfaceβ adapted to receive βaid drive rib, and radially outwardly extending gear teeth, βaid cartridge houβing having an annuluβ including an annuluβ axiβ, radially inwardly extending gear teeth adapted to engage βaid gear teeth of βaid eccentric orbital gear, wherein when βaid ratchet wheel iβ driven in βaid firβt direction, βaid eccentric orbital gear teeth engage βaid annuluβ gear teeth, and βaid eccentric orbital gear moveβ in a βecond rotational direction generally opposite said firβt rotational direction. 42. A cartridge according to claim 41 wherein βaid reduction meanβ further includeβ βaid eccentric orbital gear having an axially offeet drive bearing alot βurfaceβ, and a cover plate having indicating indicia meanβ thereon, and a drive finger adapted to be received in βaid bearing slot βurfaceβ of βaid eccentric orbital gear, wherein when βaid eccentric orbital gear moveβ relative to βaid annuluβ, βaid bearing βlot βurfaces move said cover plate in generally βaid βecond rotational direction to thereby move βaid indicating indicia meanβ on βaid cover plate relative to βaid indicating meanβ on βaid outer βurfaceβ of βaid cartridge houβing.

Inventors: KRIEGL DONGENE, MATTILA ROBERT J, PATTOCK BRIAN M, REEDER THOMAS W, SHINNICK MARK S, THIEL CHARLES G, TURGEON THOMAS A, WHALEY RALPH D, KRIEGL, DONGENE, MATTILA, ROBERT, J., PATTOCK, BRIAN, M., REEDER, THOMAS, W., SHINNICK, MARK, S., THIEL, CHARLES, G., TURGEON, THOMAS, A., WHALEY, RALPH, D.
Applicants: MINNESOTA MINING & MFG, MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY
Application year: 1992
Main classification: A61M15
IPC codes: A61M13, A61M15, G01F11