Vehicle automatic transmission control system

Abstract: In a system (60) for controlling the gear ratio of a multi-step geared or continuously variable automatic transmission of a vehicle (10) based on determined parameters indicative of operating conditions of the vehicle including a driving resistance, the driving resistance is calculated in an equation in which motive force - driving resistance = vehicle mass x acceleration using the law of motion. In the first embodiment, the calculation is carried out, without using a torque sensor, by applying an adjustment for torque consumption by a device such as an air conditioner and the torque loss caused by braking. In the second and third embodiments, the driving resistance is calculated using a torque sensor (80). Thus, with the arrangement, the driving resistance can be accurately determined by applying appropriate adjustment, and the gear ratio to be shifted to is properly determined in any travelling condition including hill climbing.

Description: This invention relates to a vehicle automatic transmission control system, and more particularly to a vehicle automatic transmission control system of the type in which the driving resistance is calculated and used as a parameter for determining control values, and still more particularly to such a vehicle automatic transmission control system which enables the driving resistance to be calculated with high precision. The conventional electronic vehicle automatic transmission control system is generally equipped with a memory device storing a two dimensional shift diagram as a map, hereinafter referred to as "shift diagram map" and the gear ratio is determined by retrieval from the map using the throttle opening and the vehicle speed as address data. Since the shift diagram map is prepared assuming only general driving conditions, however, it does not always enable the selection of an appropriate gear ratio during hill-climbing and other special driving conditions. A number of systems have been developed for overcoming this problem. For example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. JP-A-1-112059 (1989) teaches a system which calculates the driving resistance and uses the result for correcting the map-retrieved gear ratio, while Japanese Laid-open Patent Application No. JP-A-63-246546 (1988) (& US-A-4 841 815) discloses a system which determines the gear ratio through fuzzy reasoning based on operating parameters including the driving resistance, without using the shift diagram map. The applicants also provided control systems of the latter type in EP-A-347263, EP-A-347261, EP-A-375155, EP-A-377953 (the preamble to claim 1 is based on this document), and EP-A-454504. While it is well known that the driving resistance is the sum of such individual resistances as the rolling resistance, the aerodynamic drag and the like, precise measurement of the driving resistance of a vehicle is possible only under strictly controlled indoor test conditions and is very difficult under actual driving conditions. The aforementioned Japanese Patent Application No. JP-A-63-246546 (1988) therefore uses a driving resistance value obtained by simulation. However, such a simulation value only roughly approximates the actual driving resistance and cannot be considered to reflect it with a very high degree of accuracy. It was in the light of this situation that the applicants proposed the method of computing driving resistance disclosed in the aforesaid EP-A-454504. An object of the invention is to provide an automatic transmission control system that is an improvement on this earlier driving resistance computation technology developed by the applicants and which, by making it possible to determine the driving resistance with higher precision, enables determination of the most appropriate gear ratio with high reliability. For realizing this object, the present invention provides a system for controlling the gear ratio of a multi-step geared or continuously variable automatic transmission of a vehicle through a fuzzy reasoning based on determined parameters indicative of operating conditions of the vehicle including the driving resistance calculated by driving resistance calculating means; wherein said driving resistance calculating means includes: first means for determining the output torque generated by the vehicle engine at least from an engine speed and an engine load in accordance with predetermined characteristics; second means for calculating the motive force which the vehicle generates by multiplying the determined torque by the overall gear ratio and the transmission efficiency and by dividing the product by the vehicle tire radius; and third means for determining the vehicle acceleration and for multiplying the determined vehicle acceleration by the vehicle mass, to determine the force required for acceleration, and for determining the driving resistance by subtracting the determined force from the motive force; characterised in that: said second means adjusts the determined torque by subtracting the torque consumption of a device driven by the vehicle engine, said torque consumption of said driven device being defined with respect to the engine speed, and adjusts the determined torque for transmission lag to the first order. A number of embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the overall arrangement of a vehicle automatic transmission control system according to the present invention; Figure 2 is a block diagram showing the details of the control unit shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a main routine flow chart showing the operation of the control system according to the present invention; Figure 4 is a chart showing an example of a fuzzy product rule used in the fuzzy reasoning referred to in Figure 3; Figure 5 is a subroutine flow chart showing the driving resistance calculation referred to in Figure 3; Figure 6 is an explanatory block diagram explaining the calculation of Figure 5; Figure 7 is a graph explaining the characteristics of a torque ratio defined with respect to a speed ratio and referred to in Figure 5; Figure 8 is a graph explaining the characteristics of the oil pump torque consumption correction defined with respect to the engine speed and referred to in Figure 5; Figure 9 is a graph explaining the characteristics of the air conditioner torque consumption correction defined with respect to the engine speed and referred to in Figure 5; Figure 10 is a graph explaining the characteristics of the coolant temperature correction referred to in Figure 5; Figure 11 is a graph explaining the characteristics of the atmospheric pressure correction referred to in Figure 5; Figure 12 is a graph explaining the characteristics of a friction coefficient of the brake pads to be used for the braking torque correction referred to in Figure 5; Figure 13 is an explanatory view showing the characteristics of a map of the braking torque correction to be retrieved from the friction coefficient and brake fluid pressure referred to in Figure 5; Figure 14 is a graph explaining the characteristics of the steering angle correction referred to in Figure 5; Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be explained with reference to a system, as an example, which controls the gear ratio of multi-step automatic transmission through a fuzzy reasoning. Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the overall arrangement of the system, in which the reference numeral 10 denotes a vehicle. The vehicle 10 has an internal combustion engine and a drive train, generally denoted by the reference numeral 12, which transmits the gear-shifted engine output, through a drive shaft 14, to front (drive) wheels 16. A crankshaft angle sensor 20 is provided in a distributor (not shown) of the engine to detect the position of a piston (not shown) in terms of tlie crankshaft angle. At an appropriate location downstream of a throttle valve (not shown), there is provided an intake air pressure sensor 22 for detecting the absolute pressure of the intake air flow through an air intake passage. In the vicinity of the throttle valve, there is provided a throttle position sensor 24 for detecting the degree of opening of the throttle valve. Further, there are provided, at appropriate locations of the air intake passage, a temperature sensor 26 for detecting the coolant temperature and a pressure sensor 28 for detecting tile atmospheric pressure of a place where the vehicle 10 travels. Moreover, there are provided in the vehicle 10 an air conditioner switch 30 for detecting ON/OFF states of an air conditioner (not shown) and a steering angle sensor 34 for detecting the turning angle of the front wheels 16 through the amount of rotary motion of a steering wheel 32. In addition, a vehicle speed sensor 38 is provided in an appropriate location in the engine/drive train 12 for detecting a traveling speed of the vehicle 10. In the vicinity of a brake pedal (not shown) prepared on the vehicle floor near the driver's seat a brake switch 40 is provided for detecting depression of the brake pedal. There are further provided a brake fluid pressure sensor 44 for detecting the brake pressure through the fluid pressure at a brake master cylinder 42 and a temperature sensor 48 for detecting the temperature of a friction pad (not shown) in a disc brake 46 provided at each wheel. In the vicinity of the suspension 50 mounted at each wheel a suspension stroke sensor 52 is provided for detecting the weight of the passenger(s) and cargo of the vehicle through the amount of depression of a coil spring (not shown) of the suspension 50. Furthermore, a turbine speed sensor 54 is provided for detecting the rotational speed of the turbine shaft of a torque converter (not shown) in the engine/drive train 12. A range selector switch 56 is provided for detecting the selected position of a range selector (not shown) prepared near the driver's seat. Outputs of the sensors and switches are all sent to a control unit 60. Figure 2 is a block diagram showing the control unit 60 in detail. As shown in this figure, the analog outputs from the intake air pressure sensor 22 and the like are input to a level conversion circuit 62 in the unit for amplification and the amplified signals are forwarded to a microcomputer 64. The microcomputer 64 has an input port 64a, an A/D converter 64b, a CPU 64c, a ROM 64d, a RAM 64e, an output port 64f and groups of registers (not shown) and counters (not shown). The output from the circuits 62 is input to the A/D converter 64b whereby it is converted into digital values, and the values are stored in the RAM 64e. The outputs from the crankshaft angle sensor 20 and the like are first waveshaped in a waveshaping circuit 66 and then input to the microcomputer through the input port 64a to be stored in the RAM 64e. On the basis of the input values and calculated values derived therefrom, the CPU 64c determines a gear position (ratio). In response to the result of the determination, a control value is sent through the output port 64f to a first output circuit 68 and a second output circuit 70 which energize/deenergize solenoids 72, 74 so as to shift gears or hold the current position as determined. In the above, since a noise caused by a vehicle vibration excited by the engine could be detected by the vehicle speed sensor 38 and mixed up with its output, it is arranged such that digital filtering is carried out on the vehicle sensor output in the microcomputer and the vehicle speed is determined from a frequency component less than the noise frequency. In actual fact, most of the noise mixed in the vehicle speed sensor output is the vibration which is generated by torsional vibration of the drive shaft caused by a time lag in engine torque transmission. The operation of the control system will now be explained with respect to the flow charts of Figure 3 and later figures. The procedure begins with step S10 of Figure 3 in which the vehicle speed, the throttle opening, the driving resistance and other parameters required for determining the control value are detected or calculated. Control then passes to step S12 in which the gear ratio (gear position) is selected through fuzzy reasoning and to step S14 in which in response to the so-determined gear ratio a control value is output to the solenoids 72,74. The fuzzy reasoning is conducted using a number of fuzzy production rules (see the example shown in Figure 4) which are drafted in advance. The detected (calculated) parameters relating to the antecedent (IF part) of each rule are applied to the corresponding membership functions (as indicated by the broken lines in Figure 4) for determining the degree of satisfaction of the rule, whereafter the output value of the consequent (THEN part) is determined. After all of the rules have been processed in this way, the final control value is determined. This is explained in detail in the aforesaid assignee's earlier publication, and since the present invention is not characterized by the fuzzy reasoning itself but by a method of calculating driving resistance as a parameter required for conducting the fuzzy reasoning, it will not be gone into further here. Figure 5 is the flow chart of a subroutine for calculating the driving resistance. Before going into a detailed explanation of this subroutine, however, the principle of the calculation will be explained with reference to Figure 6. The invention uses the law of motion for determining the driving resistance. Specifically, the vehicle dynamics can be obtained from the law of motion as Motive force F - Driving resistance R = (1 + Equivalent mass) x (Vehicle weight W/Gravitational acceleration G) x Acceleration α [N] On the other hand, the motive force F and the driving resistance R can be obtained as Motive force F = (Torque T x Overall gear ratio G/R x Transmission efficiency eta)/Effective tire radius r [N] Driving resistance R = (Rolling resistance µo + Grade sin ) x Vehicle weight W + Aerodynamic drag (µA x V 2 ) [N] (In the foregoing, the equivalent mass (equivalent mass coefficient) is a constant and V is the vehicle speed.) The variables in the equation (2) are the vehicle weight W, which varies with the number of passengers and the amount of cargo, and the grade sin , which differs depending on the inclination of the road surface, and all of these factors are included in the driving resistance. Therefore, by rewriting the aforesaid equation (1) there is obtained Driving resistance R = (Motive force F) - {(1 + equivalent mass ) x Vehicle mass M x Acceleration α} [N] (where vehicle mass M = vehicle weight W/gravitational acceleration G). Figure 6 illustrates the foregoing in tlle form of a block diagram. The flow chart of Figure 5 will now be explained with reference to Figure 6. The subroutine starts with step S100 iii which the current torque is determined. Tills embodiment does not use a torque sensor but, as shown in Figure 6, obtains the approximate value of the torque by retrieval from a map stored in ROM, using the engine speed and the intake air pressure as address data. As shown in Figure 6, the torque map is provided with separate sets of characteristics for different throttle openings. Control then passes to step S102 in which the torque T is adjusted by multiplication by a torque ratio TR indicative of a torque increase by the torque converter retrieved from a table having the characteristics shown in Figure 7. This retrieval is conducted by calculating the speed ratio e of the torque converter from the engine speed and the torque converter output speed and using the calculated value to retrieve the torque ratio TR from the table of Figure 7. Control then passes to steps S104 and S106 in which the amounts of torque consumed by the oil pump and the air conditioner compressor are estimated and subtracted from the torque value to obtain an adjusted torque value. This is done by using the engine speed to retrieve the values from tables stored in the ROM 64d having the characteristics shown in Figures 8 and 9. The retrieval is conducted using the engine speed since the rotational speeds of both the oil pump and the compressor are proportional to the engine speed. Characteristics like those shown in the figures are determined by tests and stored in the ROM beforehand. Control next passes to step S108 in which the torque is adjusted for the coolant temperature. This adjustment is made because the coolant temperature is an index of the engine temperature, and the torque loss owing to internal engine friction is large when the engine is cold. Specifically, the calculated torque is adjusted by multiplying it by a correction coefficient kTW. As shown in Figure 10, the correction coefficient kTW is small on the low-temperature side and rises to 1.0 at full warmup. Control then passes to step S110 in which the torque is adjusted for the atmospheric pressure. This adjustment is conducted because back pressure decreases with increasing altitude and, accordingly, for one and the same intake air pressure, the engine output increases in proportion to the altitude. The calculated torque is therefore adjusted by multiplying it by a correction coefficient kPA which increases with increasing altitude, as shown by the characteristic curve of Figure 11. Following this, the calculated torque is adjusted for torque transmission lag in step S112. This is conducted because the gear system and various other factors delay the transmission of the torque output by the engine to drive wheels. As far as the inventors have been able to determine, the lag is of the first order. Therefore, step S112 adjusts the calculated torque for lag by an amount determined by a time constant shown in Figure 6. Control then passes to step S114 in which the calculated (adjusted) torque is multiplied by the overall gear ratio G/R and the transmission efficiency eta to obtain the value FTRQ. When the torque converter speed ratio e is 1.0 or larger, the engine is forcibly rotated by the drive wheels so that the engine provides an engine braking effect. Generally, the transmission efficiency differs between this case and the ordinary case where the engine drives the wheels. The value of the transmission efficiency used in the calculation is therefore changed between the case of e < 1.0 and the case of e ≥ 1.0. Specifically, it is adjusted downward when e is 1.0 or larger. Control next passes to step S116 in which the braking torque (braking force) is determined and subtracted from the calculated value FTRQ so as to compensate for the torque loss experienced during braking. The braking torque is determined by using the temperature of the brake pads of the disc brakes detected by the sensor 48 for retrieving a coefficient of friction µ from a table whose characteristics are shown in Figure 12, and then retrieving the braking torque from a map whose characteristics are shown in Figure 13 using the coefficient of friction µ and the brake fluid pressure detected by the sensor 44 as address data. The braking force increases with increasing coefficient of friction and increasing brake fluid pressure and the pattern of this increase relative to these factors is determined through tests and stored in the ROM 64d as a map, the characteristics of which are shown in Figure 13. Here, the brake pad temperature may be determined by averaging those values detected at all the wheels, or may be determined from an average between those detected at the two front wheels 16. Next the motive force F is calculated in step S118 by dividing the value FTRQ obtained in step S116 by the radius of the drive wheels 16. Control thereafter passes to step S120 in which the acceleration α is determined by obtaining the difference or differential of the detection value of the vehicle speed sensor 38 obtained by filter processing in the manner described earlier, to step S122 in which the actual vehicle mass (weight) M including the mass (weight) of the passengers and any cargo is determined from the detection value of the suspension stroke sensor 52 based on predetermined characteristics, and to step S126 in which the driving resistance R is calculated according to the equation set out earlier. Control then passes to step S128 in which the calculated driving resistance R is adjusted for the steering angle. This adjustment is made because the tire slip rate varies with the direction of the drive wheels travel and this in turn produces a variation in the driving resistance. Specifically, the steering angle detected by the sensor 34 is used for retrieving a correction amount RSTR from a table whose characteristics are shown in Figure 14 and the retrieved value is subtracted from the calculated driving resistance. Alternatively, this adjustment can be made by subtracting tlle correction amount from the motive force. The gear ratio is determined according to the flow chart of Figure 3 based on the so-obtained driving resistance and the other operating parameters. The embodiment constituted in the foregoing manner is able to determine tlle driving resistance with high precision solely through data processing operations, without use of a torque sensor and, therefore, is able to determine gear ratios (positions) appropriate for hill-climbing and other driving circumstances with high reliability. The positioning of a vehicle speed sensor 380 indicated by a phantom line in Figure 1 is that used in a second embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the sensor 380 is mounted in the vicinity of a free wheel (rear wheel) 82 so as to avoid detection of noise frequencies arising from the vibration. This embodiment therefore does not require the digital filter processing used in the first embodiment. Since the sensor 380 is mounted on the free wheel, not on the drive wheel, this arrangement can also prevent the vehicle speed detection from being affected even if the drive wheel slips. While the invention has been described with respect to the case where the driving resistance is determined and fuzzy reasoning is conducted on the basis of operating parameters including the driving resistance for selecting the gear position of a multi-step transmission, this is not limitative and, insofar as the driving resistance is determined and used as a parameter for selecting the control value, the invention can also be applied for selecting the gear ratio of a continuously variable transmission.

Claims: A system (60) for controlling the gear ratio of a multi-step geared or continuously variable automatic transmission of a vehicle (10) through a fuzzy reasoning based on determined parameters indicative of operating conditions of the vehicle including the driving resistance calculated by driving resistance calculating means; wherein said driving resistance calculating means includes: first means (22,54,64) for determining the output torque generated by the vehicle engine at least from an engine speed and an engine load in accordance with predetermined characteristics; second means (30,64)for calculating the motive force which the vehicle generates by multiplying the determined torque by the overall gear ratio and the transmission efficiency and by dividing the product by the vehicle tire radius; and third means (64) for determining the vehicle acceleration and for multiplying the determined vehicle acceleration by the vehicle mass, to determine the force required for acceleration, and for determining the driving resistance by subtracting the determined force from the motive force; characterised in that: said second means adjusts the determined torque by subtracting the torque consumption of a device driven by the vehicle engine (12), said torque consumption of said driven device being defined with respect to the engine speed, and adjusts the determined torque for transmission lag to the first order. A system according to claim 1, wherein the torque consumption of the device driven by the vehicle engine is the torque consumption of an oil pump. A system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the torque consumption of the device driven by the vehicle engine (12) is the torque consumption of an air conditioner. A system according to any of preceding claims 1 to 3, further including fourth means (26) for adjusting the determined torque in accordance with the engine coolant temperature. A system according to any of preceding claims 1 to 4, further including fifth means (28) for adjusting the determined torque in accordance with the atmospheric pressure at the place where the vehicle is travelling. A system according to any of preceding claims 1 to 5, further including sixth means for varying the transmission efficiency if the vehicle engine is being driven by the vehicle wheels. A system according to any of preceding claims 1 to 6, further including seventh means (44,48) for determining the braking force from at least the brake hydraulic pressure and the brake pad temperature and for adjusting the determined motive force by subtracting the determined braking force therefrom. A system according to any of preceding claims 1 to 7, further including eighth means (34) for adjusting the determined driving resistance in accordance with the steering angle. A system according to any of preceding claims 1 to 8, wherein the vehicle acceleration is determined by a sensor (38) provided at the vehicle drive wheel (16). A system according to any of preceding claims 1 to 9, wherein the vehicle acceleration is determined by a sensor (380) provided at the vehicle free wheel (82). A system according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the vehicle acceleration is determined from a frequency signal which is at a frequency which is less than a predetermined signal.

Inventors: IWAKI YOSHIDA, SAKAGUCHI SHINICHI, SAKAI ICHIRO, IWAKI, YOSHIDA, SAKAGUCHI, SHINICHI, SAKAI, ICHIRO, Iwaki, Yoshida, c/o Kabushiki Kaisha Honda, SAKAGUCHI, SHINICHI, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA, SAKAI, ICHIRO, C/O KABUSHIKI KAISHA HONDA
Applicants: HONDA MOTOR CO LTD, HONDA GIKEN KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1992
Main classification: F16H61
IPC codes: F16H59, F16H61, B60W50