DNA SEQUENCES WHICH CODE FOR VIRULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOCOCCUS SUIS AND PARTS THEREOF, POLYPEPTIDES AND ANTIBODIES DERIVED THEREFROM AND THE USE THEREOF FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF AND PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION BY S. SUIS IN MAMMALS, INCLUDING MAN

Abstract: The invention provides DNA sequences which code for polypeptides which are characteristic for the virulence of the pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus suis and parts thereof, and polypeptides and antibodies derived therefrom. The sequences code for a polypeptide of 90.000-120.000 daltons or a polypeptide of higher molecular weight containing such a polypeptide, and for a polypeptide of 135.000-136.000 daltons (muramidase released protein), or parts thereof. The sequences themselves, and also the polypeptides and antibodies derived therefrom, are used for diagnosis of and protection against infection by S. suis in mammals, including man.

Description: DNA sequences which code for virulence characteristics of Streptococcus suis and parts thereof, polypeptides and antibodies derived therefrom and the use thereof for the diagnosis of and protection against infection by S. suis in mammals, including man. The invention is in the field of veterinary and human preventive medicine, in particular that of the diagnosis of and protection against infection by pathogenic strains of the bacterium Streptococcus suis . Infections with Streptococcus suis serot pe 2 in young pigs at about the time of weaning have been a growing problem in the Netherlands since 1 83- The disease is characterised by meningitis, arthritis, sepsis and death (Clifton-Hadley 1983, ref. 6 ; Vecht et al. 1 85, ref. 44 ; Windsor 1977. ref. 50) . It is estimated that 5-10 per cent of farms have problems of this type. The mortality is estimated at 2.5 -n_ the morbidity in affected farms is on average 2-3% - Therapeutic and preventive measures have only a limited effect. The economic damage is accordingly appreciable. The disease is a zoonosis. Humans are also susceptible to this infection, with the risk of sepsis and meningitis with possibly permanent side-effects; rare cases of death have been reported (Arends and Zanen 1988, ref. 2) . This related mostly to cases of people with a skin wound coming into contact with infected pork. In particular, pig farmers and slaughterhouse staff belong to the risk group. There are indications that the increased rate of illness on pig farms in the Netherlands since 1983 is to be ascribed to the import of breeding animals which are carriers of 5. suis type 2. Carriers are often healthy adult pigs which harbour the streptococci in the tonsils and ucosa of the upper respiratory tract. The infection is transmitted via these carriers to susceptible animals, frequently piglets at weaning age. Diagnosis of animals which are already sick or have died is based on isolation and determination of S. suis type 2 from clinical samples or organs after necropsy. Detection of carriers is based on bacteriological examination of nose or throat swabs or tonsil biopsies using a selective/elective medium (Van Leengoed et al. 1987. ref. 27) . On the basis of diagnostic testing to detect carriers, it should be possible to set up a control programme. However, testing for carriers using the conventional becteriological techniques is time-consuming, which complicates the processing of large numbers of samples; there is also a risk of false negative results due to overgrowth with contaminants. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Finally, interpretation of the test demands a great deal of experience. Moreover, diagnosis and possible control on the basis of diagnosis are further complicated by the occurrence of differences in pathogenicity within the 5. suis type 2 species. Regular testing for carriers within a control programme is sensible only if truly virulent strains of S. suis type 2 can be differentiated from avirulent strains. Current diagnostic techniques do not make such discrimination. Consequently, control based on the detection of carriers of virulent S. suis type 2 strains is not yet possible. Differences in virulence are ascribed, inter alia, to the presence or absence of virulence factors. In 198*4, Arends and Zanen (ref. 1 ) already described "lysozyme-positive proteins" in human strains. In a study with experimental animals it was found that a "lysozyme-positive" strain (D-282) was pathogenic for gnotobiotic pigs, in contrast to a "lysozyme-negative" strain (T-15) (Vecht et al. 1989, ref. 43) . The "lysozyme-positive protein" is probably identical to the muramidase- released protein (MRP) of strain D-282. The pig industry in the Netherlands and many other countries has a pyramid structure, with a small number of breeding herds at the top, from where animals are distributed to multiplication herds. These supply a large number of fattening herds, from where the (animal) product finally goes to the slaughterhouses. A control program based on diagnosis (certification of farms, elimination of positive carriers, import requirements) should primarily aim at creating herds which are free of S. suis type 2 high in this pyramid. A vaccine would primarily be useful in affecting herds lower in the pyramid. Furthermore, means and methods for diagnosing infections by Streptococcus suis in human medicine can be of value. The object of the invention is to provide methods and means which make it possible, in a more effective manner than hitherto, to detect infections by Streptococcus suis on the one hand and to prevent such infections by elimination of infected and carrier pigs on the other hand. This object is achieved by using a DNA sequence from the gene which codes for a virulence characteristic of S. suis. In this context, a virulence characteristic is defined as a polypeptide whose presence is associated with the virulence of an organism, in this case the bacterium S. suis. in particular serotype 2. Two genes of virulent strains of 5. suis type 2 have been found which code for two proteins, which are designated MRP (muramidase released protein and extracellu ar actor and which appear to e characteristic for virulence (virulence factors). MRP and EF are high ■ molecular weight proteins. MRP (136 kD) is a protein associated with the cell envelope and can be released from the cell wall by muramidase. EF (110 kD) is an extracellular product which is secreted by the bacterium into the growth medium. EF has higher molecular weight counterparts which are denoted herein as EF*. The invention provides new diagnostic methods which are able to differentiate between virulent and avirulent strains. These methods are based on the genes encoding MRP, EF and EF * and their expression products. On the basis of the expression of one or both proteins by said genes, three different phenotypes of S. suis type 2 have been found to date: i.e. the MRP* EF* phenotype, the MRP**- EF- phenotype and the MRP- EF- phenotype. 71% (n * 111) of strains isolated from organs of pigs showing clinical symptoms of disease were found to possess the MRP+ EF+ phenotype, while 86 (n = 2 ) of isolates from tonsils of non-suspect normal slaughter pigs were found to possess the MRP- EF- phenotype. The MRP+ EF- phenotype was most frequently found (7^ ) (n = 27) in isolates from human patients with infections of S. suis type 2 (see Figure 10). Hence infected animals and carriers of virulent strains can be detected, and a vaccine based on MRP, EF and/or EF * can be developed. It is thus possible to detect carriers of virulent strains of S. suis and a vaccine can be developed. Using the diagnostic methods for detecting carriers and infected pig herds and/or using vaccines based on MRP, EF and/or EF * , a program for controlling infections by S. suis type 2 in pig herds can be developed. The invention therefore relates to the DNA sequence of the gene which, apart from coding for specific high molecular weight polypeptides, codes for the 90-120 kDa polypeptide which is a characteristic of S. suis virulence, which gene, hereinafter designated the ef gene has the nucleotide sequence according to Fig. 1A for S. suis serotype 2, strain D-282, and to equivalent sequences and to parts of said sequences. The nucleotide sequence of the entire region coding for EF and the flanking sequences have been determined. Analysis of the sequence of the ef gene (Fig. 1A) provides an open reading frame of 2 29 nucleotides which codes for a polypeptide of 8^3 amino acids (calculated molecular weight 90,010. Monoclonal antibodies generated against the 110 kDa EF protein recognised proteins with a higher molecular weight in culture super- natants of all 38 strains with a MRP+ EF- phenotype. This indicates that SUBSTITUTE SHEET certain epitopes of the 110 kDa EF and the high molecular weight proteins are identical. None of the 91 strains with a MRP* EF+ phenotype was found to produce these high molecular weight proteins. At the same time, DNA probes based on the gene which codes for the 110 kDa EF were found to hybridise with genes which code for the high molecular weight proteins of MRP+ EF- strains. This indicates that the 110 kDa EF and the high molecular weight proteins are related, which implies that at least part of the ef gene, from strains with a MRP+ EF- phenotype, is identical to the ef gene of strains with the MRP+ EF+ phenotype. The higher molecular weight counterpart of the protein EF is designated herein as EF*, and the gene encoding it as the ef* gene. The corresponding nucleotide and amino acid sequences are represented in Fig. IB. The invention also relates to the DNA sequence of the gene which codes for the 13 - 36 kDa polypeptide which is also a virulence characteristic of S. suis, which gene, hereinafter designated the mrp gene, has the nucleotide sequence according to Figure 2 for S. suis serotype 2 strain D-282, and to equivalent sequences and to parts of said sequences. The nucleotide sequence of the entire region coding for MRP and the flanking sequences have been determined. Analysis of the sequence of the rp gene (Fig. 2) shows an open reading frame of 3768 nucleotides which codes for a polypeptide of 1256 amino acids (calculated molecular weight 135.79*4) - In this context, an equivalent sequence comprises a sequence which is essentially the same as the sequence shown but can display slight differences, such as point mutations, or other modifications which may be caused by substitution, deletion, insertion or addition; similarly, an equivalent sequence also comprises a sequence which, despite any differences in nucleotide sequence, hybridises with the sequence shown or with its complement, and also a related sequence which means that it codes for the same amino acid sequence despite differences in nucleotide sequence. The invention also relates to a recombinant polynucleotide which contains an ef/ f gene and/or mrp gene sequence as described above, in the presence of a regulating sequence. A recombinant of this type, such as a virus vector, a plasmid or a bacterium, can be used for expression of the gene or of relevant parts thereof in a desired environment, for example for the production of immunogenic peptides intended for the diagnosis of an infection, or for controlling infections with virulent strains of S. suis by vaccination. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Polynucleotide probes which contain a sequence as described above, derived from a gene which codes for a virulence characteristic of S. suis, also- form part of the invention. A probe of this type in particular corresponds with part of the nucleotide sequence of one of the two said genes. The probe can be used for direct detection of the presence of sequences of virulent strains of S. suis . The probe can also be used as a basis for a primer for the multiplication of polynucleotides (for example in a poly erase chain reaction) as part of a diagnostic method or a protection method. A suitable polynucleotide probe was found to be a partial sequence containing at least 10 nucleotides, preferably at least 15 nucleotides, up to 835 nucleotides from the sequence 1100-193** 1 of the mrp gene. Another suitable polynucleotide probe was found to be a partial sequence containing 10-417, in particular 15-^17 nucleotides from the sequence 2890-3306 of the ef* gene. These probes differentiate effectively between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of S. suis . A combination of such an mrp based probe and an ef* based probe is an especially powerful diagnostic tool. The invention also relates to polypeptides which are derived from a polynucleotide sequence described above. A polypeptide of this type is either coded by said sequence or obtained by expression of said sequence and essentially corresponds to a S. suis protein characteristic of virulence, or to a part thereof. A polypeptide of this type can, for example, be used as an antigen in an imαunoassay, as an immunogen in the immunisation of mammals or as an immunogen for the production of anti¬ bodies for diagnostic purposes. The antibodies generated in this way also form part of the invention. Such antibodies can be polyclonal or monoclonal and can be conjugated with a marker (enzyme, isotope, luminescent substance or complex-forming agent); the antibody can also be bound to solid carriers. The invention also relates to methods for the detection of an infection by a pathogenic strain or by a non-pathogenic strain of S. suis , in which one or more polynucleotide probes, polypeptides and/or antibodies as described above are used. "Infection" signifies here the presence of the pathogenic organism, both in the case where there are clinical signs of disease (infection in a narrow sense) and in the case where there are no clinical signs of disease (infection in a broad sense, or contamination). For immunoassays, such as a determination of the presence of antigens of and/or antibodies against S. suis in a sample or SUBSTITUTE SHEET in clinical material, it is possible, for example, to use on a microtiter plate a polypeptide (110 kDa) which is encoded by the ef/ef* gene or a part thereof, and/or an antibody which has been generated against such a polypeptide. In addition, it is also possible to use a polypeptide (136 kDa) encoded by the mrp gene or a part thereof, and/or an antibody which has been generated against such a polypeptide. The diagnostic methods can be carried out using procedures known per se. Examples are Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) and Double Antibody Sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. The methods described above can be carried out with the aid of diagnostic kits. A diagnostic kit according to the invention contains, respectively, at least one polynucleotide or a polypeptide which corresponds to or is derived from a sequence of the ef/ef* gene or mrp gene or a part thereof or contains an antibody which has been generated against the polypeptide derived from one of the said ef/ef* and mrp sequences. It is also possible to use combinations of probes and the like, in particular of ef* diagnostic agents and mrp diagnostic agents, or combinations of primers, for example for carrying out PCR. The kits can also contain the components required for carrying out diagnoses, such as reagents (labelling substances, dyes and the like), supports (filters, plates and the like), media and calibrating agents as well as a manual for carrying out the diagnosis. The invention also relates to a method for protecting mammals against infection with Streptococcus suis, in which method a poly- nucleotide, a polypeptide or an antibody as described above is used. When an antibody is used, the method is a passive immunisation, that is to say there is direct provision of antibodies against the pathogenic organism; since antibodies which are derived from EF, EF* and MRP are directed against the most virulent forms of S. suis, a procedure of this type can be an effective method for protecting against, or controlling, infection, especially if the animal to be protected is not itself able to produce sufficient antibodies, for example if infection has already taken place or in the case of young animals. Another form of passive immunisation in the case of pigs is the administration of antibodies to the piglets via the colostrum from the sow. In this case the dam is actively immunised with one or both polypeptides during pregnancy, that is to say before the birth of the piglets. When a polypeptide or a polynucleotide (optionally in the form of a recombinant organism) is used, the procedure is an active immunisa- SUBSTITUTE SHEET tion, the animal to be protected being stimulated, by means of the immunogenic polypeptide which is administered directly or in the form of a gene for expression, to produce antibodies. Another suitable method of immunisation is the administration of a polypeptide from which the activity responsible for virulence has been neutralised. Such a polypeptide should then no longer be pathogenic, while immunogenic characteristics are retained. It can be obtained, for example, by expression of a gene which has been modified with respect to the original ef/ef* or mrp gene, such as by means of deletion. Vaccines for protecting mammals against an infection by 5. suis , which vaccines contain a polynucleotide, a polypeptide or an antibody as described above, also form part of the invention. A particular vaccine according to the invention is a vaccine which contains a S. suis material which does not or does not completely bring to expression at least one of the polypeptides corresponding to EF and MRP. This material can originate from or can be formed by a possible live strain which is not virulent or is less virulent. The role of virulence factors which are involved in the pathogenesis of S. suis type 2 has been studied in vivo by means of gnotobiotic/germ-free piglets with S. suis type 2 strains defined in respect of virulence factors (MRP and EF) . The animal experiments were monitored by means of haematological, bacteriological and (histo)- pathological analytical techniques. Description of the fig-ures Figure 1A: Nucleotide sequence of the ef gene and the adjacent sequences and the EF amino acid sequence derived therefrom. The presumed ribosome binding site, the -35 arid -10 regions of the presumed promoters, and the regions with complementary symmetry are marked. The possible cleaving site for signal peptidase is between nucleotides 498-*99- Figure IP ; Nucleotide sequence of the fragment encoding the S. suis type 2 ef' gene of strain 1890 and the deduced amino acid sequence of the EF * protein of class I. The putative ribosome binding site, the -35 and "10 regions of the putative promoter sequences, the repetitive regions Rl - Rll, and the putative termination signals are indicated. The region between the nucleotides 2859 and 5-28 is absent in the gene encoding the 110 kDa EF protein. The region between the nucleotides 3**!23 and ^56 is absent in the genes encoding the class IV and class V EF * proteins. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Figure 2: Nucleotide sequence of the 4.6 kb EcoRI-Hindlll fragment with the mrp gene of 5. suis type 2 and the MRP amino acid sequence derived therefrom. The probable ribosome binding site, the -35 and -10 regions of the presumed promoter sequences, the region of complementary symmetry beyond the mrp gene, the putative cleaving site for signal peptidase, the proline-rich region, the repeating amino acid sequences and the envelope anchor region are indicated. Figure 3 ; Restriction maps of ef containing fragments, subcloned into the plasmid vector pKUN19 (24) . The open reading frames are boxed. Restriction sites: B-.BαmHI; g:Bglll; E:£coRI; K:KpnI; N;ffαrl; P;PstI; S;SnαBI; Sa.SαZI; Sp.Spel. Figure 4: Schematic representation of the gene encoding the 110 kDa EF protein and the flanking regions. EF is encoded by the open reading frame 1 (0RF1). The 3' end of 0RF1 is overlapping with the 5' end of 0RF2. 0RF2 and 0RF3 are separated by a TAA stop codon. Restriction sites of interest are indicated. Figure 5; Schematic representation of the Pstl-SnαBI fragment of the ef * genes of 5 different classes of the ef gene. The arrows indicate the repeated amino acid units. The lines indicate regions present in the different strains. The gaps indicate the regions lacking in the different strains. Figure 6: Nucleotide sequences near the ends of the fragments lacking in the ef * genes of class IV and V (A) and in the ef gene (B) . The uppermost and middle sequences represent regions flanking the left and right ends of the lacking fragments. The bottom sequences show the junctions as found in the class IV and V ef * genes (A) and in the ef gene (B) . Directly repeated sequences are shown in boxes. The bold nucleotides indicate the first bases of the translational triplets. The numbers refer to the nucleotide positions in the ef * gene of class I (Fig. IB) . Figure 1- A. Restriction maps of the DNA inserts of putative MRP-positive recombinant bacteriophages. The thick line indicates the DNA region which is present in all of these clones. Restriction sites: E:EcoRI; H:H£ndIII; X:XZ.αI; K: pnI; S:SαcI. B. Parts of the DNA inserts subcloned in the plasmid vector pKUN19 (24) . SUBSTITUTE SHEET Figure 8; Western blot analysis of proteins, encoded by recombinant plasmids and recombinant bacteriophages, which have been selected with monoclonal antibodies against MRP. Lane 1: negative control; proteins extracted from the cell wall of a MRP-negative strain of S. suis . Lane 2: crude MRP preparation which contains proteins extracted from the cell wall of strain D282. Lane 3: pMR7-l. Lane 4: pMR7-2. Lane 5: pMR9-l. Lane 6: pMR9-2. Lane 7: pMRlO-l. Lane 8: pMRlO-2. Lane 9: lambda GEMll with control insert. Lane 10: lambda clone 7- Lane 11: lambda clone 9. Lane 12: lambda clone 10. Lane 13: lambda clone 11. Figure Q: Western blot of the protoplast supernatant (PPS), culture supernatant (Cult. Sup.), and membrane vesicle (Membr.) fractions probed with anti-MRP/EF rabbit K191 serum (diluted 1:500). The lane designations are numbered strain designations. ig r 10 Western blot of cell culture supematants of selected S. suis type 2 strains probed with rabbit anti-MRP/EF serum (K191), anti-MRP serum, and anti-EF serum (1:500 diluted). The PAbs revealed three S. suis type 2 phenotypes: MRP * EF * . MRP'EF " and MRP " EF " . The lane designations are strain designations. Reference strain 1 (D-282) and strains 3 to 9 (MRP'EF * ) were isolated from pigs with S. suis meningitis. Reference strain 2 (T-15) and strains 10, 12, 16, and 17 were isolated from the tonsils of healthy pigs. Strains 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, and 29 were isolated from human patients. Figure 11: Hydropathy profile (25) of MRP. Sequences above and below the line represent hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions respectively. Figure 12 - Homology between the amino acid sequences at the C terminus of MRP and several cell-envelope associated proteins of gram-positive bacteria. The amino acid sequence of S. suis MRP was compared with M6 protein of Streptococcus pyogenes (20) , protein A of Stσphylococcus auτeus (16) , protein G of group G streptococci (10) , AP4 of S. pyogenes (13) , LP of Lactococcus lactis (46) , WAP4 of S. mutans (11 ) , T6 of S. pyogenes (38) , and Fn-BP of S. aureus (39) . Figure 3 Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the repeat units in MRP. Homologous regions are enclosed in boxes. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Figure 14 : Fragments of the mrp and ef genes that were used as a probe. On top of each figure is the localisation of restriction sites that were used to create the probes. The fragments which were used as probes are indicated with solid bars. Left of the solid bar is the -abbreviation of the probe. The arrow indicates the open reading frame (ORF) of each gene. Fig. 14a: Probes of the mrp gene. The SacI and Hindlll sites are not authentic but are generated by subcloning fragments of the mrp gene. Fig. 14b: Probes of the ef gene. Fig. 14c: Probe of the ef * gene. The open bar indicates the insert sequence of ef * that is not part of the ef gene. Figure 15: Specificity of PCR. 10 ng of chromosomal DNA of S. suis type 2 strains was used in the PCR with the primers p-15, p-l6, p-34, and p-35- Lanes 1 to 4 contained amplified DNA of MRPΕF * strains (D282, 3. 10, and 22) , lanes 5. 6, 7. and 9 of MRP * EF * strains (17, 24, 26, 28), lanes 10 to 14 of MRPΕF " strains (T15, 12, 16, 18, and 25), and lane 15 contained the negative control; all ingredients except DNA. Lanes 8 and 16 contained 300 ng size marker Lambda DNA digested with Hindlll and EcoRI. Figure 16: Dot spot hybridization of 13 S. suis type 2 strains with the mrp and ef probes. In each experiment, row A contains 1 μg/spot DNA of four MRP * EF * strains; D282, 3, 10 and 22, and one positive control. Row B contains four MRP * EF * strains: strain 17, 24, 26 and 28; and row C five MRP _ EF~ strains; T15, 12, 16, 18 and 25. EXAMPLE 1 Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene encoding the 110 kDa extracellular protein of pathogenic Streptococcus suis tvoe 2 strains MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains and growth conditions. E. coli strains JM101 (29) and LE392 (33) were used as hosts for recom¬ binant plasmids and bacteriophages. The pathogenic MRP * EF * strain D282 of S. suis type 2 (43) was used for the isolation of chrβmosomal DNA. E. coli strains were grown in Luria broth (30) . Ampicillin was added as needed to a final concentration of 50 μg/ml. S. suis strains were grown in Todd-Hewitt broth (Oxoid, Ltd., London, England). Construction and immunological screening of the DNA library. A DNA library of 5. suis type 2 strain D282 was constructed in LambdaGEM-11 as SUBSTITUTE SHEET recommended by the manufacturer of the cloning vector (Promega, Madison, USA). Recombinant bacteriophages were plated on E. coli strain LE392 and incubated for 16 h at 37 β C. Nitrocellulose filters (Schleicher and Schuell, Inc., Dassel, Germany) were placed on the plaques, and the plates were further incubated for 2 h at 37 * C. Recombinants that produced EF were visualized with monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed against EF (Example 4). Bound antibodies were detected with anti-mouse serum conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (Zymed Laboratories, Inc., San Francisco, USA) as described by Maniatis et al. (28) . Selected EF positive clones were purified by several rounds of single plaque isolation and immunological screening. Sodium dodecvl sulfate (SDS) polvacrvlamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Western blot analysis. Proteins were separated by SDS gel electrophoresis in which 42 stacking and 6% separating gels were used (26) . The separated proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose in a Semi-Dry transfer cell (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, USA). Specific proteins were visualized by use of polyclonal antibodies (Pabs, Example 4) or Mabs directed against EF and anti-rabbit or anti-mouse sera con¬ jugated with alkaline phosphatase (Zymed Laboratories). DNA manipulations and nucleotide sequence analysis. Selected restriction fragments were (sub)-cloned in the plasmid vector pKUN19 (24) by standard molecular biological techniques (28) . Progressive unidirectional deletions were made with the Erase-a-Base system from Promega (Madison, USA) . DNA sequences were determined by the dideoxy chain termination method (37) . DNA and protein sequences were analysed by the software packages PCGENE (Intelli-genetics Corp., Mountain View, CA) and Wisconsin GCG (University of Wisconsin) . RESULTS Cloning of the ef gene. A DNA library was constructed by isolating chromosomal DNA from strain D282 of S. suis type 2. This DNA was partially digested with the restriction enzyme SαiβA and cloned into the bacteriophage LambdaGEMll replacement vector. The library contained ap¬ proximately 5 x 10 5 recombinants per μg of DNA. Two thousand plaques of recombinant phages were tested for the presence of antigenic determinants of EF by use of a Mab directed against EF. Two plaques were positive. The expression of EF by the two selected recombinant bacteriophages was studied by Western blotting to analyse the proteins eluted from plaques. Both recombinants encoded a protein that comigrated with EF secreted by S. suis and that was recognized by Mabs directed against EF. Thus both SUBSTITUTE SHEET recombinant bacteriophages contained the complete genetic information for EF. The genetic information for EF on the recombinant bacteriophages was localized using restriction enzyme analysis. The two clones shared a DNA region of about 13 kb. Parts of the common DNA region were subcloned into plasmid pKUN19 (Fig. 3) and the proteins expressed by the recombinant plasmids were analyzed by Western blotting. The plasmid containing the 6.8 kb KpήL-Sall fragment (pEF2-19, Fig. 3) encoded a protein with a molecular weight identical to EF, that was recognized by Mabs directed against EF. Plasmids containing the 5-8 kb EcoRV-SαZI or the 5-3 kb BglTL-Sall fragment, however, did not express EF. These data indicate that the EcόRV and the Bglll sites are within regions required for EF expression. Nucleotide sequence of the ef gene. The nucleotide sequence of the fragment comprising the EF encoding region was determined. The sequence (Fig. 1A) showed the presence of 3 major open reading frames (ORFs). 0RF1 (from nucleotide 361 to 2890), 0RF2 (from nucleotide 2856 to 3459) and 0RF3 (from nucleotide 3462 to 4053) encoded polypeptides of 843 amino acids, of 201 amino acids and of 197 amino acids respectively. 0RF1 con¬ tained a putative ATG start codon that is preceded by a sequence that is similar to ribosome binding sites of several types of gram-positive bacteria (17) . In contrast, neither a start codon, nor a ribosome binding site upstream of the ORFs 2 and 3 could be found. The 3' end of 0RF1 and the 5' end of 0RF2 are overlapping, albeit in different frames. The ORFs 2 and 3 are separated by a single TAA stop codon. Upstream of 0RF1 two putative promoter sequences were found that resembled the -35 and -10 consensus sequences of promoters commonly found in gram-positive bacteria (Fig.1A) . Downstream of 0RF3, two regions of extented dyad symmetry were present. Because both regions contained a stretch of thymidine residues at the end of the potential stem-loop structures, these potential transcription terminators are likely to be rho-independent (34, 40) . Because the sequence data did not reveal obvious transcription and translation signals upstream of, or within 0RF2 and 0RF3, it is doubtful that these ORFs express proteins. Another possibility is that the entire sequenced region contains one large open reading frame. This situation would occur if only two sequence errors were present: a +1 base pair frame shift in the region 286 to 2892 and an error in the stop codon at position 3**59« This possibility was excluded by sequencing the ef gene from three additional, independently selected clones. Fragments of the initial clones were used as hybridization probes in order to isolate SUBSTITUTE SHEET these clones from the chromosome. The nucleotide sequences of these frag¬ ments were identical to those presented in Fig. 1A. Amino acid sequence of EF. Because only 0RF1 was preceded by appropriate expression/initiation signals, this ORF probably encodes EF. This was confirmed by subcloning two fragments into plasmid pKUN19: a Spel-SnαBI fragment, that contained the entire ORFs 1 and 2 and a Speϊ-Narl fragment, that contained 0RF1 and the 5' end of 0RF2 (Fig. 3). The proteins expressed by the recombinant plasmids were analysed by Western blotting. In E. coli both recombinant plasmids encoded a protein that was recognized by a Mab directed against EF and that had a molecular weight identical to that of EF secreted by S. suis . Therefore, 0RF1 encodes EF. The molecular weight of the 0RF1 product calculated from the sequence (90,000) differed, however, from that of EF estimated from SDS polyacrylamide gels (110,000). EF is exclusively found in the supernatant of S. suis cultures, and thus the protein is expected to be preceded by a signal peptide. Indeed, the first 46 amino acids of the deduced amino acid sequence of EF are charac¬ teristic of a typical signal peptide. An N-terminal part that contained six positively charged amino acids was followed by a hydro-phobic core of 21 amino acids and a putative signal peptidase cleavage site (45) . The hydropathy pattern (25) of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that, apart from the signal peptide, the EF protein was very ' hydrophilic and did not contain extended hydrophobic regions (cf. MRP, Example 3)« No significant similarities were found between the deduced amino acid se- quence of EF and the protein sequences in the EMBL Data Library. Although appropriate translation initiation signals upstream of 0RF2 and 0RF3 could not be found, the deduced amino acid sequences of 0RF2 and 0RF3 showed some properties which raised doubt to the idea that those frames are not expressed. The N-terminus of the putative 0RF2 protein showed two highly repetative units of 57 amino acids (identity 82%) . The C-terminus of the putative 0RF3 protein is functionally similar to C-terminal regions of several cell-envelope located proteins of gram- positive bacteria (10, 12, 13, 16, 41 ) . A hydrophobic region was preceded by the conserved sequence Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly-Glu and followed by a highly hydrophilic region. This similarity suggests that the putative 0RF3 protein is associated with the cell-envelope. SUBSTITUTE SHEET EXAMPLE 2 Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of genes encoding extracellular proteins of non-pathogenic Streptococcus suis type 2 strains MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains and growth conditions. Escherichia coli strain JM101 (29) was used as host for recombinant plasmids. Seventeen MRP * EF" strains of S. suis type 2 were isolated from human patients, five strains from tonsils of slaughthered pigs, seven strains from organs of diseased pigs and from two strain the origin was unknown (Example 4) . The E. coli strain was grown in Luria broth (30) . Ampicillin was added as needed to a final concentration of 50 μg/ml. Streptococcus suis strains were grown in Todd-Hewitt broth (Oxoid, Ltd. , London, England) . Genomic DNA and oligonucleotides. Genomic DNA was isolated by lysis in proteinase K/SDS solution, extraction with phenol/chloroform and precipitation with ethanol (28) . The sequences of the oligonucleotides used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were: 5'" ATGTMττGMτrCTCτπ rAAC-T- ' and '-A CGTCCGCAGACTT_S2^ TΓAAAAGC-3*. These oligonucleotides correspond to the positions 35 to 59 and 308 to 4279 in the S. suis type 2 ef gene. The underlined sequences indicate the recognition sites for the restriction enzymes EcoRI and Xbal. DNA manipulations and nucleotide sequence analyses were carried out as described in Example 1. SDS - PAGE and Western blot analysis were carried out as described in Example 1. Southern hybridization. DNA was transferred to Gene-Screen Plus membranes (New England Nuclear Corp. , Dreieich, Germany) as described by Maniatis et al. (28) . DNA probes were labeled with ( 32 P)dCTP (3000Ci/mMol, Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, USA) by the use of a random primed labeling kit (Boehringer GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The blots were hybridized with DNA probes as recommended by the supplier of the Gene-Screen Plus membranes. After hybridization the membranes were washed twice with a solution of 2 x SSC (1 x SSC is 0.15M NaCl plus 0.015 M trisodium citrate, pH 7.0) for 5 min at room temperature and twice with a solution of 0.1 x SSC plus 0. SDS for 30 min at 65 β C. Amplification of genomic DNA fragments bv Polvmerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR was used to amplify ef * sequences. Genomic DNA from different MRP * EF * strains of S. suis type 2 was used as a template. Amplified DNA fragments were isolated by agarose gelelectrophoresis and extraction from the gel with Gene Clean (BiolOl, La Jolla, USA). The purified fragments were digested with EcoRl and Xbal and cloned into the plasmid pKUN19 (24 ) . To exclude mistakes in the DNA sequences as a result of the PCR, six independently choosen clones were mixed prior to the nucleotide sequence analyses. RESULTS Western blot of EF * proteins. Culture supematants of strains of S. suis type 2 belonging to the MRP * EF * phenotype contained proteins that were recognized by Mabs directed against EF (Examples 4, 6). The molecular weights (MW) of these proteins varied and were higher than that of EF. The proteins secreted by thirty-one strains of the MRP * EF * phenotype were compared with those secreted by a strain of the MRP * EF * phenotype. EF * proteins of five different molecular weight classes were found. Three strains synthesized an EF * protein of approximately 195 kDa (class I); eighteen an EF * of approximately 180 kDa (class II) ; one an EF * of approximately 175 kDa (class III); five an EF * of approximately 160 kDa (class IV) and four an EF * of approximately 155 kDa (class V) . Southern hybridization of ef* genes. The relationship between the genes encoding the 110 kD EF and the EF * proteins was studied. Chromosomal DNA of different MRP * EF * strains (two representatives of each class were taken) and of the MRP * EF * strain D282 (43) was digested with the restric¬ tion enzyme Pstl. The various DNAs were hybridized with a 32 P labeled EcoRV-SnαBI fragment containing the entire ef gene (Fig. 4, see Example 1). The results showed that the DNA digests of the MRPΕF * as well as the MRP * EF * strains contained two Pstl fragments that strongly hybridized with the probe. These data indicated that the genes encoding the 110 kDa EF and the EF * proteins are strongly related. The length of the largest hybridizing fragment was the same in all strains. In contrast, the length of the smallest hybridizing fragment differed between the strains. Moreover, the variation in length of the smallest hybridizing fragment correlated well with the variation in the molecular weight of the EF * proteins secreted by the different strains. Since the smallest hybridizing fragment is located at the 3' end of the ef gene (Fig. 4, Example 1), these data suggest that the ef and ef * genes differed mainly at their 3' ends. Cloning of ef * genes. The genes encoding the different EF * proteins were obtained using PCR to amplify the ef * containing DNA fragments. Genomic DNA of 5 different MRP * EF * strains of S. suis type 2 (one representative of each class) was used as a template. The amplified fragments were digested with restriction enzymes EcoWI and Xbal and cloned into E. coli . SUBSTITUTE SHEET Ef * gene of class I. The nucleotide sequence of a 6.8 kb EeoRI-Xibαl fragment containing the entire ef * gene of class I and the regions flanking it was determined. Analysis of the sequence revealed two open- reading frames (ORFs, Fig. IB). The first ORF (from nucleotide 361 to 5827) and the second ORF (from nucleotide 5830 to 6421) encoded polypeptides of 1822 amino acids and 197 amino acids respectively. Based on its size the first ORF is expected to encode the EF * protein (195 kDa). The ORFs were separated by a single TAA stop codon. The first ORF contained a putative ATG start codon that was preceded by a sequence similar to bacterial ribosome-binding sites (17) . In contrast, the second ORF was not preceded by an appropriate start codon, nor by a putative ribosome-binding site. The first 46 amino acids of the deduced amino acid sequence of the EF* protein had the characteristics of a typical signal peptide (45) . The C terminus of the mature part of the protein contained a number of imperfect repeats of 76 amino acids. In the EF * protein of class I ten and a half repeats were present (denoted as Rl to Rll, Fig. IB). The first four repeats were contiguous as were the last six and a half repeats. The fourth and the fifth repeated unit, however, were separated by 113 amino acids and the fifth and the six unit by 22 amino acids (Fig. 5) . The amino acid sequences of the last five and a half unit were highly conserved, whereas the sequences of the first five units were more variable. One particular amino acid sequence, Asn-Pro-Asn-Leu, was conserved in all repeated units. No significant homology was found bet- ween the EF * sequence of class I and any protein sequence in the EMBL Data Library. Ef* genes of class II. III. IV and V. Because the genes encoding the various EF * proteins differed mainly at their 3' ends, the nucleotide se¬ quences of the small Pstl fragments from the genes of class II, III, IV and V were determined. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences showed that the various ef* genes were highly homologous in this region. The ef * genes differed, however, in the number and the arrangement of repeated units (Fig. 5) • Unlike the ef * gene of class I, the ef * genes of class II and IV lacked the R9 and RIO regions; that of class III lacked the R6, R7 and R9 regions and that of class IV lacked the R7, R8 and R9 regions. In addition, the ef * genes of class IV and V lacked a fragment of 1,032 bp, which contained R4, R5 and parts of R3 and R6. The translational reading frame of the region located at the 3' end of the missing fragment remained the same. The nucleotide sequences at the regions of the left and right ends of this 1,032 bp fragment showed direct repeats of 9 DP (Fig. 6A). Homology between ef * and ef genes. Because EF * proteins were recognized by Mabs directed against the 110 kDa EF protein and because the ef * genes strongly hybridized with an e/-probe, the ef (Example 1) and ef * genes are assumed to be partly identical. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the ef and the ef * gene of class I showed that the 2,499 nucleotides located at the 5' end of the ef and ef * encoding regions were identical. Unlike the gene encoding the EF * protein of class I, the gene encoding the 110 kDa EF protein lacked a 2,368 bp fragment. As a result of this deletion the reading frame was altered and the region located at the 3'-end of the 2,368 bp fragment was translated in different frames in ef and ef * genes. Consequently, the 110 kDa EF protein will not contain the repeated amino acid units. Analysis of the nucleotide se- quences at the regions of the left and right ends of the 2,368 bp frag¬ ment showed direct repeats of 10 bp (containing one mismatch) (Fig. 6B) . Thus, the gene encoding the 110 kDa EF protein could have been the result of a specific deletion of 2,368 bp within an ef * gene. This would implicate that a S. suis strain that is non-pathogenic can change into a strain that is pathogenic. EXAMPLE 3 Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the 136 kDa surface protein (MRP) of Streptococcus suis type 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains and growth conditions. Escherichia coli strain JM101 (supE, thi, ( lac-proAB ' ) [F'traO_6, lαcI q ZΔM15], 29) was used as a host for recombinant plasmid DNA. E. coli strain LE392 [F " 'hsdR574(rk " 'mk + ) , supE44, s pF58, lαcYl, or Δ(lαclZY)6, galK2 , gaVT22, melBl , trpR55] (33) was used as a host for recombinant bacteriophages. The pathogenic MRP * EF * strain D282 of S.suis type 2 (43) was used for isolating chromosomal DNA. E. coli strains were grown on LB broth (30) . Solid LB medium contained 1.52 agar. Ampicillin was added as needed to a final concentration of 50 μg/ml. Streptococcus suis strains were grown in Todd-Hewitt broth (Oxoid Ltd.) Southern hybridization was carried out as described in Example 2. Construction and immunological screening of the DNA library were carried out as described in Example 1 substituting MRP for EF. SUBSTITUTE SHEET SDS - PAGE and Western blot analysis were carried out as described in Example 1 substituting MRP for EF. Nucleotide sequence analysis was carried out as described in Example 1. RESULTS Construction and screening of the library. Chromosomal DNA isolated from strain D282 of S. suis type 2 was partially digested with the restriction enzyme Sα 3A. A DNA library was then constructed in the bacteriophage LambdaGEMll replacement vector. Approximately 5 x 10 5 recombinants/μg DNA were obtained. A MAb directed against MRP was used to screen 1,400 recom- binant plaques for the presence of antigenic determinants of MRP. Five recombinant plaques reacted positive. Characterization of the immunoreactive recombinants. The expression of MRP by the five selected recombinant bacteriophages was studied by Western blotting to analyse the proteins eluted from the plaques. All five recombinants encoded proteins that were recognized by MAbs directed against MRP. These proteins, however, had lower molecular weights (MW) than the MRP. Two clones encoded a protein of approximately 70 kDa (clones 10 and 11); two clones encoded a protein of approximately 80 kDa (clones 9 and 12), and one clone encoded a protein of approximately 90 kDa (clone 7)• Therefore, it was concluded that the five recombinants did not contain the complete genetic information for MRP. Restriction enzyme analysis was used to compare the DNA inserts of the five recombinants. All clones shared a DNA region of about 17 kb (Fig. 7A). The DNA inserts differed, however, at the 3 1 and 5' ends. The variation in length at the 3' ends of the inserts correlated well with the variation in MW of the truncated MRP proteins (cf. Fig.7A) . This correlation indicates that MRP encoding sequences were located at the 3' end of the DNA inserts. This was confirmed by subcloning fragments derived from the 3' end of the DNA inserts of clones 7, 9, and 10 (Fig.7B) into plasmid vector pKUN19 (24) . These constructs encoded truncated MRP proteins that were indis¬ tinguishable from the truncated MRP proteins encoded by the recombinant phages (Fig. 8). Deletion of the 0.7 kb EcoRI-Kpnl fragment from these contracts stopped the expression of the truncated MRP proteins. This sug¬ gests that the expression of mrp is initiated from the 0.7 kb EcoRI-Kpnl fragment. Cloning of the complete mrp gene. The complete gene for MRP was obtained by hybridization of the 3Z P labeled Kpnl-Sαcl fragment of pMR7-2 (Fig.7B) with EcoRI or Kpnl digested chromosomal DNA of strain D282 of S. suis type 2. An EcoRI fragment of 7 kb and a Kpnl fragment of 7 kb hybridized with the probe. Because of its size, the EcoRI fragment was expected to contain the complete mrp gene and because the expression of mrp is initiated from the 0.7 kb EcoRI-Kpnl fragment, the Kpnl fragment was expected to contain only the _ ' end of the gene. Fragments ranging from 6 to 8 kb from EcoRI and Kpnl digested chromosomal DNA were isolated, and ligated into the EcoRI or Kpnl site of pKUN19, whereafter the ligation mixtures were transformed into E. coli JM101. Thirteen out of 50 selected recombinant clones obtained with the Kpnl fragments hybridized with a MRP probe. All of these recombinant clones contained a plasmid (pMR-C) with a 7 kb Kpnl insert. In contrast, of 2,500 selected recombinant clones obtained with EcoRI fragments, none hybridized with the probe. Since the 7 kb EcoRI fragment is expected to contain the complete mrp gene, this finding indicates that expression of MRP is toxic in E. coli . Neverthe¬ less, a plasmid (pMRll) with the entire mrp gene could be constructed by combining the 5' end of the mrp gene (isolated from pMR7-2) and the 3' end of the gene (isolated from pMR-C) by forced cloning. The copy number of this plasmid appeared to be strongly reduced, about 20 times, compared to the copy number of pKUN19. The low copy number presumably reduced the toxic effects of high-level expression of MRP in E. coli to tolerable levels. The proteins produced by E. coli cells containing pMRll, were analysed by Western blotting. As expected, these cells produced a 136 kDa protein that comigrated with MRP and that was recognized by PAbs directed against MRP. Nucleotide sequence of the mrp gene. The nucleotide sequence of a 4.6 kb EcoRI-Hindlll fragment, containing the entire mrp gene and the regions flanking it was determined. Analysis of the sequence. Fig. 2, revealed an open reading frame of 3#768 nucleotides coding for a polypeptide of 1,256 amino acids (with a calculated MW of 135,794). The putative ATG start codon is preceded by a sequence that is similar to ribosome-binding sites in several types of gram-positive bacteria (17) . The nucleotide sequence upstream of mrp resembles the -35 and -10 consensus sequences of promoters commonly found in gram-positive bacteria. Downstream of the mrp gene, a region showing extended dyad symmetry can be detected. The potential hairpin structure in the corresponding mRNA has a 12 bp stem separated by a 6 bp loop (ΔG = -15-9 kcal/mol, calculated according to the rules of Tinoco et al., 40) . Since the region of dyad symmetry is not followed by a thymidine-rich region, this potential transcription terminator signal appears to be rho-dependent (34 ) . SUBSTITUTE SHEET Amino acid sequence of MRP. MRP is a cell-envelope associated protein and must be translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane. The mature protein must therefore contain a signal peptide. Indeed, the first 47 amino acids of the MRP have the characteristics of a typical signal peptide. An N- terminal part that contains seven positively charged residues is followed by a hydrophobic core of 21 amino acids and a putative signal peptidase cleavage site (45, vertical arrow in Fig. 2) . Cleavage of the signal peptide would result in a mature protein with an MW of 131,094, which is close to the MW (136 kDa) of MRP, estimated from SDS-polyacrylamide gels (Example 4) . A second hydrophobic region of 20 amino acids was identified at the C terminus of the protein (Fig. 11). If this region is analogous to other envelope associated proteins of gram-positive bacteria (10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 20, 38, 39, 46) , it is probably a cell membrane anchor. A short highly charged region and a region with the Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly-Glu amino acid sequence, two regions that flank the presumed cellmembrane anchor, are also highly conserved among surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria (Fig. 12) . The amino acid sequence Leu-Pro-X-Thr-Gly-Glu is putatively involved in cell-wall binding. Several other regions were identified in the MRP sequence. The mature form of MRP starts with a unique N-terminal sequence of 824 amino acids. This region is followed by a stretch of amino acids that is rich in proline residues: of 86 amino acids, 26 are proline residues. This region is followed by three repeated units of 54 amino acids (Fig. 13) • The first unit is separated from the second by 77 amino acids, but the second and third unit are contiguous. The sequences of the first and the second unit are highly conserved, whereas the third varies. The third repeated unit is followed by the envelope anchor sequence. There was little homology between the MRP sequence and the protein sequences of the EMBL Data Library. One subsequence of MRP, amino acid residues 619 - 98 . however, shared some similarity (17.2% identity in a 377 amino acids sequence) with a sequence of the fibronectin-binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus (39) . EXAMPLE 4 Identification of two proteins associated with virulence of Streptococcus gtffo type 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS Streptococcal isolates. 180 strains of S. suis type 2 were obtained from three different sources. A total of 111 of these strains were obtained from four Animal Health Services in the Netherlands. These strains were isolated from organs of diseased pigs in the course of routine diagnostic procedures. Another 42 strains were isolated from tonsils of healthy pigs when they were slaughtered. 27 strains were isolated from human patients with S. suis type 2 infections. Tonsillar and human strains were kindly provided by J.P. Arends, Streeklaboratorium voor de Volksgezondheid voor Groningen en Drente, Groningen, the Netherlands. All strains were typed as S. suis type 2 by using biochemical and serological methods, as described previously (44 ) . Strain 1 (= D282) had been determined previously to be virulent for newborn germfree pigs and produced MRP, whereas strain 2 (= T-15) was nonvirulent and did not produce MRP (43) . Therefore, strains 1 (MRP * ) and 2 (MRP " ) were used as reference strains. Culture conditions. A 1-day-old colony of each bacterial strain was grown on Columbia blood agar base (code CM 331 . Oxoid, Ltd.) containing 62 horse blood and was incubated overnight at 37 * C i Todd-Hewitt broth (code CM 189; Oxoid). Early stationary growth phase cultures were obtained from the overnight cultures, diluted 10 times in Todd-Hewitt broth, and incubated for 4 h at 37 * C. Cell fractionation. Two cell fractions (protoplast supernatant and culture supernatant) were prepared from each of the 180 strains. Two more cell fractions (protoplasts and membrane vesicles) were prepared from 23 strains selected randomly from the lδO strains. The 23 strains were isolated from both diseased and healthy pigs, as well as from human patients. The four cell fractions were isolated from early stationary growth phase cultures in Todd-Hewitt broth. Protoplasts were isolated as described by Van der Vossen et al. (47) . After centrifugation in an Eppendorf centrifuge, the protoplasts and the remaining supematants (protoplast supernatant) were collected. Membrane vesicles were isolated as decribed by Driessen et al. (9) . The broth cultures were centrifuged at 4,000 x g for 15 oin, and the culture supematants were collected. Preparation of antigens and antisera. After a stationary growth phase culture of strain D-282 was centrifuged, the supernatant was harvested, concentrated by filtration (type PM30 filters; Amicon Corp., Danvers, Mass.) to a concentration of 3 mg/ml, and dialysed once against Tris- buffered saline (50 mM, pH 7« This product was used as an antigen for raising polyclonal antibodies (PAb) in rabbits and monoclonal antibodies (MAb) in mice. Rabbits were immunized by intramuscular and subcutaneous inoculation of 2 mg portions of protein emulsified in equal volumes of Freund imcomplete adjuvant. Inoculations were repeated the following day SUBSTITUTE SHEET without the adjuvant. After weeks the rabbits were given intravenous booster inoculations of the same antigen dose, but without the adjuvant. After 6 weeks, the rabbits were exsanguinated. The serum of one rabbit (rabbit K191) was used as a probe in the Western blot analysis. MAbs against the protein EF were raised in BALB/c mice. The mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml portions of antigen containing 25 μg of protein emulsified in equal volumes of Freund imcomplete adjuvant; 3 weeks later this procedure was repeated. After weeks, the mice were given intravenous booster inoculations of the same antigen dose, but without the adjuvant. Hybridoma cell lines were prepared as described by Van Zijderveld et al. (52). After 10 to 14 days, hybridomas were tested for antibodies against EF by using an enzyme-linked immuno- sorbent assay. Hybridoma culture supe atants (diluted 1:2) were then tested for anti-EF MAb on Western blots of culture supe atants from strain D-282. Binding of MAb to the 110 kDa protein on the nitrocellulose filters was visualized with anti-mouse immunoglobulins conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. The positive cells were cloned twice by limiting dilution in microtiter plates. The resulting monoclonal cell lines were used to produce ascites fluid in pristane-primed male BALB/c mice, as described previously (52) . Indirect enzvme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening hvbridoma culture supe atants. Polystyrene microtiter plates (Greiner, Nϋrtingen, Germany) were coated for 16 h at 37 * C with a solution containing the concentrated, dialysed culture supernatant from strain D-282 (see above) diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7-2; 0.075 mg of protein per ml), and these preparations were incubated for 16 h at 37"C. Twofold dilutions of hybridoma culture supematants were applied and tested as described previously (52). Bound antibodies were incubated with anti-mouse immunoglobulins (diluted 1:500) that were conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP0, Nordic, Tilburg, The Netherlands). Electrophoresis and Western blotting. The various cell fractions were analysed by SDS-PAGE as described by Laemmli (26) on 6 or 122 polyacryl- amide. After electrophoresis, the proteins were stained with silver (32) . For Western blot analysis, the proteins were electroblotted onto nitro- cellulose by using a Multiphor II Nova Blot system (Pharmacia LKB, Uppsala, Sweden). The blots were probed with a 1:500 dilution of rabbit K191 PAb or with a 1:300 dilution of mouse MAb. Bound PAb were visualized with anti-rabbit immunoglobulins conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. Bound MAb were visualized with a 1:1,000 dilution of anti-mouse immunoglobulins conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (Zymed) . RESULTS Protein profiles of four cell fractions of 2 selected strains. The protein profiles of the protoplast supematants and membrane vesicle cell fractions from two 5. suis isolates belonging to each group studied (diseased pigs, healthy pigs, and human patients), prepared from the 23 strains examined were almost identical. In contrast, the protein profiles of the culture and protoplast supematants differed distinctly. The protein profiles of isolates obtained from diseased pigs contained two protein bands that were absent in the protein profiles of most isolates obtained from healthy pigs. One band represented a 136 kDa protein, which was identified as MRP (43) . In the SDS-PAGE analysis, separating gels containing 62 polyacrylamide revealed the presence of MRP in both culture and protoplast supematants (strains 1, 5. 24, and 26). The second band represented a 110 kDa protein; because this protein was detected only in culture supe atants, it was designated EF. Both MRP and EF were present in the culture supernatant of virulent reference strain 1 (= D-282), but were absent in all cell fractions of nonvirulent reference strain 2 (= T-15). The eight strains isolated from diseased pigs contained both MRP and EF. Six of the eight strains isolated from healthy pigs lacked these proteins. Six of the seven strains isolated from human patients contained MRP, but only three of the six also contained EF. When rabbit K191 PAb directed against culture supematants were used as probes in the immunoblotting analysis, MRP and EF were clearly detected in the cell fractions of 5. suis type 2 strains. Protoplast supematants, culture supe atants, and membrane vesicles of strains 1, 5, 24, and 26 contained the 136-kDa MRP (Fig. 9) • Because MRP is a major component of protoplast supematants, this protein must be localized in the cell envelope of the bacteria. The culture supematants of strains 1 and 5 also contained the 110 kDa EF. Strains 24 and 26 contained MRP but not EF; strains 2 and 13 contained neither of the proteins. On the basis of the presence of MRP and EF in culture supematants, the following three phenotypes of S. suis type 2 strains were distinguished: MRP * EF * , MRP * EF * . and MRPΕF " (Fig. 10). Proteins bands at various molecular masses higher than 150 kDa reacted with rabbit K191 serum and were visualized in Western blots of culture supematants of strains 17. 24, 25. 26, and 28. As such proteins were also recognized by the anti-EF MAb, except in the culture supernatant of strain 25, the 110 kDa EF was probably related to these proteins. Western blots probed with the mouse SUBSTITUTE SHEET anti-EF MAb showed that all of the strains with the MRP * EF " phenotype contained higher molecular weight proteins in their culture supematants. However, none of the strains with the MRP * EF * phenotype contained such proteins. Probing with rabbit K191 serum revealed high molecular weight proteins in culture supematants of 12 MRP ' EF " strains, including strain 25. Immunoblotting with anti-EF MAb showed that these proteins were not related to EF. When the four cell fractions were analysed by SDS-PAGE on 122 slab gels, no low molecular weight proteins associated with virulence were detected. Protein profiles of culture and protoplast supematants of 180 strains. All l8θ S. suis type 2 strains were analysed for the occurrence of the three phenotypes in culture and protoplast supematants by using 62 slab gels. Eighty percent of the strains isolated from the organs of diseased pigs had the MRP * EF * phenotype (Table 1). TABLE 1. Prevalence of MRP and EF phenotypes in lδO streptococcal strains isolated from diseased pigs, from healthy pigs when they were slaughtered, and from human patients. No. (2) of strains isolated from: S. suis type 2 phenotype Organs of Tonsils of Human diseased pigs healthy pigs patients MRP * EF * 86 (77) 1 (2) 4 (15) MRP'EF " 13 (12) 5 (12) 20 (74) MRPΕF " 12 (11) 36 (86) 3 (11) In contrast, only 22 of the strains isolated from tonsils of healthy pigs had this phenotype; 862 of these strains were MRP ' EF " . Only 152 of the strains isolated from human patients had the MRP F * phenotype. Among the S. suis type 2 strains tested, far more human strains (742) than porcine strains (122) had the MRP * EF " phenotype; 892 of the human strains were MRP * . The MRP " EF * phenotype was not detected. EXAMPLE 5 Virulence of Streptococcus suis type 2 strains in new-born germ-free £___• MATERIALS AND METHODS Pigs. Fifty-two germ-free pigs, cross-breeds of Great Yorkshire and Dutch Landrace, were obtained from four sows by caesarian sections. Sows in both experiments were full sisters. Pigs were allotted to 12 groups each consisting of 4 or 5 pigs. Each group was housed in a sterile stainless steel incubator. Housing and feeding were as described before (43) . Inocula. Ten S. suis type 2 strains belonging to either phenotype MRP+EF+, MRP+EF-, or MRP-EF- were obtained from three sources: from a pig with meningitis, from healthy pigs at slaughter, and from human patients (Table 2). The strains were biochemically and serologically typed as described earlier (44 ) . Strains were stored as stock suspensions on glass beads in Nutrient Broth with 152 glycerol at -70 β C. A one-day-old colony of each strain, grown on Columbia blood agar base (Code CM 331. Oxoid) containing 62 horse blood, was incubated overnight at 37"C in Todd-Hewitt broth (Code CM 189. Oxoid). Early stationary growth phase cultures were obtained by diluting the overnight cultures in Todd-Hewitt broth (1:10) and incubated them at 37 * C. Incubation was stopped after approximately 4 h, when the optical density at 600 n was 0.5. Cultures containing approximately 1 to 3 x 10 9 CFU/ml were then centrifuged at 4000 x g for 15 mi . The supernatant was analysed for MRP and EF. Then the pellets were washed and suspended at an A^ - 1 in a solution of phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) , 136.89 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KC1, 8.1 mM Na^O,,, 2.79mM pH 7-2, and then used as inoculum. Bordetella bronchiseptica strain 92932, isolated from the nose of a pig with atrophic rhinitis, was used to predispose pigs to S. suis infection (23, 43) . The strain was kept on Dorset egg medium. The inoculum was prepared by culturing a 48 hour old colony from sheep blood agar in brain heart infusion broth. After 18 h of incubation at 37 * C, this medium contained approximately 10 9 CFU/ml. The brain heart infusion broth was diluted (1:100) in PBS to prepare the inoculum. Electrophoresis and Western blotting. The MRP/EF phenotypes of the S. suis strains used as inocula and of the isolates recovered at the end of the experiments were determined. SDS-PAGE as described by Laemmli (26) (62 polyacrylamide) and Western blotting' were used to analyse cell culture supe atants of isolates recovered from nasopharynx of all pigs, and from inflamed tissues such as meninges or joints of affected pigs. After electrophoresis the proteins were stained with silver (32) . For Western blot analysis, the proteins were electroblotted onto nitro¬ cellulose by the Multiphor II Nova Blot system, according to the recommendations of the manufacturer (Pharmacia LKB) . Nitrocellulose filters were incubated either with a 1:1 mixture of-mouse anti-MRP monoclonal antibodies (MAb) (11.3 mg/ml) and anti-EF MAb (8.4 mg/ml) each in a 1:200 dilution, or with a 1:500 dilution of polyclonal anti-MRP/EF rabbit serum (K191) (8.2 mg/ml) (Examples 4, 6). Filters were incubated SUBSTITUTE SHEET with a 1:1000 dilution of anti-mouse immunoglobulins conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (AP) or a 1:3000 dilution of AP conjugated anti- rabbit immunoglobulin G (γ + K) (Zymed). Bound antibodies were visualized by adding the substrate bromochloroindolyl phosphate (Sigma, St. Louis, 5 Mo) - nitro blue tetrazolium (Merck, Darmstad, Germany) in phosphatase buffer (lOOmM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 100 mM diethanolamine; pH 9.5). Experimental design. The study consisted of two experiments with an interval of five months. Five day old germ-free pigs were inoculated intranasally with a plastic disposable syringe filled with a suspension 10 of B. bronchiseptica strain 92932 in brain heart infusion broth. The inocula contained 0.84 x 10 7 CFU in experiment I and 1.0 x 10 7 CPU in experiment II. Two days post inoculation (pi) the pigs were similarly inoculated inside the sterile incubator with one of the ten S. suis type 2 strains (Table 2) . 15 The mean (± SD) inoculum size of these strains was 1.4 (+ 0.60) x 10 6 CFU. All inoculations consisted of a 0.5 ml bacterial suspension in each nostril during the inspiratory phase of breathing. In both experiments strain 3 (MRP+EF+) was used as positive control and strain 12 (MRP-EF-) was used as negative control (see Results section) . Pigs were killed 20 either when they became mortally ill or at the end of the experiment (3 to 4 weeks pi), and they were subsequently necropsied. 1 Strain 3 was isolated during routine diagnostic procedures from a pig with meningitis. Strains 10, 12, 16, and 18 were isolated at slaughter from the tonsils of healthy pigs. Strains 22 (no.830544) , 24 (no. 740113) , 25 (no. 821021) and 28 (no 760366) were isolated 5 from human patients with S. suis type 2 meningitis. (Numbers between parentheses refer to those by J.P. Arends and H.C. Zanen (2) ) . 2 x 10 6 CFU. Disease monitoring. Pigs were monitored daily for clinical signs of disease, such as fever, dysfunction of the CNS and lameness. Blood samples from each pig were collected three times weekly by venipuncture of the cranial vena cava. White blood cells were counted with a conducting counter (Contraves A.G. , Zurich, Switzerland) (25). The number of neutrophils was calculated after differential count of Giemsa-stained blood smears. Swabs specimens of nasopharynx and feces were collected daily and plated directly onto Columbia agar containing 62 horse blood. The presence of S. suis type 2 and of B. bronchiseptica was confirmed by slide agglutination test in which a suspension of the monocultures was mixed with the appropiate hyperimmune rabbit serum (DLO-Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, NL). After pigs were killed, they were examined for pathologic changes. Tissue specimens of the CNS, serosae, liver, spleen, and tonsils were bacteriologically and histologically examined as described before (43) . RESULTS Electrophoresis and Western blotting. When immunoblots were used to analyse culture supematants of the S. suis strains before inoculation, three phenotypes were distinguished. Strains 3. 10. and 22 belonged to the MRP+EF+ phenotype, strains 17, 24, and 28 were of the MRP+EF- phenotype, and strains 12, 16, 18, and 25 belonged to the MRP-EF- phenotype. The rabbit polyclonal antibodies (PAb) recognized proteins that were greater than 150 kDa in the culture supe atants of the MRP+EF- strains. These high molecular weight proteins were also detected by the anti-EF MAb, indicating that the 110 kDa EF and the > 150 kDa proteins share epitopes. In both the SDS-PAGE and Western blot, the phenotypes of the S. suis strains used as inocula were identical to the phenotypes of the isolates collected at the end of both experiments from tonsils and inflamed tissues of infected pigs. Clinical signs of disease. In both experiments, rectal temperatures of all pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP+EF+ phenotype increased from day 2 pi onwards, with peaks at 4l.8 * C between days 4 and 9« Rectal temperatures of ten pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP+EF- phenotype were higher than 4θ * C for short periods of 24 to 96 h between days 2 and 22. Frequency of fever was highest in the MRP+EF+ groups (402) (Table 3). The frequency of increased polymorphous leucocytes (PML) in blood was highest in the MRP+EF+ groups (Table 3) • Analysis of variance was performed on the log of PML counts in blood samples of pigs inoculated with strains of the three phenotypes. Three days before inoculations no SUBSTI significant differences were found between the geometric mean PML counts of the three groups. From day one pi onwards, the means of numbers of PML in blood samples of pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP+EF+ phenotype were significantly higher (p<0.01) than in either the MRP+EF- groups or the MRP-EF- groups. On day 20 pi, the means in the MRP+EF+ and MRP+EF- groups did not differ significantly from each other, but those means differed significantly (p<0.01) from the means in the MRP-EF- groups. Morbidity in pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP+EF+ phenotype was 1002. From day 2 onwards, non-specific signs of systemic disease, such as depression, recumbency, lack of appetite, and fever were observed. During the following days, pigs showed more specific signs of disease, such as ataxia, circular movements, opisthotonus, recumbency with paddling, and lameness. The frequency of specific sighs of disease in the MRP+EF+ groups was 572 (Table 3). Nine pigs died in the course of the experiment, and three were killed in the terminal stages of disease. The mortality rate in these groups was thus 12/18 (672) • Nine pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP+EF- phenotype developed fever or granulocytosis or showed other nonspecific signs of disease, but did not show specific clinical signs, such as nervous disorders or lameness. Pigs in the MRP-EF- groups did not develop clinical signs of disease (Table 3). TABLE 3- Frequency of three parameters of disease observed in pigs inoculated with S. suis type 2 (10 strains belonging to three phenotypes) Frequency 1 (2) of 3 parameters of disease S. suis Fever PML in blood Clinical signs of disease phenotype > 4θ'C > 10 10 /L specific 2 non-specific 3 Number of positive records / total number of records 2 Lameness and nervous disorders such as ataxia, circular movements, opisthotonus, and recumbency with paddling. 3 Depression, lack of appetite, and recumbency. Pathologic findings are summarized in Table 4. Severe and frequent inflammations of the CNS, serosa, and joints were only detected in pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP+EF+ phenotype. Pneumonia and bronchitis were observed in various forms. Follicle formation in B cell areas and blast cell formation in T cell areas of the white pulp of the spleen - signs of active immune response - were more frequently observed in pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP+EF- phenotype (502) than in E SHEET pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP-EF- phenotype (222) or strains of the MRP+EF+ phenotype (112) (Table 4). Some pigs inoculated with MRP+EF+ showed lymphocytolysis in the germinal centres, while the marginal zone surrounding the white pulp was inflamed, signs of acute septichaemia in young animals (42) . Active follicles in tonsils were also more often seen in pigs inoculated with strains of the MRP+EF- or MRP-EF- phenotype. TABLE 4. Pathologic lesions detected in various tissues of pigs inoculated with S. suis type 2 (10 strains of three phenotypes Affecting cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, mesencephalon and medulla oblongata in various combinations. Affecting carpal, metacarpal, tarsal, metarsal, knee, elbow, shoulder and hip joints in various combinations. Bacteriologic findings. From day 1 one pi to the end of the experiment, the streptococcal strains and B. bronchiseptica were isolated daily from naso-pharyngeal and fecal swab specimens of all pigs. A Bacillus species was also isolated from day six pi onwards from pigs inoculated with SUBSTITUTE SHEET strain 16 (experiment I) and from day 19 pi onwards from pigs inoculated with strain 24 (experiment II) . Pigs in the other groups remained free from contaminating bacteria. At necropsy, S. suis type 2 was mostly isolated from organs and tissues (CNS, serosae, and joints) that also showed pathologic changes (Table 5). B. bronchiseptica was only isolated from lungs and tonsils. Both S. suis and B. bronchiseptica were also isolated from the tonsils of all pigs. TABLE > Isolation of streptococci from various tissues of pigs inoculated with S. suis type 2 (10 strains of three phenotypes) . No. of pigs from which S. suis was isolated at necropsy phenotype phenotye phenotype Tissue MRP+EF+ (no. MRP+EF- (no. MRP-EF- (no. tested = 18) tested = 12) tested = 22) CNS Serosae Joints Lungs 1 Numbers in parentheses indicate number of pigs from which B. bronchiseptica was also isolated. EXAMPLE 6 Discrimination between Virulent and Nonvirulent Streptococcus suis type 2 Strains by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacteria. 179 strains of 5. suis type 2 obtained from three sources were examined: from organs of diseased pigs in the course of routine diag- nostic procedures, from tonsils of healthy pigs at slaughter, and from human patients suffering from S. suis type 2 infection. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting techniques were used in an earlier study to detect MRP and EF in culture supe atants, and on the basis of these results strains were categorized into three phenotypes: MRP+EF+, MRP+EF-, and MRP-EF- (Example 4) . Also tested were 22 strains of S. suis serotypes 1 to 22 (25) , 22 other streptococci, 20 bacterial strains of 15 different species, and one yeast (DLO-Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad) (Table 6). S TABLE 6 List of microorganisms Group Microorganisms Microorganisms A Streptococcus pyogenes humanis Other bacterial species: B Streptococcus agalactiae Staphylococcus aureus C Streptococcus eqμi Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus etjuisimi lis porcine Staphylococcus hyicus Streptococcus dysgalactiae Aeτococcus υiridans Streptococcus zooepidemicus Actinomyces pyogenes D Enterococcus faecalis Escherichia coli (3x) Enterococcus faecium Klebsiella oxytoca Enterococcus liquefaciens Klebsiella pneumoniae Streptococcus bovis (2x) Micrococcus strain 3551 Streptococcus zymogenes Hicrococcus luteus E Streptococcus group E Pasteurella multocida (4x) G Streptococcus group G (2X) Proteus υulgaris L Streptococcus group L (2X) Salmonella typhimurium P Streptococcus group P Serratia liquefaciens Q Streptococcus group Q Streptococcus mi Her i III Yeast: Streptococcus sanguis Cryptococcus laurentii Streptococcus uberis Culture conditions and antigen preparation. A 1 day old colony of the bacteria grown overnight on Columbia blood agar base (code CM 331. Oxoid Ltd.) containing 62 horse blood was inoculated into Todd-Hewitt broth (code CM 189, Oxoid). After overnight growth at 37 * C, cultures were centrifuged at 4000 x g for 15 min. At 600 nm the optical densities of the 20 hour cultures were found to vary from 0.60 to 1.04. Some species had lower densities, these were BσrdeteZZα bronchiseptica (0.23), Micrococcus species (0.08 to 0.15), Streptococcus ejuinus (O.36), Cryptococcus neoformans (0.05). Twofold serial dilutions of untreated culture supematants were used as test samples in the two DAS-ELISAs. Culture supernatant of S. suis type 2 strain D 282 (MRP+EF+) was concen¬ trated and partially purified by ultrafiltration (type PM30 filters, Amicon Cooperation). It was diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (136.89 mM NaCl, 2.68 mM KC1. 8.1 mM Na 2 HP0 il , 2.79-M KH 2 P0 4 , pH 7-2), to a final protein concentration of 75 μg/ml. This product was used as coating antigen for the selection of different monoclonals in the direct competition ELISA and for screening hybridoma culture supematants in the indirect ELISA. Preparation of polygonal and monoclonal antibodies. Rabbit (Ra) polyclonal antibodies (PAb) directed against MRP and EF (Ra K ιgι ) and three different MAbs directed against EF were prepared as described in Example 4. MAbs that specifically recognize MRP were prepared essentially SUBSTITUTE SHEET the same as MAbs that recognize EF. Antigen production and immunization procedures in female BALB/c mice have been described (Example 4). Hybridoma cell lines were prepared as described (52) . After 10 to 14 days, hybridoma culture supe atants were tested for antibodies against MRP in an indirect ELISA (see below). Hybridoma culture supematants (diluted 1:2) were then tested on Western blots of culture supematants of strain D-282 for antibodies directed against MRP. Bound MAb to the 136 kDa protein were visualized by using anti-mouse immunoglobulins conjugated to alkaline phosphatase and the substrate decribed below. Five supematants were found positive, and the cells from these wells were cloned twice by limiting dilution in microtiter plates. The five cell lines that were positive for anti-MRP antibodies and the three cell lines that were positive for anti-EF antibodies were used to produce ascites fluid in pristane-primed male BALB/c mice. MAbs directed against MRP and EF were purified from ascites fluid by ammonium sulphate precipitation (502 saturation) and dialysed against PBS. The five anti- MRP MAbs were designated: MRP j to MRP 5 , the three anti-EF MABs were designated: EF X to EF 3 . The immunoglobulin isotype of all MAbs was IgG x and was determined by double immunodiffusion with mouse isotype-specific antisera (Nordic) in gels of 12 agarose in PBS. The PAbs and MAbs were stored at -20 * C. Indirect ELISA for screening hvbridoma culture supematants. Polystyrene microtiter plates (Greiner, Nlirtingen, Germany) were coated for 16 h at 37 * C with the solution of concentrated and dialysed culture supernatant of strain D-282 (see above). They were then diluted in PBS, pH 7.2 (75 μg/ml protein). Twofold dilutions of hybridoma culture supematants were added to the wells according to the procedure described by Van Zijderveld et al. (52). After the plates were washed, antimouse immunoglobulins (diluted 1:500) conjugated with horse radish peroxidase (HRP0, Nordic) were added. After incubation for 1 h at 37 * C and five washings, the bound HRPO-antibody was then detected by the addition of substrate, 0.12 (w/v) solution of recryεtallized 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-AS) (Merck) in 0.01 M phosphate buffer, pH 5»95. containing 0.01M sodium EDTA to which H 2 0 2 had been added, immediately before use to an end concentration of 0.0052 (wt/vol). After 2 h incubation at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 450 nm with a Titertek Multiskan photometer (Flow Labs). Direct cogpetit * ι * -τ. ψ.J~A- MAbs were selected with the direct competition ELISA and were used to develop the MRP and EF double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISAs. Purified anti-MRP and anti-EF MAbs and rabbit PAbs were conjugated to HRPO (Boehringer Mannheim, Germany) with the periodate method of Wilson and Nakane (49) . Conjugated immunoglobulins were stored at -20'C in 502 glycerol. Conjugate solutions were made in PBS-Tw containing 52 fetal calf serum and 0.52 sodium chloride. 50 μl of non- conjugated anti-MRP MAbs in serial twofold dilutions (range 1:20 to 1:10,240) were added to the wells of polystyrene microtiter ELISA plates (Greiner) that had been coated with the culture supernatant of strain D 2g2 that had been partially purified in PBS (75 μg/ml protein) . The plates were then incubated for 30 min at 37 * C. To allow the nonconjugated MAb to compete with the MAb conjugates, 50 ml of the optimal dilution of each of the five anti-MRP MAbs conjugated to HRPO were added. After incubation for 1 h at 37 * C, plates were washed and the bound HRPO antibody was then detected by the addition of the substrate 5-AS H 2 0 2 as described above. After 2 h incubation at room temperature, the absorbance was read. The titers of competition were expressed as the highest dilution showing an A 45 θ f 502 of the mean absorbance of wells to which only conjugate was added. The epitope specificity of the three anti-EF MAbs was determined with a competition ELISA similar to the one described for the anti-MRP MAbs. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting techniques. Culture supematants of the 22 S. suis serotypes and the other microrganisms (Table 6) were separated by SDS-PAGE on 62 polyacrylamide. For Western blot analysis, the proteins were electroblotted onto nitrocellulose by the Multiphor II Nova Blot system according to the recommendations of the manufacturer (Pharmacia LKB). The blots were probed with a 1:300 dilution of mouse MAb. Bound MAbs were visualized with a 1:1000 dilution of anti-mouse immunoglobulins conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (Zymed) . RESULTS Direct competition ELISA. The five anti-MRP clones and the three anti-EF clones were tested for competition. Some anti-MRP clones competed with each other. The five anti-MRP MAbs were directed against at least three different epitopes: the first was recognized by MRP j and MRP 2 , the second by MRP 3 , and the third by MRP-, and MRP 5 . Because all three anti-EF clones competed, they are probably directed against the same epitope. MRP double antibody sandwich ELISA. In an MRP DAS-ELISA using MRP 3 as catching antibody and HRPO-MRPi as conjugate, each well of the poly¬ styrene microtiter ELISA plates was coated with 100 μl containing 2.3 μg MRP 3 per well in 0.05 carbonate buffer, pH 9.6. After adsorption for 16 h at 37 * C, coated plates were used immediately or stored at -20 * C. SUBSTITUTE SHEET Twofold serial dilutions of 100 μl culture supe atants, ranging from 1:1 to 1:128 in PBS containing 0.052 (wt/vol) Tween 80, of strains to be tested, were added to the wells. After 1 h incubation at 37 * C, plates were washed five times with 0.052 Tween 80 in tap water, and 100 μl solution containing 2.2 μg of the HRPO-conjugated MRP j in PBS pH 7 * 2. was added to each well. Using checker-board titrations, the optimal dilution of catching antibody and conjugate was determined. After 1 h incubation at 37 * C, the substrate 5-AS H 2 0 2 was added as described above. Wells with an A-, 50 ∑ 0.2 were scored positive. To each plate a positive control was added, consisting of 100 μl of undiluted culture supernatant of the virulent S. suis type 2 strain 4005 (MRP+EF+). A negative control was also added, consisting of 100 μl of undiluted culture supernatant of the non-virulent strain T-15 (MRP-EF-) (43) . The MRP DAS-ELISA was used to test 179 strains of S. suis type 2 belonging to the three phenotypes MRP+EF+, MRP+EF-, and MRP-EF-, as was previously determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Most strains scored in the ELISA the same as they did in the Western blot (Table 7) • All MRP+EF+ strains were MRP-positive in the ELISA. One MRP+EF- strain scored false negative. Three of the MRP-EF- strains (62) scored false positive. The sensitivity (TP/TP+FN) (TP = true positive, FN = false negative) of the MRP DAS-ELISA was 99 (130 out of 131 strains), the specificity (TN/TN+FP) (TN = true negative, FP = false positive) was 942 (45 out of 48 strains) , and the predictive value (TP/TP+FP) was 982 (130 out of 133 strains). The MRP DAS-ELISA discriminated well between the MRP-positive and MRP-negative strains of S. suis type 2. TABLE 7 Results of 179 strains of S. suis type 2 (three phenotypes) tested in the MRP and EF DAS-ELISAs. MRP DAS ELISA EF DAS ELISA phenotype No. strains No. strains No. strains No. strains Titration curves of culture supe atants of strains belonging to three phenotypes of S. suis type 2, after testing in the MRP DAS-ELISA, were recorded. The mean (± standard deviation) of the absorbances obtained from the undiluted culture supe atants of the 92 MRP+EF+ isolates was SUBSTITUTE SHEET 1.2259 (± O.II65), the mean absorbance of the 39 MRP+EF- isolates was 1.2129 (+ 0.2076) , and the mean absorbance of the 48 MRP-EF- isolates was 0.1180 (± 0.2546). Therefore plates can be read visually instead of having to be measured photometrically to discriminate MRP-positive strains (phenotypes MRP+EF+ or MRP+EF-) from MRP-negative strains (pheno¬ type MRP-EF-). Culture supematants of 18 of the 21 reference S. suis strains of other serotypes had absorbances lower than 0.2. Three serotypes were positive and had the following absorbance values: undiluted culture supernatant of serotype 3 had A-, 50 - 0.731; culture supernatant of serotype 5 had A-, 50 « O.587. and culture supernatant of serotype 15 (former Lancefield group T) had A 450 = O.516. These serotypes were also positive in the Western blot; MRP 3 apparently recognized proteins of higher molecular weight than 150 kDa in the culture supematants of these serotypes. Absorbances of all other microorganisms listed in Table 6 were < 0.2. EF Double Antibody Sandwich ELISA. In a DAS ELISA that recognizes a specific antigen in the test sample, two different MAbs were used, one as catching antibody and the other as conjugate, and each recognizing different epitopes on the antigen, as was done for the MRP DAS-ELISA. In the Westem blot the EF MAbs recognize a high molecular form of EF (> 150 kDa) in the culture supematants of all strains belonging to the MRP+EF- phenotype (Example 4) . Therefore it is unlikely that an ELISA with EF 2 as catching antibody can discriminate between MRP+EF+ and MRP+EF- strains. Moreover, because the three EF MABs blocked each other, we had to use EF 2 as catching antibody and the polyclonal rabbit serum (K 191 ) as conjugate. Some ELISAs were tested using EF. as catching antibody and EF 2 or EF 3 as conjugates, and indeed these MAbs blocked each other completely. The procedure of the EF DAS-ELISA was essentially as that described for the MRP DAS-ELISA. Each well of the microtiter ELISA plates was coated with 100 ml containing 3.3 μg of EF 2 in 0.05M carbonate buffer, pH 9.6. After adsorption, coated plates were used immediately or stored at -20 * C. Twofold serial dilutions of 100 μl culture supematants ranging from 1:1 to 1:128 were used. After incubation and washings, 100 μl containing 2.7 μg polyclonal Ra K 191 HRPO conjugate in PBS, pH 7.2, was added to each well. After 1 h incubation at 37 * C, the plates were developed with substrate 5"AS H 2 0 2 as described above. Wells with an A 450 ∑ 0.4 were scored positive. The same controls as mentioned above were used on each plate. The 179 S. suis type 2 strains with a predetermined protein profile were SUBSTITUTE SHEET tested in the EF DAS-ELISA. Surprisingly, none of the 39 MRP+EF- strains scored positive in this ELISA, whereas all 92 MRP+EF+ strains did (Table 7). All 48 MRP-EF- strains were negative in the EF DAS-ELISA. Since no other false positive or false negative results were detected, the EF DAS- ELISA apparently discriminated reliably between the high and the low molecular form of EF, and hence between S. suis type 2 strains belonging to the MRP+EF+ and MRP+EF- phenotypes. Since the direct competition ELISA had shown that the three anti-EF MAbs blocked each other, MAb EF 2 was used as catching antibody and the polyclonal Ra K 191 serum as conjugate. Streptococcus suis type 2 strains belonging to the MRP+EF- phenotype, however, produce a high-molecular weight (>150 kDa) form of EF (example 4). Because MAb EF 2 does not discriminate between the 110-kDa EF and this high-molecular weight form in the Western blot, it was unlikely to do so in the EF DAS-ELISA. Surprisingly Mab EF 2 captured the 110-kDa EF in the culture supernatant of all MRP+EF+ strains but apparently not the higher-molecular weight form in the MRP+EF- strains (Table 7). Some MRP-EF- strains gave signals between 0.2 and 0.4, which were still lower than 502 of the maximal absorbance values and thus not high enough to be interpreted as positive. Treating the culture supe atants with SDS before blotting may uncover epitopes of the higher-molecular weight form of EF that are not accessible to the EF 2 MAb in its undenaturated form. Because all MRP-EF- strains and other S. suis serotypes showed no false negative or false positive reactions in this ELISA, the sensitivity and specificity of the tests were considered to be 1002. Titration curves of culture supematants of strains belonging to three phenotypes of S. suis type 2 were recorded after testing in the EF DAS- ELISA. The mean (± standard deviation) of the absorbances obtained from the undiluted culture supe atants of the 93 MRP+EF+ strains was 0.8204 (± 0.149), the mean absorbance of the 39 MRP+EF- strains was 0.1551 (± 0.046), and the mean absorbance of the 48 MRP-EF- strains was 0.1061 (± 0.0371). Thus, as for the MRP DAS-ELISA, plates can be read visually to discriminate between EF-positive strains (phenotype MRP+EF+) and EF- negative strains (phenotypes MRP+EF- or MRP-EF-) . None of the 21 reference S. suis strains with a serotype other than type 2 were EF-positive in the ELISA. Some other bacterial species had positive absorbance values: Streptococcus Lancefield group G (A 450 -*■ 0.445), group L (Aή 50 ■ = 0.348), Streptococcus equi (A ή50 = O.67I), and Staphylococcus aureus (A-, 50 = 0.718). SUBSTITUTE SHEET EXAMPLE 7 Differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Str&jng—β£ Streptococcus suis type 2 bv using polvmerase chain reaction (PCR) . MATERIALS AND METHODS. Bacteria and growth conditions. Thirteen strains of S. suis type 2 were selected to examine whether the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method (36) could be useful to differentiate between the three phenotypes of S. suis type 2. Pathogenicity and the expression of the MRP and EF proteins of these strains were determined in Examples 4 and 5. Strains were grown overnight at 37 * C on Columbia blood agar base (code CM 331. Oxoid) containing 62 horse blood. S. suis type 2 colonies were inoculated in 10 ml Todd-Hewitt broth (code CM 189. Oxoid), and grown overnight at 37 * C. DNA Isolations. DNA of overnight grown cultures was isolated as described by Maniatis et. al (28) . DNA was diluted to 10 ng/μl in distilled water before use in the PCR. Clinical specimens. Nose swabs and tonsillar tissues were obtained post mortem from sows at slaughter. Nose swabs were inoculated on blood plates. S. suis type 2 strains were isolated from tonsils as described before (27) . Sam p le p re p aration. Clinical specimens for the PCR were prepared by the method described by Boom et. al (4 ) , with some minor modifications: The specimens were added to 900 μl L6 lysis buffer plus 40 μl diatom earth solution in an Eppendorf tube [L6 buffer is 100 ml 0.1 M TRIS HC1 (pH 6.4) plus 120 g guanidine (iso)thiocyanate (GuSCN, Fluka cat nr. 50990) plus 22 ml 0.2 M EDTA (pH 8.0) plus 2.6 g Triton X-100. Diatom earth solution is 10 g Diatom earth (Janssen Chimica Cat. nr. 17.346.80) in 50 ml distilled water plus 500 μl 322 (w/v) HC1]. The clinical specimens were incubated overnight in L6 buffer in the dark at room temperature. 150 μl of the solution was pipetted in wells of microtiter plates containing Durapore membranes (Multiscreen MAHV N45, Millipore). The microtiter plate was put on the vacuum manifold (MAVM 09600, Millipore), and the samples were washed 5 times with 200 μl L2 washing solution (L2 buffer is 100 ml 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 6.4) plus 120 g GuSCN), 5 times with 200 μl 702 ethanol, and once with 200 μl aceton. The filters were not allowed to run dry between the wash steps. The bottom of the microtiter plate was dried on a tissue and the samples were dried completely for 15 minutes at 56'C. 75 μl PCR buffer (see below) was added to the individual wells. The plate was incubated for 15 minutes at 56 * C. The microtiter plate was again put on the vacuum manifold, with a standard microtiter SUBSTITUTE SHEET plate (Micronic) beneath the Durapore plate. Vacuum was applied, and the PCR buffer, containing the DNA was collected in the lower microtiter plate, whereas the diatom earth remained on the Durapore filters. PCR assay. The PCR contained 10 ng purified DNA or 25 μl clinical specimen in a total volume of 50 μl. The reaction mixtures contained 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0), 2 mM MgCl 2 , 50 mM KC1, 0.012 gelatin, 0.2 mM of each of the four deoxynucleotide triphosphates, 1 μM of each of the four primers and 0.5 U of Amplitaq polymerase (Perkin Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Conn.) , and was overlaid with 2 drops of paraffine oil. DNA amplification was carried out in a Perkin Elmer Thermal Cycler for 25 or 40 cycles: 1 minute 94"C, 1 minute 55 * C, and 2 minutes 72 β C. Ten to 20 μl of the amplified DNA was analysed on a 1.52 agarose gel, that contained ethidium bromide. PCR primers. The sequences of the oligonucleotides used in the PCR were: pl5: 1403-1425: 5'" GGT ATA CCT TGC TGG TAC CGT TC -3', pl6: 1914-1934: 5'- AGT CTC TAC AGC TGT AGC TGG -3" , p-34: 2890-2908: 5'- GTT GAA AAC AAA GCA TTC G -3' , and p-35: 3229-3249: 5'- CTT CGA CAA AAT GTC AGA TTC -3' . The oligonucleotides p-15 and p-16 correspond to the indicated positions in the S. suis type 2 mrp gene (Example 3. Fig. 2). The oligonucleotides p-34 and p-35 correspond to the indicated positions and in the S. suis type 2 ef * gene (Example 2, Fig. IB). Primers were synthesized on an Applied Biosystem synthesizer type 381A following the manufacturers protocol. RESULTS Specificity of PCR. Within the mrp and ef * genes (cf. Examples 3 and 2), two regions (designated as m-VI and e-V) were determined that could be used to differentiate between the three phenotypes of S. suis type 2 strains (see also Example 8) . Primers based on the m-VI region (p-15 and p-l6), and the e-V region (p-34 and p-35) were used in a PCR. The primers p-15 and p-l6 amplified a 532 bp fragment in the m-VI region. The primers p-34 and p-35 amplified a 36O bp fragment in the e-V region. Chromosomal DNA of 4 MRP * EF * . 4 MRP * EF * and 5 MRP ' EF " strains was used in a PCR with these primers (see Fig. 15). After 25 cycli the amplified fragments were analysed on an agarose gel. A 532 bp fragment was amplified from DNA of MRP * EF * strains. A 532 bp fragment as well as a 36O bp fragment were amplified from DNA of MRP * EF * strains. In contrast, neither the 532 bp nor the 36O bp fragment was amplified from DNA of MRP " EF " strains. These data show that this PCR can be used to differentiate between the three phenotypes of S. suis type 2. SUBSTITUTE SHEET The phenotypes of 82 strains of S. suis type 2, isolated from the tonsils of 37 healthy sows at slaughter, were determined by Western blotting (Example 4) , ELISA (Example 6), hybridization experiments with DNA probes m-VI and e-V (Example 8), and by PCR. 79 strains, isolated from 36 of the 37 sows were classified identical by the four methods (96.32). 3 strains, isolated from one sow, were classified as MRP * EF * by the PCR and DNA hybridization experiments and as MRP'EF" by Western blotting and ELISA. These results indicate that the PCR is a useful alternative to determine the phenotype of a S. suis type 2 strain. Sensitivity of PCR. Purified chromosomal DNA of a MRP * EF * S. suis type 2 strain was diluted in distilled water and used directly in the PCR. After 40 cycli of PCR, 25 fg DNA was detected. This indicates that DNA of 14 cells, after amplification by PCR, could be detected on an agarose gel, based on data that a Streptococcal eel contains about 1.75 fg DNA (35) . The sensitivity of the PCR on whole cells was determined. Therefore, MRP * EF * cells were diluted in phosfate buffered saline (PBS (pH 7-2); 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KC1, 8.1 mM and prepared for PCR as described above. Amplified fragments could still be detected in samples that contained about 50 cells prior to the PCR (40 cycli). The PCR can be used directly on clinical material. Serial dilutions of S. suis type 2 cells were added to nose swabs. It was found that amplified fragments can still be detected in samples that contain about 50 cells prior to the PCR. EXAMPLE 8 Differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of S. suis type 2 using DNA probes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacteria. Thirteen strains of S. suis type 2 (4 MRP * EF * strains, 4 MRP * EF * strains and 5 MRP " EF " strains) were selected to examine whether regions of the mrp, ef, and ef * genes could be useful to differentiate between the three phenotypes of S. suis type 2. Except for strain 16, pathogenicity of these strains was tested in an infection experiment of piglets (Example 5). 170 strains of S. suis type 2 were obtained from three sources: From organs of diseased pigs (103 strains), from tonsils of healthy pigs at slaughter (40 strains) and from human patients (27 strains). Reference strains of S. suis serotypes 1 to 22 (15) , 21 other Streptococci species and 45 other bacterial strains (38 different species, DL0 Central SUBSTITUTE SHEET Veterinary Institute, Table 8) were used to test the specificity of the mrp and ef probes. Media. E. coZi JM101 strains were grown in LB broth (30) . Ampicillin was added as needed to a final concentration of 50 μg/ml. All other bacterial strains were grown overnight at 37 β C on Columbia blood agar base (code CM 331. Oxoid) containing 62 horse blood. Overnight grown colonies were incubated in 10 ml Todd-Hewitt broth (code CM 189. Oxoid), and grown overnight at 37 * C. DNA isolations and manipulations. Chromosomal DNA isolations and routine DNA techniques were performed as described by Maniatis et al (28) . Crude lysates were made as follows: overnight grown cultures were centrifuged at 4000 x g for 10 minutes, and the pellet fraction was resuspended in 500 to 1000 μl TEG-lysozym buffer (25 mM TRIS.C1 pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, 0 mM glucose and 1 mg/ml lysozym). After 30 minutes at 25 β C, the samples were used in the dot-blot assay. Probes. The plasmids pMRll, pEF2-19 and pEF17~7 (cf. Examples 1, 2, 3) were used to generate subclones into pKUN19 (24) . Fragments of appropriate subclones were isolated from preparative agarose gels with the gene-clean kit (Bio 101 Inc., La Jolla, USA). Purified fragments were subsequently labeled with α- 32 P dCTP (3000 Ci/mMol, Amersham) with the random primed labeling kit (Boehringer GmbH) following the manufacturers protocol and used as probes. Southern hybridizations. Chromosomal DNA of the 13 selected S. suis 2 strains (1 μg DNA) was spotted on Gene-screen nylon membrane (New-England Nuclear Corp., Boston, USA). The membranes were incubated with the 32 P- labeled mrp and ef probes as recommended by the manufacturer. After overnight hybridization, the filters were washed twice with 2 x SSC for 5 minutes at room temperature, and twice with 0.1 x SSC plus 0.52 (SDS) for 30 minutes at 6 "C (1 x SSC *= 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M Sodium Citrate). For the group of 170 S. suis 2 strains, the 22 reference strains of S. suis type 1 to 22, and the group of other Streptococci and other bacteria, 20 μl of a DNA or crude lysate sample was dotted on Zeta probe nylon membrane (Biorad) with a dot blot apparatus (Bethesda Research Laboratories). The membranes were incubated with the 32 P-labeled mrp and ef probes as recommended by the manufacturer. After overnight hybridization, the membranes were washed twice in 40 mM Na phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 plus 52 SDS plus 1 mM EDTA for 30 minutes at 65"C and twice in 40 mM Na phosphate buffer pH 7-2 plus 12 SDS plus 1 mM EDTA for 30 minutes at 65 β C. All (pre) hybridizations were carried out in a hybridization oven (Hybaid) . RESULTS Mrp probes. Chromosomal DNA of the 3 phenotypes of S. suis type 2 was hybridized to different regions of the mrp gene. Six different mrp probes were used (schematically shown in Fig. l4a) . The EcoRI-SnaBI fragment, m-I, contained the entire mrp encoding region. The m-II, m-III, m-IV and m-V probes contained different regions of the mrp gene (see Fig. 16). The MRP * EF * and the MRP * EF * strains strongly hybridized with all mrp probes. In addition, the m-I, m-II, m-IV and m-V probes strongly hybridized with 4 of the 5 MRP'EF " strains. One MRP ' EF" strain (strain 25) did not hybridize with any of the mrp probes. These data indicate that 4 MRP ' EF " strains contained large regions homologous to the mrp gene of strain D282, whereas strain 25 lacked the entire mrp gene. These 4 MRP ' EF " strains, however, hybridized only weakly with probe m-III, indicating that only a small part of probe m-III was homologous to their DNA. A probe m-VI was constructed by removing 385 bp at the 5'. and 325 bp at the 3' ends of probe m-III. The 5 MRP ' EF ' strains did not hybridize at all with probe m-VI, indicating that these strains lacked the region homologous to the m-VI probe. Therefore, probe m-VI can be used to differentiate between MRP * and MRP " strains. Ef and ef * probes. Chromosomal DNA of the 3 phenotypes S. suis type 2 was hybridized to different regions of the ef gene. Four different ef probes (schematically shown in Fig. l4b) were used. All MRP * EF * and MRP * EF * strains and 1 MRP ' EF " strain hybridized with all ef probes. In contrast, 4 MRP ' EF " strains did not hybridize with any of the ef probes. These data indicate that most of these MRP ' EF " strains lacked the entire region homologous to the ef gene, whereas 1 MRP ' EF " strain seemed to contain the entire region homologous to the ef gene. Therefore, the probes e-I to e- IV could not been used to differentiate between the 3 phenotypes. Since the gene encoding the EF * proteins contain a DNA fragment which is absent in the gene encoding the EF protein, part of this extra DNA was selected as a probe (Fig. l4c, probe e-V). Probe e-V hybridized with all MRP * EF * strains. On the contrary, none of the MRP * EF * and MRP ' EF " strains hybridized with the e-V probe. These data suggest that the MRP * EF * and MRP ' EF strains lacked the region homologous to e-V. Probe e-V is thus specific for MRP * EF * strains. Therefore, if m-VI and e-V are used in complementary hybridization studies, a differentiation between the three phenotypes of S. suis type 2 will be possible. If S. suis type 2 strains hybridize with probe m-VI SUBSTITUTE SHEET and e-V, these strains belong to the MRP * EF * phenotype. If S. suis type 2 strains hybridize with m-VI but not with e-V, these strains belong to the MRP * EF * phenotype, and finally if strains do not hybridize with m-VI and e-V, these strains belong to the MRP ' EF " phenotype. The mrp, ef and ef * probes were tested on 170 other strains of S. suis type 2. 88 strains had a MRP * EF * phenotype, 37 strains a MRP * EF * phenotype and 4 strains had a MRP ' EF " phenotype. In accord with the data presented above, all MRP * EF * strains hybridized with the probes m-I to m- VI and e-I to e-IV, but none hybridized with probe e-V. Moreover, all the 37 MRP * EF * strains hybridized with all the probes. Only two of the 4 MRP " EF " strains, however, hybridized with probe m-VI and e-V and would therefore wrongly be classified as MRP * EF * strains. Therefore, by using m-VI and e-V, the phenotype of a 5. suis type 2 strain can be predicted with a very high probability (168/170; 98.82). Specificity of the m-VI and e-V probes. DNA of the reference strains of S. suis serotype 1 to serotype 22 was tested for hybridization with probes m-VI and e-V. It was found that S. suis type 2 (strain 735). 4, 5 and 14 hybridized with the m-VI probe and that type 1/2, 2, 4, 5. 6, 14 and 15 hybridized with the e-V probe. These data suggest that the mrp and ef genes are not specific for S. suis type 2, but that homologous sequences are present in several serotypes. Based on these data, serotypes 2, 4, 5 and 14 would be classified as MRP * EF * strains, whereas serotypes 1/2, 6 and 15 would be classified as MRP ' EF " strains. Chromosomal DNA from swine pathogens and several common bacteria was tested with the probes m-I, m-VI, e-III and e-V. The species tested are listed in Table 8. Although some species hybridized with probe m-I (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, K. pneumoniae and Salmonella typhiaurium) , none hybridized with the probes m-VI, e-III and e-V. These data show that although in some species parts of the mrp gene are found, the probes m-VI and e-V are specific for S. suis. Hence, the probes m-VI and e-V have potential diagnostic value. " TABLE 8 List of other species on which the probes were tested for specificity. 10 15 20 25 30 35 1. Arends, J.P., and H.C. Zanen. 1984. Proc. 9th Lancefield Int. Symp. Streptococci Streptococcal Dis., p. 343"344. 2. Arends, J.P., and H.C. Zanen. 1988. Meningitis caused by Streptoccus suis in humans. Rev. Infect. Dis., 10: 131-137. . 3- Arends, J.P., N. Hartwig, M. Rudolphy, and H.C. Zanen. 1984. Carrier rate of Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 in palatine tonsils of slaughtered pigs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 5-947. 4. Boom, R., C.J.A. Sol, M.M.M. Salimans, CL. Jansen, P.M.W. 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Cold Spring Harbor NY. 31. Moreau, A., R. Higgins, M. Bigras-Poulin, and M. Nadeau. 1989. Rapid detection of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in weaned pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res., 50: I667-I67I. 32. Morissey, J.H. 1981. Silver stains for proteins in polyacrylamide gels: A modified procedure with enhanced uniform sensitivity. Anal. Biochem. 117: 307-310. 33. Murray, N.E. , W.J. Brammer, and K. Murray. 1977- Lamboid phages that simplify the recovery of in vitro recombinants. Mol. Gen. Genet. 150: 53-58. 34. Platt, T. 1986. Transcription termination and the regulation of gene expression. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55: 339-372. 35. Pozzi, G., M.R. Oggioni, and A. Tomasz. 1989. DNA probe for identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 370-372. 36. Saiki, R.K. , D.H. Gelfand, S. Stoffel, S.J. Scharf, R. Higuchi, G.T. Horn, D.B. Mullis, and H.A. Ehrlich. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239 487-491. 37. Sanger, F., S. 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Inf. and Imm. 57: 1192-1199- SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Use of a DNA sequence from a gene encoding a virulence characteristic of Streptococcus suis, for the diagnosis of, or for the protection against an infection by S. suis in mammals including man. 2. A DNA sequence of the gene encoding a 90,000 - 120,000 dalton polypeptide in virulent strains of Streptococcus suis and encoding a polypeptide having a higher molecular weight than the former polypeptide and substantially comprising the former polypeptide in less virulent strains of Streptococcus suis, which sequence or which gene has the nucleotide sequences according to figures 1A and IB for S. suis serotype 2, strain D-282, or a corresponding sequence or a partial sequence thereof. 3. A DNA sequence of the gene encoding a 135,000 - 136,000 dalton polypeptide (Muramidase Released Protein) which is a virulence characteristic of Streptococcus suis, which sequence or which gene has the nucleotide sequence according to figure 2 for S. suis serotype 2, strain D-282, or a corresponding sequence or a partial sequence thereof. 4. A DNA sequence according to claim 2, encoding a part of the higher molecular weight polypeptide which part does not correspond to the 90,000 - 120,000 dalton polypeptide, or a partial sequence thereof. 5. A DNA sequence according to claim 2, which is a partial sequence containing at least 10 nucleotides, preferably at least 15 nucleotides, from the sequence 2890-3306 of Figure IB. 6. A DNA sequence according to claim 3. which a partial sequence containing at least 10 nucleotides, preferably at least 15 nucleotides, from the sequence 1100-1934 of Figure 2. 7. A recombinant polynucleotide, comprising a sequence according to any one of claims 2-6 in the presence of a regulatory sequence. 8. A polynucleotide probe for the diagnosis of an infection by Streptococcus suis, comprising a sequence according to any one of claims 2-6. 9. A polypeptide encoded by, or obtained by expression of a sequence according to any one of claims 2-7. 10. An antibody raised against a polypeptide according to claim 9- 11. A method for detecting an infection by a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus suis, characterised by using at least one probe according to claim 8. HEET 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein at least one probe- having a sequence according to claim 4 or 5 is used. 13. A method for detecting an infection by a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus suis, characterised by using at least one polypeptide according to claim 9- 14. A method for detecting an infection by a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus suis, characterised by using at least one antibody according to claim 10. 15- A diagnostic kit for the detection of an infection by a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus suis, characterised by containing at least one probe according to claim 8. l6. A diagnostic kit for the detection of an infection by a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus suis, characterised by containing at least one polypeptide according to claim 9- 17. A diagnostic kit for the detection of an infection by a pathogenic strain of Streptococcus suis, characterised by containing at least one antibody according to claim 10. 18. A method for protecting mammals against an infection by Streptococcus suis, characterised by using a polynucleotide according to any one of claims 2-7. a polypeptide according to claim 9. or an antibody according to claim 10. 19. A method for protecting mammals against an infection by Streptococcus suis, characterised by using a polypeptide according to claim 9 lacking the parts which are responsible for virulence. 20. Vaccine which protects mammals against an infection by Streptococcus suis, containing a polynucleotide according to claim 7. a polypeptide according to claim 9. or an antibody according to claim 10. 21. Vaccine which protects mammals against an infection by Streptococcus suis, containing a polypeptide ' used in the method according to claim 19. 22. Vaccine which protects mammals against an infection by Streptococcus suis, containing a material of a Streptococcus suis strain which material does not express at least a polypeptide according to claim 9 * SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Inventors: SMITH HILDA ELIZABETH, VECHT URI, SMITH, HILDA, ELIZABETH, VECHT, URI
Applicants: CENTRAAL DIERGENEESKUNDIG INST, CENTRAAL DIERGENEESKUNDIG INSTITUUT
Application year: 1992
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A61K31, A61K38, A61K39, A61P31, C07K14, C07K16, C07K19, C12N15, C12P21, C12Q1, C12R1, G01N33