Method of controlling brakes

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling braking pressure based on wheel slip (λ), wheel acceleration/deceleration (α) and brake pressure membership functions, which may be varied depending on tyre and vehicle stability characteristics, and in which data amounts and space for setting data about the slip ratio and wheel acceleration/deceleration are set so as to increase as their absolute values increase from zero. A method and apparatus of limiting the rate of increase of brake pressure during, for example, breakthrough by repeatedly opening and closing a cut-valve (48) for set periods of time is also described.

Description: The present invention relates to a method of controlling brakes, wherein when a braking force to be applied to each of the brakes is estimated from a wheel slip ratio and a wheel acceleration deceleration so as to control each brake. In a vehicle such as a motorcar, a motorcycle or the like, a so-called brake control system is used in which a speed or velocity of each wheel placed under braking is compared with a vehicle speed and controlling of brakes is effected based on the result of comparison. In the brake control system, a slip ratio is determined from the wheel velocity and the vehicle velocity. When the slip ratio reaches a target slip ratio or above, the slip ratio is reduced by decreasing brake hydraulic pressure, thereby producing the optimum braking force. Further, a driving force control apparatus is known which controls a driving force of an engine by adjusting the ignition timing of the engine upon a vehicle rapid start or depending on a variation in a friction coefficient of a road surface, for example. Even in the case of the driving force control apparatus, the wheel velocity and the vehicle velocity are used as data. Now, the wheel velocity, i.e. the rotational speed of each wheel, can be directly detected by a sensor. It is however difficult to directly detect the vehicle velocity by a sensor. It is also next to impossible to detect the velocity of a vehicle such as a motorcycle whose weight and size are greatly restricted to accommodate the sensor therein. Accordingly, a method is normally used which estimates the vehicle velocity from the wheel velocity. A brake control system is known, in which a slip ratio of each wheel against a road surface is computed from the speed or velocity of a running vehicle and the rotational speed of each wheel, and the optimum braking force is applied to the vehicle based on the computed slip ratio. As an example of such a system, a control logic circuit is shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, each of an inlet valve and an outlet valve is a hydraulic control valve for controlling hydraulic pressure applied to a caliper cylinder (hereinafter called "caliper pressure") to operate a pair of calipers which hold each brake disk therebetween. In the same drawing, each of λ 1 , λ 2 and λ 3 represents a slip ratio of each wheel against the road surface. They have a relationship of λ 1 <λ 2 <λ 3 . Each of α 1 , α 2 and α 3 represents a wheel acceleration and each of -α 1 and -α 2 represents a wheel deceleration. These values have a relationship of -α 2 <-α 1 <0<α 1 <α 2 <α 3 . Now, a parameter represented by -α 1 and -α 2 is changed from "0" to "1" when each of the wheel decelerations has reached a set value (threshold value) or less. Each of parameters other than the parameter referred to above is changed from "0" to "1" when each deceleration has reached the threshold value or more. In the case of the slip ratio, on the other hand, outputs appear on signal lines or conductors set by λ 1 , λ 2 and λ 3 respectively when the slip ratio has reached each of given slip ratios (λ 1 , λ 2 and λ 3 ) or above (threshold value or above). The system is provided with a modulator, and, when activated, control of the caliper pressure by the driver is modified by the operation of the modulator having the aforementioned inlet valve (normally closed to a pressurized fluid source) and aforementioned outlet valve (normally open to a fluid exit), both controlled by the above-described control logic circuit. The modulator increases or decreases the caliper pressure, in response to changes in the pressurized fluid, regulated by such valves. Depending on the operation of the control logic circuit described above, three events may occur. When the inlet and outlet valves are not operated (i.e. their normal state), the modulator releases pressurized fluid through the outlet valve, and increases caliper pressure, to increase braking up to a predetermined maximum. If only the outlet valve is operated (i.e. both the inlet and outlet valves are closed), the modulator remains in a constant state and likewise, the caliper pressure is kept constant. If both the inlet and outlet valves are operated (i.e. opened and closed respectively), then in response to the increased pressurized fluid, the modulator effects a decrease in caliper pressure to reduce braking. The above is summarized in Fig. 2. Thus it is seen that the brake control is effected by setting the threshold value for each of the slip ratio and the acceleration/deceleration, and determining whether or not the actual state of each wheel, i.e. the slip ratio and the acceleration/deceleration, is at their respective threshold value or above (less). It is thus necessary to set processing time as short as possible and to improve the operating speed of an actuator which executes the process referred to above. However, there are limitations on the operating speed of the actuator and an improvement is actually difficult to achieve. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of controlling brakes, wherein a braking force which is applied to each of the brakes can be easily and accurately estimated based on a wheel acceleration/deceleration and a slip ratio, thereby making it possible to effect the optimum brake control. Viewed from a first aspect, the present invention provides a method of controlling brakes, wherein the running stability of a vehicle and the degree of braking applied to the vehicle are controlled by adjusting caliper pressure according to the state of running of the vehicle. The method comprises the steps of: a) determining into which of a plurality of partially overlapping sets, expressed by a membership function of said slip ratios, said determined slip ratios fall, by setting said slip ratios as inputs to said slip ratio membership function; b) determining into which of a plurality of partially overlapping sets, expressed by a membership function of said accelerations and decelerations, said determined accelerations and decelerations fall, by setting said accelerations and decelerations as inputs to said acceleration and deceleration membership function; c) estimating a brake pressure, i.e. the amount of increase and decrease in caliper pressure, from a fuzzy map previously created based on said slip ratio membership function, on said acceleration and deceleration membership function and on a membership function for said caliper pressure; said determined sets of slip ratio and acceleration and deceleration being inputs to said map, and, for any given of said slip ratio sets and acceleration and deceleration sets, said map providing as an output one of a plurality of caliper pressure sets expressed by said caliper pressure membership function; and d) controlling said degree of braking based on the estimated target brake pressure. It is a preferred feature of the present invention to provide a method of controlling brakes, wherein the slip ratio membership function is changed depending on characteristics of tires fixed onto the wheels. It is a further preferred feature of the present invention to provide a method of controlling brakes, wherein the slip ratio membership function is changed depending on the running stability of the vehicle. The above and other objects, features and advantages of tlie present invention will become apparent from tlie following description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown by way of illustrative example. FIG. 1 is a view showing a conventional control logic circuit; FIG. 2 is a view for describing control executed with respect to the outputs of the logic circuit shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a schematic view illustrating the structure of a system for effecting a brake control method according to the present invention; FIG. 4 is a schematic exterior view depicting a motorcycle in which the brake control system shown in FIG. 3 is to be incorporated; FIG. 5 is a view for describing a fuzzy map employed in the brake control method according to the present invention; FIG. 6 is a view for describing a membership function of a slip ratio; FIG. 7 is a view for describing a membership function of an acceleration/deceleration; FIG. 8 is a view for describing a membership function of caliper pressure; FIG. 9 is a view for describing the relationship between a wheel speed and caliper pressure both employed in the present invention and those employed in the prior art; FIG. 10 is a view for describing characteristics of different tires; FIG. 11 is a view for describing a membership function of a slip ratio, based on the characteristics of the different tires; FIG. 12 is a view for describing a membership function of a slip ratio, based on characteristics of a vehicle having excellent running stability and normal vehicle characteristics; A description will now be made of a first embodiment which shows a case in which processing time can be reduced by a brake control method for controlling brake pressure so as to obtain the optimum braking force. Referring to FIG. 4, reference numeral 10 designates a 2-wheeled automotive vehicle, i.e. a motorcycle. The motorcycle 10 comprises a main body 12, a handle 14, a front wheel 16 and a rear wheel 18. A brake control system 20 for carrying out the brake control method according to the present embodiment is mounted to the motorcycle 10. As shown in FIG. 3, the brake control system 20 is provided with an antilocking modulator 22. A pinion 26 is rotatably mounted to a d.c. motor 24 of the modulator 22 and maintained in meshing engagement with a gear 28. The gear 28 is supported by a crank shaft 30 to which one end of a crank pin 34 is eccentrically coupled via a crank arm 32. A potentiometer 38, which serves as a means for detecting the position of an expander piston (which will be described later), is attached to the other end of the crank pin 34 via a crank arm 36. A cam bearing 40 is rotatably mounted on the crank pin 34. The lower end of the cam bearing 40 is always pressed toward an upper limit position under the action of return springs 44 accommodated in a spring holder 42. The expander piston 46 is brought into abutment against the upper end of the cam bearing 40 and displaced in upward and downward directions in response to an up-and-down movement of the cam bearing 40 so as to open and close a cut valve 48. A cut valve holder 50 having the cut valve 48 incorporated therein is provided above the expander piston 46. A master cylinder 56 is connected via a passage 54 to an input port 52 of the cut valve holder 50. On the other hand, a wheel braking caliper cylinder 62 is connected via a passage 60 to an output port 58 of the cut valve holder 50. The master cylinder 56 and the caliper cylinder 62 are interconnected with each other via the passage 54, the modulator 22 and the passage 60. This path is filled with oil for the hydraulic pressure. The master cylinder 56 is actuated to adjust the hydraulic pressure under the action of a brake lever 64 so as to actuate the caliper cylinder 62, thereby applying a braking force to a disk plate 66 attached to each of the front wheel 16 and the rear wheel 18. A motor controller 70 is electrically connected to the potentiometer 38 and the d.c. motor 24. The motor controller 70 is also electrically connected to a control unit 72. The control unit 72 is provided with a memory 73. A fuzzy map in which a wheel slip ratio (λ) and a wheel acceleration/deceleration (α) are defined as inputs and caliper pressure is defined as an output, is stored in the memory 73 as data (see FIG. 5). The fuzzy map has been previously created based on a slip ratio vs. membership value function, i.e. a membership function (see FIG. 6) of a slip ratio (λ), a membership function (see FIG. 7) of an acceleration/deceleration (α), and a membership function (see FIG. 8) of caliper pressure. Each of wheel speed sensors 74, 76 for detecting the speeds of the front and rear wheels 16, 18 respectively, which have been attached to the corresponding disk plates 66, is electrically connected to the control unit 72. The operation of the brake control system 20 constructed as described above will now be described in connection with the brake control method according to the present embodiment. Upon normal braking, the crank pin 34 is maintained at a predetermined upper limit position by resilient forces of the return springs 44 so as to cause the cam bearing 40 mounted on the crank pin 34 to hold the expander piston 46 in a forced-up state. Thus, the cut valve 48 is forced up by the expander piston 46 to thereby enable the input port 52 to communicate with the output port 58. The master cylinder 56 is then actuated by gripping the brake lever 64. Brake hydraulic pressure generated by the master cylinder 56 is transmitted to the caliper cylinder 62 through the passage 54, the input port 52, the output port 58 and the passage 60 in that order, thereby applying a caliper force to the disk plate 66. When the control unit 72 then supplies a drive signal to the motor controller 70 to effect the brake control, the motor controller 70 controls the direction and amount of rotation of the d.c. motor 24. Therefore, the pinion 26 mounted on an unillustrated rotatable shaft is rotated to turn both the gear 28 held in meshing engagement with the pinion 26 and the crank arm 32 fixedly mounted to the gear 28 via the crank shaft 30, thereby displacing the crank pin 34 mounted to the crank arm 32 from the upper limit position to the lower limit position. Thus, the cam bearing 40 is lowered under the displacement action of the crank pin 34, so that the brake hydraulic pressure which acts on the expander piston 46, is added to the torque of the d.c. motor 24. Therefore, the expander piston 46 is pressed against the cam bearing 40 so as to be promptly lowered. When the expander piston 46 is lowered a predetermined amount, the cut valve 48 is seated to thereby block or cut off the communication between the input port 52 and the output port 58. Thus, when the expander piston 46 is further lowered singly, the volume on the output port 58 side increases so as to decrease the hydraulic pressure applied to the caliper cylinder 62, thereby reducing a caliper force which is applied to the front wheel 16, for example. When, for example, an acceleration/deceleration (a) of the front wheel 16 is detected based on the output of the wheel speed sensor 74 attached to the disk plate 66 of the front wheel 16, a process for determining to which of the sets expressed by the membership function shown in FIG. 7 the acceleration/deceleration (α) corresponds is effected. Further, a slip ratio (λ) at this time is computed. Thereafter, a process for determining to which of the sets expressed by the membership function shown in FIG. 6 the computed slip ratio (λ) corresponds is effected. Next, desired caliper pressure is directly estimated-from the fuzzy map shown in FIG. 5 with the results of determination being regarded as inputs. If the slip ratio (λ) is "Zero" and the acceleration/deceleration (α) is "NB(Negative Big)", for example, then a signal indicative of control information that "Set the caliper pressure to "PM(Positive Medium)" is outputted. Accordingly, the caliper pressure is directly estimated from the slip ratio (λ) and the acceleration/deceleration (α) in the present embodiment. Therefore, any complicated computing process and control are unnecessary and the caliper pressure can be promptly and smoothly obtained, thereby enabling the optimum brake control. Further, since the caliper pressure is estimated using the membership function, the brake control can be smoothly performed without being affected by an abrupt change in a friction coefficient of a road surface. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 9, control based on a wheel speed curve approximate to an ideal wheel speed curve created under the experience of an expert rider can be performed. Thus, the brake control, which can ensure a stable deceleration and provide less vehicle behavior as compared with the conventional brake control, can be effected. In the present embodiment as well, the brake control can be easily performed even if tire characteristics differ from each other. A characteristic curve of a radial tire, which is indicated by the broken line in FIG. 10, represents that the peak of a friction coefficient (µ) exists on the low slip ratio (λ) side as compared with a characteristic curve of a bias tire, which is indicated by the solid line in FIG. 10. In this case, it is simply necessary to move a membership function of a slip ratio (λ) from the position indicated by the solid line (bias tire) to the position indicated by the dashed line (radial tire) and to create a fuzzy map based on the membership function thus processed, as shown in FIG. 11. When the tire characteristics are identical to each other and a characteristic of a vehicle having excellent running stability is included, a membership function of a slip ratio (λ) (see the solid line in FIG. 12) is set to a position (slip ratio increasing position) moved to the right from a membership function of a slip ratio (λ) (see the dashed line in FIG. 12) at the time that a normal vehicle characteristic is included. It is therefore possible to effect an improvement in braking performance with great ease. In a brake control method according to the present invention, after a wheel slip ratio and a wheel acceleration/deceleration have been determined, a target braking force for each brake can be directly estimated based on a membership function in which the wheel slip ratio and the wheel acceleration/deceleration are defined as inputs. Therefore, complex control is unnecessary and the optimum brake control can be effected by a simple process. Having now fully described the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth herein.

Claims: A method of controlling brakes, wherein the running stability of a vehicle and the degree of braking applied to the vehicle are controlled by adjusting caliper pressure according to the state of running of the vehicle, said method comprising the steps of: determining slip ratios (λ) of wheels (16,18); and determining accelerations and decelerations (α) of said wheels (16,18); and being characterised by the steps of: a) determining into which of a plurality of partially overlapping sets, expressed by a membership function of said slip ratios, said determined slip ratios (λ) fall, by setting said slip ratios (λ) as inputs to said slip ratio membership function; b) determining into which of a plurality of partially overlapping sets, expressed by a membership function of said accelerations and decelerations, said determined accelerations and decelerations (α) fall, by setting said accelerations and decelerations (α) as inputs to said acceleration and deceleration membership function; c) estimating a brake pressure, i.e. the amount of increase and decrease in caliper pressure, from a fuzzy map previously created based on said slip ratio membership function, on said acceleration and deceleration membership function and on a membership function for said caliper pressure; said determined sets of slip ratio and acceleration and deceleration being inputs to said map, and, for any given of said slip ratio sets and acceleration and deceleration sets, said map providing as an output one of a plurality of caliper pressure sets expressed by said caliper pressure membership function; and d) controlling said degree of braking based on the estimated target brake pressure. The method of claim 1, wherein said slip ratio membership function is changed depending on characteristics of tires on the wheels (16,18). The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein said slip ratio membership function is changed depending on the running stability of the vehicle.

Inventors: HAYASHI TATSUO, KUMAGAI CHIAKI, MATSUTO TAKUSHI, OTA ATSUO, SAKURAI TAKESHI, SUZUKI OSAMU, TANAKA KEISHIN, HAYASHI, TATSUO, KUMAGAI, CHIAKI, MATSUTO, TAKUSHI, OTA, ATSUO, SAKURAI, TAKESHI, SUZUKI, OSAMU, TANAKA, KEISHIN, HAYASHI, TATSUO, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA, KUMAGAI, CHIAKI, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA, MATSUTO, TAKUSHI, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA, OTA, ATSUO, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA, SAKURAI, TAKESHI, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA, SUZUKI, OSAMU, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA, TANAKA, KEISHIN, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA
Applicants: HONDA MOTOR CO LTD, HONDA GIKEN KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1992
Main classification: B60T8
IPC codes: B60T8