Method for projecting an image obtained by using liquid crystal panels and display apparatus for realizing the same

Abstract: In a projection-type display apparatus using light scattering type liquid crystal devices (15), light from a light source (11) is reflected by a reflecting mirror (12) through a collecting lens (13); reflected light is converted by a lens (16) into a parallel light beam, which is injected into liquid crystal devices (15) disposed on three sides through a dichroic mirror (14), the liquid crystal devices coloring an image in red, green and blue; the image is projected on a screen through again the dichroic mirror (14), the collecting lens (16) and an enlarging lens (17). Further a photodetector (1704) is disposed at a focal point of the collecting lens (16) and a function of adjusting the position of the light source on the basis of a result of this detection is added.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a projection-type display apparatus of the kind referred to in the preamble portion of patent claim 1. Such a projection-type display apparatus is known from WO-A-9 102 429. Heretofore a projection-type display apparatus for projecting an image of a small size and enlarging it optically, has been utilized for realizing a large image having more than 40 inches along a diagonal line. Small size liquid crystal panels are used often as light valves for forming a small size original image to be enlarged optically. That is, incident light from a light source is intensity-modulated by the liquid crystal panels. Intensity-modulated light thus obtained is projected on a screen, enlarging it optically by a projection lens, in order to realize a large image display. Prior art techniques on such a projection-type display apparatus using liquid crystal panels are discussed in International Symposium Digest of SID, pp. 227-230 (1990) . Hereinbelow this prior art techniques will be explained, referring to Fig. 15. In Fig. 15, this apparatus includes 3 small size transmitting-type liquid crystal panels 1100, 1101 and 1102 with respective condenser lenses 1112, 1113 and 1114 driven in accordance with image signals corresponding to color images of red, blue and green, respectively, a light source 1103 of a metal halide lamp, a reflecting mirror 1104, 4 dichroic filters 1105, 1106, 1108 and 1109, mirrors 1107 and 1110, and a projection lens 1111. The optical system except for a screen 1120 is covered by a cover 1115. On the other hand, as another prior art technique, there is known a liquid crystal display apparatus disclosed in JP-A-1-195782. In this prior art technique a cathode ray tube was used as a light source instead of a discharge tube such as a metal halide lamp. In this prior art, no attention was paid to the life of the light source and to maintain a necessary light amount and therefore it had a problem from a view point of down-sizing and maintenance of the apparatus, as explained below. At first, in this prior art, a light source such as a metal halide lamp, etc. is used. Therefore, although it is possible to generate light with a high brightness, since it emits white light, it is necessary to separate the white light into different color components by dichroic filters and to combine color components in order to display it. For this reason there were problems that the optical system is enlarged and complicated so that adjustment of the optical system is difficult and that mechanism and parts for adjusting the optical axis are required and thereby weight is increased. Also, the life of the metal halide lamp is as short as about 2000 hours. Consequently, supposing that it is used, e.g., 6 hours a day, the life of the lamp expires in about one year. For this reason it is inevitable to exchange it during the usable period of the optical system and an exchange frequency is as high as about once a year. Further, the metal halide lamp is expensive and in addition special techniques are required for handling and exchange thereof. Therefore, there was a problem that it is difficult for a user to handle or exchange it freely. Further, the prior art apparatus had a problem that increase in the size and complication of the optical system including a position adjusting mechanism and the apparatus are inevitable, because it is necessary to always use different liquid crystal panels for the 3 primary colors, in order to obtain a bright color image. In addition, in the liquid crystal display apparatus using a Braun tube, the problem to be solved is to compensate for slow response of the conventional liquid crystal display apparatus. Also, the Braun tube used there was that used in a usual television receiver and therefore there was a problem that it is difficult to obtain a brighter image, because sufficient light amount cannot be obtained when the Braun tube is used as a light source. Further, in this prior art only one liquid crystal display panel is used. In the projection-type display apparatus, since a small-size liquid crystal display panel is used for the light modulation to reproduce a color image, the area of one pixel is extremely small. Therefore, decrease in the aperture ratio is caused, which reduces the efficiency of light utilization. Thus there was a problem that it is difficult to obtain a brighter image. There is described a liquid crystal projection-type display apparatus using three TN-(Twisted Nematic-)type liquid crystal panels as an image source to obtain a color image by projecting it on a screen in detail in International Symposium Digest of SID, pp. 375-378 (1986). Furthermore, recently, there is described a display apparatus using polymer-dispersed-type liquid crystal, in which liquid crystal is distributed in a transparent resin and by which a state of the liquid crystal is altered between a scattering state and a transparent state in response to a voltage applied from the exterior, instead of the TN-type liquid crystal, in the literature, International Symposium Digest of SID, pp. 227-230 (1990) described previously. Still further, in this article, thin film transistors are fabricated by using a polycrystalline silicon thin film. Further JP-A-2-12291 can also be cited as a literature, in which the projection-type display apparatus is described. In this literature, the light source is located, deviated from the central axis and the projection lens is disposed at a position symmetric to the light source with respect to the central axis. Among the above prior art techniques, in which the TN-type liquid crystal is driven by thin film transistors, there is a problem that since the thin film transistors themselves and the parts of wiring and electrodes for rows and columns cannot transmit light, the area of one pixel electrode effective for the display is decreased and the effective area is inevitably reduced usually to about 10% to 30% of the total area. Further, because of the light absorption by a polarizing plate inevitable for the TN-type liquid crystal, the light intensity is reduced below 1/2 by the polarizing plate. Therefore, there was a problem that since the transmittance of the liquid crystal panel is extremely small, a light source consuming high electric power is inevitably used in order to increase the brightness on the screen. Further, even by those using polymer-dispersed-type liquid crystal, although it is possible to eliminate light loss by the polarizing plate, the area occupied by the thin film transistors and the parts of wiring and electrodes is still great, the transmittance of the liquid crystal panel is still insufficient. Furthermore, in a conventional projection-type display apparatus, since the light source and the projection lens are located symmetrically with respect to the central axis, not only it is not possible to reduce the size satisfactorily, but also an amateur cannot exchange the lamp when the lamp serving as the light source is damaged. In the last case he or she should send the display apparatus to the maker so as to exchange the damaged lamp. This is because the resolution is extremely lowered, if a deviation of the optical axis, which is as small as several micrometers, is caused on the exchange of the light source. WO-A-9 102 429 discloses a projection-type display apparatus comprising liquid crystal means for selectively reflecting incident light thereon, light supplying means for supplying a light onto said liquid crystal means, projecting means for projecting on a screen reflected light by said liquid crystal means. The present invention has been done in view of the situation described above and the object thereof is to provide a projection-type display for enlarging and projecting an image, by use of liquid crystal panels and a projection-type display apparatus having a small size and a high precision. The above object is accomplished with a projection-type display apparatus according to claim 1. Dependent claims are directed on features of preferred embodiments of the invention as claimed. According to the present invention, the efficiency of light utilization of the liquid crystal panel can be almost doubled by using a light-scattering-type liquid crystal panel requiring no polarizing plate and further the effective display area can be increased by using a reflection-type liquid crystal panel. In this way it is possible to realize a bright projection-type display apparatus with a low electric power consumption. Further, the size of the optical system can be reduced by using a reflective-type projection optical system. Furthermore, since peripheral driving circuits and various kinds of control circuits can be integrated in the liquid crystal panel, in which active elements such as transistors are formed on a silicon monocrystal wafer. Therefore, increase in the reliability owing to decrease in the number of connecting terminals, simplification in the mounting, and down sizing are possible. Still further, the apparatus is so constructed that light intensity and light amount can be measured more easily by detecting a light focusing point within the display apparatus and that the optical axis deviated on exchange of the lamp, vibration, etc. can be readjusted easily. Therefore, even an amateur can carry out lamp exchange, etc., resulting in improvement of usability of the apparatus. In addition, according to the present invention, a plurality of monochromatic cathode ray tubes having different greatest intensity wavelength regions such as red (R), green (G) and blue (B), which are three primary colors of light, are used as the light source and hence the life of the apparatus is longer than 10000 hours. Thus, it is possible to provide a projection-type color display apparatus having no problem in maintenance of the light source and a sufficiently high utility. Further, even at the end of the life a CRT is never misfired, as a lamp is. Thus, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide easily a projection-type color display apparatus, whose duration of usability is remarkably longer. Furthermore the CRT can emit light of different colors of RGB separately at a high efficiency by selecting suitably fluorescent material. Consequently, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain easily a display apparatus having excellent color reproduction characteristics. In general, in a case of using a CRT for image display so as to increase brightness on the screen, it is necessary to increase current intensity of the electron beam. However, when the current intensity is increased, the diameter of the electron beam is increased, which causes lowering in the resolution of a projected image. That is, in a usual CRT, the brightness on the screen and the resolution are in a trade-off relation. Thus, in the case where the CRT is used as a light source for a projection-type display apparatus, the resolution is determined by the liquid crystal panel and therefore, even if the diameter of the electron beam is increased. This doesn't cause lowering in the resolution. Consequently according to the present invention, it is possible to increase satisfactorily the current intensity of the electron beam and in this way to realize easily a projection-type display apparatus having a high brightness and a high resolution. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a diagram showing an optical system of a liquid crystal projection-type display apparatus relating to a first embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram representing one element, i.e., a pixel in a liquid crystal panel used in the display apparatus according to the present invention; Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the construction of the liquid crystal panel shown in Fig. 2; Fig. 4A is a block diagram of a circuit integrated in the liquid crystal panel shown in Fig. 2; Fig. 4B is a diagram representing the construction of the circuit shown in Fig. 4A in detail; Fig. 4C is a diagram representing a circuit 72 shown in Fig. 4B in detail; Fig. 4D shows timing charts for explanation of an operation of the liquid crystal panel; Figs. 5A and 5B are diagrams for explaining the operation of the liquid crystal panel shown in Fig. 2; Figs. 6A and 6B are diagrams for explaining the operation of another liquid crystal panel used for realizing the present invention; Figs. 7A and 7B are diagrams for explaining the operation of still another liquid crystal panel used for realizing the present invention; Fig. 8A is a diagram showing a modified example of the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2; Fig. 8B is a diagram showing another modified example of the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2; Fig. 9 is a block diagram showing a modified example of the integrated circuit shown in Fig. 4A; Fig. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a modified example of the liquid crystal panel shown in Fig. 3; Figs. 11A and 11B are schematical diagrams showing a state when a liquid crystal panel is mounted on the dichroic prism shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 12 is a diagram showing an optical system of a projection-type display apparatus, in which a half mirror is used instead of the reflecting mirror in the display apparatus shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 13A is a diagram showing the construction of a second modified example of the present invention; Fig. 13B is a diagram representing a method for dividing a liquid crystal panel into a panel for odd scan lines and a panel for even scan lines in the modified example shown in Fig. 13A. Figs. 13C and 13D are diagrams showing circuit patterns corresponding to pixels in the panels for odd and even scan lines, respectively; Fig. 14 is a diagram showing the construction of a projection-type display apparatus having a lamp position adjusting function according to the present invention; Fig. 15 is a diagram showing the construction of a prior art example of the projection-type display apparatus. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinbelow the projection-type display apparatus according to the present invention will be explained in detail, referring to the attached drawings. Fig. 1 represents an optical system of the display apparatus according to the present invention, which includes a lens 13 for focusing white light emitted from a light source 11 on a reflecting mirror 12, a lens 16 for transforming the white light reflected by the reflecting mirror 12 into parallel light and irradiating the parallel light to a reflecting-type of liquid crystal panels 15-R, 15-G and 15-B corresponding to the three primary colors through a separating/combining optical system 14, and a lens 17 for projecting on a screen light which has been reflected by the liquid crystal panels 15-R, 15-G and 15-B and passed again through the optical system 14 and the lens 16. The three liquid crystal panels are driven by a driving circuit 18, in response to image signal V S (R), V S (G) and V S (B), respectively obtained by separating a color image signal V S into the three primary color component signals. A metal halide lamp with a reflecting mirror lla is used as the light source 11 and a dichroic reflecting mirror 11a is used for reflecting only visible light so that infrared light unnecessary for the display is not directed to the liquid crystal panels. The lens 13 plays the role of focusing light on the reflecting mirror 12 and is located so that the distance from the principal point of the lens to the light focusing portion of the reflecting mirror 12 approximately corresponds to the focal length. Since the light focusing portion of the reflecting mirror 12 is located at a point deviated from the optical center line of the lenses 16 and 17, the light focusing portion of light after having been reflected by the liquid crystal panels 15-R, 15-G and 15-G is located at a point deviated from the reflecting mirror 12. Therefore, there is no loss of the reflected light by the reflecting mirror 12. The reflecting mirror 12 is provided at 45 degrees with respect to the center line or optical axis of the lens 16. Incident light to the mirror 12 has an incident angle of more than 45 degrees and the incident angle is preferably within a region from 45 to 55 degrees. The lens 16 is located at a point distant from the light focusing point on the reflecting mirror 12 approximately by its focal length so that incident light to the lens 16 is transformed into parallel light, which is irradiated in the succeeding optical system 14. The optical system 14 is composed of a dichroic prism, which reflects the red component of the incident white light rightward in the figure and the blue component leftward, and transmits the green component downward. The liquid crystal panels 15-R, 15-G and 15-B are of reflection-type using light-scattering type liquid crystal and they are driven in response to the different primary color component signals obtained by separating the image signal. If a transparent portion on each panel is bright on the screen, the light scattering portion is displayed to be dark on the screen. In the equivalent circuit of each of pixels in each of the liquid crystal panels 15-R, 15-G and 15-B, as shown in Fig. 2, the gate of a transistor is connected to a row electrode 47, the drain to a column electrode 46 and the source to a pixel electrode. Further, in Fig. 2, there is disposed a storage capacitor 52 in parallel with a capacitor of a pixel 50 of liquid crystal which is connected to a transparent pixel electrode 51 common to all the pixels. The other end of the storage capacitor 52 is connected to an electrode 53 exclusively used therefor to hold the storage capacitors for all the pixels at a same potential. This storage capacitor 52 is disposed for the purpose of preventing that the driving current of the liquid crystal is lowered in accordance with its proper leak current and therefore it is unnecessary, if the liquid crystal has a sufficiently high impedance. Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the liquid crystal panel. A light-scattering type of liquid crystal 61 is put between two substrates 60 and 62. The lower substrate 60 is a single crystal wafer of silicon. On the wafer transistors 63 are formed. The source electrode of each transistor is connected to a pixel electrode 64. This pixel electrode is made of metal such as aluminum, etc., which serves as a light reflecting layer. The substrate 62 opposite to the substrate 60 is made of transparent material such as glass, policarbonate, acrylate resin or the like, on the inner surface of which a transparent electrode 65 is disposed. Reflection by the transparent electrode 65 is prevented by controlling a thickness or the like of the electrode 65. Further, in order to prevent worsening in the image quality due to reflection on the surface, there is disposed a reflection preventing layer 66 with multiple layers of dielectric substance on the outer surface of the substrate 62 or a silicon gel layer having substantially the same refractive index between the dichroic prism 14 and it. Fig. 4A is a diagram showing the construction of the circuit integrated in the wafer, in which there are circuits 71, 72 and 73 for driving a display section 70 including pixels arranged in a matrix manner. Reference numeral 71 denotes a scanning side driving circuit for time-sequentially giving a gating voltage pulse to a group of row electrodes each connecting gates of the transistors, 72 a signal side driving circuit for time-sequentially giving a group of column electrodes a image signal, and 73 a control circuit for controlling both the driving circuits 71 and 72. Next a detailed construction of a liquid crystal light valve including the circuits 71, 72 and 73 and the operation thereof will be explained. Fig. 4B shows the circuit construction of the light valve. The light valve includes a liquid crystal display section 70, a horizontal scanning circuit 72-1, a sample circuit 72-2, a vertical scanning circuit 71-1 and an AND circuit group 71-2. Each of the pixels of the liquid crystal display section 70 includes a transistor 70a, a storage capacitor 70b and the liquid crystal capacitor 70c. The pixels are arranged in a matrix form of m rows and n columns to construct the liquid crystal display section. The horizontal and vertical scanning circuits 71-1 and 72-1, the sample circuit 72-2, and the AND circuit group 71-2 are for sequentially driving the display section 70 in units of pixels. These driving circuits are disposed on the monocrystal silicon constituting the display section 70. The circuit 72-1 inputs a start signal STA and a clock signal CLK from a circuit 73 and outputs sample signals PH1 to PHn. A switching circuit as the sample circuit 72-2 supplies alternated video signals VI1 and VI2 as drain signals Vdl to Vdn to drains of the transistors in the display section 70 in synchronism with the sample signals PH1 to PHn. The circuit 71-1 inputs a start signal FST and a clock signal CKV and outputs vertical scanning signals PV1 to PVm. The AND circuit group 71-2 outputs gate signals VG1 to VGm in accordance with a control signal CNT and the signals PV1 to PVm to control scanning timing for the column or gate lines. Next, the horizontal and vertical scanning circuits will be described in detail, referring to Fig. 4C. Each of these circuits includes D type flip-flops FF 1 to FF p , inverters INV1 to INVp and level converting circuits LS1 to LSp. The p is n for the horizontal scanning circuit and m for the vertical scanning circuit. The flip-flops are connected in series to construct a shift register. A low voltage O-VDD (+5V) is supplied to the flip-flops FF and the inverters INV and a high voltage VSS(-15V) - VDD(+5V) is supplied to the level converting circuit LS. Next, the operation of the liquid crystal light valve will be explained with reference to timing charts shown in Fig. 4D. The start signal STA for the horizontal scanning circuit has, as a period, one horizontal scanning period. The sample signals PH1 to PHn are generated by catching the start signal STA at the rising timing of the clock signal CLK and by sequentially shifting the caught signal in the shift register, using the clock signal CLR. The start signal FST for the vertical scanning circuit has, as a period, a one-frame scanning period. The vertical scanning signals PV1 to PVm are generated by catching the start signal FST at the rising timing of the clock signal CKV and by sequentially shifting the caught signal in the shift register in synchronism with the signal CKV, similarly to the horizontal scanning circuit. The video signals VI1 and VI2 have a central voltage equal to a reference potential of the liquid crystal pixels 70b, the polarities thereof are opposite to each other and inverted for every horizontal scanning. These video signals are sampled at the timing of the sample signals from the horizontal scanning circuit and electric charge corresponding to the sampled signal is stored in the storage capacitor 70c. In the present invention, polymer-dispersed-type liquid crystal is used as the light-scattering-type liquid crystal and the operational characteristic thereof will be explained, referring to Figs. 5A and 5B. The polymer-dispersed-type liquid crystal panel includes a liquid crystal layer so constructed that nematic liquid crystal 82 is contained in an encapsulated manner in transparent organic material 81, e.g., polyvinyl alcohol. When no voltage is applied to a liquid crystal panel, nematic liquid crystal molecules are oriented parallel to the wall of the capsule, as shown in Fig. 5A. Since the liquid crystal molecules have an approximately elliptic cross-sectional construction, there are the liquid crystal molecules each having a minor or short axis of the ellipse with respect to incident light in a vertical direction from a up side to a down side of the figure with a high probability. On the other hand, when a voltage is applied thereto from a driving voltage source 83, since the liquid crystal molecules are oriented so that the major or long axis thereof is directed in the direction of an electric field due to the applied voltage, as shown in Fig. 5B, the incident light is income into the liquid crystal molecules in the major axis direction thereof and thus transmitted. Therefore, in a polymer-dispersed-type liquid crystal selected so that the refractive index of the organic material 81 and that of the liquid crystal molecules only in the major axis direction are approximately equal to each other, when no voltage is applied thereto, since the refractive indices of the organic material and the liquid crystal are different from each other at the surface of the capsules, the incident light is scattered. On the contrary, when a voltage is applied thereto, since the refractive indices of the organic material and the liquid crystal are approximately equal to each other, no scattering of the incident light takes place and hence a liquid crystal layer is transparent. In a liquid crystal panel having the construction, using such polymer-dispersed-type liquid crystal, as shown in Fig. 4A, a part of the liquid crystal layer is transparent for pixels, under an electric field of sufficient intensity operated by transistors. Incident light to the liquid crystal panel in a downward direction passes through the liquid crystal layer and is reflected almost completely (in practice about 80 to 90%) by the reflecting layer serving as the pixel electrode. As a result, a part of an image corresponding to those pixels are displayed to be bright on the screen. On the contrary, when no electric field operates to pixels, the incident light is scattered strongly within the liquid crystal layer, so that scattered light doesn't reach the screen, resulting in dark display of a part of the image corresponding to the pixels. Further, since the degree of the scattering varies gradually with increasing the voltage associated with the electric field, intermediate tone display can be made through voltage modulation. In the first embodiment described above, the polarizing plate, which was inevitable for the TN-type liquid crystal, can be omitted by using the light-scattering-type liquid crystal, and the brightness can be approximately double compared to the case of the TN-type liquid crystal. Also, by using the reflecting-type of liquid crystal panels, the pixel electrodes can be disposed on the transistors and the wiring electrodes, resulting in increasing the efficiency of light utilization. Consequently it is possible to realize a bright display with a lamp of a low electric power consumption, compared to a conventional projection-type display apparatus. Further, by using the reflection-type projection optical system, the color-separating optical system and the color-combining optical system can be used in common, resulting in down sizing being possible. Furthermore, owing to the fact that the peripheral driving circuit is integrated on the silicon monocrystal wafer, the number of connecting points with the exterior can be significantly reduced and remarkable effects can be obtained on improvement of the reliability and simplification of mounting, thereby resulting in the down sizing of the apparatus. Next, a first modified example of the liquid crystal panel will be explained, referring to Figs. 6A and 6B. In this modified example, the light-scattering-type liquid crystal is similar to that described in the first embodiment in that nematic liquid crystal 92 is enclosed by organic material 91. However, the nematic liquid crystal is not encapsulated (in an approximately spherical shape), but filled in gaps of the organic material, as shown in Fig. 6A. Although an optical behavior of the liquid crystal under the presence or absence of the electric field is identical to that described in the first embodiment, as apparent from Figs. 6A and 6B, since many parts of the liquid crystal connect to both the electrodes in the direction of electric field, the driving voltage can be lower than that required for the encapsulated polymer-dispersed-type liquid crystal. Now a second modified example of the liquid crystal panel will be explained, referring to Figs. 7A and 7B. A liquid crystal material taking the smectic A phase is used as the light-scattering-type liquid crystal. When no electric field operates thereto, the smectic A phase liquid crystal takes an orientation state called a focal conic structure in which light is scattered. On the other hand, when electric field operates thereto, the liquid crystal takes a homeotropic structure 102, in which the major axes of molecules of the liquid crystal are arranged properly in the direction of the electric field and thus the liquid crystal is in a transparent state. In this way the same display as described above can be achieved. In this modified example, only liquid crystal material is sealed between the electrodes and the panel can be fabricated by a method almost identical to that used for a conventional apparatus using TN-type liquid crystal. Next, a third modified example of the liquid crystal panel will be explained, referring to Fig. 8A. In this modified example a switching circuit 111 for selecting and outputting one of two inputs is provided, for every pixel and formed of a plurality of transistors of each of the pixels. This switching circuit 111 reads out display information inputted from the column electrode 113 in response to a pulse voltage signal from the row electrode 112 and selects either one of the display voltages V(on) or V(off) to drive a pixel 114 of the liquid crystal. Further, if the circuit is constructed so as to hold the display information once read out, until the succeeding pulse voltage arrives, since V(on) or V(off) is always applied to the pixel 114 of the liquid crystal panel, there is no period of time when the circuit is in an opened state which is peculiar to the conventional example, viewed from the liquid crystal panel, and impedance control for the liquid crystal panel can be alleviated. Further, an effect of making the storage capacitor 115 unnecessary can be obtained. Although, in the present modified example, only two-valued display is possible, because a switching circuit having two inputs and one output is used, it is apparent that extension to multi-valued display can be made by increasing the number of inputs of the switching circuit and by increasing the display information and the number of display voltages in correspondence with the increase of inputs. Next, a fourth modified example of the liquid crystal panel will be explained, referring to Fig. 8B. In this modified example, each of the pixels has a sample hold circuit S/H and an analogue amplifier Amp. The circuit S/H reads out analogue image information from the column electrode 122 in response to a pulse voltage from the row electrode 121 to hold the same. The analogue amplifier Amp is in charge of amplifying this analogue image information upto a predetermined level to drive a liquid crystal pixel. The liquid crystal pixel 123 is always driven by a voltage source of low impedance similarly to the third modified example and therefore it is possible to alleviate the impedance control for the liquid crystal panel and further to make the storage capacitor 124 unnecessary. Next, a fifth modified example of the liquid crystal panel will be explained, referring to Fig. 9. In this modified example, not only the display driving section 131 and the peripheral circuit 132 but also a control circuit (134) including a frame memory 133 for storing display information for one screen and a controller for the frame memory are integrated in the silicon monocrystal wafer. By adopting such a construction, an external apparatus, e.g., personal computer is required only, to write display information in the frame memory 133 and is not required to generate control timing signals and to perform high speed transfer of the display information in a time sequence manner. Figs. 11A and 11B show an example of the method for mounting the liquid crystal panel in the present embodiment. In the example, wiring terminals to the exterior are disposed previously on the dichroic prism 141 serving as the color separating/combining optical system and electric connection with the silicon monocrystal wafer 142 is effected through solder bumps or a silver paste or the like which is obtained by dispersing conductive particles into a material having adhesive property, as shown in Fig. llB, i.e., on the basis of the chip-on-glass method. It is a matter of course that a liquid crystal layer 143 is located between the prism 141 and the wafer 142, that an opposite electrode 144 is disposed either on the liquid crystal or on the transparent glass and that connection from the prism 141 to the external circuit through the solder bumps is effected by means of a flexible flat cable 145. By adopting such a mounting method, packaging of the liquid crystal panel can be simplified and hence down sizing of the apparatus can be intended. Next, a sixth modified example of the liquid crystal panel will explained, referring to Fig. 10. In this modified example, a glass substrate 151 of the liquid crystal panel on the incident light side is inclined with respect to the optical axis. In this way, light components which are reflected by the surface of the glass substrate 151 and which would originally lowers the display quality, are deviated from the optical axis so that they cannot arrive at the screen. Therefore worsening of the display quality can be prevented. Also, light passing through the liquid crystal layer 152 in the transparent state and reflected by the surface of the silicon monocrystal wafer propagates along the predetermined optical axis and hence the display operation is not hindered. Next, a first modified example of the first embodiment of the present invention will be explained referring to Fig. 12. In this modified example, a half mirror 161 is used instead of the reflecting mirror, white light emitted from a light source 162 is transformed to approximately parallel light by a lens 163. Approximately 50% of this parallel light is reflected by the half mirror 161 to the left of the figure and income to a dichroic prism 164 serving as the color separating/ combining optical system. The operations of the dichroic prism and liquid crystal panels 165-R, 165-G and 165-B are identical to those described in the first embodiment. Light components reflected by the liquid crystal panels are combined and income again in the half mirror 161. Thus, approximately 50% of the incident light to the half mirror 161 is projected on a screen by a projection lens 166. Although the present optical system has an optical loss, the optical system can be simplified and a remarkable effect of down sizing of the apparatus and lowering in the price can be obtained. Next, a second modified example of the first embodiment of the present invention will be explained. In general, in the case where transistors, etc. are formed on a silicon wafer, flatness of the surface of the wafer is worsened. For this reason, even if the pixel electrode is made of aluminium having a high reflectivity, light is scattered on the surface of the electrode and therefore effective light amount projected on the screen through the projection lens is reduced. In the present modified example, in order to prevent lowering in the efficiency of light utilization due to unevenness of the surface of the pixel electrode as described above, the scan lines of the screen are divided into odd scan lines and even scan lines and separate liquid crystal panels are used therefor. A dividing state of the scan lines of the screen will be explained, referring to Fig. 13B. Figs. 13C and 13D are a diagrams showing the constructions of the pixels on the panels for odd and even scan lines obtained by the division, respectively. The screen 171 is so constructed that a number of pixels 172 are arranged in a two-dimensional matrix form. The screen 171 has scan lines from Line No. 1 to 2N. Here the scan lines are divided into two groups of the odd scan lines and the even scan lines. That is, the panel for odd scan line is constructed by only the pixels on the odd number scan lines among the pixels constituting the screen 171. In Fig. 13B, on the panel for odd scan line, the scan line numbers are 1, 3, 5, ---, 2N-1. On the contrary, the panel for even scan lines is constructed by only the pixels on the even number scan lines. In Fig. 13B, on the panel for even scan lines, the scan line numbers are 2, 4, ---, 2N. Each of the pixels on the liquid crystal panels obtained by division occupies an area twice as large as the area occupied before the division. In each of the panels for odd and even scan lines, circuit elements such as transistors, etc. are formed on the portion where a pixel is removed by the division. The positional relation between the pixels and the transistors will be explained, referring to Figs. 13C and 13D. In Fig. 13C, a transistor portion 175 is formed at the intersection of a scan line electrode wiring 173 and a signal electrode wiring 174. Further a pixel electrode 176 made of a material or the like having high reflectivity such as aluminum is disposed so as to cover a pattern of the transistor portion 175 and parts of the patterns of the scan line electrode 173 and the signal electrode 174 (in the figures this situation is shown in a clairvoyant state so that the positional relation of the transistor portion 175, etc. is clearly seen). In the panel for odd scan lines, a flat portion 177 of the pixel electrode corresponds to each pixel on each of the odd scan lines of the screen before the division (upper half in the figure) and the transistor portion 175 or the like is arranged in a part corresponding to pixels on each of the even scan lines before the division. In Fig. 13D, a transistor portion 180 is formed at the intersection of a scan line electrode wiring 178 and a signal electrode wiring 179. The transistor portion 180 and a flat portion 182 for each pixel in the even scan lines are arranged in reverse to the case in the odd scan lines. As described above, the flat portion can always be obtained in the respective pixel electrode portions by dividing the scan lines of the screen into the odd and even scan lines and the area thereof is approximately equal to that of the each pixel of the screen before the division. For this reason light can be satisfactorily reflected and thus it is possible to realize a liquid crystal projector having a high efficiency of light utilization. A display apparatus capable of projecting a color image on a screen, using the two panels for odd and even scan lines will be explained, referring to Fig. 13A. The fundamental construction of this display apparatus is identical to that of the display apparatus shown in Fig. 12. Therefore the identical constituent parts are indicated by same reference numerals and explanation thereof will be omitted. In this display apparatus, in addition to the display apparatus shown in Fig. 12, liquid crystal panels 165-B', 165-G' and 165-R' and a dichroic prism 164' are disposed on the transmission side of the half mirror 161. The arrangement of the liquid crystal panels 165-B', 165-G' and 165-R' and the dichroic prism 164' is identical to that of the display apparatus shown in Fig. 12. However, an image obtained from the liquid crystal panels 165-B' is inversed in the left and right sides, compared to that obtained from the liquid crystal panel 165-B. This can be achieved by scanning horizontally the liquid crystal panel 165-B' from the right side to the left side, when the liquid crystal panel 165-B is scanned horizontally from the left side to the right side. About a half of the light emitted from the light source 162 is reflected by the half mirror 161 and income into the dichroic prism 164, while the remaining half passes through the half mirror 161 and is income into the dichroic prims 164'. An odd scan line image and an even scan line image are outputted from the dichroic prisms 164 and 164', respectively, on the basis of the incident light to the prisms 164 and 164'. The odd scan line image passes through the half mirror 161, while the even scan line image is reflected by the half mirror 161. In this way an image for all the scan lines is produced on the projection lens 166 side after the half mirror 161. As apparent from the above description, contrarily to the fact that in the display apparatus shown in Fig. 12 only 50% x 50% = 25% of the light emitted from the light source 162 is utilized it is possible to utilize the light with a higher efficiency, i.e., the efficiency of 50% by using this display apparatus. Although, in this exmaple, a half mirror is used, it is possible to use a beam splitter instead thereof. Since this can be done easily by a skilled in the art, explanation thereof will be omitted. Further it is also possible to dispose two display apparatuses shown in Fig. 12 for the odd scan line image and the even scan line image, respectively, and to combine those image on a screen so as to provide a color image. Next, a second modified example of the first embodiment of the present invention will be explained, referring to Fig. 14. Fig. 14 shows a projection-type liquid crystal display apparatus, in which a section for realizing a lamp position adjusting function is integrated. In this figure the constituent parts identical to those shown in Fig. 1 are shown by same reference numerals. In the present example, the lamp position adjustment in exchanging the lamp 11 serving as a light source is effected automatically. Since it is thought that the lamp 11 is the exchange part having the shortest life in the present optical system, the exchange thereof is inevitable. Since this exchange is accompanied by usually complicated position adjusting work it was necessary that it is effected by a specialist. However, the present modified example is provided with a position fine-adjusting mechanism 1702 for adjusting finely the position of the lamp, a driving circuit 1703 for driving the mechanism 1702, a light detecting section 1704, a light detecting section moving mechanism 1705 and a light detecting section driving circuit 1706. Now, the operation thereof will be explained. In the present optical system a light focusing point is located at a point P within the optical system. It is sufficient to adjust the position of the lamp in exchanging it so that the light focusing point is positioned accurately at this point P. For this reason, the system is so constructed that the light detecting section 1704 can be positioned at the point P. Consequently the moving mechanism, which moves the light detecting section 1704 located usually at a position where the section 1704 doesn't obstruct the optical path, to the point P in exchanging the lamp, and the driving circuit 1706 therefor are driven. The section 1704 includes a light detecting element smaller than the light focusing spot at the point P. When the light amount detected by this light detecting element is highest, this means that light is focused just at this point P. At this time a light detection output is sent to the driving circuit 1703 for driving the adjusting mechanism 1702 to adjust finely the position of the lamp. Since it is usually difficult to discern the greatest light amount, it is possible also to store in advance the optimum light amount region, depending on the used lamp 11 and to terminate the adjustment, when the detected light amount is in the light amount region described above. Further it is also possible to display the output of the photodetector and the optimum light amount region and to construct the adjusting mechanism so as to be driven manually so that even an amateur can effect easily the fine adjustment according to the display. In this way, when the light detecting section 1704 is returned to its original position after having adjusted automatically or manually the position of the lamp, where the section 1704 doesn't obstruct the optical path so that the system can perform the function as a display apparatus. Further, since displacement of the photodetector is determined unambiguously, if the optical system is determined, it can be moved manually. The present photodetector can also be used for adjusting the optical axis, etc. The adjusting mechanism 1702 capable of being moved one-, two- or three-dimensionally can be used. Furthermore, although, in the present modified example, a reflecting-type liquid crystal display apparatus has been described, it is a matter of course that in a transmitting-type liquid crystal display apparatus. The lamp position adjusting photodetector according to the present invention can also be used, if the light focusing point is disposed within the apparatus, so that lamp exchange or readjustment of a misaligned optical axis can be easily effected. Although, in the modified example described above, the light amount to be detected by the photodetector is supposed, light intensity or the like may be measured. Since lamp exchange can be effected easily according to the modified example described above, it is suitable for use at a place, where there is no specialist, such as domestic use. Hereinbelow a projection-type display apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be explained in detail, referring to the attached drawings.

Claims: A projection type display apparatus comprising: liquid crystal means (15-R, 15-G, 15-B) for selectively reflecting incident light thereon; light supplying means (11, 13, 12, 16) for supplying a light onto said liquid crystal means; projecting means (16, 17) for projecting on a screen reflected light by said liquid crystal means; characterized in that said liquid crystal means includes liquid crystal panels (15-R, 15-G, 15-B) of a reflecting incident light in units of pixels in response to electric signals inputted thereto, comprising: a substrate (60) having a transistor (63) provided for each pixel thereon, said transistor (63) changing a conductive state thereof in response to a corresponding electric signal and having a pixel electrode (64) provided for each pixel and being connected to said transistor (63), said pixel electrode (64) selectively reflecting incident light in accordance with a change in the conductive state of said transistor (63); a liquid crystal layer (61) including a liquid crystal material (82, 92, 101, 102) of a light scattering type, said liquid crystal material (82, 92, 101, 102) changing a scattering state and a transparent state thereof in accordance with a voltage applied thereto; and a transparent substrate (62) having a transparent counter electrode (65), said liquid crystal layer (61) being sandwiched by said pixel electrode (64) and said counter electrode (65), said transparent counter electrode (65) applying selectively a voltage to said liquid crystal layer (61) together with said pixel electrode (64) in accordance with a change in the conductive state of said transistor (63). A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal layer includes the liquid crystal material dispersed in a transparent organic material. A display apparatus according to claim 2, wherein said liquid crystal layer includes encapsulated nematic liquid crystal dispersed in a polymer. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said liquid crystal layer includes smectic A phase liquid crystal. A display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: an optical separating/combining system (14) for separating the light from said light supplying means into the light components in accordance with a spectra to irradiate light components to the liquid crystal panels and for combining reflected light from said liquid crystal panels to obtain an optical image signal. A display apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said optical separating/combining system comprises a dichroic prism assembly for separating the parallel light from said light supplying means into three light components in accordance with the spectra such that one of the light components travels in a straight path, another of the light components is reflected in a direction perpendicular to a direction of the light and the remaining light component is reflected in a direction opposite to the direction of the another light component, to irradiate the light components to said liquid crystal panels, and for combining the optical signals generated by said liquid crystal panels into the optical image signal. A display apparatus according to claim 6, wherein said dichroic prism assembly is electrically connected with each of said liquid crystal panels through solder bumps and with an external circuit by a flexible flat cable. A display apparatus according to claim 6, further comprising a half mirror for reflecting a part of the light from said light supplying means and for supplying the reflected part to said optical signal generating means and for transmitting a part of the optical image signal to supply the transmitted part to said projecting means, and optical path of incident light from said half mirror to said optical signal generating means being the same as an optical path of the optical image signal from said optical separating/combining system to said half mirror. A display apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said substrate (60) is a monocrystalline semiconductor substrate. A display apparatus according to claim 1 or 8, wherein said substrate (60) includes a display area (131) and a peripheral circuit area (132) to drive said display area. A display apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said display area includes a plurality of row electrodes, each of said row electrodes being connected to corresponding gates of said transistors and a plurality of column electrodes, each of said column electrodes being connected to a corresponding one of main electrodes of said plurality of transistors. A display apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said peripheral circuit area includes a scanning driving circuit (132) for time-sequentially applying a voltage pulse to said row electrodes and a signal driving circuit (132) for time-sequentially applying an image signal to said column electrodes. A display apparatus according to claim 12, wherein said substrate (60) includes a frame memory (133) for storing display information provided to said signal driving circuit. A display apparatus according to claim 13, wherein said substrate (60) includes a controller (134) for controlling said frame memory (133). A display apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising: a photodetector (1704) for detecting a light amount; and photodetector driving means (1705, 1706) for moving said photodetector to a focal point of said lens in replacing said light source such that a position of said light source can be adjusted based on a detecting result by said photodetector. A display apparatus according to claim 15, further comprising: light source driving means (1702) for moving said light source; and adjusting means (1703) for previously storing an optimum light amount range for every kind of lamps used as said light source and for driving said light source driving means in accordance with the stored optimum light amount range and the detected light amount by said photodetector such is in said optimum light amount range for the kind of lamp used as said light source.

Inventors: FUKUDA KYOHEI, HOSHINO MINORU, MIKAMI YOSHIRO, MORI YUJI, NAGAE YOSHIHARU, SATO HIDEO, FUKUDA, KYOHEI, HOSHINO, MINORU, MIKAMI, YOSHIRO, MORI, YUJI, NAGAE, YOSHIHARU, SATO, HIDEO
Applicants: HITACHI LTD, HITACHI, LTD.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: H04N9
IPC codes: H04N5, H04N9