Hygienic absorbent article having compliant gaskets

Abstract: An absorbent article is provided for use in the perineal area of the body. Compliant sealing gaskets (6') are pre-formed to extend outward from the central portion of the article. The gaskets (6,6') may be formed by looping a strip of material (57) so as to form a compliant cuff (48, 48') which bears against the user's body in a comfortable manner. An elastic member (14) placed in tension so as to impart an arcuate shape to the article may be placed inside a cavity (36) formed by the cuff (48'). The gaskets (6,6') may be applied to an article having wings attached to the central portion so as to form pockets for retaining the elasticized portions of the panty crotch. The proximal ends of the gaskets are disposed outward of the pockets and the distance between the pockets is less than the width of the panty crotch so that the body facing said of the article is placed in tension.

Description: Field of the Invention The current invention concerns an absorbent article for use in the perineal area of the body, such as sanitary napkins, incontinence pads, and the like. More specifically, the current invention concerns an absorbent article having pre-formed compliant sealing gaskets that serve to prevent leakage past the absorbent article and to improve the comfort and fit of the article. Background of the Invention Traditionally, absorbent articles have included a central absorbent portion having a body facing side, a garment facing side, longitudinally extending sides and transverse ends. These articles generally include an absorbent core made of loosely associated hydrophilic materials, such as wood pulp, that is covered on the body facing side by a layer of body fluid pervious material and on the garment facing said by a layer of body fluid impervious material. These layers are sometimes sealed around the absorbent core by joining them together along the longitudinal sides of the article so as to form laterally extending flanges -- see, for example U.S. Patent No. 4,678,527 (Ulman). The layer forming the body facing side is sometimes formed from an apertured plastic film which gives the surface of the article a feeling of dryness against the skin. Typically absorbent articles are held in place by pressure sensitive adhesive on the garment facing side which adheres to the inner crotch surface of the user's undergarment. The fit of such absorbent products may be improved by imparting an arcuate shape to the article in the longitudinal direction. This is typically accomplished by applying longitudinally extending elastic elements placed in tension to the article -- see, for example U.S. Patent Nos. 3,236,238 (Morse) and 4,432,823 (Moore). One drawback of prior art absorbent articles in which the layers are joined by forming flanges, as previously discussed, is that although the flanges are flexible with respect to forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the flange, they are fairly rigid with respect to forces acting in-plane. Consequently, the flanges of such articles have a tendency to dig into the skin of the user, causing discomfort. Another drawback arises if the aforementioned apertured plastic film is used. Typically, such film is used to cover the sides of the article which bear against the user's thighs, as well as the upward facing portion of the body facing surface that is subjected directly to the fluid flow. Experience has shown that although the apertured plastic film feels dry against the skin, when pressed against the user's thighs it produces the unpleasant hot and sticky feeling associated with plastics. Typically, absorbent articles are subject to lateral leakage under certain circumstances -- for example, if the article is locally not in contact with the perineum because of wrinkling or deformation of the article or if the flow exceeds the local absorbent capacity of the article. Such lateral leakage causes fluid to flow along the surface of the perineum to the user's legs resulting, at the least, in soiling of the undergarment. Accordingly, napkins having wings extending from the longitudinal sides have been developed to protect the undergarment crotch from soiling -- for example, see U.S. Patent No. 4,285,343 (McNair). Unfortunately, lateral leakage can result in flow down the user's legs that soils other articles of clothing not protected by the wings. U.S. Patent No. 4,589,876 (Van Tilburg) discloses a sanitary napkin having wings in which flexible axes are formed that allow the wings to be folded over the edges of the panty crotch. Each wing is joined to the central portion of the napkin along a preferential bending line. The width of the central portion is less than the span of the perineum so that the elastic in the panty crotch bends the wings upward around the preferential bending line. This bending action causes the wings to form walls that bear against the laterally outward surfaces of the perineum to produce a seal that is described as being gasket-like. Unfortunately, such articles suffer from several drawbacks. First, since the article relies on the panty elastic to bend the wings upward around the laterally outward surfaces of the perineum at the preferential bending joints between the wings and the central portion, the maximum width of the central portion is limited to the width of the panty crotch. This limits the absorbent capacity of the napkin as well as its applicability to a large variety of user/panty sizes. Second, since the wings are folded over the edges of the panty crotch, the seals formed thereby can extend beyond the edges of the crotch only by the thickness of the wings. As a result, optimal contact of the seal with the body will not be attained for all users since the seal does not extend a substantial distance beyond the edge of the crotch. Again, this limits the applicability of the napkin. Third, although the preferential bending line and flexible axis give the wing flexibility in the direction normal to the plane of the wing, the wing is relatively stiff with respect to a compression force applied in the plane of the wing. Hence, the compliancy of the wings is low, resulting in discomfort due to the wings digging into the body. Fourth, since the elastic portion of the crotch is disposed at the top of the wall formed by the wing, the force imposed by deformation of the elastic portion acts to press only the wing against the user's body. The elastic portion does not push the central portion of the article against the perineum so as to ensure proper contact. U.S. Patent No. 4,701,177 (Ellis et al.) discloses a napkin in which the absorbent core in the longitudinally middle portion of the napkin has a dog bone shape -- that is, the thickness of the central portion is increased but its width is reduced -- created by pinching in the sides of the absorbent core in the middle portion. The cover and barrier are joined along a joint line that follows the contour of the central absorbent. As a result, in the reduced width middle portion of the napkin, the portions of the cover and barrier outboard of the seal line form walls. Elastic members disposed within the walls cause them to extend upward above the body facing surface and into the crease at the sides of the pudendum so as to prevent leakage. However, this arrangement suffers from several drawbacks. First, as a result of the placement of the joint lines at the top of the sides of the central portion, the walls have a tendency to fold inward about the joint lines in use so that they lay over the body facing surface, thereby reducing the effective area of the central absorbent portion. Second, creating the walls requires that the central portion be formed into a dog bone shape so that this sealing approach is not applicable to all types of napkins. Third, the materials that form the walls are limited to those suitable for napkin covers and barriers. U.S. Patent No. 4,695,278 (Lawson) discloses a diaper in which flaps are formed by extending the cover and barrier beyond the sides of the central portion and joining them together along longitudinally extending joint lines spaced transversely from the central portion sides. Elastic members are disposed within the flaps, forming members characterized as "gasketing cuffs." Members characterized as "barrier cuffs" are formed by attaching strips of material, folded over so as to form loops at their distal ends, to the flaps along the joint lines. Elastic members are disposed within the loops causing them to extend vertically upward above the body facing surface. Unfortunately, as a result of the length of the barrier cuffs and the spacing of the joint lines away from the sides of the central portion, in use the barrier cuffs, like the walls in the Ellis patent, have a tendency to fold inward about the joint lines so that they lay over the body facing surface, thereby reducing the effective area of the central absorbent portion. A similar diaper is also known from EP-A-0 409 149. Consequently, it would be desirable to provide an absorbent article that overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks associated with absorbent articles heretofore known in the art. Such an article should be capable of forming a gasket-like seal to prevent lateral leakage of fluid yet avoid reducing the effective area of the central absorbent and be adapted to fit properly regardless of the size of the user or the undergarment. In addition, although being adapted to press against the user's body, the gasket should have sufficient compliancy to provide a comfortable fit and the appropriate surface properties necessary to minimize the unpleasant sensation of such contact. Such a gasket is adapted to winged articles so that the wings and the gaskets cooperated to ensure a good fit and proper contact of the gasket and the central portion with the body. GB 2 168 253 A which has been used to formulate the preamble part of claim 1 discloses an absorbent article where upwardly folded sideflaps or gaskets extend beyond the absorbent core. US 4 608 047 describes a sanitary napkin having wings to be attached at the outer crotch portion of an undergarment. WO 92107536 which is a document effective under Articles 54(3) and 54(4) EPC disclosed a winged sanitary napkin with raised gaskets along the long sides of the absorbent core. Summary of the Invention It is an object of the current invention to provide an absorbent article that prevents leakage of fluid past the article and makes good sealing contact with the user's body yet be comfortable. This object is solved by an absorbent article as defined in claim 1. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is an isometric view of yet another embodiment of an absorbent article according to the current invention having wings. Figure 2 is an elevation view of the article shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a transverse cross-section through the article shown in Figure 1 taken through line XVI-XVI. Figures 4 (a)-(c) are detailed views embodiments of the portion of the article shown in Figure 3 enclosed by the circle XVII. Figure 5 is a transverse cross-section through the article shown in Figure 1 in use. Figure 6 is a plane view from below of the embodiment of the article shown in Figure 1 in use. Figure 7 is a transverse cross-section through another embodiment of the article shown in Figure 1 in use. Figure 8 is an elevation view of still another embodiment of the article not falling into the scope of claim 1, but illustrating the purpose of further elastic members in the article.. Description of the Preferred Embodiment The attachment method to produce the article of the current invention gives adequate directional stability to the gaskets so that they will extend upward so as to make good sealing contact with the perineum without the incorporation of elastic members into the gaskets. Moreover, provided their length is not excessive, the directional stability of the attachment method according to the current invention will prevent the gaskets from folding over the body facing surface in use. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the current invention is adapted for use in a winged napkin 51. The wings 19 extend laterally outward from the napkin central portion 2. Although preferably not including absorbent pulp materials, the wings 19 may include a body fluid impervious backing such as the materials described in connection with a fluid impervious barrier 9, it may comprise any thin, flexible, body fluid impermeable material such as a polymeric film -- for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, or cellophane or a normally fluid pervious material that has been treated to be impervious, such as impregnated fluid repellent paper or non-woven fabric material, or a flexible foam, such as polyurethane or cross-linked polyethylene. It is also expected that the wings 19 can comprise a body fluid pervious materials much like body fluid pervious cover 8. According to the current invention, the wings 19 are of the "cut and paste" type -- that is, the wings are not integrally cut from the sheets of material forming the cover 8 and barrier 9 but are formed separately and attached to the central portion 2 via an adhesive. Such cut and paste wings are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,900,320 (McCoy). Consequently, the wing material need not be of the type suitable for a pervious cover 8 or an impervious barrier 9. As shown in Figures 3 and 4, each gasket 43 is formed by joining the portions 10 and 18 of the barrier 9 and cover 10, respectively, adjacent their longitudinal edges together via an adhesive 34, thereby forming a flange. A compliant cuff 25 is formed by enclosing the flange or joined portion in a strip of material 55, such as that used to form the cuffs 48 shown in Figures 6 and 7. The cuff 25 may be attached so as to form a loop that encloses a cavity 36, as previously discussed, thereby giving it considerable compliancy. As before, the size and shape of the cavity 36 can be adjusted to control the compliancy of the gasket. A strip of elastic foam 15, placed in tension when applied to the napkin, may be disposed between the barrier and cover portions 10 and 18, respectively, that form the flange so as to impart the aforementioned arcuate shape to the napkin, as shown in Figure 4 (a). Alternatively, as shown in Figure 4 (b), a strip of elastic foam 47 may be laminated to the interior surface of the strip of material 55 that forms the cuff 25'. As shown in Figure 4(c), a cuff 25" could be formed by wrapping a layer of foam 46 around the strip of material 55 to impart further cushioning for the gasket. The layer of foam 46 could itself be elasticized and applied to the napkin in tension, thereby eliminating the need for the elastic foam 15 to impart the arcuate shape. Importantly, wings 19 are attached to the central portion 2 so that they cooperate with the gaskets 43 in use, as explained further below. The base 44 of each wing 19 is attached to a flange, as shown in Figure 4. Thus, as shown in Figure 4 (b), a first strip of adhesive 34 is disposed between the portion 18 of cover 8 adjacent its longitudinal edge 33 and the portion 10 of the barrier 9 adjacent its longitudinal edge 33 and a second strip of adhesive is disposed between the opposite surface of the portion 10 of the barrier and the base 44 of the wing 19 so that the flange and wing base form a unitary structure. Alternatively, heat sealing could be used in place of adhesive strips 34. As a result this arrangement, the cuff 25 encloses the wing base 44, giving a napkin having cut and paste wings a more aesthetically pleasing appearance. More importantly, this method of attaching the wings to the napkin provides certain functional benefits, as described below. In use, the wings 19 are folded downward around the crotch 27 so that the edges of the wing tips 45 nearly abut each other and are secured to the underside of the crotch 27 via the adhesive 20, as shown in Figure 5. As is known in the art, the wings 19 serve to stabilize the napkin and protect the panty crotch 27 from side leakage. However, unlike the wings heretofore known in the art, when the user pulls the wings 19 according to the current invention around the edges of the panty crotch 27 and attaches them thereto by adhesive 20, downward forces 52 are applied to the gaskets through the wing bases 44. These downward forces 52 impose moments 53 that tend to rotate the gaskets downward, as shown in Figure 5. This downward rotation prevents the gaskets from folding inward over the body facing surface 16 of the cover 8, thereby ensuring that effective placement of the gaskets is maintained. As previously discussed, the folding of the gaskets over the body facing surface 16 reduces its effective area. Thus, according to the current invention, the wings 19 serve to place both the central portion 2 and the gaskets 43 into good contact with the body. In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, the intersection 49 of the wing base 44 and the barrier 9 forms a pocket 22 disposed at, or slightly inward of, the proximal end of the gasket 43. As shown in Figures 4(c) and 5, the pockets 22 serve to retain the elasticized portions 28 on the edges of the panty crotch 27. According to the current invention, certain advantages are obtained by attaching the wings 19 so that the distance F, shown in Figure 3, between the pockets 22 is less than the width of the panty crotch 27 when the crotch is in its undeformed state. Specifically, when the wings are attached to the panty crotch 27, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, the lateral compression of the crotch 27 causes the elastic 28 to impart outward acting forces 26 on the wings 19. Since the wing base 44, barrier portion 10 and cover portion 18 are joined together so as to act in unison, the forces 26 are transmitted from the wings 19 to the cover 8, thereby placing the cover in tension, indicated by arrows 29 in Figure 5. This tension causes the cover 8 to be thrust upward so as to ensure good contact with the perineum 23. The tension also serves to prevent permanent deformation of the article due to lateral compression from the user's thighs since the panty elastic 28 acts as a spring to restore a laterally compressed central portion 2 to its undeformed shape. Another advantage of the gasket/wing arrangement shown in Figures 3 and 4 is that the pockets 22, and therefore, the panty crotch elastic edges 28, are disposed below the base 12 of the gasket 43. As a result, the gaskets 43 extend a distance E, shown in Figure 3, beyond the panty elastic. Unlike prior art attempts at sealing gaskets, the distance E is not limited to the thickness of the wing 19. Thus, the distal end 13 of the gasket makes sealing contact with the user's body regardless of the size of the user or the panty. The napkin shown in Figure 3 discloses another important aspect of the current invention. As is well known, the cover 8 can be formed from an apertured plastic film, such as Reticulon™, available from Chicopee Mills, Inc. of New York, NY, a division of Johnson & Johnson Corporation, or Dri-Weve™ by The Proctor & Gamble Company of Cincinnati, OH. Although such materials have the advantage of imparting a dry feeling, they are uncomfortable against the body, tending to produce a hot and sticky feeling, as previously discussed. Consequently, as shown in Figure 3, according to the current invention, an apertured plastic film can be used only for the portion of the cover 8 directly over the absorbent core 7, where it is most beneficial. A second, more comfortable material can be used for the cuff 25 that bears against the body under pressure. Preferably this second material is a fibrous non-woven material, which, as is well known in the art, has a comfortable feeling against the body. Alternatively, a cuff 50 could be formed from a laminate of a layer 48 of a fibrous non-woven material and a layer of an elastic foam 47, as shown in Figure 7. Use of such foam 47 can provide sufficient compliancy to the gasket so that the cavity 36 can be eliminated. Moreover, the elastic foam 47 can be placed in tension so as to impart an arcuate shape to the napkin, as previously discussed, thereby dispensing with the need for the elastic strips shown in Figure 4. According to the embodiment shown in Figure 7, the wings 19 are attached to the barrier 9 so that, unlike the embodiment shown in Figure 3, the initial intersection of the wings and the barrier occurs inboard of the longitudinally extending sides 30 of the central portion 2, thereby similarly disposing the pockets 22. In this configuration, the elastic portions 28 of the panty crotch 27 impart forces 54 which act directly against the central portion 2 to place it into good contact with the perineum 23. Figure 8 shows how which segmented elastic members 47' are attached to the napkin in tension so as to impart a novel curvature to the napkin. The elastic segments 47' may be segments of elastic foam laminated within a gasket cuff, or segments of elastic filaments disposed within a gasket cuff cavity. Alternatively, the elastic members may be heat shrinkable filaments applied to the napkin cover 8, as disclosed in aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 3,236,238 (Morse). Thus the curvature is obtained by applying the elastic segments 47' only to the end sections 70 that extend fore and aft from the longitudinally middle section 71 of the napkin. No elastic is applied to the middle section 71 itself. In the preferred embodiment, the middle section 71 comprises at least 25% of the napkin length. Thus, unlike the continuously curved arcuate shape heretofore known in the art, the napkin according to the current invention consists of a substantially straight middle section 71 having arcuate sections 70 extending therefrom both fore and aft, as shown in Figure 8. The napkin shape shown in Figure 8 has several important advantages. First, the wrinkling associated with shaping is confined to the end sections 70 so that the middle section 71, which is in direct contact with the perineum and directly exposed to fluid flow, is free of wrinkles. The absence of wrinkling provides a more comfortable body facing surface against the skin and avoids the formation of transverse channels that encourage the fluid to flow laterally out of the central portion 2 of the napkin. In addition, wrinkling can result in several portions of the cover folding over itself so that the fluid tends to wick to the napkin sides rather than penetrate into the central absorbent 7. Second, forces imposed by the user's body on the ends 3 of the napkin tend to thrust the middle section 71 upward into good contact with the perineum. Third, the absence of elastic in the gaskets in the middle section 71 allows the gaskets to splay outward so that they are less likely to fold over the body facing surface in use. As the foregoing indicates, the method of the current invention affords great flexibility in the design of sanitary napkins, allowing the use of a wide range of gasket materials and allowing the gaskets to be attached to the napkin in various ways to achieve an optimum configuration. Moreover, although the invention has been explained with reference to a sanitary napkin, the invention is also suitable for use in other absorbent articles, such as incontinence pads and the like. As the various embodiments disclosed above indicate, the present invention may be embodied in many specific forms without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: An absorbent article for use in the perineal area of the body to absorb fluid, comprising: a central portion (2) having an absorbent core (7), a first body facing layer (8), a second layer (9) opposite said body facing layer (8) and right and left longitudinal sides (30) and right and left longitudinally extending gaskets (43) having proximal and distal ends, said proximal end being located along the longitudinal side (30) and the distal end having a smooth, curved edge surface extending outward from the central portion (2) and upward a pre-determined distance above a portion (16) of said first layer (8) adjacent said side (30), said gaskets (43) having sufficient directional stability avoiding it being folded over said first surface (8), characterised by right and left longitudinal extending gasket cuffs (25,25',25'') forming a loop which encloses circumferentially extending flange portions (18, 10) of the first layer (8) and the second layer (9) to constitute said gaskets (43), and right and left hand wings (19), and each of said separately formed wings having a base portion (44) and a tip portion (45), wherein the base portion (44) of each wing is attached to one of said flange portions of a respective gasket, said wings are adapted to fold over the undergarment crotch (27), whereby said right and left wings (19) define right and left pockets (22) at their bases (44), adapted to retain right and left portions (28) of the undergarment crotch (27). The absorbent article according to claim 1, wherein said loop (41, 42) encloses a cavity (36) that can be flattened to elastically absorb forces (37) imparted by the user's body. The absorbent article according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a plurality of longitudinally extending elastic segments (14, 47) attached to said article in tension, said elastic segments (14, 47) extending only in end sections (70) so as to impart an arcuate shape to said end section (70) while leaving a middle section (71) substantially straight.

Inventors: HOLTMAN DENNIS C, JACKSON PETER W, JOHNS JAMES C, MENARD MICHAEL J, HOLTMAN, DENNIS C., JACKSON, PETER W., JOHNS, JAMES C., MENARD, MICHAEL J.
Applicants: MCNEIL PPC INC, MCNEIL-PPC, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: A61F13
IPC codes: A61L15, A61F13