FM radar system

Abstract: A frequency modulated-continuous wave (FM-CW) radar system for detecting a range, relative speed, and direction to a target. To this end, a beat signal generator (17), first and second signal distributors (11,13,15,23), a beat signal frequency detector (19), a beat signal amplitude level detector (19), and at least one pair of antennas (18a-d) are provided. Each antenna (18a,c) of each pair has the same directivity, is set to radiate a beam in a slightly different direction from the beam radiated by the other antenna (18b,d), and is set to receive a return beam from a target. The first signal distributor (11,12,22) distributes an FM signal having a frequency varying with time to each of said antennas successively and repeatedly. The second signal distributor (11,13,23) distributes a reference FM signal to a first set of input terminals of the beat signal generator (17) successively and repeatedly. The reference signal has a frequency different from that of the FM signal, and the frequency difference is created by shifting both frequencies by different amounts or delaying both signals by different amounts. The beat signal generator (17) generates beat signals by mixing the reference signal and a signal indicative of the return beam. The frequency detector (19) detects the frequency of at least one of the generated beat signals and converts the frequency to provide an indication of a range to the target, and the beat signal amplitude detector (19) converts a ratio of the beat signal levels to provide an indication of a direction to the target.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to FM radar systems, and in particular, to FM radar systems for detecting a direction, distance (range), and relative speed to a target. A radar system, which is mounted on a vehicle such as an automobile and used in conjunction with an alarm system to detect and warn of potential frontal and rearend collisions, must have a minimum range of several decimeters. For this reason, it has been recognized that for use in collision warning systems, frequency modulated-continuous wave (FM-CW) radar systems are preferred over conventional pulse radar systems. Examples of FM-CW radar systems may be found in United States Patent No. 4,306,236 and Japanese Patent No. HEI 1-28915. However, the FM-CW radar systems of the prior art provide only a means for detecting a range and a relative speed to a target. These systems do not provide a means for detecting a direction to a target. The present applicant has filed a Japanese patent application, HEI 2-121366, which discloses an FM radar system capable of detecting a direction to a target in addition to a range and relative speed to the target. This Japanese application, filed February 15, 1991, has not yet been laid open to public inspection. According to the FM radar system described in the prior Japanese application, because the longest range to be detected is about several hundred meters at most, beams in the frequency range of about 60 Ghz, which are rapidly attenuated upon propagation, are radiated to avoid interference from microwave transmission systems already in existence. To detect a direction to a target in addition to a range and relative speed to the target, a pair of antennas, each having a main lobe of the same directivity, are set to radiate beams in slightly different directions respectively. Further, a ratio of amplitudes of beat signals produced by mixing radiated, reflected, and received FM signals and non-radiated reference FM signals are detected to indicate the direction to the target. In the disclosed FM radar system, frequencies of the beat signals are decreased as the range to a target decreases, thus causing an increase of disturbance by 1/f noise generated in the mixers. As a result, it becomes more difficult for the system to detect the frequencies and the amplitudes of the beat signals as the range to a target becomes shorter. For example, if a range to be detected is as short as one meter, the propagation delay time will be about 7 ns. In the case where the period in which frequency is increased or decreased linearly is 100 µs, and a maximum change of frequency in the period is 400 Mhz, the frequencies of the beat signals will be as low as about 30 Khz. As a result, the beat signals output from the mixers will be strongly disturbed by 1/f noise. This problem is especially serious where FM radar systems are used over a very short range to detect and avoid collisions or contact between automobiles. To solve this problem, the FM radar system, according to the prior Japanese application, raises the frequencies of the beat signals in the following manner. Specifically, the FM signals to be radiated are produced by multiplying the frequencies of original FM signals by N times, and the FM signals to be used as reference signals are produced by multiplying the frequencies of the same original FM signals by (N-1) times. However, this frequency increase results in another problem in that the modified FM radar system becomes more complicated and expensive. From the textbook "Introduction to Radar Systems" by M. I. Skolnik, 1984, MacGraw-Hill, pages 160 to 162 and Figures 5.7 to 5.9, a tracking radar is known, which employs two overlapping antenna patterns to obtain an angular error in one coordinate by amplitude-comparison. According to the amplitude-comparison monopulse technique, the sum pattern (sum of the two antenna patterns) is used for transmission and the sum pattern and additionally the difference pattern (difference of the two antenna patterns) are used on reception. A signal received with the difference pattern provides the magnitude of the angle error. The sum signal provides the range measurement and is also used as a reference to extract the sign of the error signal. Signals received from the sum and the difference patterns are amplified separately and combined in a phase-sensitive detector to produce an error-signal characteristic. The textbook generally gives an overview of different radar techniques, for example the sequential lobing technique and the conical scan technique. The US 4,306,236 describes a ranging radar of the radio frequency (RF) frequency modulated-continuous wave (FM-CW) type. The US 4,360,812 describes a FM-CW radar distance measuring system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention is to provide an FM radar system in which a direction to a target can be detected in addition to a range to the target. Another object of the invention is to provide an FM radar system in which a relative speed to a target can be detected in addition to a range and direction thereto. These and other objects of the present invention are achieved by providing an FM radar system as defined in the claims. In particular, the FM radar system defined in claim 1 provides for the detection of the direction to a target in addition to the distance (range) to the target. The FM radar system defined in claim 5 additionally provides for the additional detection of a relative speed to a target. Further features of preferred embodiments of the FM radar system according to the invention are defined in the other subclaims, leading to further advantages. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a block diagram of an FM radar system according to a first embodiment of the invention. Fig. 2 is a drawing of a set of wave forms useful in understanding the operation of the radar system shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a block diagram of an FM radar system according to a second embodiment of the invention. Fig. 4 is a drawing of a set of wave forms useful in understanding the operation system shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 5 is a drawing illustrating a relation between directivities and directions of a pair of antennas and a direction to a target. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An FM radar system according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to Figs. 1 and 2. As shown in Fig. 1, the FM radar system includes a sweep oscillator 10, a power divider 11, up-converters 12 and 13, two groups of triple frequency multipliers 14 and 15, a group of circulators 16, a group of mixers 17, a group of antennas 18, a detecting circuit 19, a timing control circuit 20, a sweep circuit 21, and switching circuits 22 and 23. A microwave FM signal generated by the sweep oscillator 10 and oscillating under the control of the sweep circuit 21 is supplied to the power divider 11. The power divider 11 divides the signal into two parts, each having equal amplitude, and supplies the resulting signals to up-converters 12 and 13, respectively. The up-converter 12 comprises a mixer 12a, a local oscillator 12b for generating microwave signals, and a band pass filter (not shown in Fig. 1). The up-converter 13 comprises a mixer 13a, a local oscillator 13b for generating microwave signals, and a band pass filter (not shown in Fig. 1). The frequencies of FM signals supplied from the power divider 11 are raised by up-converters 12 and 13, and the up-converted signals are supplied to switching circuits 22 and 23, respectively. The frequencies of microwave signals generated by local oscillators 12b and 13b are set to appropriate values which differ from each other to produce an appropriate difference of frequencies (for example, a difference of 2 Ghz) between signals output from the up-converters 12 and 13. As illustrated by the four wave forms Swa to Swd in Fig. 2, to distribute the FM signal output from up-converter 12 to one of four triple frequency multipliers 14a-14d successively and repeatedly, four switching elements, comprising pin diodes, for example, in the switching circuit 22 are rendered to be on and off successively for a predetermined period in sync with the control signal supplied from timing control circuit 20. Similarly, four switching elements in the switching circuit 23 are rendered to be on and off successively for a predetermined period in sync with the control signal supplied from the timing control circuit 20 to distribute the FM signal output from up-converter 13 to one of four triple frequency multipliers 15a-15d successively and repeatedly. High frequency FM signals, which are output from the frequency multipliers 14a-14d successively and have a wave length on the order of a millimeter (mm waves), are supplied to antennas 18a-18d through circulators 16a-16d, and radiated from the antennas 18a-18d successively. The antennas 18a and 18b are set to form a pair as shown in Fig. 5 and to radiate beams of the FM signals of mm waves of the same directivity in slightly different directions from each other. Similarly, the antennas 18c and 18d are set to form a pair as shown in Fig. 5 and to radiate beams of the FM signals of mm waves of the same directivity in slightly different directions from each other. In this embodiment, a pair of antennas 18a and 18b is set to detect a direction to a target in a horizontal plane, and a pair of antennas 18c and 18d is set to detect a direction to a target in a perpendicular plane. FM signals which are output successively from the switching circuit 23 are supplied to the frequency multipliers 15a-15d successively. FM signals comprising mm waves are output from the frequency multipliers 15a-15d and supplied to one of the second input terminals of the mixers 17a-17d successively as reference FM signals. Reflected beams from a target received by antennas 18a-18d successively are supplied to one of the first input terminals of the mixers 17a-17d successively. Beat signals generated in the mixers 17a-17d are supplied to the detecting circuit 19 through selector 24 which is selectively switched by the control signal supplied from the timing control circuit 20. Illustrated as wave form fa in Fig. 2, the frequency of the beam radiated from the antenna 18a is increased and decreased linearly with time in a first half period of radiation and fixed to a constant value in the following half period of radiation. Similarly, each of the frequencies fb to fd of beams radiated from antennas 18b-18d is increased and decreased linearly with time in a first half period of radiation and fixed to a constant value in the following half period of radiation. Such frequency control is carried out by sweep circuit 21 by generating a signal of a voltage of the same wave form in sync with the timing signal supplied from the timing control circuit 20 and supplying it to the oscillator 10 which functions as a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). In the detecting circuit 19, amplitude levels of beat signals output from a pair of mixers 17a and 17b are detected. These detected levels of beat signals reflect the levels of reflected beams received by antennas 18a and 18b, respectively. Referring to Fig. 5, if the directivities and the directions of the beams radiated from a pair of antennas 18a and 18b are as shown by loops Ba and Db, respectively, and if a direction to a target is as shown in Fig. 5, then the levels La and Lb shown in Fig. 5 reflect the levels of reflected beams received by antennas 18a and 18b, respectively. Thus, a ratio of levels of beat signals is calculated in the detection circuit 19, and this ratio may be converted to a direction to the target in a horizontal plane. Similarly, a second ratio of levels of beat signals output from a pair of mixers 17c and 17d are detected, and this second ratio may be converted to a direction to the target in a perpendicular plane. Also in the detection circuit 19, the frequency of a beat signal is detected in the above-mentioned first half period of radiation wherein the frequency is increased and decreased linearly, and the range to a target is calculated using the detected frequency which provides an indication of the propagation delay time of a radiated and reflected beam. Further, in the detection circuit 19, the frequency of a beat signal is detected in the second half period of radiation in which the frequency is kept constant, and the relative speed to a target is calculated using the detected frequency which includes a component of Doppler shift. As mentioned above, the range (distance) to a target, as well as the direction and relative speed to a target, can all be calculated from the detected frequencies of beat signals and the ratio of levels of beat signals. In the calculation of the range and the relative speed, a single beat signal frequency output from one of four mixers 17a-17d may be detected, or all of the beat signal frequencies output from mixers 17a-17d may be detected to produce an average beat signal frequency. In this embodiment, the converted frequencies of the signals output from up-converters 12 and 13 are set to have an appropriate difference, for instance, a difference of about 2 Ghz, between them. As a result, the frequencies of beat signals output from mixers 17a to 17d are shifted to higher values to avoid any disturbance caused by 1/f noise. FM radar systems according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to Figs. 3 and 4. As shown in Fig. 3, the FM radar system includes a sweep oscillator 10, a power divider 11, a delay circuit 25, two groups of triple frequency multipliers 14 and 15, a group of circulators 16, a group of mixers 17, a group of antennas 18, a detecting circuit 19, a timing control circuit 20, a sweep circuit 21, and switching circuits 22 and 23. The elements in Fig. 3 having the same reference numerals as those in Fig. 1 are the same elements already described with reference to Fig. 1, and duplicated descriptions of those elements are unnecessary. The FM radar system shown in Fig. 3 differs from the system shown in Fig. 1 in that up-converters 12 and 13 are eliminated and a delay circuit 25 is added between the power divider 11 and switching circuits 22. In a similar manner as that described in Fig. 2, distribution of FM signals to triple frequency multipliers 14a-14d through the switching circuit 22 and to triple frequency multipliers 15a-15d through the switching circuit 23 is carried out as illustrated by the four wave forms Swa-Swd in Fig. 4. However, the frequencies of beams to be radiated from antennas 18a-18d are increased and decreased linearly during the whole period of radiation, as shown as four wave forms fa-fd in Fig. 4. In the FM radar system of this embodiment, the frequency of each of the beat signals having no constant parts is separated into a first component caused by the propagation delay time, and a second component caused by Doppler shift, the range to a target is detected from the separated first component, and the relative speed to a target is detected from the separated second component as follows. If the frequency of the beam in the upsweep period wherein the frequency is increased linearly is designated as FU, and the frequency of the beam in the downsweep period wherein the frequency is decreased linearly is designated as FD, the frequencies are described as follows. FU = fo + δf(t/T) FD = fo - δf(t/T) Here, fo and δf are constants having dimensions of frequency and T is a constant having a dimension of time. Further, letting a time required for the radiated beams to go and return between antennas and a target be τ, the change of frequency caused by Doppler shift be fp, the frequency of each of the reflected beams received by antennas in the period of the upsweep be fru, the frequency of each of the reflected beams received by antennas in the period of the downsweep be frd, and the delay time to be added to the FM signal which passes through the delay circuit 25 be τd, then the following relations are obtained. FrU = fo + δf[(t - τ')/T] + fp FrD = fo - δf[(t - τ')/T] +fp τ' = τ + τd The frequency fbu of each of the beat signals output from mixers 17a-17d in the period of the upsweep and the frequency fbd of the beat signals output from mixers 17a-17d in the period of the downsweep is described as follows. FbU = FrU - FU = fp - (τ'/T) δf FbD = FrD - FD = fp + (τ'/T) δf From equations (5) and (7), the delay time of propagation τ and the frequency change by Doppler shift fp are obtained as follows. τ = [(FbD - FbU)/2] (T/ δf) - τd fp = (FbD - FbU)/2 If the velocity of propagation of the radiated and reflected beam is designated as c, the range to a target D is obtained as follows from equation (10). D = c · τ/2 = c [(FbD - FbU)/2] [T/(2δf)] - c · τd/2 Also the relative velocity between a target V is determined as follows. V = c (fp/fo) = c (FbD + FbU)/(2fo) One advantage of the FM radar system according to the second embodiment is that a shift of the frequencies of the beat signals to higher values is realized, and disturbance by 1/f noise is avoided. This advantage is achieved by merely adding the delay circuit 25 between the power divider 11 and switching circuit 22. As a result, complex and expensive up-converters required in the FM radar system of the first embodiment can be eliminated, thus reducing the cost for manufacturing the system. Moreover, a degradation of accuracy of detection due to a relative change of frequencies between up-converters can be effectively avoided by replacing them with the signal delay circuit 25.

Claims: FM radar system, comprising a transmission system and a receiving and detecting system, for measuring a distance and a direction to a target, said receiving and detecting system comprising: at least one pair (18a,18b;18c,18d) of beam receiving means (18a,18b,18c,18d), each beam receiving means (18a,18b, 18c, 18d) of said pair having substantially the same directivity, each beam receiving means (18a;18c) being set to receive a return beam from a slightly different direction from the return beams received by the other beam receiving means (18b;18d), said return beam comprising a beam reflected by a target; beat signal generating means (17) for generating successive beat signals, each beat signal having a frequency, said beat signal generating means (17) having a first and a second set of input terminals, each input terminal of said first set of input terminals being associated with a respective beam receiving means (18a;18b;18c;18d) and being adapted to receive a signal indicative of the return beam received by said associated beam receiving means (18a;18b;18c;18d); reference signal distributing means (11, 13, 23, 15; 11, 23, 15) for distributing a reference FM signal to said second set of input terminals of said beat signal generating means (17); frequency detecting means (19) for detecting the frequency of at least one beat signal of said generated beat signals and converting the frequency to provide an indication of a distance to said target; and level comparing means (19) for comparing the levels of said generated beat signals to provide an indication of a direction to said target. FM radar system according to claim 1, characterized by selector means (24) for selectively supplying one of said beat signals to said frequency detecting means (19). FM radar system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said reference FM signal has a frequency varying in time. FM radar system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by said reference signal distributing means (11,13,23,15;11,23,15) having time division means (22) for distributing said reference FM signal to said second set of input terminals of said beat signal generating means (17) by time dividing said reference FM signal into divisional reference FM signals, each divisional reference FM signal being associated with a respective input terminal of said second set of input terminals and being supplied to said beat signal generating means (17) via said associated input terminal. FM radar system according to one of the preceding claims for additionally measuring a relative speed to a target, characterized in that said frequency detecting means (19) separates said beat signal or the frequency of said beat signal to two components, a first frequency component or a first beat signal component, respectively, being indicative of a Doppler-shift of the respective return beat, and a second frequency component or a second beat signal component, respectively, being indicative of a propagation delay time of the respective return beam, and converting the first component to provide an indication of a relative speed to said target and converting the second component to provide an indication of the distance to said target, respectively. FM radar system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said reference signal distributing means (11,13,23,15;11,23,15) includes a pair of frequency multipliers (15a,15b,15c,15d). FM radar system according to claim 6, characterized in that said time division means of said reference signal distributing means comprises switching means (23) for distributing said reference FM signal successively to said beat signal generating means (17a,17b, 17c,17d) via a respective frequency multiplier (15a;15b; 15c;15d). FM radar system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the system includes two pairs of beam receiving means (18a,18b and 18c,18d), one (18a,18b) being set for detecting a direction to a target in a horizontal plane and the other (18c,18d) being set for detecting a direction to a target in a perpendicular plane. FM radar system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by said system being adapted to be mounted on a vehicle, especially an automobile.

Inventors: KOMATSU SATORU, KOMATSU, SATORU
Applicants: HONDA MOTOR CO LTD, HONDA GIKEN KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1992
Main classification: G01S13
IPC codes: G01S13