Method of preparing biologically active reagents from succinimide-containing polymers, analytical element and methods of use

Abstract: Biologically active reagents are prepared from particles of copolymers having highly active succinimide groups. The reagents are prepared by covalently attaching biologically active substances, for example antibodies, to the particles, directly or indirectly through amide groups by displacement of highly active succinimide groups on the particle surface. These reagents are used to advantage in analytical elements, methods for the detection of specific binding ligands (such as immunological species) and immunoassays, and in purification methods such as affinity chromatography.

Description: The present invention relates to a method of preparing biologically active reagents which uses polymeric particles. It also relates to analytical elements containing such biologically active reagents, and to immunoassays and specific binding analytical methods using them. Further, it relates to an analytical purification method using the reagents. This invention can be used for various clinical, diagnostic, medical and research purposes. There is a continuing need in medical practice and research, and in analytical and diagnostic procedures for rapid and accurate determinations of chemical and biological substances which are present in various fluids, such as biological fluids. Specific binding reactions provide one such method by employing reactants of which at least one is immobilized on a solid substrate. This technique allows for typically water-soluble unreacted materials to be separated from the water-insoluble reaction product. In addition, such immobilized reactants can be used in affinity chromatography to remove a desired biologically active material from a mixture of such materials. In some cases, the particulate substrates employed in specific binding reactions are designed to provide active groups on their outer surfaces. This allows for the biological substances to react with the outer surface of the particles. If the particulate substrate is a polymeric, it often can be prepared from monomers having appropriate active groups. US-A-5,030,697 (equivalent to EP-A-0361229) relates to water-soluble copolymers having a dye covalently bound thereto, and also having functional groups enabling the polymer dye to link covalently with biological material. The said functional groups may include succinimidoxycarbonyl groups. EP-A-0220899 describes selective bifunctional sequential linker modules for producing conjugates of ligands with amine-containing polymers and for proteins. The linker molecules comprise both an isocyanate or thioisocyanate functional group and an amine-reactive functional group such as succinimidoxycarbonyl. Undesired non-specific protein adsorption has been a continual problem encountered when using polymeric material as the solid substrate in analytical and diagnostic methods. Non-specific protein is undesirable because it causes unwanted background and obscures true results. The hydrophilic nature of the polymer surface has also been the subject of considerable research. An increase in hydrophilicity reduces adsorption of some proteins but not others. There is a need in the industry for material from which solid substrates may be made wherein the material is water-insoluble, noncrosslinked, nonporous, and capable of attachment to chemical and biological materials. The problems noted above are overcome with a method of preparing a biologically active reagent comprising a step comprising reacting: (I) a water-insoluble, nonporous particle wherein at least the outer surface is composed of a noncrosslinked copolymer formed from the following monomer units: (a) from 80 to 99.9 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable oleophilic monomers which provide hydrophobicity to the copolymer, provided that none of the monomers are crosslinking monomers, (b) from 0.1 to 20 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers having a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, and (c) from 0 to 10 mole percent of one or more other hydrophilic ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers, with (II) a biologically active substance wherein (I) and (II) are covalently attached through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of the succinimidoxycarbonyl group. This invention also provides an analytical element comprising a fluid-permeable substrate having one or more reaction zones therein, and containing in at least one of the zones, a biologically active reagent, the element characterized wherein the biologically active reagent is as described above. Moreover, this invention provides an analytical element comprising a nonporous support, having imposed thereon, in fluid contact and in order a reagent layer containing one or more reagents for provding a detectable signal in the assay in response to an enzyme, a porous spreading layer containing a biologically active reagent, and an analog of a ligand labeled to the enzyme placed in any layer above the nonporous support, the element characterized wherein the biologically active ingredient comprises: the particle as described in (I) above, and a receptor for the ligand having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of a succinimidoxycarbonyl group. Further, this invention provides a method for the determination of a specific binding ligand comprising: A. contacting a specimen suspected of containing a water-soluble specific binding ligand with a biologically active reagent to form a water-insoluble specific binding complex of the ligand with a receptor, and B. detecting the presence of the complex as an indication of the presence or absence of the ligand in the specimen, the method characterized wherein the biologically active reagent is that described above. Even further, this invention provides a method for the determination of a specific binding ligand employing a competitive binding assay comprising: A. contacting a specimen suspected of containing a water-soluble specific binding ligand with a biologically active reagent, B. prior to, simultaneously with or subsequent to the contact in step A, contacting the specimen with a receptor for the ligand to form a water-soluble specific binding complex of the receptor with the water-soluble ligand and a water-insoluble specific binding complex of the receptor with water-insoluble ligand, C. separating the water-insoluble complex from water-soluble materials, and D. detecting the presence of the water-insoluble complex as an indication of the presence or absence of the ligand in the specimen, the method characterized wherein the biologically active reagent comprises a particle as described in (I) above and (II) molecules of the ligand having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxycarbonyl group. Also, this invention is useful in a method for the determination of an immunological species comprising: A. contacting a specimen suspected of containing an immunological species with a reagent comprising: a particle as described above, and a receptor for the species to form a water-insoluble immunological complex of the species with the receptor, preferably with the reagent immobilized on a microporous filtration membrane, B. removing water-soluble materials from the complex, preferably by filtration, and C. detecting the presence of the complex as an indicator of the presence or absence of the immunological species in the specimen, wherein the particle is as described in (I) above and the receptor having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of a succinimidoxycarbonyl group. This invention further provides an analytical purification method comprising: A. passing a specimen containing a mixture of biologically active substances over an affinity chromatography reagent comprising: a particle as described above, and a specific binding substance, and B. collecting the one or more predetermined biologically active substances on the reagent, the method characterized wherein the particle is as described in (I) above and the specific binding substance having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, the specific binding substance being specific to one or more predetermined biologically active substances in the specimen mixture of biologically active substances. The methods of the present invention are useful for the detection of a nucleic acid by (a) forming a water-insoluble hybridization product between a nucleic acid and a reagent and (b) detecting the presence of the hybridization product as an indication of the presence or amount of the nucleic acid of interest, wherein the reagent comprises an oligonucleotide covalently attached to a particle, as described in (I) above, through the active succinimidoxycarbonyl group with the oligonucleotide being substantially complementary to the nucleic acid of interest. The advantages of the present invention are that the use of certain copolymers having a succinimide group are more easily and more completely incorporated into water-insoluble latex particles, and thereby more easily facilitate attachment of proteins or other biological compounds. Moreover, the copolymers useful in this invention have the following advantages: (1) water-insolubility, (2) resistance to swelling in water, (3) colloidal stability to the biological chemistries of immobilization, (4) surfactant-free, (5) polymer protective colloid-free, (6) non-porosity, (7) non-crosslinking, and (8) monodispersity. The copolymers are formed from the following monomer units: (a) from 80.0 to 99.9, more preferably from 90 to 99.9, and most preferably from 95 to 99.9, mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable oleophilic monomers which provide hydrophobicity to said copolymer, provided that none of the monomers are crosslinking monomers, that is, monomers having 2 or more addition polymerizable vinyl groups capable of polymerizing to form a 3-dimensional, crosslinked polymer network, (b) from 0.1 to 20, more preferably from 0.1 to 10, and most preferably from 0.1 to 5 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers having a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, and (c) from 0 to 10, preferably from 0 to 5, and more preferably from 0 to 3, mole percent of one or more other non-crosslinking ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers, such as ionic or polar hydrophilic monomers. Preferably, the copolymer comprises monomer (b), as described above, which is represented by the structure: wherein: R is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms or halo, L is a linking group having at least 2 carbon atoms in the linking chain, and consisting of a combination of at least two of: (1) alkylene groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, (2) arylene groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms,(3) hetero atoms, an (4) heteroatom-containing groups, m is 0 or 1, n is 1 or 2, and P is 0 or 1, with the proviso that when n is 2, one of the alkylene and arylene is necessarily trivalent. More specifically, in the structure noted above, R is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms (such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and n -propyl), or halo (such as chloro or bromo). Preferably, R is hydrogen, methyl or chloro. More preferably, R is hydrogen or methyl. Also, L is an organic linking group having at least 2 carbon atoms in the linking chain and is a combination of at least two of (1) alkylene groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, propylene, pentamethylene, or 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propylene, (2) arylene groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, such as phenylene, tolylene, xylylene, naphthylene, and (3) divalent hetero atoms, such as oxygen (oxy), and sulfur (thio) atoms, or (4) heteroatom-containing groups, such as carbonyl, sulfonyl, imino, (-NR 1 where R is hydrogen or lower alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl). The alkylene groups can have from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and can be branched, linear or cyclical, substituted or unsubstituted with one or more alkyl groups (preferably of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hexyl and octyl), alkoxy (preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, t -butoxy and octyloxy), cycloalkyl (preferably from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, such as cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl and cyclopentyl), aryl (preferably from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, such as phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl, 4-methoxyphenyl and chlorophenyl). Such groups are not difficult to design or synthesize for one skilled in synthetic chemistry. The arylene groups can have from 6 to 12 nuclear carbon atoms and can have substituents as defined for the alkylene groups. Also, m is 0 or 1, n is 1 or 2, and P is 0 or 1, with the proviso that when n is 2, one of said alkylene and arylene is necessarily trivalent. Most preferably, P and m are 0. Preferably, monomer (b) is styrene or a styrene derivative, or an acrylic or methacrylic acid ester. More preferably, it is N-acryloyloxysuccinimide, 4-(2-succinimidoxycarbonylethylthiomethyl)styrene, 4-[1,2-bis(succinimidoxycarbonyl)ethylthiomethyl]styrene, or 4-(2-succinimidoxycarbonylphenylthiomethyl)styrene. While the monomers (b) described above can be polymerized to form homopolymers, preferably they are used to prepare copolymers with one or more additional ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers. For instance, the oleophilic monomers identified above as (a) monomers are useful for providing hydrophobicity or water-insoluble properties to the resulting copolymer. A mixture of such monomers can be used if desired. Monomers from which (a) can be derived include vinyl aromatics (for example, styrene and styrene derivatives such as 4-vinyltoluene, a-methylstyrene, 2,5-dimethylstyrene, 4-t-butylstyrene and 2-chlorostyrene), acrylic and methacrylic acid esters and amides (for example, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n -butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, benzyl acrylate and N-phenylacrylamide), butadiene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, vinylbenzyl acetate, vinyl bromide, and vinylidene chloride. Preferred (a) monomers are the vinyl aromatics with styrene being most preferred. In addition, ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers (c) other than those described above for monomers (a) or (b) can be copolymerized to provide desirable properties. For example, such monomers include anionic monomers containing sulfonic acid groups or salts thereof, including 2-acryl-amido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, 3-methacryloyloxypropane-1-sulfonic acid, p -styrenesulfonic acid and salts thereof. Also included in the (c) group of monomers are nonionic hydrophilic monomers such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, pentaethylene glycol monomethacrylate, and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. In addition, monomers having active methylene groups, such as 2-acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate could be used, as well as many others too numerous to mention here. The copolymers of this invention are prepared using standard emulsion or suspension polymerization techniques, as described for example by Sorenson and others in Preparative Methods of Polymer Science , 2nd Ed. (1968), Wiley and Sons, New York, and Stevens, Polymer Chemistry, An Introduction , Addison Wesley Publishing Co., London, 1975. The copolymers described herein are critically used in particulate form in order to prepare the reagents of this invention. The average particle size can vary greatly depending upon reagent use. Generally, it is from 0.01 to 20 mm, preferably from 0.01 to 10 mm, and more preferably from 0.05 to 5 mm. The reagents prepared by the method of this invention have one or more biologically active substances having been covalently attached to the polymeric particles through amide groups by displacement of the active succinimide ester groups on the outer surface of the particles. As used herein, the term "biologically active substance" is meant to include any organic compound which is found in a living organism or which is useful in the diagnosis, treatment or genetic engineering of cellular material or living organisms, and which has a capacity for interaction with another biological or chemical material. Such substances may or may not be naturally occurring in biological fluids. Such materials must be capable of attachment to the particles by displacement of the active succinimidoxy groups. Thus, generally, this means that the biologically active substance has an available amino or sulfhydryl group for reaction. Depending upon the intended use of the reagent, the biologically active substances include, but are not limited to, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins (including antibodies, C-active protein and avidin and its derivatives), lipoproteins, glycoproteins, hormones, drugs (for example digoxin, phenytoin, phenobarbital, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, gentamicin, carbamazepine and theophylline), steroids, vitamins, polysaccharides, glycolipids, alkaloids, microorganisms, viruses, protozoa, fungi, parasites, rickettsia, molds, blood components, tissue and organ components, pharmaceuticals, haptens, lectins, toxins, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides, either single- and double-stranded), antigenic materials (including proteins and carbohydrates), avidin or derivatives thereof, biotin or derivatives thereof, and components of any of the materials just listed. Particularly useful reagents prepared by the method of this invention are those in which the biologically active substance is a receptor molecule specific to a ligand of interest. Thus, a specific binding reaction involving the reagent can be used for various methods (described in more detail below). Examples of ligand-receptor complexes (that is, reaction products of the ligand and receptor) include, but are not limited to antibody-antigen, antibody-hapten, avidin-biotin, sugar-lectin, gelatin-fibronectin and Protein A-IgG complexes. For purposes of this invention, complementary nucleic acids (that is, a hybridized product of complementary strands) are also considered specific binding materials. Such complementary nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides having at least 2 bases) need not be complementary at every base pair, nor must there be a matching base at every position in the nucleic acid sequence. That is, one of the strands can be longer than the other, or one strand can have a plurality of oligonucleotides complementary thereto at different sequences. Most useful biologically active substances are what are known in the art as immunoactive species which include: (1) any substance which, when presented to an immunocompetent host, will result in the production of a specific antibody capable of binding with that substance, or (2) the antibody so produced, which compound participates in an immunological reaction. Thus, the immunological species can be an antigenic material or an antibody (including anti-antibodies and auto-antibodies). Both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are useful, and they can be whole molecules or various fragments thereof, as long as they have at least one active site for reaction with the active succinimidoxycarbonyl groups on the particles. Particularly useful biologically active substances include antibodies directed to Streptococcus A, HIV-I, a microorganism associated with periodontal disease, carbamazepine, thyroxine, human chorionic gonadotropin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, digoxin or a C-active protein. In certain embodiments, the immunological species is an enzyme which has a active group for attachment. Representative enzymes include, but are not limited to, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, urease, β-galactosidase, aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, γ-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and prostatic acid phosphatase. In other embodiments, such as for competitive binding assays for determination of drugs or pregnancy, the biologically active substance is an antibody directed to human chorionic gonadotropin, phenobarbital, phenytoin or digoxin. If desired, the biologically active substance can be modified or chemically altered to provide active groups for attaching, including providing a linking moiety for attachment. The procedure for attaching a biologically active substance to polymeric particles to prepare the reagents of this invention is generally as follows. An aqueous suspension of the polymer particles is directly treated with a buffered solution or suspension of the biologically active material to be covalently bound to the polymer particles in a weight ratio of biologically active substance to polymer of 0.1:1000 to 1:1, preferably from 1:1000 to 100:1000, and a pH ranging from 7 to 10, preferably from 8.5 to 9.5. The mixture is mixed for a time sufficient for reaction completion, that is, as much as several hours, although from 2 to 28 hours is generally suitable. If necessary, the reactions are quenched with bovine serum albumin, then the particulates isolated (preferably by centrifugation), and resuspended in buffered saline. The isolation and resuspension steps are repeated one or more times and the final dispersion is prepared at 0.1 to 40, and preferably 1 to 10 weight percent solids and stabilized (preferably with 0.02% merthiolate). This procedure may be varied considerably, particularly the times, temperature, buffers, stabilizers, or other reagents, isolation or quenching techniques with equivalent results. In the reaction mixture, the % solids of particles is generally from 0.01 to 40%, and preferably from 1 to 10%, in preparing the reagent. The amount of biologically active substance is generally designated by a weight ratio of substance to copolymer of from 0.1:1000 to 1:1, and preferably from 1:1000 to 100:1000. However, it should be understood that not all of the substance may become covalently bound to the particles. In fact, a minor amount may be adsorbed, and some may not be bound at all. Mixing of the biologically active substance and particles is carried out at a temperature of from 5 to 50°C preferably 18°C to 40°C, for from 2 to 28 hours, preferably 4 to 24 hours. The length of time will vary with the temperature, biologically active substance and the desired coverage. Any suitable buffer can be used, but 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinopropanesulfonic acid is preferred. The details of representative procedures for making various reagents are shown in the Examples below. The nucleic acid reagents are advantageously prepared similar to the other reagents described above, but more particularly, the polymeric particles having an average particle size of from 0.01 to 10 mm are present in the suspension in an amount of at least 1% solids, and preferably from 5% to 25% solids. The advantage of this feature is that it produces a reagent that gives a much higher signal in an assay for cytomegaloviral DNA. Generally, the method of preparing the nucleic acid reagents comprises: contacting an aqueous suspension of succinimid-containing polymeric particles having an average particle size of 0.05 to 10 mm, the particles being present therein at at least 1% solids with an oligonucleotide having an active amine or sulfhydryl group which reacts with the succinimidoxycarbonyl active groups to form a covalent linkage between the particles and the oligonucleotide. Where the oligonucleotide does not have the requisite active amine or sulfhydryl groups, they can be added using known procedures and reactants. In the analytical or diagnostic methods of this invention, the reagents can be used to detect any specific binding ligand for which there is a receptor molecule. The biologically active substance in a reagent of this invention can be specifically active with either the ligand or its receptor. Ligand detection can be carried out in solution or dry form (described below) using test specimens of aqueous fluids (such as biological fluids), or solutions of tissue or cellular materials, and can be quantitative, qualitative or both. In particular, the invention can be used to assay biological fluids of animals, humans or plants, but preferably fluids of humans including whole blood, sera, plasma, lymph, bile, urine, spinal fluid, sputum, lacrimal fluid, perspiration, swab specimens, tissue cultures, stool secretions, cellular fluids, vaginal secretions and semen. It is also possible to assay fluid preparations of human or animal tissue such as skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, lungs, brains, bone marrow or skin. The ligand can be a drug, hapten, hormone, an antigenic material (lipopolysaccharide or protein) or antibody which has one or more sites for complexation with one or more of the same or different receptor molecules. In immunoassays of this invention, the ligand can be a drug (such as digoxin, phenytoin and carbamazepine), a hormone (such as thyroid stimulating hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, leutinizing hormone and thyroxine), retroviral component or an antibody to the retrovirus (such as an HIV-I component or its antibody), bacterial infectious agents or components thereof or antibodies thereto (such as Streptococcus A antigen, Chlamydial or Gonococcal antigen or antibody), viruses or components thereof (such as hepatitis, cytomegalovirus or herpes antigen) or antibodies thereto, cancer-producing agents, or C-active protein. The ligand can also be biotin or a derivative thereof, and the receptor is avidin or a derivative thereof. In other embodiments, the ligand can be a nucleic acid (usually in single-stranded form), the amount or presence of which is detected using a complementary single-stranded nucleic acid as the receptor molecule. There are many various assay formats for nucleic acid detection, all of which are readily apparent to one skilled in the art. Detection of HIV-I DNA, β-globin DNA or cytomegaloviral DNA is of particular interest in the practice of this invention. The ligand is preferably an antigenic material, hapten or drug. The receptor is preferably an antibody for said antigenic material, hapten or drug. Competitive binding assays, as described previously, are employed and can be carried out in solution. A solution assay is one in which the reagents are used in a suspension of reagent and test specimen suspected of containing the ligand of interest. Either bound (that is, complexed) or unbound (that is, uncomplexed) materials can be determined in the assay. Physical separation of bound and unbound materials, if desired, can be carried out using any suitable separation technique. In using analytical elements (described below), either vertical or horizontal separation can be used. Bound ligand can be determined using light scattering, turbidimetric, radiometric or spectrophotometric techniques. In a competitive binding assay, the reagent is generally present in a concentration which depends upon the amount of immunological species (that is, receptor) on the polymeric particles and the ligand of interest. A ligand analog (ligand which is detectably labeled) is also used so there is a competition between ligand and ligand analog for a known amount of receptor available for reaction. The assay is generally carried out by physically contacting and mixing the reagent, ligand analog and test specimen in a suitable container so that complexation occurs. Incubation may be used to promote complexation and any chemical or biological reactions (such as dye formation) needed for detection of the complexes. More particularly, the ligand is an immunological species. The reaction of ligand and receptor form an immunological complex which is detectable once water-soluble (uncomplexed) materials are removed from the complex (for example, by filtration or centrifugation). This indicates the presence or absence of the species in the specimen. The methods of this invention can also be carried out using dry analytical elements. The simplest element can be composed of an adsorbent, fluid permeable substrate, for example, a thin sheet of a self-supporting adsorbent or bibulous material such as a filter paper or paper strip. This substrate has one or more reaction zones for chemical, biological or specific binding reactions to occur therein. The reagent of this invention is present in at least one of these zones. Other optional zones can include other reagents, such as dyes, dye-providing compounds, scavengers, antioxidants, enzyme substrates or buffers and other materials readily apparent to one skilled in the art. Such elements are known in the art as test strips, analytical elements, slides or dip sticks. Absorbent materials useful in preparing the elements can include cellulosic materials (such as porous papers), porous polymeric films, mats of glass fibers, woven or nonwoven fabrics and other materials known to one skilled in the art. Preferred substrates are porous spreading layers. Preferred elements can include one or more superposed fluid-permeable layers, all of which are superposed on a nonporous, fluid impermeable support (which can be transparent or not) composed of a suitable polymeric, cellulosic or metallic material. The layers can be used for various purposes, such as for reaction zones, subbing zones, reagent zones, barrier zones, radiation-blocking zones and other uses well known in the art. Where desired, reagents and buffers can move among the layers for the desired reactions to carry out the assay and provide a detectable product and separation of bound and unbound materials. While it is preferred that the reagent of this invention be incorporated into an element for use, this is not critical because the reagent can be added to the element at the time of the assay along with the test specimen. Preferably, however, the ligand analog and reagent of this invention (containing the appropriate receptor) are located within the element in different zones so they will not complex prematurely. Preferably, the ligand analog is labeled with an enzyme, such as one described below, the ligand is an antigenic material, hormone, hapten or drug, and the receptor is the corresponding antibody or immunoreactant. Such elements are particularly useful for the determination of carbamazepine, thyroxine, phenobarbital, phenytoin or digoxin. Most preferably, they are useful for the determination of phenobarbital, phenytoin or digoxin. A variety of different elements, depending upon the method of assay, can be prepared according to this invention. They can be configured in a variety of forms, including elongated tapes of any desired width, sheets, slides or chips. The solution or dry assay of this invention can be manual or automated. In general, in the use of dry elements, analyte determination is made by taking the element from a supply roll, chip packet or other source and physically contacting it with a sample of test specimen. This method also allows the specimen and reagents within the element to become mixed in one or more test zones. Such contact can be accomplished in any suitable manner, for example, by dipping or immersing the element into the sample or, preferably, by applying a drop of the specimen to the element with a suitable dispensing means. Wash fluids can also be used in the assay. Assay results are generally determined by observing detectable spectrophotometric changes in the element either visually or with suitable detection equipment. Another embodiment of this invention is agglutination assays. Accordingly, a ligand is complexed with the reagent of this invention to form a detectable agglutination or clumping of the particles. The resulting agglutination can be detected in a variety of ways, for example visually or with suitable light scattering detection equipment. Agglutination assays are preferably carried out using reagents of the present invention which are detectably labeled in some manner. Labels include a radioisotope in the particle or in the biologically active substance attached thereto, or with a colorimetric or fluorometric dye associated with the particle. Most preferably, a dye is within the interior of the particle. This prevents interference with the attachment of a biologically active substance or its complexation. Such particles can be core-shell particles having the dye within a core polymer while the shell copolymer is free of dye. In core-shell polymer particles, the shell copolymer has a composition having the necessary active succinimidoxycarbonyl groups. The core polymer, however, can be different and need not have active groups. According to the invention, the immunological species can be an antigenic material and the receptor an antibody therefor. Alternatively, the immunological species can be an antibody and the receptor an antigenic material specific therefor. The reagent of this invention can be used in immunometric assays. In such assays, the ligand of interest is complexed with two or more receptor molecules (the same or different), one of which is insolubilized or capable of being insolubilized (such as through an avidin-biotin bond), and the other being water-soluble and appropriately labeled (such as with a radioisotope, enzyme, chemiluminescent moiety or other marker known in the art). For example, a immunometric assay for a ligand such as human chorionic gonadotropin can be carried out with a reagent of this invention having antibodies to the hormone in combination with enzyme-labeled antibodies to gonadotropin which will complex at different epitopic sites than the reagent antibodies. The resulting sandwich complex is insoluble, detectable and separatable from uncomplexed materials (such as with a microporous filtration membrane). In a preferred embodiment, the reagent of this invention has a receptor for the ligand of interest, and is immobilized on the membrane. Preferably, in the sandwich assays, either prior to, simultaneously with, or subsequent to the formation of the water-insoluble complex with the reagent of this invention, the ligand of interest is reacted with a water-soluble specific binding component specifically active therefor. Other ligands which can be detected in sandwich assays according to this invention include, but are not limited to, Streptococcal antigens, antigens extracted from microorganisms associated with periodontal diseases, hepatitis antigens, HIV-I and other retroviral antigens. In the sandwich assay, the reagent of this invention can be directly reacted with the ligand of interest, for example, where the ligand is an antigen, and the reagent comprises antibodies thereto. Alternatively, the reagent is complexed with the ligand indirectly, that is, through an intermediate linking moiety. Another embodiment of this invention is a hybridization assay wherein a targeted nucleic acid is detected using complementary probes. One of the probes is suitably labeled, and the other is immobilized, or capable of being immobilized. The reagent of this invention can be used as an immobilized probe (also known as a capture probe) in such assays. These reagents can also be used as capture probes after polymerase chain reaction amplification, for example. An amplified nucleic acid is immobilized by hydridization with the reagent of this invention. In preferred hybridization assays, the nucleic acid of interest is amplified using polymerase chain reaction with suitable reagents (for example, DNA polymerase, dNTPs, primers) prior to capture with the reagent of this invention. HIV-I DNA, cytomegaloviral DNA and β-globin DNA are readily detected using amplification and detection according to this invention. In one embodiment, one of the primers is biotinylated, and detection of the amplified nucleic acid is accomplished using a conjugate of avidin and an enzyme. The hybridized product can be captured using the reagent which may be attached to or localized on a substrate of some type, including a microporous substrate such as a membrane, or a compartment of a self-contained reaction pouch. The analytical, sandwich and hybridization assays of this invention can be carried out using suitable equipment and procedures so that complexed or hybridized product is captured or separated from uncomplexed materials by filtration, centrifugation or other means. Preferably, such assays are carried out using disposable test devices which contain microporous filtration membranes (for example those commercially available from Pall Corp. and those commercially available as SureCell™ test devices from Eastman Kodak Co.). The analytical separation method of this invention can be used to isolate one or more analytes of interest from a mixture of biological materials. Thus, the reagent of this invention (or several reagents having different substances attached to particles) is generally placed in a column through which a fluid containing the mixture of biological materials is poured, allowing the reagent to extract from the fluid those materials one wants to isolate. This may be useful in the purification of nucleic acids, enzymes, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, steroids, antibodies, peptides or hormones, known as affinity chromatography. Affinity chromatography can also be used to concentrate dilute solutions of proteins in order to remove denatured forms thereof from refined proteins, and in the separation and resolution of protein and peptide components which have originated in specific chemical modifications. Another use of this method is to purify nucleic acids, such as those resulting from polymerase chain reaction amplification. The reagent of this invention can be supplied for any of the described methods as a single material, or it can be supplied in an analytical element as described above, or yet again in combination with other reagents, test devices and equipment in a diagnostic test kit. For the purification method, the reagent can also be supplied in an affinity chromatography column. In one embodiment of the purification method, one or more predetermined biologically active substances in the specimen mixture are captured by the reagent. The original eluent is discarded and the captured substances are removed from the column using a solvent which alters the binding characteristics of the substances allowing them to be uncomplexed. Such solvents include buffers which alter the pH, salt solutions which alter the ionic nature of the complex or solutions containing a second species which will specifically bind to the reagent and replace the captured substance. Alternatively, the predetermined substances captured by the reagent are discarded, and other chemical or biological materials remaining in the original eluent are collected. All percentages are by weight, unless otherwise specified. EXAMPLE 1 Immobilization of anti-phenobarbital antibody on polymer beads of the invention and retention of antibody activity The following copolymer beads were evaluated: The beads were all treated under the same condition. A reaction dispersion was prepared comprising 0.3 mg of anti-phenobarbital antibody and 30 mg dry weight of beads in 0.1 molar buffer #1 [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(3-propane-sulfonic acid)], pH 8.5, 1.5 mL final volume and placed in tubes. The capped tubes containing the reaction mixtures were rotated end-over-end at room temperature for 4 hours. The reactions were quenched by the addition of 0.3 mL of bovine serum albumin solution at 100 mg/L. The tubes were rotated end-over-end for an additional 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixtures were centrifuged, the supernatants removed, and the beads resuspended in 1 mL of phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4. This step was repeated 3 more times. The final resuspension was in 1.8 mL phosphate buffered saline (hereinafter "saline"), and merthiolate was added to 0.02% final concentration. Identical reactions were performed using 125 I-labeled bovine gamma globulin. These reactions were performed to assess the total mass of antibody adsorbed to the surface. The analysis was performed as follows: a quantity of 0.18 mL of the reaction mixture following addition of the bovine serum albumin quench was taken and monitored for radioactivity. As in the case of the antibody beads, the beads were centrifuged; a 0.18 mL sample of the supernatant was taken and monitored for radioactivity. The remainder of the supernatant was removed and the beads were resuspended in 1 mL of phosphate buffered saline. The beads were again centrifuged then resuspended in 1 mL of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and monitored for radioactivity. The ratio of radioactivity of the washed beads to the initial radioactivity of the reaction mixture was used to calculate the amount of labeled globulin, and by analogy, the amount of antibody adsorbed on the bead surfaces. The relative amounts of active antibody in the preparations were determined in an assay in which serial dilutions of the antibody bead dispersions were mixed with a fixed concentration of one of two antigens: phenobarbital-enzyme label or 3 H-phenobarbital. The reaction between the diluted antibody bead dispersions and the enzyme labels were incubated for one hour at room temperature with constant agitation in phosphate buffered salinecontaining 0.1% albumin. Following incubation, the beads were centrifuged and a sample of the supernatant was removed to determine the concentration of antigen remaining in solution. The antibody binding sites required to bind 50% of the antigens were calculated. The results are summarized below: Sample Nanomolar theoretical binding sites required to remove 50% of the antigen enzyme-label at 5e-10M total 3 H-Phenobarbital at 5e-9M total 1 0.60 11 2 1.4 25 3 1.0 25 These results show that antibody immobilized on the beads of Sample 1 can bind more phenobarbital-enzyme conjugate or phenobarbital drug at lower concentrations of immobilized antibody indicating that the antibody immobilized on the beads retains more activity than when immobilized on other beads. EXAMPLE 2 Immobilization of anti-phenytoin antibody on copolymer beads of this invention and retention of activity The following copolymer beads were evaluated. SAMPLE COMPOSITION 1 Same polymer as in Example 1, sample 1, except having a molar ratio of 87.32/12.68 rather than 96.83/3.17 2 Same polymer as Example 1, Sample 2 3 Poly(styrene-co- m - and p -(60/40)-(2-chloroethylsulfonylmethyl)styrene-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (molar ratio 94.5/4.5/1) 4 Poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) (molar ratio 97.5/2.5) 5 Poly(styrene-co- m - and p -(60/40)-(4-carboxy-butyryloxymethyl)styrene) (molar ratio 97.84/2.16) 6 Poly(styrene-co-4-carboxybutyryloxyethyl methacrylate) (molar ratio 97.84/2.16) 7 Poly(styrene-co-4-carboxybutyrylpoly(oxyethylene) methacrylate (molar ratio 98.71/2.19) The activator for the reaction of the lysine residues of the antibody with the carboxylic acid groups of copolymers 4-7 is 1-(1-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)pyridinium chloride, hereinafter referred to as "activator". The beads were all treated under the same conditions. Reaction dispersions were prepared comprising 0.3 mg of antibody (anti-phenytoin antibody DPH 1.2) and 30 mg dry beads and a final volume of 1.5 mL. For beads 1-3, buffer #1, pH 8.5 was used. For beads 4-7, buffer #2 (2-(4-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid 0.1 molar) was used and 0.5 mmol of activator/g beads (0.015 mmol) was present. The antibody bearing beads were prepared as follows: Aliquots of the polymer particle dispersions containing 30 mg beads dry weight were placed in 2 mL microfuge tubes. The appropriate buffers were added to bring the volume in each tube to 1.5 mL. The beads were centrifuged 10 min. at 13,000 rpm and the supernatant discarded. Beads 1-3 were resuspended with 1.393 mL of buffer #1. Beads 4-7 were resuspended with 1.093 mL of buffer #2. A solution of activator (0.3 mL of a solution at 0.05 molar in buffer #2) was added to tubes 4-7; the tubes were capped and rotated end-over-end for 10 minutes. An aliquot (0.107 mL at 2.82 mg/mL) anti-phenytoin antibody was added to each tube, the tubes were capped and rotated end-over-end for 4 hours. The reactions were quenched by the addition of 0.3 mL of bovine serum albumin solution at 100 mg/mL. The tubes were rotated end-over-end for an additional 16 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixtures were centrifuged, the supernatants removed and saved for analysis, and the beads resuspended in 1 mL of saline solution. This step was repeated 3 times. The final resuspension was in 1.8 mL saline and merthiolate was added to 0.02% final concentration. The supernatants from the reaction mixture were analyzed for total antibody concentration by ELISA. The amount of antibody bound to the surface was calculated from this result. The relative amounts of active antibody in the preparations were determined in an assay in which serial dilutions of the antibody bead dispersion were mixed with a fixed concentration of one of three different antigens: hapten-enzyme conjugates prepared with two different haptens {5,5-diphenylhydantoin-3-1-valeric acid (haptan #1) and 5-ethyl-5-phenylhydantoin-3-1-valeric acid (haptan #2)} and 3 H-phenytoin. The reaction between the diluted antibody bead dispersions and the various antigens were incubated for one hour at room temperature with constant agitation in phosphate buffered saline containing 1.0% albumin. The amount of enzyme-label or 3 H phenytoin remaining in solution after centrifugation was determined and the theoretical number of binding sites required to bind 50% of the antigens were calculated. The results are show below: Sample Nanomolar theoretical binding sites required to bind 50% of the antigen at 5e-10M total HAPTAN #1 HAPTAN #2 3 H-phenytoin 1 2.5 2.5 1.2 2 2.5 4.0 1.2 3 2.0 5.0 1.1 4 10 120 12 5 15 120 6.0 6 10 80 6.0 7 25 >250 15 These results show antibody immobilized on beads of Sample 1 binds haptan #2 at lower concentrations of immobilized binding sites than antibody immobilized on any of the other beads. This indicates that the antibody retains more haptan #2 binding sites when immobilized on beads of the invention than when immobilized on the other beads. The antibody retains more activity toward the antigen when immobilized on beads of Sample 1 than when immobilized on any of the carboxylic acid group bearing beads. Antibody activity toward haptan #1 and 3 H-phenytoin when immobilized on Sample 1 beads is similar to the activity of the antibody immobilized on the type beads which have chloroethylsulfonyl groups. EXAMPLE 3 Reaction of the Particles of Example 1, Sample 1 with 3 H Bovine Gamma Globulin One portion of Example 1, Sample 1 (93 mL, 16.2%) solids containing 15 mg of polymer (dry weight) was combined with 27 mL at 10 mg/mL (0.273 mg) of labeled (tritiated) bovine gamma globulin and brought to a final volume of 1.5 mL with buffer #1, pH 8.5, in a microcentrifuge tube. The reaction was continued for 24 hours at room temperature by end-over-end rotation of the tube at 30-35 rpm while attached to a rotating plate mounted at a 45° angle. A second portion was treated as described above except that the reaction was conducted at 37°C. At the end of the described reaction times, each reaction was quenched by addition of excess albumin, bovine serum albumin (250 mL at 100 mg/mL) and continuing rotation for an additional 4 hours. The total amount of labeled globulin bound was determined by measuring: a) the cpm (counts per minute) of a 250 mL aliquot of the reaction mixture; b) the cpm of a 250 mL aliquot of the supernatant following centrifugation at 14,000 rpm, 10 min, of a 1 mL sample of the reaction mixture; and c) the cpm of the material bound to the latex following repeated washes of the pellet obtained in (b). The fraction of globulin which is having been covalently bound to the latex was determined following incubation of a 500 mL reacted latex in the presence of 400 mL of buffer #1 and 100 mL of 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 37°C for 20 hours with end-over-end rotation. The same procedure described above for determining the total amount of labeled globulin bound is used to determine the amount having been covalently bound. The results are reported in Tables I and II. Globulin Bound to Polymer SAMPLE REACTION TEMP. LABELED GLOBULIN OFFERED % BOUND mg GLOBULIN/g POLYMER 1 Room Temp 0.5 mg 82 2.7 2 37°C 0.5 mg 85 2.8 Labeled Globulin Covalently Bound (After sodium dodecyl sulfate Treatment) SAMPLE REACTION TEMP. % BOUND mg GLOBULIN/g POLYMER RATIO COVALENT/TOTAL 1 Room Temp 57 1.9 .69 2 37°C 60 2.0 .71 The results of these reactions show that roughly equivalent amounts of labeled globulin are having been covalently attached at either temperature.

Claims: A method of preparing a biologically active reagent comprising a step of reacting: (I) a water-insoluble, nonporous particle wherein at least the outer surface is composed of a noncrosslinked copolymer formed from the following monomer units: (a) from 80 to 99.9 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable oleophilic monomers which provide hydrophobicity to the copolymer, provided that none of the monomers are crosslinking monomers, (b) from 0.1 to 20 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers having a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, and (c) from 0 to 10 mole percent of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers, with (II) a biologically active substance wherein (I) and (II) are covalently attached through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of the succinimidoxycarbonyl group. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the biologically active substance is selected from amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, proteins, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, hormones, drugs, steroids, vitamins, polysaccharides, glycolipids, alkaloids, microorganisms, viruses, protozoa, fungi, parasites, rickettsia, molds, blood components, tissue and organ components, pharmaceuticals, haptens, lectins, toxins, nucleic acids, antigenic materials, avidin and derivatives thereof, biotin or derivatives thereof, and components thereof. The method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the biologically active substance is an antibody. The method as claimed in any of claims 1 through 3 wherein monomer (b) is represented by the structure: wherein: R is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms or halo, L is a linking group having at least 2 carbon atoms in the linking chain and consists of a combination of at least two of: (1) alkylene groups having 1 to 8 groups atoms, (2) arylene groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms,(3) hetero atoms, of (4) heteroatom-containing groups, m is 0 or 1, n is 1 or 2, and P is 0 or 1, with the proviso that when n is 2, one of said alkylene and arylene is necessarily trivalent. The method as claimed in any of claims 1 through 4 wherein monomer (b) is N-acryloyloxysuccinimide, 4-(2-succinimidoxycarbonylethylthiomethyl)styrene, 4-(1,2-bis(succinimidoxycarbonyl)ethylthiomethyl)-styrene, 4-(2-succinimidoxycarbonylphenyl-thiomethyl)styrene. An analytical element comprising a fluid-permeable substrate having one or more reaction zones therein, and containing, in at least one of said zones, a biologically active reagent, the element characterized wherein the biologically active reagent comprises: (I) a water-insoluble, nonporous particle of a noncrosslinked copolymer formed from the following monomer units: (a) from 80 to 99.9 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable oleophilic monomers which provide hydrophobicity to the copolymer, provided that none of the monomers are crosslinking monomers, (b) from 0.1 to 20 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers having a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, and (c) from 0 to 10 mole percent of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers, and (II) a biologically active substance having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of the succinimidoxycarbonyl group. The element as claimed in claim 6 wherein the biologically active substance is an antibody. The element as claimed in either of claims 6 or 7 wherein monomer (b) is represented by the structure: wherein: R is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms or halo, L is a linking group having at least 2 carbon atoms in the linking chain and is a combination of at least two of: (1) alkylene groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, (2) arylene groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, (3) hetero atoms, or (4) heteroatom-containing groups, m is 0 or 1, n is 1 or 2, and P is 0 or 1, with the proviso that when n is 2, one of the alkylene and arylene is necessarily trivalent. An analytical element comprising a nonporous support, having imposed thereon, in fluid contact and in order, a reagent layer containing one or more reagents for providing a detectable signal in the assay in response to an enzyme, a porous spreading layer containing a biologically active reagent, and an analog of a ligand labeled to the enzyme placed in any layer above the nonporous support, the element characterized wherein the biologically active reagent comprises: (I) a water-insoluble, nonporous particle of a noncrosslinked copolymer formed from the following monomer units: (a) from 80 to 99.9 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable oleophilic monomers which provide hydrophobicity to the copolymer, provided that none of the monomers are crosslinking monomers, (b) from 0.1 to 20 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers having a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, and (c) from 0 to 10 mole percent of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers, and (II) a receptor for the ligand having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of the succinimidoxycarbonyl group. A method for the determination of a specific binding ligand comprising: A. contacting a specimen suspected of containing a water-soluble specific binding ligand with a biologically active reagent to form a water-insoluble specific binding complex of the ligand with a receptor, and B. detecting the presence or absence of the ligand in the specimen, the method characterized wherein the biologically active reagent comprises: (I) a water-insoluble, nonporous particle of a noncrosslinked copolymer formed from the following monomer units: (a) from 80 to 99.9 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable oleophilic monomers which provide hydrophobicity to the copolymer, provided that none of the monomers are crosslinking monomers, (b) from 0.1 to 20 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers having a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, and (c) from 0 to 10 mole percent of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers, and (II) a receptor for the ligand having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of the succinimidoxycarbonyl group. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the ligand is an antigenic material, hapten or drug, and the receptor is an antibody for the antigenic material, hapten or drug. A method for the determination of a specific binding ligand comprising: A. contacting a specimen suspected of containing a water-soluble specific binding ligand with a biologically active reagent: B. prior to, simultaneously with or subsequent to the contact in step A, contacting the specimen with a receptor for the ligand to form a water-soluble specific binding complex of the receptor with the water-soluble ligand and a water-insoluble specific binding complex of the receptor with water-insoluble ligand, C. separating the water-insoluble complex from water-soluble materials, and D. detecting the presence of the water-insoluble complex as an indication of the presence or absence of the ligand in the specimen, the method characterized wherein the biologically active reagent comprises: (I) a water-insoluble, nonporous particle of a noncrosslinked copolymer formed from the following monomer units: (a) from 80 to 99.9 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable oleophilic monomers which provide hydrophobicity to the copolymer, provided that none of the monomers are crosslinking monomers, (b) from 0.1 to 20 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers having a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, and (c) from 0 to 10 mole percent of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers, and (II) molecules of the ligand having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of the succinimidoxycarbonyl group. An analytical purification method comprising: A. passing a specimen containing a mixture of biologically active substances over an affinity chromatography reagent comprising a particle and a specific binding substance, and B. collecting the one or more predetermined biologically active substances on the reagent, the method characterized wherein the particle comprises: a water-insoluble, nonporous particle of a noncrosslinked copolymer formed from the following monomer units: (a) from 80 to 99.9 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable oleophilic monomers which provide hydrophobicity to the copolymer, provided that none of the monomers are crosslinking monomers, (b) from 0.1 to 20 mole percent of one or more ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers having a succinimidoxycarbonyl group, and (c) from 0 to 10 mole percent of one or more other ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomers, and the specific binding substance having been covalently attached to the particle through an amide group by displacement of the succinimidoxy portion of the succinimidoxycarbonyl group, the specific binding substance being specific to one or more predetermined biologically active substances in the specimen mixture of biologically active substances.

Inventors: DANIELSON SUSAN JEAN, OENICK MARSHA DENISE BALE, PONTICELLO IGNAZIO SALVATORE C, SUTTON RICHARD CALVIN, DANIELSON, SUSAN JEAN, OENICK, MARSHA DENISE BALE, PONTICELLO, IGNAZIO SALVATORE, SUTTON, RICHARD CALVIN, DANIELSON, SUSAN JEAN, C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, OENICK, MARSHA DENISE BALE, C/O EASTMAN KODAK, PONTICELLO, IGNAZIO SALVATORE, C/O EASTMAN KODAK, SUTTON, RICHARD CALVIN, C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Applicants: JOHNSON & JOHNSON CLIN DIAG, JOHNSON & JOHNSON CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: G01N33
IPC codes: G01N33, C12Q1