Impact tool chuck

Abstract: A tool chuck (10) suitable for use with manual or powered impact drivers is described. The chuck comprises a body (15) which carries a rotatable nut (13) and a plurality of slidable jaws (14), driven by the rotatable nut (13). An anti-friction bearing (48) is disposed between the rotatable nut (13) and a bearing thrust ring (50) mounted on the body. The bearing thrust ring (50) has a plurality of detents (56) and may cooperate with a compression spring (70) to prevent the chuck from loosening during operation.

Description: This invention relates to drill chucks for use with manual or power impact or hammer drivers. Such tools are capable of reciprocatory or percussion action as well as rotary motion. More particularly, the present invention relates to a chuck which will maintain a secure grip on a tool without the need to frequently retighten the chuck. 2. Prior Art Both hand and power tool impact drivers are well known. Although masonry twist drills are the most common tools used with such drivers, the drivers may also be used for cutting or abrading operations. Since the tools may have shanks of varying diameter or the cross-section of the tool shank may be polygonal, the device is usually provided with a chuck which is adjustable over a relatively wide range. The chuck may be attached to the driver by a threaded or tapered bore. A wide variety of chucks has been developed by the art. In the simplest form of chuck, three jaws spaced circumferentially 120° apart from each other are constrained by a conical body threaded onto the drive shaft so that rotation of the hody in one direction relative to the drive shaft forces the jaws into gripping relationship with respect to the cylindrical shank of a tool, while rotation in the opposite direction releases the gripping relationship. Such a chuck may be keyless if the body is rotated by hand, or may require a key to develop sufficient torque to tighten or loosen the jaws. A perceived disadvantage of presently known keyed and keyless chucks is the tendency of the chuck jaws to loose their grip on the tool shank due to longitudinal vibrations transmitted through the chuck and tool during operation of the tool. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a tool chuck for use in impact tools which is less susceptible to loosening than presently known devices. For example, German Offenlegungsschrift DE-A-34 11 127, on which is based the preamble of claim 1, discloses a tool chuck for gripping a tool shank which comprises a body assembly having an axial bore formed therein and a plurality of angularly disposed passageways formed therethrough and intersecting said axial bore, a plurality of jaws, each of which is slidably positioned in a respective one of said angularly disposed passageways for reciprocation relative to said body assembly, a nut mounted on said body assembly, said nut being threadedly engaged with said jaws for reciprocating said jaws relative to said body assembly when said nut is rotated relative to said body assembly, at least one bearing member interposed between said nut and said body assembly so that said bearing member transmits from said body assembly to said nut the force required to resist axial motion of said nut relative to said body assembly, and a plurality of angularly spaced detents in at least one of said nut and said body assembly. Final tightening of the chuck is achieved by means of moving the bearing member out of the detent. The chuck described in that reference, however, requires tightening of multiple elements to prevent the nut from loosening. Other known chucks (such as the "jaw pusher" or "Albrecht" type designs) tend to become tighter with use, which can make them difficult to open. It is therefore another object of this invention to provide an impact tool chuck which does not become unduly difficult to open as a result of use. Summary Of The Invention The present invention provides an impact tool chuck having improved resistance to inadvertent loosening due to operation-induced vibration. The tool chuck of the afore mentioned kind according to the present invention is characterized in that the bearing member move into and out of successive ones of detents as the nut is rotated to reciprocate the jaws to grip the tool shank wherein the body assembly further comprises a body member, and spring means disposed in a force transmitting relation between the nut and the body member, said nut, upon axial rotation thereof in a first direction, causing the jaws to grip the tool shank while creating in the bearing member a reaction force which causes the bearing member to cooperate with one of the detents into which the bearing member has moved to induce a deflection in the spring means that increases the resistance in the nut in rotating. The invention employs an anti-friction bearing interposed between the nut and the body to decrease the friction losses in the mechanism so as to increase the effective tightening torque. A thrust ring, which serves as the rear bearing race surface, has a plurality of detents into which balls of the bearing are captured when the nut is tightened onto the body. Alternatively, or in addition, similar detents may be provided on the surface of the nut which serves as the other bearing race surface. The spring means may be a belleville spring, interposed between the thrust ring and the nut to cooperate with the thrust ring to keep the nut tightened onto the body during operation of the tool, so that the chuck jaws maintain a high gripping force on the shank of a tool engaged in the chuck. In an alternate embodiment, in which the thrust ring has a built-in deflection or camber, the thrust ring acts both as a detented bearing race surface and as a belleville spring. In yet another embodiment, the thrust ring has no deflection or camber in the unloaded condition, i.e., when the jaws of the chuck are not tightened onto a tool shank, but is sufficiently flexible to elastically assume a compression-spring style deflection when the jaws of the chuck are loaded (i.e., tightened onto a tool shank). Brief Description Of The Drawings FIG. 1A is an elevational view of an illustrative keyless chuck constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 1B is a longitudinal sectional view of the keyless chuck shown in FIG. 1A. The upper and lower portions of FIG. 1B show the chuck in different conditions. FIGS. 2A and 2B are, respectively, elevational front and cross sectional views of a thrust ring constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2A is taken along line 2A-2A of FIG. 1B, and FIG. 2B is taken along the line 2B-2B of FIG. 2A. FIGS. 3A and 3B are, respectively, elevational front and cross sectional views of an alternate embodiment of a thrust washer constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 3B is taken along the line 3B-3B in FIG. 3A. FIGS. 4A and 4B are, respectively, plan and cross-sectional views of possible embodiments of detents constructed in accordance with the present invention which may be incorporated in the thrust washers of FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 4B is taken along the line 4B-4B in FIG. 4A. FIGS. 5A and 5B are enlarged fragmentary sectional views of the operation of a chuck having a thrust washer as shown in FIGS. 3A and B. FIG. 6 is a view like FIG. 4B showing a further alternative embodiment of the invention. Detailed Description Of The Preferred Embodiments The present invention may be practiced advantageously on either keyless chucks or chucks employing a conventional geared key. For illustration purposes, application of the inventive principle is described herein with reference to a keyless chuck design. It is to be understood, of course, that the invention could be equally applied to keyed tool chucks. Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, there is illustrated a keyless chuck 10 constructed in accordance with the present invention. The following description of the chuck provides the context in which the present invention may be practiced, although the invention may be practiced with other chuck structures having only some of the elements illustrated. Chuck 10 includes front sleeve member 11, optional rear sleeve member 12, body member 15 and jaws 14. Body member 15 is generally cylindrical in shape and comprises nose or forward section 20 and tail or rearward section 22. Axial bore 24 is formed in nose section 20 of body member 15. Axial bore 24 is somewhat larger than the largest tool shank which the chuck is designed to accommodate. A threaded bore 26 is formed in tail section 22 of body 15 and is of a standard size to mate with the threaded drive shaft of a powered or hand driver (not shown). Bores 24 and 26 may communicate at central region 28 of body member 15. If desired, threaded bore 26 may be replaced by a tapered, unthreaded bore of a standard size to mate with a tapered drive shaft. Passageways 30 are formed in the body member 15 to accommodate each jaw 14. Preferably, three jaws 14 are employed and each jaw 14 is separated from the adjacent jaw by an arc of 120°. The axes of passageways 30 and jaws 14 are angled with respect to the chuck axis but intersect the chuck axis at a common point ahead of chuck body 15. Each jaw 14 has a tool engaging face 32 which is generally parallel to the axis of chuck body 15 and threads 34 on its opposite or outer surface. Circumferential groove 36 is formed in the body member 15 and extends into passageways 30. Split nut 13 having female threads 40 is located in circumferential groove 36 and secured therein by front sleeve member 11. Split nut 13 is press fit into the bore of front sleeve 11. Preferably, front sleeve 11 is formed from a structural plastic such as a polycarbonate, a filled polypropylene, e.g., glass-filled polypropylene, a blend of structural plastic materials, or a plastic and metal composite structure. A circumferential race 46 is formed on the rear face of split nut 13 to accommodate an anti-friction bearing, for example, ball bearing assembly 48. Bearing assembly 48 includes bearing retainer 49 which locates the plurality of balls while permitting them to roll. Bearing thrust ring 50 is provided with central hole 52 sized to accommodate body member 15. One face of bearing thrust ring 50 has formed thereon bearing race 54, against which bearing assembly 48 rides. Central hole 52 of ring 50 is sufficiently large to permit the retraction of jaws 14 therethrough. Rear sleeve member 12 has bore 62 and flange 25 with which rear sleeve member 12 is press-fit onto tail section 22 of body member 15. If desired, rear sleeve member 12 may be omitted and front sleeve member 11 extended to the tail end of body 15. This alternative is feasible when a spindle lock is provided on the driver or when the driver is used to tighten or loosen the jaws. The circumferential surface of front sleeve member 11 may be provided with longitudinal ribs or other protrusions to enable the operator to grip it securely as shown in FIG. 1A. In like manner, the circumferential surface of rear sleeve member 12, if employed, may be knurled or ribbed, if desired. It will be appreciated that rear sleeve member 12 is fixed to body member 15 via flange 25 while front sleeve member 11 is fixed to split nut 13. Thus, relative rotational movement of front and rear sleeve members 11, 12 will cause jaws 14 to be advanced or retracted, depending upon the direction of the relative motion. As bearing assembly 48 is interposed between the relatively rotating parts, the frictional losses are minimized and a maximum portion of the applied tightening torque is converted to a tightening force on the tool shank. While chuck 10 of FIGS. 1A and 1B may be operated manually, it may also be operated by the power driver. Referring now to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, thrust ring 50, as it may be constructed for use as shown in chucks of the type illustrated in FIGS 1A and 1B, will now be described. Bearing thrust ring 50 may have a plurality of detents or depressions 56 formed in bearing surface 54. If provided, detents 56 serve to capture the balls of bearing assembly 48 during tightening of nut 13 on body 15. In a preferred embodiment, detents 56 have an axis oriented substantially perpendicular to axial bore 24 (i.e., radially of the central longitudinal axis of the chuck). If desired, additional similar detents may be provided in the circumferential race 46 formed on the rear face of split nut 13. Alternatively, the detents in race 46 of split nut 13 may be employed in lieu of having such detents in hearing race 54 of thrust ring 50. The edge of the detents, which are aligned with radii extending from the axial bore of body member 15, may have symmetrically radiused corners. In a preferred embodiment, shown in FIG. 4B, the radially aligned opposing edges of a single detent may have nonsymmetrically radiused corners. Thus, for the detent shown in FIG. 4B a gradually radiused corner of radius "a" is used in the chuck closing direction (i.e., direction of relative rotation between nut 13 and body member 15 whereby jaws 14 are closed upon the tool shank, indicated by the double arrow) and a relatively more sharply radiused corner of radius "b" is used in the opening direction (i.e., the direction of relative rotation between nut 13 and body member 15 whereby jaws 14 are loosened from engagement with the tool shank), as shown in FIG. 4B. The use of nonsymmetrical opposing edges for each detent produces a bias between opening and closing torques required to obtain relative rotation between nut 13 and body member 15, thereby increasing the resistance of the chuck to opening during operation. For example, a detent used in the thrust ring for a 10mm chuck may have the following dimensions indicated on FIG. 4B: a = 2.03 mm (0.08 in.), b = 0.89 mm (0.035 in.); c = 0.25 mm (0.010 in.), d = 0.13 mm (0.005 in.) and e = 1.83 mm (0.072 in.). While discrete depressions form the detents in the embodiments which have been described above, it will be understood that such detents can be formed in many other ways. For example, FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of bearing race surface 46 or 54 in which continuous or substantially continuous undulations or serrations 60 in the surface provide detents. In embodiments of this kind, the entire surface of teh bearigng race may be contoured to that there is little or no flat surface. Thrust ring 50 may be constructed to have a slight dish-like deflection characteristic of a belleville spring or compression spring, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Alternatively, thrust washer 50 may have a flat profile, as shown in FIG. 3B, but may be made of a material having sufficient flexibility to permit thrust washer 50 to assume an elastic dish-like deflection when the jaws of the chuck are tightened onto the shank of a tool. The detents and belleville spring configuration (either built-in or elastically deformable) serve to create alternating high and low energy states (stress conditions) for the balls in bearing assembly 48, the high energy states corresponding to location of the balls of bearing assembly 48 against the flats of bearing races 46 and 54 (stressed state), while the low energy states correspond to location of the balls in detents 56 (unstressed state). Accordingly, when front and rear sleeves 11 and 12 are tightened together onto the shank of a tool, bearing assembly 48 and detented thrust ring 50 serve as a ratchet mechanism, so that the nut is less susceptible to loosening during operation of the tool. While either of the above-described detents or springs can be used in accordance with this invention, it is believed that better results are achieved by the use of both of these features in combination. Detents 56 in either or both bearing race surfaces 46 and 54 may have nonsymmetrically radiused corners as described heretofore, to enhance the ratchet-style cooperation between bearing assembly 48 and the bearing surfaces. Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, an alternate embodiment of the present invention will now be described in which separate thrust ring 50 and belleville spring 70 are employed. In this configuration, a belleville spring or other type of compression spring 70 is interposed between thrust ring 50 and the retaining ledge of body member 15. As in the previous embodiments, detents 56 (on thrust ring 50) and compression spring 70 cooperate so that when nut 13 and body 15 are tightened together, impacts transmitted through the chuck body during operation are less likely to cause the chuck to loosen and cease to effectively grip the tool held in jaws 14. In particular, such impacts are unlikely to overcome the difference between the high and low energy states of the balls of bearing assembly 48, the latter corresponding to the location of the balls resting in the detents. As suggested in the foregoing and shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, rear surface 46 of nut 13 may have detents 56a similar to those in thrust ring 50. Depending upon the specific application of the chuck and the expected impact loads during operation, the choice of having detents in either or both surfaces 46 and 54, the number of detents 56 and 56a, and the manner in which the edges of the detents are radiused can be optimized.

Claims: A tool chuck for gripping a tool shank comprising: a body assembly (15, 50, 70) having an axial bore (24) formed therein and a plurality of angularly disposed passageways (30) formed therethrough and intersecting said axial bore (24), a plurality of jaws (14), each of which is slidably positioned in a respective one of said angularly disposed passageways (30) for reciprocation relative to said body assembly (15, 50, 70), a nut (13) mounted on said body assembly (15, 50, 70) for rotation relative to said body assembly (15, 50, 70), said nut (13) being threadedly engaged with said jaws (14) for reciprocating said jaws (14) relative to said body assembly (15, 50, 70) when said nut (13) is rotated relative to said body assembly (15, 50, 70), at least one bearing member (48) interposed between said nut (13) and said body assembly (15, 50, 70) so that said bearing member (48) transmits from said body assembly (15, 50, 70) to said nut (13) the force required to resist axial motion of said nut (13) relative to said body assembly (15, 50, 70), and a plurality of angularly spaced detents (56) in at least one of said nut (13) and said body assembly (15, 50, 70), characterized in that said bearing member (48) move into and out of successive ones of said detents (56) as said nut (13) is rotated to reciprocate said jaws (14) to grip said tool shank, wherein said body assembly (15, 50, 70) further comprises a body member (15) and spring means (50, 70) disposed in a force transmitting relation between said nut (13) and said body member (15), said nut, upon axial rotation thereof in a first direction causing said jaws (14) to grip said tool shank while creating in said bearing member (48) a reaction force which causes said bearing member (48) to cooperate with one of said detents (56) into which said bearing member (48) has moved to induce a deflection in said spring means (50, 70) that increases the resistance of said nut (13) to rotating. The tool chuck of claim 1, wherein said bearing member (48) is a rolling, anti-friction bearing member. The tool chuck of claim 2, wherein said bearing member (48) is a ball bearing. The tool chuck of any of claims 1-3, wherein said spring means (50) contacts said bearing member (48) and at least some of said detents are formed in said spring means (50). The tool chuck of claim 4, wherein said spring means (50) is a belleville spring. The tool chuck of any of claims 1-3, wherein said spring means (70) is a washer formed of a material capable of elastically deflecting to a dish-like configuration. The tool chuck of claim 6, wherein said body assembly (15, 50, 70) further comprises an annular member (50) interposed between said bearing member (48) and said spring means (70) and in contact with said bearing member (48), at least some of said detents being formed in said annular member (50). The tool chuck of any of claims 1-7, wherein each of said detents (56) is aligned radially of said axial bore (24). The tool chuck of claim 8, wherein each of said detents (56) has a pair of opposing concave sides aligned substantially parallel to each other and substantially parallel to a radius extending from said axial bore (24). The tool chuck of claim 9, wherein said concave sides of each of said detents (56) have different radii of curvature. The tool chuck of claim 10, wherein the radius of curvature of said side of each detent (56) over which said bearing member (48) rolls to enter said detent (56) as said jaws (14) grip said tool shank is smaller than the radius of curvature of the other side of said detent (56). The tool chuck of any of claims 1-11, wherein at least some of said detents (56) are formed in said nut (13). The tool chuck of claim 12, wherein at least some of said detents (56) are formed in said body assembly (15, 50, 70). The tool chuck of any of claims 1-13, wherein said body member (15) further comprises a retaining ledge integrally formed with said body member (15) for engaging said spring means (50, 70).

Inventors: HUFF ROBERT O, JORDAN PAUL T, OWENS VALERIE, HUFF, ROBERT O., JORDAN, PAUL T., OWENS, VALERIE
Applicants: POWER TOOL HOLDERS INC, POWER TOOL HOLDERS INCORPORATED
Application year: 1992
Main classification: B23B31
IPC codes: B23B31