PLA2 INHIBITORY COMPOUNDS

Abstract: The present invention provides peptides and compounds which inhibit the enzyme activity of Type II phospholipases A2. The preferred compounds are pentapeptides. Where the phospholipase human Type II phospholipase A2 the preferred peptides are FLSYK and KFLSY.

Description: PT.A? INHIBITORY COMPOUNDS Field of the Invention The present invention relates to peptides which inhibit the enzymatic activity of phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 s) and illustrated with peptides which inhibit the activity of Type II PLAN'S particularly synovial PLA 2 and snake PLA 2 (Crotalus durissus and Crotalus atrox) . In addition, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical composition including, as the active ingredient these peptides and to methods of treatment involving the administration of this composition. Background of the Invention Phospholipases A~ constitute a diverse family of enzymes with two subclasses (Type I and Type II) (Fig. 1), based on the positions of the disulphide bonds in the molecules while bee venom PLA 2 constitutes a third substantially distinct class of LA 2 . X-ray crystallography has revealed that the segments comprising the functional substructure of the enzyme is similar in classes. This similarity is particularly striking when the structurally-related Type i/ll enzymes are compared with bee venom enzyme (2). PLA 2 hydrolyses the sn-2 acyl ester bond of phosphoglycerides initiating the release of fatty acid precursors of inflammatory eicosanoids. Human synovial PLA 2 (a Type II molecule) has recently been isolated and identified (3). The same PLA 2 has been implicated in the pathogensis of several inflammatory diseases in humans such as rheumatoid arthritis and Gram negative septic shock (7;8) . Murine, inhibitory monoclonal antibodies raised against synovial PL 2 have demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy. Accordingly, there is interest in the development of compositions which inhibit the enzymatic activity of PLA ? . Tryptic digestion of human synovial PLA„ and subsequent separation and analysis of the fragments by HPLC gave a very interesting and unexpected result for one of the peaks in that it contained two peptides; one a heptapeptide (the N-terminal peptide) and the other a pentapeptide, FLSYK (corresponding to residues 70-74 in other PLA„ molecules, based on three-dimensional structural "homology" of mammalian PLA,* amino acid sequences (1,4)). The pentapeptide was found in an earlier eluting, fully resolved peak (as expected) . Since the HPLC system failed to fully resolve these two peptides in the latter peak, these data suggest that the two peptides had a strong affinity for one another and raised questions as to the structural implications of this. X-ray diffraction studies (5,6) have shown that amino acid residues in the two peptides are close to the active site of the enzyme and are important in forming or stablising the channel in which the l,2-diacyl-3-sn-phosphoglyceride substrate is precisely positioned for hydrolysis of the 2-ester bond. The first turn of the N-terminal helix (residues 1 to 12) is stablised by a hydrogen bond network provided by the N-terminus and residue 4, elements of residues 69 to 71 and a water mediated link to the catalytic residues; residues 2 and 5 form the "floor" of the channel, residue 9 forms the right wall and the left wall is formed by residue 69 (either tyrosine or lysine usually) which is predicted to move after the substrate has docked and to form a hydrogen bond with the sn-3 phosphate of the substrate. The chemical evidence of the strong interactions between the heptapeptide and the pentapeptide prompted the supposition that the PLA„ activity may be inhibited in the presence of either one of these peptides. Using synthetic peptide chemistry the present inventors have prepared the pentapeptide FLSYK and demonstrated that addition of it to the assay medium decreased the enzyme activity of human synovial PLA 2 (Fig 2a) . Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the pentapeptide that occupies the 70-74 region of snake PLA 2 ( DIYR) also inhibited the activity of snake PLA 2 (see Fig. 3b). It is believed that this inhibition is mediated by the peptide binding to the amino terminal end of the enzyme and blocking the reaction either by blocking the substrate access to the hydrophobic channel or by distorting the structure sufficiently to prevent correct orientation of the substrate. Summary of the Invention Accordingly, in a first aspect the present invention consists in a linear or cyclic peptide of at least 5 residues which inhibits the enzymatic activity of human synovial PLA 2 ' the peptide having the following formula:- A l "A 2 "A 3 ""A 4~ A 5 "A 6~ A 7 in which A., is H or one of two naturally occurring amino acids A 2 is F or Y or or absent A 3 is L or V or I or M A. is S or T A c is Y or F or W A β is K or R or H or absent A_ is OH or one or two naturally occurring amino acids. In a preferred embodiment the peptide is a pentapeptide. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention A., is H and A 7 is OH. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention the peptide is FLSYK or KFLSY and most preferably FLSYK. In a second aspect the present invention consists in a linear or cyclic peptide of at least 5 residues which inhibits the enzymatic activity of crotalus durissus PLA 2 , the peptide having the following formula:- B 1 'B 2 "B 3~ B 4 "B 5 "B 6 "B 7 in which B 1 is H or one of two naturally occurring amino acids B, is B or F or Y or absent B 3 is D or E B 4 is I or V or L or M B g is Y or F or W B fi is R or K or H or absent B_ is OH or one or two naturally occurring amino acids. In a preferred embodiment the peptide is a pentapeptide. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention B*. is H and B_ is OH. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention the peptide is WDIYR. In a third aspect the present invention consists in a linear or cyclic peptide of at least 5 residues which inhibits the enzymatic activity of Crotalus atrox PLA 2 , the peptide having the following formula: C -C -C -C -C -C -C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 in which C, is H or one of two naturally occurring amino acids C 2 is T or S or absent C-, is V or I or L or M C 4 is S or T C 5 is Y or F or C β is T or S or absent C- is OH or one or two naturally occurring amino acids. In a preferred embodiment the peptide is a pentapeptide. In another preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention C, is H and C, is OH. In a further preferred embodiment of this aspect of the present invention the peptide is TVSYT. As will be clear to those skilled in the art from the disclosure provided herein, the peptides of the first and second aspect of the present invention illustrate how the enzymatic activity of other PLA 2 s may be inhibited. This inhibition may be achieved by compounds which interact with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the PLA 2 molecule in a manner such that the channel into which the phospholipid diffuses prior to catalytic cleavage is destabilized. Accordingly, in a fourth aspect the present invention consists in a compound which inhibits the enzymatic activity of phospholipase A 2 , the compound being characterized in that it interacts with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the phospholipase A 2 such that the channel into which the phospholipid diffuses prior to catalytic cleavage is either blocked or destabilized. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the P A 2 is human A 2 and the compound is a peptide. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the peptide has the amino acid sequence FLSYK or KFLSY. As will be clear to those skilled in the art, the present inventors have found that the enzymatic activity of a phospholipase A 2 can be inhibited by a peptide having a sequence corresponding to a sequence selected from the region of residues 69 to 75 of the phospholipase 2. Accordingly, in a fifth aspect the present invention consists in a peptide of 5 or 6 residues which inhibits the enzymatic activity of a phospholipase A 2 , the peptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to a sequence selected from the region of residues 69-75 of the phospholipase A ? . In a preferred embodiment this aspect of the present invention the peptide is a pentapeptide and has an amino acid sequence corresponding to the sequence from residue 69-73 or 70-74 of the phospholipase A 2 . In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention the phospholipase A 2 is human phospholipase A 2" In a sixth aspect the present invention consists in a composition for use in treating a subject suffering from septic shock rheumatoid arthritis and/or other inflammatory diseases, the composition comprising a therapeutically acceptable amount of peptide or compound of the first, fourth or fifth aspect of the present invention and a pharmaceutical acceptable sterile carrier. In a seventh aspect the present invention consists in a method of treating septic shock and/or inflammatory disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject the composition of the sixth aspect of the present inventio . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a number of modifications may be made to the peptides of the present invention without deleteriously effecting the biological activity of the peptide. This may be achieved by various changes, such as insertions, deletions and substitutions, either conservative or non-conservative in the peptide sequence where such changes do not substantially decrease the biological activity of the peptide. By conservative substitutions the intended combinations are:- G, A; V, I, L, M; D, E; N, Q; S, T; K, R, H; and F, Y, . It may also be possible to add various groups to the peptide of the present invention to confer advantages such as increased potency or extended half life in vivo, without substantially decreasing the biological activity of the peptide. It is intended that such modifications to the peptide of the present invention which do not result in a decrease in biological activity are with in the scope of the present invention. Detailed Description of the Present Invention In order that the nature of the present invention may be more clearly understood, preferred forms thereof will now be described with reference to the following examples and Figures, in which:- Fig. 1 shows mammalian PLA 2 amino acid sequences. Fig. 2: Inhibition of human PLA 2 using the peptide FLSYK. Fig. 2(a) was obtained using a peptide from a tryptic digest of the enzyme (n=7 £/ control 4 inhibitor) , 2(b) and 2(c) with a synthetic peptide n=ll £7 control * inhibitor £J control φ inhibitor, respectively. The synthetic peptide also inhibits the enzyme in septic shock serum [Fig. 2(c)]. Fig. 3: Dose response curves showing increasing inhibitor with increasing amount of FLSYK and human recombinant Type II PLA 2 (3a fl inhibitor control) and in PLA 2 in septic shock serum (3b inhibitor φ control) . Fig. 4: Dose response curves for FLSYK (4a £) PLA 2 φ control) and DIYR (4b 0 snake (II) 4 control) on human PLA 2 and snake (Crotalus Durissus) PLA 2 respectively. Both peptides occupy similar sites in their parent proteins and show inhibitory properties for the enzymatic activity. Fig. 5 shows a Lineweaver-Buspe plot showing inhibition of PLA 2 by FLSYK (P A 2 φ lOug ff FLSYK <j lug FLSYK) . Inhibition of PLA2 Activity Proteins and Peptides 1. Synovial P A 2. snake PL (Crotalus Durissus and Crotalus ATR?) 2. Phe-Leu-Ser-Tyr-Lys (FLSYK) 3. Acetyl-Phe-Leu-Scr-Tyr-Lys-Methyl ester (Ac-FLSYK-OMe) 4. Trp-Asp-Ile-Tyr-Arg ( DIYR) 5. Lys-Phe-Leu-Ser-Tyr (KFLSY) 6. Thr-Val-Ser-Tyr-Thr (TVSTT) 7. Phe-Lys-Thr-Tyr-Ser (FKTYS) 8. Thr-Glu-Ser-Tyr-Ser (TESYS) 9. Gly-Thr-Lys-Phe-Leu-Ser-Tyr-Lys-Phe-Ser-Asn (GTKFLSYKFSN) 10. Lys-Phe-Leu-Ser-Tyr-Tyr (KFLSYY) 11. Phe-Leu-Ser-Tyr (FLSY) 12. Phe-Leu-Ser-Tyr-Lys-NH 2 . (FLSYK-NH 2 ) Tryptic Digestion of PLA2: Approximately lOOμg of PLA 2 was dissolved in 300μl of lMTris pH 8.0 15 μl of Trypsin solution (10/J /1M Tris pH 8) was added and the peptide/trypsin solution was incubated for 2 hours at 37°C. 5μl of neat TFA was used to lower the pH to terminate the digestion. The whole solution was subjected to microbore HPLC fractionation. Microbore HPLC fractionation: An ABI Microbore syringe pump system Model 140 was used. Detector wavelength was set at 220nm at 0.5 aufs. A RP-300 lxlOOmm was used. Fractionation was carried out by running a linear buffer gradient from 0.1% TFA in water to 0.1% TFA, 70% acetonitrile in water over sixty minutes. Amino acid sequences identified from fractions were: Fraction #2 (K)YQYYSNK Fraction #4 FLSYK Fraction #5 FLSYK NLVNFHR Fraction #7* EALLSYGFYG(C)H(C)GVGGR (C) (C)VTHD(C)(C)YK SQL(C)E(C)DK IT(C)AK AAAT(C)FAR Fraction #9 EAALSYGFYG *peptides are held together by cystinyl bonds; ( ) denotes tentative assignment. Peptide Synthesis: Peptide synthesis was carried out in an ABI Peptide Synthesiser Model 430A. T-Boc chemistry was used. HF cleavage was used to release peptide from the solid support. PLA2 Serial Dilution: Control: lOμl of a standard PLA 2 solution was used at a concentration of 120ng/10μl in 20mM Tris pH 8. Serial dilution was done by adding 20mM Tris pH 8 buffer to the final volume of 20μl. Inhibitor solution: Pentapeptide was usually dissolved in lμl of 0.1% TFA solution and further 9 μl of 20mM Tris pH8 was added. This solution was always maintained around pH7-8. 10 μl of this inhibitor solution was added into 10μl of PLA 2 solution. Incubation: all samples were incubated at 37 C for one hour. PLA 2 solution: A standard PLA 2 solution was prepared in 20mM Tris pH8.0 so that 10μl will give 50% (approx) hydrolysis. Pentapeptide solution: A standard pentapeptide solution was made to lOmg/ml in 0.1% TFA. lOOμl was taken out and neutralised with 900 μl 20mM Tris pH8. 10 μl (10μg was taken out for dose response together with 10 μl of the PLA 2 solution) . Serial dilution was carried out on 10μl aliquots with 20mM Tris pH 8. Septic shock experiments: Septic shock serum was diluted 1/100 for dose response experiments and used neat for serial dilution. Final reaction volume was always in the ratio of 10 / _1 serum/lOμl Tris or pentapeptide solution. Activity assay; PLA 2 activity was measured using a mixed micelle phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)/sodium deoxycholate assay, modified from a method described by Seilhamer et al (1) . The PE substrate was prepared by dissolving freshly desiccated PE (Amersham, Bucks, England) in 2% DOC, then diluting this to 0.22 nmoles PE and 0.04% DOC per sample in assay buffer (50mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, 2mM calcium chloride, 150mM sodium chloride, 0.04% DOC). The sample was prepared by mixing lOμl of the test material with 10μl lOmM Tris-HCl pH7.4 and leaving at 37°C for 10 minutes. The reaction was started by the addition of 25μl prewarmed substrate and terminated by addition of 10μl lOOmM EDTA. The reaction mixture (30 / .1 was spotted and dried on silica TLC plates (Merck, Darmstadt, West Germany) , and the plates were chromatographed using chloroform: methanol: acetic acid (90:10:1) as solvent. The dried plates were exposed overnight with Kodak X OMAT AR film. Radioactivity at the origin and of the liberated arachidonic acid was counted and the percent hydrolysis by PLA 2 determined. A summary of the results obtained with peptides corresponding to residues 70-7u of several Type I and Type II enymes are set out in Table 1. These results show that there is considerable species specificity in that peptides active against one species of PLA 2 were not active against the other species tested. In addition none of the peptides tested were active against A 2 type 1. This result indicates that inhibition by peptides from this region of PLA 2 (70-74) appears to occur only on type II enymes . Peptide 5 was shown to be an active inhibitor of human Type II PLA 2 , however peptides 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 were all formed to be negative. This suggests that the peptide must be of a certain size to show inhibition and that inhibition will occur only with the specific sequence desired from the specific Type II enyme being tested. TABLE 1 Type li II II Enzyme Syno CroLDur. CrotAtr. N.N.Atra Por.Pan PIA. P A„ PIA. PIA. PLA Inhibitor sPLA 2 (FLSYK) CrotDur (WD1YR) CrotaAtr (TVSYT) N.N.At (FKTYS) Por.Pan (TESYS) sPI_A 2 - Human Type II PLA CroL Dur - Crotalus decrissurs PI_A Crot Atr - Crotalus atrox Pl-A N.MAt - Naja naja atrox P^A Por.Pan. - Porcine pancreatic PLA 2 From the above results the present inventors believe that short peptides from the 70-74th region will most likely compete with the substrate for access to the active site and give inhibitory effects. It is believed that variation of the length of the peptides present in these regions may result in a optimisation of the inhibition. The pentapeptide apparently possesses helical structure (approximately one and a half turns). Since the helical structures are stablised by hydrogen bonds between the C=0 of one residue and NH of the fourth residue along the chain, the structure of the pentapeptide may be somewhat unstable and be more sensitive to the environment than a longer helical molecule. On the other hand, it would be expected that the range of sizes that is effective will be limited because of the limited access to the active site of PLA 2 . It is believed that the usual interchange of a hydrophobic residue e.g. Leu to lie, Ser to Thr could also maintain the inhibitory effect. That is, amino acid residues alike in either charge or hydrophobicity could possibly be interchanged with those in the models without destroying the specific interaction of the two regions. Since helix-helix interactions are possibly the cause of the inhibitory action, small increases in the length of the peptides could stablise this structure. The results obtained in these studies also suggest that monoclonal antibodies could be raised against epitopes containing one or both of the peptide regions to effect a similar result on the LA 2 activity. Such monoclonal antibodies could be produced using standard techniques well known in the art. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art the principle of the present invention will also have application for the inhibition of the activity of enzymes other than PLA 2 eg. the neuraminadase enzyme of the influenza virus or neuropeptide Y. It is envisaged that as biological active proteins in general, possess an active conformation which is stabilized by interaction with the surrounding chain of amino acids, that peptides adjacent to, and capable of interaction with the residues within the active site will inhibit the activity of the enzyme. It is intended that such other peptides are included within the scope of the present invention. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. REFERENCES 1. Johnson L.K. et al. Advance in Exp. Med & Biol; PLA 2 Role and Function in Inflammation, P.Y-K Wong ed, PLenum Press 17-34 (1991). 2. Scott D.L. et al. Science 250, 1563 (1990). 3. Seilhamer J.J. et al;, J. Biol Chem 264, 5335 (1989). 4. Renetseder R. et al, J. Biol Chem 260, 11627 (1985) 5. Scott D.L. et al. Science 250, 1541 (1990). 6. White S.P. et al. Science 250, 1560 (1990). 7. Prozanski W. et al, J. Rheumatol., 15:1351-1355 (1988) 8. Vadas P., J. Lab. Clin. Med., 104:873-881 (1984)

Claims: THE CLAIMS DEFINING THE INVENTION ARE AS FOLLOWS:- 1. A compound which inhibits the enzymatic activity of Type II phospholipases A„, the compound being characterized in that it interacts with the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the phospholipase A 2 such that the channel into which the phospholipid diffuses prior to catalytic cleavage is either blocked or destabilized. 2. A compound as claimed in claim 1 in which the PLA 2 is human PLA„. 3. A compound as claimed in claim 1 or claim 5 in which the compound is a peptide. 4. A compound as claimed in claim 3 in which the peptide is a pentapeptide. 5. A linear or cyclic peptide of at least 5 residues which inhibits the enzymatic activity of human synovial PLA 2 , the peptide having the following formula:- A l "A 2 "A 3 "A 4~ A 5 "A 6 "A 7 in which A., is H or one of two naturally occurring amino acids A. is F or Y or B or absent A 3 is L or V or I or M A*, is Y or F or W A g is K or R or H or absent A_ is OH or one or two naturally occurring amino acids. 6. A peptide as claimed in claim 1 in which the peptide is a pentapeptide. 7. A peptide as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 in which A., is H and A-, is OH. 8. A peptide as claimed in any claims 3 to 7 in which the peptide is FLSYK or KFLSY. 9. A peptide of 5 or 6 residues which inhibits the enzymatic activity of a phospholipase A 2 , the peptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to a sequence selected from the region of residues 69-75 of the phospholipase A 2 . 10. A peptide as claimed in claim 9 in which the peptide is a pentapeptide and has an amino acid sequence corresponding to the sequence from residue 69-73 or 70-74 of the phospholipase A 2 . 11. A peptide as claimed in claim 9 or claim 10 in which the phospholipase A 2 is human phospholipase A 2 . 12. A linear or cyclic peptide of at least 5 residues which inhibits the enzymatic activity of crotalus durissus PLA 2 , the peptide having the following formula:- B 1~ B 2~ B 3~ B 4~ B 5~ B 6~ B 7 in which B. is H or one of two naturally occurring amino acids B« is W or F or Y or absent B 3 is D or E B. is I or V or L or M B 5 is Y or F or W B fi is R or K or H or absent B- is OH or one or two naturally occurring amino acids. 13. A peptide as claimed in claim 12 in which B 1 is H and B ? is OH. 14. A peptide as claimed in claim 12 or claim 13 in which the peptide is WDIYR. 15. A linear or cyclic peptide of at least 5 residues which inhibits the enzymatic activity of Crotalus atrox PLA , the peptide having the following formula: C -C -C -C -C -C -C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 in which C, is H or one of two naturally occurring amino acids C 2 is T or S or absent C 3 is V or I or L or M C . is S or T C c is Y or F or W C g is T or S or absent C_ is OH or one or two naturally occurring amino acids. 16. A peptide as claimed in claim 15 in which C, is H and C_ is OH. 17. A peptide as claimed in claim 15 or claim 16 in which the peptide is TVTSYT. 18. A composition for use in treating the subject suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock and/or inflammatory disease, the composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the peptide as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11 and a pharmaceutically acceptable sterile carrier. 19. A method of treating rheumatoid arthritis, septic shock and/or inflammatory disease in a subject comprising administering to the subject the composition of claim 18.

Inventors: INGLIS ADAM, TSENG ALBERT PENG SHENG, INGLIS, ADAM, TSENG, ALBERT, PENG, SHENG
Applicants: GARVAN INST MED RES, GARVAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH
Application year: 1992
Main classification: C07K7
IPC codes: A61K38, A61P9, A61P29, C07K7, C12N9