Inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption using aminoalkyl-substituted phenyl derivatives

Abstract: Compounds of the general formula and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein n is an integer of from 0 to 6; Y is CH₂, O, SO₂, -CONH-, -NHCO-, or R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, heterocyclyl C₀₋₄ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl, amino C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkylamino C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl wherein R¹ and R² may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups chosen from R³, where R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy C₀₋₄ alkyl, carboxy C₀₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkyloxy C₀₋₄ alkyl, heterocyclyl C₀₋₄ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl, halogen, or CF₃; R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, heterocyclyl C₀₋₄ alkyl, or aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl; R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₃ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyloxyethyl are used for the manufacture of a medicament for treating osteoporosis by inhibiting the bone resorption activity of osteoclasts.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a use for inhibiting bone resorption that is mediated by the action of a class of cells known as osteoclasts, involving compounds that compete with osteoclasts for the osteoclasts' site of activity. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells of up to 400 µm in diameter that resorb mineralized tissue chiefly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate in vertebrates. They are actively motile cells that migrate along the surface of bone. They can bind to bone, secrete necessary acids and proteases and thereby cause the actual resorption of mineralized tissue from the bone. In the present invention, aminoalkyl-substituted phenyl derivatives are used for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the base resorption activity of mammalian osteoclasts. These compounds have the general structural formula wherein n is an integer from 0 to 6; Y is CH₂, O, SO₂, CONH, -NHCO- or R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, heterocyclyl C₀₋₄ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl, amino C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkylamino C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl or C₁₋₆ dialkylamino C₁₋₆ alkyl wherein R¹ and R² may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups chosen from R³, where R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy C₁₋₄ alkyl, carboxy C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl, halogen, or CF₃, R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl, heterocyclyl C₀₋₄ alkyl, and R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₃ alkyl, or C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyloxymethyl, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A preferred group of compounds used according to the present invention are those defined for the general structural formula shown below wherein: n is an integer from 2 to 6; Y is CH₂, O, or -NHCO-; R¹ and R² are independently, hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl, or C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, wherein R¹ and R² may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups chosen from R³, where R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄ alkyloxy, or halogen; and R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl C₁₋₄ alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₄ alkyl, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A more preferred group of compounds used in the method of the present invention are those defined for the general structural formula shown below wherein: n is an integer from 2 to 4; Y is -CH₂- or O; R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, aryl C₁₋₃ alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₃ alkyl, or C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein R¹ and R² may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups chosen from C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy; and R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, aryl C₁₋₂ alkyl, or heterocyclyl C₁₋₄ alkyl, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The compounds are useful in the treatment of mammals, including man. The current major bone diseases of public concern are osteroporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteopenia due to bone metastases, periodontal disease, hyperparathyroidism, periarticular erosions in rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, immobilization-induced osteopenia, and glucocorticoid treatment. All these conditions are characterized by bone loss, resulting from an imbalance between bone resorption (breakdown) and bone formation, which continues throughout life at the rate of about 14% per year on the average. However, the rate of bone turnover differs from site to site, for example it is higher in the trabecular bone of the vertebrae and the alveolar bone in the jaws than in the cortices of the long bones. The potential for bone loss is directly related to turnover and can amount to over 5% per year in vertebrae immediately following menopause, a condition which leads to increased fracture risk. There are currently 20 million people with detectable fractures of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis in the U.S. In addition, there are 250,000 hip fractures per year attributed to osteoporosis, which are associated with a 12% mortality rate within the first two years and 30% of the patients require nursing home care after the fracture. All the conditions listed above would benefit from treatment with agents which inhibit bone resorption. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION By this invention there is provided a use of compounds according to the invention for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of mammals suffering from a bone condition caused or mediated by increased bone resorption. The compounds of the invention, including the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, inhibit the activity of mammalian osteoclasts. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" shall mean non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid. Representative salts include the following salts: Acetate Benzenesulfonate Benzoate Bicarbonate Bisulfate Bitartrate Borate Bromide Calcium Edetate Camsylate Carbonate Chloride Clavulanate Citrate Dihydrochloride Edetate Edisylate Estolate Esylate Fumarate Gluceptate Gluconate Glutamate Glycollylarsanilate Hexylresorcinate Hydrabamine Hydrobromide Hydrochloride Hydroxynaphthoate Iodide Isothionate Lactate Lactobionate Laurate Malate Maleate Mandelate Mesylate Methylbromide Methylnitrate Methylsulfate Mucate Napsylate Nitrate Oleate Oxalate Pamaote Palmitate Pantothenate Phosphate/diphosphate Polygalacturonate Salicylate Stearate Subacetate Succinate Tannate Tartrate Teoclate Tosylate Triethiodide Valerate Additionally included are cations such as alkali metal and alkaline earth cations. The term "pharmacologically effective amount" shall mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system or animal that is being sought by a researcher or clinician. The term "bone resorption activity" shall mean the process by which osteoclasts solubilize bone minerals and increase the activity of enzymes that degrade bone matrix. The term "alkyl" shall mean straight or branched chain alkane, alkene or alkyne with one or more degrees of unsaturation at any position. The term "aryl" shall mean phenyl or benzyl. The term "oxo" shall mean The term "heterocyclyl" shall mean a 5 or 6 membered mono- or polycyclic ring system containing 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms chosen from N, O or S. The term "halogen" shall mean F, Cl, Br or I. In the schemes and examples below, various reagent symbols have the following meanings: BOC: t-butoxycarbonyl. Pd-C: Palladium on activated carbon catalyst. DMF: Dimethylformamide. DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide. CBZ: Carbobenzyloxy EtOAc: ethyl acetate THF: tetrahydrofuran HOAc: acetic acid CHCl₃: chloroform MeOH: methanol CH₃CN: acetonitrile TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid BOP: Benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris (dimethylamino) phosphonium hexofluorophosphate The compounds of the present invention can be administered in such oral dosage forms as tablets, capsules (each of which includes sustained release or timed release formulations), pills, powders, granules, elixers, tinctures, suspensions, syrups and emulsions. Likewise, they may also be administered in intravenous (bolus or infusion), intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intramuscular form, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts. The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds of the present invention is selected in accordance with a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex and medical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to be treated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function of the patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed. An ordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter or arrest the progress of the condition. Oral dosages of the present invention, when used for the indicated effects, will range between about 0.01 mg per kg of body weight per day (mg/kg/day) to about 100 mg/kg/day and preferably 1.0-100 mg/kg/day and most preferably 1.0 to 20 mg/kg/day. Intravenously, the most preferred doses will range from about 1 to about 10 mg/kg/minute during a constant rate infusion. Advantageously, compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily. Furthermore, preferred compounds for the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art. To be administered in the form of a transdermal delivery system, the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittant throughout the dosage regimen. In the use according to the present invention, the compounds herein described in detail can form the active ingredient, and are typically administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, excipients or carriers (collectively referred to herein as 'carrier' materials) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, that is, oral tablets, capsules, elixirs, syrups and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesuim stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like; for oral administration in liquid form, the oral drug components can be combined with any oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like. The compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines. Compounds of the present invention may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide-phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamide-phenol, or polyethyleneoxide-polylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of polylactic and polyglycolic acid, polyepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels. The compounds of the present invention were prepared according to the procedure of the following schemes and examples, using appropriate materials and are further exemplified by the following specfic examples. The most preferred compounds of the invention are any or all of those specifically set forth in these examples. These compounds are not, however, to be construed as forming the only genus that is considered as the invention, and any combination of the compounds or their moieties may itself form a genus. The following examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds. All temperatures are degrees Celsius unless otherwise noted. EXAMPLE 1 2-S(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(3-chloropropyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (1-1) N-CBZ-tyrosine (3 g, 9.9 mmole) (Bachem Chemical Supply, California) was dissolved in DMF and treated with NaH (50% dispersion in oil, 0.95 g, 19.8 mmole) for 1 hour. Then 1,3-bromochloropropane (1 ml, 9.9 mmole) was added and the reaction stirred for 16 hours. The DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue dissolved in water, acidified to pH 3, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was dried with MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 97:3:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc) yielded 1-1 as a yellow oil. R f = 0.3 in 97:3:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc ninhydrin stain ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.3 (bs, 5H), 7.03 (d, J = 8.3, 2H), 6.8 (d, J = 8.3, 2H), 5.2 (d, J = 8Hz, 1H), 5.05 (bs, 2H) 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.05 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.73 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.1 (m, 2H), 2.2 (m, 2H). EXAMPLE 2 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(3-t-butylaminopropyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (1-2) Compound 1-1 (0.4 g, 1.1 mmole) was refluxed in t-butylamine (20 ml) and acetonitrile (20 mL) for three days. The reaction was evaporated to dryness, the residue dissolved in water, and extracted with ether. The aqueous layer was then acidified to pH 4-5 and a precipitate formed. The solid was collected and dried to yield 1-2. R f = 0.8 in 9:1 EtOH/NH₄OH, ninhydrin stain. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O + NaOH) δ 7.4 (bs, 2H), 7.2 (bs, 4H), 6.85 (d, J = 8.55, 2H), 5.2 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 5.0 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.3 (dd, J = 4.0, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 4.0 (bs, 2H), 3.2(dd, J = 4.0, 13.6 Hz, 1H), 2.8 (dd, J = 9.6 Hz, 13.6 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.8 (m, 2H), 1.09 (s, 9H), mass spec (FAB) m/e = 429 (m + 1) C, H, N analysis C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅ 0.65 H₂O Calculated C = 65.47, H = 7.62, N = 6.36 Found C = 65.52, H = 7.54, N = 6.27 MW = 440.244 EXAMPLE 3 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(N,N,2,2-tetramethylpropanediamino)propyloxyphenyl]propionic acid (1-3) Treatment of compound 1-1 with N,N,2,2-tetramethyl-1,3-propenediamine by refluxing in acetonitrile for three days, and followed by an aqueous workup provided crude 1-3. This was chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 9:1:1 EtOH/H₂O/NH₄OH to provide pure 1-3 (R f = 0.37 ninhydrin stain). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.5 (bs, 3H), 7.4 (bs, 2H), 7.33 (d, J = 8.3Hz, 2H), 7.0 (d, J = 8.3Hz, 2H), 5.20 (d, J = 10Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J = 10Hz, 1H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 4.25 (t, J = 5.6Hz, 2H), 3.4 (t, J = 7.8Hz, 2H), 3.4 (s, 2H), 3.25-2.95 (m, 2H), 3.22 (s, 2H), 3.1 (s, 6H), 2.35 (m, 2H), 1.38 (s, 6H). MW = 759.28 C, H, N analysis for C₂₇H₃₉N₂O₅ 2.4 CF₃CO₂H Calcd: C, 50.30; H, 5.50; N, 5.53. Found: C, 50.35; H, 5.43; N, 5.56. EXAMPLE 4 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(3-N-methyl-N-benzylaminopropyloxyphenyl)propionic acid (1-5) Treatment of 1-1 with N-methyl benzylamine in acetonitrile at reflux for three days afforded crude 1-5. The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was dissolved in water and extracted with 3 x 75 mL portions of ether. The product separated out an an oil which was collected an concentrated to give, after trituration with EtOAc and CH₂Cl₂, 1-5 as a foam. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃/CD₃OD) δ 7.4 (m, 10H), 7.0 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 6.6 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 5.0 (bs, 2H), 4.5 (m, 1H), 4.2 (bs, 2H), 3.88 (t, J = 5.3Hz, 2H), 3.1-2.8 (m, 4H), 2.69 (s, 3H), 2.2 (bs, 2H). C, H, N analysis C₂₈H₃₂N₂O₅·0.8CH₂Cl₂ 0.25 EtOAc Calcd: C, 63.17; H, 6.33; N, 4.94. Found: C, 63.16; H, 6.40; N, 5.04. MW = 548.771 EXAMPLE 5 2-S-(N-t-Butyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(3-N-t-butylpropyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (1-6) Treatment of N-BOC-L-tyrosine with sodium hydride in DMF followed by 1,3-bromochloropropane provided the N-BOC analog of 1-1. This was treated with an excess of t-butylamine in refluxing acetonitrile for two days to provide crude 1-6 after aqueous workup and extraction. Pure 1-6 was prepared by preparative reverse phase HPLC. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.17 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J = 8.5Hz, 2H), 4.28 (dd, J = 4.8, 9.1Hz, 1H), 4.1 (t, J = 5.9Hz, 2H), 3.2 (t, J = 7.7Hz, 2H), 3.1 (dd, J = 4.8, 13.3Hz, 1H), 2.8 (dd, J = 9.1, 13.3Hz, 1H), 2.15 (m, 2H), 1.38 (s, 18H). C, H, N analysis C₂₁H₃₄N₂O₇·1.05CF₃CO₂H Calcd: C, 53.95; H, 6.87; N, 5.45. Found: C, 54.01; H, 6.97; N, 5.51. MW = 514.243 EXAMPLE 6 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylamino)propyloxyphenyl]pentanoic acid (1-8) Treatment of 1-1 with 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentylamine, as described for compound 1-2, gave 1-8 as the TFA salt. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.35 (5H, m), 7.18 (2H, d), 6.85 (1H, d), 5.00 (2H, s), 4.35 (1H, dd), 4.10 (2H, t), 3.1 (2H, t), 3.15 (1H, dd), 2.50 (1H, dd), 2.1 (2H, m), 1.70 (2H, s), 1.5 (6H, s), 1.10 (9H, s). Analysis for C₂₈H₄₀N₂O₅·0.9CF₃CO₂H Calcd: C, 60.94; H, 7.02; N, 4.77. Found: C, 60.85; H, 7.01; N, 4.69. EXAMPLE 6(a) 2-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(5-bromopentyloxy)-phenyl]propionic acid (1-10) N-CBZ-L-tyrosine (2.06 g, 5.86 mmole) was treated with NaH (0.58 g, 12.08 mmole) and 1,5-dibromopentane (0.8 ml, 5.87 mmole) as described for 1-1 in Example 1. The crude product was dissolved in methanol and after stirring with silica gel for 0.5 hour, the solvent was removed. This was dry packed and eluted on a flash column with CHCl₃ and then with 97:3:0.3 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 1-10. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.50-1.65 (2H, m), 1.63-1.95 (4H, m), 3.10 (2H, m), 3.45 (1H, t), 3.92 (2H, m), 4.40 (1H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 7.10 (2H, d), 7.28 (5H, m). EXAMPLE 7 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-1) N-CBZ-L-tyrosine (15.0 g, 0.045 moles) was dissolved in 75 mL DMF and added at 0-10°C to a suspension of sodium hydride (2.16 g, 0.09 moles) in 25 mL DMF. The resulting suspension was stirred at 0-10°C for 1.0 hour and then 6-(N-t-butyloxycarbonylamino)hexyl bromide (12.6 g, 0.045 moles) in 25 mL DMF was added dropwise at 0-5°C and the clear, dark reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. After solvent removal, the residue was taken up in EtOAc and this was made acidic with 10% KHSO₄ solution. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent removed to give an oil. This was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 98:2:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 2-1 as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.45 (15H, m), 1.75 (2H, m), 2.80-3.15 (6H, m), 3.91 (2H, t), 4.38 (1H, m), 4.95 (6H, m), 6.79 (2H, d), 7.10 (2H, d), 7.28 (5H, m). EXAMPLE 8 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxyphenyl)]propionic acid hydrochloride (2-2) Compound 2-1 (51.4 mg, 0.1 mmole) was dissolved in 20 mL EtOAc and cooled to -20°C under N₂. HCl gas was bubbled into this solution for 10 minutes as the temperature rose to -5°C. The reaction mixture was stoppered and stirred at 0 to -5°C for 1 hour. The solvent was then removed on the rotary evaporator and the residue was triturated with ether to give 2-2 as a white solid. R f = 0.4 (SiO₂, 9:1:1 EtOH/NH₄OH, H₂O). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.45 (6H, m), 1.73 (4H, m), 2.90 (3H, m), 3.13 (1H, m), 3.95 (2H, m), 4.30 (1H, bs), 6.77 (2H, d), 7.10 (2H, d), 7.32 (4H, m). Analysis for C₂₃H₃₁N₂O₅Cl·0.5 H₂O Calcd: C, 60.05; H, 7.01; N, 6.09 Found: C, 60.08; H, 7.06; N, 6.09 EXAMPLE 9 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(7-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminoheptyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-3) N-CBZ-L-tyrosine (1.27 g, 4.02 mmoles) was alkylated with 7-(N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminoheptyl)bromide as taught in Example 7 for compound 2-1. Crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 95:5:0.5 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give 2-3 as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.40 (20H, m), 1.66 (2H, m), 2.82 (1H, m), 2.97-3.18 (4H, m), 3.91 (2H, m), 4.19 (1H, m) 5.0 (2H, q), 6.77 (2H, d), 7.10 (2H, d), 7.30 (5H, m). EXAMPLE 10 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(7-aminoheptyloxy)-phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (2-4) Compound 2-3 (67.4 mg, 0.127 mmole) was deprotected with HCl gas as described in Example 8 for 2-2 to provide pure 2-4. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.32 (9H, m), 1.60 (4H, m), 2.77 (3H, m), 3.00 (1H, m), 3.18 (2H, m), 3.72 (2H, m), 4.25 (1H, m), 4.90 (2H, q), 6.70 (2H, d), 7.00 (2H, d), 7.18 (5H, m). Analysis for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₅·0.2EtOH·0.75 H₂O Calcd: C, 64.94; H, 7.75; N, 6.21 Found: C, 64.97; H, 7.84; N, 6.22 EXAMPLE 11 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(8-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminooctyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-5) N-CBZ-L-tyrosine·H₂O (1.5 g, 4.29 mmole) was dissolved in EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in DMF and treated with NaH (50% dispersion in oil, 0.43 g, 8.96 mmole) for 1 hour. N-BOC-8-amino-1-bromooctane (1.33 g, 4.34 mmole) was added and the reaction was stirred for 16 hours. The DMF was removed in vacuo , the residue dissolved in water, acidified to pH 3 and extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layers were combined, dried and concentrated. Column chromatography (SiO₂, 97:3:1 CHCl₃/MeOH/HOAc) gave 2-5. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.3 (m, 5H), 7.1 (d, 2H), 6.78 (d, 2H), 5.0 (2q, 2H), 4.38 dd, 1H), 3.8 (m, 2H), 3.13 (dd, 1H), 3.0 (t, 2H), 2.85 (dd, 1H), 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.4 (s, 9H), 1.35 (m, 3H), 1.3 (bs, 7H). EXAMPLE 12 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(8-aminooctyloxy)-phenyl]propionic acid (2-6) Compound 2-5 (1.35 g, 2.49 mmole) was dissolved in ethyl acetate and treated with HCl gas at -20°C, purged with N₂ and concentrated to give a white solid which was rinsed with ethyl acetate and dried to give 2-6. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.3 (m, 5H), 7.1 (d, 2H), 6.8 (d, 2H), 5.02, (2q, 2H), 4.35 (dd, 1H), 4.93 (t, 2H), 3.1 (dd, 1H), 2.9 (t, 2H), 2.85 (dd, 1H), 1.75 (m, 2H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4 (bs, 6H). Analysis for C₂₅H₃₄N₂O₅·HCl·0.65H₂O Calcd: C, 61.18; H, 7.46; N, 5.71 Found: C, 61.18; H, 7.45; N, 5.77 MW = 490.732 EXAMPLE 13 2-S(Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(5-t-butyloxycarbonylaminopentyloxy) phenyl]-propionic acid (2-7) N-CBZ-L-tyrosine (1.06 g, 3.01 mmole) was alkylated with 5-(N-t-butyloxycarbonylamino)pentyl bromide as described for compound 2-1 in Example 7. Crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 97:3:0.5 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 2-7. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.42 (9H, S), 1.52 (4H, m), 1.76 (2H, m), 3.05, (3H, m), 3.92 (2H, t), 5.00 (2H, m), 6.79 (2H, d), 7.11 (2H, d), 7.28 (5H, m). EXAMPLE 14 2-S(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(5-aminopentyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (2-8) 2-7 was treated with HCl gas as taught in Example 8 for compound 2-2, to provide pure 2-8 as a white powder. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.60 (2H, m), 1.77 (4H, m), 2.90 (3H, m), 3.12, (1H, m), 3.96 (2H, t), 4.37 (1H, m), 5.02 (2H, m), 6.81 (2H, d), 7.12 (2H, d), 7.30 (5H, m). Analysis for C₂₂H₂₉N₂O₅·0.25 H₂O Calcd: C, 59.85; H, 6.74; N, 6.35 Found: C, 59.85; H, 6.73; N, 6.32 EXAMPLE 15 2-S-Amino-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)-phenyl]propionic acid (2-1a) A solution of compound 2-1 (0.52 g, 1.0 mmole) in 20 mL of 4:1 ethanol/HOAc was hydrogenated under balloon pressure for 8 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and the solvent removed on the rotary evaporator to give a residue that was triturated with 30 mL ether to provide 2-1a. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.40 (9H, m), 1.75 (2H, m), 2.90-3.05 (3H, m), 3.10-3.23 (3H, m), 3.70 (1H, m), 3.96 (3H, t), 6.88 (2H, d), 7.20 (2H, d). EXAMPLE 16 2-S-(Phenylcarbonylamino)-3[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl] propionic acid (2-15) 0.152 g (0.4 mmole) of compound 2-1a was added to a solution of 1 N NaOH (0.4 ml) in 10 mL H₂O and this was stirred at 0-5°C for 10 minutes as most of the solid dissolved. To this vigorously stirred suspension was added benzoyl chloride (0.062 g, 0.44 mmole) followed by solid sodium bicarbonate (0.037 g, 0.44 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5°C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 30 mL H₂O and acidified to pH 2-3 with 10% KHSO₄ solution. This was extracted with 3 x 50 mL EtOAc and the combined organic extract was washed with 30 mL of H₂O, 30 mL of brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent removal provided a viscous residue that was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with chloroform(95)-methanol(5) to give 2-15 as a viscous residue. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.40 (9H, m), 1.75 (2H, bs), 3.20 (m, 4H), 3.92 (2H, m), 5.03 (2H, m), 6.79 (2H, d), 7.10 (2H, d), 7.45 (3H, m), 7.72 (2H, m). EXAMPLE 17 2-S-Phenylcarbonylamino-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy) phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (2-16) 0.28 g (2.0 mmole) of compound 2-15 was dissolved in 20 mL of EtOAc and this was cooled to -15°C and HCl gas was bubbled into the solution for 10 minutes. The resulting mixture was stoppered and stirred at 0°C for 1.5 hours at which point all starting material was consumed. The solvent was then removed on the rotary evaporator to afford a white, foam-like residue. This was stirred with 30 mL ether for 1 hour and the resulting solid was collected by filtration to provide pure 2-16 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 1.50 (3H, m), 1.70 (2H, m), 1.78 (2H, m), 2.90 (2H, t), 3.21 (4H, m), 3.94 (2H, t), 6.80 (2H, d), 7.19 (2H, d), 7.42 (2H, m), 7.50 (1H, m), 7.72 (2H, d). Analysis for C₂₂H₃₈N₂O₄·HCl·0.75 H₂O Calc.: C = 60.82, H = 6.90, N = 6.45. Found: C = 60.89, H = 6.67, N = 6.35. EXAMPLE 18 2-S-Phenethylcarbonylamino-3[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy) phenyl]propanoic acid (2-17) To a solution of 1.2 mL 1 N NaOH in 15 mL H₂O cooled to 0-5 degrees C and stirred was added 0.457 g (1.2 mmole) of compound 2-14 and the resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minutes during which time most of the solid dissolved. To this vigorously stirred suspension was then added 3-phenylpropanoyl chloride (0.223 g, 1.32 mmole) followed by solid sodium carbonate (0.111 g, 1.32 mmole). The resulting white mixture was stirred vigorously at 0-5°C for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 40 mL H₂O and this was acidified to pH 2-3 with a 10% KHSO₄ solution. The resulting aqueous phase was then extracted with 4 x 50 mL portions of EtOAc, and the combined organic phase was washed with 50 mL H₂O, 50 mL brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent removal gave a viscous solid that was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with chloroform (95)-methanol(5) to give pure 2-17 as a clear viscous gum. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.40 (9H, m), 1.72 (2H, bs), 2.50 (2H, m), 3.02 (6H,m), 3.91 (2H, m), 6.72 (2H, d), 6.88 (2H, m), 7.20 (3H, m), 7.29 (2H, m). EXAMPLE 19 2-S-(Phenethylcarbonylamino-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propanoic acid hydrochloride (2-18) A solution of compound 2-17 (0.3 g, 3.0 mmole) in 15 mL EtOAc was cooled to -15°C and HCl gas was bubbled in for 10 minutes The stoppered reaction mixture was then stirred for 2 hours at 0°C at which time all 2-17 was consumed. The solvent was then removed on the rotary evaporator and the resulting foam was triturated with 40 mL ether at room temperature for 1.0 hour to give pure 2-18 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.48 (3H, m), 1.67 (2H, m), 1.80 (2H, m), 2.46 (2H, m), 2.80 (3H, m), 2.90 (2H, m), 3.30 (3H, m), 3.95 (2H, t), 6.79 (2H, d), 7.06 (2H, d), 7.15 (3H, m), 7.22 (2H, m). Analysis for C₂₄H₃₂N₂O₄.HCl.H₂O Calc.: C = 61.72, H = 7.55, N = 6.00. Found: C = 61.97, H = 7.11, N = 5.96. EXAMPLE 20 2-S-(2-Benzyloxycarbonyl)phenylacetylamino-3[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy) phenyl]propionic acid (2-10) To a cold solution of 1.8 mL of 1 N NaOH in 15 mL H₂O was added 0.685 g (1.8 mmole) of compound 2-1a with stirring to give, after 10 minutes, a clear solution. Then, 2-benzyloxycarbonylphenylacetyl chloride ( 0.577 g, 2.0 mmole) was added followed by sodium bicarbonate (0.168 g, 2.0 mmole) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0-5°C for 1.0 hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, acidified to pH 2-3 with 10% KHSO₄ solution and extracted with 4 x 500 mL portions of EtOAc. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was removed to give a viscous amber residue. This was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with CHCl₃ (98)-methanol (2) to give pure 2-19 as an oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.45 (9H, 6s), 1.75 (2H, 6s), 3.07 (4H, m), 3.89 (2H, bs), 4.57 (2H, bs), 5.15 (2H, m), 6.69 (2H, d), 6.88 (2H, d), 7.30 (5H, m). EXAMPLE 21 2-S-(2-Carboxyphenylacetylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (2-20) Compound 2-19 (0.34 g, 0.55 mmole) was dissolved in 25 mL absolute ethanol and after adding 100 mg 10% Pd/C the suspension was hydrogenated under balloon pressure . Then, the catalyst was filtered off and the solvent removed on the rotary evaporator to give 2-S-(2-Carboxyphenylacetylamino)-3- [4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]-propionic acid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.47 (12H, m), 1.78 (2H, m), 3.06 (3H, m), 3.32 (4H, m), 3.92 (2H, m), 4.60 (2H, m), 6.72 (2H, d), 6.96, (2H, d), 7.30 (5H, m). This acid was dissolved in 25 mL EtOAc and treated with HCl gas as described for compound 2-2 in Example 8. Solvent removal provided a residue that was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 9:1:1 ethanol/H₂O/NH₄OH to give pure 2-20. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) d 1.55 (H, m), 1.90 (2H, m), 2.83-3.09 (4H, m), 3.28 (1H, m), 4.15 (2H, m), 6.88-7.45 (9H, m). Analysis for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₆·1.5 H₂O·0.25 NH₃ Calc.: C = 60.84, H = 7.18, N = 6.65. Found: C = 60.48, H = 6.81, N = 6.99. EXAMPLE 22 2-S-(Phenacylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxy carbonylaminooxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-21) Compound 2-1a (0.685 g, 1.8 mmole) was acylated with phenacyl chloride as described for compound 2-19 in Example 20. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 95:5:0.5 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 2-21 as a viscous oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.45 (12H, m), 1.78 (2H, m), 2.88 (1H, m), 3.10 (3H,m), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.48 (2H, m), 3.92 (2H, m), 4.61 (1H, m), 6.74 ( 2H, d), 7.02 (2H, d), 7.12 (2H, m) 7.22 (3H, m). EXAMPLE 23 2-S-(Phenylacylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy) phenyl]-propionic acid (2-22) Compound 2-21 (0.35 g) was dissolved in 25 mL EtOAc and this solution was treated with HCl gas as described for compound 2-16 in Example 17 to give pure 2-22 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.50 (6H,m), 1.65 (2H,m), 2.20 (2H,m), 2.88 (3H, m), 3.12 (1H, m), 3.30 (2H, m), 3.47 (2H, m), 3.94 (2H,m), 4.61 (1H, m), 6.75 (2H, d), 7.02 (2H, d), 7.13 (2H, d), 7.30 (3H, m). Analysis for C₂₃H₃₀N₂O₄.HCl.H₂O Calc.: C = 60.98, H = 7.34, N = 6.19. Found: C = 61.29, H = 6.92, N = 6.12. EXAMPLE 24 2-S-[(2-Benzyloxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropionylamino]-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl] propionic acid (2-23) Compound 2-1a (0.685 g, 1.8 mmole) was acylated with 2-benzyloxycarbonyl-3-phenylpropionyl chloride as described for compound 2-19 in Example 20. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 98:2:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 2-23 as a viscous oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.40 (16 H, m), 1.61 (2H, m), 3.03 (8H, m), 3.30 (6H, m), 3.71 (1H, m), 3.86 (2H,m), 4.60 (1H, m), 5.02 (2H, m), 6.70 (2H, d), 6.86, (1H, d), 7.02 (1H, 3), 7.22 (5H, m). EXAMPLE 25 2-S-(2-Carboxy-3-phenylpropionylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-24) Compound 2-23 (0.49 g, 0.76 mmole) was dissolved in 25 mL ethanol and after the addition of 100 mg 10% Pd/C hydrogenated at balloon pressure overnight. Solvent removal provided 2-S-(2-carboxy-3-phenylpropionylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminooxy)phenyl]propionic acid as a vixcous residue. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.42 (10H, m), 1.75 (2H, m), 2.80-3.15 (5H, m), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.90 (2H, m), 4.58 (2H, m), 6.68-6.85 (4H, m), 7.06-7.27 (5H, m). This acid (0.32 g) was treated with HCl gas as described above for compound 2-12 to give after solvent removal a crude product that was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 90:5:5 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to provide the diastereomeric products 2-24a and 2-24b. 2-24a had ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 1.58 (4H, m), 1.83 (4H, m), 2.95 (2H, m), 3.08 (3H, m), 3.20 (1H, m), 3.51 1H, m), 4.18 (2H, m), 4.53 (1H, m), 4.95 (2H, g), 6.92 (4H, m), 7.43 (5H, m). 2-24b had ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O) δ 1.40 (4H, m), 1.62 (2H, m), 1.73 (2H, m) 2.90 (6H, m), 3.31 (1H, m), 4.17 (2H, m), 4.32 (1H, m), 6.93 (2H, d), 7.07 (2H, d), 7.15 (2H, d), 7.26 (3H, m). EXAMPLE 25(a) 2-S-(Hexanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-25) (2-1a) (0.685 g, 1.8 mmole) was treated with hexanoyl chloride (0.38 g, 2.0 mmole) as described for 2-15 to provide crude 2-25. This was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 95:5:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 2-25 as an oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.89 (3H, t), 1.20-1.65 (21H, m), 1.75 (2H, m), 2.19 (2H, t), 3.11 (4H, m), 3.92 (2H, m), 4.83 (1H, m), 6.80 (2H,d), 7.05 (2H, d). EXAMPLE 25(b) 2-S-(Hexanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy) phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (2-26) 2-25 (0.35 g, 0.75 mmole) was dissolved in 30 mL EtOAc and treated with HCl as described for compound 2-2 to give a foam-like solid that was triturated with 50 mL of ether for 1 hour at room temperature. This gave pure 2-26 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.85 (3H, t), 1.20 (4H, m), 1.48 (6H, m), 1.68 (2H, m), 1.77 (2H, m), 2.14 (2H, m), 4.61 (1H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 7.13 (2H, m). Analysis for C₂₁H₃₄N₂O₄·HCl·0.5 H₂O Calc: C=59.49, H=8.56, N=6.61 Found: C=59.32, H=8.48, N=6.55 EXAMPLE 25(c) 2-S-(2-Napthanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminooxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-27) 2-1a (0.685 g, 1.8 mmole) was treated with 2-napthanoyl chloride (0.409 g, 2.0 mmole) as described for 2-15 to provide crude 2-27. This was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 95:4:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 2-27 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.45 (16H, m), 1.70 (2H, m), 2.88 (1H, m), 3.08 (3H, m), 3.57-3.80 (4H, m), 4.62 (1H, m), 6.54 (2H, d), 6.92 (2H, d), 7.25 (1H, d), 7.42 (2H, m), 7.61 (1H, bs), 7.77 (3H, m). EXAMPLE 25(d) 2-S-(Naphthanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-28) 2-27 (0.14 g, 0.31 mmole) was dissolved in 25 mL EtOAc and treated with HCl gas as described for 2-2. Crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 10:1:1 C₂H₅OH/H₂O/NH₄OH to give pure 2-28 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 1.42 (5H, m), 1.71 (2H, m), 2.63 (2H, m), 2.86 (1H, m), 3.07 (2H, m), 3.30 (3H, m), 3.55-3.75 (4H, m), 4.47 (1H, m), 6.43 (2H, d), 6.82 (2H, d), 7.30 (1H, dd), 7.45 (2H, m), 7.64 (1H, bs), 7.80 (3H, m). Analysis for C₂₇H₃₂N₂O₄·0.5 H₂O Calc.: C=70.87, H=7.27, N=6.12 Found: C=70.93, H=7.04, N=6.11 EXAMPLE 25(e) 2-S-(2-Butanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-29) 2-1a (0.685 g, 1.8 mmole) was acylated with butanoyl chloride as described for 2-15 to give crude 2-29. This was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 95:4:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to provide pure 2-29 as an oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.73 (3H, t), 1.32-1.60 (16H, m), 1.73 (2H, m), 2.12 (2H, m), 2.87 (1H, m), 3.03 (2H, t), 3.12 (1H, m), 3.92 (2H, t), 4.61 (1H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 7.12 (2H, d). EXAMPLE 25(f) 2-S-(Butanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-30) 2-29 (0.05 g, 1.0 mmole) was dissolved in 25 mL ethyl acetate and treated with HCl gas as described for 2-2. Crude reaction product was triturated with 25 mL ether to give pure 2-30 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.72 (3H, t), 1.45-1.60- (6H, m), 1.70 (2H, m), 1.79 (2H, m), 2.12 (2H, m), 2.80-2.95 (3H, m), 3.14 (1H, dd), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.95 (2H, t), 4.40 (1H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 7.13 (2H, d). Analysis for C₁₉H₃₀N₂O₄·HCl·H₂O Calc.: C = 56.35, H = 8.21, N = 6.92 Found: C = 56.70, H = 8.12, N = 6.91. EXAMPLE 25(g) 2-S-(Heptanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-t-N-butyloxycarbonylaminooxy)phenyl]propionic acid (2-31) 2-1a (0.685 g, 1.8 mmole) was acylated with heptanoyl chloride as described for 2-15. Crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 96:3:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 2-31 as an oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.78 (3H, t), 1.22 (6H, m), 1.32-1.55 (16H, m), 1.73 (2H, m), 2.13 (2H, m), 2.85 (1H, m), 3.02 (2H, t), 3.15 (1H, m), 4.91 (2H, t), 4.61 (1H, m), 6.81 (2H, d), 7.12 (2H, d). EXAMPLE 25(h) 2-S-(Heptanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (2-32) 2-31 (0.070 g) was dissolved in 30 mL EtOAc and treated with HCl gas as described for 2-2. Crude reaction product was triturated with 30 mL ether to provide pure 2-32 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 0.88 (3H, t), 1.22 (6H, m), 1.47 (6H, m), 1.68 (2H, m), 1.78 (2H, m), 2.13 (2H, t), 2.80-2.95 (3H, m), 3.14 (1H, m), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.94 (2H, m), 4.61 (1H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 7.13 (2H, d). Analysis for C₂₂H₃₆N₂O₄·HCl·0.75 H₂O Calc.: C = 59.71, H = 8.77, N = 6.33 Found: C = 59.76, H = 8.40, N = 6.25. EXAMPLE 25(i) 2-(S)-(5-Phenylpentanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl] propionic acid (2-33) 2-1a (0.685 g, 1.8 mmole) was acylated with 5-phenylpentanoyl chloride as described for 2-15. Crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 96:3:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc to give pure 2-33 (0.49 g) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.32-1.60 (1H, m), 1.73 (2H, m), 2.18 (2H, m), 2.53 (2H, m), 2.80-2.90 (1H, m), 3.02 (2H,t), 3.04 (1H, m), 4.62 (1H, m), 6.78 (2H, d), 7.08-7.28 (7H, m). EXAMPLE 25(j) 2-S-(5-Phenylpentanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (2-34) 2-33 (0.49 g) was dissolved in 30 mL ethyl acetate and treated with HCl gas as described for 2-2. Crude product was triturated with 50 mL ether to give pure 2-34 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.40-1.58 (8H, m), 1.62-1.70 (2H, m), 1.80 (2H, m), 2.19 (2H, m), 2.55 (2H, m), 2.80-2.95 (3H, m), 3.15 (1H, m0, 3.30 (1H, m), 3.90 (2H, t), 4.62 (1H, m), 6.88 (2H, d), 7.08-7.27 (7H, m). Analysis for C₂₆H₃₆N₂O₄·HCl·H₂O Calc.: C = 64.24, H = 7.88, N = 5.76 Found: C = 64.53, H = 7.84, N = 5.71. EXAMPLE 26 Methyl 2-S-(N-Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyl)oxyphenyl]propionate (3-1) Compound 2-1 (10.0 g, 19.43 mmole) in 75 mL DMF was treated with cesium carbonate (3.16 g, 9.72 mmole) with stirring at room temperature for 1.9 hours. Then, methyl iodide (2.76 g, 19.43 mmole) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at ambient temperature. The solvent was removed at high vaccum (30°C) and the residue was taken up in 300 mL EtOAc and washed with 2x40 mL protions of saturated NaHCO₃ solution and brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent removal provided 3-1 as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.25-1.53 (16H, m), 1.76 (2H, m), 2.96-3.17 (4H, m), 3.71 (3H, s), 3.90 (2H,t), 4.61 (1H, m). 5.10 (2H, m), 5.19 (1H, m), 6.88 (2H, d), 6.98 (2H, d), 7.32 (5H, m). EXAMPLE 27 Methyl 2-S-Amino-3-[4-(6-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionate (3-2) Compound 3-1 (8.0 g, 15.1 mmole) was dissolved in 150 mL absolute ethanol and 1.0 g 10% Pd/ C was added. This suspension was hydrogenated in a Parr apparatus (50 psi) for 3.5 hours. The catalyst (-SOUTH-)filtered off and the solvent removed on the rotary evaporator to give pure 3-2 as a clear oil. R f = 0.4 on SiO₂ with 95:5 CHCl₃/CH₃OH. 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.30-1.55 (16 H, m), 1.70 (2H, m), 2.80 (1H, m), 3.00-3.17 (3H, m), 3.71 (3H, s), 3.93 (2H, t), 6.82 (2H, d), 7.09 (2H, d). EXAMPLE 28 Methyl 2-S-[(5-t-Butyloxycarbonylamino) pentanoylamino]3-[4-(6-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionate (3-3) To a solution of 5-(N-t-butyloxycarbonylamino)pentanoic acid (0.293 g, 1.35 mmole) and N-methylmorpholine (0.187 g, 1.35 mmole) in 10 mL EtOAc at 0-5°C was added i-butylchloroformate (0.184 g, 1.35 mmole) via syringe and the resulting white suspension was stirred for 0.5 hours. Then, 3-2 (0.5 g, 1.27 mmole) dissolved in 10 mL EtOAc was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0°C for 2.0 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with 25 mL water/ 40 mL EtOAc and the organic phase was separated, washed with water, 10% KHSO₄, water, saturated NaHCO₃, brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent removal gave an oil that was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 2% CH₃OH/CHCl₃ (R f = 0.35) to give pure 3-3 as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.35-1.55 (26H, m) 1.62 (2H, m), 1.68 (2H, m), 2.20 (2H, t), 3.0-3.16 (6H, m), 3.33 (3H, s), 3.92 (2H, t), 4.83 9(H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 6.99 (2H, m). EXAMPLE 29 2-S-(5-Aminopentanoyl)amino-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl)]propionic acid dihydrochloride (3-4) 3-3 (0.68 g, 1.14 mmole) was dissolved in 30 mL THF(1)/MeOH(1)/H₂O(1), LiOH·H₂O (0.137 g, 5.73 mmole) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then removed and the residue was taken up in 75 mL H₂O and acidified to pH 2-3 with 10% KHSO₄ solution. This was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent removal gave 2-S-(5-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminopentyl)amino-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyl)oxyphenyl]-propionic acid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.40-.155 (22H, m). 1.60 (2H, m), 1.73 (2H, m), 2.20 (2H, m), 3.10 (4H, m), 3.90 (2H, m), 4.60 (1H, m), 4.72 (1H, m), 4.83 (1H, m), 6.78 (2H, d), 7.05 (2H, d). This acid was dissolved in EtOAc and was treated with HCl gas as described for 2-2. The crude hydroscopic white solid was triturated with a solution of 10 mL EtOAc/50 mL Et₂O to give pure 3-4 as a white solid. ₁H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.42-1.85 (14H, m), 2.23 (2H, m), 2.90 (6H, m), 3.14 (1H, dd), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.97 (2H,t), 4.60 (1H, m), 6.82 (2H, d), 7.13 (2H,d). Analysis for C₂₀H₃₃N₃O₄·2HCl·3H₂O Calc.: C = 47.43, H = 8.16, N = 8.30 Found: C = 47.87, H = 7.49, N = 7.90 EXAMPLE 30 Methyl 2-S-[(4-Carbomethoxybutanoyl)amino]-3-[4-(N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionate (3-5) To a solution of 3-2 (0.5 g, 1.27 mmole), 4-carbomethoxybutanoic acid (0.213 g, 1.5 mmole) and 1 drop of triethylamine in 20 mL CH₃CN was added BOP reagent (0.66 g, 1.5 mmole) and the resulting clear solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was removed on the rotary evaporator and the residue was taken up in EtOAc and this was washed with H₂O, 10% KHSO₄, H₂O, saturated NaHCO₃, brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent removal provided a residue that was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 1% CH₃OH/CHCl₃ to give pure 3-5 as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 1.35-1.55 (14H, m), 1.75 (3H, m), 1.94 (2H, m), 2.26 (2H, t), 2.35 (2H, t), 2.98-3.16 (4H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.73 (3H, s), 3.91 (2H, t), 4.82 (1H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 6.95 (2H, d). EXAMPLE 31 2-S-(4-Carboxybutanoylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid (3-6) 3-5 (0.11 g, 0.21 mmole) was treated with LiOH (0.025 g, 1.05 mmole) as described for compound 3-4 to give the desired diacid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.30-1.55 (16H, m) 1.70-1.82 (4H, m), 2.20 (4H, m), 2.85 (1H, m), 3.03 (2H, m), 3.13 (1H, dd), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.92 (2H, m), 4.62 (1H, m), 6.81 (2H, d), 7.12 (2H, d). This diacid (0.105 g) was dissolved in 30 mL EtOAc and treated with HCl gas as described for compound 2-2. The resulting solid was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting wtih 90:8:8 ethanol/NH₄OH/H₂O to provide pure 3-6 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.42 (2H, m), 1.50 (2H, m), 1.63 (2H, m), 1.76 (4H, m), 2.17 (4H, m), 2.85 (3H, m), 3.16 (1H, m), 4.0 (2H, t), 4.48 (1H, m), 6.78 (2H, d), 7.12 (2H, d). Analysis for C₂₀H₃₀N₂O₆·1.2 H₂O Calc.: C=57.73, H=7.85, N=6.73 Found: C=57.66, H=7.21, N=6.83. EXAMPLE 32 Methyl 2-S-[(3-Carboethoxypropanoyl)amino)]-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionate (3-7) 3-2 (0.562 g, 1.42 mmole) was dissolved in 15 mL EtOAc and treated with NaHCO₃, (0.36 g, 4.27 mmole) and 3-carboethoxypropanoyl chloride (0.235 g, 1.42 mmole) with stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with 150 mL EtOAc and the organic phase was washed with H₂O, brine and dried (Na₂SO₄). Solvent removal gave a residue that was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 98:2 CHCl₃/CH₃OH to give pure 3-7. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.26 (3H, t), 1.35-1.61 (16H, m), 1.76 (2H, m), 2.48 (2H, m), 2.63 (2H, m), 3.05 (2H, m), 3.11 (2H, m), 3.72 (3H, s), 3.92 (2H, t), 4.13 (2H, q), 4.82 (2H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 7.00 (2H, d). EXAMPLE 33 2-S-[(3-Carboxypropanoyl)amino]-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (3-8) 3-7 (0.58 g, 1.11 mmole) was treated with LiOH as described for 3-3 to give 2-S-[(carboxypropanoyl)amino]-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxyphenyl]propionic acid as a foam. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.32-1.58 (16H, m), 1.77 (2H, m), 2.40 (4H, m), 2.89 (1H, m), 3.0-3.16 (3H, m), 3.33 (1H, m), 3.90 (2H, t), 4.42 (1H, m), 6.78 (2H, d), 7.11 (2H, d). This acid (0.435 g) was treated with HCl gas in EtOAc (30 mL) as described for 2-2 to give a foam that was triturated with EtOAc to give pure 3-8 as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.4-1.6 (4H, m(, 1.76 (2H, m), 2.46 (4H, m), 2.92 (3H, m), 3.14 (1H, m), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.96 (2H, m), 4.60 (1H, m), 6.81 (2H, d), 7.14 (2H, d). Analysis for C₁₉H₂₈N₂O₅·HCl·0.5 H₂O Calc.: C=53.58, H=7.10, N=6.58 Found: C=53.18, H=6.93, N=6.27. EXAMPLE 34 Methyl 2-S-(Acetylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionate (3-9) 3-2 (0.562 g, 1.42 mmole) was treated with acetyl chloride (0.112 g, 4.27 mmole) as described for 3-7 to give a yellow oil. This was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 98:2 CHCl₃/CH₃OH to give pure 3-9 as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.30-1.56 (14H, m), 1.78 (2H, m), 2.00 (3H, s), 3.05-3.16 (4H, m), 3.73 (3H, s), 3.92 (2H, t), 4.84 (1H, m), 6.80 (2H, d), 6.98 (2H, d). EXAMPLE 35 2-S-(Acetylamino)-3-[4-(6-aminohexyloxy) phenyl]propionic acid hydrochloride (3-10) 3-9 (0.58 g, 1.33 mmole) was treated with LiOH (0.16 g, 6.64 mmole) as described for 3-3 to give 2-S(acetylamino)-3-[4-(6-N-t-butyloxycarbonylaminohexyloxy)phenyl]propionic acid as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.35-1.53 (16H, m), 1.75 (2H,m), 1.90 (3H, s), 2.86 (1H, m) 3.00-3.15 (3H, m), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.93 (2H, t), 4.59 (1H, m), 6.82 (2H, d), 7.12 (2H, d). This compound (0.485 g) was dissolved in 30 mL EtOAc and treated with HCl gas as described for 2-2 to give a residue that was triturated with EtOAc to provide pure 3-10 (0.4 g) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 1.42-1.60 (4H, m), 1.66 (2H, m), 1.70 (2H, m), 1.90 (3H, s), 2.82 (1H, m), 2.92 (2H, m), 3.12 (1H, dd), 3.30 (1H, m), 3.95 (2H, t), 4.60 (1H, m), 6.82 (2H, d), 7.13 (2H, d). Analysis for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₄·HCl·H₂O Calc.: C=54.17, H=7.76, N=7.43 Found: C=54.30, H=7.71, N=7.09. EXAMPLE 36 2-S-(N-t-Butyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)phenyl]propionic acid (4-2) N-BOC-4-iodo-L-phenylalanine (4-1) (Bachem) (1.0 g, 2.55 mmole) was dissolved in diethylamine under N₂ and treated with 3-butyne-1-ol (0.23 mL, 3.06 mmole), Pd[P(C₆H₅)₃]₂Cl₂ (0.089 g, 0.127 mmole) and CuI (0.012 g, 0.064 mmole). After 3 hours the solvent was evaporated, the residue dissolved in water (pH = 11) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The water layer was then acidified to pH 3, extracted with ethyl acetate. This organic extract was dried and evaporated to give crude 4-2. R f = 0.47 in 97/3/1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc, ninhydrin stain. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.35 (2H, d), 7.1 (2H, d), 6.4 (1H, broad) 5.0 (1H, d), 4.6 (1H, m), 3.8 (2H, t), 3.1 (2H, m), 2.65 (2H, t), 1.4 (9H, s). EXAMPLE 37 2-S-(N-t-Butyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(4-hydroxybutyl)phenyl]propionic acid (4-3) 4-2 (0.40 g, 1.2 mmole) was dissolved in an ethanol/water solution (25 mL) and was treated with 10% Pd/C (0.1 g) and H₂ on a Parr apparatus. After 2 hours the solution was filtered and evaporated. Column chromatography on silica gel (94:5:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc) yielded 4-3. R f =0.57 in 97:3:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc ninhydrin stain. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.1 (s, 4H), 4.95 (1H, m), 4.9 (1H, broad), 4.55 (1H, m), 3.65 (2H, t), 3.1 (2H, m), 1.6 (4H, m), 1.4 (9H, s). EXAMPLE 38 Methyl 2-S-(N-t-Butyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(4-tosyloxybutyl)phenyl]propionate (4-4) 4-3 (0.285 g, 0.85 mmole) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) cooled to 0°, and treated with CH₂N₂ solution. After 10 minutes the reaction was quenched with MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to provide ester used in the next reaction. R f =0.5 in 92:8:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc, ninhydrin stain. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.05 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.0 (d,J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 5.0 (1H, m), 4.55 (1H, m), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.6 (2H, J=6.2 Hz, t), 3.0 (2H, m), 2.6 (2H, J=7.5 Hz, t), 1.7 (4H, m), 1.4 (9H, s). This ester was dissolved in 10 mL CH₂Cl₂ and added at 78°C to a solution prepared by treating p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (0.14 g, 0.67 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ at -78° with pyridine (0.1 ml, 1.35 mmole) for 10 minutes. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1.0 hour and then water was added. The organic layer was separated, dried, and evaporated. Column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 97:3:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc gave 4-4. R f =0.85 97:3:1 CHCl₃/CH₃OH/HOAc. ¹H NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃) δ 7.88 (2H, J=7.2 Hz, d), 7.74 (2H, J=7.2 Hz, d), 7.38 (2H, J=Hz, d), 7.30 (2H, J=8 Hz, d), 5.0 (1H, m), 4.5 (1H, m), 4.0 (2H, J=5.3 Hz, t), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.0 (2H, m), 2.5 (2H, t), 2.0 (3H, s), 1.6 (4H, m), 1.4 (9H, s). EXAMPLE 39 2-S-(N-t-Butyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(4-t-butylaminobutyl)phenyl]propionic acid (4-5) 4-4 (0.26 g, 0.48 mmoles) was dissolved in t-butylamine (5 mL) and this solution was refluxed for 2 days. The reaction was filtered and the excess t-butylamine removed at high vacuum (30°C). The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with 98:2 CHCl₃ (saturated with NH₃)/CH₃OH to give methyl 2-S-(N-t-butyloxycarbonylamino)-3-[4-(4-t-butylaminobutyl)phenyl]propionate as an oil, 1.6 (4H, m), 1.40 (9H, S). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.05 (2H, d), 7.0 (2H, d), 4.95 (1H, d), 4.55 (1H, m), 3.7 (3H, s), 3.0 (2H, m), 2.55 (2H, d). This ester (0.10 g, 2.7 mmole) was dissolved in 1:1:1 THF/CH₃OH/H₂O (10 mL) and LiOH·H₂O (0.033 g, 1.38 mmole) was added at room temperature. After stirring for 2 hours the solvent was removed and the residue chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 9:1:1 C₂H₅OH/H₂O/NH₄OH to give pure 4-5. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ 7.35 (4H, s), 4.25 (1H, dd), 3.2 (1H, m), 3.1 (2H, t), 2.9 (1H, m), 2.8 (2H, t), 1.8 (4H, m), 1.4 (18H, s). Sample alternative protecting groups that can be used in the preparation of the present invention include benzyl ester, cyclohexyl ester, 4-nitrobenzyl ester, t-butyl ester, 4-pyridylmethyl ester, benzyloxycarbonyl, isonicotinyloxycarbonyl, O-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, t-amyloxycarbonyl, isobornyloxycarbonyl, adamantyloxycarbonyl, 2-(4-biphenyl)-2-propyloxycarbonyl and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl. In addition to those compounds specifically exemplified above, additional compounds of the present invention are set forth in tabular form below. These compounds are synthesized by use of the synthetic routes and methods described in the above Schemes and Examples and variations thereof well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and not requiring undue experimentation. All variables listed in the Tables below are with reference to the following generic structure: The test procedures employed to measure the anti-osteoclast activity of the compounds of the present invention are described below. EXAMPLE 40 When osteoclasts engage in bone resorption, they will literally cause the formation of pits in the surface of bone that they are acting upon. Therefore, when testing compounds for their ability to inhibit osteoclasts, it is useful to measure the ability of osteoclasts to excavate these resorption pits when the inhibiting compound is present. Consecutive cross sections (4.4 x 4.4 x 0.2 mm) of bovine femur were cut from the diaphysis with a low-speed diamond saw (Isomet, Buehler, Ltd., Lake Bluff, IL) by the method of Arnett and Dempter. Endocrinology 120:602-608. Prior to incubation with osteoclasts, slices were rehydrated in 0.1 ml complete medium 199 in a 48-well plate (Costar, Cambridge, MA) overnight in the presence of twice the desired dose of compound being tested. Osteoclasts were isolated from the long bones of 1 to 3-day-old rats (Sprague-Dawley) by adaptations of methods used by Chambers, et al. J. Cell Sci. 66:383-399. Femora, tibiae, and humeri were split and minced with scalpel blades into 2-5 ml Medium 199 (GIBCO, New York). The resulting suspension was gently pipetted (60 times with a wide-bore pipet and then aliquoted onto petri dishes (Costar) or bone slices (0.1 ml per slice). Cells were allowed to settle for 30-40 minutes at 37°C in moist CO₂-air before gentle washing and reincubation in undiluted incubation medium. Osteoclast yields varied from 300 to 1400 per rat and typically comprised 1% or less of the total cell population. Osteoclasts were counted at the day of isolation and after 1 day of incubation by phase-constrast microscopy (Nikon Diaphot). Total attached cells were counted 50-70 h after isolation with a Coulter counter (model ZM, Coulter Electronics, Inc., Hialeah, FL). Cell counts of controls varied from 3.352 x 10⁴ to 2.322 x 10⁵ per well. Counting mononuclear cells at the time of isolation was not practical because of matrix and cell debris that could not be completly eliminated. Bone slices exposed to osteoclasts for 20 h after isolation were processed for staining by ultrasonication (twofold, 15 s, Branson) in 0.25 M ammonium hydroxide before fixation (20 minutes) in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 0.1 M cacodylate, pH 7.4 (EM Supplies, Fort Washington, PA). Samples were dehydrated in ethanol (40, 70, and 100%; 5 minutes), air dried for 2 h, and then stained for 4 minutes with filtered 1% toluidine blue and 1% borax (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Samples used to count osteoclasts were processed as earlier without ultrasonication in ammonium hydroxide. Samples processed for scanning electron microscopy were not air dried but infiltrated for 40 minutes with 1:1 ethanol-Peldri II (Ted Pella, Inc., Redding, CA). After incubation in 100% Peldri II, solidified samples were exacuated overnight to sublimate the Peldri II. Slices were rotary shadowed with gold (DV-502A, Denton Vacuum, Cherry Hill, NJ) and then examined on a JEOL JSM 840 at 3 kV accelerating voltage. The morphology and motility of living osteoclasts were analyzed by recording phase-contrast images (Nikon, NY) in real time onto 3/4 inch video-tapes with a u-matic VCR (Model VO 5800H, Sony). A fluorescence microscope (Microphot, Nikon) was adapted for reflected light microscopy by inserting a λ/4 plate between cross polarizers in the epi mode. Fluorescence objectives of long working distance with adjustable correction collars (10x, 20x, Nikon) were fitted with rotatable λ/4 plates (Polaroid Corp., MA) mounted as the front element. Correction collars were necessary 20x objectives and higher to correct for the presence of the λ/4 plate and the absence of a coverslip. Coverslips were not used to eliminate stray reflections below the λ/4 plate. Immersion oil (Nikon) was added between the objective front lens and λ/4 plate to minimize reflections at this interface. Oil was not placed between objective and specimen. Bone slices were scanned for resorption pits by rotating the λ/4 plate 0-45° with respect to the plane of polarization in epi-tungsten illumination. Alternatively, Hg illumination (HBO 100w, Nikon) was used with the λ/4 plate fixed at 45° while intermittently viewing stained images by transmission bright-field microscopy with an NCB 10 filter (Nikon). Quantitation of resorbed areas of bone slices examined by bright-field, RLM, and SEM was achieved through digital image processing (Magiscan 2A, Joyce Loebl, New York) of video images (Newvicon or SIT, Dage-MTI, Inc. Michigan City, IN) fed through a NTSC/PAL digital standards converter (CEL P156, James Grunder and Assoc., Inc., Mission, KS). Osteoclasts were processed for immunofluorescence by briefly rinsing coverslips in buffer S (60 mM Pipes, pH 6.9; 25mM Hepes; 10mM EGTA; and 2 mM MgCl₂) at 37°C and then fixing for 2 minutes in buffer S + 10% formaldehyde, pH 7.0. Cells were permeabilized in buffer S + 0.5% Triton X-100 and then rinsed. Specimens were incubated (30 minutes) in appropriate antibody or rhodamine-phalloidine (Molecular probes, Eugene, OR) followed by fluorescein goat antirabbit antibody (Cappel). The bone slice assay is used to examine the effect of the compound of interest on the activity of isolated osteoclasts from rat long bones. The number of resorption pits formed by osteoclasts after 1 day on consecutive cross sections of bovine femur was first compared to control samples by the method of Arnett and Dempster, Endocrinology 120:602-608, and then plotted as a function of concentration of the compound of interest. This is shown at Figure 1. The appropriateness of extrapolating data from this assay to utility and use in mammalian (including himan) disease states is supported by the teaching found in Sato, M., et al., Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1990. That article teaches that certain bisphosphonates have been used clinically and appear to be effective in the treatment of Paget's disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteolytic lesions produced by bone metastases, and bone loss due to immobilization or sex hormone deficiency. These same bisphosphonates are then tested in the resorption pit assay described above to confirm a correlation between their known utility and positive performance in the assay. While the invention has been described and illustrated in reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, effective dosages other than the preferred doses as set forth hereinabove may be applicable as a consequence of variations in the responsiveness of the mammal being treated for severity of bone disorders caused by resorption, or for other indications for the compounds of the invention indicated above. Likewise, the specific pharmacological responses observed may vary acording to and depending upon the particular active compound selected or whether there are present pharmaceutical carriers, as well as the type of formulation and mode of administration employed, and such expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance with the objects and practices of the present invention. It is intended, therefore, that the invention be limited only by the scope of the claims which follow and that such claims be interpreted as broadly as is reasonable.

Claims: The use of a compound of formula wherein n is an integer from 0 to 6; Y is CH₂, O, SO₂, CONH -NHCO- or; R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl, amino C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkylamino C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl C₀₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino C₁₋₁₆ alkyl wherein R¹ or R² may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups chosen from R³, where R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy C₀₋₄ alkyl, carboxy C₀₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy C₀₋₄ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl, halogen or CF₃; R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl heterocyclyl C₀₋₄ alkyl; and R⁵ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₃ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyloxymethyl, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the bone resorption activity of mammalian osteoclasts. The use of a compound of formula where n is an integer from 2 to 6; Y is CH₂, O or -NHCO-; R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl or C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, wherein R¹ and R² may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups chosen from R³, where R³ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, hydroxy, carboxy, C₁₋₄ alkyloxy or halogen; and R⁴ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the bone resorption activity of mammalian osteoclasts. The use of a compound of formula wherein n is an integer from 2-4; Y is -CH₂- or O; R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, C₁₋₈ alkyl, aryl C₁₋₃ alkyl or C₅₋₆ cycloalkyl amino C₁₋₄ alkyl C₁₋₆ alkylamino C₁₋₄ alkyl wherein R¹ and R² may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups chosen from C₁₋₆ alkyl hydroxy or C₁₋₄ alkoxy; and R³ is C₁₋₆ alkyl,or aryl C₀₋₄ alkyl and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the bone resorption activity of mammalian osteoclasts. The use of a compound of formula wherein n is an integer from 2 to 4; Y is an optional substituent that, when present, is O; R¹ is hydrogen, alkyl, phenylalkyl, aminoalkyl or alkylaminoalkyl; and R² is alkyl, phenyl or phenalkyl, for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting the bone resorption activity of mammalian osteoclasts. The use of a compound of formula wherein n is an integer of from 2 to 4; Y is an optional substituent that, when present, is O; R¹ is hydrogen, or alkyl of 1 to 7 carbon atoms, and R² is alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or benzyl. The use as claimed in Claim 2, in which said compound is selected from

Inventors: EGBERTSON MELISSA S, GOULD ROBERT J, HARTMAN GEORGE D, EGBERTSON, MELISSA S., GOULD, ROBERT J., HARTMAN, GEORGE D.
Applicants: MERCK & CO INC, MERCK & CO. INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: C07C271, A61K31, A61P19, A61P3, C07C317, A61P43, C07D211