Starch-oil treatment for glass fibers

Abstract: An aqueous chemical treating composition for glass fibers results in improved processing of the treated fibers in a bulking operation. The size has a starch-oil size with an imine-containing alkyl alkoxy silane. More particular, the size has one starch, one nonionic oil-type lubricant, one wax, one emulsifier for the oil, a nonionic wetting agent and a cationic lubricant and glycerine and the imine-containing silane and water where the silane is present in an amount of 0.1 to 10 weight percent of the solids.

Description: The present invention is directed to an improved aqueous starch-oil chemical treatment for glass fibers. In producing glass fibers for textile applications, an aqueous starch-oil type chemical treatment is applied to the glass fibers during their formation. This treatment protects the fibers from interfilament abrasion when a plurality of fibers are combined to make a strand and in any subsequent twisting operation. The aqueous chemical treatment applied during formation of the glass fibers is usually referred to as a sizing composition. The production of twisted glass fiber strands involves forming the strands and collecting one or more strands on a forming package and subsequently twisting the strands on the forming package on a twist frame and collecting the twisted strand or yarn on a bobbin. As mentioned in U S -A- 4,397,913 (Fahey) assigned to the same assignee as the present application, glass fiber strands used in the textile industry may be in the form of twisted, plied, braided or woven products. One type of glass fiber strand yarn has a single strand that is twisted, and plied yarns have several strands that are twisted together simultaneously. As mentioned in U S -A- 4,397,913, glass fiber yarns are used to produce bulked yarns. The sizing composition plays a roll in the production of bulk yarns. It allows for a proper amount of integrity to protect the fibers prior to bulking but also allows for separation of one or more fibers when the yarn is contacted with fluid or air pressure to bulk the yarn as described in U S -A- 4,397,913. US-A-4,397,913 discloses an aqueous starch-oil size composition for treating glass fibers comprising a starch, a nonionic lubricant wax, one or more nonionic emulsifiers, a starch plasticizer, a cationic lubricant, a wetting agent and one or more ester modified amino silane coupling agents in an amount of 7 to 15 weight percent of the nonaqueous components. It is an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous starch-oil type sizing composition for glass fibers that results in good processing into and/or performance of bulked yarns. The aforementioned objects and other objects are solved by an aqueous starch size composition for treating glass fibers comprising: a. starch having Brabender value equivalent to gel temperature in the range of about 65°C to about 90°C and maximum viscosity in the range of about 500 BU to about 1200 BU at a 9.5 dry solids percent concentration in an amount in the range of 30 to 60 weight percent of the nonaqueous components of the composition. b. a nonionic lubricant in the amount of 15 to 36 weight percent of the nonaqueous components, c. one or more waxes in the amount of 3 to 6 weight percent of the nonaqueous components, d. one or more nonionic emulsifiers giving a total HLB in the range of 8 to 20, e. a starch plasticizer in the amount of 3 to 6 weight percent of the nonaqueous components, f. a cationic lubricant in the amount of 7 to 14 weight percent of the nonaqueous components, g. an amount of water to yield a total solids for the size in the range of 0.5 to 4 weight percent, characterized by comprising h. an imine alkyl alkoxy silane coupling agent that is a reaction product of an imine compound selected from ethylene imine and polyethylene imine and of an amino alkyl alkoxy silane selected from mono amino alkyl alkoxy silane and diamino alkyl alkoxy silane in an amount 0.1 to 3 weight percent of the nonaqueous components. In addition, hydrolyzed derivatives of the silane and salts of the silanes generally characterized as silanolates can be used. The aqueous sizing composition is used to treat glass fibers during their formation when they are formed as individual fibers and combined to produce a strand constituted of a plurality of the fibers. Generally, the amount of sizing composition on the fibers is expressed on a loss on ignition (LOI) basis and is in the range of 0.1 to 1.2 weight percent of the strand of sized glass fibers. The present invention further relates to glass fibers coated with the aforementioned size in an amount of 0.1 to 1.2 weight percent of the fibers. In the aqueous sizing of the present invention, any starch-oil type sizing compositions having at least one emulsifier for emulsifying the oil in water that are known to those skilled in the art of treating glass fibers with starch-oil sizing compositions can be used. Nonexclusive examples of starch-oil type sizes including those with matures of starches and chemically modified starches, oils and oil emulsifiers useful in the present invention are given in U S -A- 4,397,913 (Fahey) 4,296,173; 4,259,190; 4,233,046; 4,221,602; 4,002,445; 3,227,192; 3,265,516. In addition, mixtures and combinations of the various starches and various oils known to those skilled in the art can be used. The effective film forming amount of the starch is generally in the range of 30 to 60 weight percent of the nonaqueous components of the aqueous chemical treating composition. Nonexclusive examples of starch mixtures that can be used as detailed in the aforementioned patents include a high amylose starch and a low amylose starch mature. The low amylose starch is usually derived from potato or derivatized corn starch such as cationic, phosphatized, ethoxylated or esterified derivatives and it is present in an amount of around 20 to 30 percent by weight of the mixture. The high amylose starch which is present in an amount of around 50 to 60 percent by weight of the nonaqueous components of the aqueous chemical treating composition usually contains around 55 percent by weight amylose with the remainder being amylopectin. The total amylose content of the starch mixture is generally in the range of about 35 to about 55 percent by weight of the total starch content. A most suitable starch mature is one having around 75 weight percent to about 95 percent of a underivatized, high amylose starch and around 5 percent of a cationic corn starch with 50 percent amylose and granules having a diameter in the range of 3 to 20 nanometers. The starch that is used is at least one that has a Brabender curve with values equivalent to one in the range of about 500 to about 1200 Brabender Units at around 9.5 percent dry solids and at a gel temperature in the range of about 65 to about 90 degrees C and at a maximum viscosity. Such a modified amylose-containing starch can be derived from any starch sources such as corn, wheat,. potato, tapioca, waxy maize, sago, rice and hybrid starches, etc. A most suitable example of a commercially available starch is that derived from either corn starch or hybrid corn starch from National Starch and Chemical Company under the trade designation of Nabond starches and from the American Maize Products Company under the trade designation of Amaizo 310 starch. Before the starch is employed in the aqueous sizing composition of the present invention, it is cooked to facilitate its suspension into the size. The cooking is accomplished in a jet cooker such as that supplied by National Starch and Chemical Company and the temperature of the cooking is in the range of around 113°C (235°F) to around 129°C (265°F). The type of starch that is cooked allows for only partial but easy cooking. The modified starches are employed in the aqueous sizing composition in an amount in the range of about 0.7 to about 2 weight percent based on the aqueous sizing composition. A typical nonionic lubricant is selected from the group of hydrogenated vegetable oils where the oils are: cotton seed oil, corn oil, soybean oil, fatty triglyceride, glyceroltrioleate, their hydrogenation products and the like. The amount of the nonionic lubricant or lubricants present in the aqueous sizing composition is in the range of about 0.3 to about 0.7 weight percent of the aqueous composition. On a solids basis (nonaqueous components basis), the amount of the nonionic lubricant present in the sizing composition is in the broad range of 15 to 36 weight percent. Since the oil is present in the aqueous sizing composition an emulsifier is present to make the oil miscible in the aqueous sizing composition. Any suitable emulsifier that is known to those skilled in the art having the proper hydrophylic-lipophylic balance (HLB). One or more emulsifiers may be used. A suitable emulsifier is an ethylene oxide derivate of sorbitan ester selected from polyoxyethylene (5) sorbitan mono-oleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate in an effective emulsifying amount. Suitable emulsifiers or dispersants for the oils are those that are nonionic and that have an HLB in the range of about 8 to about 20 or any mixtures of emulsifiers and dispersants yielding an HLB in this range. The aqueous sizing composition can also have one or more wax components which can be any suitable waxes known to those skilled in the art or as shown in U S -A- 4,397,913. One nonexclusive example of a suitable wax is paraffin wax. The amount of the wax in the aqueous sizing composition of the present invention is in the range of about 0.07 to about 0.37 weight percent based on the aqueous sizing composition. On a nonaqueous ingredients basis, the amount of wax present is the generally range of 3 to 6 and more specifically in the range of 3 to less than 5. The aqueous sizing composition can also have a starch plasticizer to lessen the brittleness of the glass fiber strands. Such a plasticizer useful in the present invention is a polyethylene glycol with an average molecular weight of about 300 available as the "Carbowax® 300" product. In place of the low molecular weight polyethylene glycol, glycerine can be employed in a similar weight concentration. The amount of the starch plasticizer present in the aqueous sizing composition is in the range of about 0.07 to about 0.14 weight percent. On a nonaqueous ingredients basis, the amount of the starch plasticizer present is generally in the range of 3 to 6 and more specifically in a range of 3 to less than 5. The aqueous sizing composition of the present invention also has a cationic lubricant or textile softener to provide a softening action to sized glass fibers. Typical cationic lubricants or softeners are alkyl imidazoline derivatives such as those described in U S -A- 2,200,815; 2,267,965; 2,268,273; 2,355,837. The material designated "Cation-X®" is an example of such a material wherein the alkyl imidazoline derivative is the reaction product of stearic acid, tetraethylene pentamine and acetic acid. Acid solubilized, water dispersible, stearic amides and anhydrous acid, and solubilized, water dispersible lower molecular weight fatty acid amides as well as anhydrous acid, solubilized polyunsaturated lower molecular weight fatty acid amides can also be used as the cationic lubricants. The amount of the cationic lubricants used in the sizing composition of the present invention is in the range of about 0.14 to about 0.28. On a nonaqueous basis, the amount of the cationic lubricant is in the range of 7 to 14, more specifically 7 to 12. The aqueous sizing composition of the present invention also contains a particularly type of silane coupling agent which gives good processability in applying the aqueous sizing composition to glass fibers and which gives the sized glass fiber strands good textile handling characteristics. This silane coupling agent is an imine organosilane that is a reaction product of a mono or diamino alkyl alkoxy silane with ethylene imine or polyethylene imine. A suitable monoaminoalkylalkoxysilane is aminopropyltrimethoxy silane and it can be reacted with polyethyleneimine. The resulting reaction product can have a formula such as: NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-(NH-CH₂-CH₂)n-NH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-Si(OR')₃: wherein R' is C₁ to C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.), and n is an integer from 4 to 37 or in molecular weight terms from about 400 to about 1800. A commercially available material that has such a reaction product is available as(N-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-polyethyleneimine also known as polyethyleneimino propyl trimethoxy silane in a 50 percent isopropanol solution available from Hüls America Inc., 2570 Pearl Buck Road, Bristol, Pennsylvania 19007 under the trade designation CPS076. This material has a molecular weight average of 1000 and a refractive index of 1.442 and a specific gravity of 0.91 and a viscosity of 1.75-2.50 cm²/s (175-250 centistokes) and is present in an amount of 0.5 to 1.5 weight percent of the nonaqueous components of the size. Another suitable imineorganosilane is a reaction product of: NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-NH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-Si(OR')₃ wherein R' is C₁ to C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.) with ethylene imine to form the compounds represented by the following: wherein x is 0 or an integer from 1 to 2 to give a molecular weight for this portion of the molecule in the range from about 400 to about 1800 and where R' is methyl, although it will be understood that the other alkoxy derivatives can be prepared in a like manner. In general, use is made of from 1 to 10 moles of the imine per mole of diamino starting material. The amount of silane coupling agent in the aqueous size composition is in the range of 0.1 to 3 weight percent, preferably 0.1 to 2 weight percent, based on the nonaqueous components. Also the size composition may have a wetting agent which is preferably nonionic although it can also be a cationic wetting agent. Any material may be used which is noted as skilled in the art to reduce the surface tension of the aqueous size so that it is about 25 to 35 dienes per centimeter. A particularly suitable nonionic wetting agent is octyl phenoxypoly-(ethyleneoxy)ethanol available under the trade designation IGEPAL CA630. This material is present in an effective wetting agent amount. Also usually present in the sizing composition since starch is present is a small amount of fungicide and/or bactericide to deter the growth of fungi and/or bacteria in the size. Any fungicide or bactericide known to those skilled in the art can be used such as one of the organo- metallic quaternary-type fungicide&, for example, tributyltin oxide. The fungicide is employed in sufficient amounts to prevent or retard mold attack or growth on the glass fibers containing starch derivative. Suitable effective amounts are those equivalent to about 3 milliliter for every 283.9 ℓ (75 gallons) of the sizing composition and this amount can be varied depending on the amount of starch used in the size. The total solids (nonaqueous) content of the aqueous size is in the range of 0.5 to 4 percent by weight and preferably 0.5 to 3 weight percent and most preferably around 1.9 to 2.6 weight percent. In all circumstances, the total solids should be adjusted to a level whereby the viscosity of the size is acceptable for application to the glass fibers during their formation which is typically a viscosity of around 0.01 (10) to 0.05 Pas (50 centipoise) at 60°C. The size composition of the present invention is used for application to the fibers during their formation to protect the fibers against interfilament abrasion when the fibers are gathered into strands to allow for a fast removal of the strand or strands from supply packages to a bulking operation for the strands and to allow faster bulking processing speeds where the fibers within the strand become separated to a degree when the strand or strands are subjected to the separating force of the bulking operation. The size composition of the present invention is applied to glass fibers from an applicator during the formation of the fibers. The size can be applied to glass fibers having any glass composition known to those skilled in the art. These include E-glass 621-Glass, S-Glass and low or free boron and/or fluorine derivatives thereof. After the sizing composition is applied to the fibers, the fibers are gathered into one or more strands by means of a gathering shoe and wound on a rotating drum-type winder to make a forming package. The cullet on which the forming package rides can be rotated at revolutions of around 4,000 to 5,000 per minute and a spiral can be used to direct the strand onto the forming package. The applicator that applies the size to the fibers is generally a rotating belt-type applicator but any applicator known to those skilled in the art can be used. After the winding of the forming packages is complete, the package is placed in an oven for drying. Other conventional methods of applying the size to the fibers can be used such as spraying, dipping and the like. The filament diameters of the fibers to which the size is applied can range from around 3 to more than 30 µm. The glass fibers can be gathered into any strand construction noted to those skilled in the art; for example, D, DE-75, G-37, G-75 and/or G-150 strand constructions can be formed. The aqueous size applied to the fibers results in treated fibers that upon drying have a dried residue of the aqueous size on the fibers in an amount of 0.1 to 1.2 weight percent and preferably less than 1 weight percent of the sized glass fiber strand on a Loss on Ignition (LOI) basis. The loss on ignition test is a well-known technique determining the amount of chemical coatings on glass fibers. The aqueous size composition can be formed by any method known to those skilled in the art for incorporating components that are compatible with water to varying degrees from water-soluble to slightly water soluble to water insoluble for an oil. Typically, the oil is emulsified along with one or more waxes where the various woes may vary one from the other in their degree of water solubility. This variability may be from water soluble to water insoluble. Also, the nonionic wetting agent can be added to the emulsion. The starch is cooked in any manner known to those skilled in the art and the components can be added simultaneously or sequentially in such a manner to form a stable size composition. Preferred Embodiment of the Invention The aqueous glass fiber size of the present invention preferably has the following formulation. Component g/37.85 ℓ (Grams/10 Gal.) % Effective Solids Weight Percent on Nonaqueous Basis (Dry Weight) Modified starch Nabond or Amaizo (310) 500 - 575 90.52 56 - 58 Hydrogenated Soybean Oil Eclipse 102 165 - 175 100 19.4 - 20.5 Paraffin wax 84 - 86 100 9.5 - 10.5 Ethylene oxide derivative of sorbitan ester (Tween 81 emulsifier) 13 - 17 97 1.6 - 1.8 Octyl phenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol Igepal CA630 wetting agent 9 - 11 100 1.1 - 1.2 Alkyl imidazoline reaction product of tetraethylene pentamine stearic acid Cation-X 95 - 99 36 3.9 - 4.2 Glycerine 42 - 44 100 4.8 - 5.2 Imine organo silane (CPS-076) 13 - 17 50 0.8 - 0.9 Acetic acid 2 100 0.2 CL-2141 bactericide 0.8 10 0.08 The aqueous size is prepared utilizing municipal water which has been filtered or demineralized. The starch is combined with cold water in a starch slurry tank and the starch is cooked at a temperature of about 118°C (145°F) although cooking at a temperature of around 125°C to 129°C (255°F to 265°F) can occur alternatively in a jet cooker. In a separate mixing vessel water is added and the paraffin wax, nonionic oil, emulsifier and wetting agent are added to the mix tank. The temperature of the mix tank is brought to that in the range of 76°C to 82°C (170°F to 180°F) to melt the wax. The mixture is mixed with an Eppenbach mixer for around five minutes. Hot water at a temperature of around 76°C to 82°C (170°F to 180°F) is added slowly until the mixture passes through its inversion point and becomes an oil-in-water emulsion. An amount of warm water at about 63°C (145°F) of around 3 to 6 volume percent of the total volume of the size to be prepared is added to a premixed tank. The Cation-X cationic lubricant is added to the premix tank and stirred at the warm temperature until dissolved. The temperature should not exceed around 71°C (160°F). This diluted cationic lubricant is added to the main mix tank. Glycerine is added directly to the main mix tank in the specified amount. The specified quantity of acetic acid is added to a premix tank having cold water in an amount of around 3 to 6 volume percent of the total volume of size being prepared. The temperature of the cold water is 15°C to 27°C (60 to 80°F). This addition is with slow agitation. The imine organosilane is added slowly with agitation which is continued for around 10 minutes or until the solution becomes clear. This diluted silane is added to the main mix tank. The bactericide is then added directly to the main mix tank. The mixture in the main mixed tank is diluted to its final volume with hot water and mixed slowly for around five minutes. The starch-oil size has a percent solids of 2.1 to 2.5 percent, a pH of 5.2 to 6.2, a viscosity of around 0.02 Pas (20 centipoise) maximum and is placed on the fibers to give an LOI in the range of around 0.3 to 0.7 percent. The preferred sizing composition and the alternative embodiment sizing composition are used to treat strands with medium diameter glass fibers such as known as E fibers through K fibers having filament dismeters from about 63.5 x 10⁻⁵ cm (25 x 10⁻⁵ inches) to about 127 x 10⁻⁵ cm (50 x 10⁻⁵ inches) in any conventional manner. (Also the alternative embodiment size is used to treat 25.4 (10) x 10⁻⁵ to about 101.6 (40) x 10⁻⁵ cm (inches)) in a conventional manner. The sizing composition can be applied to the fibers prior to the time they are gathered together to form a strand containing myriad fibers, generally on the order of 200 or more by means of a roller applicator which is partially submerged into the sizing composition contained in a reservoir. Such an applicator is shown in more detail in U S -A- 2,728,972. Also any applicator known to those skilled in the art for applying aqueous sizing composition to glass fibers can be used. The fibers are gathered into strands by a gathering shoe and wound onto a forming package rotating generally at an RPM of 4,000 to 5,000 and higher depending on winder capability which is on the order of around 4.267 m (14,000 feet) per minute. Any other methods of applying the sizing composition to the strands of glass fibers such as a pad applicator, may be employed and a strand may be formed by means other than winding on the forming tubes such as by a means of a pair of rotating wheel pullers which direct fibers into a suitable collecting device. The glass fiber strands wound on a forming package are then dried in an oven or allowed to air dry. The forming package of the glass fiber strand or strands can be used directly in a bulking operation to produce bulked glass fiber strand yarn. Alternatively the glass fiber strand or strands present in a forming package can be placed on a bobbin for use in a bulking operation. The glass fiber strand from a forming package is placed on a bobbin by unwinding strand from a plurality of forming packages on a twist frame onto a plurality of bobbins with one or more strands per bobbin. During the unwinding and rewinding step, a twist is imparted into the strand which provides integrity for subsequent processing. The dried glass fiber strand preferably from forming packages can be bulked by any method of bulking glass fiber strands to produce yarn that has convoluted loops or slubs, but it is preferred to produce texturized glass fiber yarn. The texturized glass fiber yarn can be one strand or a multitude of strands comprising the yarn. One method of preparing the texturized glass fiber strand yarn can be that shown in U S -A- 4,003,111 (Drummond). It is preferred to produce the texturized glass fiber yarn by passing the yarn composed of one or more strands through a needle venturi type air jet. To further illustrate the aqueous sizing composition and the sized glass fiber strands and bulked glass fiber strand yarn of the present invention reference should be made to the following examples. Example 1 An aqueous sizing composition was prepared in the manner described in the preferred embodiment having the following formulation: Ingredients Amount in Grams for 37.85 ℓ (10 Gallons) Starch (Nabond) [Partially cooked at 245°F] (118°C) 538 Soybean Oil 170 Paraffin Wax 85 Emulsifier Tween 81 15 Igepal CA-620 10 Glycerine 43 Cationic Lubricant (Cation-X) 97 Imine Silane Coupling Agent (CPS-076) 15 Acetic Acid 2.1 Bactericide 0.8 Water sufficient to dilute 37.85 liters (10 gallons) The solids content of the sizing composition was 2.3 percent with a pH of 5.68 and a viscosity of 0.008 Pas (8.0 centipoise). The sizing of Example 1 was applied to glass fibers having a G filament diameter and made into a strand construction of a G37. The forming packages were dried in air for 24 hours and twisted onto bobbins to produce twisted yarn having a 1/0 0.7 Z twist. The material was sub- sequently bulked into single end texturized yarn at speeds approaching 731.5 m (800 yards) per minute with minimal jet blow out and bobbin sloughing. The bulked yarn had a 25 percent improvement in tensile strength and a 5 percent improvement in bulk level based on air permeability. The processing of the yarn was with minimal bobbin sloughs and minimal jet blow out and no package build problems. In the bulk level the product exhibited an average of 74 entanglements per meter from 8 measurements with values ranging from 70 to 80. The product has 4.13 kg (9.1 pounds) of tensile strength compared to that of a commercially available yarn having 3.31 kg (7.3 pounds) of tensile strength. The foregoing has described an aqueous sizing composition for glass fibers to result in bulked yarn that can be produced at faster speeds and with minimal processing problems. The sizing composition can be used on a wide range of filament diameters without the necessity of extra ingredients for fine fibers. The sizing composition is a starch-oil size with an imine alkyl alkoxy silane also having one or more emulsifiers, one or more starch plasticizers, a cationic lubricant and a nonionic wetting agent. It has been unexpectedly discovered that this starch-oil sizing produces improved performance results for the sized glass fibers with a much reduced amount of silane than has been used in prior commercial starch-oil sizes.

Claims: An aqueous starch size composition for treating glass fibers comprising: a. starch having Brabender value equivalent to gel temperature in the range of about 65°C to about 90°C and maximum viscosity in the range of about 500 BU to about 1200 BU at a 9.5 dry solids percent concentration in an amount in the range of 30 to 60 weight percent of the nonaqueous components of the composition. b. a nonionic lubricant in the amount of 15 to 36 weight percent of the nonaqueous components, c. one or more waxes in the amount of 3 to 6 weight percent of the nonaqueous components, d. one or more nonionic emulsifiers giving a total HLB in the range of 8 to 20, e. a starch plasticizer in the amount of 3 to 6 weight percent of the nonaqueous components, f. a cationic lubricant in the amount of 7 to 14 weight percent of the nonaqueous components, g. an amount of water to yield a total solids for the size in the range of 0.5 to 4 weight percent, characterized by comprising h. an imine alkyl alkoxy silane coupling agent that is a reaction product of an imine compound selected from ethyleneimine and polyethyleneimine and of an amino alkyl alkoxy silane selected from mono amino alkyl alkoxy silane and diamino alkyl alkoxy silane in an amount 0.1 to 3 weight percent of the non-aqueous components. The size of claim 1 wherein the imine silane coupling agent is (N-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-polyethylenimine in an amount of 0.5 to 1.5 weight percent of the non-aqueous components of the size. The size of claim 1 wherein the imine silane coupling agent is (N-trimethoxysilylpropyl)-polyethylenimine in an 50 percent isopropanol solution having a molecular weight average of 1,000 and a refractive index of 1.442 and a specific gravity of 0.91 and a viscosity of 1.75 to 2.50 cm²/s (175 to 250 centistokes) present in an amount of 0.5 to 1.5 weight percent of nonaqueous components of the size. The size of claim 1 wherein the imine silane coupling agent is a reaction product of aminopropyltrimethoxy silane and polyethylenimine having the formula: NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-(NH-CH₂-CH₂) n -NH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-Si(OR')₃ wherein R' is C₁ to C₄ alkyl and n is an integer from 4 to 37 or in molecular weight terms from about 400 to about 1800. The size of claim 1 wherein the imine silane coupling agent is a reaction product of diamino alkyl alkoxy silane having the formula: NH₂-CH₂-CH₂-NH-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-Si(OR')₃ wherein R' is C₁ to C₄ alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.) with 1 to 10 moles ethylene imine per mole of diamino starting material. The size of any of claims 1 to 5 wherein the starch is cooked in a jet cooker at a temperature in the range of 113°C (235°F) to 124°C (255°F), which allows for only partial but easy cooking. The size of any of the claims 1 to 5 wherein the nonionic lubricant is selected form the group of hydrogenated vegetable oils where the oils are selected from: cotton seed oil, corn oil, soybean oil, fatty triglyceride, glyceroltrioleate. The size of any of the claims 1 to 5 wherein the emulsifier is an ethylene oxide derivative of sorbitan ester selected from polyoxyethylene (5) sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate. The size of any of the claims 1 to 5 wherein the plastifier is selected from polyoxyethylene glycol with an average molecular weight of about 300 and glycerine. The size of any of the claims 1 to 5 wherein the cationic lubricant is selected from the group consisting of: a) alkyl imidazole derivative that is the reaction product of stearic acid, tetraethylene pentamine and acetic acid, and b) acid solubilized, water dispersible, stearic amides and anhydrous acid, and c) solubilized, water dispersible lower molecular weight fatty acid amides as well as anhydrous acid, solubilized polyunsaturated lower molecular weight fatty acid amides in the amount of about 7 to about 14 weight percent of the nonaqueous components. Glass fibers coated with the size according to claims 1 to 10 in an amount of 0.1 to 1.2 weight percent of the fibers.

Inventors: PUCKETT GARRY DURAN, PUCKETT, GARRY DURAN
Applicants: PPG INDUSTRIES INC, PPG INDUSTRIES, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: C03C25
IPC codes: C03C25