PROBE FOR AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA AND THE USE THEREOF IN METHODS OF DETECTING OR DETERMINING THE ORGANISM

Abstract: A DNA probe specific for A. salmonicida is disclosed. The probe can be used in methods of detecting or determining A. salmonicida in a locus comprising screening with the probe a sample of material taken from the locus containing or suspected of containing A. salmonicida. The sample can be water, a bacterial culture, fish tissue, salmonid faeces or a sample derived from sediment, influent or effluent from a locus used in the rearing of salmonids.

Description: Description Probe for Aeromonas salmonicida and the use thereof in methods of detecting or determining the organism Technical Field This invention relates to a specific probe and the use thereof in studying the ecology of an organism and the etiology of disease caused by said organism. More particularly, the invention relates to a DNA probe specific for Aeromonas salmonicida and to the use of said probe in the ecology of A. salmonicida and the etiology of furunculosis. Background Art A. salmonicida is the causal agent of furunculosis, a disease which affects many species of fish and is of major importance in salmonid farming. The absence of an efficient selective medium and its poor plating efficiency in mixed cultures (McCarthy, D.H., in Aquatic Microbiology, Society for Applied Bacteriology Symposium Series, F.A. Skinner and J.M. Shewan (ed.), Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1977) 6, 299) has severely hampered the study of the ecology of this organism and the epidemiology of furunculosis. The assumption that the organism is an obligate pathogen of fish (Popoff, M.Y., in N.R. Krieg and J.G. Holt (ed.), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, (1984) 1, and Richards, R.H. and R.J. Roberts, in R.J. Roberts (ed.), Fish Pathology, Balliere Tindall, London, (1978) 196) may be an artefact of the limited ability of classical bacteriological techniques to detect the organism in natural environments. Studies based on DNA hybridization (Machines, J.I., et al. Can. J. Micro. (1979) 25, 579-586) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (Hennigan, M., et al. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, (1989) 46, 877-879) have shown that A. salmonicida is a highly homogenous taxon in the genus Aeromonas which is classified as a member of the family Vibrionaceae. A DNA probe specific to A. salmonicida would facilitate studies on the ecology of that organism and the etiology of furunculosis. Disclosure of Invention The invention provides a DNA probe specific for A. salmonicida and which is obtained from a DNA fragment having the sequence shown in the Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a sequence complementary thereto. The probe according to the invention can be generated by a method comprising the following steps :- a) preparing a gene bank of A. salmonicida; b) screening said gene bank in parallel with radiolabelled total DNA probes from each of A. salmonicida and A. hydrophila by differential hybridization; c) selecting a clone which hybridizes with said radiolabelled probe from A. salmonicida but which does not hybridize with said radiolabelled probe from A. hydrophila; d) isolating the insert from the clone selected in step c); and e) confirming the specificity of the insert by using said insert as a probe in a further differential hybridization. This method enables one to isolate a DNA fragment from an A. salmonicida genomic DNA library which is specific for all strains of A. salmonicida tested to date. The use of such a DNA fragment as a specific DNA probe facilitates a comprehensive study of the ecology of A. salmonicida and the etiology of furunculosis. The insert DNA of the clone selected in step c) is preferably amplified prior to step d). However, amplification may also be carried out prior to the selection step (step c). Amplification is suitably carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, other nucleic acid amplification methods may also be used. A DNA probe in accordance with the invention preferably contains greater than ten consecutive nucleotides from the sequence shown in the Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a sequence complementary thereto. The invention also provides a method of detecting or determining A. salmonicida in a locus, which method comprises screening a sample of material taken from said locus, containing or suspected of containing A. salmonicida, with a probe as hereinbefore defined. Suitably a pair of nucleotide sequences is selected from the sequence shown in the Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NO: 1) for the preparation of primers for use in a nucleic acid amplification reaction, for example PCR. It is found that sensitivity tests performed using PCR in accordance with the method of the invention enable one to detect the genome equivalent of less than three A. salmonicida cells as hereinafter described, The specificity and sensitivity results hereinafter described will illustrate the usefulness of the DNA probe in accordance with the invention in furthering understanding of the habitat(s) of A. salmonicida and the mode of transmission of furunculosis. The method according to the invention can be used to detect or determine A. salmonicida generally in the environment in addition to being useful in clinical investigations. The method according to the invention enables one to carry out investigations on the ecology of A. salmonicida and the etiology of furunculosis in a non-invasive or non-destructive manner. Invasive/destructive investigation was characteristic of previous studies carried out on the organism and disease caused thereby. Thus the sample of material for use in accordance with the method of detecting or determining A. salmonicida in accordance with the invention may be water, a bacterial culture, fish tissue, salmonid faeces or a sample derived from sediment, influent or effluent from a locus used in the rearing of salmonids. Such sediment may be derived from the bottom of cages used in salmon farming, including marine and fresh water salmon farming. By fish tissue herein is meant both external and internal tissue. For example, A. salmonicida has been detected in external mucous on salmon. Our investigations would indicate that physical contact of a healthy salmonid with a diseased salmonid is not necessary for the transmission of furunculosis. Thus it is deduced that the organism can be transmitted from fish to fish in the water. The analysis of sediment under cages used in salmonid rearing in accordance with the method of the invention will enable one to determine how long a locus should remain unoccupied once furunculosis has been identified at said locus and, thereby, assist in eradication of the disease. Brief description of the Drawings FIG. 1 is a photograph of an autoradiogram of differential hybridization of A. salmonicida total DNA (A) and A. hydrophila total DNA (B) to an A. salmonicida DNA library; FIG. 2 is a photograph of an agarose gel of two PCR amplified A. salmonicida DNA probes (A) side by side an autoradiogram of hybridization of A. salmonicida total DNA (B) and A. hydrophila total DNA (C) to the two PCR amplified A. salmonicida DNA probes; FIG. 3 is a photograph of an autoradiogram of hybridization of a DNA probe for A. salmonicida to serial dilutions of A. salmonicida total DNA (A) and to the PCR products of said serial dilutions (B). Best Mode for carrying out the Invention The invention will be further illustrated by the following Examples. EXAMPLE 1. Preparation of total DNA Aeromonas strains were grown on Tryptone Soya Agar/Broth (T.S.A./B.). Total DNA from Aeromonas species was prepared as follows. 10 ml. ovemight cultures (18-22°C. for A. salmonicida strains and 30°C for motile aeromonads) were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 5 min. and the supernatant discarded. Cells were resuspended in 0.4 ml. solution 1 (50mM Tris. HCl, pH8.0, 50mM EDTA, 25% sucrose). 0.1 ml. lysozyme (lOmg/ml in solution 1) was added and the suspension was incubated at 37°C for 15 min.. 0.4 ml. solution 2 (lOmM Tris. HCl, pH8.0, 5mM EDTA,1% SDS) was mixed gently with the cell lysate and 0.1 ml. Proteinase K (4mg/ml. in solution 2) was added and incubated at 55°C for 4 h. followed by addition of RNase A (10 mg/ml.) and incubation at 37°C overnight. The DNA was then extracted with phenol/chloroform and precipitated with 2 volumes of isopropanol before resuspending in 0.1 ml. sterile H2O. Chemicals were purchased from BDH Ltd. (Poole, England) and the enzymes from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, Mo., U.S.A.). EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of genomic DNA library A genomic DNA library was prepared from EcoRI digested DNA from A. salmonicida strain 7222V (see Table 1) in the vector λgtll(Huynh, T.V. et al., in D.M. Glover (ed.), DNA Cloning, IRL Press, Washington, D.C. (1985) 1, 49-78, and Maniatis, T., et al. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1982)). A library of 10 6 recombinant phage was generated in Escherichia coli Y1090 (Huynh, T.V., et al. (1985) supra). 10 4 phage, which is representative of approximately five A. salmonicida genome equivalents, were screened in situ with [α- 32 P]dCTP labelled total DNA from A. salmonicida strain 7222V and A. hydrophila strain AE120 (see Table 1). A. hydrophila was chosen for the differential hybridization because a high homology in the respective 16S rRNA sequences had been noted when this approach was examined in relation to obtaining unique DNA sequences for use as specific DNA probes (Barry, T., et al. Biotechnology (1990) 8, 233-236). This analysis was also supported by evidence from DNA homology studies which revealed a close genetic relationship between both Aeromonas species (Belland, R.J., et al. J. Gen. Micro. (1988) 134, 307-315, Machines, J.I., et al. (1979) supra, and McCarthy, D.H., Ph.D. thesis, (1978), Council of National Academic Awards, U.K.). Successful differential hybridization was achieved only when the total DNA was reduced to a low molecular weight (less than 2kb) using a four base pair recognition restriction enzyme (e.g. Sau3A or Haeiπ) and 1 μg of radiolabelled probe was applied per 132mm diameter nitrocellulose filter. The results showed that under stringent hybridization conditions (5X SSC, 65°C. for 8 h.) and washes (0.2X SSC, 65°C for 30 min.), 50% of the plaques hybridized strongly with the A. salmonicida 7222V probe whereas the intensity of the hybridization signals with the A. hydrophila AE120 probe were less easy to discriminate (as shown in Fig. 1, A and B). In Fig. 1 "A" represent an A. salmonicida 7222V library probed with A. salmonicida 7222V radiolabelled total DNA and "B" represents an A. salmonicida 7222V library probed with A. hydrophila AE120 radiolabelled total DNA. The findings presumably are a consequence of sequence divergence, even amongst conserved genes of the related Aeromonads. TABLE 1. Bacterial Strains FDG a code Origin Species Signal with AS15b Cont/... TABLE 1. cont/.. Bacterial Strains FDG a code Origin Species Signal with AS15b 31. NPT Ireland A. salmonicida + 32. ESB13 Ireland A. salmonicida + 33. MT206 Scodand A. salmonicida + 34. LP90/2 Ireland A. salmonicida + 35. SRT480 Ireland A. salmonicida + 36. A475 Ireland A. salmonicida + 37. 81P/P Ireland A. salmonicida + 38. LP50 Ireland A. salmonicida + 39. 7222vA- Ireland A. salmonicida + 40. 495 Canada A. salmonicida + 41. A8 Scotland A. salmonicida + 42. MT030 Scotland A. salmonicida + 43. MT206 Scotland A. salmonicida + 44. LPT2 Ireland A. salmonicida + 45. AE20 Italy A. caviae 46. AE215 Switzerland A. sobria 47. AE236 U.S.A. A. media 48. AE188 Spain A. hydrophilia 49. AE184 U.S.A. A. sobria 50. 8112Hg Ireland A. salmonicida a: Fish Disease Group; b: by slot blot hybridization; c: National Centre for Industrial and Marine Bacteria. EXAMPLE 3 Selection of clones Two clones from Example 2 were chosen for further analysis; AS 15 which showed a strong hybridization signal with the A. salmonicida 7222V probe and no signal with the A. hydrophila AE120 probe and AS7 which hybridized with both probes. The inserts from AS 15 and AS7 were amplified using PCR and primers complementary to sequences flanking the EcoRI cloning site of λgtll(Trahey, M., et al. Science, (1988) 242, 1697-1700). The amplification reaction conditions were: lOmM Tris HCl pH 8.3, 1.5mM MgCl 2 , 50mM KC1, 200μm dNTPs, 200pmol of each primer (λgtll forward and reverse sequencing primers; Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Germany) and 1.5 U Taq polymerase (Promega Corp., Madison USA). Reaction volume was lOOμl and cycling conditions were 94°C for 1 min. (denaturation), 50°C for 1 min. (annealing) and 72°C for lmin. (extension); 30 cycles were performed. The results show that clones AS7 and AS 15 contain inserts of O kb and 0.5kb respectively as shown in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2 "A" represents PCR amplified AS7 (lane 2) and AS 15 (lane 3) inserts separated on a 1% agarose gel along with λHinάTH mol. wt. size markers (lane 1). A secondary differential screening of southern blots of both fragments, performed under identical hybridization and washing conditions to the in situ screening described above, confirmed that AS7 hybridized with total DNAs from both A. salmonicida 7222V and A. hydrophila AE120 whereas AS15 was positive only with A. salmonicida 7222V as shown in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2 "B" represents a Southern blot of the gel probed with A. salmonicida 7222V radiolabelled total DNA and "C" represents a Southern blot of the gel probed with A. hydrophila AE120 radiolabelled total DNA. Also in Fig. 2 arrow 1 shows the AS7 amplified DNA fragment and arrow 2 shows the AS 15 amplified fragment. EXAMPLE 4 Analysis of the specificity of the AS 15 fragment To further analyse its specificity, the AS 15 fragment of Example 3 was used as a [α- 32 P]dCTP radiolabelled probe in a slot-blot hybridization using genomic DNAs prepared from typed and clinical isolates of A. salmonicida, related Aeromonads and several other bacterial genera (Table 1). These included strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Clostridium perfringens, Serratia marcesens, Bacillus subtilus, Staphylococus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and marine and salmon isolates identified as Pseudomonas and Vibrio species, respectively. Aeromonad members analysed included different strains of A. hydrophila, A. caviae, A. sobria and A. media. A. salmonicida strains included typed strains, clinical disease isolates from Ireland, England, Scotland and the U.S.A. and an A. salmonicida sub-species achromogens from Iceland. Typically, lμg of total DNA was denatured by addition of a half volume of IM NaOH and incubation at 55°C for 5 min. Samples were then neutralised by the addition of an equal volume of IM HCl prior to application onto Nytran (Nytran is a Trade Mark) membrane (Schleicher & Schuell) using a Schleicher & Schuell slot-blot apparatus, lμg of radiolabelled AS 15 probe was used in a standard hybridization (5X SSC, 5X Denhardts, 0.1% SDS) for 8 h. at 65°C. The stringency of the final wash was 0.2X SSC for 30 min. at 65°C. The results showed that the probe hybridized strongly to DNAs from all A. salmonicida strains tested, however no signal could be detected with other bacterial genera or with fellow members of the Aeromonas family as shown in Table 1. EXAMPLE 5 Analysis of the sensitivity of the AS 15 fragment The results obtained in Example 4 demonstrated that a specific DNA probe for A. salmonicida had been isolated. To determine whether this DNA probe might prove a useful tool in the study of the ecology of A. salmonicida and the epidemiology of furunculosis the detection limits of the DNA probe were determined. Slot blot analysis of serial dilutions of A. salmonicida 7222V DNA revealed that lμg of radiolabelled AS 15 fragment detected 10 ng of total DNA after 8 h. autoradiography as shown in Fig. 4 "A". In Fig. 4 "A" represents direct hybridization against serial dilutions of A. salmonicida total DNA. This is equivalent to the DNA content of 2.4xl0 6 A. salmonicida cells (Belland R.J. et al. supra). As this degree of sensitivity is insufficient for an environmental study on A. salmonicida, a PCR based detection system was developed. The nucleotide sequence of the AS 15 fragment was determined after subcloning into the vector M13mpl8 (Yanisch-Perron, C, et al. Gene, (1985) 33, 103-119) and sequencing using dideoxynucleotides (Sanger, F., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (1977) 74, 5463-5467). Comparison of the DNA sequence with the GenBank (GenBank is a Trade Mark) sequence data library revealed no significant homologies. Comparison of inferred protein sequences from several small open reading frames found in AS 15 with the translated products of the GenBank sequence data library also revealed no significant homologies. Primers for PCR were designed from the AS 15 sequence and had the following nucleotide sequences: Primer 1: (SEQ ID NO: 2 in the Sequence Listing) Primer 2: (SEQ ID NO: 3 in the Sequence Listing) These primers specifically amplify a 423 bp DNA fragment from DNA prepared from A. salmonicida strains and all amplified fragments hybridize with an oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to an internal sequence in AS 15 (data not shown). In a comparable sensitivity experiment to that described above, similar serial dilutions of A. salmonicida 7222V DNA were prepared and amplified by PCR using the designed primers. The amplification reaction conditions were: lOmM Tris HCl pH 8.3, 3.5 mM MgCb, 50mM KC1, 200μM dNTPs, 200pmol of each primer and 1.5 U Taq polymerase (Promega Corp., Madison USA). Reaction volume was lOOμl and cycling conditions were 94°C for 1 min. (denaturation), 55°C for lmin. (annealing) and 72°C for lmin. (extension); 30 cycles were performed. The amplification products were slot blotted as described and probed with lμg of radiolabelled AS 15 fragment under a similar hybridization and washing regime to that stated earlier. The sensitivity of detection was increased by approximately 10 6 times, i.e. 10 fg of total DNA gave a positive signal after 4 h. autoradiography as shown in Fig. 4 "B". In Fig. 4 "B" represents hybridization against the PCR products amplified from the individual serial dilutions of A. salmonicida total DNA. This is equivalent to the DNA content of 2.4 A. salmonicida cells (Belland, R.J. et al. supra). Based on the specificity and sensitivity results presented in Examples 4 and 5 and the current lack of methods to specifically define and cultivate A. salmonicida, particularly from environmental samples, the DNA probe in accordance with the invention should now prove a very useful tool in furthering one's understanding of the habitat(s) of A. salmonicida and the mode of transmission of furunculosis. This invention is not limited to the embodiments described above which may be modified and/or varied without parting from the scope of the invention. SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (i) APPLICANT: (A) NAME: EOLAS (trading as BioResearch Ireland) - The Irish Science and Technology Agency (B) STREET: Old Finglas Road, Glasnevin (C) CITY: Dublin 9 (E) COUNTRY: Ireland (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP): None (G) TELEPHONE: +353 1 37 01 77 (H) TELEFAX: +353 1 37 01 76 (I) TELEX: 32501 El (A) NAME: GANNON, BERNARD FRANCIS XAVIER (B) STREET: "Murgan", Pollnarooma, Salthill (C) CITY: Galway (E) COUNTRY: Ireland (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP): None (G) TELEPHONE: +353 91 66559 (H) TELEFAX: +353 91 66570 (I) TELEX: 50023 U.C.G. E.I. (A) NAME: POWELL, RICHARD (B) STREET: Glenard Crescent, Salthill (C) CITY: Galway (E) COUNTRY: Ireland (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP): None (G) TELEPHONE: +353 91 24411 Ext. 2404 (H) TELEFAX: +353 91 25700 (I) TELEX: 50023 U.C.G. E.I. (A) NAME: UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GALWAY (B) STREET: University Road (C) CITY: Galway (E) COUNTRY: Ireland (F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP): None (G) TELEPHONE: +353 91 24411 (H) TELEFAX: +353 91 25700 (I) TELEX: 50023 U.C.G. E.I. (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Probe for Aero monas salmonicida and the use thereof in methods of detecting or determining the organism (iii) NUMBEROFSEQUENCES: 3 (iv) COMPUTERREADABLEFORM: (A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS (D) SOFTWARE: Patentln Release #1.0, Version #1.25 (EPO) (v) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA (A) APPLICATION NUMBER: IE 4205/91 (B) FILING DATE: DECEMBER 4, 1991 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 455 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: both (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULAR TYPE: DNA (genomic) (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (A) ORGANISM: Aeromonas salmonicida (B) INDIVIDUAL ISOLATE: 7222V (C) CELL TYPE: unicellular organism (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (A) LIBRARY: genomic (B) CLONE: 7222V/AS15 (xi) SEQUENCEDESCRIPTION: SEQIDNO: 1: TAGAGTTTTG CCGACGCATG GTGCTACAGA CTTTCACTAT 40 ATAAATACTA TAATTTTTAT TTTGGGTTTT TAAATTAAAA 80 TAAATTTTAA CTACGAGTTT TAAGGCAAAA CTTTACTGTT 120 ACACTTTTTC CTTCCGCAAT ACTTATATGG GGGGTAGGTA 160 TATTTTTGGC TGGATTGGTT GGTTCTACTT TTTTGGTGTT 200 AGGTTCTCCG TTGATTTCTT CTTAACGTTG AAAACTAACG 240 TTGGTACCTT TCTCTCAACC GATCGCCACT CAAAAAGTGG 280 AGTGTACTTT TAATGCGGTC GTATCTAGAT CCATTTTACG 320 GTAACGAATA GCTCCGTCGG TTGTTATTCG TACACCCCAA 360 TTTAAACTTA AAACACAGCT TGGATTATCT GAATGGATCA 400 CTCTATCCTT CTCGGTATAG GTTGCCTTTT CTTGTTAAGT 440 CTAATGCACC ATTTG 455 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: both (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULAR TYPE: DNA (genomic) (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (A) ORGANISM: Aeromonas salmonicida (B) INDIVIDUAL ISOLATE: 7222V (C) CELL TYPE: unicellular organism (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (A) LIBRARY: genomic (B) CLONE: 7222V/AS15 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2: CGTTGGATAT GGCTCTTCCT 20 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3 : (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: both (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULAR TYPE: DNA (genomic) (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iii) ANTI-SENSE: NO (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (A) ORGANISM: Aeromonas salmonicida (B) INDIVIDUAL ISOLATE: 7222V (C) CELL TYPE: unicellular organism (vii) IMMEDIATE SOURCE: (A) LIBRARY: genomic (B) CLONE: 7222V/AS15 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3: CTCAAAACGG CTGCGTACCA 20

Claims: Claims 1. A DNA probe specific for A. salmonicida and which is obtained from a DNA fragment having the sequence indicated in the Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a sequence complementary thereto. 2. A DNA probe according to Claim 1, which contains greater than ten consecutive nucleotides from the sequence indicated in the Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NO: 1) or a sequence complementary thereto. 3. A method of detecting or determining A. salmonicida in a locus, which method comprises screening a sample of material taken from said locus, containing or suspected of containing A. salmonicida, with a probe according to Claim 1 or 2. 4. A method according to Claim 3, wherein a pair of nucleotide sequences is selected from the sequence as indicated in the Sequence Listing (SEQ ID NO: 1) for the preparation of primers for use in a nucleic acid amplification reaction. 5. A method according to Claim 3 or 4, wherein the sample is water. 6. A method according to Claim 3 or 4, wherein the sample is a bacterial culture. 7. A method according to Claim 3 or 4, wherein the sample is fish tissue. 8. A method according to Claim 3 or 4, wherein the sample s derived from salmonid faeces. 9. A method according to Claim 3 or 4, wherein the sample s derived from sediment from a locus used in the rearing of salmonids. 10. A method according to Claim 3 or 4, wherein the sample is derived from particulate matter in the influent or effluent of a locus used in the rearing of salmonids.

Inventors: GANNON BERNARD FRANCIS XAVIER, POWELL RICHARD, GANNON, BERNARD, FRANCIS, XAVIER, POWELL, RICHARD
Applicants: EOLAS TRADING AS BIORESEARCH I, GANNON BERNARD FRANCIS XAVIER, POWELL RICHARD, UNIV GALWAY COLLEGE, EOLAS (TRADING AS BIORESEARCH IRELAND) - THE IRISH, GANNON, BERNARD, FRANCIS, XAVIER, POWELL, RICHARD, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GALWAY
Application year: 1992
Main classification: C12Q1
IPC codes: C12Q1