PIPE RESTRAINT

Abstract: Helical isolator (I<1>) in a turnbucle frame (16) on a central tube (4) with an adjustable gapped central rod (2) with connector rods (34, 36) of opposite handed threads, are for mounting between a pipe and an adjacent structure. The wire energy absorbing rope bights (32) of the isolator (I<1>) is placed in a state of precompression and have bi-linear spring properties which are adjustably provided by means of the diameter of the structural tube (16) and spacer bar (30) held in place relative to the tube wall (18) as part of the base (28) of the isolator.

Description: PIPE RESTRAINT BACKGROUND This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 07/915,477 filed July 16, 1992 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 07/808,132 filed December 16, 1991 for PIPE RESTRAINT. Piping systems are typically anchored at two or more ends by the process equipment they connect. As the pipe expands due to thermal growth induced by a hot process fluid,it will deform as shown in Fig. 1. If restraints are required to limit dynamic displacements at locations on the pipe which also have thermal movements, a design conflict will exist. This is true in electrical generating plants, for example, where thermal pipe growth may approach 450 mm (18 inches). For example, if one was to place rigid restraint at Point A, as shown in Fig. 1A, the pipe would not expand as shown in Fig. 1 and may result in an over-stressed condition in the pipe or an unacceptable load on the process equipment. Industry traditionally has resolved this conflict with the use of snubbers. Snubbers allow the pipe to freely expand but momentarily restrain the pipe during a dynamic event. Both mechanical and hydraulic snubbers commonly have been used to restrain piping systems. The problems with snubbers are that they are complex, require maintenance and have a history of failure. These problems have resulted in costly inspection programs in, for example, the nuclear industry. This in turn has prompted many utilities to reduce snubber populations and consider alternatives. An alternative to snubbers is the use of gapped supports. The disadvantage of this form of dynamic restraint is that it absorbs no energy and imparts very high impact loads on the structure. Another alternative to snubbers is the use of energy absorbers. Others have proposed varying forms of energy absorbers. One type uses steel plates to absorb energy through plastic deformation of the plates as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,620,688. A drawback of this device is its low cycle fatigue life. Other proposed types of energy absorbers are shown in U.S.Patent Nos. 4,955,467 and 4,901,829- Energy is absorbed by friction in these devices. A major drawback of these patented devices are the large amount of variability in the resulting friction force. In yet another device, the basic element of the restraint is the multi-stranded helical cable trapped between two plates such that energy is absorbed by the deformation of the cable when vibration occurs. This component of the device, known as an "isolator", has been utilized by the military, in satellites, warships, space shuttles, aircraft, off-road vehicle applications, and other areas for many years. The primary use of isolators has been to minimize the transmission of vibration from one component to another. A major producer of isolators is AEROFLEX International, Inc. of Plainview, New York, 11805, assignee of U.S. Patent Nos. 4,783,038 and 4,190,227 related to isolators. For other related prior art see U.S. Patent Nos. 2,421,822, 3,204,911, and 4,397,069. The inventor first considered the use of helical rope isolators as a pipe restraint in 1984. It was thought that the device would be a good seismic restraint which could replace snubbers on piping systems- Conversations with AEROFLEX, a major supplier of isolators, indicated that they did not think it would work well as an isolator due to the relatively low frequency content of the typical building response to an earthquake. The inventor's thoughts, at that time, were not to isolate the pipe from structure in order to minimize the seismic inputs to the pipe, but to use the device to add damping to the piping system and to maintain pipe displacement to acceptable levels during a seismic event. He recognized that while snubbers limited displacements, they added little damping to the system. In 1984, accordingly, he built a test set-up to determine the response of a pipe supported with and without the isolators. Test results were very favorable, based on the amount of additional damping the isolator provided the system. He presented the results of the experiment in 1986 at the "Symposium on Current Issues Related to Nuclear Power Plant Structures, Equipment and Piping" at North Carolina State University. Those same results were later published in Nuclear Engineering and Design in 1988. This paper is identified as "Vol. 107, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988, pp 201-204". Based on the encouraging test results, the inventor began to promote the idea of using isolators as a pipe restraint for seismic and hydraulic transient applications. This was done primarily at Commonwealth Edison Company and through public seminars he gave on piping design. A commercial piping application occurred in 1990 when Commonwealth Edison elected to try isolators on a piping system which was causing a floor slab, to which the pipe was connected, to vibrate at unacceptable levels. The inventor incorporated helical isolators into a design which differs from the invention and allowed the existing pipe support hardware to be utilized. Pipe thermal expansion was not an issue in that case since the pipe was previously supported by rigid supports at the problem locations. It is also noted that in that particular application, the primary purpose of the device was to act as an isolator. The isolator application decoupled the pipe from the floor slab so as to minimize the pipe vibration input to the floor slab. This was a classical application of isolators. The secondary purpose of the device was to minimize the amplitude of the pipe vibration. This installation was a success. The use of isolators as a pipe restraint has been promoted by the inventor for a number of years, however, the invention includes a new discovery which has not been previously known. A principal problem in using isolators is that the conflict of design requirements between pipe thermal expansion and a system for restraint of dynamic events is not solved. While the use of an isolator can provide for some thermal expansion, it is generally limited to small amounts due to the restraining spring force the isolator imparts to the pipe. This provides for limited use of isolators as pipe restraints since direct use of conventional isolators as a pipe restraint results in the same conflict of design requirements between thermal expansion and restraining dynamic displacements. An isolator is a spring. For thermal expansion considerations, a soft spring is desirable so as to not over-stress the pipe or overload the terminating equipment. For dynamic events, however, a stiff spring is desirable since it is desired to limit the magnitude of the dynamic displacements. An invention which is an energy absorption and pipe displacement limiting device of simple construction, ease of inspection and minimal maintenance was filed with the U.S. Patent Office on December 16, 1991 as U.S. Application No. 07/808,132. An improvement to this patent application was filed with the U.S. Patent Office on July 16, 1992 as Patent Application No. 07/915,477. The filed inventions act as a pipe restraint for connection between a pipe subject to movement due both to dynamic loads and to thermal deformations and an adjacent structure. They are adjustable in tu nbuckle-like fashion and possesses symmetric stiffness in both tension and compression which resists buckling under load. U.S. Patent Application No. 07/915,477 offers a number of improvements of the invention filed as U.S. Application No. 07/808,132. The improvements provide for a more efficient use. of wire rope, a lighter and more compact restraint design, an additional means of providing for bi-linear spring stiffness properties, a means for limiting the load transferred to the structure and various means which provide for ease of manufacture. These improvements are accomplished through alteration of the wire rope bight geometry and structural housing, and the addition of internal stops. The improvements each of these provide are discussed in the following paragraphs: Wire Rope Bights - The bights of commercially available wire rope isolators used in the original invention are arranged such that they form a stable geometry when loaded in compression as shown in Figure 2. This is accomplished by arranging the bights in opposing directions as indicated in Figure 2. This stable arrangement of bights, however, is not required for the current invention to work since the bights are loaded in shear rather than compression and are stabilized by the structural housing of the invention. Furthermore, the arrangement of bights in the fashion depicted in Figure 2 provide for inefficient use of the wire rope in the invention. This is due to the difference in load which the bights carry when the isolator is loaded in shear as shown in Figure 2A. Some of the bights are more deformed and thus loaded heavier than the others. This inefficiency can be minimized by forming the bights in a near parallel fashion from a continuous wire rope wound in a single direction as shown in Figure 6. Furthermore, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 07/915,477, the inefficiency can be eliminated through the addition of a third retaining bar, forming each bight from individual lengths of rope and arranging all of the bights in parallel planes as depicted in Figure 6B. This method of employing individual lengths of rope and three retaining bars is similar to the arch isolator described in Patent No. 4,783,038. In either case, the bights are typically trapped between two retaining bars as shown in Figure 7. An alternative method of trapping the bights is the use of a rectangular tube filled with epoxy as depicted in Figure 7A. This latter method of trapping the bights is incorporated in the design of isolators manufactured by ENIDINE of Orchard Park, New York. This method of trapping the bights is extended by the invention to the central load carrying member of the restraint. For example, the central member may be composed of a round tube with holes provided for the wire rope to pass through. The central tube is then filled with epoxy to hold the bights in place as shown in Figure 8. Alternatively, cast metal can be used to fill the void in lieu of epoxy. A third method of trapping the bights is to cast the bars/central rod around the formed bights. -o- The arrangement of parallel or near parallel bights also provides for a bi-linear force-deflection properties without precompressing the bights. With a parallel or near parallel bight geometry, the isolator is more flexible in shear when initially deflected and becomes increasingly stiffer as the deflection increases as shown in Figure 17. Figure 17 is the test results from an isolator which had an arrangement of parallel bights which were not preco pressed. Such bi-linear properties provide for a "soft" spring to allow for pipe thermal expansion and "stiff" spring properties to limit pipe dynamic displacements. The range of the "soft" portion of the spring can be further increased by precompressing the bights as previously disclosed in the U.S. Patent Application No. 07/808,132. The efficient arrangement of the bights can also provide a means of reducing the profile of the pipe restraint structural housing. This is desirable since space is sometimes limited in nuclear and process plants, which would utilize these restraints. Alternate restraining devices provide for a compact overall geometry. A means of reducing the profile of the pipe restraints is accomplished by arranging the bights in a fashion depicted in Figure 12. Structural Housing - U.S. Patent Application No. 07/808,132 utilized a rectangular shaped structural housing for retaining the bights. The arrangement of bights in the fashion disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 07/915,477 and depicted in Figure 8 more readily allows the use of a circular tube for the structural housing. This is desirable since tubing of various diameters and thicknesses are readily commercially available. The use of round tubing offers an alternate means of precompressing the bights, a means of protecting them from damage and a means of reducing the chance of human injury when the bights are deflected during pipe movements. A structural housing composed of circular tubing also provides for a means for efficient manufacturing to accommodate varying stiffness and load capacities. By manufacturing bights in standard size groups, the stiffness and load capacity of a restraint may be increased by simply adding more bight groups to a longer rod and structural housing as depicted in Figure 15. Alternatively, bight groups of three or four may be located around the central rod as depicted in Figures 16,and 16A respectively. Internal Stops - The forces associated with piping hydraulic transients and seismic events are seldom accurately known. Industry designs for such forces using "nominal" design loads. While nominal design loads are chosen which are thought to envelope the maximum actual loads, occasionally the actual loads exceeds the nominal design loads. Pipe restraints are selected based on their capacity to carry a nominal design load. Exceeding this load on the restraint described in U.S. Patent Application No. 07/808,132 may result in plastic deformation of the wire rope bights due to excessive deflections. Such excessive deflection may also cause an overstress in the piping system. As a means of limiting such excessive deflections and still provide a safety margin in the force carrying capacity of the restraint, the displacement is limited by internal stops as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 07/915,477. The bight retaining bars may act as stops or stops may be welded to, or an integral part of, the central rod. Alternatively, stops may befastened to the central rod by means of shear pins. Such shear pins are sized such that they are the weak link of the various load carrying members of the restraint. Their size are also dictated by the safety factor desired in the restraint rated load. The use of shear pins offer the additional ability of absorbing a large amount of energy should they be deformed plastically. This provides additional protection to the piping system under extreme dynamic events and limits the load transmitted to the structure to the shear pin-failure load. THEORY OF THE INVENTION The current invention provides for the same improvements as U.S. Patent Application 07/915,477 in an alternate form by means of an asymmetric arrangement of the wire rope bights. The current invention also offers improvements of the inventions filed as U.S. Patent Applications 07/808,132 and 07/915,477. The improvements provide for additional energy absorption by means of friction members and provide for additional thermal expansion by means of gaps in the assembly. The asymmetric bight arrangement and improvements are discussed in the following paragraphs: Asymmetric Bight Arrangement - U.S. Patent Applications 07/808,132 and 07/915,477 arranged bights in a symmetric fashion around a central rod. The current invention provides an alternate method of arranging the bights in an asymmetric fashion around a central rod as shown in Figure 4. An asymmetric bight arrangement also allows the bights to be external to the load carrying members as shown in Figure 11. This latter arrangement allows for visual inspection of the bights without disassembly of the load carrying parts of the restraint should this be desirable for particular applications. These alternate arrangements provide for the use of bights formed from a continuous wire rope such as depicted by Figure 6 or individual bight segments as depicted in Figure 6C while still maintaining a compact restraint geometry. An asymmetric bight geometry results in bending loads on the central rod and structural housing. The bending is due to the structural housing and central rod restraining the bights in the direction normal to the central rod. If left unrestrained, as the bights are deflected in shear, they would also deflect in the normal direction as depicted in Figure 3A. By restraining the bights in the normal direction as depicted in Figure 3B, a force normal to the shear direction is developed as the bights are deflected in the shear. In an asymmetric bight arrangement, this normal force produces bending in the central rod and structural housing. The force is proportional the bight stiffness in the normal direction and increases as the bights are deflected in shear. Depending on the bight stiffness in the normal direction, the bending load may cause a large bending stress and deflection to develop in the central rod when the restraint is loaded. This stress and deflection can be minimized by the addition of a stiffener member(s) to the central rod/bight assembly as depicted in Figures 10A and 11B. Restraints which have a relatively large number of bights and/or provide for large pipe thermal movements will have a relatively long structural housing and central rod. In such cases, it may be impractical to attach a stiffener to the central rod. A slide bearing added to the restraint assembly as shown in Figure 5 minimizes the bending load in the central rod and structural housing. In this arrangement, the slide bearing fills the void between the central rod and the bight retaining bar adjacent to the structural housing as shown in Figure 5A. In order for the slide bearing to be effective, the assembly of bights are not fastened directly to the structural housing. Instead, stop plates are incorporated into the design to retain the position of the bight assembly relative to the structural housing as shown in Figure 5. As the restraint is loaded, the bending load is minimized due to internal force equilibrium in the normal direction which the slide bearing provides. Slide bearings with various permanent lubricants which minimize the frictional load are readily commercially available. Friction Member - Additional energy may be dissipated in the current invention if the slide bearing is not lubricated. In this case, the bearing becomes a friction member. The same may be accomplished in the symmetric bight arrangement by the addition of two friction members as shown in Figure 14. The addition, of a friction member(s) results in force-deflection characteristics which differ from previously patented friction type energy absorbers. In friction type energy absorbers such as described in U.S. Patents 4,955,467 and 4,901,829, the friction force is constant throughout the friction stroke of the restraint. In the current invention, the friction force is dependent on the amount of restraint deflection. By proper selection of the restraint housing and spacer bar(s), a small gap can exist between the friction member and the central rod. Thus, in the central portion of the restraint stroke, the friction force will equal zero. As the restraint is displaced from the central stroke position to the intermediate stroke position, the gap closes and a relatively small but increasing friction force is present. This friction force is additive to the restoring shear force provided by the deflected bights. As the restraint displacement increases beyond the intermediate stroke position to the end stroke position, the friction force becomes significantly larger due to the increasingly larger restoring force of the bights in the normal direction. The variable friction force provided by the invention is desirable since the force is relatively small when the restraint is stroked in the central/intermediate positions and thus has little effect on limiting thermal expansion of the pipe. As the piping displacement increases due to a transient load such as a seismic event or hydraulic transient, the friction load becomes significant and combined with the restoring force of the wire rope bights, arrest the pipe displacement. As the restraint is cycled, energy is dissipated by the hysteresis of the cyclic friction force provided by the friction member(s). This energy dissipation is in addition to that provided by the deflection of the wire rope bights. Thermal Gaps - The restraint provides for pipe thermal expansion by means of the bi-linear stiffness properties of near parallel or parallel bights as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 07/915,477. The "soft" portion of the bi-linear curve can be further increased and allow for additional pipe thermal expansion by precompressing the bight assembly as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application 07/808,132. The current invention provides for a third method of allowing for additional pipe thermal expansion by means of gaps. Such gaps are provided by replacement of the central rod with a tube and telescoping rod assembly as shown in Figure 4. The amount of additional pipe thermal expansion provided by the gaps is simply a function of the gap size. Similar gaps can also be provided in symmetric bight arrangements. Unlike conventional "gaped" restraints, the incorporation of gaps into the current invention, does not result in large impact loads being imparted to the pipe and supporting structure. This is due the deceleration and energy absorption provided by the wire rope after the gap closes at either end. Belleville disk springs are incorporated into the design to minimize the impact load between internal parts should the gap suddenly close. The invention provides for simple adjustment of the gap size by changing the position of the threaded stop at one end of the restraint. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: The current invention is an improved energy absorption and pipe displacement limiting device of simple construction, ease of inspection and minimal maintenance which is an alternate form of U.S. Patent Applications 07/808,132 and 07/915,477. The current invention also provides an additional means of limiting transient displacements and absorbing energy through the addition of a friction member(s). The current invention also provides for an additional means of providing for pipe thermal expansion through the addition of gaps. The invention acts as a pipe restraint for connection between a pipe subject to movement due both to dynamic loads and to thermal deformations and an adjacent structure. It is adjustable in turnbuckle-1 ike fashion and possesses symmetric force-deflection properties in both tension and compression which resists buckling under load. The invention arranges wire rope bights in a compact manner which may be symmetric or asymmetric such as to minimize the profile of the restraint. The arrangement of the bights may vary, including an efficient means of loading all bights equally. Internal stops provide a means of protecting the bights from excessive displacements. Shear pins provide a means absorbing additional one time energy and act as the weak link of the restraints' load carrying elements. Energy absorbing friction members provide a variable friction force which is minimized in the thermal expansion range of the restraint and becomes increasingly larger as the restraint is displaced beyond the thermal expansion range. The novel device of the invention includes a central rod with stops which slides telescopically within a central hollow cylinder. The central rod has stops on each end, one of which is threaded to provide for adjusting a gap size. A second hollow cylinder sliding telescopically receives one end of the central cylinder. The second hollow cylinder provides for a permanent length adjustment of the restraint. Connected to the second cylinder, and having walls spaced from and surrounding an intermediate portion of the central cylinder for axial movement relative thereto, is an end cap. The end cap is screwed or otherwise connected to a circular tube which acts as a frame or structural housing. Connected to the other end of the tube is another end cap which surrounds an intermediate portion of the central cylinder and allows for relative axial movement. A first base member mounted on the periphery of the intermediate portion of the central cylinder. A second base member is located and held in place at tube (frame or housing) wall location opposite the first base forming member. An arrangement of wire energy absorbing rope bights, each having portions in a state of precompression, is fixed to the first base member and the second base member to provide a pipe movement restraint having bi-linear force-deflection properties when the adjustable gap is set to zero and tri-linear force-deflection properties when the adjustable gap is not zero. The base members include both bight capturing members and spacer bars to determine the extent of precompression of the wire energy absorbing rope bights and therefore to adjust the stiffness ranges of the bi-linear spring properties. The bights may be formed from a continuous length of wire rope. Alternatively, the bights may be formed from individual lengths of wire rope and captured by three base members. In either case, the deflection of the wire rope bights are limited to the gaps provided between the wire rope base member(s) connected to the central cylinder and the housing end caps. The base forming members of the bights may be composed of parallel plates which trap the wire rope by friction or hollow tube members filled with epoxy or cast metal as the means of securing the wire rope. When required to limit radial deflection of the central cylinder, a stiffener bar is added adjacent to the first base member which is connected to the central cylinder. Alternatively, a slide bearing is located between the central cylinder and second base member to limit radial deflection of the central cylinder. The restraint may be designed to absorb additional energy by use of a friction member in place of a slide bearing. The friction member may be provided in the asymmetric arrangement of bights described in the current patent or multiple friction members may be provided in a symmetric arrangement of bights. Connected by a shear pin(s) to the central cylinder is an internal stop. The shear pin(s) act as the controlled weak link of the restraint's load carrying parts and provide for an additional means of absorbing energy should the rated load of restraint be exceeded. Belleville disk springs located on the central rod and at each gap end act to soften the impact blow to the internal stops when either of the internal gaps suddenly close during a transient event. The device is attached between the pipe and adjacent structure with capability for an "in-field" turnbuckle type of restraint adjustment. This is made possible by the ends of the first and second hollow cylinders remote from the intermediate portion of the central rod having threads of opposite hands to which connecting rods with spherical eye bearings are adjustably attached by means of the threads. The invention geometrically arranges isolators in such a fashion so as to allow one end of the invention to be connected to a pipe and the other end connected to a static structure. The restraint allows for thermal expansion, exhibits excellent damping characteristics and has a high cycle fatigue life. The invention can carry tension and compression loads without buckling and is adjustable in turnbuckle-like fashion. The invention utilizes a "gapped" central rod and wire rope bights in a "turnbuckle" tube with a spacer bar(s) to create a condition of precompression. This solves the conflict of design requirements by providing an adjustable pipe restraint with tri- linear force deflection properties. That is, the invention has a free travel range and "soft" spring range for thermal expansion and a "stiff" spring range for dynamic events. The bi-linear portion of the force deflection curve is produced by arranging the bights in parallel planes or near parallel planes and precompressing the bights by varying the structural housing tube diameter and by the addition of spacer bars. By altering tube diameter and/or the thickness of the spacer bars, the range of the "soft" portion of the spring is altered and by changing the radial gap setting varying degrees of pipe thermal deformation and, or, displacement are provided for. A friction member(s) may be added to the restraint to absorb additional energy. The friction force provided by the member(s) is variable such that the force is minimal in the restraint's "soft" range and becomes increasingly larger in the restraints "stiff" range. Thus, the frictional force has minimal effect in restraining pipe thermal expansion and provides an additional means of controlling dynamic displacements and absorbing energy. The response characteristics of the restraint can be designed by varying the gap, the diameter of the wire rope, the number of strands in the rope, the rope length, the twist or lay of the wire rope, the geometry of the arrangement and the number of bights. The response characteristics can also be altered by precompressing the bights, and/or the degree of parallel of the bights, thus altering the ranges of spring stiffness. The response characteristics may be further altered by the addition of a friction member(s). The invention provides for the arrangement of gaps, isolators and optional friction members in such a way that a tri- linear force-deflection is produced. This is a desirable attribute which provides for both thermal deformation of the pipe and dynamic load protection. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a schematic elevational view of a pipe connected between process equipment, a pump and a tank, showing the effect of temperature change on the pipe, with both a cold position of the pipe and a hot position of the pipe due to thermal growth induced by a hot fluid in the pipe illustrated. Fig. 1A is a view similar to Fig. 1 with a rigid pipe restraint fastened at point "A" such that the pipe does not expand as in Fig. 1 and may result in an over-stressed condition in the pipe or an unacceptable load on the process equipment. Fig. 2 is a schematic elevation view of a commercially available isolator subjected to compressive loading. Fig. 2A is a schematic elevation view of a commercially available isolator subjected to shear loading. Fig. 3 is a schematic elevation view of an isolator in an unloaded condition. Fig. 3A is a schematic elevation view of an isolator deflected in the shear and normal directions due to shear loading. Fig. 3B is a schematic elevation view of the deflection of an isolator which is restrained in the normal direction and loaded in shear. Fig. 4 is a schematic elevation view of the energy absorbtion and pipe displacement limiting device of the invention with its wire energy absorbing rope bights each having portions in a state of precompression due to base spacer bar and its sliding central rod with gaped ends and its slide bearing or energy absorbing slide friction member; Fig. 4A is a view taken along line 4A-4A of Fig 4. Fig. 4B is a view taken along line 4B-4B of Fig 4. Fig. 4C is a fragmentary enlarged view of scaled viewing indicators to determine the central cylinder position and amount of load on the wire rope bights, and a scaled viewing indicator on the central rod assembly for determining the deflection of the assembly within the gaps. Fig. 5 is a schematic elevation view of a restraint which does not employ a sliding gapped central rod assembly. Fig. 5A is a view taken along line 5A-5A of Fig. 5. Fig. 6 is a schematic elevation view of an isolator with near parallel bights formed from a continuous length of wire rope. Fig. 6A is a view taken along line 6A-6A of Fig. 6. Fig. 6B is a schematic elevation view of an isolator with parallel bights formed from individual lengths of wire rope. Fig. 6C is a view taken along line 6C-6C of Fig. 6B. Fig. 7 is a schematic isometric view depicting a clamping method of trapping wire rope bights. Fig. 7A is a schematic isometric view depicting an epoxy or cast metal method of trapping wire rope bights. Fig. 8 is a schematic elevation view of a restraint which traps wire rope bights in a central tube filled with epoxy or cast metal . Fig. 8A is a view taken along line 8A-8A of Fig. 8. Fig. 9 is a schematic elevation view showing an asymmetric arrangement of bights assembled into the invention without a slide bearing to limit radial deflection of the central cylinder. Fig. 9A is a view taken along line 9A-9A of Fig. 9. Fig. 10 is a schematic elevation view showing an asymmetric arrangement of bights with a stiffener member assembled into the invention. Fig. 10A is a view taken along line 10A-10A of Fig. 10. Fig. 11 is a schematic plan view showing an asymmetric arrangements of bights assembled into the invention where the bights are external to the load carrying members for ease of visual inspection. Fig. 11A is a schematic elevation view of Fig. 11. Fig. 11B is a view taken along line 11B-11B of Fig. 11. Fig. 12 is a schematic elevation view depicting two isolators combined. Fig. 12A is a view taken along line 12A-12A of Fig. 12. Fig. 13 is a schematic elevation view showing a symmetric arrangement of bights assembled into the invention. Fig. 13A is a view taken along line 13A-13A of Fig. 13. Fig. 14 is a schematic elevation view showing a symmetric arrangement of bights and sliding friction members assembled into the invention. Fig. 14A is a view taken along line 14A-14A of Fig. 14. Fig. 15 is a schematic view showing multiple isolators assembled into the restraint. Fig. 16 is a schematic end view showing three isolators assembled into the restraint. Fig. 16A is a schematic end view showing four isolators assembled into the restraint. Fig. 17 is a graph illustration of the bi-linear spring characteristics of a typical device with parallel bights as shown in Fig. 4 and 4A with no recompression of the bights. Fig. 18 is a graph illustration of the tri-linear force- deflection characteristics of a typical device as shown in Figs. 15 and 15A under, for example, 38 mm (1.5 inches) of precompression and with a 51mm (2 inch) central rod gap. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The numeral 1 generally designates the improved energy absorption and pipe displacement limiting device or pipe restraint of simple construction, ease of inspection and minimal maintenance constructed according to the principals of the invention. The device is for connection between a pipe subject to movement due to dynamic loads and thermal change loads or deformation and an adjacent structure. The device 1 is an assembly which includes a central rod 2 having a hollow cylinder 12 mounted at one end thereof with internal threads of one hand and a hollow cylinder 6 mounted at the opposite end thereof with internal threads of the opposite hand, with the threads of each respective cylinder being at the cylinder end remote from the intermediate portion of rod 2. The rod 2, at one end, is received by two disk springs and a hollow cylinder 8 internally in a slidingly telescopically relationship. At its opposite end, rod 2 is threaded for connection of an internally threaded ring 10 locked to the rod 2 by a pin 42 at one end an a internally threaded cylinder 12 at the other end with a set screw 14 which bears against flat 46 on the central rod 2 so as to prevent unthreading once the gap is set. Access is gained to the set screw 14 by means of a hole 50 provided in the housing. The rod 2 is received by two Belleville disk springs 38 and by stop cylinder 8 in a telescoping relationship. The rod assembly 2,8,10,12 and 38 is received by central cylinder 12 sliding internally in a telescoping relationship. Stop cylinder 8 is mounted to the central cylinder 4 by means of a shear pin 44. The shear pin 44 is sized such that it is the weak link of the load caring members. The shear pin 44 also provide the safety factor to failure for the device. The shear pin 44 also provides an additional means of absorbing energy and limiting the load on the building structure should the failure load be imposed on the restraint. Connected to the cylinder 6 is a tube or housing 16 having a side wall 18 spaced from and surrounding the intermediate portion of the central cylinder 4. The tube or housing 16 also has end walls 20 and 22, each with a bushing or opening 24 to allow the frame 16 to slide without binding axially, on and relative, to cylinder 4. An isolator with bights 32 generally designated I is mounted in the tube 16 and include, respectively, a first base forming member 26 located on the periphery of the intermediate portion of cylinder 4 and a second base forming member 28 located on wall 18 opposite base forming member 26. The second base member 28 of isolator I is held in position by end plates 60 and 62 which are fastened to the housing 16. The base forming members 26, and its opposite 28, are positioned in spaced relation to each other in accordance with and at a distance dependant on, other base forming member or spacer 30 which have thicknesses to determine how much precompression wire energy absorbing rope bights 32 are subjected to. The magnitude of this precompression determines the spring characteristics as shown in Fig. 16. A self lubricating slide bearing 56 limits the radial deflections and stresses in the central cylinder 4. Alternatively, the slide bearing 56 may act as a friction member by not using a lubricated surface. Such sliding friction member provides a means of altering the force-deflection properties of the restraint and absorbing additional energy. The gaps between base member 26 and end cap 20 and end cap 22 are dictated by the maximum travel which the isolator I is permitted to travel. Threaded into the first and second mentioned hollow cylinders 6 and 12 and having mating opposite handed threads for engagement with the same at the ends of the cylinders remote from the intermediate portion of central rod 2, are connecting rods 34 and 36, respectively. Jam nuts 40 prevents unthreading of rod ends 34 and 36. Mounted to the interior of the central cylinder 4 is a key 48 which is received by a keyway machined into ring 10 so as to prevent rotation of the central rod relative to the central cylinder when setting the gaps or adjusting the length of the restraint in a turnbuckle manner. One of the connecting rods will connect to a pipe harness (not shown), for example, and one to an adjacent structure (not shown) which may be a static structure such as a part of a building or an adjacent piece of process equipment. Holes (not shown) may be provided in cylinders 6 and 12 for determination of minimum thread engagement of the connecting rods 34 and 36, with cylinders 6 and 12, respectively. A flat is machined at one end of cylinder 12 which is marked with a viewing scale 52 which indicates the gap position of the central rod 2 relative to the central cylinder 4. The central cylinder 4 has a flat machined on one end which is marked with a viewing scale 54 and nameplate 56 so as to determine the deflection and load of the wire rope bights. Various alternate configurations of the invention are possible. Figures 5 through 16 show various forms of the invention and its components. Referring to Figure 5, the central rod assembly 2,8,10,12,38 may be eliminated for cases where the bi-linear stiffness properties of the isolator I have a sufficient flexible range to provide for the pipe thermal expansion range. In this case, a hollow tube 4 receives rod end 36. A pair of disks 64 and 66 are mounted on central cylinder 4 by means of shear pins 68 and 70. The gaps between disk 64 and end cap 20 and disk 66 and end cap 22 are dictated by the maximum travel isolator I is permitted to travel. The shear pins 68 and 70 also provide an additional means of absorbing one time energy and limit the load on the building structure should the failure load be imposed on the restraint. Referring to Figure 6, the efficiency of the isolator I is increased when each bight 32 carries a near equal load. By forming the bights 32 from a continuous wire rope in a single direction as compared to opposing directions, the efficiency of the isolator I is increased. Referring to Figure 6B, the inefficiency is eliminated when bights 32 are parallel and thus equally loaded. In this case, the bights 32 are formed from individual lengths of wire rope which are trapped between three base members 26,27 and 29. Base members 27 and 29 are held together by retention member 72. Referring to Figure 7, the base members 26,27,28,and 29 trap the wire rope bights 32 by friction clamping forces between two plates 74 and 76. Alternatively, base members 26,27,28 and 29 trap the wire rope bights 32 by filling tube 78 with epoxy or cast metal 80. Referring to Figure 8, this same principal may be extended by passing the wire rope bights 32 through the central cylinder 4 and trapping the bights 32 by filling the central cylinder 4 with epoxy or cast metal 80. Referring to Figure 9, slide bearing 56 is not required if the central cylinder 4 has sufficient section properties to limit its radial deflections and bending stresses. In this case, base member 26 and spacer plate 30 are fastened directly to wall 18 of the housing 16. Referring to Figure 10, slide bearing is not required if a stiffener 82 is added and the combined section properties of the central cylinder 4, base member 26 and stiffener 82 has sufficient combined section properties to limit the radial deflection and bending stress in the central cylinder 4. Referring to Figure 11, the isolator I 1 may be external to the structural housing 16 for situations where the bights 32 must be inspectable without disassembly of the device. In this case, a slot 86 is provided in housing 16 to allow base member 26 to pass through and be fastened to central cylinder 16. The length of slot 86 is dictated by the maximum allowed travel of the bights 32 provided by the gaps between the ends of base member 26 and the ends of the slot. Stiffeners 82 and 84 may be added to limit the radial deflections and bending stresses of the central cylinder 4 and structural housing 16. Referring to Figure 12, two parallel bight isolators I and I may be arranged such that their bights 32 overlap. This symmetric arrangement eliminates bending in the central cylinder provides for a compact restraint geometry as shown in Figure 13. The use of two of more isolators does not preclude the use of a friction member(s) For example, referring to Figure 14, friction members 88 and 90 are incorporated into a design which l ? utilizes two isolators I and I . The stiffness properties may be altered by incorporating multiple isolators into the design of the device. For example, referring to Figure 15, Four sets of isolators I ,1 ,1 and I arranged in groups of two along the central cylinder 4 of the restraint. Isolator groups may also vary around the central cylinder 4. Isolators I ,1 ,1 and I are shown in groups of three and four around the central cylinder 4 in Figures 16,and 16A respectively. Referring to the force-deflection curve shown in Figure 17, the range of the soft portion of the bi-linear stiffness curve of an isolator may be varied by the changing the angle between the bight planes and the amount of precompression the bights are subjected to. Figure 17 shows the test results from an isolator which had an arrangement of parallel bights which were not precompressed. The range of the soft portion of the curve shown in Figure 17 may be further increased by precompressing the wire rope bights. Referring to force-deflection curve shown in Fig. 18, the gap and "soft" and "stiff" spring ranges are identified for one particular example of the invention. Based on the pipe having a 114 mm (4.5 inch) thermal travel along the axis of the restraint, one would set the gap and the length of the restraint such that the isolators were deflected to point CP when the pipe was cold. As the pipe expands, the isolators are deflected to the point HP. As the pipe grows, the restoring force which the restraint imposes on the pipe goes from approximately -1335 N (-300 lbs.) to 1335 N (300 lbs.) The average "gapped soft" spring constant is approximately 21.9 KN/M (125 lb/in.) Once in the hot position, the average spring constant is approximately 263 KN/M (1500 lb/in.) or five times the soft spring constant. This higher spring constant provides for more limited displacements when the pipe is subjected to dynamic loadings. This ratio of spring constants can be varied by the choice of isolators I , diameter of the tube 16, the relative angle of bight planes, the gap setting, and/or the thickness of spacer plate 30. Because the force deflection curve is symmetric under tensile or compressive loadings, the restraint may be installed such that it elongates as the pipe expands or shortens as the pipe expands. Furthermore, a restraint can provide for various thermal movements by simply adjusting the gap setting. Accordingly, it will be seen that by means of the described structural arrangement, the invention provides a means for controlling piping displacements due to dynamic loadings including seismic events, fluid induced vibration and equipment induced vibration. The invention geometrically arranges isolators so as to produce a restraint with tri-linear force-deflection properties. The invention provides a gap and a "soft" spring range so as to allow for pipe thermal expansion. A "stiff" spring range is provided so as to control pipe dynamic movements. The range of the soft spring is controlled by the choice of the isolator(s) and the amount which the isolator(s) is precompressed. The range and stiffness of the"stiff" ranges are controlled by the choice of the isolator and the gaps between base member 26 and housing end walls 20 and 22. The invention can carry tensile and compressive forces. The invention stabilizes the isolator(s) so as to prevent gross structural buckling of the restraint under compressive loading. A slide bearing limits the stress and amount of radial deflection of the central rod 2 and central cylinder 4. The slide bearing can act as a friction member which absorbs additional energy by choice of its surface and lack of a lubricant. The invention limits the maximum deflection to which the isolators may be subjected by the location of the end walls 20 and 22. The invention utilizes a shear pin 44 to provide a weak link and thus a means of controlling the failure mode of the restraint, absorbing additional one time energy and limiting the load on the adjacent structure. The invention is simple, requiring no maintenance and has a high cycle fatigue life.

Claims: C LA IMS: 1. An improved energy absorption and pipe displacement limiting device of simple construction, ease of inspection and minimal maintenance, said device for connection between a pipe subject to movement due to dynamic loads and thermal deformation and an adjacent structure and possessing symmetric force-deflection properties in both tension and compression which resists buckling under load being characterized by: an assembly with an adjustable gap which includes a central rod which telescopes within a hollow central cylinder and a second hollow cylinder slidingly telescopically receiving one end of said central cylinder; a tube frame connected to said second cylinder and defining walls spaced from and surrounding an intermediate portion of the central cylinder for axial movement relative thereto; a first base member mounted at the intermediate portion of the central cylinder; a second base member held in place at a wall location opposite said first base member; a sliding bearing or friction member mounted between the second base member and the central cylinder; an arrangement of wire energy absorbing rope bights, each having portions in a state of precompression fixed to said first base member and to said second base member which when combined with said sliding gapped central rod, provide a pipe movement restraint having tri-linear force-deflection properties. 2. The device of claim 1 in which gaps between wire rope base members fastened to the central cylinder and housing end walls limit relative axial movement of said central and second hollow cylinders. 3. The device of claim 1 in which the base members include spacers to determine the extent of precompression of the wire energy absorbing rope bights. 4. The device of claim 1 in which adjacent bights are individual lengths of wire energy absorbing rope each forming substantially parallel planes to one another which provide for bi-linear spring stiffness properties. 5. The device of claim 1 in which adjacent bights are formed from a continuous length of wire energy absorbing rope each forming near parallel planes to one another which provide for bi¬ linear spring stiffness properties. 6. The device of claim 1 in which the bights are arranged in an asymmetric manner around the central rod which provide for a compact geometry. 7. The device of claim 1 in which the ends of said first and second hollow cylinders remote from said intermediate portion of the central cylinder and central rod have threads, one of which is a right hand thread and one of which is a left hand thread, for adjustment of the relative length of the tube frame and therefore the limit of pipe travel by means of a connecting rod adjustably mounted at each cylinder's remote ends in said cylinder threads for a turnbuckle type of adjustment. 8. The device of claim 1 in which gaps between the wire rope base member and housing end walls are adjustable means which provide a means of limiting the deformation of the wire energy absorbing rope bights. 9. The device of claim 8 in which a shear pin between the central cylinder and the stop cylinder act as weak links to control the failure mode of the device, absorb additional amounts of energy under failure, and limit the load on the building structure. 10. The device of claim 1 in which said central rod has two stops, one of which is adjustable by means of threads on one end of said central rod which mate with internal threads of one of the stops and provide for adjustment of the gap and thus the allowed free relative travel of the central rod within the central cylinder. 11. The device of claim 1 in which a slide bearing mounted between the second base member and the central cylinder limits the deflections and bending stresses of the central cylinder and central rod due to an unsym etric bight arrangement. 12. The device of claim 1 in which the slide bearing is left unlubricated act as a friction member and has a friction force which absorbs additional energy and which magnitude is a function of the amount of deflection of the wire energy absorbing rope and has relatively little effect on limiting pipe thermal expansion and becomes increasingly larger as the restraint travels towards the ends of its stroke during a pipe transient event. 13. The device of claim 1 in which the wire rope bights are mounted external to the structural housing to provide for ease of inspection of the wire rope without disassembly of the structural components of the restraint. 14. The device of claim 10 in which the gap does not result in an impact load on the structure or pipe when the gap suddenly closes during the load transfer to the wire rope bights and deceleration and energy absorption provided by the said wire rope bights and optional friction member. 15. The device of claim 10 in which the gap does not result in an impact blow to the internal stops of the restraint when the gap suddenly closes due to the load transfer through Belleville disk springs.

Inventors: LOZIUK LAWRENCE ALEXANDER, LOZIUK, LAWRENCE, ALEXANDER
Applicants: ABB IMPELL CORP, ABB IMPELL CORPORATION
Application year: 1992
Main classification: F16F7
IPC codes: F16F7, F16L3