Heat recovery ventilator

Abstract: A heat recovery ventilator (10) having a rotary wheel heat exchanger (21) includes a unique drive configuration for driving both the rotary wheel heat exchanger (12) and impellers (26,28). A random matrix media is used to provide high thermal efficiency in exchanging heat and moisture between inlet and exhaust air streams (22,24).

Description: This invention relates to heat recovery ventilators used to obtain thermally efficient ventilation of buildings and dwellings, and in particular, to a heat recovery ventilator comprising: a housing having first and second sections to convey separate first and second streams of air; a heat exchanger rotatably disposed in said housing for rotation about a central axis, and adapted to intersect said first and second sections; means for forcing said separate first and second streams through said first and second sections; a source of rotary power; first means for transmitting said rotary power to rotatably drive said heat exchanger; and second means for transmitting said rotary power to drive said means for forcing. Heat recovery ventilators of the afore mentioned kind are known for instance from US patents 2,566,366 and 4,513,809, respectively. Heat exchangers are used in ventilation systems installed in residential, commercial and industrial buildings to extract and remove heat and/or moisture from one air stream and transfer the heat and/or moisture to a second air stream. In particular, rotary wheel heat exchangers are known wherein a wheel rotates in a housing through countervailing streams of exhaust and fresh air, in the winter extracting heat and/or moisture from the exhaust stream and transferring it to the fresh air stream. In the summer, rotary wheel heat exchangers extract heat and moisture from the fresh air stream and tranfer it to the exhaust stream, preserving building air conditioning while providing desired ventilation. Fans or blowers typically are used to create pressures necessary for the countervailing streams of exhaust and fresh air to pass through the rotary wheel heat exchanger. Some ventilators, however, are designed for use in existing heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems which have sufficient air pressure to drive the countervailing streams, and may or may not also include fans or blowers. Various media have been developed for use in heat recovery ventilators to exchange heat and moisture transfer. Typically, heat exchangers in the prior art employ a plurality of parallel passages running in the direction of flow, such as shown in Marron et al, U.S. Patent No. 4,093,435, issued June 6, 1978 and Coellner, U.S. Patent No. 4,594,860, issued June 17, 1986. Such passages must be sufficiently small to maximize the total surface area for heat transfer, yet sufficiently large relative to their length to minimize resistance to gas flow. These constraints have made the materials used as the heat exchanger media critical to the effectiveness of such rotary wheel heat exchangers. A continuing need exists for improved heat exchanger media and improved designs for rotary wheel heat exchangers which will increase the efficiency of heat transfer between the countervailing air streams, and will avoid the exacting material and design restrictions found in the prior art. The pursuit of thermally efficient ventilation for rooms and buildings using rotary wheel heat exchangers has produced many heat recovery ventilators which are rather large, non-portable, and require fixed installation, such as the heat exchanger disclosed by Pennington, U.S. Patent No. 2,807,258, issued September 24, 1957. A number of somewhat smaller, non-portable heat recovery ventilators have been developed using rotary drum-type heat exchangers, such as that of Munters, British Patent No. 748311. An even more compact window-mountable ventilator employing, however, a stationary heat exchanger, has been developed by Becker, U.S. Patent No. 4,874,042, issued October 17, 1989. Nonetheless, the need continues to exist for compact, portable heat exchangers and heat recovery ventilators which can achieve thermally efficient ventilation, and which may be used without requiring modification of existing buildings or ductwork in residential, commercial and industrial environments. Thermally efficient ventilation of residential, commercial and industrial buildings is of increasing importance. In addition to ordinary ventilation requirements, ventilation is needed to remove the hazardous build-up of radon, formaldehydes, carbon dioxide and other pollutants which otherwise accumulate in enclosed areas from various sources. The afore mentioned devices, in particular those as known from US-A-2,566,366 and US-A-4,513,809, are rather heavy and bulky devices which are to be mounted on the wall and/or the roof of a building. Therefore, the installation within a building which does not yet comprise a corresponding air-conditioning system, may cause a substantial amount of preparatory work such as providing a wall entrance, installation of ventilation channels etc. In view of the afore mentioned state of art, it is the object of the present invention, to provide an inexpensive, portable, compact and yet efficient heat recovery ventilator, which for instance is capable of window-mounting or connection to existing systems. Because homes, as well as businesses, are affected by such pollutants, the need also exists for such heat recovery ventilators to be consumer-oriented and easy to maintain. This object is achieved by a heat recovery ventilator of the above mentioned kind, which is characterized in that said second means for transmitting extends through the central axis of said heat exchanger and is freely rotatable therethrough without effect on the rotation of the heat exchanger. Such design results in an inexpensive, compact and efficient rotary wheel heat recovery ventilator which may be designed to fit into room windows, stand alone as a larger unit, or be incorporated into existing air handling systems to satisfy the ventilation needs of residential, commercial and industrial buildings. The present invention is also both inexpensive and easy to operate and maintain. Use of a low cost heat exchanger medium provides an average heat transfer effectiveness in excess of 90% regardless of temperature differences between inside and outside air. Further, incorporation of various design features makes filters and belts accessible from a front, inside panel for easy maintenance of the heat recovery ventilator. In accordance with the present invention, a heat recovery ventilator is provided according to claim 1 Means for forcing the first and second streams of air through the first and second section are, preferably, impellers, such as those used in blowers or fans, rotatably disposed in impeller housings. Preferably, centrifugal impellers, such as those used in blowers, are used, disposed in centrifugal impeller housings. Alternatively, means for forcing may comprise axial impellers, The present invention incorporates a compact design wherein a single source of rotary power drives both the rotary wheel heat exchanger and the impellers. This feature eliminates the cost and noise associated with employing a plurality of motors drive the heat exchanger and impellers individually. Use of a single source of rotary power also provides a degree of design freedom, in that the impeller speed may be varied as needed rather than limited by available speeds from blower or fan manufacturers. The use of one source of rotary power in a heat recovery ventilator is made possible in the present invention by a unique configuration for transmitting the rotary power. The source of rotary power preferably is a drive motor having two drive shafts. A first means for transmitting rotary power rotates the heat exchanger about a central axis. The first means for transmitting preferably includes a drive wheel attached to the drive motor at its first drive shaft. The drive wheel frictionally engages the periphery of the rotary wheel heat exchanger and causes it to rotate. A second means for transmitting rotary power drives the impellers with a central shaft which extends through the central axis of the rotary wheel heat exchanger, and which is freely rotatable therethrough without effect on the rotation of the heat exchanger. The second means for transmitting rotary power further preferably includes a first pulley attached to and rotated by the second drive axle of the drive motor, and a first drive belt engaged in the first pulley. The first drive belt also engages a second pulley attached to the central shaft, rotating the central shaft. The central shaft preferably extends on both sides of the heat exchanger. On opposite sides thereof, third and fourth pulleys and respective second and third belts therein, engage fifth and sixth pulleys on the impellers, to rotatably drive the first and second impellers, respectively. Shaft bearing assemblies are disposed in mounting angles which are used to support the central shaft. Further, at least one bearing assembly is also disposed along the central axis to, in turn, support the rotary wheel heat exchanger on the central shaft, whereon it is freely rotatable without effect on the rotation of the central shaft. This compact configuration has been found to enable a single source of rotary power to drive the rotating components of the present invention at different speeds, using a minimum of space, without requiring additional seals and without presenting additional sealing problems between the streams of air in the first and second sections of the housing. Alternative first means for transmitting rotary motion to the rotary wheel heat exchanger include a drive pulley replacing the drive wheel previously described, and a heat exchanger drive belt extending around the periphery of the container. Means for retaining the heat exchanger drive belt on the container may include a feature such as a groove, indentation, or a pair of generally parallel raised ribs. Such retaining means are preferably provided on the periphery of the container. Alternative configurations of the second means for transmitting rotary motion are also provided. In one alternative configuration, the first drive belt is used to drive both the central shaft and the impeller adjacent thereto, eliminating one drive belt and a pulley. In another alternative configuration, the shaft bearing assemblies are disposed in two mounting angles on each side of the rotary wheel heat exchanger. And in a third configuration of the second means for transmitting, the shaft bearing assemblies are disposed in the sides of the housing. Regardless of the configuration used for first and second means for transmitting rotary motion, in accordance with the present invention, a single motor or source of rotary power, operating at one speed, provides rotary motion to rotate the heat exchanger at low revolutions per minute (RPM), while simultaneously rotating impellers or other means for forcing at high RPM. Noise is also reduced in accordance with the present invention by eliminating motors otherwise required to drive the impellers in blowers or fans. The noise level may be further reduced by advantageously positioning the source of rotary power in the housing. For example, where window-mounted units are provided, the drive motor may be disposed in portions of the ventilator which extend out the window. Freedom of design in impeller capacity, and variation in capacity in use, is made possible in accordance with the present invention in several ways. By design, the first, second, third, fourth and fifth pulleys may be sized to provide the desired or optimal impeller speed for the application. In operation, the drive motor speed may be varied by controls between fixed speeds, or within limits by a variable control. In accordance with the present invention, the heat recovery ventilator is further provided with first and second filters to filter the first and second streams of air and to protect the rotary wheel heat exchanger from becoming dirty, loading up or clogging with particulates from the air streams. The first and second filters are positioned in the housing near the inlets to each of the first and second sections, respectively, and are made of conventional filter materials. To provide additional filtering and purification of the air the filters may, alternatively, contain activated charcoal. Regardless of the filter type, in accordance with the present invention the filters are, preferably, removable from one face of the housing, for ease of maintenance. Where the ventilator is window-mountable or otherwise extending through a wall, the preferred face is the inside, front face. To further inhibit the build-up of particulate or other material on the heat exchanger, the centrifugal impellers are preferably positioned by the heat exchanger in the first and second streams of air nearest their respective outlets. This of air to immediately remove particulate and other material which is driven to the surface of the rotary wheel heat exchanger by the other stream of air. Similarly, moisture attracted to or condensed in the rotary wheel heat exchanger at an inlet is reintroduced in the countervailing exhaust stream, and thus the present invention may also serve as a moisture exchanger. Its function as a moisture exchanger may be enhanced or suppressed by the temperatures of the air streams and the materials or media used in the heat exchanger. The heat recovery ventilator of the present invention may be adapted to serve in residential, commercial and industrial environments. In a first embodiment, particularly suited for use in homes and offices, the present invention is adapted for installation in a window or wall. In accordance with the first embodiment, the present invention further preferably includes a front panel which covers the front face of the housing, and defines an inlet plenum and an outlet plenum for the first and second streams of air, respectively. These plenums provide a larger inlet area than might otherwise be possible with the compact ventilator design incorporated herein. The front panel further includes vents, preferably adjustable to assist in directing the streams of air and in preventing recirculation. The shape of the front panel also inhibits recirculation. Diffuser baffles may be included in the outlet plenum to dampen the force of the second stream of air entering into a room or area. Finally, light diffusers are also preferably included on the inside of the front panel covering vents to block the view of the housing and interior components of the heat recovery ventilator through vents. The light diffusers are preferably made from a highly porous foam filter material which provides a sufficient degree of optical density, but permits substantially free flow of streams of air therethrough. In a second embodiment, the heat recovery ventilator is adapted for use in HVAC systems. The front panel present in the first embodiment is eliminated, and no inlet and outlet plenums are provided. As the first and second streams of air are typically provided from existing ducts, the second embodiment includes means for connecting to existing ducts, pipes or the like, present in the system. Thus, as the application requires, some or all of the inlets and outlets to the first and second sections of the housing include means for connecting to existing systems. Such means for connecting include, for example, male duct nipples with corrugated ends, a flange mounted on the inside or outside of housing, a bolt pattern, or other known means for connecting to ducts, pipes, and the like. In an alternative configuration of the second embodiment where the heat recovery ventilator connects to an existing HVAC system, but also serves to ventilate a room or space, the heat recovery ventilator may include a front panel. Thus, for example, the ventilator may include a front panel defining an inlet plenum and outlet plenum for the first and second streams of air, respectively, while the first outlet and second inlet for the first and second streams of air, respectively, are adapted with means for connecting to existing ducts. The heat recovery ventilator of the present invention also includes a, low cost heat exchange media, referred to herein as random matrix media. As the heat exchanger rotates, the random matrix media transfers sensible and latent heat energy between first and second streams of air or other gas through which it passes. While the description herein refers to air, it is understood that the present invention may be used with other gases. The random matrix media of the present invention is comprised of a plurality of interrelated small diameter, heat-retentive fibrous material, which, relative to the prior art of ordered passages, layers, strands and patterns, appear random. The random interrelation or interconnection of fibrous material, by any of various means for interrelating, results in a mat of material of sufficient porosity to permit the flow of air therethrough, yet of sufficient density to induce turbulence and provide necessary surface area for heat transfer. The random matrix media is enclosed by a container and retained therein by various means for supporting, preferably including screens stretched over apertures in the faces of the container, and radial spokes extending from the hub of the container through the random matrix media. Seals are located between the heat exchanger and peripheral baffle, mounting angles and other elements in the housing to prevent mixing of the separate first and second streams of air. The heat transfer efficiency of the random matrix media and related material characteristics, such as the deliberate inducement of turbulence and the large surface area for heat transfer, promote a minimal heat exchanger thickness, and assist in the provision of an inexpensive, compact, portable heat recovery ventilator. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a compact heat recovery ventilator having a rotary wheel heat exchanger for residential, commercial and industrial applications. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a heat recovery ventilator operable from a single source of rotary power. It is another object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive heat recovery ventilator. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive heat recovery ventilator by eliminating the need for more than one motor. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a heat recovery ventilator having high efficiency. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a heat recovery ventilator which generates a minimum of noise. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a heat recovery ventilator providing freedom in design for varying applications. Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide a heat recovery ventilator which is user-friendly, designed for easy access to components for repair and maintenance, and which is designed to reduce the need for repair and maintenance. Figure 1 is a perspective environmental view of the assembled heat recovery ventilator of the present invention in a first embodiment where the ventilator is in a stand-alone, window or wail-mountable configuration. Figure 2 is a partially exploded perspective view of the first embodiment of the heat recovery ventilator of Figure 1 showing the top panel and front panel removed. Figure 3 is a top plan view of the heat recovery ventilator of Figure 1 with the top panel removed. Figure 4 is a front elevational view of the heat recovery ventilator of Figure 1 with the front panel and top panel removed. Figure 5 is an exploded view of the inner components of the heat recovery ventilator of Figure 2. Figure 6 is an enlarged detail cross-sectional view of the peripheral baffle and flexible seal of the present invention taken at line 6-6 In Figure 5. Figure 7 is an enlarged detail perspective view of the structure of the flexible seal in the heat recovery ventilator of the present invention. Figure 8 is an enlarged detail perspective view of the first and second means for transmitting rotary motion from a drive motor to the rotary wheel heat exchanger and impellers in the heat recovery ventilator of the present invention. Figure 8A is an enlarged detail perspective view of an alternative configuration of the second means for transmitting rotary motion from a drive motor to the impellers in the heat recovery ventilator of the present invention. Figure 9 is an enlarged detail cross-sectional view of the central axis and the bearing arrangement supporting the central axis and rotary wheel heat exchanger of the present invention. Figure 9A is an enlarged detail cross-sectional view of the central axis and an alternative bearing arrangement supporting the central axis and rotary wheel heat exchanger of the present invention. Figure 9B is an enlarged detail cross-sectional view of the central axis and another alternative bearing arrangement supporting the central axis and rotary wheel heat exchanger of the present invention. Figure 10 is a perspective view of the second embodiment of the present invention where the heat recovery ventilator includes means for connecting to existing ducts, and where the heat recovery ventilator is shown driven by a source of rotary power located outside the housing, and employing axial impellers to force first and second streams of air. Figure 11 is an alternative embodiment of the first means for transmitting rotary power to rotate the rotary wheel heat exchanger of the present invention. Referring to Figures 1-11, a heat recovery ventilator 10 having a rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 is shown in a housing 14 which is divided into two sections 16, 18 which convey first and second streams of air 22, 24, respectively. The rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 is disposed in an opening in peripheral baffle 20 wherein it rotates about its central axis 38 through the first and second streams of air 22, 24. Flexible seals 19 and 21, preferably of a polytetrafluoroethylene-based material, such as Teflon R , attach to peripheral battle 20, to prevent streams of air 22, 24 from circumventing heat exchanger 12. Streams of air 22, 24 are shown in counterflow relationship, as is preferred. The present invention is shown in two embodiments. The first embodiment, shown in Figures 1-5, is a stand-alone, window or wall mountable heat recovery ventilator. The second embodiment, shown in Figure 10 is adapted for connection to an existing system, such as an HVAC system present in homes, or in commercial or industrial buildings. Figures 2-5 show details of the present invention in the first embodiment which are representative of the structure present in the second embodiment, which has a slightly different shape of housing 14. Other details and alternative configurations of the present invention, shown in Figures 6-9B and 11, are applicable to all embodiments. Means for forcing the first and second streams of air 22, 24 through the first and second sections 16, 18 are shown as two alternatives in the present invention, but may include other means of a similar nature. In the first embodiment of Figures 1-5, means for forcing the first and second streams of air 22, 24 are first and second centrifugal impellers 26, 28, preferably forward curved centrifugal impellers such as are used in blowers. As best shown in Figure 5, centrifugal impellers 26, 28 are preferably located near the outlets 25, 29 of first and second sections 16, 18 on opposite sides of heat exchanger 12. Centrifugal impellers 26, 28 are mounted in first and second centrifugal impeller housings 67, 69, respectively. First and second centrifugal impeller housings 67, 69 are, preferably, expansion or catalog test housings, as understood in the art, and are disposed on first and second baffle assemblies 30, 32, respectively. Centrifugal impellers 26, 28 and centrifugal impeller housings 67, 69 are located over first and second apertures 66, 68 in first and second baffle assemblies 30, 32, respectively. The apertures 66, 68 are preferably funnel-shaped, opening wider on the side opposite the centrifugal impellers, with the walls of the funnel having a curvature to enhance the smooth flow of air into the centrifugal impellers 66, 68. First and second duct sections 70, 72 preferably connect first and second centrifugal impeller housings 67, 69, respectively, to first outlet 25 and second outlet 29, respectively. First and second duct sections 70, 72 are flared, as shown, for best performance of the centrifugal impellers 26, 28. In the second embodiment of Figure 10 where like numbers represent like elements, first and second centrifugal impellers 26, 28, are representatively replaced by first and second axial impellers 26a, 28a, disposed as shown near the inlets 23, 27 of first and second sections 16, 18 in, first and second axial impeller housings 67a and 69a. First and second axial impellers 26a, 28a, likewise have no separate motors. In the second embodiment of Figure 10 where axial impellers 26a, 28a are disposed near the inlets 23, 27, baffle assemblies 30, 32 serve only as baffles, and do not include apertures 66, 68. Axial impellers 26a, 28a might also be placed near outlets 25, 29, positioned similarly to centrifugal impelers 26, 28, but with corresponding adaptation of baffle assemblies 30, 32 and duct sections 70, 72. Although axial impellers 26a, 28a are shown, centrifugal impellers 26, 28 and centrifugal impeller housings 67, 69 may, as well, be used in the second embodiment, preferably positioned as shown in the first embodiment. As best shown in Figure 8, the heat recovery ventilator 10 of the present invention uses a single source of rotary power to drive both the rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 and the centrifugal impellers 26, 28. In accordance with the present invention, a single motor or source of rotary power, operating at one speed, provides rotary motion to both rotate the heat exchanger at low revolutions per minute (RPM), typically 10-50 RPM, while simultaneously rotating centrifugal impellers 26, 28, axial impellers 26a, 28a, or other means for forcing, at high RPM, as high as thousands of RPM. Using a single, source of rotary power eliminates both the cost and the noise associated with employing a plurality of motors to individually drive the heat exchanger 12 and impellers. Moreover, the noise level may be further reduced by strategically positioning the source of rotary power in portions of the housing 14 which extend away from the front face 14a. For example, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, where window-mounted units are provided, a drive motor 50 may be disposed in portions of the ventilator 10 which extend out the window, as shown in Figure 1. Use of a single source of rotary power also provides a degree of design freedom, in that the speed of the impellers may be varied as needed rather than limited by available speeds from blower or fan manufacturers. Referring again to Figure 8, the source of rotary power preferably is a drive motor 50 having two drive shafts 49, 51. Referring to Figure 10, alternatively, as representatively shown, the source of rotary power in the housing 14 could be driven by a power source external to the housing 14. An external power source may be available, for example, in commercial or industrial applications. As representatively shown in Figure 10, the external power source is drive motor 50a, which drives the source of rotary power in the housing 14, drive shaft 49a. Drive shaft 49a extends outward through housing 14 to connect to the power source, and is preferably sealed at its point of exit by drive shaft seal 49b, which may be a packing or a bearing assembly, or other means for sealing. Another possible configuration is also shown in phantom in Figure 10, where the source of rotary power in the housing 14 is drive shaft 49c, which is connected directly to central shaft 39. Drive shaft 49c, as shown, extends outward through housing 14 to connect to a power source, representatively shown as drive motor 50b, which drives the drive shaft 49c. A drive shaft seal 49b is, again, preferred. In thin configuration drive shaft 49a is rotatably disposed entirely within housing 14 and is connected as shown to transmit rotary power to heat exchanger 12. Referring now to Figures 2, 3 and 8, rotary power is transmitted from the source of rotary power to the heat exchanger 12 and centrifugal impellers 26, 28 by a configuration of first and second means for transmitting rotary power. Shown beat in Figure 8, the first means for transmitting preferably includes a drive wheel 48 rotatably driven by attachment to the first drive shaft 49 of the drive motor 50. Drive wheel 48 frictionally engages the periphery of container 42 of the rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 and rotates the heat exchanger 12 about the central axis 38. The second means for transmitting rotary power drives the centrifugal impellers 26, 28 by means of a central shaft 39 which extends through the central axis 38 of the rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 and is rotatably driven by drive motor 50. The central shaft 39 thus extends beyond both sides of the heat exchanger 12 and is freely rotatable without effecting the rotation of the heat exchanger 12 by virtue of its bearing arrangement, shown in Figure 9. Further, second means for transmitting, shown in Figure 8, preferably includes means for rotatably driving the central shaft 39, including a first drive belt 82 and a first pulley 90 which is attached to the second drive axle 51 of the drive motor 50. The first drive belt 82 also engages a second pulley 92 on the central shaft 39 and rotates the central shaft 39. Third and fourth pulleys 94, 96 are also disposed on central shaft 39 on opposite sides of heat exchanger 12. Second and third drive belts 84, 86, respectively, are engaged therein, and further engage fifth and sixth pulleys 98, 100 on the centrifugal impellers 26, 28, respectively, to rotatably drive the first and second centrifugal impellers 26, 28. Referring to Figure 10, in the second embodiment where the source of rotary power in housing 14 is drive shaft 49a, drive wheel 48 and first pulley 90 are both disposed on drive shaft 49a to rotate heat exchanger 12 and central shaft 39, respectively, in a manner as described above. In designing the impellers of the present invention, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth pulleys 90-100 may be sized to provide the desired or optimal impeller speed for the application. Further, in operation, the drive motor speed may be varied by drive motor control 47 between fixed speeds, or varied between limits by an adjustable control. Referring to Figure 9, additional details of the preferred embodiment of the present invention may be examined in greater detail. Central shaft 39, rotatably mounted along central axis 38, is supported by mounting angles 35 and 37, which are attached to mounting angles 34, 36. Mounting angles 34 and 36 include seals 34a and 36a, such as polytetrafluoroethylene-based tapes, which cover flanges of mounting angles 34 and 36, respectively. Seals 34a and 36a are designed to contact screens 44 initially and wear to a level which maintains a desired seal between air streams 22, 24. At least two shaft bearing assemblies 39a in mounting angles 35, 37 are used to support the central shaft 39, and at least one bearing assembly 38a disposed along the central axis 38, in turn, supports the rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 on the central shaft 39, whereon it is freely rotatable without effect on the rotation of the central shaft 39. The bearing assembly 38a is preferably press-fit into the hub of rotary wheel heat exchanger 12, but may also be fitted indirectly into the heat exchanger 12 by means of a bearing holder 38b, as shown. Disc spring washers 41, such as "Bellville" washers, are preferably included to maintain bearing assemblies 38a in rotary wheel heat exchanger 12, as shown. This compact configuration has been found to enable a single source of rotary power to drive the rotating components of the present invention using a minimum of space, without requiring additional seals and without presenting additional sealing problems between the streams of air 22, 24 in the first and second sections 16, 18 of the housing 14. As shown in Figure 11, alternative first means for transmitting rotary motion to rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 include a drive pulley 48a and a heat exchanger drive belt 106 extending around the periphery of container 42. Means for retaining the drive belt on container 42 such as a groove 108, indentation, or a pair of generally parallel raised ribs are preferably provided on the periphery of container 42. Alternative configurations of the second means for transmitting rotary motion are shown in Figures 8A, 9A and 9B. In one alternative configuration, shown in Figure 8A, the first drive belt 82a is used to both drive the central shaft 39 and the centrifugal impeller 28 adjacent thereto, eliminating third drive belt 86 and fourth pulley 96. In another alternative configuration, shown in Figure 9A, the shaft bearing assemblies 39a are disposed in mounting angles 34, 36 on each side of the rotary wheel heat exchanger, and may be included therein in addition to, or separately from, shaft bearing assemblies 39a in mounting angles 35, 37. In a third configuration of the second means for transmitting, shown in Figure 9B, the shaft bearing assemblies 39a are disposed in the sides of the housing 14. While Figure 9B shows the shaft bearing assemblies 39a disposed in top and bottom panels 14c and 14d, depending on the orientation of the housing, the embodiment of the invention, and configuration of components therein, the shaft bearing assemblies 39a may be disposed in other panels of the housing 14, such as left and right side panels 14e and 14f. The use of drive belts and pulleys in first and second means for transmitting rotary power are preferred, and representative of elements included in the first and second means for transmitting which may, alternatively include gears, levers, and the like, not shown, which also would serve to transmit rotary power. Such alternative means would, nonetheless, be configured to transmit rotary power from a single source of rotary power and rotatably drive both the rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 and the means for forcing. The latter would be driven via the central shaft 39, with the central shaft 39 disposed and operated in accordance with the present invention to transmit rotary power from the single source of rotary power to the means for forcing. As may be understood from Figure 5, mounting angles 34, 36 are in turn supported by mounting angle holders 52 and 54 which are attached to the peripheral baffle 20 by conventional means. Mounting angle holders 52 and 54 are preferably injection molded, or alternatively, machined, to tight tolerances to match as closely as possible to the outer circumference of container 42 and provide a seal between streams of air 22, 24. Although not preferred, seals 52a and 54a, also shown in Figure 7, such as polytetrafluoroethylene-based tapes, may also be placed on surfaces of mounting angle holders 52 and 54 adjacent to the container 42. Designed to initially contact container 42, seals 52a and 54a wear to a level which is designed to maintain the desired seal between air streams 22 and 24. As well, flexible seals 19 and 21, shown in Figures 5-7, are preferably made of a polytetrafluoroethylene-based material and are attached to peripheral baffle 20 to prevent streams of air 22 and 24 from circumventing heat exchanger 12. As shown in Figure 6, flexible seals 19 and 21 are preferably disposed in a groove 20d formed between three sheets 20a, 20b and 20c which comprise peripheral baffle 20. Best shown in Figure 7, resilient means for joining, such as springs 17, are disposed in holes through mounting angle holders 52, 54, and attached to flexible seals 19 and 21 to keep flexible seals 19 and 21 in sealing contact with the outer circumference of container 42. In accordance with the present invention, as shown in Figures 2-5, the heat recovery ventilator 10 is further provided with first and second filters 74, 76 to filter the first and second streams of air 22, 24, respectively, and to protect the rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 from becoming dirty, loading up or clogging with particulates from the incoming air streams 22, 24. The first and second filters 74, 76 are positioned in the housing 14 near the inlets 23, 27 to each of the first and second sections 16, 18, respectively, and are made of conventional filter materials. Preferably, screen material is stretched across at least the downstream face of the filters 74, 76 to help retain and support the filter material in the filters 74, 76. To provide additional filtering and purification of the streams of air 22, 24, the filters 74, 76 may, alternatively, contain activated carbon or charcoal, disposed and retained by means known in the art. Regardless of the filter type, in accordance with the present invention the filters 74, 76 are, preferably, both removable from one face of the housing 14, for ease of maintenance. Filter positioning angles 78, 80, shown in Figures 3 and 5, may be provided to form tracks upon which filters 74, 76 may be slidably inserted into and removed from housing 14. Where the ventilator 10 is window-mountable or otherwise extending through a wall, the preferred face from which the filters 74, 76 are accessible is the inside, front face 14a, as shown in Figure 2. As shown In Figure 2, only a single fastener needs to be removed to release front panel 15, and gain access to remove or replace filters 74, 76. This feature makes the present invention user-friendly and easy to maintain. The user-oriented design of the present invention is also enhanced by preferred positioning of impellers to allow easy access to remove, replace or inspect drive belts 82, 84 and 86 through inlet 23 and inspection plate 77 at the front face of housing 14. Inspection plate 77 is shown in Figures 2 and 4 surrounding filter 76. Access to the drive belt 84 is provided by removing filter 76, and then inspection plate 77, which expands the opening sufficiently to provide the needed access. Inspection plate 77 is preferably made of the same material as housing 14. To further inhibit the build-up of particulate or other material on the heat exchanger, the centrifugal impellers 26, 28 are preferably positioned by the heat exchanger 12 in the first and second streams of air 22, 24 nearest their respective outlets 25, 29. Where counterflow streams of air are provided, as is preferred, this position advantageously provides suction pressure in one stream of air to immediately remove particulate and other material which is driven to the surface of the rotary wheel heat exchanger 12 by the other stream of air. Similarly, moisture attracted to or condensed in the heat exchanger media at an inlet 23, 27 is reintroduced in the countervailing exhaust stream, and thus the present invention may also serve as a moisture exchanger. To avoid unnecessary and unwanted introduction of moisture into the second stream of air 24, second inlet 27 is positioned on the bottom panel 14d to inhibit the entry of rain into the housing 14. Referring to the first embodiment shown in Figure 3, the housing 14 of the heat recovery ventilator 10 includes a frame comprising front face 14a, back panel 14b, and left and right side panels 14e and 14f, respectively. The top and bottom panels 14c and 14d, respectively, are removable, as shown. Referring to Figures 1-3, the heat recovery ventilator 10 of the second embodiment further preferably includes a removable front panel 15 which covers the front face 14a of the housing 14, and defines an inlet plenum 23a and an outlet plenum 29a for the first and second streams of air 22, 24, respectively. As seen best in Figure 2, these plenums 23a, 29a provide a larger area for vents 31 in the front panel 15 than is otherwise available at front face 14a with the compact ventilator design incorporated herein. Vents 31 in the front panel 15 preferably have adjustable vanes to assist in directing the streams of air 22, 24 and to prevent recirculation. The shape of the front panel 15 also inhibits recirculation by facing vents 31 associated with streams of air 22, 24 in generally divergent directions. Diffuser baffles 31a may be included in the outlet plenum 29a to deflect, diffuse and dampen the force of the second stream of air 24 entering into a room or area through the related vent 31. Finally, light diffusers 33 are preferably included on the inside of front panel 15 covering both vents 31 to block the view of housing 14 and interior components of the heat recovery ventilator 10 through vents 31. Light diffusers 33 are preferably a highly porous foam filter material providing a sufficient degree of optical density, but substantially free flow of streams of air 22, 24 therethrough. In the second embodiment of Figure 10, where the heat recovery ventilator 10 is adapted for use in air handling systems, such as HVAC systems, the housing 14 is preferably square, as shown. In the second embodiment, the front panel 15 present in the first embodiment is eliminated along with the inlet and outlet plenums 23a, 29a defined thereby. As the first and second streams of air 22, 24 are provided from existing ducts D, the housing 14 of the second embodiment includes means for connecting 110 to existing ducts, pipes or the like, present in the system. Thus, as the application requires, some or all of the inlets 23, 27 and outlets 25, 29 to the first and second sections 16, 18 of the housing 14 include means for connecting 110 to existing systems. Such means for connecting 110 include, for example, male duct nipples with corrugated ends, a flange mounted on the inside or outside of housing, a bolt pattern, or other known means for connecting ducts, pipes, and the like. Referring to Figures 10 and 1, an alternative configuration of the second embodiment of the heat recovery ventilator 10 may have a front face 14a and include a front panel 15, as shown in Figure 1 to ventilate a room or space, while the heat recovery ventilator 10 connects to an existing system at first outlet 25 and second inlet 29, as shown in Figure 10. Shown representatively in the second embodiment of Figure 10, the heat recovery ventilator 10 may also include one or more temperature sensors 102, such as thermocouples, and temperature readouts 104, adapted for use therewith, to monitor the ambient temperature of air, the temperature of streams of air 22, 24, or the temperature of any components of the heat recovery ventilator. The temperature readout 104 is preferably disposed on the front face 14a or front panel 15 of ventilator 10. Referring to Figures 3 and 4, the path of first and second streams 22, 24 through first and second sections 16, 18 may be summarized in view of the components described above. In the first embodiment, the first stream of air 22 enters through a vent 31 into inlet plenum 23a and through inlet 23 into first inlet chamber 53. First inlet chamber 53 is defined by portions of housing 14, peripheral baffle 20, heat exchanger 12, second centrifugal impeller housing 69, and second baffle assembly 32. First stream 22 passes through first inlet chamber 53, across both first filter 74 and heat exchanger 12, and into first outlet chamber 55. First outlet chamber 55 is defined by portions of first baffle assembly 30, peripheral baffle 20, housing 14 and heat exchanger 12. First stream 22 passes through first outlet chamber 55, first centrifugal impeller 26 and first centrifugal impeller housing 67, into first duct section 70, and out through first outlet 25. Still referring to Figures 3 and 4, summarizing the path of second stream 24, second stream 24 enters through the second inlet 27, disposed on the bottom panel 14d of the housing 14 into second inlet chamber 57. Second inlet chamber 57 is defined by portions of housing 14, peripheral baffle 20, heat exchanger 12, first centrifugal impeller housing 67, and first baffle assembly 30. Second stream 24 passes through second inlet chamber, across both second filter 76 and heat exchanger 12, into second outlet chamber 59. Second outlet chamber 59 is defined by portions of second baffle assembly 32, peripheral baffle 20, housing 14 and heat exchanger 12. Second stream 24 passes through second outlet chamber 59, second centrifugal impeller 28 and second centrifugal impeller housing 69 into second duct section 72. As second stream 24 exits through second outlet 29, at least part of the stream 24 encounters diffuser baffle 31a which deflects and diffuses air in second stream 24 as it continues through outlet plenum 29a and out the vent 31. In the second embodiment of Figure 10, the first and second streams of air 22, 24 will follow a similar path where centrifugal impellers 26, 28 (not shown) are used, except that the streams of air 22, 24 do not pass through an inlet plenum 23a or outlet plenum 29a, as neither are preferred in the second embodiment. Where axial impellers 26a, 28a are used and centrifugal impellers omitted, as shown in Figure 10, the first and second streams of air 22, 24 encounter axial impellers 26a, 28a, and axial impeller housings 67a, 69a, respectively, upon entering the respective first and second inlet chambers 53 and 57, but otherwise follow substantially the same course through the first and second sections 16, 18, as recited above, again except that the streams of air 22, 24 do not pass through inlet or outlet plenums, which are not preferred and thus not included. The heat recovery ventilator 10 of the present invention also includes a, low cost heat exchange media, referred to herein as random matrix media 40. As the heat exchanger 12 rotates, the random matrix media 40 transfers sensible and latent heat energy between first and second streams of air 22, 24 or other gas through which it passes. While the description herein refers to air, it is understood that the present invention may be used with other gases. The random matrix media 40 of the present invention is comprised of a plurality of interrelated small diameter, heat-retentive fibrous material, which, relative to the prior art of ordered passages, layers, strands and patterns, appear random. The random interrelation or interconnection of fibrous material, by any of various chemical, mechanical or thermal means for interrelating, results in a mat of material of sufficient porosity to permit the flow of air therethrough, yet of sufficient density to induce turbulence and provide necessary surface area for heat transfer. The random matrix media, preferably, forms a mat of material which is easy to work with, handle and cut to shape. The random matrix media may be made from one or more of many commercially available filaments, fibers, staples, wires or yarn materials, natural (such is metal wire) or man-made (such as polyester and nylon). Filament diameters from substantially about 25 microns to substantially about 150 microns may be used, and single strand filaments from substantially about 25 microns to substantially about 80 microns in diameter are preferred. Below substantially about 25 microns, the small size of the filaments creates excessive resistance to air flow, and above about 150 microns inefficient heat transfer results due to decreased surface area of the larger filaments. The mat of material which forms the random matrix media should have a porosity (i.e., percentage of open space in total volume) of between substantially about 83% and substantially about 96%, and preferably from substantially about 90% to substantially about 94%. Below substantially about 83%, resistance to air flow becomes too great, and above substantially about 96% heat transfer becomes ineffective due to the free flow of air. Preferably the mat thickness should be less than 6" to prevent excessive resistance to air flow. Representative of random matrix materials which may be used in heat exchanger 12, 60 denier polyester needle-punch felt has a specific gravity of approximately 1.38, thermal conductivity of approximately 0.16 watts/m °K, specific heat of approximately 1340 j/Kg °K, filament diameters of about 75 to 80 microns, and porosity of about 92.5%. Shown best in Figure 8, the random matrix media 40 is enclosed by a container 42 and retained therein by various means for supporting, preferably including screens 44 stretched over apertures in the faces of the container 42, and radial spokes 46 extending from the hub of the container 42 through the random matrix media 40. Seals placed between the heat exchanger 12 and various elements in the housing 14 to prevent mixing of the separate first and second streams of air 22, 24 and cause the streams of air to flow through heat exchanger 12. Those seals include flexible seals 19, 21 between the heat exchanger 12 and peripheral baffle 20, and seals 34a and 36a between the heat exchanger 12 and mounting angles 34, 36, and where used, seals 52a and 54a on mounting angle holders 52, 54. Container 42 is preferably made of a light-weight material whose coefficient of expansion generally matches that of the aluminum preferably used for mounting angles 34, 36. Where, for example, 6063-T6 aluminum is used for mounting angles 34, 36, a 30% glass-filled polyester plastic, such as VALOX 420, Grade 420-SEO from The General Electric Co., is preferred because of its closely matching coefficient of expansion, 1.4 inches/inch °Fahrenheit (°F) (2.52 mm/mm°C) Wheel 48 used to rotate heat exchanger 12 is preferably made of a rubber having characteristics which promise a long life expectancy for the frictional application of the present invention and for the range of temperatures in which heat recovery ventilator 10 or 60 is expected to operate. A preferred rubber for applications in the expected range of ambient temperatures for air, generally -20 to 130 °F (-29°C to 54°C), is a carboxylated nitrile available from the Rubber Development Corp, San Jose, California. The heat transfer efficiency of the random matrix media 40 and related material characteristics, such as the deliberate inducement of turbulence and the large surface area for heat transfer, promote a minimal heat exchanger thickness, and assist in the provision of an inexpensive, compact, portable heat recovery ventilator 10. In operation, rotation of heat exchanger 12 is preferably between about 10 revolutions per minute (rpm) and about 50 rpm. Below about 10 rpm, overall efficiency of the heat recovery ventilator 10 declines. Above about 50 rpm, cross-over or mixing between air streams 22 and 24 occurs as heat exchanger 12 rotates, reducing the amount of ventilation provided. Precise selection of material, composition, filament size, porosity and width of the random matrix media 40 as well as the rate of rotation of heat exchanger 12 and selection of size and type of impellers may vary with each application. However, once the size and flow (and, in some cases, the gas) required for a particular application are fixed, the impellers, drive motor 50, drive pulleys 80-90, type of filters 74, 76 and other components may be selected or sized, and the random matrix media 40 selected from appropriate materials with appropriate filament size, porosity and other characteristics noted above. In addition, it is possible to combine a plurality of rotary wheel heat exchangers 12 in a single housing 14 to provide high capacity heat exchange. One such application would be in ventilating large commercial or industrial buildings, for example with a 30,000 cubic feet per minute (cfm) (850 m³/min) multi-heat exchanger unit. Regardless of the size, and number of heat exchangers 12 in housing 14, a single source of rotary power may be employed in accordance with the present invention to rotate the heat exchangers 12 and means for forcing streams of air 22, 24 therethrough. Chart 1 below lists typical parameters for the present invention in representative applications for air. Chart 1: Representative Heat Recovery Ventilator Applications Air Flow (cfm) Application Heat Exchanger Impeller Static Pressure (inches of water) Effectiveness (%) Disk Diameter (cms) RPM 20 Room 25 20 .12 92.0% 30 Room 25 20 .20 90.0% 80-150 Small to medium-sized houses 43 35-45 .35 90.0% 200 full medium to large house 80 20 .11 92.5% 43 40-50 .45 90% 300 Large house 80 20 .18 91.0% 500 Small commercial such as a restaurant 100 40 .20 91.0% 650 Small to medium commercial 100 40 .27 90.0% 30,000 large commercial, or industrial variable depending on application, pressure losses in duct work, etc. 90.0% [Note: 1 cfm = 2.83x10⁻² m³/min ; 1 inch = 25.4 mm] All components of heat recovery ventilator 10 are commercially available and made of materials known and used in the art, except for special materials applications noted above. Housing 14, various baffles 20, 31a, baffle assemblies 30, 32, centrifugal impeller housings 67, 69 or axial impeller housings 67a, 69a, mounting angles 34-37, positioning angles 70, 80, and first and second duct sections 70, 72 are preferably made of light-weight materials such as plastic, blow-molded, injection-molded, or thermoformed, although aluminum or mild steel are suitable materials, as well. It is preferred that multiple elements of the present invention be combined into one-piece moldings in a manner known in the art. For example, it is preferred that the first baffle assembly 30, first duct section 70 and first centrifugal impeller housing 67 for first centrifugal impeller 26 be injection-molded as substantially one piece, with a plate added which includes aperture 66 and which serves to complete baffle assembly 30 while also completing the duct section 70 and centrifugal impeller housing 67. Similar pieces are preferably injection-molded for second baffle assembly 32, second duct section 72 and second centrifugal impeller housing 69. All components are connected by conventional means such as bolts and nuts, rivet, welding, adhesives, bending, sealing or the like. Conventional seals or sealant material (not shown) may also be further used to seal the various elements where connected to prevent intermixing of streams of air 22, 24, or leakage of ambient air.

Claims: A compact heat recovery ventilator (10) comprising: a housing (14) having first and second sections (16, 18) to convey separate first and second streams of air (22, 24); a heat exchanger (12) rotatably disposed in said housing for rotation about a central axis, and adapted to intersect said first and second sections; means for forcing said separate first and second streams through said first and second sections; a source of rotary power; first means for transmitting said rotary power to rotatably drive said heat exchanger; and second means for transmitting said rotary power to drive said means for forcing, characterized in that said second means for transmitting extends through the central axis of said heat exchanger and is freely rotatable therethrough without effect on the rotation of the heat exchanger. A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 1 wherein said second means (39) for transmitting said rotary power comprises a central shaft (39) rotatably driven by said source of rotary power, said central shaft (39) extending through said central axis (38) of said heat exchanger (12) and connected to said means for forcing. A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 2 wherein said central shaft (39) further includes at least one shaft bearing assembly disposed in said housing (10) upon which said central shaft (39) is supported and freely rotates. A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 2 or 3: wherein said means (26, 28, 26a, 28a) for forcing comprise first and second impellers (26, 28) positioned to force said first and second streams (22, 24) through said first and second sections (16, 18), respectively; and wherein said second means (39) for transmitting further includes: a first pulley (90) and first drive belt (82) rotatably driven by said source of rotary power; a second pulley (92) disposed on said central shaft (39) engaging said first drive belt (82) and rotating said central shaft (39); a third and fourth pulleys (94, 96) disposed an said central shaft (39); fifth and sixth pulleys (98, 100) attached to said first and second impellers (26, 28), respectively; a second drive belt (84) engaging said third and fifth pulleys (94, 98) to drive said first impeller (26); and a third drive belt (86) engaging said fourth and sixth pulleys (96, 100) to drive said second impeller (28). A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 4 wherein: said housing (14) has a plurality of faces (14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 14f); and said first, second and third drive belts (82, 84, 86) are positioned so that all are accessible for removal from at least one face (14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 14f) of said housing (14). A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in any of claims 1 to 5 further comprising: one or more filters (74, 76) removably disposed in each of said first and second sections (16, 18) including at least one first filter (74) removably disposed in said first stream (16) of air, and at least one second filter removably disposed in said second stream (18) of air; and means for retaining said filters (74, 76) therein. A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 6 wherein: said housing (14) has a plurality of faces (14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e 14f); and said first and second filters (74, 76) are accessible for insertion and removal from one or more faces (14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 14f) of said housing (14), at least one of said one or more faces (14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, 14e, 14f) from which said first and second filter (74, 76) are accessible comprising the same face of said housing (14). A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in any of claims 1 to 7 further comprising a front panel (15), portions of said front panel (15) and said housing (14) defining an inlet plenum (23a) communicating with said first section (16) and an outlet plenum (19a) communicating with said second section (18). A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 8 further comprising one or more diffuser baffles (31a) disposed in said outlet plenum (29a). A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in any of claims 1 to 9 wherein: said housing (14) further comprises a peripheral baffle (20) secured to the inside of said housing (14), said peripheral baffle (20) defining an aperture; said heat exchanger (12) is disposed in said aperture for rotation therein; said heat recovery ventilator (10) further comprises: one or more seals (19, 21) communicating between said peripheral baffle (20) and said heat exchanger (12), wherein at least a portion of one of said seals comprises a flexible seal disposed at least in part in said aperture around the periphery of said heat exchanger (12); and means for retaining said flexible seal in tension around said heat exchanger (12); whereby said flexible seal is placed in tension and maintains a substantially airtight seal between said heat exchanger (12) and said peripheral buffle (20). A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 10 wherein said means for retaining said flexible seal in tension around said heat exchanger (12) comprises: at least one resilient means (17) for tensioning attached to at least one end of said flexible seal; and one or more mounting angle holders (52), at least one of said mounting angle holders (52) adapted to receive said at least one portion of said at least one resilient means (17) for tensioning. A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 11 wherein: said resilient means (17) for tensioning comprises a spring (17); and said at least one mounting angle holder (52) includes an opening extending therethrough generally aligned with said flexible seal through which said flexible seal is resiliently joined. A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in claim 11 or 12 wherein: said flexible seal is disposed in a groove in said peripheral baffle (20) and extends from said groove into said aperture; and said flexible seal is retained in tension around the periphery of said heat exchanger (12). A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in any of claims 11 to 13 wherein: said flexible seal is slidably positionable relative to said periphery; and said means for retaining said flexible seal in tension around said heat exchanger (12) slidably positions said flexible seal radially inward as it wears such that said flexible seal is retained in tension around the periphery of said heat exchanger (12). A heat recovery ventilator (10) as recited in any of claims 12 to 14, wherein said housing comprises a frame having at least four apertures, said apertures including a first inlet (23) and a first outlet (25) related to said first section (16), and a second inlet (27) and a second outlet (29) related to said second section (18); wherein portions of said frame, at least one of said one or more baffle assemblies (30, 32), said peripheral baffle (20), and said heat exchanger (12) define first and second inlet chambers (53, 57) for said first and second sections (23, 27), respectively, said first and second inlet chambers (53, 57) communicating with said first and second inlets (23, 27), respectively; and wherein portions of said frame, at least one of said one or more baffle assemblies (30, 32), said peripheral baffle (20) and said heat exchanger (12) further define first and second outlet chambers (55, 59) for said first and second sections (16, 18), respectively, said first and second outlet chambers (55, 59) communicating with said first and second outlets (25, 29), respectively; whereby said first stream (22) is conveyed in said first section (16) from said first inlet (23) through said first inlet chamber (53), across said heat exchanger (12), and through said first outlet chamber (55) to said first outlet (25); and said second stream (24) is conveyed in said second section (18) from said second inlet (27) through said second inlet chamber (57), across said heat exchanger (12), and through said second outlet chamber (59) to said second outlet (27).

Inventors: CHAGNOT CATHERINE J, CHAGNOT, CATHERINE J.
Applicants: STIRLING TECHNOLOGY INC, STIRLING TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: F24F3
IPC codes: F24F3