Method of processing flexible reaction cuvettes

Abstract: Flexible reaction cuvettes are well known for carrying out reactions, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Such cuvettes comprise a plurality of compartments filled with reagents for the reaction, each compartment being sealed from the others. Patient sample is injected into one compartment and is then transferred to a detection chamber by bursting the compartment. However, the presence of air in the detection chamber can reduce the efficiency of the detection. Described herein is a method for forcing liquid out of a burstable compartment (26) into a detection chamber (40) without also forcing residual air of that compartment to interfere with liquid detection. The method features applying pressure sufficient to eject the liquid but not the residual air, and retaining that pressure as long as the reaction period of the liquid takes place and then completing the ejection to eject residual air into the chamber (40).

Description: This invention relates to cuvettes and is more particularly concerned with a method of processing such cuvettes when a liquid in a detection chamber is forced out of a closed compartment into that chamber. Flexible reaction cuvettes are known for carrying out reactions, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification, followed by detection in a detection chamber. Such devices are disclosed, for example, in EP-A-0 381 501. In these devices, liquid reagents are pre-filled into burstable compartments connected via passageways to the detection chamber. The connections of the compartments to the passageways are given temporary seals which, until burst, prevent liquid from advancing to the chamber. Additionally, a PCR reaction compartment is provided into which a user injects patient liquid for testing. This compartment is also temporarily sealed in the same way, and temperature cycled to provide amplification of targeted DNA. Bursting of the seals is preferably accomplished by processors having exterior pressure means, for example, rollers, such as are shown in EP-A-402,994. These are associated with heaters which can be used to heat the next compartment after an upstream one has been burst. Thereafter the pressure means are moved on to the now-heated next compartment to burst that one. Although such reaction cuvettes and processors work well, there are occasions in which the color production is less than it should be. It has been discovered that this is due in part to the presence of air bubbles in the detection chamber which interfere with the necessary liquid reactions between the solutions transferred thereto and the detection sites of the chamber. It has further been found that such air bubbles come from upstream compartments which, because they have not been completely filled with liquid, have residual air which ends up being transferred to the detection chamber as the pressure rollers roll across the compartments to burst them. It is this air which can interfere with reaction in the detection chamber. Although one can envision correcting this by ensuring that reagent compartments are completely prefilled during manufacturing with liquid and no residual air, occasionally this does not happen and cuvettes having such residual air would have to be discarded, creating a waste of materials. Even in the absence of such failures, the exclusion of residual air does require a more complicated and therefore more expensive manufacturing process. But even if no reagent compartments fail to exclude all residual air, there is still a potential problem - the PCR reaction compartment is filled by the user, sealed and then heated. There has been no practical way of ensuring that that reaction compartment ends up with no residual air. Accordingly, the problem leading to this invention is, that there has been a need to process such cuvettes in such a way as to preclude residual air from the compartments from entering the detection chamber while liquid reactions have to take place. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of processing which solves the aforesaid problems. More specifically, in accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of preventing air from interfering with liquid reactions involving a solution in a detection chamber, the solution being transferred to the chamber from a first burstable compartment connected via a passageway in a generally horizontally positioned cuvette and containing both solution and residual air, the method comprising the steps of:- a) bursting the compartment with pressure applied by exterior pressure means which pushes the solution into the chamber but not the residual air; b) keeping the pressure means on the compartment at a location sufficient to leave residual air in the compartment during the time of the liquid reactions in the chamber; and c) thereafter, also ejecting any residual air left in the compartment by pressure exerted by the exterior pressure means. Accordingly, it is an advantageous feature of the invention that a reaction cuvette can be processed by transferring liquid to a detection chamber for liquid reaction therewith without also transferring residual air volume which can interfere with the reaction, if any air is located above the liquid prior to transfer. It is a related advantageous feature of the invention that such processing can be done regardless whether the cuvette is successfully supplied with compartments containing liquid for transfer and no residual air. Thus, it is an advantageous feature that expensive manufacturing processes for excluding residual air from those compartments need not be used. For a better understanding of the present invention, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is a plan view of a cuvette processable by the method according to the present invention using a roller; Figure 2 is an isometric view of a processor useful with the present invention; Figures 3A to 3C are fragmentary sectional elevational views illustrating the interaction between the processor and the cuvette, and particularly Figures 3B and 3C illustrate the method according to the present invention; Figures 4A and 4B are timing diagrams of the resultant flow conditions in the detection compartment; and Figure 5 is a sectioned elevational view illustrating the pressure member and heater of the processor as it is used in an alternate embodiment of the invention. The invention is hereinafter described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, in which a particular flexible cuvette is processed by a certain processor which orients the cuvettes horizontally for amplification and detection of DNA. Additionally, the invention is useful regardless of the peculiar construction of the cuvette and/or processor, and regardless whether the cuvette is processed horizontally or while inclined up to 20° from the horizontal position, as long as there is a burstable compartment which feeds liquid to a detection chamber when burst, with the risk that residual air is also present in such compartment. Still further, it is useful regardless of the liquid contents of the compartment to be burst - that is, this invention does not concern or require any particular chemistry or reaction, so long as air pockets or bubbles would interfere if present. Hence, the invention is independent of the particular liquid reaction occurring at the detection chamber and is not limited just to DNA detection. As shown in Figure 1, reaction cuvettes 10 useful with the present invention comprise those having an inlet port 22 for patient injection of sample liquid, which connects via a passageway 21 to a PCR reaction compartment 26. A seal 46 temporarily blocks flow out of compartment 26. When seal 46 is broken, liquid feeds via a passageway 44 to a detection chamber 40 having sites 41 comprising, preferably, beads anchored in place which will complex with any targeted analyte passing them from compartment 26, and then with reagents coming from the other reagent compartments. Those other compartments are compartments 30, 32, 34 and optionally additional compartments 36, each feeding via passageways 48, 50, and 52, to chamber 40. Each of those passageways is temporarily sealed at 56, and contains an appropriate reagent liquid (and possibly, residual air). The details of the chemicals useful in all the compartments, and of the sites 41, are explained in more detail in EP-A-0 381 501. However, since the time of the invention described in EP-A-0 381 501, the number of necessary compartments has been simplified. Hence compartments 26, 30, 32, and 34 preferably comprise: Compartment 26, in addition to the patient liquid later added by the user, preferably includes all the conventional reagents needed for PCR amplification, kept in place by temporary seal 25. This includes primers which are bound to one member of a binding pair, the other member of which appears in compartment 30 described below. A useful example of the binding member attached to a primer is biotin. (Seal 25 is burst by injecting sample.) Compartment 30 comprises, preferably, an enzyme bound to a complexing agent, such as avidin, which is a member of a binding pair, the other member of that pair being bound to a targeted analyte in the reaction compartment 26 as described above. Hence, a useful reagent in compartment 30 is strep-avidin horseradish peroxidase (hereinafter, strep-avidin HRP). Compartment 32 preferably comprises a wash solution as the reagent. Compartment 34 preferably comprises a signal precursor, and any dye stabilizing agent which may be useful. Thus, for example, a useful reagent solution in compartment 34 is a solution of a leuco dye which is a conventional substrate for the enzyme of compartment 30. The remaining compartments 36 are preferably eliminated, along with their passageways, but can be optionally added. Hence, if a wash is desired prior to adding the leuco dye of compartment 34, then such wash is provided by compartment 34 and the leuco dye is moved to compartment 36, and so forth. Compartment 42 is a waste-collecting compartment. Roller 60 exemplifies the exterior pressure means used to burst each of the compartments sequentially, to sequentially advance the contents of the respective compartment to detection chamber 40. Figure 2 illustrates a useful processor. As noted, complete details are given in EP-A-0 402 994. Preferably, there is provided a support surface 160 on which cuvettes 10 are placed in an array, and pressure members, for example, rollers 60, are mounted in position to process each of the cuvettes in parallel. As shown, the rollers are journalled several to one axle 124 or 126 for convenience, these axles being incrementally advanced by gearing 130 and 134. Preferably, surface 160 is horizontal, with possible variants mentioned hereinafter regarding Figure 3A. Additionally, heaters 170 can be optionally included, carried with the rollers as described in more detail hereinafter. The critical steps in the process of the invention are more readily apparent in Figures 3A to 3C. A roller 60 applies exterior pressure by rolling, in the direction shown by arrow 70, to burst a compartment, for example, compartment 26 shown by way of example, to then force seal 46 to break to release flow out passageway 44 (Figures 3A and 3B) of cuvette 10 on support 160. When it reaches the position shown in Figure 3B, roller 60 has done nothing more than has been taught by the disclosures of EP-A-0 381 501 and EP-A-0 402 994 - solution S is expressed or transferred through the passageway (44 as shown) to detection chamber 40 to react with sites 41. At this point, only solution S is present in chamber 40. The residual air A shown in Figure 3A is left behind as a pocket of air, A' in Figure 3B, in the original compartment 26, as shown by the presence of meniscus M. A representative example of such a pocket is 30µl, which could constitute, for example, 10% of the total original volume of compartment 26. Support 160 is shown to be mountable at a positive angle α from the horizon, the latter being depicted as plane 161. Cuvette 10 is held at a generally horizontal position, which is used herein to mean, preferably with angles α = β = 0 . However, the cuvette is operative with angle α being as much as 20°, and still further, angle β can be ≦170° for an optional location 160' of the support. (The cuvette can be tilted down instead of up.) The reason for these limits regarding β and α is that outside of these limits, the air bubbles of retained air do not flow as described herein. In accordance with the invention, roller 60 does not proceed at this point via arrow 70'. Instead, it stops and waits for an incubation period to take place at chamber 40, ensuring that any residual air remains as a pocket on compartment 26 and is not pushed into chamber 40. Such incubation is needed, for example, for the liquid of compartment 26, to allow the biotinylated target (for example, replicated DNA) to anneal to a complimentary probe of nucleic acid molecules on sites 41, as is conventional. The actual incubation reaction of course varies, depending upon which compartment has been burst by roller 60. If and when the compartment is compartment 30, the incubation period is needed to allow the strep-avidin HRP to complex with the biotin of the now-captured DNA. However, in the case of compartment 32, a wash compartment, no incubation is needed. Finally, for compartment 34, incubation is useful to allow complete interaction between captured strep-avidin HRP and the substrate of the solution. Such incubation periods will of course vary depending on the strength and type of reagents involved. By way of example, the following times are useful for the exemplified reagents discussed above (as can be readily determined by one skilled in the art): Compartment 26 - 5min Compartment 30 - 2 to 5min Compartment 32 - 1s Compartment 34 - 5min The important point is that by retaining roller 60 at a location on top of the compartments as shown, the residual air pocket for each compartment (if any) is retained in the compartment, and is not transferred to chamber 40. This is important even for pre-filled compartments 30 and 34 since, as noted above, one can never be certain if attempts to exclude air in the manufacturing process are a) successful and/or b) even worth the cost of such attempts. (It is also useful for compartment 32 if, unlike the examples above, substantial incubation is required for a reagent present other than a wash reagent.) Thereafter, as shown in Figure 3C, roller 60 is advanced to a location that completes the crushing of compartment 26, as shown by movement of point X on the roller from its position in Figure 3B to that of Figure 3C, and the resulting expulsion of the air pocket so that it appears as air bubbles A'' in chamber 40. At this juncture, the air is innocuous in the chamber since the needed reactions are complete. Roller 60 preferably continues on rolling, in the direction of arrow 80, to carry it on to the next compartment in the sequence. As noted above, the steps of squeezing out liquid but not residual air, stopping and waiting for incubation, and then squeezing out the residual air, are repeated for at least compartments 30 and 34. The total sequence of events is preferably controlled by a properly programmed computer which is part of processor 100 shown in Figure 2. Any conventional programming can be used, as will be apparent. Useful timing diagrams to guide in the programming are shown in Figures 4A and B. As shown, up until time t 1 (Figure 4A) air only is present in chamber 40. However, at time t 1 roller 60 makes its first breakthrough at seal 46 and liquid traverses into chamber 40 (Figure 4B) so that at time t 2 , all the volume is filled with liquid (hence, the volume of air is essentially zero). Roller 60 remains in the position or location shown in Figure 3B through time t 3 (Figure 4B) which is the incubation time described above. (As roller 60 advances, its position from the zero point in Figure 4B is shown as decreasing. A constant position, for example, from time t 1 to time t 3 , represents substantially no advance of roller 60.) Then, it advances to squeeze out the residual air and if any is present, the volume of air increases to some level L 1 , time t 4 , which may be as much as 95% of the total volume. From time t 4 to time t 5 , the air remains at L 1 , until time t 6 which is when the roller 60 moves so that the next compartment in sequence is burst. Since the next compartment 30 also requires incubation, starting with time t 6 , the % volume of air, due to the position of roller 60 as shown in Figure 3B, remains at essentially zero until time t 7 , when the roller squeezes out whatever residual air remains at that compartment to a % level of L 2 , and so forth. In the above description, "essentially zero % volume of air" means, an insignificant volume, which preferably is zero but which can be 1 or 2%, so long as the volume is so small as to have no detectable effect on the incubation reaction in question. In some cases, heaters 170 (Figure 2) are optionally used during the aforenoted incubation periods, to heat the next sequential compartment prior to its bursting. The manner in which this is preferentially carried out is shown in Figure 5. As shown, roller 60 is carried by axle 126 to process a cuvette 10 by bursting a compartment 26, as described above. While roller 60 remains on the compartment as was shown for Figure 3B, heater 170 carried via yoke 180 (Figure 5) on axle 126, is effective to heat the next compartment (shown as 30), with or without supplemental heat from an underneath heater 170' at a station 190. As is described in EP-A-0 402 994, such heaters preferably utilize an electric element 192 supplied with current via a cable 194, and are cooled by a blast of cooling gas supplied via tube 196. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, to render this possible, the pitch or distance p between the center of heater 170 and the center of axle 126 (Figure 5) is rendered to be substantially equal to the pitch or spacing p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 and so forth (Figure 1) between each successive compartments, here measured from burst seal to burst seal. In particular, distance p 1 preferably equals p 2 which preferably equals p 3 , and so forth, all of which preferably equals p. Of course, in those instances in which no heat is needed, the distance between compartments can be not equal to distance p, for example, since compartment 32 containing a wash reagent is unlikely to ever require heat, distance p 2 can optionally not equal distance p.

Claims: A method of preventing air from interfering with liquid reactions involving a solution in a detection chamber (40), the solution being transferred to the chamber (40) from a burstable compartment (26) connected via a passageway (44) in a generally horizontally positioned cuvette (10) and containing both solution and residual air, the method comprising the steps of:- a) bursting the compartment (26) with pressure applied by exterior pressure means (60) which pushes the solution into the chamber (40) but not the residual air; b) keeping the pressure means (60) on the compartment (26) at a location sufficient to leave residual air in the compartment (26) during the time of the liquid reactions in the chamber (40); and c) thereafter, also ejecting any residual air left in the compartment (26) by pressure exerted by the exterior pressure means (60). A method according to claim 1, wherein pressure is applied in steps a) and b) by rolling a roller (60) on to the compartment (26) to substantially the middle of the compartment (26) so that liquid but not residual air is expelled. A method according to claim 2, wherein step c) comprises rolling the roller (60) completely across the compartment (26) and then off the compartment (26). A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further including the step of heating a second burstable compartment (30) while the first compartment (26) is operated on by steps a) and b) and prior to step c), the heating being accomplished by a heater element (170, 170') spaced from the exterior pressure means (60) by a distance which is approximately equal to the spacing between the first compartment (26) and the second compartment (30). A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising processing a flexible cuvette (10) comprising a sequence of compartments (26, 30, 32, 34, 36) each temporarily sealed from communication with other compartments by a burstable seal (46, 56) and having a liquid and residual air in at least one of the compartments (26, 30, 32, 34, 36), and the detection chamber (40) into which the sequence of compartments (26, 30, 32, 34, 36) feed when the seal (46, 56) is burst, the sequence of compartments (26, 30, 32, 34, 36) being positioned to be sequentially burst, the method comprising the steps of:- a) bursting the seal (46) of one of the compartments (26) with the cuvette (10) positioned generally horizontally to force its contents into the detection compartment (40); b) waiting for an incubation period; c) bursting the seal (56) of the next sequence compartment (30), and d) repeating steps b) and c) at least one more time through the chain of the sequence of the compartments (32, 34, 36); characterized in that bursting of each compartment (26, 30, 32, 34, 36) is accomplished by applying exterior pressure across a surface of the burstable compartment (26, 30, 32, 34, 36) in the following sequence of steps:- i) bursting the compartment (26) by applying pressure at a location sufficient to burst the seal (46) but insufficient to express residual air bubbles therefrom, ii) maintaining the location of the applied pressure as in step i) during the entire incubation step required by the contents of the burst compartment (26) so that residual air bubbles remain in the burstable compartment (26); and iii) then applying pressure to express residual air from the already burst compartment (26) so that the residence time of residual air bubbles in the detection compartment (40) is minimized. A method according to claim 5, wherein the pressure is applied by rolling a pressure member (60) in a sequence of steps across the burstable compartments (26, 30, 32, 34, 36).

Inventors: CHEMELLI JOHN BENJAMIN, CHEMELLI, JOHN BENJAMIN,, CHEMELLI, JOHN BENJAMIN, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Applicants: JOHNSON & JOHNSON CLIN DIAG, JOHNSON & JOHNSON CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: B01L3
IPC codes: B01L3, G01N37, B01L7, B01J4, G01N33