RUBBER ADDITIVE

Abstract: An additive for improving the ageing characteristics of rubber compositions is described. The additive comprises a liquid EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene) elastomer and a suitable curing agent such as amine antioxidant/antiozonants. A microcrystalline or petroleum wax and a metal oxide may also be included.

Description: RUBBER ADDITIVE This invention relates to rubber compositions and in particular to an additive for improving the ageing characteristics of rubber compositions. Natural rubber had been the choice of rubber chemists for gas mask facepieces since the introduction of respiratory protecting gas masks towards the end of World War I. It has many advantages over synthetic elastomers for facepiece use including comfort, high resiliency, high strength, easy processing and moulding, non-dermatitic properties and good low temperature flexibility. However as protective equipment develops and improves, the materials they are made from require an ever increasing performance. The basic property which influences the material selection is its impermeability to chemical warfare (CW) agents, specifically H and GB agents. The current standard accepted by many countries is twenty-four (24) hour protection against H-agent (dichlorodiethyl sulfide). With the advent of new mask designs some of the other properties of the material require improvement. For example, it is highly desirable to maximize the Modulus 500% to the range of 900-1600 psi, while keeping the Permanent Set @ 500% below about 12%. With this in mind, applicant has provided an improved rubber composition for facepiece use that would exhibit such improved properties. Various synthetic rubber formulations were evaluated. The material studies were based upon the knowledge that when the final material was chosen it would be amenable to the present commercial injection moulding operation now used in industry. CW agent resistant rubber compositions are described in applicants Canadian applications, serial number 485,232, filed 26 June 1985, and 2,052,444, filed 23 September, 1991. However, it has now been found that gas mask facepieces made from such rubber compositions are susceptible to cracking under high stress and high ozone concentrations. According to the invention, a rubber additive is provided, comprising: a) a liquid ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) elastomer 1.7-6, and; b) a suitable curing agent 0.5-3, wherein the proportions of ingredients are expressed as parts by weight per one hundred parts of rubber (phr). The additive may additionally comprise: c) a microcrystalline wax 0.5-1. Sunproof (trademark) Canadian has been found effective. In most cases, it was found that the ozone resistance was adequate without including the wax. A metal oxide curing agent such as zinc oxide may be considered as part of the additive (such materials are commonly included in rubber formulations), in an amount of 3-6 phr, and preferably 3.5 to 4.5 phr. A rubber accelerator may also be included as part of the additive to enhance the curing. Methazate, a trademark for zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate, has been found to be effective in this respect. The additive according to the invention has been found to be most effective in halobutyl rubber compositions such a bromo-and chloro-butyl rubbers. The liquid ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) elastomer is typically a low molecular weight (1 ,000 to 15,000) liquid at room temperature and acts as a reactive plasticizer to improve certain physical properties of the rubber. One such elastomer is sold under the trademark Trilene by Uniroyal Chemical Co. Inc. eg. Trilene 65 has been found to be effective. Applicant has found that the EPDM elastomer is most effective in small amounts. For example replacement of 15 phr of bromobutyl rubber with Trilene 65 unacceptably reduces the tensile strength of the bromobutyl rubber. At 10 phr low temperature flexibility is unacceptable. These physical properties were found to improve as the amount of EPDM was lowered further to 5 phr. The effect of additions of various curing agents was tested alone and in combination with other proposed additives. The preferred materials include amine antioxidant/antiozonants Agerite white, a trademark for a paraphenylene diamine, supplied by Vanderbilt and Aminox, a trademark for a diphenylene-acetone condensation product sold by Uniroyal. As mentioned above, metal oxide (e.g. zinc oxide) curing agents are commonly included in rubber formulations. It is noted that in halobutyl rubbers, such as bromo- and chloro-butyl rubber, a synergism between the SUBSTIT zinc oxide curing agent and certain types of antioxidant/antiozonant has been shown to enhance certain physical properties including ozone resistance. Applicant has also found that by coupling a liquid EPDM elastomer with such antioxidant/antiozonants a synergistic effect results. That is, the liquid EPDM by itself is only as good as or slightly better than a standard antiozonant. However, when coupled with an antioxidant/antiozonant according to the invention, halobutyl rubber samples at 100 % extension for 3500 hours show no sign of ozone attack. EXPERIMENTAL Certain basic properties are essential for rubber gas mask facepieces. These include resistance to the penetration and re-emission of CW agents and minimum levels of tensile strength, modulus and tear strength. The rubber compositions are also required to be injection moulded to form a gas mask facepiece in a sufficiently short time to be economically viable for industrial production. Gas mask facepiece moulds are normally quite complex and a good moulding compound is required to achieve a satisfactory product. The penetration of H-agent (mustard gas) through rubbers is usually tested over the required 24 hours at 30° C using a sample with the normal thickness of material found in a gas mask facepiece (1.9 mm). When polymer blends are used, particularly with polymers not resistant to mustard gas, the change of the penetration time can be significant. Also when penetration of a chemical warfare agent occurs, the re-emission of this agent from the surface of the rubber can present a serious hazard. Thus, for each EPDM blend utilized along with some of the other compounds, it was necessary to evaluate the mustard gas penetration and re-emission. H Penetration Test Chemical agent penetration testing is carried out as follows. Three samples of facepiece rubber material (12.6 sq.cm and 2mm in thickness) are challenged with 5 1-microlitre drops of agent at 30° C and the penetration through the material followed using a gas chromatograph. The material is SUBSTITUTE SHEET considered to be a failure if more than 5 micrograms of agent penetrates through it. H Re-Emission Test Chemical agent re-emission testing is carried out as follows. Three samples of facepiece rubber material, 5 cm in diameter and 2mm in thickness are washed with 2-propanol to remove any surface contamination. Five 1 microlitre-drops of agent are applied to the surface of the test sample in a quincunx pattern 10 mm minimum spacing. This is then left for 30 minutes at a temperature of 25 + 2° C. Once the test sample has been contaminated for 30 minutes it is washed with a stream of 2-propanol from a wash bottle. At least 50 mL of liquid is used and a thorough washing is achieved. The sample is then placed in an inclined position until all the 2-propanol has evaporated and then placed in a test cell. The agent that desorbs from the surface of the rubber over the next 24 hours at a temperature of 30° C is then collected and measured. A stream of air (30 mL/min) passing over the sample carries the agent through a sampling device and is analyzed by a gas chromatograph. The procedure used for evaluating stress cracking of an elastomer sample involves 3 different conditions. These are: 1) OUTSIDE: - on the roof of the building, facing south and presented at a 45 degree angle to the sun (ASTM D518 Method B); 2) INDOOR: - under fluorescent lighting in the laboratory; and 3) OZONE CHAMBER - in an atmosphere of 50pphm of ozone and 40° C thus producing an accelerated level of ageing (ASTM D1149). Two methods of testing are used in the above ASTM tests. One is the bent-loop test which gives a varying amount of stress up to 25% elongation as shown in ASTM D518 Method B. The second is the ASTM D412 dumbbell, Die C, stretched to 20%, 50% and 100% elongation respectively using a benchmarker as shown is ASTM D412, Method A. For the purposes of this evaluation no OUTDOOR or INDOOR test were carried out as these methods take years to show any signs of cracking. The laboratory trials that follow involved the use of a liquid EPDM SUBSTITUTE SHEET elastomer with aromatic amines as curing agents. Amines Agerite White and Aminox were included. All the above curing systems were used in conjunction with zinc oxide and in some cases a microcrystalline wax, in existing bromobutyl rubber facepiece formulations. Example 1 A black coloured gas mask facepiece (coded 702-version II) made by injection moulding, having the following formulation was tested. The proportions are expressed as parts per one hundred parts of bromobutyl X2 rubber. Thus the additive according to the invention comprises Trilene 65 4.2 phr, Agerite White 0.6 phr, and Paraffin Wax 0.6 phr The 5.9 phr zinc oxide is already part of the existing rubber composition. The physical properties are as follows: S? J IPS3ϊSGi ITUTE SHEET The properties meet specification except Low Temperature Stiffness T2. (- 25° C is the reading required) Example 2 Black bromobutyl formulation (carbon black filled), factory mixed. Coded 910.5, modified version of 702-version II, described in example 1 SUBSTITUTE SHEET Thus, the additive according to the invention comprises: Trilene 65 4.2 phr Agerite White 1.5 phr Sunproof Canadian 1.0 phr Rheometer curve data at 30/minutes/25 range/1 ° Arc/ 320°F Cure time of compression moulded disc of 2" 0 by 1/2" thick is 6 1 /2 minutes at 320 °F Tensile slabs were moulded for 7 1 /2 minutes at 320 ° C. XC4 large facepieces were moulded on a Rep m/c by injection moulding. Surface temperatures of inside cavity, depending on location, were stabilized at 305 to 310 °F. Facepieces were moulded at the following times: 20 facepieces for 6 minutes; 20 facepieces for 8 minutes; 10 facepieces for 10 minutes. Different cure times were used to establish their influence on physical properties, blooming and ozone resistance. This formulation behaved very well during factory processing and also during the injection moulding. Physical test results indicate that they are not influenced by cure time. Facepieces exposed to lab atmosphere, to date 14 days, show slight acceptable bloom and a dull finish. Again, bloom is not influenced by cure time. Ozone resistance by dumbbells stretched to 100%, passed 72 hours, and to date 7 days (168 hours), only one crack has developed on one dumbbell at 8 minutes cure time. SUBSTITUTE SHEET SUBS ΠΠSH PRODUCTS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 8 Mύxntes 10 miππtes 7* 6 aάjnites Hardness Shore 'A 46 45 46 46 Ultimate Tensile Strength psi 2145 2255 2136 2209 Ultimate Elongation Σ 690 708 668 699 Die C Tensile Stress at 5002 1446 1459 1466 1447 Tensile Stress at 2001 419 406 391 399 Tear Resistance psi 212 256 254 242 Permanent Set 500Z 10/10 6.87 6.56 6.26 7.05. Ozone 50 pphm / 40 *C 24 hours Passed Passed Passed Passed Elongation 100X 48 hours Passed Passed Passed Passed Dumbbell sample 72 hours Passed Passed Passed Passed Stiffness T2 - 25.5 *C - 28 *C T5 - 36.0 *C - 36 'C Resilience Bashore with powder 11 10 10 10 Resilience Button (10 minutes ) with powder 11 Ageing δ ' Duro + 6 + 3 * 4 + 6 96 hrs 80 *C δ " Tensile Strength - 5.39 - 6.96 8.89 5.18 δ Z Elongation - 5.85 - 11.02 - 5.84 3.10 δ X Tear Resistance * 12.89 - 9.11 - 12.34 - 1.79 SUBSTITUTE SHEET Thus, the additive according to the invention comprises: Trilene 4.1 phr Aminox 2.0 phr Sunproof Canadian 1.0 phr Rheometer curve data at 30/minutes/25 range/1 0 Arc/ 320°F Before addition of After the addition Silane Al 100 of Silane A1100 T4 -2.4 minutes T4 1.4 minutes T90 -10.0 minutes T90 11.0 minutes T100-20.0 minutes T100 27.5 minutes (estimated) Cure time 7 1/2 minutes-cure time 6 minutes Cure time is established on a of compression moulded disc of 2" 0 by 1/2" thick at 320 °F Tensile slabs were moulded for 8 minutes at 320 ° C. XC4 large facepieces were moulded on a Rep m/c by injection moulding. Surface temperature of inside cavity, depending on location, were stabilized at 305 to 310 °F. Facepieces were moulded at the following times:. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 25 facepieces for 7 minutes; 25 facepieces for 10 minutes. The reason for the addition of Silane A1100, over and above the Silane SI 69, is that the modulus 500% values with only the SI 69 were at 850 psi. After adding the Silane A 1 100, the modulus values went up to 1350 psi. Exposed facepieces to lab atmosphere, to date 13 days, show slight acceptable bloom, and a finish which is duller than in the case of the 910.5 formula. Again, bloom does not appear to be influenced by cure time so far. Ozone resistance by dumbbells stretched to 100%, passed 72 hours, and to date 7 days (173 hours), some cracks developed, on an average 1 per sample, with no propagation in size. The 10 minutes facepiece dumbbell so far (173 hours) has not developed any crack. SUBS ΠHISH PRODUCTS PHTSICAL PROPERTIES 8 aumtee 7 β-Lππtes 10 Bύrntes Hardness Shore *A 40 40 40 Ultimate Tensile Strength psi 2003 1804 1807 Ultimate Elongation Z 705 677 630 Die C Tensile Stress at 500X 1356 1265 1368 Tensile Stress at 200Z 318 268 301 Tear Resistance psi 173 210 202 Permanent Set 500Z 10/10 4.05 4.36 I > I Ozone 50 pphπ / 40 *C 24 hours Passed Passed Passed Elongation 100Z 48 hours Passed Passed Passed Dumbbell sample 72 hours Passed Passed Passed Stiffness T2 - 31.5 *C - 32.0 *C T5 - 39.5 'C - 39.0 "C Resilience Bashore 10 11 with powder 11 12 13 Resilience Button (10 minutes) with powder 11 Ageing 6 • Duro ♦ 9 * 6 * 8 96 hrs 80 *C 6 Z Tensile Strength - 7.45 ♦ 8.24 ♦ 9.80 6 Z Elongation - 25.39 - 16.05 - 9.21 6 Z Tear Resistance - 3.76 * 14.44 ♦ 15.35 SUBSTITUTE SHEET Example 4 Thus, the additive according to the invention is the same as that used in example 3. Rheometer curve data at 30/minutes/25 range/1 ° Arc/ 320°F T4 1.6 minutes T90 8.4 minutes T100 (estimated) 12.5 minutes Cure time of compression moulded disc of 2" 0 by 1/2" thick is 7 minutes at 320 °F. Tensile slabs were moulded for 8 minutes at 320 °F. Facepieces XC4 large were moulded on a REP m/c by injection. Surface temperature of inside cavity, depending on location were stabilized at 305 to 310 °F. Facepieces were moulded at the following times:. 25 facepieces for 7 minutes; 25 facepieces for 10 minutes SUBSTITUTE SHEET As in the case of the 526, the T4 theometer value was too low at 1.6 minutes. However, as in the example 3, in case of 526, we were able to injection mould the facepieces successfully, with an indication of scorch, ripple flow lines on both sides of the forehead at both cure times. Some measure of bloom was noticed after 3 days to the plant atmosphere on the 7 minutes facepieces and no bloom on the 10 minutes facepieces. Ozone resistance by bumbbells stretched to 100%, passed 72 hours, and to date 7 days (173 hours), two cracks developed on one dumbbell, the 7 minutes facepieces. The two 8 minutes tensile dumbbells and the one 10 minutes facepieces dumbbell, show no ozone attack. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 14 SU! ^ i U c ET Example 5 Black Bromobutyl formulation (carbon black filled), factory mixed Code 950, 950 Version II. Modifications based on previous formulation 910.5 Thus, the additive according to the invention Version II was successfully mixed, and showed no evidence of premature scorch. Rheometer curve data at 30/minutes/25 range/1 ° Arc/ 320°F T4 1.75 minutes T90 7.75 minutes T100 (estimated) 13.75 minutes Cure time of compression moulded disc of 2" 0 by 1/2' SUBSTITUTE SHEET thick is 7 minutes at 320 °F. Tensile slabs were moulded for 6 minutes at 320 °F. Facepieces XC4 large were moulded on a REP m/c by injection. Surface temperature of inside cavity, depending on location were stabilized at 305 to 310 °F. Fifty facepieces with inserts were moulded at 6 minutes total press time. Different cure times were not made for two reasons. a) previous trials at various cure times showed that cure time did not affect physicals, ozone resistance or bloom. b) There was not enough time, within the time frame of this contract, to establish what the minimum cure time would be. This formulation version II behaved well during factory processing and also during the injection moulding. In fact, demoulding was improved with less rejects generated due to tears around the eyeports. However, this is still a critical area, and every possible modification to the undercuts of the eyepiece inserts should be considered. Physical test results satisfy the present specification requirements. SUBS ITUT S SUBSTITUTE SHEET Example 6 Green bromobutyl formulation (silica filled) factory mixed. Coded 714 version I and 714 version II. Modification based on previous formulations 526, 527 and 528. Ingredients Bromobutyl X2 Black N-231 Hisil 532 EP Diethylene Glycol MBTS Stearic Acid Sulphur Trilene 65 Green 4099 Yellow 2087 Sunproof Canadian DC 200 (12,500) TP 90 B PAT 44/04 Silane A 187 Agerite White Vistaion 2504 * Zinc Oxide 90% * Aminox * Methazate * * Mixed in masterbatch form Trilene Sunproof Canadian Agerite White Aminox Rheometer curve data at 30/minutes/25 range/1 ° Arc/ 320°F Version I Version II T4 1.80 minutes 1.80 minutes T90 9.50 MINUTES 7.88 MINUTES TOO (ESTIMATED) 17.50 MINUTES 13.50 MINUTES Cure time of compression moulded disc of 2" 0 by 1/2" thick is 8 minutes at 320 °F, for both versions. Tensile slabs were moulded for 9 1/2 minutes SUBSTITUTE SHEET at 320 °F for version I and 73/4 minutes for version II. \ v-r « ' r* - SUBSTITUTE SHEET SUBSTITUTE SHEET Facepieces XC4 Large were moulded on a REP m/c by injection. Surface temperature of inside cavity, depending on location, were stabilized at 305 to 310 °F. The facepieces were moulded with inserts. Formulation 714 version I was used to mould 25 facepieces at a 6 minutes cure time and 25 facepieces at an 8 minutes cure time. The two cure times were chosen in order to determine if physicals, ozone resistance or bloom are dependent on cure time. Formulation 714 version II was used to mould 5 facepieces at a 6 minutes cure time. Formulation 714 version II was used in order to establish if there is any loss in permeability resistance in the version I, due to the content of 1.8 phr of EPDM Vistalon 2504. At the same time, it should also allow you to establish the protection efficiency of Aminox versus Agerite White. The reason for the incorporation of the EPDM Vistalon 2504 is that the Aminox, because of its physical shape (flakes), is practically impossible to disperse on an open mill, especially if its melting point (90 °C) is not reached. To ensure complete melting, the compound temperature would have to be raised to 100 °C. This would require the assistance of heated rolls and at this temperature, the cure rate would be affected and the safety would be compromised. For ease of incorporation, a masterbatch containing the Aminox, zinc oxided methazate was prepared as follows: On the other hand, Agerite White is a powder form and dispersion is easier and feasible. The formulation 714, both version I and II, behaved well during factory processing and also during the injection moulding. Demoulding was easier and less rejects were generated due to tears around the eyeports. However, this still remains a critical area and will be the major cause of a higher than normal reject rate. Physical test results satisfy the present specification requirement, except for % loss of elongation after oven ageing under conditions of 96 SUBSTITUTE SHEET hours at 80 °C. Facepieces exposed to lab atmosphere, to date 15 days, show no bloom on the 714 version I, and a slight bloom on 714 version II. The difference in colour between the two versions is noticeable, being dictated by the antioxidant used. Ozone resistance by dumbbells stretched to 100 % passed 72 hours exposure of 50 pphM at 40°C. SUBSTITUTE SHEET. Example 7 The following formulation (code C4-02-901 1 and C4-01-901 1 ) were tested and found to be within specification. Wherein the proportions of ingredients are expressed as parts per one hundred parts of bromobutyl rubber. C4 Facepiece Formula C4-02-9011 Polysar Bromobutyl X2 97.70 Vistalon 2504 2.30 Trilene 65 3.90 Paraffin Wax 1.00 Stearic Acid 1.00 Aminox 0.50 Zeosil 175 19.40 Hisil 532 EP 18.10 Silane A187 1.00 Green 4099 1.70 Yellow 2087 1.90 Black N231 0.17 TP90B 5.20 ZnO (90%) 4.10 (3.5-4.5) MBTS or DELAC S 0.50 (0.2- 1.0) Scorchguard MgO 0.50 (0.2- 1.0) Methazate 1.60 (1.0-2.0) DC 200 1.00 (0.0- 1.0) Poiyethelene Wax 1.00 (0.0-2.0) Diethylene Glycol 0.00 (0.0-0.5) Sulphur 0.70 SUBSTS ΎI C4 Facepiece Formula C4-01-9011 Polysar Bromobutyl X2 97.70 Vistalon 2504 2.30 Trilene 65 3.90 Paraffin Wax 1.00 Stearic Acid 1.00 Aminox 0.50 Zeosil 175 18.10 Hisil 532 EP 16.80 Silane A187 1.00 Black N110 2.60 TP90B 5.20 ZnO (90%) 4.10 (3.5-4.5) MBTS or DELAC S 0.50 (0.2- 1.0) Scorchguard MgO 0.50 (0.2- 1.0) Methazate 1.60 (1.0-2.0) DC 200 1.00 (0.0- 1.0) Poiyethelene Wax 1.00 (0.0-2.0) Diethylene Giycol 0.00 (0.0-0.5) Sulphur 0.70 SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Claims: CLAIMS: 1. A rubber additive, comprising: a) a liquid ethylene-propylene-diene monomer elastomer 1.7 to 6 phr; and b) a suitable curing agent 0.5 to 3 phr, wherein the proportions of ingredients are expressed as parts per one hundred parts of rubber (phr). 2. An additive according to claim 1 , wherein the curing agent is an amine antioxidant/antiozonant selected from the group consisting of paraphenylene diamine and a diphenylene-acetone condensation product. 3. An additive according to claim 2, additionally comprising, c) a wax selected from the group consisting of petroleum wax and microcrystalline wax, 0.5 - 1 phr. 4. An additive according to claim 3, additionally comprising a metal oxide curing agent, 3-6 phr. 5. An additive according to claim 4, wherein the metal oxide is zinc oxide, 3.5 - 4.5 phr. 6. An additive according to claim 5, additionally comprising zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate, 0.5 - 3 phr. 7. A halobutyl rubber composition, including an additive according to claim 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. " -ϊf p-" 3 3 n r* SU! H i ϋ i i: 6 Mm l I 8. A bromobutyl rubber composition, consisting essentially of: Polysar Bromobutyl X2 97.70 phr Vistalon 2504 2.30 Trilene 65 3.90 Paraffin Wax 1.00 Stearic Acid 1.00 Aminox 0.50 Zeosil 175 18.10 Hisil 532 EP 16.80 Silane A 187 1.00 Black N110 2.60 TP90B 5.20 ZnO (90%) 3.5-4.5 MBTS or DELAC S 0.2-1.0 Scorchguard MgO 0.2-1.0 Methazate 1.0-2.0 DC 200 0.0-1.0 Polyethelene Wax 0.0-2.0 Dϊethylene Glycol 0.0-0.5 Sulphur 0.70 Wherein the proportions of ingredients are expressed as parts per one hundred parts of bromobutyl rubber. SUBSTIT TE SHEET 9. A bromobutyl rubber composition, consisting essentially of: Polysar Bromobutyl X2 97.70 phr Vistalon 2504 2.30 Trilene 65 3.90 Paraffin Wax 1.00 Stearic Acid 1.00 Aminox 0.50 Zeosil 175 19.40 Hisil 532 EP 18.10 Silane A 187 1.00 Green 4099 1.70 Yellow 2087 1.90 Black N231 0.17 TP90B 5.20 ZnO (90%) 3.5-4.5 MBTS or DELAC S 0.2-1.0 Scorchguard MgO 0.2-1.0 Methazate 1.0-2.0 DC 200 0.0-1.0 Polyethelene Wax 0.0-2.0 Diethylene Glycol 0.0-0.5 Sulphur 0.70 Wherein the proportions of ingredients are expressed as parts per one hundred parts of bromobutyl rubber. SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Inventors: CLARK JOHN R, COLLYER JOHN C, ZEMANEK MILAN, CLARK, JOHN, R., COLLYER, JOHN, C., ZEMANEK, MILAN
Applicants: HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS REPRE, HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN AS REPRESENTED BY THE MINIST
Application year: 1992
Main classification: A62B18
IPC codes: C08L23