POWDER COATING METHOD FOR PRODUCING CIRCUIT BOARD LAMINAE AND THE LIKE

Abstract: A fabric of multifilament bundles is coated by electrostatic powder deposition, to produce a fiber-reinforced composite web (10) that is especially well suited for lamination to produce susbtrates for circuit boards.

Description: PO DER COATING METHOD FOR PRODUCING CIRCUIT BOARD LAMINAE AND THE LIKE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Composite materials comprised of fibers in resinous matrices are taught rather extensively in the art, and are widely used for diverse applications. The reinforcing fibers contained in such composites may range in length from very short to continuous, and they may be incorpo¬ rated as single strands, as multifilament bundles or yarns, and as woven or nonwoven fabrics and webs. Regard¬ less of form, the fibers will generally be impregnated by saturating them with a dispersion, solution, or melt of the matrix-forming resin. Circuit boards, used for printed circuit applica- tions, are especially well suited for fabrication from composite materials of the kind described above; this use is disclosed for example in Medney et al, United States patent No. 4,943,334. Such boards are conventionally manufactured by laying up a number of plies of impregnated fiberglass cloth, and converting the resultant mass to a coherent structure through the application of heat and pressure. The impregnant will usually be either a phen¬ olic or an epoxy thermosetting resin, and consequently the process must be carefully controlled to ensure that the thermoset material does not cure beyond its so-called "B- stage" condition; full cross-linking of the resin is re¬ served for subsequent laminating steps. In common practice, the fiberglass cloth is saturated by drawing it through a solvent solution of the matrix- forming polymer. Suitable mechanical means is then used to remove excess polymer solution, and the thus-impreg¬ nated material is thereafter drawn through an oven to drive off the solvents and to flow out the resin to a "tack-free" condition; plies of the product may then be laminated to produce a multilayer circuit board structure. The solvents for the impregnating resins used are normally toxic, and frequently they are also highly flam¬ mable; means is therefore usually required for the re¬ cycle, disposal, or destruction of the solvent after re- oval from the cloth. Moreover, coating processes of the kind described require constant monitoring, both to adjust the concentration of the polymer and also to control the mechanical resin-removal system. Dry techniques for producing fiber/resin composites have been proposed in which solid particles of resin are deposited from an electrostatic fluidized bed upon strands of reinforcing filaments. As taught in the art, however, such particle-deposition methods require spreading of the fibers of a strand or bundle to permit sufficient penetra¬ tion of the resin particles for adequate encapsulation; in this regard, United States patents Nos. 3,817,211 and 3,919,437, to Brown et al, are notable. Brown et al employ electrostatic charging techniques both for strand opening and also for particle impregna¬ tion. It is taught that the invention is applicable in the production of mats, webs, or fabrics, but clearly the patents do not contemplate the impregnation of preformed fabrics, in which the constituent filaments may lie in fixed relative positions close to one another. The following art (all patents listed being of the United States) may also be of interest to the present invention: Hug, No. 2,706,963, discloses the electrostatic flock coating of a string while moving it through a container. Swann, No. 2,730,455, provides a method for coating glass fibers which involves spreading of the fibers by the use of electrostatic effects. In accordance with Harmon et al, No. 2,820,716, a nonwoven fabric is produced by electrostatically distri¬ buting dry adhesive particles throughout a loose, fibrous web, the particle subsequently being rendered adherent. Adhesive-coated sheeting material is made, pursuant to the teachings of Dickey et al No. 2,869,511, by use of an electrostatic deposition method. Terrell et al, No. 3,354,013, provides a process in which continuous filament tow is impregnated with a par- ticulate additive from a fluidized bed; the prior use of induced electrostatic charges, for applying powder to fibers, is mentioned. Williams, Jr. et al, No. 3,549,403, teaches an elec¬ trostatic deposition method for applying a powdered thermoplastic resin to uncalendered paper, followed by hot compression rolling to produce an adherent polymeric film on the paper. Spencer, No. 3,673,027, provides a method for forming coated fibers, in which a strand of continuous filaments is bent over a guide to flatten and spread them as they enter a fluidized bed of particles. Lamanche et al, No. 3,703,396, teaches the impregna¬ tion of strands by passing them through an electrostatic fluidized bed; separation of the fibers may be achieved by electrostatic repulsion or by air current effects, and the strands may be disposed in a parallel relationship to one another to provide a sheet of threads. In accordance with Mayer, Jr., et al, No. 3,707,024, yarn is bulked electrostatically and is impregnated with charged resin particles. Price, No. 3,742,106, provides a fiber-reinforced thermoplastic body by impregnating a roving in a fluidized bed, the strands of the roving being separated by a comb or by ribbed rods or bars; the use of electrostatic ef¬ fects for causing penetration of the polymer is expressly discounted. In No. 4,086,872, Pan describes an electro¬ static method for coating a continuous web, which web may be conductive or nonconductive. Gray et al, No. 4,098,927, provides a method in which continuous glass roving is impregnated with resin powder in a fluidized bed, using a series of bars to separate the roving into bundles of filaments. Garner, Nos. 4,205,515 and 4,252,583, describe an opening member that can be positioned in a fluidized bed to assist filling of cables with powder. In accordance with Siggen et al, No. 4,338,882, a rope of fibers, spread to form a sheet, is treated with plasticizer by depositing it as a mist of electrically charged particles. Ya ada et al, No. 4,427,482, provides a method for producing prepreg rovings and fiber-reinforced plastic articles, in which polyester reactants are impregnated into the roving, which may then be consolidated with monomer-impregnated sheet plies. Drain et al, No. 4,892,764, discloses fiber/resin composites whose resin phase is comprised of two compo¬ nents, at least one of which is curable by actinic radia¬ tion. Fay et al. No. 4,913,956, teaches a moldable blanket made by depositing a liquid binder and a dry binder (the latter in the form of a powered resin) upon glass fiber, which may contain other reinforcing fibers, as well. Pettit, Jr., No. 4,921,913, concerns the electro¬ static deposition of powder to various substrates, by use of spraying or fluidized bed apparatus; the substrates include fiber-reinforced plastics. Asensio et al. No. 4,927,684, discloses the use of a woven fabric for reinforcing a multilayer plastic article. In accordance with Gauchel et al. No. 4,929,651, prepregs are formed by impregnating a woven roving with a solution of thermoset polyester, and are molded to produce ballistic resistant composites. The above-mentioned patent to Medney et al No. 4,943,334 discloses a method for making reinforced plastic laminates for use in the production of circuit boards, in which sets of strands are maintained under a controlled tension during impregnation and cure of the resin; vacuum- assisted impregnation, using solvent-free formulations, is taught. An electrostatic technique is disclosed in Smyser, No. Re.22,419, for coating opposite sides of fabric, paper, or the like to produce adhesive articles. In a paper entitled "Electrostatic Prepregging of Thermoplastic Matrices, " and believed to have been pub- lished in January of 1989, Muzzy et al describe the pro¬ duction of thermoplastic towpregs by electrostatic deposi¬ tion of charged and fluidized polymer powders on spread continuous fiber tows. Notwithstanding the level of activity in the art evidenced by the foregoing, the need remains for a practi¬ cal and commercially attractive method for the production of a composite web, comprised of a fabric of multi-fila¬ ment bundles in a matrix of synthetic resinous material, wherein the filaments are maintained in substantially fixed relative positions of close mutual contact during coating and impregnation of the fabric. Accordingly, it is the broad object of the present invention to provide a method to satisfy the need described. It is also an object of the invention is to provide such a method in which production can be carried out at high rates of speed and on readily available equipment, and in which full impregnation of the resin into the fi¬ brous component is achieved effectively, with facility, and at atmospheric pressure to produce a composite web that is free from voids and residual solvent occlusions. Another object is to provide such a method by which any of numerous species of fibrous materials and resinous materials can readily be combined with one another, which method is in addition highly advantageous from economic as well as environmental standpoints. Further specific objects of the invention are to provide a method having the foregoing features and advan¬ tages, which is especially well suited for the production of laminae suitable for use as circuit board substrates, and to provide such a method for the production of circuit board structures. Additional objects are to provide a novel composite web and a novel laminate structure suitable for use in a circuit board. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE It has now been found that certain of the foregoing and related objects of the invention are attained by the provision of a method for the production of a composite web, utilizing a continuous-length fabric of multi¬ filament bundles, in which the filaments lie in substan¬ tially fixed relative positions of close mutual contact. In carrying out the method, the fibrous substrate is transported sequentially through a wetting station, an electrostatic powder coating station, and a heating station, without substantial opening or spreading of the filaments; line speeds of 18 meters per minute, and sub¬ stantially higher, are readily attained. Other of the objects are provided by the provision of a composite web and a laminate structure by the method herein described. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Figure 1 is a plan view of a section, generally designated by the numeral 10, of a composite web embodying the invention, in which the fibers of a plain weave fabric are encapsulated within a matrix of synthetic resinous material. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In carrying out the instant method, moisture is ap¬ plied to the fabric at the wetting station to enhance electrical conductivity, and thereby to afford practical deposition rates. The fabric will preferably exit from the wetting station with a moisture content substantially below saturation, as may result by merely spraying its surfaces with water. In any case, it will be important to minimize drag-out and carryover of water to the electro¬ static coating unit, and that may best be accomplished by using steam, rather than liquid water, to effect moisturi- zation. At the coating station, solid particles of a fusible synthetic resinous material are electrostatically depos¬ ited upon the substrate (preferably on both faces) , and at the heating station the fabric is heated to an elevated temperature above ambient using any appropriate source of thermal energy, including radiant and/or convection heat¬ ing. The coated substrate is maintained at temperature for a period sufficient to effect fusion of the resinous material and movement thereof into the bundles, thereby to achieve encapsulation of the filaments; the resin is believed to infuse into the fibrous material through cap¬ illary action, displacing any air or moisture that may be present in the interstices. Needless to say, the oven. bank of lamps, or other form of heating station employed must be of a sufficient length to enable both effects to occur before the resin loses its requisite fluidity, and therefore it is the heating station that will usually represent the limiting factor in attaining maximum throughput rates. It will also be appreciated that the resinous mater¬ ial must remain reversibly fusible at the elevated temper¬ ature to which the substrate is initially heated. Thermo- plastic resins will of course inherently remain reversely fusible; to maintain thermosetting resins in that state, however, care must be taken not to prematurely heat the resin to a temperature above that at which it will exist in its B-stage (cross-linked, but less than fully cured) condition. The resin must exhibit a melt viscosity at the temperature of operation which is sufficiently low to permit a degree of penetration that is adequate to achieve the objectives set forth. Although it is believed that any conventional fabric style or weave known to those skilled in the art (e.g., basket, plain, crowfoot satin, harness satin) can be util¬ ized in the practice of the present invention, greatest benefit will often be realized when the fabric has a weave that is sufficiently tight as to substantially immobilize the filaments of the constituent bundles against relative displacement from their established positions of intimate mutual contact. The filaments of which the fibrous sub¬ strate is comprised will advantageously be selected from the group consisting of cellulosic fibers, fiberglass, carbon fibers, graphite fibers, polyester fibers, aramids (e.g., Kevlar) and mixtures thereof. By way of example, the filament diameter will desirably be in the range 6 to 10 microns, and the denier of the warp and filling yarns (e.g., of a Kevlar fabric) will typically have a value in the range 195 to 3000; the yarn count (warp x filling, per inch) will typically be in the range 17x17 to 50x50, and the fabric will desirably be about 5 to 30 mils thick. Although horizontal coating may be employed, in the preferred embodiments the substrate will be transported vertically through a coating station which effectively provides an electrostatic fluidized bed of particulate material on both of its sides; that is to say, either two coating units may be used, or a single piece of apparatus may provide separate fluidized bed effects on the opposite sides of a web. Suitable electrostatic fluidized bed powder coating apparatus is disclosed, inter alia, in United States patents Nos. 3,828,729, to Goodridge; 3,916,826, to Knudsen; 4,030,446, to Karr; 4,297,386 and 4,330,567, to Gillette; 4,332,835, to Knudsen; 4,418,642 and 4,472,452, to Gillette et al; and 4,517,219, to Ha ek, and is commercially available from the common assignee of those patents and of the instant application, S.L. Electrostatic Technology, Inc., of Branford, Connecticut. As compared to powder spray guns, electrostatic fluidized beds will usually be deemed preferable, largely because of the uniformity of particulate material deposition of which they are capable. The synthetic resinous material used for coating may, as noted, be either a thermosetting resin or a thermo¬ plastic resin; suitable classes of resins include epoxy resins, phenolic resins, polyester resins, polyether resins, alkyd resins, polya ide resins, polyimide resins, bismaleimide resins, polyolefins, vinyl resins, etc., as will be evident to those skilled in the art. The resin particles will normally be of a size in the range 10 to 200 microns, and preferably 20 to 100 microns; fluidiza- tion of powders finer than 10 microns and coarser than 200 microns is problematic. It should be noted that the abil- ity to effectively encapsulate fine filaments (e.g., of 6 to 10 microns diameter) using a resin of substantially larger average particle size (e.g., of 20 to 100 microns) is regarded to be a surprising benefit of the instant method. The build on the substrate will advantageously be sufficient to cause substantially complete encapsulation of the filaments throughout the full thickness of the fabric; normally, sufficient resin will be deposited to provide about 35 to 70 percent thereof, based upon the weight of the composite web. The method of the invention will usually include the additional step of cooling the composite to solidify the fused resinous material, and in most instances it will advantageously include the further step of forming the resultant web, under heat and pressure, to produce an article of manufacture. More particularly, a plurality of plies of a fabric-reinforced composite web may be stacked and then subjected to the forming step, to produce a lami¬ nate structure suitable for use in the manufacture of circuit boards. It will be appreciated that, when a thermosetting matrix resin is employed, the temperature attained in the forming step will be higher than that at which fusion is effected in the initial heating step, and will be sufficient to convert the resinous material to its fully cured condition. Thermosetting resins used must of course have a glass transition temperature that is low enough to permit flow-out at the temperature of initial heating, without effecting excessive crosslinking. EXAMPLE ONE As a specific example, a double-effect (i.e., two- sided) electrostatic fluidized bed and an infrared oven about 10 meters in length are used to coat a fabric con¬ veyed vertically therethrough, so as to produce an "FR-4" type of circuit board. The fabric is woven fiberglass cloth, 5 mils thick and comprised of bundles of about 60 filaments each, and the impregnating resin is a brominated epoxy containing an accelerator and catalyst (commercially available from Dow Chemicals, under the trade designation DER 521-80) , having a gel time of about 250 seconds and a weight average particle size of 60 microns. Water sprays are used to wet the opposite surfaces of the web (without saturating it) prior to coating. Operating under atmos¬ pheric pressure and at a powder charging potential of 64 KV the fabric is electrostatically coated on both sides; it is heated to about 285° Centigrade. A resin content of about 55 weight percent is readily produced in the fabric at a throughput rate in excess of 10 meters per minute, and the gel time of the cooled resin is about 150 seconds. Microphotographs of the composite, taken along a cross- sectional cut line, shows the filaments of the fabric to be fully encapsulated by the epoxy resin, and the matrix to be virtually free from voids. Apart from the unique ability of the instant method to effect coating of fibrous substrates made from yarns in which the filaments are maintained in close mutual con¬ tact, one of its primary benefits resides in the avoidance of solvents. Not only does this eliminate the hazards, expense, and time constraints associated with the need to drive off and subsequently deal with such substances, but it also facilitates the production of products that are free from voids and it ensures the absence of trapped solvent bubbles, the elimination of which will generally be found to be prohibitively expensive, if possible at all; such defects are of course particularly undesirable (or indeed intolerable) in electrical devices such as PCBs. The absence of solvents from the present process also contributes to its utility for making thick laminates comprised of relatively few plies, each of which plies can be thicker than might otherwise be the case, thus further enhancing the economy of manufacture. The inherent tack- free nature of the composite webs (at room temperature) facilitates their subsequent processing, and the option of using thermoplastic resins can afford enhanced thermal properties in the products, virtually infinite self-life, and the ability to form shaped circuit boards. Thus, it can be seen that the present invention pro¬ vides a practical and commercially attractive method for the fabrication of fiber-reinforced composite materials, using fabrics composed of multifilament bundles. Produc¬ tion can be carried out at high rates of speed, at ambient pressures and on commercially available equipment; there is no need for electrostatically charging the filaments to promote their separation (or indeed for electrical ground- ing of the substrate) . Full impregnation of the resin into the fibrous component is readily and effectively achieved, and the method is highly advantageous from both economic and also environmental standpoints. Numerous combinations of fibers and resins can be used in the prac- tice of the method, which is especially well suited for the production of laminae adapted for use as circuit board substrates, as well as for the manufacture of the circuit board structures themselves.

Claims: THE CLAIMS Having thus described the invention, what is CLAIMED is: 1. A method for the production of a composite web, comprising the steps: providing a continuous-length fabric composed of multi-filament bundles, the filaments of said bundles being in substantially fixed relative positions of close mutual contact; transporting said fabric sequentially through a wet¬ ting station, a coating station, and a heating station, without substantial opening of said bundle filaments; applying moisture to said fabric at said wetting station, to enhance the electrical conductivity thereof; coating said fabric at said coating station by elec¬ trostatically depositing thereupon solid particles of a fusible synthetic resinous material; and heating said coated fabric at said heating station to an elevated temperature above ambient, said elevated temp- erature being sufficiently high, and being maintained for a sufficient period, to effect fusion of said resinous material and movement thereof into said bundles, thereby to effect encapsulation of said filaments by said resinous material, said resinous material remaining reversibly fusible at said elevated temperature. 2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the average par¬ ticle size of said synthetic resinous material is substan¬ tially larger than the diameter of said filaments. 3. The method of Claim 2 wherein said particle size is 20 to 100 microns, and said filament diameter is 6 to 10 microns. 4. The method of Claim 1 wherein the weave of said fabric is sufficiently tight as to substantially immobil¬ ize said filaments of said bundles against displacement from said fixed relative positions thereof. 5. The method of Claim 1 wherein said filaments are selected from the group consisting of cellulosic fibers, fiberglass, carbon fibers, graphite fibers, polyester fibers, aramids, and mixtures thereof. 6. The method of Claim 1 wherein said fabric exits said wetting station with a moisture content substantially below saturation. 7. The method of Claim 1 wherein said fabric is transported vertically through said coating station, and wherein said coating station effectively provides an elec¬ trostatic fluidized bed of particulate material on both of the two opposite sides of said fabric to effect coating thereof. 8. The method of Claim 1 wherein said synthetic resinous material is a thermosetting resin, and wherein said elevated temperature of said heating step is suffi¬ cient to convert said resin to its B-stage condition only. 9. The method of Claim 1 wherein the build of said resinous material on said fabric is sufficient to cause substantially complete encapsulation of said filaments through the full thickness of said web. 10. The method of Claim 1 including the additional step of cooling said coated fabric to solidify said fused resinous material. 11. The method of Claim 1 including the further step of forming said composite web under heat and pressure to produce an article of manufacture. 12. The method of Claim 11 wherein a plurality of pieces of said composite web are stacked and then subjec¬ ted to said further step, to produce a laminate structure. 13. The method of Claim 8 wherein said method in¬ cludes the further step of forming said composite web under heat and pressure to produce an article of manufac- ture, the temperature attained in said forming step being higher than said elevated temperature and sufficient to convert said resinous material to its fully cured, thermo¬ set condition. 14. A method for the production of a laminate struc- ture suitable for use in a circuit board, comprising the steps: providing a continuous-length fabric composed of multi-filament bundles, the filaments of said bundles being in substantially fixed relative positions of close mutual contact; transporting said fabric sequentially through a wet¬ ting station, a coating station, and a heating station, without substantial opening of said bundle filaments; applying moisture to said fabric at said wetting station, to enhance electrical conductivity of said fab¬ ric; coating both faces of said fabric at said coating station by electrostatically depositing thereupon solid particles of a fusible synthetic resinous material; heating said fabric at said heating station to an elevated temperature above ambient, said elevated tempera¬ ture being sufficiently high, and being maintained for a sufficient period, to effect fusion of said resinous material and movement thereof into said bundles, thereby to effect encapsulation of said filaments, said resinous material remaining reversibly fusible at said elevated temperature; stacking a plurality of pieces of the resultant com- posite web; and forming said stack under heat and pressure to con¬ solidate said pieces and thereby to produce a laminate structure. 15. The method of Claim 14 wherein the weave of said fabric is sufficiently tight as to substantially immobil¬ ize said filaments of said bundles against displacement from said fixed relative positions thereof, and wherein the build of said resinous material on said fabric is sufficient to cause substantially complete encapsulation of said filaments through the full thickness of said web. 16. The method of Claim 14 wherein the average par¬ ticle size of said synthetic resinous material is substan¬ tially larger than the diameter of said filaments. 17. The method of Claim 14 including the additional step, effected prior to said stacking step, of cooling said web to solidify said fused resinous material. 18. The method of Claim 14 wherein said fabric exits said wetting station with a moisture content substantially below saturation, wherein said fabric is transported ver- tically through said coating station, and wherein said coating station effectively provides an electrostatic fluidized bed of particulate material on both of the two opposite sides of said fabric. 19. The method of Claim 14 wherein said laminate structure exhibits structural and electrical properties that are desirable in a circuit board substrate. 20. A composite web made by the method comprising the steps: providing a continuous-length fabric composed of multi-filament bundles, the filaments of said bundles being in substantially fixed relative positions of close mutual contact; transporting said fabric sequentially through a wet- ting station, a coating station, and a heating station, without substantial opening of said bundle filaments; applying moisture to said fabric at said wetting station, to enhance the electrical conductivity thereof; coating said fabric at said coating station by elec- trostatically depositing thereupon solid particles of a fusible synthetic resinous material; and heating said coated fabric at said heating station to an elevated temperature above ambient, said elevated temp¬ erature being sufficiently high, and being maintained for a sufficient period, to effect fusion of said resinous material and movement thereof into said bundles, thereby to effect encapsulation of said filaments by said resinous material, said resinous material remaining reversibly fusible at said elevated temperature. 21. A laminate structure suitable for use in a cir¬ cuit board, made by the method comprising the steps: providing a continuous-length fabric composed of multi-filament bundles, the filaments of said bundles being in substantially fixed relative positions of close mutual contact; transporting said fabric sequentially through a wet¬ ting station, a coating station, and a heating station, without substantial opening of said bundle filaments; applying moisture to said fabric at said wetting station, to enhance electrical conductivity of said fab¬ ric; coating both faces of said fabric at said coating station by electrostatically depositing thereupon solid particles of a fusible synthetic resinous material; heating said fabric at said heating station to an elevated temperature above ambient, said elevated tempera¬ ture being sufficiently high, and being maintained for a sufficient period, to effect fusion of said resinous material and movement thereof into said bundles, thereby to effect encapsulation of said filaments, said resinous material remaining reversibly fusible at said elevated temperature; stacking a plurality of pieces of the resultant com- posite web; and forming said stack under heat and pressure to con¬ solidate said pieces and thereby to produce a laminate structure. 22. The laminate structure of Claim 21 wherein said structure exhibits structural and electrical properties that are desirable in a circuit board substrate. [received by the International Bureau on 9 July 1992 (09.07.92); original claims 2 and 3 amended; other claims unchanged (1 page)] 1. A method for the production of a composite web, comprising the steps: providing a continuous-length fabric composed of multi-filament bundles, the filaments of said bundles being in substantially fixed relative positions of close mutual contact; transporting said fabric sequentially through a wet¬ ting station, a coating station, and a heating station, without substantial opening of said bundle filaments; applying moisture to said fabric at said wetting station, to enhance the electrical conductivity thereof; coating said fabric at said coating station by elec¬ trostatically depositing thereupon solid particles of a fusible synthetic resinous material; and heating said coated fabric at said heating station to an elevated temperature above ambient, said elevated te p- erature being sufficiently high, and being maintained for a sufficient period, to effect fusion of said resinous material and movement thereof into said bundles, thereby to effect encapsulation of said filaments by said resinous material, said resinous material remaining reversibly fusible at said elevated temperature. 2. The method of Claim 1 wherein said method is carried out under atmospheric pressure. 3. The method of Claim 1 wherein the average par¬ ticle size of said synthetic resinous material is 20 to 100 microns, and wherein the diameter of said filaments is 6 to 10 microns. 4. The method of Claim 1 wherein the weave of said fabric is sufficiently tight as to substantially immobil¬ ize said filaments of said bundles against displacement from said fixed relative positions thereof. 5. The method of Claim 1 wherein said filaments are selected from the group consisting of cellulosic fibers, fiberglass, carbon fibers, graphite fibers, polyester fibers, ara ids, and mixtures thereof.

Inventors: MCKAY DENIS R, MCKAY, DENIS, R.
Applicants: ELECTROSTATIC TECHNOLOGY INC, S.L. ELECTROSTATIC TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: B05D1
IPC codes: B05D1, B05D7, B29B11, B29B15, B29C43, B29K105, B32B27, B32B38, D06M15, D06M101, D06N3, H05K1, H05K3