Scale for fast determination of weights

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a scale for fast determination of weights including a platform (18) and a load cell transducer (705). Output of the transducer is converted (74) to a digital signal, processed by a low pass digital filter (76), and weights computed as a function of the sequence of digital signals by means of an algorithm which compares a first estimate of the weight to the break points of a postal rate chart and uses the first estimate if it is not within a predetermined distance of a break point, and otherwise determines a second, more accurate estimate. The platform (18) and transducers (705) are combined to form a structure which does not have any significant resonances below the cut-off frequency of the filter.

Description: This application relates to a project of the applicants and shares common elements of the disclosure with co-pending U.S. Applications Serial Nos. 768,793 and 768,143 (EP-A2-534738 and EP-A2-534734 both published 31.3.93) and U.S. Patent No. 5,082,072 (published 21.1.92), filed in the name of the applicants. The subject invention relates to scales and a method of operating such scales to rapidly determine weights. More particularly, the subject invention relates to postal scales and the like. Postal scales are well known. Such scales weigh a mail piece, and determine the appropriate postage for that mail piece as a function of the weight. A weighing scale is disclosed in European Patent Application No. (EP-A) 289113 of Yamato Scale Co. Ltd. This is designed for use on a support surface which may vibrate. A base is positioned on the support surface and has first and second sides. Vibrations are transmitted to the base from the support surface. A tray holds the product to be weighed and has a center of gravity adjacent the first side of the base. A load cell supports the tray on the base at the first side of the base. Strain gauges connected to the load cell generate a signal indicative of the weight of the tray and any product held thereby. The signal includes oscillating noise corresponding to vibrations transmitted by the base through the load cell to the tray. Inclusion of an active filter is described. EP-A-289113 states that an auxiliary beam and counterbalance weight stabilize the tray by minimizing at least some of the vibrations transmitted to the tray and by converting at least some of the lower frequency vibrations (approx. 4Hz) transmitted to the tray into vibrations having a frequency which is higher than the frequency of the lower frequency vibrations. The tray transmits reverse-phase vibrations to the load cell which result in noise in the signal. The auxiliary beam and counterbalance converts at least some of the reverse-phase vibrations transmitted to the load cell into vibrations having a frequency which is higher than the frequency of the reverse-phase vibrations. Mailing systems where a mail piece is transported onto a postal scale, the appropriate postage is determined and used to set a postage meter, and the mail piece is then transported to the postage meter for imprinting with a postal indicia representative of the postage amount are also known. One such system is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,742,878, issued May 10, 1988 to the inventors of the subject invention. In such systems there is a constant need to increase the rate at which the scale can determine the weight of a mail piece in order that the throughput of the system can be increased. U.S. Patent No. 4,787,048, issued November 22, 1988, to the inventors of the subject invention, discloses one approach to decreasing the time required for a postal scale to determine the weight of a mail piece. The system disclosed in this patent takes advantage of the structure of postal rate charts, i.e., the function which relates the weight of a mail piece to the appropriate postage amount. As can be seen in Figure 1, such rate charts provide a constant postage value for all weights between pairs of predetermined breakpoints. The system of the '048 patent takes advantage of this by use of an algorithm where a first estimate of the weight is made and used to determine the postage amount. unless the first estimate is within a predetermined distance of a breakpoint. in which case a second more accurate estimate is made. Another approach to providing high throughput mailing systems has been the use of vibrating tray scales to determine the weight of a mail piece where the weight is estimated as a function of the frequency at which a scale tray vibrates after a mail piece is placed upon it and the system is excited. Such a system is described in the above mentioned U.S. Patent No. 5,082,072. While such prior art systems have proven generally satisfactory there is still a need for a scale system and method of operation which are suitable for use with load cell technology while still providing desired high throughput rates for mailing systems and the like. According to the invention, there is provided a scale comprising: (a) means for supporting an item to be weighed, said support means (12) further comprising: (a1) a pan (18) for receiving said item; (a2) transducer means (10) for generating an output representative of the instantaneous response of said support means, said pan and said transducer being connected to form a structure (20); (a3) said output of said transducer means (10) being processed by a low pass filter (76), said filter (76) having a cut-off frequency less than a predetermined frequency; b) means for receiving said output of said transducer means and for determining the weight of said item as a function of said output; characterised in that: c) the average time for determining the weight of a representative series of said items is approximately equal to a predetermined time; d) said structure (20) is designed so that its stiffness is sufficiently great in relation to its mass that it has no substantial resonances below said predetermined frequency, the period of said frequency being substantially less than said predetermined time; and e) wherein said filter is a digital filter (76) and there are means so that said cut-off frequency of said digital filter is, in use, temporarily increased for a period approximately coincident with an initial response of said support means (12) to an application of said item to be weighed. Thus, the disadvantages of the prior art are overcome in accordance with the subject invention by means of a scale wherein a mail piece is supported on a pan, which is in turn supported by a transducer for generating a series of signals representative of the instantaneous response of the pan when the mail piece is received. Typically, the transducer will include a load cell. A processor receives the output signals from the transducer and detects the presence of a mail piece on the pan. In the subject invention, a processor operates to determine weights for a representative series of mail pieces and the average time for determining such weights is approximately equal to a predetermined time. In this embodiment the pan and transducer are connected to form a structure, the stiffness of this structure being great enough with respect to the mass of the structure that the structure has no resonances below a predetermined frequency, where the period of the predetermined frequency is substantially less than the predetermined time. Output signals from the transducer are processed by a low pass filter to filter frequencies above the above mentioned predetermined frequency. Thus, when a mail piece is detected on the scale pan, the filter is operated at a higher sampling rate for a temporary period to increase its cut-off frequency and allow the filtered output of the transducer to reach its stable state more quickly. Alternatively, when a mail piece is detected on the scale pan the filter may be by-passed temporarily. This filter is a digital filter. Accordingly, the invention advantageously decreases the time in which a postal scale can determine a postage amount for a mail piece. There now follows a description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, by way of example, with reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 shows a typical postal rate chart. Figure 2 shows a schematic side view of a scale pan and load cell transducer structure in accordance with the invention. Figure 3 shows a graphic representation of the instantaneous response of the scale pan to application of a mail piece and the corresponding transducer output. Figure 4 shows the electronic circuitry of the load cell transducer of Figure 2. Figure 5 shows a flow chart representation of the operation of the scale system of the subject invention in determining a weight for a mail piece. Referring to Figure 2, a schematic diagram shows a side view of a weighing module in accordance with one embodiment of the subject invention. Such a module can be used, for example, in a high speed mailing system, such as that described in commonly assigned, U.S. Patent Number 5,082,072, as a replacement for the vibrating tray scale system described in that patent. In Figure 2 a commercially available load cell supports a pan assembly 12 on scale base 14. Assembly 12 includes a pan 18 which is mounted on a stiffening structure 20, commonly referred to as a "spider", by mounts 22. Load cell 10 is connected to base 14 in a cantilevered manner by bolt 26 and spacer 28. Assembly 12 is fastened in a similar manner to load cell 10 by bolt 30 and spacer 34. This manner of mounting a scale pan is conventional and results in load cell 10 acting as a four bar linkage which deflects vertically in response to loads on pan 18. The weighing module of Figure 2 also includes stops 16, which protect load cell 10 against excessive deflections. Base 14 is supported on mechanical ground by resilient supports 38. Preferably supports 38 are formed of a vibration damping material, as is taught in U.S. Patent Number 4,479,561 to Feinland, et al. Scales and weighing modules comprising pan supported on a base by a load cell mounted as a four bar linkage are well known in the art and, in general, a more detailed description of their construction is not believed necessary for an understanding of the subject invention. The weighing module also includes a transport mechanism 50 for transporting mail pieces onto pan 18 in a controlled and repeatable manner. Transport 50 includes belt 52 which is supported on and driven by rollers 54. Rollers 54 are in turn supported by structure 58, which is supported on base 14 by springs 60. Thus, as mail pieces are transported and stopped the necessary forces are not felt by load cell 10 but are transferred through support 58 and springs 60 to base 14 and then to mechanical ground. Transport 50 projects above the surface of pan 18 through slots S1 and S2 provided in pan 18 and structure 20 respectively, so that a mail piece which is fed from a feed mechanism (not shown) is transported to a position above but not on pan 18 by transport 50. Transport 50 is driven by a conventional drive 62 and mail pieces are guided on belt 52 by rollers 64 in a conventional manner. Drive 62 also includes activator 68 for lowering support 58 and transport 50 against the resistance of springs 60, so that after a mail piece is stopped above pan 18 it is lowered onto pan 18 in a controlled and repeatable manner. A transport similar to that described above is included in the mailing system of the above mentioned U.S. Patent Number 5,082,072, and is described in that patent which is hereby incorporated by reference. In another embodiment of the subject invention a transport system may be mounted on the pan assembly of a weighing module so that the entire weight of the transport system forms part of the tare of the weighing module. Such a system is described, for example, in the above mentioned U.S. Patent Number 4,742,878. In general details of the construction of transport systems for transferring mail onto weighing modules are not considered as part of the subject invention nor as necessary for an understanding of the subject invention. However, it should be recognized that transfer of the mail piece onto the weighing module in a controlled and repeatable manner is advantageous in making a rapid determination of the weight of the mail piece. Figure 3 shows a graphic representation of the response of pan assembly 12 when a mail piece is applied. At a time prior to t 0 a signal is received indicating that a mail piece has been applied. Preferably this signal will be generated by the system when transport 50 is stopped and lowered to apply the mail piece. As can be seen in Figure 3, the response R rapidly raises from the zero value and then shows a damped oscillation which converges to a value W representative of the weight of the applied mail piece. Beginning at time t 0 digital signals d representative of response R are produced, as will be described further below. Figure 4 shows circuitry which converts the mechanical displacement of load cell 10 into digital signals d for further processing. Strain gauge 70 comprises four strain sensors 70s which are physically fixed to load cell 10 in a conventional manner, and which are resistor elements whose resistance changes in response to strain in load cell 10. Sensors 70s are connected to form a bridge circuit which is excited with a dc voltage. The output of strain gage 70 is an analog electrical signal representative of the mechanical displacement of load cell 10 and, correspondingly, pan 18 in response to the application of a mail piece. This signal is amplified by amplifier 72, which is preferably an instrumentation amplifier, such as the Model AD624, available from Analog Devices Inc. This amplified signal is then input to a commercially available analog-to digital converter (A/D) 74 where it is converted into a series of digital signals representative of samples of the analog signal, as shown in Figure 3. The digital signals are then processed by a low pass digital filter 76. Preferably such filter 76 would be a Bessel filter which may be implemented in either a) a known manner in any of a number of commercially available microprocessors especially adapted for digital signal processing; or b) within an A/D of the sigma-delta type, which contains an integral six-pole Bessel filter, and whose digital output is already filtered. Preferred A/D's which include such filters based on digital signal processing techniques, and which have a conversion rate sufficiently high for fast weighing are Models 5501 arid 5503, available from Crystal Semiconductor Corp. Filter 76 is helpful to minimize the effects of vibrations felt by load cell 10 which are above the cutoff frequency of filter 76. In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention which is intended to determine the weights of a representative series of mail pieces within an average time of approximately 250 milliseconds this cut off frequency is approximately five Hz. Because digital filtering is substantially an averaging process over at least one cycle of a frequency of interest it is not possible to filter lower frequencies within the desired time constraints of this embodiment of the subject invention. Accordingly, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, pan assembly 12 and load cell 10 should be constructed and connected to form a structure which is sufficiently stiff in relation to its mass that it will have no substantial resonances (i.e., frequencies at which the structure naturally tends to vibrate) below a selected frequency, where the period of this selected frequency is substantially less than the predetermined average time for determining the weight of a mail piece (and the period of the cut-off frequency off the filter). Pan assembly 12 is stiffened in various conventional manners known to those skilled in the art, such as addition of supporting ribs, or its mass may be reduced by selectively drilling holes, etc. Load cell 10 may be stiffened by providing a load cell whose capacity is substantially greater than that required for the application. For example, where load cell 10 is to be used in a mailing machine such as that described in the above mentioned U.S. Patent Number 5,082,072, where the maximum weight for a mail piece is expected to be on the order of 0.454kg. (a pound), a load cell capable of handling up to about 6.81kg. (15lbs.) may be used to provide the necessary stiffness. Signals d which are output by low pass filter 76 are received by microprocessor 78 and processed to determine the weight of the applied mail piece as will be described further below. Figure 5 shows a flow chart of the operation of micro processor 78 in determining the weight of the applied mail piece in response to the series of signals d received from low pass filter 76. At 100 microprocessor 78 waits for a signal from the system that a mail piece has been placed upon pan 18. Alternatively, as is known in the art, microprocessor 78 may detect the rising edge of the transient response when a mail piece is applied. When a mail piece is applied, at 102 microprocessor 78 inputs the next sample (i.e., signal d), and at 104 tests to determine if it has accumulated three samples. If not it returns to 102 until three samples are accumulated. When a sequence of three samples is accumulated, microprocessor 78 determines the range (i.e., the difference between the maximum and minimum sample of the sequence) and tests if that range is less than a predetermined threshold T1. In a preferred embodiment threshold T1 is approximately 2.65x10 -3 kg. (3/32 ounces). If the range of the samples is not within threshold T1 microprocessor 78 loops back through 102 to input the next sample and continues to loop through 108 until the last three samples tested do have a range less than threshold T1. Thus, all sequences of length three are tested until a first whose range is less than threshold T1 is found. Then at 110 microprocessor 78 computes an estimate for the weight of the mail piece, as will be described further below. At 112 microprocessor 78 tests to determine if the first estimate computed at 110 is within a predetermined distance of a breakpoint in a postal rate chart such as that shown in Figure 1. If the first estimate is not within the predetermined distance then the first estimate is used to compute the postage value in a conventional manner well known to those skilled in the art. Assuming that the first estimate is within the predetermined distance of a breakpoint, then at 116 microprocessor 78 tests to determine if 12 samples are available. If not, it loops through 118 until 12 samples are available, and then at 122 portions the 12 most recent samples into 3 consecutive groups of 4 samples, and at 124 computes an average for each of the 3 groups. Then, at 130 microprocessor 78 tests to determine if the range of the averages is less then a second threshold T2. If not, at 132 the next sample is input and microprocessor 78 loops through 122. Once a sequence of three averages having a range less then threshold T2 are found then at 130 microprocessor 78 computes the second estimate for the weight and uses the second estimate to determine the postage amount for the mail piece. In the above mentioned U.S. Patent Number 4,787,048, a postal scale where first and second estimates are computed for the weight of a mail piece and the second estimate is used when the first estimate is sufficiently close to a break point is disclosed. In the preferred embodiment disclosed in this patent the first estimate was based on two consecutive samples having a range less then a first threshold, and the second estimate was based on three consecutive samples having a range less than a second, smaller threshold. Since the development of the postal scale of the ′048 application, Applicants have realized that a substantial improvement in the average time to determine the weight of a mail piece can be achieved by an improved method of calculating the first estimate. In accordance with applicants invention the first estimate is determined as a function of three or more, and preferably three, samples whose range is less than threshold T1. The first estimate is then computed as the average of all samples, except for the earliest sample. This computation allows use of a relatively wide threshold T1 so that the first estimate is determined quickly yet provides sufficient accuracy so that the first estimate may be used near to a breakpoint, so that a larger portion of weights can be determined using the first estimate. Examination of Figure 3 will show that frequently the first sample taken after a mail piece is applied will fall on the raising edge of the transient response. With, in the preferred embodiment described above, threshold T1 equal to 2.65x10 -3 kg. (3/32 ounces) the first sequence which has a range less than threshold T1 frequently will include this first sample. Accordingly, Applicants have learned that a more accurate estimate is achieved by discarding the possibly anomalous first sample. Using this method of computing the first estimate the Applicants have determined that the first estimate may be accepted if it is no closer than approximately 1.78x10 -3 kg (1/16 ounce) to a breakpoint. The sampling rate is temporarily increased so that the cut-off frequency of filter 76 is approximately doubled when a mail piece is detected, allowing signals to respond more quickly to the rapidly rising edge shown in Figure 3. In another embodiment, filter 76 may simply be by-passed temporarily when a mail piece is detected. The Applicants have also determined that an average time of approximately 250 milliseconds for determining the weight of a mail piece can be achieved with a second threshold T2 of approximately 8.85x10 -4 kg (1/32 ounces). The second estimate is then computed as the average of all samples comprised in the sequence of three averages, again excepting the earliest sample, for the reasons described above. This second estimate is found to satisfy the accuracy specifications suitable for postal scales (i.e. ± 1/32 ounces). In a preferred embodiment of the subject invention, wherein: the first estimate is computed as the average of the second and third samples of a sequence of three samples whose range is less than approximately 2.65x10 -3 kg. (3/32 ounces), the second estimate is computed as the average of all samples except, for the earliest, of a sequence of three groups of four samples whose averages have a range less than approximately 8.85x10 -4 kg. (1/32 ounces), the samples are taken at approximately 20 millisecond intervals, and are processed by a digital filter having a cut off frequency below 5 Hz., the pan assembly and load cell structure has no resonances below 5 Hz., and the mail piece is applied to the scale pan in a controlled and repeatable manner; an average time to determine the weight of representative series of mail pieces has been observed to be approximately 260 milliseconds (Note that in this observation, data samples were recorded and processed off-line to facilitate evaluation of the results). While in Figure 1 there are shown postal rate data in terms of weights in ounces and charges in cents (i.e. the standard units determinative of postal rates in USA), the apparatus of the invention can readily be configured to operate on the basis of other postal rate-determinative units. For instance, mail pieces can be weighed in grams or kilograms, and the postal charges can be calculated in currencies other than that shown in Figure 1.

Claims: A scale comprising: (a) means for supporting an item to be weighed, said support means (12) further comprising: (a1) a pan (18) for receiving said item; (a2) transducer means (10) for generating an output representative of the instantaneous response of said support means, said pan and said transducer being connected to form a structure (20); (a3) said output of said transducer means (10) being processed by a low pass filter (76), said filter (76) having a cut-off frequency less than a predetermined frequency; b) means for receiving said output of said transducer means and for determining the weight of said item as a function of said output; characterised in that: c) the average time for determining the weight of a representative series of said items is approximately equal to a predetermined time; d) said structure (20) is designed so that its stiffness is sufficiently great in relation to its mass that it has no substantial resonances below said predetermined frequency, the period of said frequency being substantially less than said predetermined time; and e) wherein said filter is a digital filter (76) and there are means so that said cut-off frequency of said digital filter is, in use, temporarily increased for a period approximately coincident with an initial response of said support means (12) to an application of said item to be weighed. A scale according to claim 1 wherein said transducer means (10) comprises a load cell. A scale according to claim 1 or claim 2 further comprising means for applying said item to said support means (12) in a controlled and repeatable manner. A scale according to claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein, there are means so that in use, the rate at which said digital filter (76) samples said output is temporarily increased for said period approximately coincident with an initial response of said support means (12) to an application of said item to be weighed such that the cut off frequency is approximately doubled.

Inventors: FEINLAND SEYMOUR, FREEMAN GERALD C, FEINLAND, SEYMOUR, FREEMAN, GERALD C.
Applicants: PITNEY BOWES INC, PITNEY BOWES INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: G01G23
IPC codes: G01G23, G07B17