Snap fastener and tooling therefor

Abstract: A snap fastener having a stud (20) with a pearshaped head (22) has a grommet assembly (34) for removable mounting on the stud (20) with the grommet assembly (34) comprising a metal tooth cap (36) and an annular plastic retainer with the fabric (30) squeezed therebetween and prongs (58) of the cap extending through the fabric and clinched over the retainer, and with the head (22) of the stud (20) disposed between the cap and retainer and with the fabric extending uninterruptedly over the head of the stud (20).

Description: The invention relates to a snap fastener according to the preamble of claim 1. Such a snap fastener is known from US-A-2 668 340. The shape of the head of the stud of this known snap fastener is such that the retainer can be snapped onto and removed from the stud in every direction. The cap and the retainer are connected to one another by means of the prongs which are bent outwardly and engage into an annular recess formed by an upwardly formed edge portion of the retainer. The object of the invention is to provide an improved snap fastener with good fastening properties which can be readily connected and separated and which can be easily attached to a fabric. This object is achieved by a snap fastener having the features of claim 1. Preferred embodiments of the snap fastener are defined in the dependent claims 2 to 8. The invention also relates to a tool for assembling a tooth can member to a retainer member with a fabric there between according to claim 9. The invention will be explained in the following description of preferred embodiments with reference to the drawings. Figure 1 is a top view of my improved snap fastener secured to the marginal edge of a fabric and mounted on a cooperating stud; Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken on the line 2-2 of Figure 1; Figure 3 is similar to Figure 2 except the fastener is shown with the retainer in the act of being mounted on the stud; Figure 4 is a top plan view of a tooth cap; Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view taken on the line 5-5 of Figure 4; Figure 6 is a plan view of the upper surface of the retainer; Figure 7 is a plan view of the lower surface of the retainer; Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view taken on the line 8-8 of Figure 6; Figure 9 is a side elevation of a press for assembly the tooth cap and retainer to the marginal edge of a fabric (not shown); Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view taken on the line 10-10 of Figure 9; Figure 11 is a side elevation of the upper die member; Figure 12 is a bottom view looking up into the socket of the upper die member; Figure 13 is a cross-sectional view taken on the line 13-13 of Figure 12; Figure 14 is a top view looking down into the socket of the lower die; Figure 15 is a cross-sectional view taken on the line 15-15 of Figure 14; Figure 16 is a side elevation, partially in section, through the upper and lower dies and associated mechanism of the press of Figure 9 with the dies closed sufficiently so that the prongs of the tooth cap extend through the retainer and prior to any bending of the prongs; Figure 17 is similar to Figure 16 except the dies have closed sufficiently so that the fabric is slightly squeezed therebetween and the prongs have begun to be clinched; Figure 18 is similar to Figure 16 except the die members have fully closed to clinch the prong's lower surface of the retainer; and Figure 19 is a cross-sectional view of my snap fastener in which the stud is mounted on a fabric in a fabric to fabric snap fastener connection. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As shown in Figures 1, 2 and 4-8, my improved snap fastener comprises a stud 20 having a pear-shaped head 22, a shank 24 and a base 26 by which the shank is mounted to a support 28 to which a fabric 30 is to be secured by the fastener. The stud 20 is more fully disclosed in US-A-5 050 279. The head of the stud is pear-shaped in plan view to provide a retaining or locking lobe in the form of a rounded nose 42 and an opposite latching shoulder. The nose 42 and latching shoulder are disposed at opposite longitudinal sides of the stud, and blend smoothly into transversely disposed shoulders. A screw fastener member 32 is extended through a bore-in the stud and threaded into the support to retain the stud thereto. While a flat head screw is shown, other screw or bolt configurations may be utilized as desired to retain the stud to the support. The fabric 30 is secured to the stud by a grommet assembly 34 comprising a tooth cap member 36 and a cooperating retainer member 38 between which is trapped the fabric 30. In general, the grommet assembly will be disposed at the marginal edge 40 of the fabric adjacent the fabric edge 31 so that such edge may be grasped to remove the grommet assembly and fabric from the stud. The pear-shaped head of the stud will be oriented on the support so that the nose 42 of the stud extends away from the marginal edge of the fabric and in the direction of the expanse of the fabric, which generally is the direction of the tension on the fabric. The tooth cap 36 is shown herein as being generally annular in plan view as shown in Figure 4 having an outer peripheral edge 44 and an inner peripheral edge 46 defining a central essentially circular aperture 47, with an outer peripheral flange 48 at the outer periphery and an inner peripheral flange 50 at the inner periphery. These flanges extend substantially perpendicular to the plane of cap and serve to substantially strengthen and reinforce it. In addition, the flanges cooperatively serve to retain against displacement an identification disk 52 located on top of the fabric and within the cap and visible through aperture 47. This disk may have adhesive on one side so that it may be temporarily secured to the fabric by simply pressing it thereagainst. Such disks may serve to indicate the location of fasteners to be applied to the fabric when the canvas maker is mounting the fabric on the item to be covered, such as a boat, truck body, etc. The disk may be colored, such as red to identify the grommet assemblies of a boat cover located on the port side of a boat and green to indicate those on the starboard side. The disk may show identifying indicia, throughout the aperture 47, of the canvas maker using the fasteners or a boat manufacturer, truck manufacturer or the like. The disk may be the same color as the fabric on which the grommet assembly is being mounted simply to cover a hole in the fabric when the grommet assembly replaces a previous fastener which required a hole through the fabric. The upper annular surface 54 and the lower annular surface 56 of the cap define the plane of the cap and a plurality of equiangularly spaced prongs or teeth 58 extend downwardly substantially perpendicular to this plane as best shown in Figure 5. The teeth are integral with the outer peripheral flange 48 and simply extend downwardly therefrom in the same general direction. At the lower edge 60 of the outer peripheral flange, where the teeth commence, i.e. in the root or proximal area 62, they may be angled slightly outwardly as at a. Also, in the root area, each tooth has, in plan view, parallel edges 64 and 66 which extend downwardly and then converge as at 68 and 70 to a point 72 at the distal end. I have found that point 72 need not be sharp but may be slightly rounded as shown and will still penetrate several layers of fabric without difficulty. In fact, a slightly rounded point will not tend to cut the fabric as much as a sharp point but instead tends to simply push aside the fabric thus not seriously adversely effecting its tear strength. As will be noted in Figure 4, the inner periphery 46 of the cap is interrupted by a radially extending notch 74 having a semicircular closed end 76. This notch provides means for angularly polarizing the cap in the setting tool as hereinafter explained. While the cap may be formed of any suitable material, such as brass, bronze, aluminum, steel, titanium or the like, I have found that stainless steel in the 300 series functions very well, and specifically 305 stainless. With a tooth cap having an outside diameter of 23,6 mm (0.930 inches) and an inside diameter of 12,7 mm (0.500 inches) and teeth 6,8 mm (0.270 inches) long (measured from the edge of the outer peripheral flange at the root of the tooth), I have found during limited testing that the stainless steel may be 0,4 mm (0.016 inches) thick. I have shown the tooth cap as being annular but the central aperture defined by the inner periphery 46 may be omitted if desired such that the cap has a continuous crown across its diameter. This may be desired in certain instances, and if desired, identifying indicia may be stamped on such crown. The retainer member 38 shown best in Figures 6-8 is circular in plan view having an outer peripheral edge 78. For convenience, the annular surface 80 of the retainer which faces away from the fabric is shown in Figure 7 and referred to as the lower surface while the surface 82 facing the fabric is shown in Figure 6 and referred to as the upper surface. Both surfaces are interrupted by five equiangularly spaced apart slots 84, 86, 88, 90 and 92 extending completely through the retainer member adjacent the outer periphery 78, and each adapted to receive a tooth of the cap as shown in Figures 2 and 3. As shown in cross-section in Figure 8, the retainer member is generally dish-shaped having a somewhat concave-convex form, the concavity being defined by an annular recess 94 having an outer periphery 96 smoothly curving up to the surface 82 and an inner periphery terminating at a central aperture 98. In one embodiment, this aperture is 11,1 mm (0.438 inches) in diameter, and the recess 94 is 0,9 mm (0.035 inches) deep and the curvature at the periphery is on a radius of 10,2 mm (0.40 inches). A pair of concentric grooves 100 and 102 encircle the central aperture in upper face 82 of the retainer member. These grooves serve to conserve plastic and give the surface 82 a ribbed configuration which bears against the fabric 30 to increase the grip of the retainer to the fabric. The slots 84-92 open through the bottom of groove 102. Desirably the slots are sized in angular length to essentially match the width between edges 64 and 66 of the teeth in the root area 62 so that the teeth essentially broach through the slot to provide a snug non-rotating fit between the cap and retainer members. The lower surface 80 of the retainer member is shown in Figures 7 and 8 as provided with a raised or convex portion 104 having an annular surface 106 extending radially outwardly from the central aperture 98 to a sloping annular surface 108 which terminates outwardly in a flat concentric surface 110. To conserve material, this surface 110 may be stepped down as at 112 adjacent the outer periphery 78. Extending radially inwardly from the slots are shallow grooves 114, 116, 118, 120 and 122 which terminate at the annular surface 106 and are adapted to receive the teeth 58 of the cap when they are clinched around and against the lower surface 80 of the retainer. Desirably such grooves should be substantially the same as or slightly deeper than the thickness of the teeth so that when the teeth are clinched against the lower surface, they will lie flush thereagainst within the surfaces 110 and 108 so that the clinched teeth will not offer undesirable protrusions on the lower surface of the retainer member. In addition, the length of the grooves 114-122 should be such as to accommodate the clinched length of the teeth in thin or thick fabric. I have found that when configured as shown, the cap and retainer will properly accommodate between them from two to six thicknesses of fabric and house the teeth in the grooves quite satisfactorily, as shown in Figures 2 and 3. It will be noted that the size of aperture 98 is wholly independent of the securement of the retainer member 38 to the fabric, unlike the apertures of U.S. Patents 4,409,706, 4,577,376, 4,646,399 and the disclosure of U.S. Patent 5,050,279. As a result of the present construction, the size and shape of the aperture 98 may be closely held with acceptable tolerances so that a snap fit on the stud is assured. It will also be noted that the edge 98 of the central aperture where it opens through surfaces 94 and 108 are not radiused. At this point in the development, I believe this design is best to assure a snap action for a long useful life of the fastener. The retainer member may be formed of any suitable plastic material which is firm, but resiliently extendable. When plastic is used it should contain an ultraviolet inhibitor. I have found that Nylon 66 or Celcon or an equivalent with an ultraviolet inhibitor is quite satisfactory. The stud may also be made of the same or a similar material which should be firm, but stiffly, elastically compressionable. The retainer and cap members may be assembled to a fabric by hand using the simplest of tools, but preferably are assembled using a press and setting tools as hereinafter disclosed to give the tightest and best crimp. To assemble the components by hand, the preferred technique is to lay the marginal edge of the fabric 30 on a soft wood block (not shown) with the inside surface of the fabric against the wood. A tooth cap member 36 is then positioned over the fabric opposite the block with the teeth resting on the fabric at the location for the fastener, and with the cap rotated so that the notch 74 is adjacent the fabric edge 31, as in Figure 1. If desired, identification or locating disk 52 may have been previously affixed to the fabric to locate the position of the tooth cap. The tooth cap is, of course, located directly over this identification disk. A second wooden block is then placed flush on top of the cap and struck a sharp blow with a hammer to drive the teeth through the fabric. The fabric is then reversed on the wooden block and a retainer member 38 aligned with the projecting cap teeth and pressed down firmly against the fabric to squeeze the fabric between the cap and retainer. While thus holding the retainer, the teeth projecting up through the slots 84-92 are bent over and clinched into the grooves 114-122 using, for example, a small ball-pean hammer. The grommet assembly is thus securely attached to the fabric. As best shown in Figure 2, when the tooth cap 36 and retainer 38 are assembled as above described on the fabric 30, they define between them a recess 123 through which the fabric extends and within which, and below the fabric, the head 22 of the stud is disposed. It will be noted that the head 22 of the stud displaced the fabric upwardly slightly and squeezes it against the inner peripheral flange 50 to give a tight fitting appearance between the fabric and the tooth cap at the cap aperture 47. During connection or disconnection between the stud and retainer, the fabric is displaced as shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figures 9-18, a press and setting tools may be utilized to quickly and even more securely attach the grommet assembly to the fabric. This tooling has the advantage that the cap and retainer are rotatably oriented in the correct position relative to the edge of the fabric so that the notch 74 will be adjacent the edge, and the parts are secured together tightly, quickly and uniformally. This tooling is desirable for use in a production environment as in a canvas maker's shop. The tooling comprises a press body 124 of cast iron or the like having a base 126, a throat 128, an actuating handle 130 pivoted at 132 between a pair of ears 134 (only one of which is shown) integral with the body, a press plunger 136 reciprocable in aligned bearings (not shown) in portions 138 and 140 of the body, the upper end of the plunger abutting the handle to be driven down thereby, and a coil compression spring 142 encircling the plunger and abutting at its upper end a pin 144 secured in the plunger and at its lower end, portion 140 of the press body, to return the plunger and handle upwardly. The plunger is rotatably fixed by a keeper member 146 secured to the press body by a bolt 148 and having a finger 150 slidably received in an elongated slot 152 paralleling the axis of the plunger. Fixed against rotation on the lower end of the plunger is a tooth cap receiving die 154 best shown in Figures 11-13 and 16. This die has an outwardly opening socket 156 sized to receive the tooth cap 36 with its teeth 58 projecting downwardly. The die has an integral stub shaft 158 on one side of which is a flat 159. The shaft is slidably received in the lower end of the plunger 136, and a set screw 137 in the side of the plunger abuts flat 159 to lock the die on the plunger in a specified angular position. Within the socket 156 are means for temporarily retaining the tooth cap against gravity and polarizing it. Such means comprise an elastomeric disk 160 sized to snugly fit within the central aperture 47 of the cap and held in the socket by a flat head screw 162 which, upon tightening, will serve to radially expand the disk and increase the tightness of the fit on the cap. Extending down through the disk is a short pin 164 pressed into the die and sized to fit the semicircular notch 74 in the cap. The set screw 137 is angularly positioned in the plunger so that when bearing against flat 159, the pin 164 will be disposed to position the tooth cap 36 with its notch 74 disposed closest to the edge 31 of a fabric received in the throat of the press. Thus, a canvas maker need merely insert the fabric into the press with the edge 31 of the fabric disposed within the throat 128, and this will assure that the notch in the cap will be disposed adjacent the edge 37 of the fabric. Disposed in aligned opposition to the upper die is a second or lower die 166 best shown in Figures 14-18 having a socket opening toward the socket in the first die 154 for receiving therein the retainer member 38. Die 166 comprises a central stem portion 168 of cylindrical configuration having a flat 170 along one side. At the lower end, the stem is received in the base 126 and a set screw 172, shown in Figures 9 and 14, in the base engages the flat 170 to lock the stem in the base and prevent rotation thereof. The upper end of stem 168 has a circular head portion 174 having a depressed flat upper surface 176 surrounded by an annular angled surface 178 which matches the sloping annular surface portion 108 of the retainer as best shown in Figures 16-18. Surface 176 is flat to match the annular surface portion 106 on the bottom face of the retainer and has a diameter also matching the outer peripheral diameter of annular surface 106. Thus, when stem head 174 is pressed upwardly against the retainer 38, it is configured to match the lower surface profile thereof. Stem 168 and head 174 are surrounded by a die member housing 180 which has a D-shaped aperture 182 which matches the shape of the stem and its flat surface 170 such that the housing 180 while free to slide on the stem is restrained against relative rotation. A coil compression spring 184 encircles the stem and bears at its upper end against the underside 186 of housing 180 and at its lower end against base 126. Spring 184 urges the housing 180 upwardly so that the housing surface 188 bears against the underside 190 of the head 174. Housing 180 provides an outwardly opening socket 192 axially aligned with and opposing the downwardly opening socket in the first die member 154. Socket 192 is intended to support and embrace the retainer 38. A retainer supporting surface 194 underlies the marginal edge of surface 80 of the retainer to support the same in the socket. Surface 194 terminates inwardly at a downwardly inclined annular surface 196, having an angle b of inclination with respect to the vertical which is equal to approximately 30°. The surface 196 extends downwardly to a second surface 198 which is an annular surface inclined inwardly at an angle of substantially 45° as indicated by reference character c in Figure 16. The surfaces 196 and 198 may be formed of tool steel hardened to 60 Rockwell and serve to sequentially engage and bend the teeth 58 around the retainer. As shown in Figure 15, the socket 192 of the second die member is provided with means for angularly polarizing the retainer when disposed in the socket. Such means comprises a set screw 200 or the like radially threaded through the wall of the housing 180 and having a rounded end for reception in the peripheral notch 202 of the retainer. Pin 200 is angularly located on the housing such that the slots 84-92 in the retainer are aligned with the teeth 56 of the tooth cap when the tooth cap is received in the socket of the first die member. Thus, when the die members are moved toward each other, with a tooth cap in the upper one and a retainer in the lower one, the teeth 58 will enter the slots of the retainer as shown in Figure 16. After the teeth 58 have passed through the slots in the retainer, they engage the first annular surface 196 and are inwardly deflected as the upper die moves toward the lower die. The spring 184 is sized to maintain the housing 180 of the lower die in its uppermost position shown in Figure 16 while the teeth are bent inwardly by the surface 196 and as they slide downwardly and are further bent inwardly by the surface 198. The lower die housing 180 has an upper annular surface 206 which is disposed in opposition to the downwardly facing annular surface 204 of the upper die member 154. Surface 206 supports the fabric on top of the lower die member as the teeth 58 are being pressed through the slots in the retainer. The depth of socket 156 in the upper die 154 is slightly shallower than the depth of the tooth cap measured from the upper surface 54 to the edge 60 of the peripheral flange 48 such that when the upper and lower dies of the press are moved toward each other sufficient to begin to move housing 180 down along the stem 168 of the lower die member, the fabric is tightly gripped between the surfaces 204 and 206 of the dies and the outer peripheral flange 48 is tightly pressed against the upper surface of the fabric. As a consequence, the fabric is pressed tightly against the upper surface 82 of the retainer at the time that the teeth 58 are crimped around and against the retainer. As a result, it is possible to get a much tighter connection between the cap, the retainer and the fabric than when the components are assembled by hand as first described above. As the teeth 58 sequentially slide down surface 196 and then surface 198, the housing 180 begins to be depressed downwardly along the stem such that upper annular surface 204 of the head 174 engages the teeth and clinches them upwardly and against the bottom of the grooves 114-122, aided in this by the annular surface 178 of the head such that upon completion, the teeth are clinched and deformed against the retainer as shown in Figure 18. In Figure 18, the compression spring 184 is shown compressed to its greatest extent. In operating the press and tooling above described in connection with Figures 16-18, it will be understood that the tooth cap and retainer are clinched together through the fabric in one smooth continuous motion. First the retainer is positioned on one side of the fabric in the lower die. The tooth cap is positioned on the opposite side of the fabric in the upper die axially aligned with the retainer and with the teeth projecting toward the fabric and retainer. Then, in a single motion, the workman swings handle 130 downwardly and presses the teeth 58 through the fabric and through the retainer and clinches them against the opposite side of the retainer. Because of the polarization of the cap and retainer in the dies, the prongs pass smoothly through the slots in the retainer prior to clinching. In Figure 19, I have shown the manner in which the stud 20 may be mounted on a fabric 208 where it is desired to establish a snap fastened fabric to fabric connection. In this case, the fabric 208 becomes the equivalent of the support 28 in Figure 2. The fabric may be doubled upon itself or hemmed or otherwise reinforced as at 210. A conventional tubular rivet having an enlarged head 212 is inserted through the hem area 210 such that the tubular stem 214 of the rivet extends through the fabric and up through the bore 21 in the stud and is then upset as by being rolled over as at 216 against the bottom 23 of the counterbore in the head of the rivet.

Claims: Snap fastener for holding a fabric (30) to a support (28) comprising, in combination, a stud (20) having a relatively rigid head (22) and a shank (24) for mounting to a support (28) with the head uppermost, a cap (36) having a plurality of spaced apart prongs (58) extending substantially perpendicular to the cap, a relatively rigid retainer (38) having an aperture (98) sized for snapping reception over the head (22) of the stud (20), said cap (36) being positionable on one side of a fabric (30) and said retainer (38) being positionable on the opposite side of such fabric with said prongs (58) being extendable through the fabric and engageable with the retainer (38) on the opposite side of said fabric (30) independently of said aperture (98) to hold the fabric (30) securely between the retainer (38) and the cap (36) with the fabric extending uninterruptedly over the head (22) of the stud (20) and held on the support (28) to which the stud is mounted, characterized in that the head (22) of the stud (20) is pear-shaped in plan view with a rounded nose (42) at one side and the retainer (38) is adapted for snapping reception in one direction over the head (22) of the stud (20) and retention against removal except in said one direction, and that the prongs (58) of the cap (36) are clinchable around and over the retainer (38). Snap fastener according to claim 1 wherein said retainer (38) is generally circular and has an outer periphery (78) and said cap (36) is generally circular with said prongs (58) disposed at the periphery thereof, and said retainer (38) has oppositely directed faces (80, 82) with one face (82) opposed to the fabric and the other (80) directed away from the fabric, and said retainer (38) has prong receiving slots (84, 86, 88, 90, 92) at the outer periphery (78) thereof, registering with the cap prongs (58), and said other face (80) of the retainer has prong receiving grooves (114, 116, 118, 120, 122) extending radially inwardly from said slots towards said aperture (98), said grooves having a depth at least equal to the thickness of the cap prongs and a length to accommodate the length of the prongs when clinched around and over the retainer. Snap fastener according to claim 1 wherein said prongs (58) are each provided with a distal end having a rounded point projectable through the fabric (30) and the retainer (38). Snap fastener according to claim 1 wherein the retainer (38) and the cap (36) define therebetween a stud head (22) receiving cavity (123) and a fabric (30) to which the fastener is secured extends through the cavity to overlie a stud head (22) disposed in the cavity when the retainer is retained on the stud (20). Snap fastener according to claim 1 wherein said cap (36) is of annular configuration with an outer periphery (44) and an inner periphery (46), said prongs (58) being disposed at the outer periphery, said cap (36) expediently having a peripheral flange (48) disposed at the outer periphery and substantially perpendicular to the plane of the cap and extending in the same direction as said prongs (58) and/or a peripheral flange (50) disposed at the inner periphery. Snap fastener according to claim 5 comprising an identification disk (52) disposed within the cap (36) between the cap and the fabric (30) through which the prongs (58) are projected wherein the cap (36) has an open centre through which the disk (52) is visible, identifying indicia expediently being disposed on the identification disk and visible through open centre of the cap. Snap fastener according to claim 1 wherein said stud (20) is formed of a firm but elastically compressible plastic, and said retainer (38) is formed of a firm but resiliently extendable plastic. Snap fastener according to claim 1 wherein said cap (36) is formed of a stiffly resilient metal taken from the group consisting of brass, bronze, aluminium, steel, titanium and stainless steel. Tool for assembling a tooth cap member (36) having a plurality of spaced apart teeth extending substantially perpendicular to the cap to a retainer member (38) with a fabric (30) therebetween comprising, in combination, a first die (154) having an outwardly opening socket (156) for receiving therein the tooth cap member (36) with the teeth (58) projecting outwardly, a second die (166) having a socket (192) opening toward the socket (156) in the first die (154) for receiving therein the retainer member (38), means (160) in one of the sockets for retaining its member temporarily therein against gravity displacement, said second die (166) having a first surface (194) for supporting the retainer member (38) in opposition to the tooth cap member (36) in the first die (154), said second die (166) having an angularly disposed second surface (196, 198) spaced inwardly in its socket from the first surface (194) to engage the teeth (58) of the tooth cap member (36) and bend them inwardly, said second die (166) having a third angularly disposed surface (178) located radially inwardly of said second surface (196, 198) to engage the teeth (58) of the tooth cap member (36) bent inwardly by said second surface (196, 198) and clinch them against the retainer member (38) resting on said first surface (194), and means for supporting said first (154) and second (166) dies and moving one of them toward and away the other one, said first die (154) preferably having means (164) for rotatably polarizing the tooth cap member (36) therein and said second die (166) preferably having means (200) for polarizing the retainer member (38) therein, said angularly disposed second surface (196, 198) preferably comprising a pair of angularly related surfaces (196, 198) operable sequentially to initiate and continue the bending of the teeth (58) of the tooth cap member (36) disposed on the first surface (194) of the second die (166), said second die (166) preferably including means (174, 168) supporting the third surface for movement toward and away from the retainer member (38) supported on the first surface (194), said second die (166) preferably including means for clinching the teeth against the retainer member upon movement of the third surface toward the retainer member supported on the first surface.

Inventors: SCHRIEVER FREDERICK G, SCHRIEVER, FREDERICK G.
Applicants: SNAPFAST IND INC, SNAPFAST INDUSTRIES, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: A41H37
IPC codes: F16B21, F16B5, A41H37, A44B17