Radio frequency mixer circuits

Abstract: A mixer (20) has a diode pair (24), a first RF propagation network (22a) having a first end coupled to a first terminal (20a) of the mixer (20) and a second end coupled to a first electrode (24a) of the diode pair (24). A network (28) is coupled to the first RF propagation network (22a) for providing a low impedance DC signal path to ground and for providing a high impedance signal path to signals propagating at a first radio frequency (RF) frequency received at the first terminal (20a). A first transmission line resonator (30) is coupled to the first RF propagation network (22a) and has an electrical pathlength which is one quarter of a wavelength at a second RF frequency (local oscillator frequency LO). A second RF propagation network (22b) has a first end coupled to a second terminal (20b) of the mixer (20) and a second end coupled to a second electrode (24b) of the diode pair (24). A second transmission line resonator (32) is coupled to the second RF propagation network (22b) and has an electrical pathlength which is one quarter of a wavelength at the first RF frequency. A further network (34) has a first end coupled to the second RF propagation network (22b) and a second end coupled to a third terminal (20c) of the mixer (20) to signals propagating at a third RF frequency (the intermediate frequency IF) and for providing a high impedance at its first end to signals propagating along the second RF propagation network (22b) at the second RF frequency (local oscillartor frequency LO). The use of resonators (30,32) instead of filters enables the mixer to be made in the form of a hybrid monolithic microwave/millimetre wave integrated circuit (HMIMIC).

Description: This invention relates to a mixer comprising: a diode pair comprised of first and second diodes (D1 and D2) coupled in anti-parallel between a first electrode and a second electrode; a first propagation network for propagating a first input radio frequency from a first terminal of the mixer to the first electrode of the diode pair, the first network having a first end coupled to the first terminal and a second end coupled to the first electrode; a second propagation network for propagating a second input radio frequency from a second terminal of the mixer to the second electrode of the diode pair, the second network having a first end coupled to the second terminal and a second end coupled to the second electrode; output means providing a matched impedance path at an output radio frequency from the diode pair to a third terminal of the mixer, the output means having a first end coupled to one of the propagation networks and a second end coupled to the third terminal and presenting at its first end a high impedance to the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network; and a first transmission line resonator coupled to the said one propagation network to reflect into the diode pair the input radio frequency propagated by the other of the networks, the first transmission line resonator having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the input radio frequency propagated by the said other of the networks. As is known in the art, there exists a trend in radio frequency (RF) transmitting and receiving systems towards operation in high frequency bands such as the millimeter wave frequency band. At higher frequencies, insertion losses in RF receiver components such as limiters, mixers and the like are increased and, therefore, as a result, receiver sensitivity is decreased. It is also known that RF receivers operating in the millimeter wave frequency band require mixers capable of operation in this frequency band. A mixer is a device which converts RF power at one frequency into RF power at a different frequency where it can be processed efficiently. Generally, a received radio frequency (RF) signal and a local oscillator (LO) signal are fed to the mixer circuit to provide an intermediate frequency (IF) output signal having a pair of frequency components, often called sidebands, equal to the sum and difference of the frequencies of the RF signal and the LO signal. Mixer circuits that operate in this way are said-to be fundamentally pumped mixers. In most receiving systems, the lower sideband (the down converted product) is used, whereas in transmitting systems, the upper sideband (the upconverted product) is selected. The ability to shift a signal in frequency with minimal added noise or distortion is important because the properties of radio frequency signal processing circuits such as amplifiers, filters, and detectors are generally frequency dependent. In order to perform these signal processing functions optimally, it is often necessary to shift signals to the frequencies where the signal processing circuits can perform their functions best. In the area of microwave/millimeter wave technology, there has been increased emphasis placed on the development of so-called hybrid circuits which utilize a combination of monolithic and printed circuit technology such as microstrip. Hybrid circuits typically have the active portion of the circuit fabricated as a monolithic microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuit (MIMIC) while other components such as filters, which are difficult to fabricate as a monolithic component, are fabricated using printed circuit transmission lines. The monolithic circuit is then disposed on the printed circuit transmission lines resulting in a so-called hybrid circuit. Hybrid microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuits (HMIMIC) offer the promise of low manufacturing costs and low variations in electrical characteristics from unit to unit. Single function circuits, such as mixers, have been developed and fabricated using these HMIMIC techniques. With mixers and other frequency conversion circuits, such circuits include a device having a nonlinear transfer function that can be expressed as: I = f(V) = a 0 + a 1 V + a 2 V 2 + a 3 V 3 + ... + a n V n where I and V are the device current and voltage, respectively. For a mixer, voltage applied to the nonlinear device, V(t), is a composite of the radio frequency (RF) signal (V RF Sin ω RF t), where ω RF is the RF signal frequency in radians, and the local oscillator (LO) signal (V LO sin ω LO t), where ω LO is the local oscillator signal frequency in radians, in the form V(t) = V RF (sin ω RF t) + V LO (sin ω LO t). The LO signal is sometimes called the "pump" waveform, and the mixer is often said to be pumped when the LO signal is applied to the non-linear device. Application of the RF signal and Lo signal to the non-linear device results in a composite output signal, S 0 , having an infinite series of mixing products given by S 0 = a 0 + a 1 (V RF sin ω RF t + V LO sin ω LO t) + a 2 (V RF sin ω RF t + V LO sin ω LO t) 2 + ... + a n (V RF sin ω RF t + V LO sin ω LO t) n . As mentioned above, the mixing product or sideband desired at the output is the sum and difference of the signal inputs (ω RF ± ω LO ) and is called the intermediate frequency (IF). One problem with mixers is that a nonlinear device generates many mixing products other than the desired one. These products include harmonics (nω RF , mω LO ) of the original input signals, ω RF , ω LO where n and m are positive integers. Additional products further include intermodulation products of the harmonics (mω LO ± nω RF ) and a DC output level. It is generally necessary to filter the input signals and other mixing products from the mixer to extract the desired intermediate frequency signal and reject or terminate the undesired frequency signal components. As mixer circuit applications extend to higher frequencies, such as the millimeter-wave region mentioned above, additional problems arise. For example, in order to maintain a relatively low IF signal frequency, the frequency of the local oscillator source required for mixing with the received RF signal frequency concomitantly increases. As the LO frequency requirements increase, the ability of LO signal sources to meet suitable power, bandwidth and noise requirements becomes increasingly difficult to achieve. Therefore, the relative cost of the LO source will increase while the relative reliability of the LO source will decrease. One solution to this problem is to use the so-called subharmonically pumped (SHP) mixer. The SHP mixer operates similarly to the fundamentally pumped mixer, except that the SHP mixer is pumped at a submultiple of the LO frequency normally used with a fundamentally pumped mixer. In the millimeter-wave frequency region, a common subharmonically pumped waveguide mixer is the so-called balanced subharmonically pumped mixer which includes two pairs of anti-parallel diodes as mixing elements. Each pair of diodes has a cathode of a first one of the diodes connected to an anode of a second one of the diodes and a cathode of the second diodes connected to an anode of the first diodes. In one embodiment of a balanced configuration, the two pairs of anti-parallel diodes are disposed in parallel on a thin substrate such as quartz. The substrate is disposed in the transverse plane of a waveguide, so that the diodes intercept RF energy in the waveguide. An LO signal is supplied to the two pairs of anti-parallel diodes through a power divider. Each pair of diodes produces an IF output signal in response to applied RF energy in theaveguide and the applied LO signal. The IF signals, properly phased, are fed to a pair of input ports of a quadrature coupler with one of the remaining ports providing an output signal and the last port being terminated in a characteristic impedance as is known. Several problems exist with the balanced subharmonic mixer circuit approach mentioned above. First, since the anti-parallel diode pairs are in parallel, the impedance mismatch between the diode pair and the RF signal and IF signal load impedances is doubled. To achieve a good match to the anti-parallel diode pairs, the waveguide impedance must be kept low. To lower the waveguide impedance, the waveguide height must be made small. At millimeter wave frequencies where the waveguide dimensions are already relatively small, it becomes substantially more difficult to mount the diodes in the waveguide. A second problem with the balanced subharmonic mixer circuit is the requirement to have power divider circuits which further complicate the design, and increase the loss of the mixer circuit. Another example of a subharmonically pumped mixer is the single ended subharmonically pumped mixer which includes one pair of anti-parallel diodes. As mentioned earlier, application of a composite waveform of the RF signal and LO signal provides an output having frequencies that include mω LO ± nω RF . When the same composite waveform is applied to a symmetric anti-parallel diode pair, signals having frequencies of mω LO ± nω RF in which m + n are even (called even-order harmonics) including ω RF - ω LO and ω RF + ω LO and the DC term flow only within the diode loop. Signals having frequencies in which m + n are odd (odd-order harmonics) including ω RF - 2ω LO flow out of the diode pair. A typical implementation of a single-ended SHP mixer includes one anti-parallel diode pair and three bandpass filters. Bandpass filters are used to filter out undesired signals at each mixer port. A mixer having an anti-parallel diode pair with a first electrode fed by an RF signal and a second electrode fed by an LO signal would typically have a bandpass filter at the first electrode for filtering undesired signals in the RF signal path and a bandpass filter at the second electrode for filtering undesired signals in the LO signal path. A third bandpass filter would be used for filtering undesired signals in the IF signal path. The problem of impedance matching between the diode pair and the waveguide in the balanced SHP waveguide mixer mentioned above is somewhat lessened in the single-ended SHP waveguide mixer since only one diode pair is required in the single-ended SHP mixer. Nevertheless, it remains a problem to match the naturally low diode impedance to the naturally high waveguide impedance. A further problem with using a bandpass filter at each mixer port is that the conversion loss of the mixer increases because the bandpass filters have relatively high insertion loss characteristics particularly at millimeter wave frequencies. A further problem with this implementation is that bandpass filters are difficult to fabricate at millimeter wave frequencies due to the sensitivity of the bandpass filters to fabrication tolerances. In CA-A-1 187 602 there is described a mixer of the kind defined hereinbefore at the beginning which is designed to cooperate with a horn antenna dimensioned to operate at 10.525 GHz and 24.150 GHz. Within the horn there is a ridge dimensioned to act as a field collector in the throat of the horn at these frequencies. The horn has a moulded structure which is secured to a ground plane on a surface of a mounting board on which there is a microstrip board comprising the mixer. The ridge of the horn is held in physical and electrical contact with a free end portion of a feed strip which constitutes the first propagation network of the mixer. Thus the horn provides a ground return for the intermediate frequency and the local oscillator frequency. Two spaced matching stubs are provided along the length of one side of the feed strip to ensure that any received radio frequency energy reflected back to the feed strip from the diode pair will be cancelled by an out of phase reflection from the matching stubs. The second electrode of the diode pair is coupled to a connection point at which a one quarter wavelength stub for 10.525 GHz, a one quarter wavelength stub for 24.150 GHz, and a circuit strip extending from the local oscillator frequency input terminal to the intermediate frequency output terminal meet. This circuit strip extends in a direction orthogonal to the length of the feed strip, and the quarter wavelength stubs are orthogonal to one another and extend at equal angles to the circuit strip on the side remote from the diode pair. Adjacent the intermediate frequency output terminal, the circuit strip is provided with a pair of tranverse elements that function as a low pass filter allowing only the intermediate frequency of approximately 1 GHz to pass. The local oscillator frequency is approximately 6 GHz. The quarter wavelength stubs provide a virtual short circuit at 10.525 GHz and 24.150 GHz at the connection point. According to the present invention, a mixer of the kind defined hereinbefore at the beginning is characterised by ground path means for providing a low impedance DC signal path to ground, the ground path means having a first end and a second end and the first end being coupled to the said other network and presenting a high impedance to the input radio frequency propagated by the said other network, and in that a second transmission line resonator is coupled to the said other propagation network to reflect into the diode pair the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network, the second transmission line resonator having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network. A preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a plurality of transmission line resonators to provide specific impedances to RF signals at specific frequencies thereby eliminating the need for bandpass filter circuits. The elimination of bandpass filter circuits through the use of transmission line resonators provides a substantial improvement in conversion loss of the RF mixer circuit since the filter circuits disposed along an RF propagation network provide a greater insertion loss characteristic to signals propagating along the RF propagation network than do transmission line resonators disposed along the same RF propagation network. Further, the transmission line resonators provide advantages to fabrication of the RF mixer circuit as a hybrid microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuit since such transmission line resonators are not as sensitive to fabrication tolerances as the bandpass filter approach described in the prior art. Thus, the use of transmission line resonators provides both electrical performance and manufacturing advantages. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mixer includes a substrate having first and second opposing surfaces with the first surface having a ground plane disposed thereon. Disposed on the second surface of the substrate is the anti-parallel connected diode pair having first and second electrodes. Also disposed on the second surface is a filter having first and second electrodes. The first propagation network includes a first transmission line having a first end coupled to a first terminal of the mixer and a second end coupled to the first terminal of the filter, and a second transmission line having a first end coupled to the second filter terminal and a second end coupled to the first electrode of the anti-parallel connected diode pair. The ground path means is coupled to the second transmission line to provide a low impedance DC signal path to ground and a high impedance at the point said means is coupled to the second transmission line to a signal propagating at an RF frequency. The second transmission line resonator, having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at an LO frequency, is coupled to the second transmission line at the first electrode of the anti-parallel diode pair to prevent a signal at the LO frequency propagating along the second transmission line from the first diode pair electrode. A third transmission line is coupled between the second electrode of the anti-parallel diode pair and a second terminal of the mixer. The first transmission line resonator, having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the RF frequency, is coupled to the third transmission line at the second electrode of the anti-parallel diode pair for preventing a signal propagating along the third transmission line at the RF frequency. The output means is disposed between the second electrode of the diode pair and a third terminal of the mixer, being disposed along the third transmission line at a second predetermined distance from the second electrode of the diode pair. The output means provides a high impedance characteristic at the connection of the output means to the third transmission line to signals at the LO frequency. A third transmission line resonator, having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the IF frequency, is disposed along the third transmission line, at a preselected distance, to provide a high impedance at the point where the output means is coupled to the third transmission line, thereby causing IF frequency signals to propagate through the output means towards the third mixer terminal. With such an arrangement, a mixer having a substrate and a plurality of transmission line resonators spaced a predetermined distance along transmission lines, in co-operation with a filter network, is provided for use as a low conversion loss mixer circuit. That is, the transmission line resonators and filter network together provide selected impedances along the RF propagation networks to provide frequency selective signal paths in a mixer. Such a mixer circuit eliminates the problem of matching the diode impedances to waveguide impedances since transmission lines disposed on a substrate provide signal paths to the diodes. Such a mixer circuit also provides low insertion loss characteristics, can be more easily designed to provide desired frequency selective signal paths over ranges of frequencies and may be provided as a monolithic/microwave integrated circuit. Further, the transmission line resonators are more easily fabricated and are generally smaller in size than bandpass filter networks. Brief Description of the Drawings The foregoing features of the invention as well as the invention itself may be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical RF receiving system. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an RF mixer circuit. FIG. 3 is a plot of amplitude vs. frequency illustrating in the "small signal" case the relative amplitude and frequency separation between various signals generated in the mixing process used in this invention. FIG. 4 is a plan view of a first embodiment of an RF mixer circuit. FIG. 4A is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 4 showing in detail the anti-parallel diode pair. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an RF mixer circuit. FIG. 6 is a plan view of a second embodiment of an RF mixer circuit. Brief Description of the Preferred Embodiments Referring now to FIG. 1, an RF receiving system 10 is shown to include an antenna 12 which feeds a received input signal to a limiter 14. The limiter 14 is used to protect the remaining circuits in the receiving system 10 from excessive power levels. The limiter 14 feeds the input signal to a filter 16. Bandpass filter 16 feeds an appropriately filtered signal to a low noise amplifier (LNA) 18. LNA 18 feeds the RF signal as an input to terminal 20a of RF mixer 20. The mixer 20 is fed by a local oscillator (LO) signal at terminal 20b. In response to the input RF signal and the local oscillator signal, the mixer 20 provides an output signal at terminal 20c. The output signal is here the sum or difference between the LO signal and the RF signal. Referring now to FIG. 2, an RF mixer 20 (FIG. 1) is shown having terminals 20a, 20b and 20c. The mixer 20 includes a first RF propagation network 22a, having a first end coupled to terminal 20a and a second end coupled to a first terminal 24a of an anti-parallel connected diode pair 24. The mixer 20 further includes first transmission line resonator 26 having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the intermediate frequency, (IF) disposed along RF propagation network 22a at a distance l 1 from diode pair terminal 24a. A high impedance (ideally an RF open circuit) is provided to IF frequency signals at diode pair terminal 24a when l 1 is selected to correspond to an electrical pathlength of one quarter wavelength at the IF frequency. A network 28 for providing a DC path to ground, comprised of transmission line sections 28a, 28b and transmission line resonator 28c, is coupled to the first RF propagation network 22a at a distance l 2 from terminal 24a. The distance l 2 from terminal 24a is not critical but a distance providing optimum performance may be determined analytically or empirically based on the electrical pathlength between mixer terminal 20a and diode pair terminal 24a. A first end of transmission line 28a is coupled to RF propagation network 22a. A second end of transmission line 28a is coupled to a first end of transmission line 28b whose second is coupled to ground. A first end of transmission line resonator 28c is coupled to the second end of transmission line 28a. Transmission line section 28a and transmission line resonator 28c, each having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the RF frequency, together provide a high impedance at the connection of network 28 with RF propagation network 22a to RF frequency signals propagating along RF propagation network 22a. A third transmission line resonator 30, having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the LO frequency, is disposed along RF propagation network 22a at terminal 24a of the anti-parallel connected diode pair 24. Transmission line resonator 30 provides a low impedance (ideally a radio frequency short circuit impedance) to LO signals at terminal 24a and thereby reflects LO frequency signals appearing at diode pair terminal 24a back into diode pair 24. Since LO frequency signals are reflected at terminal 24a back into diode pair 24, LO signals are prevented from propagating between diode pair terminal 24a and mixer terminal 20a along propagation network 22a and thus a constant, optimum LO frequency signal level is provided to diode pair 24. Mixer 20 further includes a second RF propagation network 22b having a first end coupled to terminal 24b of anti-parallel connected diode pair 24 and a second end coupled to mixer terminal 20b. The mixer 20 further includes a fourth transmission line resonator 32, having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the RF frequency, disposed along the second RF propagation network 22b at terminal 24b of anti-parallel diode pair 24. Transmission line resonator 32 provides a low impedance (ideally an RF short circuit impedance) to RF frequency signals at terminal 24b and thereby reflects RF frequency signals at diode pair terminal 24b back into diode pair 24. Since RF frequency signals are reflected back into diode pair 24 the RF frequency signals are prevented from propagating between diode pair terminal 24b and mixer terminals 20b and 20c along propagation network 22b. That is, energy in the RF frequency signal which would have otherwise "leaked" down RF propagation network 22b and therefore away from diode pair 24, is instead reflected back into diode pair 24 to provide additional RF frequency signal energy to the mixer. Thus, the energy in the reflected RF frequency signals is used in the anti-parallel diode pair to achieve a minimum mixer conversion loss. A network 34, for providing a signal path between RF propagation network 22b and mixer terminal 20c, comprised of transmission line sections 34a, 34b and a fifth transmission line resonator 34c, is coupled to the second RF propagation network 22b at a distance l 3 from diode pair terminal 24b. The distance l 3 from terminal 24b is not critical but a distance providing optimum mixer performance (i.e. low insertion loss) may be determined analytically or empirically based on the electrical pathlength between mixer terminals 20b, 20c and diode pair terminal 24b. A first end of transmission line 34a is coupled to RF propagation network 22b and a second end of transmission line 34a is coupled to a first end of transmission line 34b. A second end of transmission line 34b is connected to mixer terminal 20c. Transmission line resonator 34c is coupled to the second end of transmission line 34a. Transmission line section 34a and transmission line resonator 34c, each having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the LO frequency, provide a high impedance at the connection of network 34 to RF propagation network 22b to LO frequency signals propagating along RF propagation network 22b. Thus, LO frequency signals are prevented from propagating through network 34 to mixer terminal 20c. The mixer 20, further includes a sixth transmission line resonator 36, having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the IF frequency, disposed along RF propagation network 22b, a distance l 4 from the point where network 34 is coupled to RF propagation network 22b. When distance l 4 corresponds to an electrical pathlength equal to one quarter wavelength at the IF frequency, transmissionline resonator 36 provides a high impedance to IF frequency signals propagating from diode pair terminal 24b to terminal 20b along RF propagation network 22b at the point where network 34 is coupled to RF propagation network 22b. Thus, IF frequency signals propagate from diode pair 24 along propagation network 22b and through network 34 to mixer terminal 20c because of the high impedance to IF frequency signals provided by the appropriately spaced transmission line resonator 36. The embodiment described above includes a DC path to ground from a second end of transmission line 28b and a mixer terminal 20c coupled to a second end of transmission line 34b. Alternatively, mixer terminal 20c may be coupled to a second end of transmission line 28b and the DC path to ground may be provided by connecting a second end of transmission line 34b to ground. The distances l 1 and l 4 would need to be adjusted accordingly. This embodiment generally results in a higher mixer conversion loss. Referring now to FIG. 3, a frequency spectrum of mixing products provided from the diode pair 24 (FIG. 2) in mixer 20 (FIG. 2) is shown when mixer 20 (FIG. 2) is operated as a subharmonically pumped mixer. The frequency spectrum is provided from an input RF signal having a frequency of 33 Ghz fed to diode terminal 24a (FIG. 2) through mixer terminal 20a (FIG. 2) and an LO pump signal having a frequency of 14GHz applied to the diode pair through mixer terminal 24b (FIG. 2). The solid lines represent frequencies which are present at diode pair terminals 24a, 24b (FIG. 2). Only the IF frequency signal is allowed to propagate to the mixer terminal 20c (FIG. 2) of the mixer circuit 20 (FIG. 2). The dashed lines represent frequencies which flow within the loop formed by diode pair 24 but are suppressed from appearing at the mixer output terminal 20c of the mixer circuit 20. Harmonics of the fundamental input RF signal are not shown in this frequency spectrum because the amplitude level of the higher harmonics of the RF signal, which are produced by the mixing process are here so low in amplitude as to be considered insignificant. The LO signal and harmonics of the LO signal are eliminated from appearing at output terminal 20c (FIG. 2) by transmission line resonator 34c (FIG. 2). Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 4A, an embodiment of RF mixer circuit 20 (FIG. 2) is shown fabricated as a hybrid microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuit (HMIMIC) 20' having terminals 20a', 20b' and 20c'. The RF mixer circuit 20' is disposed on a substrate 40, here comprised of 0.254 mm (.010 inch) thick alumina or other suitable microwave/ millimeter wave substrate material such as gallium arsenide. The substrate 40 has disposed on a bottom surface thereof, a ground plane conductor 41. The substrate 40 has disposed over a top surface thereof a plurality of strip conductors and an anti-parallel diode pair 24'. The strip conductors provide transmission line sections 22a, 22b, 28a, 28b, 34a, 34b (FIG. 2) as corresponding microstrip transmission lines 22a', 22b', 28a', 28b', 34a', 34b'. The strip conductors also provide transmission line resonators 26, 28c, 30, 32, 34c, 36 (FIG. 2) as corresponding microstrip transmission line resonators 26', 28c' 30', 32', 34c' and 36'. The transmission line resonators are disposed at predetermined electrical pathlengths l 1 - l 4 which are substantially the same as described in conjunction with FIG. 2. Here, transmission line sections and transmission line resonators are smoothly curved since abrupt strip conductor discontinuities provide abrupt impedance changes to high frequency signals. Such impedance discontinuities often cause undesirable radiation of propagating energy particularly at high frequencies. Thus, the use of smoothly curved transmission line sections and transmission line resonators provides compact signal paths having well matched impedances to high frequency signals propagating thereto. Anti-parallel diode pair 24' (FIG. 4A) includes first and second diodes, D1, D2, (FIG. 4A) here being Schottky barrier diodes provided as a monolithic circuit on a substrate 25, comprised of gallium arsenide (GaAs). Diodes D1, D2 are connected with a cathode C1 of the first diode connected to an anode A2 of the second diode providing a first terminal 24a' and an anode A1 of the first diode connected to a cathode C2 of the second diode providing a second terminal 24b'. Diodes connected in this way are said to be connected as an anti-parallel diode pair. The diode pair terminals 24a', 24b' are connected to the transmission line sections 22a', 22b' using thermal compression bonding techniques as is commonly known. Diode pair 24' is selected to have a predetermined frequency response at the frequencies of interest. Referring again to FIG. 4, the substrate 40 is mounted to a base, commonly referred to as a carrier 44 to provide contact between the carrier 44 and ground plane conductor 41. The so-called carrier 44 is fabricated from a metal, here brass, capable of both physically supporting the substrate 40 and providing a low electrical resistance path between the substrate ground plane 41 and the carrier 44, such that the carrier 44 and the substrate ground plane 41 are at the same electrical potential, the potential here being ground. A return path to ground is provided to mixer 20' using bond wires 46a, 46b. Typically such wires are comprised of gold, have a diameter of about 2.54 micrometers (.001 inch) and are connected between the second end of microstrip transmission line 28b' and carrier 44 using ball bonding techniques to provide the DC path to ground between mixer 20' and carrier 44. Here the DC path to ground is provided using bond wires but alternatively could be provided using bond ribbons or via hole technology as is commonly known. The transmission line sections and transmission line resonators discussed above are fabricated using processing methods as will now be described. As previously mentioned, the substrate 40 is 0.254 mm (.010 inch) alumina having 70 to 100 micrometers of gold disposed thereon. Since the gold will not adhere directly to the alumina, a conductive layer comprised of titanium-tungsten typically about 2 nanometers (20Å) thick, is disposed between said gold layer and said alumina substrate to promote adhesion of the gold to the alumina substrate. The strip conductors are provided by depositing a photo-resist layer (not shown) over the conductor layer (not shown) on a first surface of the substrate and patterning the photo-resist layer to selectively mask portions of the conductor layer corresponding to the strip conductors comprising the transmission line sections and transmission line resonators shown in FIG. 4. A chemical etchant, such as a combination of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, is brought into contact with unmasked portions of the conductive layer to remove such unmasked conductor portions while leaving strip conductors which form the transmission line resonators and transmission line sections previously described in conjunction with FIG. 4. The conductive layer on the second surface of the substrate provides the ground plane 41 to the substrate. This process described above is a so-called subtractive process. Alternatively, the strip conductors could be provided by the so-called "lift off" technique. In the lift off technique, the substrate has a conductive layer disposed only on a second surface thereof to act as the ground plane to the substrate. A patterned photo-resist layer is provided over a first surface of the substrate and a conductive layer is deposited over the photo-resist and exposed portions of the first surface of the substrate provided by the patterned layer. The photo-resist is then "lifted off" carrying away the metal deposited thereon but leaving behind the metal deposited on the substrate and thus providing the patterned strip conductors as shown in FIG. 4. Referring now to FIG. 5, an RF mixer 40 is shown having terminals 40a, 40b and 40c. The mixer 40 includes a first RF propagation network generally denoted 42 and comprised of sections 42a, 42b and having a first end coupled to terminal 40a and a second end coupled to a first terminal 46a of an anti-parallel connected diode pair 46. Propagation network 42 is shown here to include a filter 44. Filter 44 may be disposed along propagation network 42 in series or in shunt to selectively filter signals propagating along propagation network 42. A network 48 for providing a DC path to ground, comprised of transmission line sections 48a and 48b, is coupled to RF propagation network 42b at a distance l 1 from terminal 46a. The distance l 1 from terminal 46a is not critical but a distance providing optimum performance may be determined analytically or empirically based on the electrical pathlength between mixer terminal 40a and diode pair terminal 46a. A first end of transmission line section 48a, is coupled to RF propagation network 42b. It is preferable for transmission line 48a to provide a relatively high characteristic impedance to RF frequency signals propagating along transmission line 42b and thus prevent coupling of RF frequency signals from transmission line 42b to network 48. A second end of transmission line 48a is coupled to a first end of transmission line 48b whose second end is connected to ground. A first transmission line resonator 50 having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the LO frequency, is disposed along RF propagation network 42b at terminal 46a of the anti-parallel connected diode pair 46. Transmission line resonator 50 provides the same function and advantages as transmission line resonator 30 (FIG 2) described in conjunction with FIG. 2. Mixer 40 further includes a third RF propagation network 43 having a first end coupled to terminal 46b of anti-parallel connected diode pair 46 and a second end coupled to mixer terminal 40b. The mixer 40 further includes a second transmission line resonator 52 having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength long at the RF frequency, disposed along the third RF propagation network 43 at terminal 46b of anti-parallel connected diode pair 46. Transmission line resonator 52 provides the same function and advantages as transmission line resonator 32 (FIG. 2) described in conjunction with FIG. 2. A network 54 for providing a signal path between RF propagation network 43 and mixer terminal 40c comprised of transmission line sections 54a, 54b and a third transmission line resonator 54c, is coupled to the third RF propagation network 43 at a distance l 2 from diode pair terminal 46b. The distance l 2 from terminal 46b is not critical but a distance providing a signal path for the IF signal between diode pair terminal 46b and RF mixer terminal 40c with a minimum amount of insertion loss may be determined analytically or empirically based on the electrical pathlength between diode terminal 46b and mixer terminals 40b, 40c. Network 54 is substantially the same as network 34 (FIG. 2) described in conjunction with FIG. 2. The mixer 40 further includes a fourth transmission line resonator 56, comprised of transmission line sections 56a, 56b and 56c and having an overall electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the IF frequency. Transmission line resonator 56 is disposed along RF propagation network 43 a distance l 3 from the point where network 54 is coupled to RF propagation network 43. When distance l 3 corresponds to an electrical pathlength equal to one quarter wavelength at the IF frequency transmission line resonator 56 provides a high impedance to IF frequency signals propagating along RF propagation network 43 from diode pair terminal 46b toward mixer terminal 40b. That is a high impedance is presented to IF frequency signals at the point where network 54 is coupled to RF propagation network 43 thereby causing the IF frequency signal to propagate through network 54 which is coupled to mixer terminal 40c. Transmission line sections 56a, 56b, and 56c together provide a large impedance mismatch to LO frequency signals propagating along RF propagation network 43. Thus, LO frequency signals propagating along propagation network 43 are prevented from coupling into network 56. Referring now to FIG. 6, an embodiment of the RF mixer circuit 40 (FIG. 5), described in conjunction with FIG. 5, is shown fabricated as a hybrid microwave/ millimeter wave integrated circuit (HMIMIC) mixer 40' having terminals 40a', 40b' and 40c'. The RF mixer 40' is disposed on a substrate 58, here comprised of 0.254 mm (.010 inch) alumina or other suitable microwave substrate material. The substrate 58 has disposed on a bottom surface thereof, a ground plane conductor 60. The substrate 58 has disposed over a top surface thereof a plurality of strip conductors and an anti-parallel diode pair 46'. The strip conductors provide transmission line sections 42a, 42b, 43, 48a, 48b, 54a, 54b (FIG. 5) as corresponding microstrip transmission lines 42a', 42b', 43-', 48a', 48b' 54a' and 54b'. Transmission line sections 42a', 42b', 43' provide 50 ohm characteristic impedances to RF, LO and IF frequency signals propagating thereto. The strip conductors also provide transmission line resonators 50, 52, 54c, 56 (FIG. 5) as corresponding microstrip transmission line resonators 50', 52', 54c' and 56'. In general, the smooth corners and bends of the plurality of strip conductors provide continuous impedance characteristics to RF frequency signals propagating thereto as mentioned in conjunction with FIG. 4. Band pass filter 44', having 50 ohm input and output characteristic impedances, is comprised of coupled transmission lines here microstrip transmission line resonators 44a', 44b' and 44c'. Transmission line resonators 44a' and 44c' each have an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the RF frequency and transmission line resonator 44b' has an electrical pathlength corresponding to one half wavelength at the RF frequency. The width of conductors 44a', 44b' and 44c as well as the gaps (not numbered) between said conductors are chosen to provide a minimum insertion loss characteristic and an optimum impedance characteristic over the pass band of the filter 44'. A first end of filter 44' is provided as an integral portion of RF propagation network 42a' and the second end of filter 44' is provided as an integral portion of microstrip transmission line 42b'. An optional matching network 45 is disposed along microstrip transmission line 42b' at a distance l 4 from a first end of transmission line 42b' to improve the impedance match between the filter 44' and the microstrip transmission line 42b'. Distance l 4 is selected either empirically or analytically to provide an optimum impedance match between filter 44' and microstrip transmission line 42b'. A second end of transmission line 42b' is connected to terminal 46a' of anti-parallel connected diode pair 46'. Anti-parallel connected diode pair 46' is comprised of Schottky barrier diodes provided as a monolithic circuit comprised of GaAs and connected as an anti-parallel diode pair as described in conjunction with FIG. 4A. Anti-parallel diode pair 46' is coupled to microstrip transmission lines 42b', 43' using techniques described in conjunction with FIG. 4. Network 48', coupled to transmission line 42b' a distance l 1 from anti-parallel diode pair terminal 46a' for providing a DC path to ground, is comprised of microstrip transmission line sections 48a' and 48b'. The width of microstrip transmission line 48a' is selected to provide a relatively high characteristic impedance to RF frequency signals and thus remain relatively transparent to RF signals propagating along RF propagation network 42b'. A second end of microstrip transmission line 48a' is coupled to a first end of microstrip transmission line 48b'. A DC return path to ground may be provided from a second end of microstrip transmission line 48b' using either bond wires, bond ribbon or via hole technology as described in conjunction with FIG. 4. Here, bond wire 49 is shown connected to transmission line 38b', however the connection to ground is not shown. Microstrip transmission line resonators 50', 52', 56', each having tapered first ends, are coupled to the appropriate RF propagation network as described in conjunction with the corresponding resonators 50, 52 and 56 of FIG. 5. A tapered first end coupled to an RF propagation network provides less coupling between the transmission line resonator and the RF propagation and also provides a more precise point of contact to the RF propagation network. Thus, the transmission line resonator provides an impedance value which closely corresponds to the pre-selected impedance value. Therefore, a tapered first end improves the electrical performance of the mixer circuit 40'. A network 54' is coupled between microstrip transmission line 43' and mixer terminal 40c' a distance l 2 from diode pair terminal 46b'. Network 54' is comprised of microstrip transmission line sections 54a', 54b' and a microstrip transmission line resonator 54c'. Network 54' provides a high impedance characteristic to LO frequency signals propagating along transmission line 43' and a matched impedance characteristic to IF frequency signals propagating along transmission line 43' as described in conjunction with Network 34 (FIG. 2). The width of microstrip transmission line 54a' is selected to provide transmission line 54a' a high characteristic impedance to LO frequency signals propagating thereto while providing a matched impedance to IF frequency signals propagating thereto. Thus, a signal path between transmission line 43' and network 54' is provided to IF frequency signals while at the same time coupling of LO frequency signals between transmission line 43' and network 54' is minimized. A fourth microstrip transmission line resonator 56, having an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the IF frequency, is disposed along microstrip transmission line 43' at a distance l 3 from the point where network 54' is coupled to Rf propagation network 43'. When distance l 3 is selected to have an electrical pathlength corresponding to one quarter wavelength at the IF frequency, microstrip transmission line resonator 56', comprised of microstrip transmission line sections 56a', 56b' and 56c', provides a high impedance characteristic to IF frequency signals propagating along microstrip transmission line 43' at the point where network 54' is coupled to RF propagation network 43'. The distance l 3 may be determined analytically or empirically. Thus, the high impedance provided by the appropriately spaced network 56' causes IF frequency signals to propagate through network 54' to mixer terminal 40c'. An optional matching network 57 may be disposed between transmission lines 43' and 56a'. It is believed that network 57 aids in providing a high impedance at the point where network 56' is coupled to transmission line 43' to LO frequency signals fed into terminal 40b', thereby preventing LO frequency signals from propagating through network 56'. As is generally known, optional matching networks (not shown) may be disposed along any or all of the plurality of strip conductors as required to compensate for impedance variations which occur in such hybrid microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuits. Such optional matching networks provide impedance matching flexibility required to compensate for undesired signal reflections which occur in such RF mixer circuits. Such reflections are caused by variations in diode impedances, coupling between strip conductors, variations in substrate dielectric constant as well as other causes of impedance variations as are generally known to one of skill in the art. The plurality of microstrip transmission lines and transmission line resonators may be provided by either a subtractive process or an additive process as described in conjunction with FIG. 4. Having described preferred embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may be used. It is felt, therefore, that these embodiments should not be limited to disclosed embodiments, but rather should be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: A mixer comprising: a diode pair (24) comprised of first and second diodes (D1 and D2) coupled in anti-parallel between a first electrode (24a) and a second electrode (24b); a first propagation network (22a) for propagating a first input radio frequency from a first terminal (20a) of the mixer to the first electrode (24a) of the diode pair (24), the first network (22a) having a first end coupled to the first terminal (20a) and a second end coupled to the first electrode (24a); a second propagation network (22b) for propagating a second input radio frequency from a second terminal (20b) of the mixer to the second electrode (24b) of the diode pair (24), the second network (22b) having a first end coupled to the second terminal (20b) and a second end coupled to the second electrode (24b); output means (34) providing a matched impedance path at an output radio frequency from the diode pair (24) to a third terminal (20c) of the mixer, the output means (34) having a first end coupled to one of the propagation networks (22a,22b) and a second end coupled to the third terminal (20c) and presenting at its first end a high impedance to the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network; and a first transmission line resonator (32) coupled to the said one propagation network (22b) to reflect into the diode pair (24) the input radio frequency propagated by the other of the networks (22a,22b), the first transmission line resonator (32) having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the input radio frequency propagated by the said other of the networks (22a,22b), characterised by ground path means (28) for providing a low impedance DC signal path to ground, the ground path means (28) having a first end and a second end and the first end being coupled to the said other network (22a) and presenting a high impedance to the input radio frequency propagated by the said other network, and in that a second transmission line resonator (30) is coupled to the said other propagation network (22a) to reflect into the diode pair, (24) the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network (22b), the second transmission line resonator (30) having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network (22b). A mixer according to claim 1, characterised in that the first transmission line resonator (32) is coupled to one electrode (24b) of the diode pair (24), and the second transmission line resonator (30) is coupled to the other electrode (24a) of the diode pair (24). A mixer according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the output means (34) comprises: a first transmission line section (34a) having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network, a first end of the first transmission line section being coupled to the said one network at a selected point in relation to the diode pair (24); a second transmission line section (34b) having a first end coupled to a second end of the first transmission line section (34a) and a second end coupled to the third terminal (20c) of the mixer; and a third transmission line resonator (34c) having a first end coupled to the second end of the first transmission line section (34a) and an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network, the first line section (34a) and the third line resonator (34c) co-operating to present at the selected point a high impedance to the input radio frequency propagated by the said one network. A mixer according to claim 3, characterised in that the ground path means (28) comprises: a fourth transmission line section (28a) having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the input radio frequency propagated by the said other network, a first end of the fourth transmission line section being coupled to the said other network at a selected point in relation to the diode pair (24); a fifth transmission line section (28b) having a first end coupled to the fourth transmission line section (28a) and a second end coupled to ground; and a fourth transmission line resonator (28c) having a first end coupled to the second end of the fourth transmission line section (28a) and an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the input radio frequency propagated by the said other network, the fourth line section (28a) and the fourth line resonator (28c) co-operating to present at the selected point a high impedance to the input radio frequency propagated by the said other network. A mixer according to any preceding claim, characterised by means (26) coupled to the said other propagation network at a first electrical path length (l 1 ) from the adjacent electrode of the diode pair (24) to provide a high impedance to the output radio frequency at the said adjacent electrode, and by means (36) coupled to the said one propagation network at a second electrical path length (l 4 ) from the first end of the output means (34) to provide a high impedance to the output radio frequency between the first end of the output means (34) and the adjacent terminal (20b) of the mixer. A mixer according to claim 5, characterised in that the said means coupled to the said other propagation network comprises a fifth transmission line resonator (26) having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the output radio frequency, and the first electrical path length (l 1 ) is also one quarter of a wavelength at the output radio frequency, and in that the said means coupled to the said one propagation network comprises a sixth transmission line resonator (36) having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the output radio frequency, and the second electrical path length (l 4 ) is also one quarter of a wavelength at the output radio frequency. A mixer according to claim 1 or 2 or 3, characterised in that the said other propagation network (42) includes a filter (44). A mixer according to claim 7, characterised in that the ground path means (48) comprises a high radio frequency impedance transmission line section (48a) having a first end coupled to the said other propagation network (42a) at a point selected in relation to one electrode (46a) of the diode pair (46), and a second end coupled to a first end of a further transmission line section (48b) having a second end coupled to ground, the selected point being disposed between the said one electrode (46a) and the filter (44). A mixer according to claim 8, characterised by a further transmission line resonator (56) coupled to the said one propagation network (43) to provide a high impedance to the output radio frequency between the first end of the output means (54) and the adjacent terminal (40b) of the mixer, the further line resonator (56) having an electrical path length which is one quarter of a wavelength at the output radio frequency, and being coupled to the said one propagation network at an electrical distance (l 3 ) that is one quarter of a wavelength at the output radio frequency from the first end of the output means (54). A mixer according to claim 9, characterised by a substrate (58) having a ground plane (60) disposed on one surface of its surfaces and the diode pair (46'), the propagation networks (42,43'), the output means (54'), the ground path means (48'), the first transmission line resonator (52'), and the further transmission line resonator (56') disposed on its other surface, and in that the first propagation network (42) comprises: a first strip conductor (42a',42b') having a first end coupled to the first terminal (40a') and a second end coupled to the first electrode (46a') of the diode pair (46') and including a coupled line filter (44') comprising a plurality of strip conductors (44a',44b',44c') having widths, lengths, and spacings selected to provide a band pass characteristic for the first input radio frequency; in that the ground path means comprises: a second strip conductor (48') coupled to the first strip conductor (42a',42b') and having a first relatively high impedance portion (48a') compared with the first strip conductor (48a',42b') and having a second relatively low impedance portion (48b') compared with the first strip conductor (42a',42b'); in that the second propagation network comprises: a third strip conductor (43') having a first end coupled to the second electrode (46b') of the diode pair (46') and a second end coupled to the second terminal (40b'); in that the first transmission line resonator comprises: a strip conductor (52') having a tapered portion coupled to the third strip conductor (43'); in that the output means comprises: a fourth strip conductor (54') having a first end coupled to the third strip conductor (43') and a second end coupled to the third terminal (40c') ; in that the second transmission line resonator comprises: a strip conductor (50') having a tapered portion coupled to the first strip conductor (42a',42b'); and in that the further transmission line resonator comprises: a strip conductor (56') having a tapered portion (56a') coupled to the third strip conductor (43'), a second relatively low impedance portion (56b') compared with the third strip conductor (43'), and a third portion (56c') having an impedance greater than that of the second portion (56b'). A mixer according to claim 10, characterised in that the substrate is of alumina and is 0.254 mm (0.010 inches) thick. A mixer according to claim 11, characterised in that the diodes (D1,D2) are Schottky barrier diodes, and the diode pair (46') is provided as a microwave/millimetre wave GaAs monolithic integrated circuit.

Inventors: RUSSELL MARK E, RUSSELL, MARK E.
Applicants: RAYTHEON CO, RAYTHEON COMPANY
Application year: 1992
Main classification: H03D9
IPC codes: H03D7, H03D9