Portable carbon dioxide monitor

Abstract: A CO₂ monitor which has a reusable portion and a disposable portion is disclosed. The disposable portion includes an airway sensor (4) for connecting between a ventilator output and an endotracheal tube. The airway sensor has ports (16,18) on opposite sides. In one port (16) a disposable infrared light source (20) is inserted with wire contacts extending to the exterior of the airway sensor body. The reusable portion is a detector module (6) which includes a detector (24) and an amplifier. The detector module attaches to the airway sensor so that the detector is disposed in the second port (18) and so that contacts in the detector module communicate with the wire contacts of the light source. The detector module may be removed from the airway sensor without removing the light source from the airway sensor.

Description: This invention relates generally to gas analysis devices, specifically to the detection and monitoring of carbon dioxide gas through the use of non-dispersive infrared optical technology. The primary intended applications are the verification of proper intubation, assessment of the adequacy of ventilation (as in CPR), and the detection of cessation of respiratory activity (apnea). Mechanical ventilating machines and hand bagging techniques both pump respiratory gases to and from a patient through an endotracheal tube that has been inserted into the patient's trachea. The ventilator output port is typically a plastic tube that slides onto the end of the endotracheal tube. Prior art respiratory carbon dioxide analyzers generally fall into one of two categories. The first category is a sidestream system that extracts gas samples from the endotracheal tube and passes the sample through an optical cell within the instrument. The second category is a mainstream system with a precisely-dimensioned optical cell inserted directly in the flow path between the ventilator and the endotracheal tube. The output of both types of prior art analyzers is a precise indication of the shape and duration of the optical waveform and, in some, a precise measurement of carbon dioxide concentration in the respiratory gas. U.S. Patent No. 4,648,396, shows a system with an infrared source and an infrared detector mounted in two heads of a clothespin type clip-on device. The device clips onto a special Y-shaped connector which connects between the endotracheal tube, a source of inspired gas and a receptacle for expired gas. Recesses are provided in the Y connector for mating with the clothespin heads. This system, like other prior art systems, utilizes the fact that carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation at a wavelength of approximately 4.25 microns. However, this system provides only a qualitiative indication of relative changes in carbon dioxide concentration in the airway. Other related systems are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,417,589; 4,537,190; 4,928,703; 3,826,918; and 4,914,720. One problem with measuring the gas content for a particular patient is that of contamination of the sensor. The invention disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,648,396 avoids this problem by having the clothespin sensor clip on to the outside of a special Y-shaped connector with the Y-shaped connector having windows for the passage of infrared radiation. Thus, the sensor never comes in contact with the patient's breath. U.S. Patent No. 3,826,918 shows the use of a porous window with purging fluids to avoid contamination. U.S. Patent No. 4,914,720 shows in Fig. 8 a disposable plastic adapter with sapphire windows. The adapter is placed in the gas monitoring system of Fig. 2 with infrared radiation being projected through the sapphire windows. A preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a semi-quantitative carbon dioxide monitor which has a reusable portion and a disposable portion. The disposable portion is an airway sensor for connecting between a ventilator output and an endotracheal tube. The airway sensor housing has ports on opposite sides. In one port a disposable infrared light source is inserted with wire contacts extending to the exterior of the airway sensor housing. The reusable portion is a detector module including a detector, an amplifier, and a cable for connecting the detector and the light source to a monitor. When the detector module is attached to the airway sensor, the detector is disposed in the second port, and a pair of conductors in the cable makes contact with the light source's electrical contacts. The reusable detector module is connected by a cable to a monitor which includes circuitry for analyzing the waveform from the photodetector output (which corresponds to changes in the carbon dioxide content of the air passing through the airway sensor) to determine if the patient is breathing. The peaks and troughs of the waveform are compared to a threshold computed from historical averages of waveform minimums and maximums to determine whether a waveform cycle is likely to be caused by a breath. The waveform is then qualified as a breath if certain arbitary waveform period and peak value criteria are satisfied. A semi-quantitative display of carbon dioxide concentration is provided by a segmented "blip bar" display on the monitor. Both audible and visual alarms are provided if breathing ceases. For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention, reference should be made to the ensuing detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 shows a system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 2 shows a partial cutaway view of the airway sensor of the system of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 shows a partial cutaway the detector module of the system of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 shows the light source element of the airway sensor of Figs. 1 and 2; and Fig. 5 is a block diagram of all the electronic circuits of Fig. 1. Figs. 1-3 show a respiratory carbon dioxide detection and monitoring system. Carbon dioxide detector unit 2 consists of an airway sensor 4 and a detachable detector module 6. Airway sensor 4 has a housing 10 defining a sensor chamber 9 and an air passageway therethrough. At one end of the air passageway is a respirator port 11 connected to a tube (not shown) leading to a respirator device (such as a mechanical ventilator or anesthesia machine), and at the other end of the air passageway is a patient port 13 connected to a tube (such as an endotracheal tube) (not shown) leading to a patient. In the preferred embodiment, housing 10 is made from polypropylene. A light port 16 and a detector port 18 are formed in housing 10 on opposite sides of sensor chamber 9. Port 16 and port 18 define an optical path of predetermined length across sensor chamber 9 for the optical detection of carbon dioxide flowing through the air passageway as discussed below. As shown in Figure 4(a), an infrared light source 20 is preferably mounted in a casing 21 and covered by a transparent membrane 17 made from 0.001 inch polypropylene. The light source is preferably an incandescent broad band lamp, model OL-3070, manufactured by Oshino Lamps (5 Volt, T1, 1/8" bulb), although any light source with substantial emissions in the infrared band may be used. A pair of wires 22 extend from lamp 20 and are bent over the end of casing 21 as shown in Figure 4(b). Casing 21 fits in a slot 23 formed on the exterior of housing 10 so that the light emitted by source 20 is transmitted along the optical path between port 16 and port 18 and so that wires 22 are exposed to the exterior of housing 10. Once in place, casing 21 is sonically welded to housing 10. A second transparent polypropylene membrane 25 is disposed in housing 10 to seal port 18, as shown in Figure 2. Detachable detector module 6 is preferably U-shaped with a photodetector 24 disposed in one arm and a pair of contacts 26 disposed in the other. A pair of conductors (not shown) lead from contacts 26 to a cable 27. Photodetector 24 is preferably a 2mm by 2mm lead selenide detector (available from OptoElectronics) mounted in a TO-5 can. A narrow bandpass interference filter 58 is disposed on the open end of the can. Filter 58 is preferably a 4.26 micron wavelength filter with a full width at half maximum of 2%. Carbon dioxide absorbs light at this wavelength. Photodetector 24 is mounted on circuit board 59 disposed in detector module 6. Two-stage high gain preamplifiers are mounted on circuit board 60 in detector module 6. In the preferred embodiment, a Texas Instruments TL032 op amp is used for the amplifiers. Detector module 6 attaches to airwary sensor 4 in a snap fit arrangement. A pair of hooks 40 (only one of which is shown in the partial cutaway view of Figure 3) attach to a pair of ribs 42 on airway sensor housing 10 to align photodetector 24 with port 18 along the optical path and to place contacts 26 against lamp wires 22. When attached in this manner, cable 27 can provide power to lamp 20 and can retrieve the amplified signal from photodetector 24, as discussed below. When the system is to be used on a new patient, detector module 6 may be removed from airway sensor 4 without removing lamp 20 from the airway sensor. Airway sensor 4 may then be disposed of and detector module 6 may be reused. As seen in Fig. 1, cable 27 leads from detector module 6 to a monitor 28 to provide power for light source 20 and to transmit the signal from detector module 6. Monitor 28 contains the electronics for driving the lamp and for monitoring and interpreting the detector signals. A green light 30 indicates that the patient is breathing. A "blip bar" display 32 of eight LEDs will light up with each breath, with the number of LEDs lighting up indicating the amount of CO 2 in the exhalation. A red light 34 will be illuminated if no breath is detected, and at the same time an audible alarm will be sounded through a speaker (not shown) to indicate that the patient has stopped breathing or that the tube has become dislodged. The alarm may be silenced for 60 seconds by depressing button 36. A light 37 may be provided to indicate a low battery condition. Fig. 5 shows the overall electronics of the system. Monitor 28 is controlled by a processor, which in the preferred embodiment is a Philips 80C552 microcontroller unit (MCU) 70. MCU 70 is driven by a 16 MHz clock 72. MCU 70 drives light source 20 through a lamp driver 74. The system is powered by 4 "C" batteries. In order to save on circuitry, the pulse width modulator port (PWM) of MCU 70 provides a 2KHz signal at a specified duty cycle to drive the lamp. By selecting the appropriate duty cycle, the intensity of the lamp can be controlled by the MCU to adjust the signal level if necessary, as discussed below. In order to account for DC drift in the photodetector, this system is chopper stabilized, a technique well known in the art. MCU 70 switches on and off the 2KHz signal at a rate of 36.5Hz to create a carrier for the modulating light signal received by the detector, and a low pass filter in lamp driver 74 filters out the 2KHz signal. Comparisons between the voltage levels for light and no light can thus be made in order to compensate for the DC drift of the detector. This electrical pulsing of the lamp is done in lieu of inserting a mechanical chopper wheel in front of the lamp to block and unblock the light between solid and open portions of the chopper wheel. Thus, the present invention eliminates the need for a chopper wheel, making the sensor and detector smaller, lighter, and less prone to failure due to mechanical shocks and vibration, such as being dropped. Good light and dark states are obtained through the use of a bulb with a small, thin filament that can respond rapidly to the current being switched on and off. Such filaments are generally subject to short lifetimes, but the disposable nature of the adapter makes this less of a concern. Because carbon dioxide absorbs infrared light in the wavelength range passed by IR filter 58, the presence of carbon dioxide in the optical path between light source 20 and photodetector 24 will diminish the amount of light received by photodetector 24. This effect is maximized by IR filter 58 in photodetector 24. Thus, when airway sensor 4 is attached to a patient's endotracheal tube, breath to breath changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the adapter will modulate the amplitude of the 36.5Hz carrier received by photodetector 24. The amplitude modulated carrier is sent from detector module 6 to a programmable gain and band pass filter circuit 76 in monitor 28. The programmable gain is provided to adjust the signal in case there is some blockage or occlusion in the adapter preventing light from substantially getting through. The band pass filter separates the modulated carrier from the noise components at higher and lower frequencies. The amplitude modulated carrier is then passed through an amplitude demodulator 78, which is clocked by the MCU to alternately invert half cycles. Amplitude demodulator 78 comprises a full wave rectifier 79 and a low pass filter 80. Full wave rectifier 79 produces an all positive signal. Low pass filter 80 then provides the modulating signal (minus the 36.5Hz carrier) to an analog-to-digital converter 82. Preferably, low pass filter 80 is an approximately 2.5Hz low pass filter. A Butterworth fourth order low pass filter is used. In the preferred embodiment, the lamp driver duty cycle starts at 100%. If, however, the lamp intensity is so bright that the output of low pass filter 80 exceeds the input range of A/D converter 82, MCU 70 lowers the duty cycle to bring the signal back into range. MCU 70 passes the digitized signal through a boxcar filter. This is a digital filter which continually sums the latest N sample values, and divides by N to provide an average value. In the preferred embodiment, N is 8. After filtering, the digitized signal is processed (1) to semi-quantitatively display changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the airway sensor, and (2) to determine whether the time variations in the signal are likely to be caused by the patient's breathing. Assuming that the carbon dioxide concentration in inspired air is negligible, the filtered A/D converter output during inspiration establishes the baseline of the blip bar, i.e ., the condition in which only one LED is lit. Theoretically, this "inspired plateau" is a constant number. The actual digitized output may vary, however, due to the presence of noise. The monitor therefore uses a common slope detection algorithm to identify the "flat" portions ( i.e ., the portions of the signal whose point to point changes are less than an arbitrarily small amount) of the inspired signal and averages the signal values at these flat sections to derive the inspired plateau value IP. The monitor uses IP (1) to set the baseline condition for the blip bar and, (2) as discussed below, as part of the breath qualification algorithm. In order to provide a semi-quantitative output via the blip bar, the filtered and digitized detector module voltage output signal is converted to a signal that varies in a known relation to the carbon dioxide concentration in the airway sensor. According to Lambert-Beer's law, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the optical path between light source and photodetector is proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of the intensity of the light received by the photodetector in the absence of carbon dioxide to the intensity of the light received by the photodetector in the presence of carbon dioxide. By assuming that the concentration of carbon dioxide in inspired room air is negligible, a look-up table can be generated to relate photodetector output taken from the A/D converter ( i.e. , light intensity at the photodetector) to partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the airway sensor. In order to avoid floating point arithmetic, instead of the natural logarithm called for by the Lambert-Beer's equation, the preferred embodiment employs a scaled logarithm of the digitized voltage signal ("slog(v)") based on the input range (1 to 1023--the range of the A/D converter) and the output range (0 to 32,767--a 16 bit integer) as follows: slog(v) = 32,767 ln(v) ln (1023) Values of slog(v) for the range of expected voltage values are stored in a look-up table in the monitor. Assuming that the carbon dioxide concentration in inspired air is negligible, the carbon dioxide concentration in expired air at any given time is theoretically proportional to the difference between the values of the inspired plateau slog(IP) and instantaneous slog(v) i . In fact, system nonlinearities require the use of an empirically derived quadratic equation to relate the slog(v) values to actual carbon dioxide concentration. The value derived from this quadratic relationship is used to activate the blip bar display, as discussed below. The preferred embodiment employs breath detection and breath qualification algorithms to distinguish real breaths from artifact and noise before the monitor begins displaying carbon dioxide concentration on the blip bar, however. The breath detection algorithm establishes a threshold for identifying carbon dioxide concentration peaks and troughs. The monitor maintains a history in a memory buffer of the four most recent waveform amplitude values, where waveform amplitude is defined as one-half the difference between the peak waveform value slog(v) MAX (corresponding to an inspiration, i.e ., negligible carbon dioxide concentration) and the trough waveform voltage value slog(v) MIN (corresponding to an exhalation). The initial value AMP INIT of each of the four stored waveform amplitudes is an arbitrary value greater than the system's characteristic noise. The monitor computes a threshold value T by averaging the four most recent waveform amplitudes. The next slog(v) MAX must exceed T, and the following slog(v) MIN must drop below T, in order for that section of the slog(v) signal waveform to be "detected" as a likely breath. After the monitor detects a waveform cycle that is likely to be a breath, the waveform must be qualified as a breath. The monitor's breath qualification algorithm has two steps. First, the monitor computes the waveform cycle period P, the inspired waveform period P IN , and the expired waveform period P EX . The monitor rejects values of P, P IN and P EX that are too low or too high to be actual breaths. In the preferred embodiment, P, P IN and P EX must correspond to an instrument operating range of 3 breaths/min. to 100 breaths/min. For the second breath qualification criterion, the monitor looks to see if the inspired plateau digitized voltage value IP discussed above is greater than an arbitrary minimum. If it is not, the monitor will increase the power of the light source (if it is not already at maximum power) in an effort to raise the level of the signal above the expected level of background noise. Once a breath is detected and qualified, the monitor begins mapping the calculated carbon dioxide concentration values onto the blip bar. Each blip bar segment represents a range of carbon dioxide concentrations. Because some of the system's compenents are temperature sensitive, however, the mapping must be a function of the ambient temperature. In the preferred embodiment, the monitor uses nine different look-up tables--each corresponding to a different temperature subrange within the overall operating temperature range of the system (0-40 deg. C)--to relate the computed carbon dioxide concentration to the number of segments illuminated. In this way, the relationship between blip bar display and actual carbon dioxide concentration remains substantially constant at any temperature within the recommended operating range. The mapping continues for all subsequently computed carbon dioxide concentration values unless and until the apnea alarm triggers. Also, after a breath is detected and qualified, the monitor stores one-half the difference between the current slog(v) MAX and slog(v) MIN values in memory in place of the oldest of the stored waveform amplitudes. The monitor will then compute a new value of T for use in the detection of the next likely breath. This updating of the amplitude and threshold values occurs after each qualified breath. Finally, qualification of a new breath resets the apnea alarm clock. Until a new breath is qualified, the stored waveform amplitude values (and the value of T) remain unchanged for the duration of a time-out period defined as twice the period P of the most recent qualified breath cycle, as discussed below. After a period equal to 2*P has passed, the monitor replaces the oldest of the stored waveform amplitudes with AMP INIT and recomputes T. If no likely breaths are detected and qualified for a second period equal to 2*P, then the monitor replaces the next oldest stored waveform amplitude with AMP INIT and recomputes T. The process repeats until all four waveform amplitude memory slots store the value AMP INIT , in which case the value of T is AMP INIT as well. If the monitor fails to qualify any breaths for the duration of an arbitrary apnea alarm period, the monitor alarms (preferably both audibly and visually) to indicate apnea, or the cessation of breathing by the patient, and the blip bar display enters a "breath search" mode in which the LED segments are lit in a moving pattern unlike that of a breath. In the preferred embodiment, the apnea alarm period is 20 seconds. An alarm condition resets the amplitude and threshold parameters to their initial conditions. As will be understood by those familiar with the art, the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. For example, the inner diameter of the patient port 13 of airway sensor 4 is preferably equal to the outer diameter of the patient's endotracheal tube. In addition, changes in the length of the optical path could be signaled to the monitor using a coded resistor with the adapter in the manner disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,621,643.

Claims: An airway sensor (4) for use in a system for measuring a constituent gas in the breaths of a patient, the airway sensor comprising: a sensor body (10) defining a gas inlet (13), a gas outlet (11), and a gas passageway between the gas inlet and the gas outlet; means (16, 18) in the sensor body (10) for defining an optical path across the gas passageway, the optical path having a first end (16) and a second end (18); a light source (20) mounted in the sensor body (10) at the first end (16) of the optical path; characterized by means for attaching a photodetector (24) to the sensor body (10) at the second end (18) of the optical path and for removing the photodetector (24) from the sensor body (10) without removing the light source. The airway sensor of claim 1 in which the means for defining an optical path comprises a light source port (16) and a detector port (18) formed in the sensor body (10). The airway sensor of claim 2 further comprising optically transmissive membranes (17 and 25, resp.) disposed in the light source port (16) and in the detector port (18). The airway sensor of claim 1, 2, or 3, comprising a pair of electrical contacts (22) extending from the light source (20) to the exterior of the sensor body (10) for connection to a power source. The airway sensor of any one of claims 1 to 4 in which the gas inlet (13) comprises means for attaching to an endotracheal tube. A sensor system for measuring a constituent gas in the breaths of a patient, the system comprising the sensor (4) according to any of claims 1 to 5, and further comprising a detector module (6) comprising electrical conductor means, the photodetector (24) communicating with the electrical conductor means, electrical contact means (26) communicating with the electrical conductor means, and means (40, 42) for attaching the detector module (6) to the sensor body (10) to place the photodetector (24) at the second end (18) of the optical path and to provide electrical contact between the electrical contact means (26) and the light source (20) and for removing the detector module (6) from the sensor body (10) without removing the light source (20). The sensor system of claim 6 and 4 in which the pair of electrical contacts (22) extends from the light source (20) to the exterior of the sensor body (10) for connection to the electrical contact means (26) of the detector module. A respiratory carbon dioxide detection system comprising the sensor system according to claims 6 or 7 and further comprising a monitor (28) communicating with the electrical conductor means of the detector module the monitor (28) having means for computing the carbon dioxide concentration of the gas in the optical path of the airway sensor and for semi-quantitatively displaying the carbon dioxide concentration. The system of claim 8 in which the monitor (28) comprises a bar display (32) comprising a plurality of separate light sources.

Inventors: CULVER JOHN A, DAVENPORT JAMES M, FARBARIK JOHN M, FLEWELLING ROSS F, STUART CHARLES E, CULVER, JOHN A., DAVENPORT, JAMES M., FARBARIK, JOHN M., FLEWELLING, ROSS F., STUART, CHARLES E.
Applicants: NELLCOR PURITAN BENNETT INC, NELLCOR PURITAN BENNETT INCORPORATED
Application year: 1992
Main classification: A61B5
IPC codes: A61B5, G01N21