Electrophotographic recording apparatus

Abstract: An electrophotographic recording apparatus includes a photosensitive drun (10) on which an electrostatic latent image can be written, a developing device (16) for developing the latent image a charged visible image with a one-component developer, and a transferring device (20) for electrostatically the charged visible image from the drum (10) a sheet or paper (P). The developing device has a conductive foam rubber roller (16b) for entraining the developer to form a developer layer therearound and for bringing the layer to the drun for the development of the latent image, a conductive blade (16c) resiliently engaged with the foam rubber roller (16b) for uniformly regulating a thickness of the developer, and an electric source (18) for applying an electric energy to the blade (16c) to electrically charge the developer layer by a charge-injection effect. The transferring device has a conductive foam rubber transfer roller (20) in contact with the drum (10), and an electric source (22) for applying an energy to the transfer roller, to give a paper (P) an electric charge having a polarity opposite to that of the charged visible image, during a passage of the recording medium through a nip between the drum (10) and the transfer roller (20).

Description: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic recording apparatus such as a copying machine, a laser printer or the like, and in particular, relates to an improvement of such an electrophotographic recording apparatus in which a one-component developer is used for recording an image. In an electrophotographic recording apparatus, the following processes are typically carried out: a) a uniform distribution of electrical charges is produced on a surface of an electrostatic latent image carrying body; b) an electrostatic latent image is formed on a charged area of the body surface by an optical writing means such as a laser beam scanner, an optical projector or the like; c) the latent image is developed as a visible image with a developer or toner, which is electrically charged to be electrostatically adhered to the latent image zone; d) the developed toner image is electrostatically transferred from the body to a sheet or paper; and e) the transferred toner image is fixed and recorded on the sheet or paper by a toner image fixing means such as a heat roller. Typically, the electrostatic latent image carrying body may be an electrophotographic photoreceptor, usually formed as a drum and called a photosensitive drum, having a cylindrical conductive substrate and a photoconductive insulating film bonded to a cylindrical surface thereof. In general, the charged area on the drum is produced by an electric discharger such as a corona discharger, and this type of discharger is also used for the transfer of the developed toner image from the drum to the paper. As one type of developer, a two-component developer, which is well known, is composed of a toner component (colored fine synthetic resin particles) and a magnetic component (magnetic fine carriers). Typically the toner particles have an average diameter of about 10 µm, and the magnetic carriers have a diameter ten times larger than the average diameter of the toner particles. Usually, a developing device using this type of developer includes a vessel for holding the two-component developer, wherein the developer is agitated by an agitator provided therein. This agitation causes the toner particles and the magnetic carriers to be subjected to triboelectrification, whereby the toner particles electrostatically adhere to each of the magnetic carriers. The developing device also includes a magnetic roller provided within the vessel as a developing roller in such a manner that a portion of the magnetic roller is exposed and faces the surface of the photosensitive drum. The magnetic carriers with the toner particles magnetically adhere to the surface of the magnetic roller to form a magnetic brush therearound, and by rotating the magnetic roller carrying the magnetic brush the toner particles are brought to the surface of the drum for the development of the electrostatic latent image formed thereon. In this developing process, the quality of the developed toner image, and therefore the recorded toner image, greatly depends upon the amount of electric charge on the toner, and the amount of electric charge is governed by environmental factors, especially the temperature and air moisture content. In general, under a low temperature and low air moisture content, the electric charge of the toner becomes larger, whereas under a high temperature and high air moisture content, the amount of charge on the toner becomes smaller. When the toner is excessively charged, the density of the toner image is lowered, causing a deterioration of the recorded toner image. On the other hand, as the charge on the toner become smaller, the density of the toner image becomes higher, but an electrophotographic fog appears as a stain on the sheet or paper when the charges of the toner are too small. A one-component developer is also known, which is composed of only a toner component (colored fine synthetic resin particles), and there are two types of one-component developer; the magnetic type and the non-magnetic type. Each toner particle of the magnetic type one-component developer has a resin part and a magnetic fine powder part, whereas each particle of the non-magnetic type one-component developer has only a resin part. A developing device using the magnetic type one-component developer is also provided with a magnetic roller, which can be constructed in substantially the same manner as that for the two-component developer. Namely, the magnetic type one-component developer also can be brought to the surface of the photosensitive drum by the rotating magnetic roller as in the developing device using the two-component developer. In a developing device using the non-magnetic type one-component developer, a conductive elastic roller, which may be formed of a conductive foam rubber material, is used as the developing roller. When the conductive elastic roller is rotated within a body of the developer held by a vessel, the toner particles are frictionally entrained to be brought to the surface of the photosensitive drum. In the developing device using the one-component developer, it is always necessary to bring the toner on the drum to a uniform thickness before an even development of the latent image can be obtained. Namely, a uniform layer of the toner must be formed around the developing roller. To this end, the developing device is provided with a blade member engaging with the surface of the developing roller, to uniformly regulate the thickness of the toner layer formed around it. The blade member also serves to electrically charge the toner particles by a triboelectrification therebetween. In this case, the material of the blade member is selected such that the toner is charged with a desired polarity. Nevertheless, the charging characteristic of the one-component developer is also affected by temperature and air moisture content. Generally, the one-component developer is liable to have a low electric charge under the triboelectrification with the blade member, and thus an electrophotographic fog may appear even under normal temperature and normal air moisture content. The conventional electrophotographic recording apparatus also involves a problem in the toner image transferring process. The electric discharger used in this process gives the sheet or paper an electric charge having a polarity opposite to that of the developed toner image, whereby the toner image is electrostatically transferred from the photosensitive drum to the paper. The quality of the transferred toner image, and therefore the recorded toner image, depends upon the toner transfer efficiency, and this toner transfer efficiency is also governed by temperature and air moisture content. Note, the toner transfer efficiency is defined as the ratio of the amount of the transferred toner to the total amount of toner held by the drum. As the temperature and air moisture content increases, the toner transfer efficiency is reduced so that the density of the transferred toner image, and therefore the recorded toner image, is lowered. Furthermore, the electric discharger used in the toner transfer process has an inherent defect in that ozone is produced during the energizing thereof. Not only is ozone injurious to health, but also it causes a premature deterioration of the photosensitive drum and other parts of the printer. Also, the use of the electric dischargers results in an increase in the production cost of the recording apparatus, because it must be provided with a high voltage electric power source for the electric discharger and an ozone filter for preventing an ozone leakage. Of course, this is also true for the electric discharger used to produce an electrically charged area on the photosensitive drum. According to the present invention there is provided an electrophotographic recording apparatus comprising an electrostatic image carrying body means on which an electrostatic latent image can be formed, developing means for electrostatically developing the electrostatic latent image on said body means using an electrostatically-charged one-component developer to produce a charged, developed, image, and transferring means for electrostatically transferring the developed image from the body means to a recording medium, the developing means including a conductive developing roller member arranged to produce a developer layer around it and to bring the developer layer to the said body means for the development of the latent image, a conductive regulating blade member resiliently engaged with the developing roller for uniformly regulating the thickness of the developer layer formed around the developing roller, and means for applying electric charge to the regulating blade member to electrically charge the developer layer by a charge-injection effect, characterised in that the transferring means includes a conductive transfer roller member in contact with the said body means and means for applying an electric charge to the conductive transfer roller member to give the recording medium an electrical charge of a polarity opposite to that of the developed image during the passage of the recording medium through a cusp between the body means and the conductive transfer roller member. The apparatus according to the preamble of claim 1 is known from EP-A-0 323 252. In the electrophotographic recording apparatus as mentioned above, the body means is preferably formed as a photosensitive body means on which an electrically charged area can be produced for the formation of the latent image. In this case, a charger means should be provided for producing the electrically charged area on the photosensitive body means, the charger means being constituted as a conductive-contacting-type charger means. The conductive-contacting-type charger means may comprise a conductive rotary-type brush charger. preferably, the developing roller member is formed as a conductive foam rubber roller member, and the regulating blade member is also formed as a conductive stainless steel plate member. Also, the conductive transfer roller member may be formed as a conductive foam rubber roller member. It will thus be seen that embodiments of the present invention may provide an electrophotographic recording apparatus using the one-component developer, which is improved so that a reasonable quality of the recorded toner image can be obtained under a high temperature and high air moisture content. Embodiments of the present invention may also provide such an electrophotographic recording apparatus as mentioned above, in which the production of ozone can be completely eliminated. For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 is a schematic longitudinal cross-sectional view showing an electrophotographic laser printer according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view showing a part of the printer shown in Fig. 1; Figure 3 is a diagrammatic view showing another part of the printer shown in Fig. 1; Figure 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the average charge density (µC/g) of a toner and the optical density (OD) of a developed toner image and the optical density of electrophotographic fog; Figure 5 is a graph showing a relationship between the absolute humidity (g/kg) and the average charge density (µC/g) of a toner component of a two-component developer when the toner component is electrically charged with a magnetic component thereof by triboelectrification; Figure 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the absolute humidity (g/kg) and the average charge density (µ C/g) of a non-magnetic type one-component developer or toner when the charge-injection effect is utilized for charging the toner, and when triboelectrification is utilized for the same purpose; Figure 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the absolute humidity (g/kg) and the optical density of a transferred toner image when a conductive-roller-type transfer charger is used for a toner image transferring process, and when a corona discharger is used for the same process; and Figure 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the average charge density of a one-component developer or toner and the toner transfer efficiency when a conductive-roller-type transfer charger is used for a toner image transferring process. Figure 1 schematically shows a laser printer as an example of an electrophotographic laser printer according to an embodiment of the present invention. This printer comprises a rotary photosensitive drum 10 as a latent-image-carrying body, which is rotated in the direction indicated by the arrow in Fig. 1 during operation of the printer. In this embodiment, the drum 10 is formed of an aluminum cylindrical hollow body and a photoconductive film composed of an organic photoconductor (OPC) and bonded to the surface of the hollow body. For example, the drum 10 may have a diameter of 40 mm, and is driven at a peripheral speed of 70 mm/s. The printer also comprises a conductive rotary-brush-type charger 12 for producing a charged area on the drum 10, which may be formed of a plurality of conductive rayon filaments, available as REC-B from Yunichika K.K, and which is rotated in the direction indicated by the arrow in Fig. 1 so that the free ends of the filaments are in contact with the photosensitive drum 10. In this embodiment the brush charger 12 has a diameter of about 16 mm and is rotated at a peripheral speed of more than 56 mm/s. Also, the conductive rayon filaments of the brush charger 12 are implanted at a density of 100,000 F/inch 2 (15500/cm 2 ), and each filament has a length of about 4 mm and a resistivity of 10 12 Ω cm. The brush charger 12 is subjected to an application of electric energy consisting of an alternating current having a frequency of 500 Hz and a peak-to-peak voltage of 1.0 kV, and a direct current offset voltage of -600 V, so that a charged area having a potential of about -600 V is produced on the surface of the drum 10. A different contacting-type charger such as a conductive stationary type brush charger, a conductive elastic blade type charger, or a conductive elastic roller type charger, etc., may be substituted for the brush charger 12. The printer further comprises a laser beam scanner 14 for producing an electric latent image on the charged area of the drum 10, which includes a laser source such as a semiconductor laser diode for emitting a laser output, and an optical system for converting the laser into a laser beam LB, and an optical scanning system such as a polygon mirror for deflecting the laser beam LB along the direction of the central axis of the drum 10 so that the charged area of the drum 10 is scanned with the deflecting laser beam LB. During the scanning, the laser beam LB is switched on and off on the basis of binary image data obtained from, for example, a word processor, personal computer or the like, so that an electrostatic latent image is written as a dot image on the charged area of the drum 10. In particular, when a zone of the charged area is irradiated by the laser beam LB, the charges are released from the irradiated zone so that its potential is changed from about -600 V to about -100 V, whereby the latent image is formed as a potential difference between the irradiated zone and the remaining zone. Furthermore, the printer comprises a toner developing device 16 including a vessel 16a for holding a non-magnetic-type one-component developer, and a developing roller 16b provided within the vessel 16a in such a manner that a portion of the developing roller 16b is exposed and faces the surface of the photosensitive drum 10. For example, the developer is composed of a polyester-resin-based toner having a resistivity of 4 × 10 14 Ω cm, and the average diameter of the toner particles is 12 µm. The developing roller is rotated in the direction indicated by an arrow in Fig. 1, and frictionally entrains the toner particles to form a developer or toner layer around it, whereby the toner particles are brought to the surface of the drum 10 for development of the latent image formed thereon. Note, the developing roller 16b has a peripheral speed of about 170 mm/s. In this embodiment, the developing roller 16b is preferably formed of a conductive foam rubber material such as a conductive polyurethane foam rubber material available as Rubicell (phonetically translated) from Toyo Polymer K.K.. Note, this polyurethane foam rubber material has a plurality of pore openings or cells having an average diameter of about 10 µm, a density of 200 cells/inch, an Asker hardness of 23 degs., and a resistivity of about from 10 4 to about 10 7 Ω cm. The developing roller 16b formed of the polyurethane foam rubber material has an excellent property for entraining the toner particles and is very soft, so that it can be pressed against to the drum 10 at a linear pressure of about 30 gf/cm. The developing device 16 also includes a blade member 16c engaged with the surface of the developing roller 16b to even out the thickness of the toner layer formed therearound, whereby an even development of the latent image can be ensured. The blade member 16c is formed of a conductive material such as metal, and is supported by the vessel 16a so that the blade member 16c is resiliently pressed against the developing roller. In this embodiment, the blade member 16c is made of a stainless steel plate having a thickness of 0.1 mm, and its free edge end, which is in engagement with the developing roller surface, is rounded so as to give a smooth surface to the regulated toner layer. Following the present invention, the blade member 16c is connected to a voltage source 18 to electrically charge the toner particles by a charge-injection effect, as schematically shown in Fig. 2. In this embodiment, a voltage of about -400 V is applied to the blade member 16c so that the toner particles are negatively charged. Note, in Fig. 2, the toner particles are symbolically shown by an open circle, and the negatively-charged toner particles are distinguished from other toner particles by adding a negative symbol "-" thereto. During the developing process, the developing roller 16b is subjected to a developing bias voltage -300 V, the negatively charged toner particles are electrostatically adhered to only the latent image zone, having a potential of about -100 V, and the latent image zone is charged with the negative particles. Namely, the adherence of the negative toner particles to the latent image zone is performed in such a manner that the potential (about -100 V) of the latent image zone is returned to the potential (-about 600 V) of the remaining zone. Accordingly, if the amount of charges on the toner particles is smaller, the density of the developed toner image becomes higher. Likewise if the amount of charges of the toner particles is larger, the density of the developed toner image becomes lower. The developing device 16 further includes a toner-removing roller 16d rotatably provided within the vessel 16a and in contact with the developing roller 16b in such a manner that a contact or nip width of about 1 mm is obtained therebetween. The toner-removing roller 16d is rotated in the same direction as the developing roller 16b, as indicated by an arrow in Fig. 1, so that the surfaces of the rollers 16b and 16d rub against each other in the counter directions at the contact zone therebetween, whereby residual toner particles not used for the development of the latent image are mechanically removed from the developing roller 16b. The toner-removing roller 16d also serves to feed the toner particles to the developing roller at one side of the nip (i.e., the right side in Fig. 1), because the toner particles entrained by the toner-removing roller 16d are moved toward the nip between the rollers 16b and 16d. The toner-removing roller 16d is preferably formed of a conductive polyurethane foam rubber material, available from Bridgestone K.K., which may have a density of 40 cells/inch (16/cm), and a resistivity of about from 10 4 Ω cm. A voltage of about -400 V may be applied to the toner-removing roller 16d to prevent penetration of the toner particles into it. The developing device 16 may be provided with a paddle roller 16e and an agitator 16f rotated in the directions shown by arrows in Fig. 1, respectively. The paddle roller 16e serves to move the toner particles toward the developing roller 16b and the agitator 16f agitates the body of the toner to eliminate any dead stock from the vessel 16a. Furthermore, the printer comprises a conductive roller type transfer charger 20 for electrostatically transferring the developed toner image to a sheet or paper. The transfer charger or conductive transfer roller 20 may be formed of substantially the same material as the developing roller 16b. Namely, in this embodiment, the transfer roller 20 is made of conductive polyurethane foam rubber material having a plurality of pore openings or cells having an average diameter of about 10 µm, a density of 200 cells/inch, an Asker hardness of 23 degs., and a resistivity of about 10 7 Ω cm. The transfer roller 20 is resiliently pressed against the drum 10 at a linear pressure of about 50 gf/cm, and is connected to a transferring power source 22, as shown in Fig. 3, so that positive charges are supplied to the paper P, whereby the negatively charged toner image can be electrostatically attracted to the paper P. Note, in Fig. 3, the negatively charged toner particles of the developed toner image are symbolically shown by an open circle to which a negative symbol "-" is added, and the positive charges supplied to the paper P are indicated by a positive symbol "+". In this embodiment, the transferring power source 22 is constituted as a constant direct current source, so that a stable transfer of the developed toner image to the paper P is ensured, because a constant transfer charge density can be thus always given to the paper P. The printer further comprises a paper cassette 24 in which a stack of papers is received, a paper guide 26 extending from the paper cassette 24 toward the nip between the drum 10 and the transfer roller 20, and a pair of register roller 28, 28. During the printing operation, papers to be printed are fed one by one from the paper cassette 24 into the paper guide 26 by driving a paper feed roller 30 incorporated in the paper cassette 24. The fed paper is stopped at the register rollers 28, 28, and is then introduced into the nip between the drum 10 and the roller 20 at a given timing, so that the developed toner image can be transferred to the paper in register. The paper discharged from the nip between the drum 10 and the roller 20, i.e., the paper P carrying the transferred toner image (Fig. 3), is then moved toward a toner image fixing device 32 along a paper guide 34 extending between the transfer roller 20 and the fixing device 32, and is passed through the nip between a heat roller 32a and a backup roller 32b of the fixing device 32, whereby the transferred toner image is thermally fused and fixed on the paper. As shown in Fig. 1, a grounded brush 36 is supported by the paper guide 34 in the vicinity of the transfer roller 20, and the paper comes into contact with the grounded brush 36 as soon as it is discharged from the nip between the drum 10 and the transfer roller 20, whereby a part of the positive charge of the paper escapes to the ground and thus the paper can be easily separated from the drum 10. Also, an electric insulation plate 38 is provided between the transfer roller 20 and the grounded brush 36, for preventing an electric discharge therebetween. In Fig. 1, reference number 40 indicates a toner cleaner associated with the drum 10, which includes a scraper blade 40a for removing residual toner particles not transferred from the drum 10 to the paper, and a vessel 40b for receiving the removed toner particles. Also, in Fig. 1, reference numeral 42 indicates an electric power device, illustrated as a block, in which the electric sources 18 and 22 and other electric sources are included. Figure 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the average charge density (µC/g) of the toner and the optical density (OD) of the developed toner image and the optical density of electrophotographic fog. In this graph, curve A represents the optical density of the developed toner image, and curve B represents the optical density of electrophotographic fog. When the average charge density of the toner is more than 17 µC/g, the developed toner image has an optical density of less than 1.2. This is because, as the charges of the toner become larger, the charging of a latent image zone can be saturated with a smaller amount of the toner, as discussed hereinbefore. On the other hand, when the average charge density of the toner is less than 7 µC/g, an electrophotographic fog appears. As is well known, the appearance of an electrophotographic fog is caused by a part of the toner that is not charged. Namely, when the average charge density of the toner is less than 7 µC/g, the toner partly includes uncharged toner particles. In general, a developed toner image must have an optical density of more than 1.0, preferably 1.2, before the developed toner image, and therefore the recorded toner image, can be considered a visually good image. Also, the appearance of electrophotographic fog should be eliminated before an excellent quality of the recorded toner image can be obtained. Accordingly, it is necessary to give a developer or toner an average charge density of from about 7 to about 20 µC/g, preferably about 7 to about 17 µ C/g. In a developing device using a two-component developer, when the toner component of the two-component developer is charged by triboelectrification with a magnetic component, the charging characteristic of the toner component varies in accordance with variations of the temperature and air moisture content, as shown in the graph of Fig. 5. In this graph, the abscissa indicates absolute humidity (g/kg), and the ordinate indicates the average charge density (µC/g) of the toner component. Also, the preferable range (7 to 17 µ C/g) of the average charge density is shown as a hatched zone. As is apparent from the graph of Fig. 5, when the temperature and air moisture content are less than 23 °C and 50 % (Relative Humidity), the toner component has an average charge density of more than 17 µC/g, and when the temperature and air moisture content are more than 32 °C and 80 % (RH), the toner component has an average charge density of less than 7 µC/g. Accordingly, in the developing device using a two-component developer, it is difficult to obtain a good quality of the recorded toner image when the temperature and air moisture content is less than 23 °C and 50 % (RH) or the temperature and air moisture content is more than 32°C and 80 % (RH). Figure 6 is graph showing the relationship between absolute humidity (g/kg) and average charge density (µC/g) of a non-magnetic-type one-component developer or toner when the charge-injection effect is utilized for charging the toner, and when triboelectrification is utilized for the same purpose. In this graph, curve D represents a charging characteristic derived from triboelectrification, and curve C represents a charging characteristic derived from the charge-injection effect. As is apparent from the graph of Fig. 6, the curve C (charge-injection effect) falls within the preferable range of from about 7 to about 17 µC/g shown by hatching, regardless of the variations of temperature and air moisture content, but the curve D (triboelectrification) is separated from the preferable range at the temperature of 25 °C and moisture content 60 %(RH). Figure 7 is a graph showing the relationship between absolute humidity (g/kg) and the optical density of a transferred toner image when a conductive-roller-type transfer charger is used for a toner image transferring process, and when a corona discharger is used for the same process. In this graph, curve E represents the transfer characteristic derived from the conductive-roller-type transfer charger, and curve F represents a transfer characteristic derived from the corona discharger. Note, since the optical density of a transferred toner image is proportional to the toner transfer efficiency defined hereinbefore, the quality of the transferred toner image can be evaluated by its optical density. As apparent from the graph of Fig. 7, when the conductive-roller-type transfer charger is used, the transferred toner image has an optical density of more than 1.2, regardless of variations of the temperature and air moisture content but when the corona discharger is used, the transferred toner image has an optical density of less than 1.2 even under a high temperature and high air moisture content. In general, the transferred toner image must have an optical density of more than 1.2 before the transfer of the toner image, and therefore, the recorded toner image can be evaluated as a visual good image. Figure 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the average charge density of a one-component developer or toner and the toner transfer efficiency when a conductive-roller-type transfer charger is used for a toner image transferring process. As is apparent from this graph, the toner must have an average charge density of about from 7 to about 17 (µ C/g) before a toner transfer efficiency of more than 80 % can be obtained. Note, in general, a toner transfer efficiency of more than 80 % can be considered good. Finally, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing description is of preferred embodiments of the present invention, and that various changes and modifications can be made.

Claims: An electrophotographic recording apparatus comprising an electrostatic image carrying body means (10) on which an electrostatic latent image can be formed, developing means (16) for electrostatically developing the electrostatic latent image on said body means (10) using an electrostatically-charged one-component developer to produce a charged, developed, image, and transferring means (20,22) for electrostatically transferring the developed image from the body means (10) to a recording medium (P), the developing means (16) including a conductive developing roller member (16b) arranged to produce a developer layer around it and to bring the developer layer to the said body means (10) for the development of the latent image, a conductive regulating blade member (16c) resiliently engaged with the developing roller (16b) for uniformly regulating the thickness of the developer layer formed around the developing roller, and means (18) for applying electric charge to the regulating blade member (16c) to electrically charge the developer layer by a charge-injection effect, characterised in that the transferring means includes a conductive transfer roller member (20) in contact with the said body means and means (22) for applying an electric charge to the conductive transfer roller member (20) to give the recording medium (P) an electrical charge of a polarity opposite to that of the developed image during the passage of the recording medium (P) through a cusp between the body means (10) and the conductive transfer roller member (20). An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the body means is formed as a photosensitive body (10) on which an electrically charged area can be produced whereon the latent image is formed. An apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising a charger means (12) for producing the electrically-charged area on the photosensitive body means (10), this charger means being of the conductive contacting type. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the conductive-contacting-type charger means comprises a conductive rotary-type brush charger (12). An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the developing roller member is formed as a conductive foam rubber roller (16b), and the regulating blade member is formed as a conductive stainless steel plate (16c). An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the conductive transfer roller member is formed as a conductive foam rubber roller (20).

Inventors: HIROSE KAZUNORI, IKEDA MASAE, KAMAJI HIDEKI, KIMURA MASATOSHI, NAKASHIMA TETUROU, NISHIO YUKIO, NOU HIROSHI, WANOU MASAHIRO, HIROSE, KAZUNORI, IKEDA, MASAE, KAMAJI, HIDEKI, KIMURA, MASATOSHI, NAKASHIMA, TETUROU, NISHIO, YUKIO, NOU, HIROSHI, WANOU, MASAHIRO, Hirose, Kazunori, c/o Fujitsu Limited, IKEDA, MASAE,C/O FUJITSU LIMITED, KAMAJI, HIDEKI,C/O FUJITSU LIMITED, Kimura, Masatoshi, c/o Fujitsu Limited, Nakashima, Teturou, c/o Fujitsu Limited, Nou, Hiroshi, c/o Fujitsu Limited, Wanou, Masahiro, c/o Fujitsu Limited
Applicants: FUJITSU LTD, FUJITSU LIMITED
Application year: 1992
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15