Misalignment-tolerant, grating-tuned external-cavity laser

Abstract: A grating tuned laser system having a beam height contractor (23) located between a laser amplifier (21) and a beam expander (24, 25). The beam height contractor (23) reduces the ratio of laser beam height to laser beam width at a grating (26) and thereby produces on the grating (26) a laser sat having a ratio of height to width that is much less than one. A cylindrical lens is used as the beam height contractor (23). The cylindrical lens may be bonded to, or formed integrally with, the beam expander (24, 25). A pair of prisms are typically used as the beam expander (24, 25).

Description: Background of the Invention This invention pertains generally to lasers, and more particularly to grating tuned external cavity lasers system. The invention is an improvement of the invention disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,942,583, issued July 17, 1990 to the present inventor and several co-inventors, and both inventions are commonly owned. Patent 4,942,583 shall be referenced in the following as "′583". In a diffraction grating tuned external-cavity laser, the external cavity forming the optical resonance structure has a diffraction grating at one end that may be rotated about an axis parallel to the grating rulings. The grating diffracts an incident beam into a multiplicity of spectral orders, each spread over a small range of angles about the rotation axis. One of these orders is retroflected back toward the light source by orienting the grating at the proper range of angles, known as the Littrow configuration. Wavelength selection is obtained by rotating the grating within the range of angles corresponding to this retroflected order so that the desired wavelength is reflected back to the light-emitting semiconductor, producing laser action at this wavelength. This system is very sensitive to misalignment of the diffraction grating. Unintended rotations of the grating by small angles about an axis perpendicular to the optical axis and the direction of the rulings can drastically reduce the amount of reflected light that is fed back to the source. Such undesired rotations can be caused by misalignment of the grating rotation axis with the rulings, and by mechanical shock and vibration. The foregoing alignment problem is addressed by Patent ′583, which discloses an optical relay disposed in the external cavity beam between the semiconductor light source and the diffraction grating. A preferred embodiment of the ′583 invention is illustrated in Figure 1, which reproduces the basic features of Figure 9 of patent ′583. In this Figure the light from the semiconductor light source passes through a collimating lens, shown as a SEL-FOC lens in the drawing, then through a prism pair which expands the beam along a transverse axis (T) perpendicular to the grating rulings, and then through a cylindrical lens which contracts the beam along an axis (P) parallel to the rulings. The emerging beam is focused to a waist at the grating which has a very narrow width parallel to the rulings and a broad width perpendicular to these rulings. As disclosed in the patent, the retroreflected beam from the grating is relatively insensitive to undesired rotations of the grating about the T axis for a given sensitivity to rotations about the P axis. The ′583 system shown in figure 1, by addressing the alignment problem, is a great improvement over the prior art. However, the stability of an external cavity laser system is still problematic. Beam shaping elements such as the prism pair beam expander and the cylindrical lens beam contractor tend to increase the optical length of the external cavity. As the optical length of the cavity is increased, the wavelength interval between the longitudinal resonant modes of the cavity is decreased thereby degrading the mode stability and selectivity of the laser system. From the JP-A-01 143 372 is known a narrow zone laser apparatus comprising a laser amplifier that emits a laser beam along an optical path and a grating positioned in the optical path. The laser apparatus according to this document uses a slot of a slit member to restrict the expanding direction of the laser beam from the laser oscillator. The slot also makes the beam wide in a direction parallel to the grating. This appartus then uses a convex lens and a concave lens to make the beam narrow again. To undo the narrowing that the slot imposed on the beam this appartus requires three prisms. The object of this document is to make the laser beam as small as possible in both height and widths so that the prisms and gratings can be small. As such, there is still an acute need for an external cavity laser system which is insensitive to grating rotations in the T axis and which has excellent mode stability and selectivity. Summary of the Invention An object of this invention is to provide a misalignment-tolerant, grating-tuned, external-cavity laser having improved longitudinal mode selectivity. A second object of this invention is to provide a misalignment-tolerant, grating-tuned, external-cavity laser having a reduced effective focal length. This object is solved by a grating tuned external cavity laser system comprising the features of claim 1. The present invention overcomes the foregoing problems by rearranging the optical elements in the optical relay so that the cylindrical lens does not reduce the mode selectivity. In this system the cylindrical lens is placed between the collimating lens and the beam expander prisms. The focal length of the cylindrical lens therefore falls within the beam expanding portion of the system, and does not increase the optical path length, compared to a system without this lens. In the preferred embodiment, the cylindrical lens is attached in optical contact to the input face of the first prism. An alternative embodiment includes a first prism having a cylindrical input face, so that the cylindrical lens is integral with this prism. These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and illustrative drawings of the preferred embodiment. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of a grating-tuned external-cavity laser having beam expander and anamorphic elements as disclosed in Patent ′583, and substantially reproduces Figure 9 of that Patent. Figure 2 is a top view of a grating-tuned external-cavity laser according to the present invention. Figure 3 is a perspective view of the invention as shown in figure 2 with the cylindrical lens and the first prism combined. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment The following is a detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. A significant feature of the present invention is the new and novel arrangement of the optical elements to produce a shorter optical path length than the prior art. As shown in figure 2, the elements of a grating-tuned external-cavity laser are similar to those shown in figure 1 (figure 9 of ′583) but rearranged to produce a shorter optical path length. A light beam is provided by a laser amplifier 21 such as, for example, a semiconductor laser. The light from this source passes through a collimating lens 22 , which may be a SEL-FOC or GRIN lens. The collimated light beam,then passes through a cylindrical lens 23 which, in figure 2, has a cylindrical axis in the plane of the drawing. This lens focuses the beam in the plane perpendicular to the drawing so that the focal waist occurs at a diffraction grating 26 , while causing no focusing in the plane lying in the plane of the drawing. From the cylindrical lens 23 the beam passes through a prism pair 24 and 25 . These prisms cause the beam to expand in the plane of the drawing, while causing no focusing in the plane perpendicular to the drawing. The combination of the elements 22 , 23 , 24 , and 25 constitutes the optical relay section of the present laser. The net effect of this optical relay is to cause a substantially circular laser spot produced by the source 21 to be focused to a highly linear spot at the diffraction grating 26 . This linear spot has a very narrow waist (height)W P in the plane perpendicular to the drawing, compared to a wide waist W T in the plane of the drawing. The diffraction grating 26 has rulings perpendicular to the plane of the drawing (i.e. the rulings are vertical, and the drawing is a top view). The grating is oriented in the Littrow configuration, at an angle Θ between a normal N of the grating and the optical axis A, so that the desired spectral order is retroflected back to the light source 21 . The laser is tuned by rotating the grating about the vertical axis P (perpendicular to the drawing plane) to select the desired wavelength of laser operation. This laser system is misalignment-tolerant and insensitive to undesired rotations of the grating about the horizontal axis T lying in the plane of the grating, for the same reason as the laser system shown in figure 1 (and figure 9 of ′583). The highly linear beam spot of the grating, elongated along the axis denoted by T , is relatively unaffected by rotations of the grating about T . By combining the optical elements in this new and novel way, the overall optical path length of the laser cavity of this invention is substantially less than prior art systems. Therefore the cavity resonance modes of the present invention are separated by greater wavelength intervals than those using the arrangement of optical elements illustrated in figure 1. This increases the mode selectivity of the present invention and decreases mode instability, in comparison with prior art laser systems. In figure 2, the cylindrical lens 23 is tilted at an acute Θ angle to the optical axis A, the angle is indicated by the dotted line. Ideally this angle is the same as the orientation angle of the grating 26 relative to the optical axis. In practice the orientation angle of the grating changes as the laser is tuned. If the cylindrical lens 23 is at a fixed orientation, its angle relative to the optical axis optimally corresponds to the angle of the grating at the midpoint of the tuning range. Patent ′583 discloses the reasons why this is not a practical impediment to the operation of the device, as well as alternative schemes for dealing with this problem. Figure 3 shows the preferred embodiment with the cylindrical lens 23 combined with the prism 24 . The lens 23 and prism 24 are either be attached to each other with glue or manufactured as an integral unit. The diffraction grating pitch and the refractive index of the prism material are chosen to satisfy the conditions governing the orientation angle of the cylindrical lens 23 as is known in the art and disclosed in ′583. The foregoing detailed description is intended solely to describe and illustrate the advantages, features and characteristics of the invention. Other variations and modifications may be made within the scope of the invention. For example, the cylindrical lens and both prisms can be fabricated as a single integral unit. The scope of the present invention is to be determined solely by reference to the following claims.

Claims: A grating tuned external cavity laser system comprising: a laser amplifier (21) that emits a laser beam along an optical path (A); a grating (26) positioned in the optical path (A) and oriented relative to the laser amplifier (21) to produce a diffraction order that retroflects back to the laser amplifier (21), the grating (26) having a plurality of rulings oriented parallel to a grating axis (P); a beam width expander (24,25) positioned in the optical path (A) between the laser amplifier (21) and the grating (26) for expanding the width of the laser beam at the grating (26) in a direction substantially perpendicular to the grating axis (P); and a cylindrical lens (23) positioned in the optical path (A) between the laser amplifier (21) and the beam expander (24,25) for reducing the ratio of laser beam height to laser beam width and thereby producing on the grating (26) a laser spot having a ratio of height to width that is much less than one, the cylindrical lens (23) having a focal length falling in part within the beam width expander (24,25) thereby substantially reducing the effective focal length of the laser cavity to produce a shorter optical path length and to improve longitudinal mode selectivity. A grating tuned laser system as in claim 1 wherein the cylinderical lens (23) is rigidly attached to, and optically communicative with, the beam width expander (24). A grating tuned laser system as in claim 1 wherein the beam cylinderical lens (23) and the beam width expander (24) are integrally fabricated as a single piece of optical material. A grating tuned laser system as in any preceding claim and further comprising a collimating lens (22) between the laser amplifier (21) and the cylinderical lens (23). A grating tuned laser system as in any preceding claim wherein the beam expander (24,25) comprises a first prism (24) and a second prism (25) that refract the laser beam in a plane perpendicular to the gratings axis (P) and thereby increase the width of the laser beam. A grating tuned laser system as in any preceding claim wherein the grating (26) and the cylinderical lens (23) are spaced apart by a distance that is selected to maximize the average feedback of the laser over a desired tuning range. A grating tuned laser system as in any preceding claim wherein the cylinderical lens (23) is disposed relative to the optical axis (A) at an angle that is selected to optimize, at a single wavelength within the tuning range of the laser, the degree of focus on the grating (26). A grating tuned laser system as in any of claims 1 through 6 wherein the cylinderical lens (23) is disposed relative to the optical axis (A) at an angle that is selected to maximize the average feedback of the laser over a desired tuning range.

Inventors: ZORABEDIAN PAUL, ZORABEDIAN, PAUL
Applicants: HEWLETT PACKARD CO, HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY
Application year: 1992
Main classification: H01S3
IPC codes: H01S3, H01S5, G02B27