Hollow diamond cut rope chain

Abstract: By means of having taken advantage of certain physical properties of solids with a manufacturing process of incrementally deforming hollow links, there is produced new hollow diamond cut jewelry rope chain, which results in a product weighing up to 60% less than its solid counterpart, but which in its aesthetic looks is similar to solid diamond cut jewelry chains, and furthermore, with a hardness greater than the same hollow chain that has not gone through the process. This invention presents a new diamond cut chain, which costs a fraction of the price of a solid chain aesthetically similar.

Description: The present invention relates to jewellery chains, of the type referred to as "hollow rope chains", and the manufacture thereof in forms simulating diamond cut facets. The present invention is concerned with forming flat impressions, or facets, on the surface of hollow annular jewellery chain links. Jewellery rope chains, used for necklaces, or the like, are made from a helicoid configuration of a plurality of individual annular links, which links are intertwined to form a double helix resembling a rope. These chains are therefore often referred to as rope chains. Jewellery rope chains, which may be made of precious or other metals, can be of solid or hollow annular links. The former are known as "solid rope chains" and the latter are known as "hollow rope chains". In order to provide a sparkling effect on a solid rope chain, the links of the chain are conventionally subjected to "diamond cutting", in which sharp diamond cutting knives are used to cut or shear off segments of the solid annular links (usually known as "facetting"), so that these flat facets will reflect light at various angles, making the diamond cut rope chain shinier than a non-diamond-cut chain. By shearing or cutting, and removing a very thin layer of metal (typically 5 to 10x10 -5 m or 0.002 to 0.004 inches) by a special diamond cutting tool, a very highly reflective surface can be created. The manufacture of diamond cut solid rope chains is very expensive because of the cost of the raw materials used, for example, precious metals such as platinum or gold. In order to reduce the cost of rope chains, chains that "look" aesthetically like the heavier solid rope chains, but which are much lighter in weight having a lower metal content than the solid rope chains, are frequently used. Such chains can be obtained in various ways, such as, for example, by altering the size and thickness of the annular links or by using hollow rope chains. Because hollow rope chains are made from hollow links, they are more delicate than solid rope chains. The thin walls of the links cannot be sheared or cut to create a flat faceted impression giving a sparkled surface effect. As a result, the hollow links, and the hollow rope chains derived from such links are liable to be bent, bunched, warped or otherwise deformed before, during and/or after the manufacturing process. In addition, because a hollow link is manufactured from a very thin plate, the plate itself has to be perfectly made in respect of its thickness and width in order that a strong link may be made therefrom. One problem encountered in the manufacture of a hollow rope chain is that it is difficult to "tighten" the chain because of its delicate structure. This results in a certain "looseness" in the finished hollow rope chain, which is not normally encountered in a solid rope chain. Solid and hollow rope jewellery chains can be made by machine or by hand. When links are intertwined to form a double helix helicoid chain, a rope chain is produced. Each link in the rope chain is generally curved, annular and curved again in a C-shape. The links are referred to as "annular" because they are ring shaped and wrap around one another. Two types of annular links are used in rope chain manufacturing, namely: closed links where each individual annular link is soldered to form a continuous link; and annular links having an opening or gap slightly larger than the wire diameter from which the annular links are made, to permit one of the annular links forming the rope chain to pass through the gap of another of the annular links forming the chain. Because a hollow link has a very thin wall, it is necessary to introduce a supporting core during manufacture to avoid fracture of the thin wall. There are two types of hollow links, requiring different kinds of supporting cores during formation. One type is known as a "seamless" link, which is basically a toroid doughnut shaped link with an uninterrupted, continuous surface. After assembly of a chain made of the "seamless" links, which links have a non-precious metal core, the core must be removed by dissolving it in concentrated acid. Such an operation is very slow, because of limited surface contact between the acid and the metal core. Few chains are therefore made this way. The second type of hollow link is a "seamed" link, also of generally toroid doughnut shape, but with a circumferential gap or "seam" on the inner circumferential surface, similar in shape to an automobile tyre with a gapped seam on its inner circumference. Use of these "seamed" hollow links results in a more simple, less complicated, and a more efficient way of manufacturing hollow rope chains. The seamed links are formed when a sheet metal plate of thickness 5 to 10x10 -5 m (0.002 to 0.004 inches) together with a solid non-precious metal core are drawn through a round die so that the sheet of precious metal forms an open tube with a non-precious metal core. The precious sheet metal is wrapped around the non-precious metal wire allowing an opening of 15% to 20% of the median circle of the circular cross-sectional ring formed. The opening along the seamed link allows acid to access the non-precious metal core along the entire length of the link, thus accelerating dissolution of the non-precious metal core. However, the thus formed hollow links are very thin, and subject to fracture, so they cannot be sheared or cut, to create flat, sparkling facets. Diamond cutting of the links of solid rope chains is accomplished by making a plurality of deep cuts in the links, to produce links having a four or six faceted square or hexagon shape. This way the diamond cut flat surface created in the links gives an enhanced sparkle to the chain. Diamond cutting of the very thin walls of hollow links has been impossible to achieve because of their thinness. For example, to achieve a square or hexagon shaped link, in cross-section, the depth of the cut would have to be greater than the wall thickness of the annular tube from which the hollow link is made. Various methods have been proposed to improve rope chain manufacturing technology. U.S. patent 4716750 discloses rotary swaging and annealing, repeated in sequence, to produce hollow articles with various tubular cross-sections. U.S. patent 4754535 discloses the use of ice as a packing material support for surface alteration of thin continuous stock. U.S. patents 2424924 and 2711069 describe methods of producing ornamental facets on solid wire chain links through grinding operations. U.S. patents 3083002 and 4268946 disclose the use of a solidifying material, such as ice, as a chuck to hold jewellery workpieces in place. Both of these patents concern cutting of thin metal workpieces, 4268946 being particularly concerned with cutting tubular members. U.S. patents 2895290, 3410085, 4679391 and 4682467 disclose stamping impressions into solid chain links. Of these, US patent 4679391 particularly concerns jewellery. U.S. patent 4681664 discloses the altering or reinforcing of hollow thin walled jewellery articles by electro-forming at stress points (such as at joints) to increase their strength. U.S. patent 4996835 discloses the use of both solid or hollow links in jewellery rope chains, and German patent 2428647 discloses the use of a solidifying agent as a chuck to hold workpieces. The patents mentioned do not describe a hollow rope chain bearing generally flat, reflective faceted surfaces to increase their visual sparkling effect while the structural integrity of the annular links of the hollow rope chain is maintained. The patents mentioned either disclose making hollow links, such as disclosed in U.S patent 4716750, or the surface alteration of solid links, such as disclosed in U.S. patents 4716750, 2424924 or 2711069. U.S. patent 4861664 concerns altering of hollow jewellery articles by electro-forming them at stress points; the document does not describe a method of incrementally deforming curved hollow links to produce a flattened facet surface. U.S. patent 4754535 discloses altering flat, thin metal strips by applying a supporting base, such as ice, and then impressing the strip with pre-coined impressions. However, U.S. patents 4861664 and 4754535 do not describe surface deformation of the curved surface of an annular link by the application of incremental pressure upon the curved wall surface, thereby deforming the curved outer wall inward until a flattened surface appears. US-A-4,996,835 discloses a jewellery rope chain comprising wire links which may be solid, hollow or semi-hollow, with each wire link having a small gap therein, being slightly larger than the cross-section thereof, so as to enable one of said links to pass through the gap of a second such link in order to form said chain. The primary object of the invention is to provide a "faceted hollow rope chain" from a "hollow rope chain", thus enabling weight reduction by up to 60%. A secondary object of the invention is to solve the problem of the "frailty" inherent in hollow rope chain jewellery. This "frailty" problem is greatly alleviated by the present invention which, by incrementally altering the structural configuration of the individual hollow links, allows a hollow rope chain to be strengthened by incremental deformation. As a result, the chain is more resistant to wear and tear deformations in use. More particularly, it is an object of the present invention to provide hollow rope jewellery in which portions of the hollow annular link pieces are flattened, thus providing a simulated "sheared and cut" faceted look on the surfaces of the annular links, which is snag-resistant while at the same time is inexpensive to manufacture, and simple to install and to remove. One feature of the present invention concerns a hollow rope chain with links having very thin walls, such as 0.5 to 2 x 10 -4 m (0.002 to 0.008 inch), wherein there is plastic deformation of the hollow rope chain links and the resultant simulation of diamond cut facets of the hollow rope chain. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a jewellery hollow rope chain having a plurality of intertwined links forming a double helix, the rope chain comprising: a plurality of substantially annular hollow links each having a generally curved outer wall in which the curvature is both around the circumference of the annulus and in radial planes of the annulus perpendicular to said circumference; each of the links further comprising a portion in said curved outer wall which has been substantially deformed so as to result in a flattened plane which is substantially parallel to the axis of said annulus. Preferably each link in cross-section has a substantially toroidal shape, or alternatively, is substantially C-shaped in cross-section. Preferably each chain link (in cross-section) is also substantially C-shaped, defining a gap extending circumferentially around the outer wall portion of the link. According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process of producing facets on hollow links of a rope chain according to the invention, which process comprises the steps of: (a) wrapping the hollow links that have been woven into a helicoid chain about a lathe drum, each of the links having a generally curved outer wall in which the curvature is both around the circumference of the annulus and in radial planes perpendicular to the circumference; (b) reducing the temperature of the drum to below the freezing point of water and applying water to the links upon the drum until the water is frozen on the outer wall portion of the links; (c) flattening part of the outer wall portion of one of the links by the application of a plurality of incremental deformative thrusts with a blunt burnishing tool while the drum with the links frozen thereto is turned; and (d) repeating step (c) for each of the links of the rope chain. Preferably the tool is advanced longitudinally and inwardly, with respect to the lathe drum, against the curved outer wall portion of the link. Preferably the blunt burnishing tool is applied selectively against the curved outer wall portions of the hollow links, such that parts of the outer wall portions are flattened. Preferably the blunt burnishing tool is applied obliquely off centre against the links, off a centre of the curved outer wall portion of the links. Preferably the process further comprises imparting one or more flat reflective surface facets upon the outer wall portion of the links, including the steps of the application of a plurality of incremental multiple successive passages, in both inward and longitudinal directions with respect to the hollow links, against selected portions of the outer wall portions of the links, deforming the outer wall portion inward until the outer circumference of the outer wall portion is substantially adjacent to the inner circumference of the outer wall portion, and reciprocally flattening the inner circumference of the wall portions inward toward said outer wall portions. The invention may be more clearly understood from the following description of embodiments thereof, given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 shows a prior art solid annular chain link; Figure 2 illustrates the link of Figure 1 having a faceted flattened portion; Figure 3 illustrates a section of the link of Figure 2 along line 3-3; Figure 4 illustrates a hollow link having a seamed gap running along its inner circumference; Figure 4a illustrates a hollow link having in cross-section a toroid configuration; Figure 5 illustrates the link of Figure 4 with a flattened portion according to one aspect of the present invention; Figure 5a illustrates the link of Figure 4a having a flattened portion according to the invention; Figure 6 illustrates a section of the link of Figure 5 along line 6-6; Figure 6a illustrates a section of the link of Figure 5a, viewed along line 6A-6A; Figure 7 illustrates a perspective view of a rope chain having a helicoid configuration of hollow annular links without a flattened surface; Figure 8 illustrates a perspective view of a rope chain having a helicoid configuration of hollow links each link having a flattened surface; Figure 9 illustrates in detail the links of Figure 8; Figure 10 illustrates a typical hollow seamed annular link according to the invention as viewed along line 10-10 of Figure 9; Figure 10a illustrates a further close-up sectional perspective view of a hollow link; Figure 11 illustrates a top-plan view of a typical method for applying a flattened surface to a hollow link according to a second aspect of the present invention; Figure 12 illustrates a close up of a burnishing tool of the machine of Figure 11. In the prior art, as shown in Figure 1, a solid annular chain link 10a is sheared as shown in Figure 2, resulting in a flat, faceted surface 20a. Figure 3 depicts a section 21a of the prior art link 20a, when viewed along line 3-3 of Figure 2. Figures 4, 5 and 6 show a hollow annular link 10 of shape closely resembling that of an automobile tyre, with an inner gap 11 on the inside surface of the annular link 10. A gap 12 in the circumference is provided by removing a section of the annular link 10, to permit the intertwining of a plurality of hollow links 10, 10', 10, etc. within each other, as shown in the rope configuration helicoid of Figure 7. Each seamed link 10 (see Figure 10) has a curved circumference in cross-section which is interrupted by a first gap 11 extending from a first boundary part 14 of the circumference 10, to a second boundary part 15 of the circumference of link 10. Each link 10, whether it is "seamed" or "seamless", is substantially curved about its longitudinal axis to form a generally C-shaped member, with the ends spaced apart from each other by a second gap 12 intersecting the circumference of link 10, which results in link 10 assuming a C-shaped configuration. Each link 10 has an outer surface wall portion 30 which extends bilaterally outward along the outer surface of link 10 from a first (outermost) circumference of the outer surface of link 10 to a second circumference of the outer surface of link 10. The second circumference is on a median plane between the first (outermost) circumference of the outer surface of link 10 and a third (innermost) circumference of each link 10. A rear surface wall portion (opposite the outer surface wall portion 30) is defined by that portion of the outer surface of link 10 extending from the second circumference to the third circumference. In the "seamed" link, the rear surface wall is divided into upper rear surface wall portion 31 and lower rear surface wall portion 32, which wall portions 31 and 32 are separated by first gap 11 as noted hereinabove. Seamless links do not have such first gap 11 at their inner circumference. Flat facets 20 (see Figure 5) impressed against the rounded outer surface 30 of hollow link 10 are formed by the incremental deformation of rounded outer surface 30 of hollow link 10. This incremental deformation (by hammering) causes a structural change on surface 30 of link 10, without altering its topological properties. This structural change which gives hardness and resistance against deformation to any annular shaped object, such as hollow link 10, is caused by the deformation of one or more surface 30 of link 10 into one more flattened surfaces 20. Any of these flat surfaces 20 must have a delimitation that separates it from the surrounding round surface 30, thus creating an irregular boundary line 40 where the flat surface 20 meets rounded surface 30. The boundary line 40 thus created imparts the simulated edges of a distinct flat diamond cut 20a upon prior art solid link 10a, so even though the deformed surface 20 is not quite flat, it is deformed at such an incremental rate that the tendency of curved surface 30 to deform into a concave surface is minimised by the gradual incremental deformations of curved surface 30 with applications of blunt hammering force. Furthermore, the simulated faceting of a conglomerate of hollow links 10, 10', 10'' etc. that comprise together a hollow rope chain with simulated diamond cuts, gives each link 10, 10', 10'' etc. a much greater resistance and structural hardness than an undeformed conglomerate of perfectly round hollow rings making up a hollow rope chain. Figure 7 shows a typical hollow rope chain 1' without any flat facets. Figure 8 shows a typical hollow rope chain 1 with flat facets 20, 20', 20'' etc. upon links 10, 10', 10'' etc. As shown in Figures 9 and 10, the hollow seamed links 10, 10' 10'' are deformed with flattened surfaces 20, 20', 20'' etc. on a portion of curved surfaces 30, 30', 30'' etc. of hollow links 10, 10', 10'' etc. away from inner gaps 11, 11' (not shown) and 11'' (not shown) of annular hollow links 10, 10', 10'' etc. With respect to "seamless" links, these are deformed with similar flattened facet surfaces on a portion of the outer curved surfaces away from its inner curved surfaces, which inner curved surfaces do not present a gap, such as first gap 11. Figure 10 illustrates a typical hollow seamed annular link being deformed by facet section 20 within boundary line 40 of curved surface 30. During deformation, rear upper wall portion 31 and rear lower portion 32, separated by gap 11, are likewise deformed inward toward surface 30 being deformed reciprocally inward by the incremental application of blunt hammering force upon outer curved surface 30 in the region of facet 20. As a result, there is depicted in Figure 10a a completely flattened faceted surface 20 of curved surface 30 of hollow link 10, which link 10 also presents flattened rear upper wall portion 31 and rear lower wall portion 32. Because the force is applied incrementally by means of the blunt burnishing tool, while the links 10, 10', 10'' are below the freezing point of water, the tendency of faceted surface 20 to form a concave impression is minimised, and the risk of shredding or tearing of the hollow links 10, 10', 10'' etc. is also minimised. Figures 11 and 12 show the simulated diamond cut hollow rope chain 1 with links 10, 10', 10'' etc. being deformed by blunt burnishing tool 60, which is incrementally advanced longitudinally and forwardly toward hollow rope chain 1 against links 10, 10', 10'' etc. below in the region of facets 20, 20', 20'' etc. Burnishing tool 60 has support member 70, which advances along conventional movement mechanism 80, while chain 1 is held in place by freezing water upon lathe drum 90. An example of the process of making the hollow jewellery rope chain 1 is as follows: Each hollow link 10, whether "seamless" or "seamed" with a gap 11 as aforesaid, is conventionally formed into an annular shape. In the "seamed" version shown in Figures 4,5 and 6, there is presented an inner circumferential surface of the link 10 which has a gap 11, similar in shape as that found in an automobile tyre, except that a second gap 12 is created to leave a space to insert one end of each link 10 within another in a helicoid manner. Furthermore, in a "seamless" link 10b as shown in Figure 5a, there is only one gap, similar to the second gap 12 of the "seamed" link 10. After the "seamed" or "seamless" links 10 and 10b respectively have been woven into a helicoid chain 1, the hollow rope chain 1 is tightly wound on a hollow drum 90, such as a 61 to 76cm (24-30 inch) diameter drum held between the centres of a universal lathe as shown in Figure 11. The ends of the rope chain 1 are secured to a fastener (not shown) on each end of a hollow drum 90, with a copper wire connected to the chain 1. The drum 90 is rotated slowly while through a rotating coupling union on one end of a drum, a freezing medium, such as glycol at about 10°C, is being circulated from a refrigerating unit (not shown) to the drum 90. While the temperature of the drum with the rope chain tightly wound on it is dropping, cold water is sprayed on the drum 90, from a hand held shower source (not shown). The water touching the drum 90 freezes and layers of ice will enclose the outer surface of the links 10, 10', 10'' of the rope chain, covering the whole drum. Due to capillary forces in the hollow annular links 10, 10' and 10'' very little of the sprayed water will traverse into the gaps 50 and reach the inside of the links. Thus it will result in a perfect ice mould around the outside shape of each constituent link of the hollow rope chain. At this point, the present invention utilises the ice mould in which the rope chain 1 is embedded as a holding means for an incremental plastic deformation of the rope chain links, instead of just a holding instrument for diamond cutting. There is incrementally applied a blunt force to the links 10, which blunt force is applied by hammering with a burnishing tool 60 gradually advancing toward the rear of the links with increments of 0.5 x 10 -4 m to 0.7 x 10 -4 m (0.002 to 0.003 inches), for each passage of the tool along the lathe, while the lathe is rotating at 200-300rpm. Therefore the walls of the rope chain link are subjected to a plastic deformation in the area of the contact of the burnishing tool 60. Additionally, the burnishing tooll is advanced longitudinally and forwardly until a flattened surface 20 is created. With each application of the burnishing tool 60, a small portion of the curved surface 30 is pushed inward, deforming the surface 30 toward the inside wall portions 31 and 32 of link 10, until flattened portion 20 is almost adjacent to inner wall portions 31 and 32 as shown in Figure 4. In addition, because the burnishing is done while the tool 60 is advancing longitudinally as well as forwardly toward the surface of the link, the surface of each link 10 is deformed slightly in both an inward and longitudinal direction. By also moving the burnishing tool 60 longitudinally with each passage, the tendency of the curved surface to deform in a concave manner (as opposed to the desired, flattened manner) is avoided. The resulted flattened surface 20 has a high reflectivity and the sparkling shines are equal in appearance to the conventional solid diamond cut rope chain jewellery. The ice is removed with hot water and the process is repeated four times until the formerly round link 10 has a flattened faceted surface 20 in the area where the blunt force is applied. The flat surface 20 creates a reinforced resistance to tangential torsion forces applied on the chain, resulting in a stronger, more wear resistant, hollow rope chain than the hollow rope chain was before being subjected to deformation. A typical example of the distances which curved surface 30 moves is as follows: The hollow link 10, manufactured of approximately 6.4 x 10 -5 m (0.0025 inch) plate of a precious metal, such as gold, is wrapped around a less precious metal such as copper, which is later removed with acid. (Aluminium may alternatively be used and removed with caustic soda.) The tube thus formed is sliced into hollow segmented links 10, 10', 10'' etc. When the links are woven into a helicoid chain in a double helix pattern, they are held in place by steel wire. The wires are put within the hollow links 10, 10', 10'' etc. which links 10, 10', 10'' etc. are weaved into a hollow rope chain 1. The links 10, 10', 10'' etc. are held in place by the steel wire until soldering of the links is complete and the steel wire is mechanically removed. Then the supporting aluminium or copper is removed from inside the links to obtain completely hollow links 10, 10', 10'' etc. Then the rope chain 1 with hollow links 10, 10', 10'' etc. is wound around the drum 90, and the rope chain 1 is showered with water to imbed the exterior of rope chain 1 with ice. Dull, incremental pressure is applied off centre to the surfaces of the links 10, 10', 10'' etc. whose surfaces 30, 10', 30'' etc. are gradually pushed in at a rate of 5 x 10 -5 m (0.002 inches) per passage of the burnishing tool, which starts deforming the links at one end of the chain and goes progressively to the links at the other end. As shown in Figures 10 and 10a, the curved surface portion 30, which includes faceted region 20, and rear wall portions 31 and 32, are incrementally pushed toward each other until the back outer wall portions 32 and 32 meet inner surface of surface 30 containing faceted portion 20. After approximately eight blows with the blunt burnishing tool upon the surface 30, the cross sectional thickness of each wall being approximately 6.4 x 10 -5 m (0.0025 inches) and the wall 30 deforming inward by about 5 x10 -5 m (0.002 inches) for each application of blunt force, the outer wall 30 is moved approximately 4 x 10 -4 m (0.016 inch) inward. As a result, the original hollow link, having an original outer diameter of 6.4 x 10 -4 m (0.025 inches), including the 4 x 10 -5 m (0.0025 inch) thicknesses of each front and rear wall portion, is deformed a total of 4 x 10 -4 m (0.016 inches), so that the deformed link has a thickness of 2 x 10 -4 m (0.009 inches), which includes the total wall thicknesses of 1.3 x 10 -4 m (0.005 inch) (each wall having been 6.4 x 10 -4 m (0.0025) in thickness). The resultant links 10, 10', 10'' etc. have a cross sectional profile as depicted in Figure 10, in which the forward wall portion 30 bears flattened faceted portion 20, and the forward wall portion 30 is almost adjacent to rear wall portions 31 and 32, also almost flattened by the indirect effects of the application of blunt force upon wall portion 20. When the deforming is complete, small irregular surface portions can be sheared off to further simulate the flat faceted look of each link. Because the blunt burnishing tool is applied in small increments to move the surface 30 inward in increments of only 5 x 10 -5 m (0.002 inches) per application of the tool, the remaining portions of the links 10, 10', 10'', which are located outside of the boundary line 40 encompassing faceted portion 20, remain curved, thereby simulating the curved portions of solid links, in solid chains, which are not subject to the prior art shearing from sharp diamond cutting tools. With each passage of the burnishing of the tool 60, a small portion of the curved surface 30 of link 10 is pushed inward. In addition, because the burnishing is done while the tool 60 is advancing longitudinally as well as forwardly toward the surface of the link 10, the surface of each link 10 is deformed slightly in both an inward and longitudinal direction. By also moving the burnishing tool 60 longitudinally with each passage, there is avoided the tendency of the curved surface 30 to deform in a concave manner, as opposed to the desired, flattened manner.

Claims: A jewellery rope chain having a plurality of intertwined links forming a double helix, said rope chain comprising: a plurality of substantially annular hollow links (10) each having a generally curved outer wall in which the curvature is both around the circumference of the annulus and (in radial planes of the annulus) perpendicular to the circumference; each of said links further comprising a portion in said curved outer wall which has been substantially deformed so as to result in a flattened plane (20) which is substantially parallel to a tangent to said annulus. A jewellery rope chain according to claim 1, wherein said link in cross-section is substantially toroidal in shape. A jewellery rope chain according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said link is also substantially C-shaped. A jewellery rope chain according to any preceding claim, wherein said link in cross-section is also substantially C-shaped, defining a gap extending circumferentially around the outer wall portion of said link. A process of producing facets on hollow links of a jewellery rope chain according to any of claims 1 to 4, which process comprises the steps of: (a) wrapping the hollow links that have been woven into a helicoid chain about a lathe drum, each of said links having a generally curved outer wall in which the curvature is both around the circumference of the annulus and in radial planes perpendicular to the circumference; (b) reducing the temperature of said drum to below the freezing point of water and applying water to said links upon said frozen drum until the water is frozen on the outer wall portion of the links; (c) flattening part of the outer wall portion of one of said links by the application of a plurality of incremental deformative thrusts with a blunt burnishing tool while the drum with the links frozen thereto is turned; and (d) repeating step (c) for each of said links of said rope chain. A process according to claim 5, wherein said tool is advanced longitudinally and inwardly, with respect to said lathe drum, against said curved outer wall portion of said link. A process according to claim 5 or 6, wherein said blunt force is applied obliquely off centre against said links, off a centre of said curved outer wall portion of said links. A process according to any of claims 5 to 7, further comprising imparting one or more flat reflective surface facets upon said outer wall portion of said links, including the steps of applying in multiple successive passages incremental blunt force, in both inward and longitudinal directions with respect to said hollow links, against selected portions of said outer wall portions of said links, deforming said outer wall portions inward until the outer circumference of said outer wall portions are adjacent to the inner circumference of said outer wall portions, and reciprocally flattening said inner circumference of said outer wall portions inward toward said outer circumference of said outer wall portions.

Inventors: BRICENO GODOFREDO MOLINA, STROBEL KALMAN, BRICENO, GODOFREDO MOLINA, STROBEL, KALMAN
Applicants: OROAMERICA INC, OROAMERICA, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: A44C11
IPC codes: B21L15, A44C27, B21L5, B21D53, A44C11, B21L11, B21L99