X-ray apparatus employing a K-edge filter

Abstract: A K-edge filter (F1, F2) whose main portion (1, 2; 3, 4) functions as a filter member and is made of a material containing at least two kinds of elements (Gd, Er), and an X-ray apparatus employing the K-edge filter (F1, F2).

Description: The invention relates to an X-ray apparatus including an X-ray source emitting X-rays, a K-edge filter separating the spectrum of the X-rays emitted by the X-ray source into a high and a low energy region, and an X-ray detector receiving the X-rays transmitted through an object placed between the K-edge filter and the X-ray detector, and providing output pulses, the energy distribution of which corresponds to X-rays having an energy lower than a selected boundary and X-rays having an energy higher than the boundary, the boundary being selected between the high and low regions of the Kedge filter. Generally, X-ray generated by an X-ray generator is constituted by photons having various energy levels and has energy spectrum in which characteristic X-ray spectrum of steep wave form is added to gentle continuous X-ray spectrum as shown in Fig. 12. Absorption of X-ray transmitted through a substance is caused either by a phenomenon (1) in which X-ray produces photoelectric effect in the substance so as to emit photoelectrons such that photons vanish or by a phenomenon (2) in which X-ray is partially scattered during travel of X-ray through the substance. Absorption of X-ray caused by the phenomenon (2) exhibits a noncontinuous change (referred to as an "absorption edge") in attenuation coefficient (absorption coefficient). The absorption edge based on K-shell electrons is referred to as a "K-absorption edge" and noncontinuous change characteristics of attenuation coefficient are employed for an X-ray filter. It is common practice that X-ray to be used is measured by limiting its wavelength range or X-rays having a plurality of limited wavelength ranges are measured so as to be compared with one another. In an apparatus for measuring substance, for example, a bone mineral densitometry, by dividing wavelength of X-ray into a plurality of wavelength ranges, namely, by employing measurement results of a plurality of X-rays made monochromatic in a pseudo manner, calculation is performed so as to make measurement. The K-edge filter is used as an X-ray filter for separating energy spectrum of X-ray into high and low energy regions. The K-edge filter is made of a material which not only has a K-absorption edge in a target energy region of X-ray but possesses dependence of attenuation coefficient upon energy as shown in Fig. 13. The amount of X-ray which has passed through the K-edge filter changes markedly before and after the K-absorption edge, so that energy spectrum of X-ray is separated into the two energy regions. Fig. 14 shows X-ray spectrum obtained after X-ray has passed through a K-edge filter made of gadolinium (Gd) and having a thickness of 100 µm. It will be seen from Fig. 14 that energy spectrum of X-ray is separated into two energy regions at a K-absorption edge of Gd of 50.2 keV. Such conventional K-edge filters are usually made of only one element having a K-absorption edge in X-ray region, for example, cerium (Ce), samarium (Sm) or the like. In a measuring apparatus employing a K-edge filter, an X-ray detector is usually formed by combination of a scintillator of NaI or GdWO₃ and a photomultiplier tube. A K-edge filter used for the X-ray detector is made of Sm, Ce or the like. However, the arrangements referred to above have the following drawbacks. In the K-edge filter made of a single element as shown in Fig. 14, difference between an effective energy of the low energy region and that of the high energy region of separated energy spectrum of X-ray is small and quantity of X-ray becomes large in the vicinity of the boundary of energy separation. Therefore, energy spectrum of X-ray cannot be separated into the high and low energy regions quite distinctly. Furthermore, since width of spectra of the two energy regions becomes large, a plurality of monochromatic X-rays cannot be produced in a pseudo manner. If thickness of the K-edge filter made of a single element is increased so as to clearly separate energy spectrum of X-ray into the high and low energy regions, the number of X-ray photons passing through the K-edge filter decreases undesirably. In an X-ray detector, characteristic X-ray proper to substance forming the X-ray detector is produced by incident X-ray. When this characteristic X-ray is again absorbed into the X-ray detector, an output pulse signal representing accurately energy of incident X-ray can be obtained. However, if characteristic X-ray is emitted out of the X-ray detector without being absorbed thereinto, namely, if characteristic X-ray escapes, only a pulse signal having a pulse height smaller than that corresponding to energy of incident X-ray is outputted. In other words, it is detected at this time as if X-ray having energy smaller than that of actual incident X-ray by energy of characteristic X-ray were incident upon the X-ray detector. This phenomenon is generally referred to as characteristic X-ray escape". Output pulses having a pulse height lowered by this phenomenon are referred to as "escape peak of K-shell characteristic X-ray". Frequency of occurrence of characteristic X-ray escape depends on volume of the X-ray detector and becomes larger as volume of the X-ray detector is reduced. When ordinary X-ray having energy spectrum shown in Fig. 12 is detected, pulse height distribution of output pulses is obtained as shown by the curve a in Fig. 15. This pulse height distribution contains pulse height component due to characteristic X-ray escape as shown by the curve b in Fig. 15. Also in the case where energy spectrum of X-ray is separated into the high and low energy regions by passing X-ray through the K-edge filter and is detected, pulse component due to characteristic X-ray escape exists. Therefore, in the case where energy spectrum of X-ray is separated by the K-edge filter into the high and low energy regions by employing energy in the vicinity of the K-absorption edge as the boundary of the high and low energy regions so as to be measured such that data on the numbers of photons present in the high and low energy regions are utilized, even photons having energy of the high energy region appear as signals partially in the low energy region owing to characteristic X-ray escape. As a result, it is impossible to obtain accurate energy distribution of photons incident upon the X-ray detector. For example, in an NaI scintillation detector, characteristic X-rays of about 1 keV and 28.3-33.2 keV are, respectively, produced for Na and I. In the above characteristic X-rays, especially characteristic X-ray for I poses a problem. Fig. 16 shows results of measurement in which X-ray emitting photons of a maximum energy of 80 keV is measured by the NaI scintillation detector through its energy separation based on a K-edge filter of Ce having the K-absorption edge at 40.4 keV. The NaI scintillation detector is operated in photon counting mode and pulse height of output pulses of the NaI scintillation detector is proportional to energy of incident X-ray photons. In the abscissa of Fig. 16, pulse height is converted into energy of photons. When characteristic X-ray of I has escaped, only pulses having pulse height corresponding to an energy 28.3-33.2 keV lower than energy of incident photons are outputted. For example, assuming that X-ray photons of 70 keV are incident upon the NaI scintillation detector and characteristic X-ray of I escapes, pulses having pulse height corresponding to an energy of 36.8-41.7 keV are outputted. An effective energy of output peak at the side lower than a separation energy of 40.4 keV is 38 keV, while an effective energy of output peak at the side higher than the separation energy is 74 keV. In Fig. 16, the curve b illustrates output due to characteristic X-ray escape. As shown by the hatching in Fig. 16, an effective energy of X-ray escape peak induced by the incident X-ray at the side higher than the separation energy is 44 keV. When total counts of signals corresponding to energy not less than the separation energy of 40.4 keV and total counts of signals corresponding to energy not more than the separation energy of 40.4 keV are obtained as data, signals shown by the hatching in Fig. 16 are produced by incidence of photons in the high energy region separated by the K-edge filter but are measured at both of the sides higher and lower than the separation energy based on the K-edge filter. In this example, 40 % of the signals shown by the hatching in Fig. 16 are measured at the side higher than the separation energy. By using the NaI scintillation detector, X-ray photons of which maximum energy is 100 keV are measured through the energy separation based on the K-edge filter in the same manner as described above. Fig. 17 shows results of pulse height analysis in the case of the K-edge filter made of Sm. Sm has a separation energy of 47 keV. An effective energy of peak at the side lower than the separation energy is 45 keV, while an effective energy of peak at the side higher than the separation energy is 80 keV. As shown by the hatching in Fig. 17, an effective energy of escape peak of characteristic X-ray induced by the incident X-ray at the side higher than the separation energy is 50 keV. Since the separation energy of 47 keV is smaller than the effective energy of 50 keV of escape peak of characteristic X-ray induced by the incident X-ray at the side higher than the separation energy, about 40 % of output pulses based on characteristic X-ray escape appear at the side higher than the separation energy. In the case where signals based on characteristic X-ray escape are measured at both of the sides higher and lower than the separation energy, this influence should be corrected. However, as the number of such signals is increased further, it becomes more difficult to correct the influence, so that effects of correction of the influence diminish and accuracy in measurement of substance, etc. deteriorates. From US-A-4,956,859 and EP-A-0 081 227, the use of a K-edge filter in the field of spectral analysis is known for splitting X-rays into a plurality of energy bands. It is an object of the present invention to provide, with a view to eliminating the disadvantages of the prior art, an X-ray apparatus including an X-ray source and a K-edge filter capable of distinctly separating the energy spectrum into high and low energy regions and for measuring the energy of X-rays accurately. The X-ray apparatus according to the invention, and as defined above, is characterized in that the main portion of the K-edge filter is made of a material containing at least two kinds of elements, the difference of K-absorption edge among the elements ranging from 5 to 10 keV, and that the boundary is selected to fall between a first value of energy, which is either the value of energy up to which the X-rays are usable as data or an effective energy of output peak in the high energy region, and a second value of lower energy respectively corresponding to either a maximum amplitude value of X-ray energy detected by the X-ray detector due to characteristic X-ray escape or an effective energy of characteristic X-ray escape peak. Preferable embodiments are defined in the dependent claims. The object and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a K-edge filter ; Fig. 2 is a graph showing spectrum of X-ray passed through the K-edge filter of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a sectional view of a K-edge filter ; Fig. 4 is a graph showing spectrum of X-ray passed through the K-edge filter of Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a schematic view of an X-ray apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 6 is a graph showing the relation between pulse height of output of the X-ray apparatus of Fig. 5 and energy of incident X-ray; Fig. 7 is a graph showing output spectrum of a CdTe X-ray detector employed in the X-ray apparatus of Fig. 5; Fig. 8 is a graph showing output spectrum of the CdTe X-ray detector of Fig. 7 at the time of irradiation of γ-ray thereto; Fig. 9 is a schematic view of an X-ray apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 10 is a graph showing output spectrum of a CdTe X-ray detector employed in the X-ray apparatus of Fig. 9; Fig. 11 is a schematic view of an X-ray apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 12 is a graph showing spectrum of X-ray generated by a known X-ray generator; Fig. 13 is a graph showing X-ray attenuation coefficient of a prior art K-edge filter; Fig. 14 is a graph showing spectrum of X-ray passed through a prior art K-edge filter; Fig. 15 is a graph showing output spectrum of characteristic X-ray escape; Fig. 16 is a graph showing output spectrum of an X-ray detector in the case of use of a prior art K-edge filter; and Fig. 17 is a graph showing another output spectrum of an X-ray detector in the case of use of another prior art K-edge filter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, there is shown in Fig. 1, a K-edge filter F1. The filter F1 is constituted by thin plates 1 and 2 stacked on each other, which are made of gadolinium (Gd) and erbium (Er), respectively. The thin plate 1 has a K-absorption edge of 50.4 keV and is of 200 µm in thickness. Meanwhile, the thin plate 2 has a K-absorption edge of 57.4 keV and is 100 µm thick. Fig. 2 shows spectrum of X-ray which has been passed through the filter F1 upon irradiation of X-ray thereto. As compared with Fig. 14 showing spectrum of X-ray passed through a known K-edge filter, it is apparent that energy spectrum of X-ray is separated into high and low energy regions more distinctly and the amount of X-ray transmitted through the K-edge filter at a boundary between the high and low energy regions is reduced over a wider energy range. Therefore, the boundary between the high and low energy regions can be selected from the wider energy range than that of Fig. 14. Meanwhile, in Fig. 2, although rise of the low energy region is more steep and spectrum width of the low energy range is made narrower, the amount of X-ray transmitted through the K-edge filter is substantially the same as that of Fig. 14. The elements used for the filter F1 are combined with each other such that there is a difference of 5-10 keV in K-absorption edges between the elements. In place of the thin plates 1 and 2, the filter F1 may be obtained by growing thin films of Gd, Er, etc. by sputtering on a substrate made of an element having a relatively low atomic number, for example, glass. In order to grow the thin films, sputtering may be replaced by vacuum evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or plasma CVD. Fig. 3 shows a K-edge filter F2. In the filter F2, Gd powder 3 and Er powder 4 are uniformly mixed into epoxy resin so as to correspond to a thickness of 100 µm per unit area and a thickness of 300 µm per unit area, respectively. Fig. 4 shows spectrum of X-ray which has been passed through the filter F2. It will be seen from Fig. 4 that by employing the two elements each having a K-absorption edge in the energy region of target X-ray, energy separation of energy spectrum of X-ray can be performed distinctly. Fig. 5 shows an X-ray apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The X-ray apparatus includes an X-ray generator 11 for emitting pencil-beam X-ray 12, a K-edge filter 13, a CdTe X-ray detector 14 employing cadmium (Cd) and tellurium (Te), an amplifier 15, a counter 16, an arithmetic unit 17 and a display unit 18. In this X-ray apparatus, the X-ray 12 is subjected to energy separation into high and low energy regions by the K-edge filter 13 and count numbers of photons in the high and low energy regions are measured by the CdTe X-ray detector 14 such that quantitative analysis of a sample 10 to be measured is performed. In Fig. 5, the pencil-beam X-ray 12 is irradiated over the sample 10 from the X-ray generator 11 through the K-edge filter 13 and X-ray photons transmitted through the sample 10 are converted into electric pulses by the CdTe X-ray detector 14. Then, the electric pulses are amplified by the amplifier 15 so as to be counted by the counter 16. By scanning the X-ray generator 11 and the CdTe X-ray detector 14 synchronously with each other, it is possible to perform two-dimensional measurement of the sample 10. Meanwhile, images of X-ray transmitted through the sample or calculation results obtained by calculating measured data by the arithmetic unit 17 can be displayed on the display unit 18. The CdTe X-ray detector 14 is operated in photon counting mode. As shown in Fig. 6, the CdTe X-ray detector 14 outputs pulses having pulse height proportional to energy of incident X-ray photons. Spectrum of incident X-ray can be obtained by measuring pulse height distribution of output pulses of the CdTe X-ray detector 14. The number of photons having energy larger than a separation energy can be obtained by measuring pulses having pulse height larger than that corresponding to the separation energy. On the contrary, the number of photons having energy smaller than the separation energy can be obtained by measuring pulses having pulse height smaller than that corresponding to the separation energy. In the CdTe X-ray detector 14, characteristic X-ray having an energy of 28.0 to 32.5 keV is generated from each of Cd and Te. Therefore, in X-ray photons irradiated from the X-ray generator 11, output pulses due to characteristic X-ray escape appear at a side in a pulse height distribution, whose energy is lower than an energy obtained by subtracting 28 keV from a maximum value of energy usable as data. The K-edge filter 13 includes a plate made of Gd and having a thickness of 300 µm and a plate made of Er and having a thickness of 100 µm. Fig. 7 shows pulse height distribution of output pulses obtained in the case where X-ray having been subjected to energy separation by the K-edge filter 13 is measured by the CdTe X-ray detector 14. As shown in Fig. 2, the separation energy is located between 50 and 60 keV. In this embodiment, the separation energy is set at 55 keV as shown by the point r. By using a pulse height corresponding to 55 keV as a boundary, sum of photons having pulse height lower than the boundary and sum of photons having pulse height higher than the boundary are counted such that quantitative analysis, etc. of the sample 10 are performed based on the counted results. The maximum energy of photons usable as data is 75 keV as indicated by the point p. In Fig. 7, the portions shown by broken lines illustrate output pulses due to characteristic X-ray escape. A maximum energy q of output pulses due to characteristic X-ray escape peak is 47 keV (= 75 - 28). Therefore, the separation energy r of 55 keV falls between the maximum energy q of 47 keV of output pulses due to characteristic X-ray escape and the maximum energy p of 75 keV of photons usable as data. As will be seen from Fig. 7, output pulses due to characteristic X-ray escape generated by photons belonging to the high energy region shown by the hatching are all included in output pulses having energy lower than the separation energy when counting the number of photons. Therefore, assuming that character A denotes probability of occurrence of characteristic X-ray escape, character CH denotes count number of photons in the high energy region, measured by the CdTe X-ray detector 14 and character CRH denotes count number of photons in the high energy region actually incident upon the CdTe X-ray detector 14, the count number CRH can be obtained easily by the following equation : CRH = CH / (1 - A) Meanwhile, supposing that character CL denotes count number of photons in the low energy region, measured by the CdTe X-ray detector 14 and character CRL denotes count number of photons in the low energy region actually incident upon the CdTe X-ray detector 14, the count number CRL is given by the following equation: CRL = CL - CRH x A / (1 - A) . By considering combination of energy of characteristic X-ray escape of the CdTe X-ray detector 14 and the K-edge filter 13, X-ray can be measured easily and accurately. The same effect as described above can be achieved by variously combining such elements as terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), etc. The probability A can be in advance obtained from such energy spectrum as shown in Fig. 8 by irradiating monoenergetic γ-ray by the use of ²⁴¹Am (americium). In Fig. 8, the probability A represents ratio of the hatching portion to the total count number of photons. In the case where a maximum energy of X-ray to be measured is 120 keV, energy separation may be performed in the vicinity of 90 keV. At this time, lead (Pb) and polonium (Po) may be combined in the K-edge filter 13. Alternatively, radon (Rn), francium (Fr), thallium (Tl), polonium (Po), bismuth (Bi), etc. may be combined in the K-edge filter 13. Meanwhile, in the case of a CdSe X-ray detector employing cadmium (Cd) and selenium (Se) or a CdS X-ray detector employing cadmium (Cd) and sulfur (S), since characteristic X-ray is generated mainly from Cd, accurate measurement of X-ray can be performed by using the K-edge filter 13 made of Gd and Er. Fig. 9 shows an X-ray apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The X-ray apparatus includes an X-ray generator 21 for emitting fan-beam X-ray 22, a K-edge filter 23, a multichannel type CdTe X-ray detector 24, an amplifier 25, a counter 26, an arithmetic unit 27 and a display unit 28. By scanning the CdTe X-ray detector 24 synchronously with the X-ray generator 21, the number of X-ray photons transmitted through a sample 20 to be measured can be counted in a two-dimensional area. Each channel of the CdTe X-ray detector 24 in this embodiment includes the amplifier 25 and the counter 26. The CdTe X-ray detector 24 is operated in photon counting mode and outputs pulses having pulse height proportional to energy of incident X-ray photons. In the case of the multichannel type CdTe X-ray detector 24, size of each detection element is reduced. As a result, quantity of X-ray absorbed by each detection element is reduced and count number of pulses, outputted by each detection element decreases and characteristic X-ray escape is apt to take place. In the case where quantitative analysis of the sample 20 is performed, measuring accuracy is raised as count number of pulses is increased. To this end, a maximum energy of X-ray photons to be emitted is raised such that count number of X-ray photons in the high energy region is increased. In this embodiment, the maximum energy of X-ray photons to be emitted is 100 keV and the K-edge filter 23 includes a Gd plate having a thickness of 200 µm and an Er plate having a thickness of 100 µm. Fig. 10 shows pulse height distribution of output pulses of each detection element of the CdTe X-ray detector 24. Pulse height of output pulses of each detection element is proportional to energy of photons incident upon the detection element. In the abscissa of Fig. 10, pulse height is converted into energy of photons. Output pulses due to characteristic X-ray escape generated by incident photons in the high energy region appear in an area having pulse height smaller than that corresponding to 72 keV as shown by the hatching in Fig. 10. As shown by the point s, an effective energy of this characteristic X-ray escape peak induced by the incident X-ray at the higher side region is about 45 keV. An effective energy of output peak at a side having energy lower than the separation energy of X-ray having been passed through the K-edge filter 23 is 45 keV, while an effective energy of output peak at a side higher than the separation energy of X-ray having been passed through the K-edge filter 23 is 75 keV as shown by the point t. As shown in Fig. 2, quantity of X-ray passed through the K-edge filter 23 drops in the vicinity of 50-60 keV and thus, the separation energy is located between 50 and 60 keV. Thus, the separation energy can be selected in the range of 50 to 60 keV. In order to lessen influence of characteristic X-ray escape, the separation energy is set at 57 keV as shown by the point u so as to fall between the effective energy t of 75 keV of output peak at the high energy side and the effective energy s of 45 keV of characteristic X-ray escape peak. By using pulse height corresponding to the separation energy u of 57 keV as a boundary, the number of pulses in the low energy region and the number of pulses in the high energy region are counted so as to be calculated. As will be seen from Fig. 10, most of pulse height components of characteristic X-ray escape peak appear in at the side having energy lower than the separation energy. In this embodiment, since 96 % of characteristic X-ray escape is counted at the side having energy lower than the separation energy, correction of influence of characteristic X-ray escape can be performed highly accurately. Assuming that character A' denotes possibility of occurrence of characteristic X-ray escape, character CL denotes the number of output pulses having low energy, character CH denotes the number of output pulses having high energy, character CRL denotes the number of low-energy X-ray photons incident upon the CdTe X-ray detector 24 and character CRH denotes the number of high-energy X-ray photons incident upon the CdTe X-ray detector 24, the numbers CRH and CRL are expressed as follows. CRH = CH / (1 - A′) CRL = CL - CRH x A′ / (1 - A′) Also by this correction, accuracy of quantitative analysis can be obtained sufficiently. In this embodiment, since the K-edge filter is arranged such that the separation energy falls between the effective energy of output peak at the side having high energy and the effective energy of characteristic X-ray escape peak as described above, influence of characteristic X-ray escape can be lessened and thus, quite high measuring accuracy can be obtained. If the CdTe X-ray detector 24 is replaced by a CdS X-ray detector, K-shell characteristic X-ray of S is as small as about 2.3 keV. Thus, characteristic X-ray escape of S is least likely to take place. Therefore, in this case, only characteristic X-ray escape peak of Cd may be taken in consideration and the K-edge filter 23 made of Gd and Er can also be used. Fig. 11 shows an X-ray apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The X-ray apparatus includes an X-ray generator 31 for emitting X-ray 32, a K-edge filter 33, an NaI scintillation detector 34 acting as an X-ray detector, a counter 35, an arithmetic unit 36 and a display unit 37. The NaI scintillation detector 34 may be replaced by a GdWO₃ scintillation detector. In the X-ray apparatus, the X-ray 32 generated by the X-ray generator 31 is irradiated, through the K-edge filter 33, over a sample 30 to be measured. Then, X-ray photons transmitted through the sample 30 are measured by the NaI scintillation detector 34. The NaI scintillation detector 34 outputs pulses having pulse height proportional to energy of incident X-ray photons. The output pulses of the scintillation detector 34 are counted by the counter 35 and the count numbers of the counter 35 are calculated by the arithmetic unit 36 such that the calculation results of the arithmetic unit 36 are displayed on the display unit 37. In the case where X-ray photons having a maximum energy of 80 keV are measured through energy separation, signals due to characteristic X-ray escape of I appear from about 50 keV in the low energy region. Therefore, combination of elements having a K-absorption edge of not less than 50 keV should be employed for the K-edge filter 33. For example, in the case of combination of terbium (Tb), holmium (Ho) and erbium (Er), energy separation can be obtained in the vicinity of 56 keV. Therefore, in this embodiment, combination of Tb, Ho and Er is employed for the K-edge filter 33. In addition to this combination, combinations of samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), etc. may be employed. Meanwhile, in the case where X-ray photons having a maximum energy of 100 keV are measured through energy separation, Gd and Er may be combined in the K-edge filter 33 as in the second embodiment. At this time, since band of energy separation is widened, the separation energy can be set between the output peak in the high energy region and the effective energy of characteristic X-ray escape peak due to photons in the high energy region, so that correction of influence of characteristic X-ray escape can be performed. Also in the case where an HgI₂ X-ray detector based on mercury (Hg) and iodine (I) is employed, characteristic X-ray of I poses a problem. Since characteristic X-ray of Hg ranges from 68.9 to 82.6 keV, characteristic X-ray escape does not offer a serious problem in the case of X-ray of about 100 keV or less. Therefore, a K-edge filter having the same combination of elements as that of the K-edge filter 33 applied to the NaI scintillation detector 34 can be employed. As is clear from the foregoing description, the K-edge filter employing two kinds of absorption materials is excellent in energy separation of X-ray in the present invention. Therefore, by selecting combination of the K-edge filter and the X-ray detector in view of energy of characteristic X-ray escape generated by the X-ray detector and the high and low energy regions into which energy of X-ray has been separated by the K-edge filter, the numbers of photons of X-ray incident upon the X-ray detector can be measured accurately for the high and low energy regions, respectively.

Claims: X-ray apparatus including an X-ray source (11, 21, 31) emitting X-rays, a K-edge filter (13, 23, 33) separating the spectrum of the X-rays emitted by the X-ray source into a high and a low energy region, and an X-ray detector (14, 24, 34) receiving the X-rays transmitted through an object (10, 20, 30) placed between the K-edge filter and the X-ray detector, and providing output pulses, the energy distribution of which corresponds to X-rays having an energy lower than a selected boundary (r, u) and X-rays having an energy higher than the boundary (r, u), the boundary being selected between the high and low regions of the K-edge filter (13, 23, 33), characterized in that the main portion of the K-edge filter (13, 23, 33) is made of a material containing at least two kinds of elements (1, 2; 3, 4), the difference of K-absorption edge among the elements ranging from 5 to 10 keV, and that the boundary (r, u) is selected to fall between a first value (p, t) of energy, which is either the value (p) of energy up to which the X-rays are usable as data or an effective energy (t) of output peak in the high energy region, and a second value (q, s) of lower energy respectively corresponding to either a maximum amplitude value (q) of X-ray energy detected by the X-ray detector (14, 24, 34) due to characteristic X-ray escape or an effective energy (s) of characteristic X-ray escape peak. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the atomic numbers of the elements of the K-edge filter (13, 23, 33) range from 50 to 85. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the two elements Gd and Er are used in the main portion of the K-edge filter (13, 23, 33). Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said main portion of the K-edge filter (F1) is formed of at least two thin plates (1, 2) or at least two thin films, which are stacked on each other and are made of the elements respectively. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein said main portion of the K-edge filter (F2) is made of at least two powder materials (3, 4) of the elements, said powder materials (3, 4) being mixed with each other so as to be fixed in position in said main portion. Apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the X-ray detector (24) is a multi-channel X-ray detector. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the X-ray detector (14, 24) is a CdTe X-ray detector. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein said X-ray detector (14, 24) is a CdS X-ray detector. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein said X-ray detector (34) is one of an NaI scintillation detector (34), a GdW0₃ scintillation detector and an HgI₂ X-ray detector. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the X-ray detector (14) outputs an electric pulse signal having pulse height proportional to energy of incident X-ray.

Inventors: BABA SUEKI, OHMORI KOICHI, OHTSUCHI TETSURO, TSUTSUI HIROSHI, BABA, SUEKI, OHMORI, KOICHI, OHTSUCHI, TETSURO, TSUTSUI, HIROSHI
Applicants: MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND CO LTD, MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: H05G1
IPC codes: G21K3, G01T7, H05G1, G01N23, G21K1