A sump

Abstract: A release agent management (RAM) system including a metering roll (110) supported for contact with release agent material (106) contained in a sump (108). Release agent material (106) in the form of relatively low viscosity silicone oil is pumped into the sump (108) via an inlet (134) attached at one end (122) of the sump (108). An outlet (141) is attached to the sump (108) at its other end (124). By attaching inlet and outlet hoses at the ends of the sump (108), maximum clearance for the paper and a cost effective RAM is provided. Oil height variation due to sump tipping, end-to-end, is minimized by structure (126, 128) internal to the sump (108) which simulates a central (138) inlet/outlet.

Description: The present invention relates to a sump and more particularly, but not exclusively, to a fuser apparatus for electrostatographic printing machines, and in particular to release agent management (RAM) systems for a heat and pressure roll fuser. In imaging systems commonly used today, a charge retentive surface is typically charged to a uniform potential and thereafter exposed to a light source to thereby selectively discharge the charge retentive surface to form a latent electrostatic image thereon. The image may comprise either the discharged portions or the charged portions of the charge retentive surface. The light source may comprise any well known device such as a light lens scanning system or a laser beam. Subsequently, the electrostatic latent image on the charge retentive surface is rendered visible by developing the image with developer powder referred to in the art as toner. The most common development systems employ developer which comprises both charged carrier particles and charged toner particles which triboelectrically adhere to the carrier particles. During development, the toner particles are attracted from the carrier particles by the charged pattern of the image areas of the charge retentive surface to form a powder image thereon. This toner image may be subsequently transferred to a support surface such as plain paper to which it may be permanently affixed by heating or by the application of pressure or a combination of both. In order to fix or fuse the toner material onto a support member permanently by heat, it is necessary to elevate the temperature of the toner material to a point at which constituents of the toner material coalesce and become tacky. This action causes the toner to flow to some extent onto the fibers or pores of the support members or otherwise upon the surfaces thereof. Thereafter, as the toner material cools, solidification of the toner material occurs causing the toner material to be bonded firmly to the support member. One approach to thermal fusing of toner material images onto the supporting substrate has been to pass the substrate with the unfused toner images thereon between a pair of opposed roller members at least one of which is internally heated. During operation of a fusing system of this type, the support member to which the toner images are electrostatically adhered is moved through the nip formed between the rolls with the toner image contacting the heated fuser roll to thereby effect heating of the toner images within the nip. Typical of such fusing devices are two roll systems wherein the fusing roll is coated with an adhesive material, such as a silicone rubber or other low surface energy elastomer or, for example, tetrafluoroethylene resin sold by E. I. DuPont De Nemours under the trademark Teflon. In these fusing systems, however, since the toner image is tackified by heat it frequently happens that a part of the image carried on the supporting substrate will be retrained by the heated fuser roller and not penetrate into the substrate surface. The tackified toner may stick to the surface of the fuser roll and offset to a subsequent sheet of support substrate or offset to the pressure roll when there is no sheet passing through a fuser nip resulting in contamination of the pressure roll with subsequent offset of toner from the pressure roll to the image substrate. To obviate the foregoing toner offset problem it has been common practice to utilize toner release agents such as silicone oil, in particular, polydimethyl silicone oil, which is applied to the fuser roll surface to a thickness of the order of about 1 micron to act as a toner release material. These materials possess a relatively low surface energy and have been found to be materials that are suitable for use in the heated fuser roll environment. In practice, a thin layer of silicone oil is applied to the surface of the heated roll to form an interface between the roll surface and the toner image carried on the support material. Thus, a low surface energy, easily parted layer is presented to the toners that pass through the fuser nip and thereby prevents toner from adhering to the fuser roll surface. Various systems have been used to deliver release agent fluid to the fuser roll including the use of oil soaked rolls and wicks with and without supply sumps as well as oil impregnated webs. Another type of RAM system is disclosed in US-A 4, 214,549 granted to Rabin Moser on July 29, 1980. As disclosed therein, release agent material is contained in a sump from which it is dispensed using a metering roll and a donor roll, the former of which contacts the release agent material and the latter of which contacts the surface of the heated fuser roll. US-A 4,593,992 issued on June 10, 1986 discloses an image forming apparatus for forming an unfixed image on a recording material including a fixing device having a pair of rotatable members for holding therebetwveen and conveying the recording material to fix the unfixed image on the recording material, speed control device for variably controlling the fixing rotational speed of the pair of rotatable members to a first fixing speed and a second fixing speed lower than the first fixing speed, application apparatus for intermittently supplying a parting agent to at least one of the pair of rotatable members, and application control apparatus for variably controlling the application acting period of the application apparatus in accordance with the fixing rotational speed of the pair of rotatable members variably set by the speed control device. US-A 4,496,234 issued on January 29, 1985 discloses a release agent management (RAM) system for use with a heat and pressure fuser. The system is characterized by the use of a simple reciprocating, positive displacement pump for delivering silicone oil to the heated roll of the fuser. The pump is actuated in response to the fuser rolls being engaged and disengaged, such movement being adapted to act against one or the other of a pair of springs which in cooperation with the oil being pumped forms a damper system which is utilized to control the quantity of oil delivered. The springs and oil cause the velocity of the pump's piston to decay with time which results in more oil being pumped initially. US-A 4,047,885 issued on September 13, 1977 discloses contact fuser assembly for use in an electrostatic reproducing apparatus including an internally heated metal core cooperating with a resilient backup roll to form a nip through which substrates carrying toner images are moved with the toner images contacting the metal core. The fuser assembly is characterized by the provision of a sump of liquid release agent material which material is provided for coating the surface of the fuser roll structure. In order to apply the liquid release agent material to the surface of the fuser roll structure there is provided a cylindrical applicator member which is partially submersed in the release agent material. A ratchet wheel and pawl arrangement is provided for periodically indexing or moving the applicator member in response to disengagement of the backup roll from the fuser roll through pivoting of an arm supporting the backup roll. To this end, the pawl member is pivotably supported by the pivot arm and actuates the ratchet wheel each time the pivot arm is moved for effecting disengagement of the backup roll from the fuser roll. US-A-4,870,445 describes an apparatus for applying release oil to a fuser roller pair. In order to promote enhanced distribution of oil along the length of a trough a series of ramps is provided in or adjacent a side wall of the trough. A common problem for many xerographic subsystems is meeting the levelness specification for the machine; typically plus/minus 1.5 degrees. In the fusing subsystem the problem is proper performance of a donor roll ram system when "all" of the oil runs to one end of the mini-sump. In this situation, one end of the metering roll will receive little or no oil while the other end receives too much oil. A solution for some machines has been to move the outlet of the mini-sump from one end of the sump to a position halfway across from the inboard end to the outboard end (ib /ob) of the mini-sump. This basically reduces the variation in oil height from ib to ob to one half the height variation with the inlet on one end and the outlet on the other. A solution such as this presents problems of positioning feed hoses externally of the sump at the middle thereof. This is because feed hoses at this location have the potential of interfering with the movement of the image substrate such as plain paper. An object of the present invention is to provide a sump, the design of which minimizes the height variation of release agent material in the sump. Accordingly, the present invention provides a sump for holding a quantity of release agent material as defined in claim 1. Briefly, an aspect of the present invention also comprises a RAM system including a metering roll supported for contact with release agent material contained in a sump. Release agent material in the form of relatively low viscosity silicone oil is pumped into the sump via an inlet hose attached at one end of the sump. An outlet hose is attached to the sump at its other end. Maximum clearance for the paper is provided by attaching the inlet and outlet hoses at the ends of sump. Oil height variation due to sump tipping end-to-end, is minimized by structure internal to the sump which simulates a central inlet and a central outlet. The present invention will be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an imaging apparatus suitable for use of the present invention; Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a roll fuser and a release agent management (RAM) system in which an embodiment of the present invention is incorporated; and Figure 3 is a perspective view of a RAM sump incorporating an embodiment of the invention. While the present invention will hereinafter be described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to that embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For a general understanding of the features of the present invention, reference is made to the drawings. In the drawings, like references have been used throughout to designate identical elements. Figure 1 is a schematic elevational view of an illustrative electrophotographic machine incorporating the features of the present invention therein. It will become evident from the following discussion that the present invention is equally well suited for use in a wide variety of printing systems, and is not necessarily limited in its application to the particular system shown herein. Turning initially to Figure 1, during operation of the printing system, a multi-color original document 38 is positioned on a raster input scanner (RIS), indicated generally by the reference numeral 10. The RIS contains document illumination lamps, optics, a mechanical scanning drive, and a charge coupled device (CCD array). The RIS captures the entire original document and converts it to a series of raster scan lines and measures a set of primary color densities, i.e. red, green and blue densities, at each point of the original document. This information is transmitted to an image processing system (IPS), indicated generally by the reference numeral 12. IPS 12 contains control electronics which prepare and manage the image data flow to a raster output scanner (ROS), indicated generally by the reference numeral 16. A user interface (UI), indicated generally by the reference numeral 14, is in communication with IPS 12. UI 14 enables an operator to control the various operator adjustable functions. The output signal from UI 14 is transmitted to IPS 12. A signal corresponding to the desired image is transmitted from IPS 12 to ROS 16, which creates the output copy image. ROS 16 lays out the image in a series of horizontal scan lines with each line having a specified number of pixels per inch. ROS 16 includes a laser having a rotating polygon mirror block associated therewith. ROS 16 exposes a charged photoconductive belt 20 of a printer or marking engine, indicated generally by the reference numeral 18, to achieve a set of subtractive primary latent images. The latent images are developed with cyan, magenta, and yellow developer material, respectively. These developed images are transferred to a copy sheet in superimposed registration with one another to form a multi-colored image on the copy sheet. This multi-colored image is then fused to the copy sheet forming a color copy. With continued reference to Figure 1, printer or marking engine 18 is an electrophotographic printing machine. Photoconductive belt 20 of marking engine 18 is preferably made from a polychromatic photoconductive material. The photoconductive belt moves in the direction of arrow 22 to advance successive portions of the photoconductive surface sequentially through the various processing stations disposed about the path of movement thereof. Photoconductive belt 20 is entrained about transfer rollers 24 and 26, tensioning roller 28, and drive roller 30. Drive roller 30 is rotated by a motor 32 coupled thereto by suitable means such as a belt drive. As roller 30 rotates, it advances belt 20 in the direction of arrow 22. Initially, a portion of photoconductive belt 20 passes through a charging station, indicated generally by the reference numeral 33. At charging station 33, a corona generating device 34 charges photoconductive belt 20 to a relatively high, substantially uniform electrostatic potential. Next, the charged photoconductive surface is moved through an exposure station, indicated generally by the reference numeral 35. Exposure station 35 receives a modulated light beam corresponding to information derived by RIS 10 having a multi-colored original document 38 positioned thereat. RIS 10 captures the entire image from the original document 38 and converts it to a series of raster scan lines which are transmitted as electrical signals to IPS 12. The electrical signals from RIS 10 correspond to the red, green and blue densities at each point in the original document. IPS 12 converts the set of red, green and blue density signals, i.e. the set of signals corresponding to the primary color densities of original document 38, to a set of colorimetric coordinates. The operator actuates the appropriate keys of UI 14 to adjust the parameters of the copy. UI 14 may be a touch screen, or any other suitable control panel, providing an operator interface with the system. The output signals from UI 14 are transmitted to IPS 12. The IPS then transmits signals corresponding to the desired image to ROS 16. ROS 16 includes a laser with rotating polygon mirror blocks. Preferably, a nine facet polygon is used. ROS 16 illuminates, via mirror 37, the charged portion of photoconductive belt 20 at a rate of about 400 pixels per inch. The ROS will expose the photoconductive belt to record three latent images. One latent image is developed with cyan developer material. Another latent image is developed with magenta developer material and the third latent image is developed with yellow developer material. The latent images formed by ROS 16 on the photoconductive belt correspond to the signals transmitted from IPS 12. After the electrostatic latent images have been recorded on photoconductive belt 20, the belt advances such latent images to a development station, indicated generally by the reference numeral 39. The development station includes four individual developer units indicated by reference numerals 40, 42, 44 and 46. The developer units are of a type generally referred to in the art as "magnetic brush development units." Typically, a magnetic brush development system employs a magnetizable developer material including magnetic carrier granules having toner particles adhering triboelectrically thereto. The developer material is continually brought through a directional flux field to form a brush of developer material. The developer material is constantly moving so as to continually provide the brush with fresh developer material. Development is achieved by bringing the brush of developer material into contact with the photoconductive surface. Developer units 40, 42, and 44, respectively, apply toner particles of a specific color which corresponds to the compliment of the specific color separated electrostatic latent image recorded on the photoconductive surface. The color of each of the toner particles is adapted to absorb light within a preselected spectral region of the electromagnetic wave spectrum. For example, an electrostatic latent image formed by discharging the portions of charge on the photoconductive belt corresponding to the green regions of the original document will record the red and blue portions as areas of relatively high charge density on photoconductive belt 20, while the green areas will be reduced to a voltage level ineffective for development. The charged areas are then made visible by having developer unit 40 apply green absorbing (magenta) toner particles onto the electrostatic latent image recorded on photoconductive belt 20. Similarly, a blue separation is developed by developer unit 42 with blue absorbing (yellow) toner particles, while the red separation is developed by developer unit 44 with red absorbing (cyan) toner particles. Developer unit 46 contains black toner particles and may be used to develop the electrostatic latent image formed from a black and white original document. Each of the developer units is moved into and out of an operative position. In the operative position, the magnetic brush is closely adjacent the photoconductive belt, while in the non-operative position, the magnetic brush is spaced therefrom. In Figure 1, developer unit 40 is shown in the operative position with developer units 42, 44 and 46 being in the non-operative position. During development of each electrostatic latent image, only one developer unit is in the operative position, the remaining developer units are in the non-operative position. This insures that each electrostatic latent image is developed with toner particles of the appropriate color without commingling. After development, the toner image is moved to a transfer station, indicated generally by the reference numeral 65. Transfer station 65 includes a transfer zone, generally indicated by reference numeral 64. In transfer zone 64, the toner image is transferred to a sheet of support material, such as plain paper amongst others. At transfer station 65, a sheet transport apparatus, indicated generally by the reference numeral 48, moves the sheet into contact with photoconductive belt 20. Sheet transport 48 has a pair of spaced belts 54 entrained about a pair of substantially cylindrical rollers 50 and 52. A sheet gripper (not shown) extends between belts 54 and moves in unison therewith. A sheet 25 is advanced from a stack of sheets 56 disposed on a tray. A friction retard feeder 58 advances the uppermost sheet from stack 56 onto a pre-transfer transport 60. Transport 60 advances sheet 25 to sheet transport 48. Sheet 25 is advanced by transport 60 in synchronism with the movement of a sheet gripper (not shown). In this way, the leading edge of sheet 25 arrives at a preselected position, i.e. a loading zone, to be received by the open sheet gripper. The sheet gripper then closes securing sheet 25 thereto for movement therewith in a recirculating path. The leading edge of sheet 25 is secured releasably by the sheet gripper. As belts 54 move in the direction of arrow 62, the sheet moves into contact with the photoconductive belt, in synchronism with the toner image developed thereon. At transfer zone 64, a corona generating device 66 sprays ions onto the backside of the sheet so as to charge the sheet to the proper electrostatic voltage magnitude and polarity for attracting the toner image from photoconductive belt 20 thereto. The sheet remains secured to the sheet gripper so as to move in a recirculating path for three cycles. In this way, three different color toner images are transferred to the sheet in superimposed registration with one another. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the sheet may move in a recirculating path for four cycles when under color black removal is used and up to eight cycles when the information on two original documents is being merged onto a single copy sheet. Each of the electrostatic latent images recorded on the photoconductive surface is developed with the appropriately colored toner and transferred, in superimposed registration with one another, to the sheet to form the multi-color copy of the colored original document. After the last transfer operation, the sheet gripper opens and releases the sheet. A conveyor 68 transports the sheet, in the direction of arrow 70, to a fusing station, indicated generally by the reference numeral 71, where the transferred toner image is permanently fused to the sheet. The fusing station includes a heated fuser roll 74 and a pressure roll 72. The sheet passes through the nip defined by fuser roll 74 and pressure roll 72. The toner image contacts fuser roll 74 so as to be affixed to the sheet. Thereafter, the sheet is advanced by a pair of rolls 76 to catch tray 78 for subsequent removal therefrom by the machine operator. The last processing station in the direction of movement of belt 20, as indicated by arrow 22, is a cleaning station, indicated generally by the reference numeral 79. A rotatably mounted fibrous brush 80 is positioned in the cleaning station and maintained in contact with photoconductive belt 20 to remove residual toner particles remaining after the transfer operation. Thereafter, lamp 82 illuminates photoconductive belt 20 to remove any residual charge remaining thereon prior to the start of the next successive cycle. Attention is now directed to Figure 2 wherein the heat and pressure fuser apparatus comprising the fuser roll 74 and pressure roll 72 is illustrated together with a release agent management (RAM) system 90 As shown in Figure 2, the fuser apparatus comprises the heated fuser roll 74 which is composed of a core 92 having thereon a layer or layers 94 of a suitable elastomer. The core 92 may be made of various metals such as iron, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, etc., and various synthetic resins. Aluminum is preferred as the material for the core 92, although this is not critical. The core 92 is hollow and a heating element 96 is generally positioned inside the hollow core to supply the heat for the fusing operation. Heating elements suitable for this purpose are known in the prior art and may comprise a quartz heater made of a quartz envelope having a tungsten resistance heating element disposed internally thereof. The method of providing the necessary heat is not critical to the present invention, and the fuser member can be heated by internal means, external means or a combination of both. Heating means are well known in the art for providing sufficient heat to fuse the toner to the support. The fusing elastomer layer may be made of any of the well known materials such as the Viton and/or silicone rubber. The fuser roll 74 is shown in a pressure contact arrangement with the backup or pressure roll 72. The pressure roll 72 comprises a metal core 98 with an outer layer 100 of a heat-resistant material. In this assembly, both the fuser roll 74 and the pressure roll 72 are mounted on bearings (not shown) which are biased so that the fuser roll 74 and pressure roll 72 are pressed against each other under sufficient pressure to form a nip 102. It is in this nip that the fusing or fixing action takes place. The layer 100 may be made of any of the well known materials such as Teflon a trademark of E.I. duPont. The image receiving member or final support 25 having toner images 104 thereon is moved through the nip 102 with the toner images contacting the heated fuser roll 74. The toner material forming the image 104 is prevented from offsetting to the surface of the fuser roll 74 through the application of a release agent material such as silicone oil 106 contained in sump 108. The sump 108 and silicone oil 106 form part of the RAM system 90. The RAM system 90, according to one embodiment of the invention, further comprises a metering roll 110 and a donor roll 112. The metering roll is supported partially immersed in the silicone oil 106 and contacts the donor roll for conveying silicone oil from the sump to the surface of the donor roll 112. The donor roll is rotatably supported in contact with the metering roll and also in contact with the fuser roll 74. While the donor roll is illustrated as contacting the fuser roll, it will be appreciated that, alternately, it may contact the pressure roll 72. Also, the positions of the fuser and pressure rolls may be reversed for use in other copiers or printers. A metering blade 114 supported in contact with the metering roll 110 serves to meter silicone oil to the required thickness on the metering roll. Oil height variation due to sump tipping is minimized by structure internal to the sump which simulates a central inlet and a central outlet. By central is meant that the oil enters and leaves the interior 120 of the sump 108 at a location intermediate the ends 122 and 124, at its center. To this end a pair of baffle/channel structures 126 and 128 are molded into the bottom wall 130 adjacent a rear wall 132 of the sump. Oil pumped through an inlet hose connection 134 in one end of the sump, for example the left, end, runs down an inclined ramp 136 forming a part of the left baffle/channel structure 126. The oil flows to the center of the sump and then to the interior 120 of the sump which is occupied by a wick, not shown. The degree of ramp inclination is such that even if the sump is tilted end-to-end, with the right end elevated higher than the left end, the maximum allowable number of degrees, oil will still flow down the ramp. Passage of oil from a center inlet/outlet area 138 to the interior of the sump permits it to float around the wick which is positioned on the bottom wall of the sump forward of the baffle/channel structures and intermediate upstanding rib members 140. The outlet or right baffle/channel structure 128 which starts at the other side of inlet/outlet area 138 from the inlet baffle/channel structure extends to the right end 124 of the sump and is in communication with an outlet connection 141. A weir 142 forming a part of the outlet baffle/channel 128 controls the flow of oil out of the sump. In order for oil to flow over the weir and out through the outlet baffle/channel structure it must rise in the sump to a level of about 3mm (including 1mm attributable to the meniscus of the oil). Like the inlet baffle/channel structure, the outlet structure has an inclined ramp which insures oil running down the outlet ramp even if the sump is tilted the maximum allowable amount. Thus, the left baffle/channel structure insures flow of oil into the sump while the right baffle/channel insures flow of excess oil out of the sump. The right and left baffle/channel structures 126 and 128 together with the inlet and outlet connections 134 and 141 form the inlet and outlet of the sump. The side wall 144 has a notched portion 146 in the baffle portion of the baffle/channel structure 128 which cooperates with the weir 142 to allow excess release agent material to flow out of the sump thereby controlling the maximum height variation of release agent in the sump. This occurs when the sump is tipped or tilted in a clockwise direction as viewed from the front in Figure 3. When the sump is tilted its maximum allowable angle in the clockwise direction the notched portion 146 occupies the same height as the weir 142. The notched portion 146 has no effect when the sump is tilted in the counterclockwise direction. A pair of trunions 150 and 148 are provided for operatively support the metering roll 110, not shown in Figure 3.

Claims: A sump (108) for holding a quantity of release agent material (106), the sump (108) being in the form of an elongated trough having a center located between end walls (122,123), characterised by internal structure means (126,128) for minimizing the height variation of release agent material (106) in said sump (108), said height variation minimizing means (126,128) comprising inlet means (126,134) for conveying release agent material (106) from an inlet (134) to approximately the center (138) of said sump (108) and outlet means (128,141) for conveying release agent material (106) from approximately said center (138) to an outlet (141) from said sump (108). Apparatus for applying release agent material (106) to one member (74) of a contact fuser (72,74) for fixing powder images (104) to a substrate (25), said apparatus including a sump as claimed in claim 1. Apparatus for applying release agent material (106) to one member (74) of a contact fuser (72,74) for fixing powder images (104) to a substrate (25), including a sump (108) for retaining a supply of the release agent material (106), the sump (108) being in the form of an elongated trough having a center located between end walls (122,123), a release agent metering member (110) supported for movement in an endless path and in contact with said supply of release agent material (106); and donor means (112) supported in contact with said metering member (110) and said one member (74) of said contact fuser (72,74) for conveying release agent material (106) from the former to the latter; characterised in that said sump (108) comprising inlet means (126,134) for conveying release agent material (106) from an inlet (134) to approximately the center (138) of said sump (108) and outlet means (128,141) for conveying release agent material (106) from approximately said center (138) to an outlet (141) from said sump (108). Apparatus as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, characterised in that said inlet means (126,134) comprises a baffle/channel structure (126) including a ramp (136) for conveying release agent material (106) in a downwardly direction from an inlet (134) of said sump (108) to said center (138). An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 4, characterised in that said outlet means (128,141) comprises a baffle/channel structure (128) including a ramp for conveying excess release agent material (106) downwardly from said center (138) to an outlet (141) from said sump (108). An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, when dependent on claim 4, characterised in that said baffle/channel structures (126,128) are disposed adjacent a side wall (132) of said sump (108) and said baffle/channel structures (126,128) control the quantity of release agent material (106) conveyed to the interior area of said sump (108). An apparatus as claimed in claim 6, characterised in that said baffle/channel structure (128,141) for conveying excess release agent material (106) comprises a weir (142) for controlling the level of release agent material (106) in said interior area. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 or claim 7, characterised in that said baffle/channel structures (126,128) are molded integrally with said sump (108). An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 8, characterised in that, said apparatus includes said fuser member (74); a second fuser member (72) supported for engagement with said first fuser member (74) to form a nip (102) through which substrates (25) carrying powder images (104) pass and heating means (96) for elevating the temperature of at least one of said members (72,74).

Inventors: MATHERS JAMES E, MATHERS, JAMES E.
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1992
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15, F01M11