Method of characterising genomic DNA

Abstract: A novel method for the detection of diagnostic base sequences in one or more nucleic acids contained in a sample.

Description: The present invention relates to a novel method for the detection of diagnostic base sequences in one or more nucleic acids contained in a sample. WO-90/11372 discloses diagnostic methods using primers having unique tail sequences. Such tail sequences are captured by hybridisation to complementary sequences immobilised on substrate(s). In known procedures comprising a polymerase chain reaction mispriming can occur at each amplification cycle, especially where the primer is used to detect for example single base mismatches or to detect a particular sequence against a background of related sequences. Such mispriming may only occur as a very low percentage of total priming events per amplification cycle but will increase significantly as a function of the overall number of cycles. The present invention now provides a two stage procedure wherein as a first stage the initial diagnostic interaction between a primer comprising a tail sequence and a sample template may conducted at optimum hybridisation stringency. Any primer extension products are then amplified using a further primer. As a second stage the above extension products are then amplified using a tail specific primer and the further primer. Accordingly, whilst mispriming may still occur the overall level may be significantly reduced. The polymerase chain reaction is conveniently described in "PCR Technology" edited by Henry A. Ehrlich, published by Stockton Press - London/New York in 1989. Therefore, according to a first aspect of the present invention we provide a novel method for detecting the presence or absence of at least one diagnostic base sequence in one or more nucleic acids contained in a sample, which method comprises contacting the sample with a diagnostic primer for each diagnostic base sequence in the sample nucleic acid, the nucleotide sequence of each diagnostic primer being such that it is substantially complementary to the corresponding diagnostic base sequence, under hybridising conditions and in the presence of appropriate nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerisation thereof, such that an extension product of a diagnostic primer is synthesised when the corresponding diagnostic base sequence is present in the sample, no extension product being synthesised when the corresponding diagnostic base sequence is not present in the sample and any extension product of a diagnostic primer acts as template for extension of a further primer which hybridises to a locus at a distance from the relevant diagnostic base sequence, and wherein at least one of the diagnostic primer(s) further comprises a tail sequence which does not hybridise to a diagnostic base sequence or a region adjacent thereto, and contacting the above mixture with a tail primer which hybridises to the complement of the tail sequence in an extension product of the further primer and is extended in the presence of appropriate nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerisation thereof to amplify the further primer amplification products whereby the presence or absence of the diagnostic base sequence(s) in the nucleic acid sample is detected from the presence or absence of tail specific primer extension product. The above method is of particular use, for example, where diagnostic base sequence(s) are only present in low concentration in complex nucleic acid mixtures. In our European Patent No. 0332435 we disclose and claim a method for the selective amplification of template sequences which differ by as little as one base. The above method is now commonly referred to as the Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS). Therefore in a preferred aspect of the above detection method a terminal nucleotide of at least one diagnostic primer is either complementary to a suspected variant nucleotide or to the corresponding normal nucleotide, such that an extension product of a diagnostic primer is synthesised when the terminal nucleotide of the diagnostic primer is complementary to the corresponding nucleotide in the diagnostic base sequence, no extension product being synthesised when the terminal nucleotide of the diagnostic primer is not complementary to the corresponding nucleotide in the diagnostic base sequence. The diagnostic primers for use in the preceding aspect are conveniently designed with reference to our above mentioned European Patent, Publication No. 0332435. By "substantially complementary" we mean that primer sequence need not reflect the exact sequence of the template provided that under hybridising conditions the primers are capable of fulfilling their stated purpose. In general, mismatched bases are introduced into the primer sequence to provide altered hybridisation stringencies. Commonly, however, the primers have exact complementarity except in so far as non-complementary nucleotides may be present at a predetermined primer terminus as hereinbefore described. The term "nucleoside triphosphate" is used herein to refer to nucleosides present in either DNA or RNA and thus includes nucleosides which incorporate adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil as base, the sugar moiety being deoxyribose or ribose. In general deoxyribonucleosides will be employed in combination with a DNA polymerase. It will be appreciated however that other modified bases capable of base pairing with one of the conventional bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil may be employed. Such modified bases include for example 8-azaguanine and hypoxanthine. The term "nucleotide" as used herein can refer to nucleotides present in either DNA or RNA and thus includes nucleotides which incorporate adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil as base, the sugar moiety being deoxyribose or ribose. It will be appreciated however that other modified bases capable of base pairing with one of the conventional bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil, may be used in the diagnostic primer and amplification primer employed in the present invention. Such modified bases include for example 8-azaguanine and hypoxanthine. In addition, it will be understood that references to nucleotide(s), oligonucleotide(s) and the like include analogous species wherein the sugar-phosphate backbone is modified and/or replaced, provided that its hybridisation properties are not destroyed. By way of example the backbone may be replaced by an equivalent synthetic peptide nucleic acid, may be DNA, from any convenient animal or plant species, such as humans, cattle, and horses, especially humans. In the diagnosis of, for example, cancer the situation may arise whereby it is desirable to identify a small population of variant cells in a background of normal cells. The ARMS system is well suited for this purpose since it discriminates between normal and variant sequences even where the variant sequence comprises a very small fraction of the total DNA. Whilst we do not wish to be limited by theoretical considerations we have successfully performed ARMS assays in which the ratio of mutant to normal DNA was 1:100 and we believe that even larger ratios may be readily used. To optimise the sensitivity of the ARMS reaction it may be performed in isolation ie. with a single ARMS primer since in duplex or multiplex reactions there may be competitive interaction between the individual reactions resulting in a loss of sensitivity. A control reaction is desirable to ensure that a polymerase chain reaction has taken place. In a test for an inherited mutation the copy number of the mutation and other genomic DNA is typically 1:1 or 1:2, so a genomic control reaction can be used without compromising sensitivity or creating an imbalance in the system. In a cancer test however, the use of a genomic control reaction may swamp the test reaction leading to a loss of sensitivity. We have now found that ARMS primer(s) comprising tail sequences may advantageously be used in a two stage amplification procedure comprising a genomic control reaction. In the first stage ARMS primer(s) comprising non-complementary tail(s) are used to amplify any variant sequence which may be present. In addition to the ARMS reaction a genomic control reaction is performed in the same reaction vessel using primers at very low concentation. The control reaction primers also have non-homologous tails which may or may not have the same sequence as the ARMS primer tail(s). In the second stage tail specific primers are added and the temperature increased to prevent the original genomic control primers from functioning. In this second stage any variant sequence product is further amplified and the product of the control reaction from the first stage is also amplified to give a detectable product. Thus the ARMS reaction will only take place if variant sequence is present in the original sample and the control reaction will only function if both the first and second stage amplification reactions have worked. A further and important use of ARMS is for detecting the presence or absence of more than one suspected variant nucleotide in the same sample. The ability of ARMS to selectively amplify sequences depending on the predetermined nucleotide sequence of the diagnostic primers enables multiple amplification products to be distinguished simply, accurately and with minimal operator skill thus making it possible to provide a robust technique for screening a single sample for multiple nucleotide variations. The use of ARMS to detect more than one suspected variant nucleotide in the same sample is conveniently referred to as multiplex ARMS. Multiplex ARMS is thus of particular interest in screening a single sample of DNA or RNA for a battery of inherited conditions such as genetic disorders, predispositions and somatic mutations leading to various diseases. Such DNA or RNA may for example be extracted from blood or tissue material such as chorionic villi or amniotic cells by a variety of techniques such as those described by Maniatis et al, Molecular Cloning (1982), 280-281. Morever as the molecular basis for further inherited conditions becomes known these further conditions may simply be included in the screening technique of the present invention. Multiple amplification products may be distinguished by a variety of techniques. Thus for example probes may be employed for each suspected amplified product, each probe carrying a different and distinguishable signal or residue capable of producing a signal. Direct visualisation of the amplification products, for example using staining procedures, and in particular ethidium bromide, are preferred. If required however the amplification products may be identified using a probe which hybridises specifically to the tandemly repeated region. The probe may comprise any convenient radioactive label or marker component. Preferably a non-radioactive label such as the triggerable chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetane compound Lumi-Phos530 disclosed and claimed in US patent 4959182 is employed. Lumi-Phos530 is a registered trade mark of Lumigen Inc. A much simpler and preferred method of distinguishing between ARMS amplification products comprises selecting the nucleotide sequences of the amplification primers such that the length of each amplified product formed during the process of the present invention is different. In this regard the number of base pairs present in an amplification product is dictated by the distance apart of the diagnostic and amplification primers. Thus the amplification primers may be designed such that each potential variant nucleotide is associated with a potential amplification product of different length. In an ARMS reaction diagnostic for a particular point mutation the sequence of the primers is largely constrained by the sequence of the DNA adjacent the mutation of interest. The 3' base of the primer usually matches the base altered by the mutation and extra destabilisation is introduced to give the required level of specificity. The term "specificity" refers to the ratio of the yield of product when an ARMS primer is used to prime its target sequence compared to the yield of mis-primed product from the non-target sequence. In a multiplex ARMS reaction it is desirable that the individual ARMS reactions work with similar efficiency to allow the simultaneous detection of all the reaction products. This may be achieved for example by altering the concentration of the primers, alteration of the number/composition of reactions, or alteration of the ammount of additional destabilisations introduced into the ARMS primers. Whilst these methods are normally sufficient to obtain a balanced multiplex ARMS reaction the use of tail or tag sequences may have advantages in certain situations. In particular these may allow a more specific test. By way of example, where a strong additional mis-match is used to obtain specificity the yield of corresponding multiplex product may be low. Reducing the additional mis-match strength may not be possible without compromising specificity. A tail sequence which in combination with a tail specific primer provides a good substrate for a DNA polymerase may be used to balance the multiplex reaction. A range of tail/primer combinations of known priming ability may be provided. Thus by way of example as a first amplification step the priming/mis-priming ratio is optimised without regard to product yield. Product yield is then balanced in the second amplification step using an appropriate range of tail/primer combinations. In our UK patent 2252407 we disclose and claim that multiplex ARMS may be successfuly performed where diagnostic primer extension products of more than one diagnostic base sequence of a nucleic acid sample comprise a complementary overlap. This unexpected improvement to multiplex ARMS is referred to hereinafter as overARMS. OverARMS now facilitates the detection and analysis of, for example, inherited or infectious disease where the potential variant nucleotides are closely spaced. Therefore in a further aspect of the claimed detection method the (potential) extension products of at least two diagnostic primers comprise a complementary overlap. The overlap may occur due to any convenient arrangement of the diagnostic primers. Thus for example the diagnostic primers may conveniently be opposed as illustrated in Figure 2 (i). Furthermore we have found that ARMS may be successfully performed where the diagnostic primer(s) for more than one diagnostic base sequence in a nucleic acid sample themselves comprise a complementary overlap. Therefore in a further aspect of the claimed detection method at least two diagnostic primers themselves comprise a complementary overlap. Thus for example the primers are superimposed on the same strand as illustrated in Figure 2 (iii) or less preferably overlap as illustrated in Figure 2 (ii). More conveniently the primers are nested as illustrated in Figure 2 (iv). In an overARMS reaction the size of the reaction products can be used to identify individual combinations of variant nucleotides. Where the products are separated for example on an agarose gel this approach may be limited by the resolving power of the gel. By way of example in a high resolution agarose gel overARMS may presently be used to identify mutations within about 10-15 bases of each other. The size of the outer overARMS primer was increased to give a larger product and we surprisingly found that the yield of the smaller overARMS product was significantly reduced. Whilst we do not wish to be limited by theoretical considerations we believe that target masking takes place due to the increased Tm of the larger overARMS primer which binds preferentially to the target DNA and prevents the smaller overARMS primer from hybridising. Use of a tailed outer overARMS primer may provide the increased product size necessary for resolution but since it is non-complementary at its 5' end the Tm will be similar to the smaller primer. OverARMS is conveniently used for HLA typing, in the diagnosis of β-thalasaemia, sickle cell anaemia, phenylketonuria (PKU), Factor VIII and IX blood disorders and α-1-antitrypsin deficieny. A particular use for OverARMS is in the detection and diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Convenient cystic fibrosis alleles are disclosed in our European Patent Application No. 90309420.9; by B. Kerem et al, Science, 1989, 245, 1073-1080; by J.R. Riordan et al, Science, 1989, 245, 1066-1073; by J.M. Rommens et al, Science, 1989, 245, 1059-1065; by G.R. Cutting et al, Nature, 346, 366-368; by M. Dean et al, Cell, 61, 863-870; by K. Kobayashi et al, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 1990, 47, 611-615; by B. Kerem et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1990, 87, 8447; by M. Vidaud et al, Human Genetics, 1990, 85, (4), 446-449; and by M.B. White et al, Nature, 344, 665-667. Our two stage amplification process using diagnostic and tail primers in combination with a further common primer is conveniently carried out using all three primers simultaneously and preferably using a ratio of tail specific and/or further primer(s) to diagnostic primer(s) of at least 1:1, such as at least 20:1, at least 30:1, and at least 40:1, preferably at least 50:1. We also provide a kit for detecting the presence or absence of at least one diagnostic base sequence in one or more nucleic acids contained in a sample, which kit comprises a diagnostic primer for each diagnostic base sequence, the nucleotide sequence of each diagnostic primer being such that it is substantially complementary to the corresponding diagnostic base sequence, such that under hybridising conditions and in the presence of appropriate nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerisation thereof an extension product of each diagnostic primer is synthesised when the corresponding diagnostic base sequence is present in the sample, no extension product being synthesised when the corresponding diagnostic base sequence is not present in the sample and wherein at least one of the diagnostic primer(s) further comprises a tail sequence which does not hybridise to a diagnostic base sequence or a region adjacent thereto, together with appropriate buffer, packaging and instructions for use. The kit conveniently further comprises at least one of the following items: (i) each of four different nucleoside triphosphates (ii) an agent for polymerisation of the nucleoside triphosphates in (i) (iii) tail specific primer(s) (iv) a further primer which hybridises to a region at a distance from the diagnostic region(s) to which the diagnostic primer(s) selectively hybridise. The kit conveniently comprises a set of two diagnostic primers for each diagnostic portion of a target base sequence, a terminal nucleotide of one diagnostic primer being complementary to a suspected variant nucleotide associated with a known genetic disorder and a terminal nucleotide of the other diagnostic primer being complementary to the corresponding normal nucleotide. The invention will now be further described by, but not limited to, the following Examples, Tables and Figures wherein: Figure 1 shows the use of tailed primers and TAG sequences in the simultaneous detection of cystic fibrosis (CF) mutations. In (a) the mutations are indicated as G551D and R553X in exon 11 of the CFTR gene. In (b) the extended R553X primer (indicated as R553X) is bound and masks G551D target so that the shorter G551D primer (indicated as G551D) is blocked. In (c) both the G551D and R553X primers are bound and the use of a tail sequence can be used to increase the length of the R553X primer. Figure 2 illustrates convenient arrangements for diagnostic primers (DP1-3) and corresponding amplification primers (AP1-3) used in overARMS. In (i), (iii) and (iv) the primers (DP1-DP3) are provided on the same target base sequence. In (iii) and (iv) the primers comprise a complementary overlap. In (ii) the primers comprise a complementary overlap but are on different target base sequences. EXAMPLE 1 Detection of cystic fibrosis (CF) mutations using tailed ARMS primers In order to develop a useful ARMS test for somatic cancer mutations (e.g. the C>T mutations of codon 1338 of the APC gene) it is necessary to be able to distinguish between PCR failure and the absence of the mutation. The inclusion of additional control PCR reactions for the purpose of demonstrating PCR activity in negative ARMS tests causes a reduction in test sensitivity. However, as sensitivity is an absolute requirement of such tests, a method for the inclusion of a positive control PCR reaction without comprising sensitivity is required. The following two-step method employs the 5' TAG sequences technique for this purpose: Step 1 - A multiplex PCR reaction containing ARMS primers and control PCR reaction primers. All four primers carry the TAG sequence as a 5' tail. The control PCR amplimers are included at a low concentration relative to the ARMS primers (e.g. 10nM cf 1µM). Thus, the ARMS reaction works with much greater efficiency that the control if the mutation is present. Step 2 - The products of the PCR reaction (step 1 above) are used to seed the second PCR reaction. The second PCR reaction contains only one primer; the TAG sequence. The TAG primer is rich in G+C residues relative to the ex-TAG portion of the control PCR primers. This second PCR reaction is performed at a high annealing temperture which prevents the action of any carried-over control PCR primers. The TAG primers, however, are able to efficiently amplify the control and ARMS PCR products at the elevated annealing temperture. Therefore, the presence of the somatic mutation will lead to the formation of an ARMS and a control PCR product after step 2 PCR whereas in its absence only the control PCR product will be detected. Extension of Standard ARMS Test to include the detection of R553X and W1282X CF mutations :- The development of an over ARMS test for the simultaneous detection of the closely linked mutations G542X and G551D is described in our European Patent Application, publication no. 0497527. The incidence of the R553X mutation, also located in exon 11 and separated from G551D by only 5 base pairs is significant in CF affected individuals. As such, a method which would allow the simultaneous detection of all 3 mutations would prove valuable in determining CF carrier status. The simultaneous detection of the G551D and R553X mutations presents two additional technical problems: i) direct competition of the G551D and R553X primers for target genomic DNA (5 bp separation, therefore ARMS primers themselves overlap - not a problem observed in the case of G542X/G551D overlapping ARMS) ii) the G551D and R553X mutant PCR products would be indistinguishable by size difference using 3% agarose gels. In an attempt to overcome the latter problem an elongated R553X mutant ARMS primer of 60 bp was synthesised (conventional ARMS primers are normally 20-30 bp) thereby creating a 39 bp size difference between the expected G551D and R553X mutant product bands. Initially a 60 bp mutant ARMS primer (2134) containing an additional G-G destabilising mismatch at the -2 position of the 3' end but otherwise totally homologous to target DNA sequence, was included in the Standard ARMS test 'A' reaction mix at 1µM concentration. R553X mutant product was detected and the ARMS primer was specific for only mutant DNA sequence. 621+1 normal, DF normal and G542X mutant product bands were unaffected by inclusion of the R553X primer. However G551D mutant product bands were no longer visible suggesting that the R553X mutant primer bound more effectively to target DNA thereby preventing any hybridisation of G551D mutant primer. Any further destabilisation of the R553X mutant primer at the 3' end (to allow the G551D mutant primer to bind target DNA also) was likely to compromise the yield of R553X PCR product. Likewise, reducing the severity of the G551D mutant primer mis-match was likely to compromise specificity. Consequently, a second elongated R553X mutant ARMS primer (2150) was synthesised which was no longer completely homologous to target DNA at the distal (5') end. The primer was otherwise identical to the original 2134 primer at the proximal (3') end and thus the ARMS specificity was unchanged. When the 2150 R553X mutant ARMS primer (5' non-homologous tail) was included in the Standard 'A' reaction mix both R553X and G551D mutant products were detected i.e. the increased 5' destabilisation of the R553X mutant primer enabled the G551D mutant primer to compete for target DNA. Again the 621+1, DF508 and G542X product bands were unaffected. The revised Standard ARMS test allowing detection of R553X in addition to 621+1, G551D, G542X and DF508 mutations has been tested with a number of positive control DNA samples (including and individual compound heterozygous for both R553X and G551D) and correct diagnoses obtained. Although the R553X mutation could be easily detected using the method described above, the yield of R553X mutant product was generally lower than that observed for the other A-mix PCR products. In order to increase the amount of R553X product, and thereby obtain an overall balanced A-mix band profile, several approaches were evaluated:- i) increasing R553X mutant primer concentration ii) reducing mis-match severity iii) adding a secondary 'TAG' primer specific for the 5'non homologous tail of the R553X mutant primer The first two approaches were unsuccesful. Increasing the 2150 primer concentration to 4µM did not markedly increase product yield. Using an R553X mutant primer containing no additional 3' destabilising mis-match increased product yield but was no longer specific for R553X mutant target sequence. (The effect of a G-T mismatch was not investigated). A TAG primer (30 mer, 2173) specific for the 2150 5' homologous tail was also included in the revised Standard 'A' reaction mix and the yield of R553X mutant product compared with that obtained using revised Standard 'A' mix (primer 2150) only. Inclusion of the TAG primer resulted in a marked increase in the amount of R553X product. Further, increasing the TAG: ARMS-tail primer ratio appeared to increase product yield. The optimal result was achieved using 2150 at 1µM and the corresponding TAG primer at 3µM. A second tailed ARMS primer (2180) identical to 2150 at the 3' end but modified 5' sequence was employed in conjunction with TAG primer 2164 but this particular combination failed to produce any R553X mutant product. MUTATION EXON PRIMER SPECIFICITY MIS-MATCH W1282X 20 2010 N C-A 2011 M C-A 2013 N G-A 2012 M G-A 2155 N A-A 2109 M A-A 2914 C 1717-1 INTRON 10 2065 N G-T 2070 M G-T 2066 N G-A 2066 M G-A 2067 N G-G 2069 M G-G 1823 C MUTATION EXON PRIMER SPECIFICITY MIS-MATCH LENGTH 5'-HOMOLOGY 5'-TAIL SEQ. R553X 11 2189 M G-G 30 2134 M G-G 60 YES 2150 M G-G 60 NO TAG 1 2172 M 60 NO TAG 1 2180 M G-G 60 NO TAG 2 TAG 1 = 2173 TAG 2 = 2164

Claims: A method for detecting the presence or absence of at least one diagnostic base sequence in one or more nucleic acids contained in a sample, which method comprises contacting the sample with a diagnostic primer for each diagnostic base sequence, the nucleotide sequence of each diagnostic primer being such that it is substantially complementary to the corresponding diagnostic base sequence, under hybridising conditions and in the presence of appropriate nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerisation thereof, such that an extension product of a diagnostic primer is synthesised when the corresponding diagnostic base sequence is present in the sample, no extension product being synthesised when the corresponding diagnostic base sequence is not present in the sample and any extension product of a diagnostic primer acts as template for extension of a further primer which hydridises to a locus at a distance from the relevant diagnostic base sequence, and wherein at least one of the diagnostic primer(s) further comprises a tail sequence which does not hybridise to a diagnostic base sequence or a region adjacent thereto, and contacting the above mixture with a tail specific primer which hybridises to the complement of the tail sequence in an extension product of the further primer and is extended in the presence of appropriate nucleoside triphosphates and an agent for polymerisation thereof to amplify the further primer amplification products whereby the presence or absence of the diagnostic base sequence(s) is detected from the presence or absence of tail specific primer extension products. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein a single, common tail specific primer is used for all the diagnostic primers comprising tail sequences for use with the common tail specific primer. A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein a single common tail specific primer is used for all primers and these all comprise tail sequences for use with the common tail specific primer. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 - 3 wherein one or more of the diagostic primers is an allele specific primer. A method as claimed in any one of the previous claims wherein two or more competitive oligonucleotide primers are used to detect variant nucleotide(s) in at least one diagnostic base sequence. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 - 4 wherein a terminal nucleotide of at least one diagnostic primer is either complementary to a suspected variant nucleotide or to the corresponding normal nucleotide, such that an extension product of a diagnostic primer is synthesised when the terminal nucleotide of the diagnostic primer is complementary to the corresponding nucleotide in the diagnostic base sequence, no extension product being synthesised when the terminal nucleotide of the diagnostic primer is not complementary to the corresponding nucleotide in the diagnostic base sequence. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1-4 or 6 wherein extension products of at least two diagnostic primers comprise a complementary overlap. A method as claimed in claim 7 and wherein at least two diagnostic primers comprise a complementary overlap. A method as claimed in any one of the previous claims wherein the ratio of tail specific and/or further primer(s) to diagnostic primer(s) is at least 1:1. A method as claimed in claim 9 wherein the ratio is at least 50:1. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 - 10 and performed as a homogenous polymerase chain reaction assay. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1-10 or 11 wherein intercalating dye(s) are used to detect tail specific primer extension products. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1-10 or 12 wherein the diagnostic primer and tail specific primer sequences are selected such that an increase in temperature is used to favour tail specific primer priming over diagnostic primer priming.

Inventors: JEFFREYS ALEC JOHN, JEFFREYS, ALEC JOHN, JEFFREYS, ALEC JOHN, UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER
Applicants: ZENECA LTD, ZENECA LIMITED
Application year: 1992
Main classification: C12Q1
IPC codes: C12Q1, G06F12, C12N15, G06F17