LOUDSPEAKER

Abstract: The invention relates to a loudspeaker comprising a loudspeaker casing (1), a diaphragm (2), which is attached by its edges to the loudspeaker casing and possesses a front surface (2') facing the listener and a rear surface (2'') facing the loudspeaker casing (1), and a controller (3) associated with the diaphragm (2) and arranged to transform the electric signal conducted to it into a movement of the diaphragm (2) for producing a sound corresponding to the signal. The diaphragm (2) has a first area (4) adjacent to the controller (3) such that it is more elastic and/or more flexible than a second area (5) lying outside said first area (4) so that the movement of the controller (3) is communicated to a movement of the second area (5) of the diaphragm (2) via the said first area. The front surface (2') of the diaphragm (2) is essentially a plane.

Description: diaphragm which is thinner at the centre than in the surrounding areas. This diaphragm has a front surface which is essentially of the form of a truncated cone. The controller is attached to the central area of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is manufactured of an foamed plastic such as polystyrene and is typically 2-3 mm thick at the centre and varies in the range 3-7 mm in the surrounding areas. The purpose of the attenuated concave area on the front surface is to improve the poor sound reproduction at high frequencies known to be experienced with planar diaphragms made of an foamed plastic. The drawback with this loudspeaker is that the truncated cone of the front surface behaves essentially in the same manner as a conical loudspeaker. The aim of the present innovation is to produce a loudspeaker with a satisfactory frequency response over the whole voice frequency range of 16 Hz - 22000 Hz, with a considerably higher power transfer ratio than in known existing speakers and with minimal distortion components in the sound produced. This is achieved by a loudspeaker according to the invention which is primarily characterized in what is mentioned in the characterizing part of claim 1. The loudspeaker according to the invention is such that the planar structure of the front surface of the diaphragm generates such a vibrating diaphragm wherein the diaphragm forms essentially a spherical surface. The sound issuing from such a front surface is evenly distributed and free of the distortions referred to above. The loudspeaker has only one controller and no distribution filter is required. According to one advantageous embodiment of the invention the loudspeaker casing is compartmentalized into a system 1 LOUDSPEAKER The invention relates to a loudspeaker according to the ingress part of claim 1. It is common for the diaphragm of the loudspeaker element to consist of a stiff cardboard cone, for example. The outer edge of the diaphragm is flexibly attached to the framework of the element and the voice coil, moving in a magnetic field, is fixed in the centre of the cone. Nowadays the conical diaphragm is frequently manufactured of plastic, fibre or even aluminium. The suspension of the cone is realized by means of corrugations on its external edge or a rubber moulding glued to that edge and by a flexible support, or 'spider' attached to the voice coil. A conical loudspeaker can produce distortion caused by buckling strains arising in the diaphragm and by pressure foci. There are also designs which employ a planar diaphragm attached to the edge of the loudspeaker casing. Such a design is presented in the patent publication US 3,509,290. The planar diaphragm is manufactured of expanded polystyrene or some other comparable plastic material. The diaphragm then has a number of controllers connected with it, each for its own frequency range. The controller in the centre of the diaphragm typically produces the bass frequencies and one at the edge the higher frequencies. The disadvantage of this design is that several controllers have to be used for different sound frequency ranges and a distribution filter to divide the incoming signal between them. The use of a number of controllers with one diaphragm causes mixing between them, which is manifested in distortion. The patent publication US 1,248,121 presents a loudspeaker of chambers which dampen the vibration of the diaphragm. This regulates air flows inside the casing and thereby affects the vibration of the diaphragm. Air flows inside the casing are reduced in magnitude as the frequencies concerned become higher. The purpose of this chamber system is to cause both the flow of air and the advancing wave front to disperse so that they will not cause a constant response, e.g. in the form of background beats which recur at given points in time. The principle is that at low frequencies, when the diaphragm is moving slowly, air has time to flow over the whole area of the rear surface of the diaphragm, whereas at high frequencies a substantial flow is obtained only at its centre. Thus the remaining part will not be set in motion and the sound- generating surface will be confined to the centre. Conversely, the whole surface will be involved when low- frequency sounds are produced. In the following one embodiment of the loudspeaker according to the invention is described in more detail referring to the accompanying drawings, in which figure 1 presents a cross-section of the loudspeaker, figure 2 presents the structure of the controller, and figure 3 presents the loudspeaker as viewed from above, the side and below. As seen in Figure 1, the loudspeaker comprises the casing 1, the diaphragm 2, which is attached to the casing 1 by its edges, and the controller 3, connected to the diaphragm 2. The diaphragm 2 is attached to the edge of the loudspeaker casing 1 by means of the flexible seal ring 13, which acts as the diaphragm suspender. This seal ring is capable of flexion both in the direction of the diaphragm 2 and perpendicular to the diaphragm 2, although always with the diaphragm 2 remaining firmly fixed to the loudspeaker casing 1. In order to promote a bending action in a direction perpendicular to the diaphragm 2, a thin grooved point is provided at the point where the seal ring reaches the diaphragm 2, or else flexible attachment of the diaphragm to its suspender is ensured in some other way. The loudspeaker casing 1 is essentially closed, containing at most a small hole or air vent, largely intended to even out variations in external air pressure. The loudspeaker casing 1 can be fashioned from fine- grained, accurately workable chipboard, known by the trade name MDF Board. The loudspeaker casing can also be manufactured by moulding or casting, or by sawing from boards. The loudspeaker casing can be of wood, glass fibre or plastic, or of a sandwich construction of wood or fibre board or the like glued on top of each other. The loudspeaker casing 1 can be thin in shape, as in Figure 1, in which case the thickness of the loudspeaker in a direction normal to the diaphragm 2 is substantially less than its lengt in a direction parallel to the diaphragm 2. The front surface 2' of the diaphragm 2, i.e. the surface facing the listener, is a plane. The diaphragm 2 should in principle move in the manner of the surface of a sphere at all frequencies separately. This is beacause no other form of surface will emit evenly disseminating waveforms towards the listener. On the other hand, the front surface 2' of the diaphragm 2 must also be sufficiently rigid that an impact sound will set the whole diaphragm in motion. Therefoe, the diaphragm 2 must not "give" too much. At the same time, however, the diaphragm 2 should have as low a radial flexural rigidity as possible, so that the power from the voice coil 12 that sets the diaphragm 2 in motion will achieve as great a deflection as possible. The diaphragm 2 comprises the first area 4, to which the voice coil 12 of the controller 3 is attached. This first area 4 is such that it is more elastic and/or flexible than the second area 5 located beyond it. Then the motion of the controller 3 is converted into motion of the second area 5 through the mediation of the first area 4. In the case illustrated in Figure 1 elasticity is achieved in the first area 4 by ensuring that this is thinner than the second area 5. It is advantageous to arrange the areas so that the centre part of the diaphragm 2 forms the first area 4 and the periphery of the diaphragm 2 surrounding the central area 4 forms the second area 5. The diaphragm is most conveniently a rigid unit manufactured of carbon fibre, for instance. It can also be manufactured of a non- elastic thermosetting plastic such as PVC or acrylic, which can easily be processed to the desired shape. Other possible diaphragm materials would be metals, such as sheet steel, or wooden board, e.g. plywood. The diaphragm 2 in Figures 1 and 3 is circular in shape and its central area 4 is more flexible than its other parts. This is achieved by making the central part of its rear surface 2" thinner and arranging for the thickness of the diaphragm 2 to increase outwards radially from the central area 4 towards the periphery 5. A suitable diameter for the diaphragm would be 10-50 cm and a suitable thickness 0.1- 1.5 mm. The planar diaphragm 2 is a disc in shape, light in structure but still suitably rigid and sufficiently flexible. It can also be of a cellular structure in a transverse cross-section relative to its radius and of a carbon fibre construction. The most essential point about its structure, however, is that it must increase in either mass or rigidity as a function of radius, so that the capacity of the diaphragm to perform high-frequency vibrations diminishes outwards from the central area 4 towards the periphery 5. If the radius of a circular diaphragm is 20 cm, for instance, one possible thickness profile could be the following. The thinnest point would extend about 1-2 cm outwards from the edge of the voice coil 12, of diameter about 2 cm, which is glued to the centre point of the diaphragm. From this distance onwards the thickness of the diaphragm increases, to reach is full value about 7-8 cm away from the centre point. From this point onwards the diaphragm is essentially of even thickness. The diaphragm 2 may also be elliptical in shape, in which case the chamber inside the loudspeaker casing 1 will also be essentially elliptical. An elliptical diaphragm constitutes an economical means of achieving a broader sound wave segment in the room. The voice coil 12 of the controller 3 is connected to the diaphragm 2 in its central area 4. The central area 4 of the diaphragm 2 must be very light but sufficiently rigid that it does not set up secondary vibrations at any frequency. The diaphragm 2 can also have an air hole at the centre, allowing free equalization of the chamber pressure. The size of this hole should be selected carefully, however, and should be small relative to the wavelength of even the highest frequencies to be reproduced. The voice coil 12 is attached to the diaphragm 2 with a self-adhesive pad, glue, hot-setting adhesive or even a screw. The voice coil can be connected with the diaphragm 2 using some other appropriate connector. The voice coil 12 is typically a cylindrical solenoid of diameter about 20 mm, to which the terminal power of the sound frequency amplifier is usually connected directly. The core of the voice coil can be cast in the same material as the diaphragm, for example, and even simultaneously, so that it forms part of the same unit. The voice coil 12 can be made of aluminium wire, to reduce its mass. If the resistance is kept the same, the volume of the wire will increase. This effect can be exploited to improve the structural rigidity of the coil. This means that the voice coil does not necessarily have to have a separate spool. The wire can be of square or octagonal cross-section. This will cause a small increase in resistance of about 30%, but as the weight of the coil is reduced by 70%, a considerable improvement in treble-range reproduction is achieved. This has the same effect as a reduction in the weight of the central part of the diaphragm. Power can be supplied to the voice coil 12 via extremely thin foil connectors glued or vaporized onto the rear surface 2" of the diaphragm. Power is fed to the foliated leads via the spring contacts 16, for example, and the power input to the loudspeaker as a whole is fed via the connector 17. The voice coil 12 moves within a maximally homogeneous magnetic field implemented by means of a permanent magnet, for example. The voice coil 12 performs typically displacements of ±3 mm at the most. As shown in figure 1 the permanent magnet is brought as close as possible to the diaphragm. The structure of a typical magnetic controller 3 is shown in Figure 2. The connection for the cylindrical voice coil 12 with the diaphragm also comprises a rigidity element 19 which prevents the end piece from resonating at high frequencies. The elongated holes 15 run through the structure. The component 21 in the magnetic circuit of the controller 3 can conveniently be part of the same piece. Its counterpart 20 is shaped so as to render the magnetic field at the air hole as homogeneous as possible. The attachment screws of the flexible base 23 and the controller 3 can be adjusted for accurate orientation of the controller so as to ensure that the voice coil 12 is located symmetrically in the air space of the magnet. The circular S pole of the permanent magnet, which consists of the magnetic component 21 mentioned above, is located inside the moving voice coil 12. Air holes 15 are arranged in the voice coil to ensure a free flow of air inside it and out from the voice coil 12 without this air flow interfering with the motion of the voice coil 12. The N pole of the permanent magnet of the controller 3, which is located around the S pole mentioned above, may consist of the annular piece 20, fashioned of soft iron, to which the magnetic part 22 (e.g. Feroxdure) that produces the magnetic flux is attached. The controller 3 is fixed to the controller base of the loudspeaker casing 1 by means of the flexible base 23 in such a manner that the relative positions of the voice coil 12 and the controller 3 can be adjusted precisely with three screws, for example. Instead of the above electromagnetic principle, the controller 3 can function on a capacitative, piezoelectric or agnetostrictive principle. The loudspeaker may incorporate a supply transformer 26, located in a space under the lid 27. Apart from impedance matching, this transformer 26 will also level out reproduction between the various frequency ranges. The chamber system 6 on the rear surface 2" of the diaphragm 2 should be made sufficiently large that the volumetric change brought about by the movement of the diaphragm does not essentially influence the static air pressure in the chamber. Otherwise, if the change in static air pressure is significant, more than 10%, the pressure-excesses and deficiencies at different half- cycles will cause non-linearity in the form of the resulting acoustic half-waves. The sensitivity of the diaphragm 2 to movement is determined by the amount of air in contact with the rear surface 2" of the diaphragm 2 will reduce motional sensitivity but a large volume of air in the loudspeaker casing 1 will increase motional sensitivity. Motional sensitivity is also a function of frequency relative to the background air behind the diaphragm. The amount of air in contact with the rear surface 2" of the diaphragm 2 is adjusted in the loudspeaker according to the invention by means of a special chamber system 6. The chamber system 6 influences the state of movement of the various parts of the diaphragm in the desired manner. This chamber system 6 and its associated structures are implemented in such a manner as to ensure that the various areas of the diaphragm respond in the desired manner. The chamber system 6 consists of three chamber areas divided from each other by the dampers 10 and 11. The first, or front chamber 7, occurs directly behind the diaphragm. The front chamber is delimited by the projection 14 which extends from the edges of the loudspeaker casing 1 opposite the diaphragm 2 to the central area 4 and the first damper 10, located between this projection 14 and the controller 3. On the other side of the damper 10 is the middle chamber 8, which is then separated by the second damper 11 from the rearmost chamber i.e. the rear chamber 9. The purpose of this chamber system 6 is to act in conjunction with the diaphragm 2 to restrict the vibration of the peripheral area 5 of the diaphragm 2 at times of high-frequency movement by the controller 3 and also to prevent the formation of constant reflections and resonances. Its restriction effect is achieved by slowing down the oscillating wave front and air flow created by the vibration of the diaphragm 2. To prevent formation of constant reflections and resonances the chamber walls are curved in shape. Oscillating wave fronts pass through the middle chamber 8 at times when the diaphragm 2 is vibrating, depending on the direction in which the diaphragm is moving at a given instant. When the diaphragm 2 moves upwards, air flows from the rear chamber 9 via the middle chamber 8 into the front chamber 7, and the reverse occurs when the diaphragm moves downwards. The chamber system 6 is designed so that the route taken by the wave front and air flow from the rear chamber 9 to the lower part 5' of the periphery 5 of the diaphragm 2 is the longer one. This has the consequence that the periphery 5 is prevented from vibrating rapidly. In the case illustrated in Figure 1 the chamber system 6 is symmetrical about the normal to the centre point of the diaphragm 2, whereupon the chambers are arranged concentrically. The projection 14 extending from the edges of the loudspeaker casing to the central area 4 is bevelled on the side facing the front chamber 7. Therefore, the space 5' in the peripheral area 5 remaining below the rear surface 2" of the diaphragm 2 becomes narrower towards the edges of the loudspeaker casing 1. The length of the projection 14 is such that the distance between its front edge and the centre line (a) of the loudspeaker casing 1 perpendicular to the diaphragm 2 is 0.4-0.7 r, for instance, where r is the distance of this centre line from the edge of the diaphragm 2. Since the loudspeaker casing 1 is a solid unit, the chamber system 6 must be implemented by turning in a lathe, for example. The middle chamber 8 is separated from the front and rear chambers 7 and 9 by the sound absorbing and/or air flow retarding dampers 10 and 11, such as layers of insulating material or the equivalent. The shapes of the parts functioning as the dampers 10 and 11 are determined so as to prevent their acoustic resonance from occurring at any constant frequency. The two dampers 10 and 11 can also be of different materials. The external structure of the loudspeaker is presented in Figure 3. The figure shows the areas 4 and 5 of the diaphragm. For aesthetic reasons the construction may also be rectangular in form, for instance. A brief functional description of the vibration movements of the diaphragm at different frequencies is given below. When the voice coil 12 of the controller 3 conveys a high- frequency vibration to the diaphragm 2, this latter begins to vibrate in those places where it is most flexible, i.e. in the central area 4. In this case the radiating surface is the central area 4 of the diaphragm 2, which broadcasts an essentially spherical sound wave to a certain sector. The spread of this high-frequency vibration to the peripheral area 5 is prevented not only by the increased rigidity of the diaphragm but also by the fact that the wave fronts and air flows of the chamber system effectively prevent vibration in the peripheral areas 5. As the frequency of vibration diminishes, a progressively larger proportion of the diaphragm 2 is involved in the vibration. This is enhanced by the fact that the effect of the chamber system 6 in suppressing vibrations in the diaphragm 2 is reduced and the fact that the period of the sound waves is longer at lower frequencies. In the course of one such vibrational movement the central area 4 of the diaphragm first rises. This causes a spherical sector wave in the diaphragm 2 that advances at a given spatial radius. Since the sound wave radiation advances in a sector of a sphere but is generated in a plane, it does not arise over the whole surface of the sphere simultaneously but with a certain lag. This gives rise first to vibration in the central area 4 and then to a vibration stage affecting the area outside. The result is that a sound wave is generated in the outermost parts of the diaphragm after a certain delay, i.e. a low-frequency sound is produced for a longer time than its periodicity would warrant. The mass of the diaphragm 2 must increase as a function of radius, so that the higher frequencies will advance less the higher they are. Since the loudspeaker also contains the chamber system 6, the wave front and air flows taking place in the loudspeaker casing should be added to the vibration of the diaphragm 2 in the loudspeaker casing 1 as described above. The loudspeaker according to the invention can be tuned either mechanically or electronically. Mechanical tuning may take the form of painting a stripe at a certain point on the diaphragm 2, or a corresponding increase in mass or thinning, which affects the vibrational properties of the diaphragm and thereby the quality of reproduction in a given frequency range. The invention is not restricted to the above embodiment but can be varied within the limits of the accompanying claims. Thus thinning of the diaphragm may be supplemented or entirely replaced by stiffeners attached to it, for example, or by thicker points or the like, by means of which the elasticity or flexibility of the various parts of the diaphragm can be affected. The rigidity of the diaphragm increases outwards from the central area and its flexural rigidity in general is greater in a radial direction than perpendicular to this. Thus the rigidity of an elongated diaphragm element at a given point on the diaphragm is different in a radial direction from what it is in a direction perpendicular to this. This difference should disappear at a regular rate towards the central area. Therefore, the rigidity of the central area is essentially independent of direction, i.e. isotropic. This structure can conveniently be implemented by means of radial stiffeners or grooves on the rear surface of the diaphragm, for example. These could be fibres, grooves, slits or holes, etc. The diaphragm could also be of a sectoral or laminated construction. The diaphragm can also be of a porous material with the necessary directional rigidity. The grooves could also be circular, especially in the peripheral areas. The rear surface of the diaphragm could possess a system of radial grooves of width 0.1-2 mm, for example, setting out from close to the thin central area and continuing to the edge of the diaphragm or close to this. The depth of these grooves could set out from zero close to the centre and increase towards the edge to reach as much as 95% of the thickness of the diaphragm. These grooves could also begin to curve progressively once they pass beyond the medium frequency reproduction area until they are running almost parallel to the edge of the diaphragm by the time they are near to it. The width of the grooves can also be adjusted to vary with the radius of the diaphragm or with the reproduction area. The diaphragm 2 can also be grooved on both sides 2' and 2", with the grooves either coinciding on the two sides or alternately on one side or the other. Alternate grooves have the effect of making the imaginary rings running round the diaphragm elastic, allowing more transverse displacement in the diaphragm for the same voice coil power, thus emphasizing the lower frequency range. At the same time transverse rigidity is preserved by virtue of the radial direction of the grooves. The grooves themselves may also be circular, running round the diaphragm, especially in the peripheral areas. They provide the advantage that the diaphragm can move at low power, since it stretches at its edges, as it were. This will again improve sound reproduction, i.e. sensitivity, at low frequencies. This is of particular importance if good bass reproduction is required with a small loudspeaker. These grooves can be produced at the casting or working stage or by corrosion or etching methods. In the case of a carbon fibre diaphragm, functionally the same effect can be achieved by altering the properties of the composite so that the material equivalent in position to the grooves is elastic but only in a certain direction. The purpose of the grooves is that the same electric power in the voice coil should create a greater deflection in the diaphragm because the circular rigidity of the diaphragm, i.e. that operating in a direction perpendicular to the radii of the diaphragm, is reduced. Rigidity in this direction increases the power needed to achieve a deflection in the diaphragm.

Claims: Claims 1. Loudspeaker comprising a loudspeaker casing (1) , a diaphragm (2) , attached by its edges to the loudspeaker casing and possessing a front surface (2') facing the listener and a rear surface (2") facing the loudspeaker casing (1) , and a controller (3) associated with the diaphragm (2) and arranged to transform the electric signal conducted to it into a movement of the diaphragm (2) for producing a sound corresponding to the signal, the diaphragm (2) having a first area (4) adjacent to the controller (3) such that it is more elastic and/or more flexible than a second area (5) lying outside said first area (4) so that the movement of the controller (3) is transmitted to a movement of the second area (5) of the diaphragm (2) via the said first area characterized in that the front surface (2') of the diaphragm (2) is essentially a plane. 2. Loudspeaker according to claim 1 characterized in that the first area (4) is arranged to be thinner than the second area (5) . 3. Loudspeaker according to claim 1 characterized in that the said first area is essentially the central area (4) of the diaphragm (2) and that said second area is the peripheral area (5) of the diaphragm (2) surrounding the central area (4) . 4. Loudspeaker according to claim 3 characterized in that the thickness of the diaphragm (2) is arranged to increase radially from the centre of the central area (4) outwards to the peripheral area (5) . 5. Loudspeaker according to claim 3 characterized in that the front and/or rear surface (2") of the diaphragm (2) contains grooves that are advantageously arranged radially in the part closest to the central area (4) . 6. Loudspeaker according to claim 1 characterized in that the diaphragm (2) is less than 2 mm in thickness, advantageously in the range 0.1-1.5 mm. 7. Loudspeaker according to claim 1 characterized in that the loudspeaker casing (1) is compartmentalized by means of a chamber system (6) which dampens the movement of the diaphragm (2) . 8. Loudspeaker according to claim 7 characterized in that the chamber system (6) is arranged to retard the flow of air brought about by the movement of the diaphragm (2) and especially its peripheral area (5) . 9. Loudspeaker according to claim 8 characterized in that the chamber system (6) comprises at least two chambers (7,8,9) that open out into the centre of the loudspeaker casing (1) . 10. Loudspeaker according to claim 8 or 9 characterized in that the chamber system (6) comprises a front chamber (7) bounded by the rear surface (2") of the diaphragm (2) , a rear chamber (9) bounded by the edge of the loudspeaker casing (1) and a middle chamber (8) communicating between the said front and rear chambers. 11. Loudspeaker according to claim 10 characterized in that the loudspeaker casing (1) possesses a projection (14) which separates the rear chamber (9) from the front chamber (7) and which has a bevelled edge facing the front chamber (7) , causing the front chamber (7) to become narrower towards the edge of the loudspeaker casing (1) . 12. Loudspeaker according to claim 11 characterized in that the distance (a) between the front edge of the projection (14) and a centre normal line of the diaphragm (2) in the loudspeaker casing (1) in a cross-sectional plane, which is parallel with and runs through the centre normal line of the diaphragm (2), is 0.4-0.7 r, where r is the distance of the said centre normal line from the edge of the diaphragm (2) . 13. Loudspeaker according to claim 10 characterized in that the middle chamber (8) is separated from the front and rear chambers (7,9) by dampers (10,11) which absorb sound and/or retard the air flow, e.g. layers of insulating material. 14. Loudspeaker according to claim 10 characterized in that the wall of the controller (3) bordering on the rear chamber (9) , the middle chamber (8) and the front chamber (7) is curved in shape. 15. Loudspeaker according to claim 1, in which the controller (3) includes a voice coil (12) that is attached to the diaphragm (2) , characterized in that the diaphragm (2) and voice coil (12) are a single unit. 16. Loudspeaker according to claims 3 and 10, in which the controller (3) includes a voice coil (12) that is attached to the diaphragm (2) , characterized in that the voice coil (12) contains air holes (15) designed to facilitate the passage of air from below the central area (4) of the diaphragm (2) to the front chamber (7) .

Inventors: NOPONEN SEPPO, NOPONEN, SEPPO
Applicants: TRANSDUCER VALLEY INC, TRANSDUCER VALLEY, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: H04R9
IPC codes: H04R1, H04R7, H04R9