Liquid crystal display device

Abstract: In an STN type liquid crystal display device, two retardation plates (112, 113) are located one on each side of an STN liquid crystal cell (101). A twist angle₀ m0 of the liquid crystal material (109) is set to fall within the range of 200° to 240°, and the Δn·d value of the liquid crystal is set to fall within the range of 700 nm to 900 nm (measurement wavelength: 589 nm). With respect to the direction of aligning treatment of an incident-side substrate (104), the light-transmitting axis of a polarizer (110) is inclined at an angle falling within the range of 140° to 180°, the light-transmitting axis of an analyzer (111) is inclined at an angle falling within the range of (270° -|₀|/2) ± 10°, the phase delay axis of the first retardation plate (112) is inclined at an angle falling within the range of (180° -|₀|/2) to (180° - |₀|/2) + 30°, and the phase delay axis of the second retardation plate (113) is inclined at an angle falling within the range of (180° -|₀|/2) to (180° -|₀|/2) - 30°. The Δn·d value of each of the first and second retardation plates (112, 113) is preferably set to be 1/2 (i.e., 2 in 1/2 represents the number of retardation plates) a value obtained by multiplying the Δn·d value of the liquid crystal with 0.80 to 0.95.

Description: The present invention relates to a super-twisted nematic type simple matrix liquid crystal display device. Liquid crystal display devices have been used in a variety of applications as display devices for office automation equipment. Since a high-precision display is required in a display device of this type, the number of pixels is large, and highly time-divisional driving is required. In addition, a high contrast and a large view angle are also required. In order to satisfy these needs, of all the liquid crystal display devices, a super-twisted nematic type (to be referred to as an STN type hereinafter) simple matrix liquid crystal display device capable of performing highly time-divisional driving and exhibiting a relatively high contrast has been used as a display device for the office automation equipment. This STN type simple matrix liquid crystal device comprises opposite substrates spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance, electrodes formed on the inner surfaces of the opposite substrates in directions perpendicular to each other, aligning films formed to cover the electrode formation surfaces to align liquid crystal molecules in a predetermined direction, a liquid crystal material sealed between the aligning films, and a pair of polarizing plates arranged outside the pair of substrates so as to sandwich the pair of substrates. Liquid crystal molecules near the aligning films are aligned in a direction of aligning treatment by alignment regulating forces of the aligning films. The molecules are twisted at an angle of 180° to 270° from one substrate to the other substrate along the predetermined direction of aligning treatment by the alignment regulating forces. The aligning state of the liquid crystal molecules is changed upon application of an electric field across the opposite electrodes. An optical change caused by a change in alignment is visualized by the pair of polarizing plates, thereby performing a desired display. In order to operate the above liquid crystal display device in accordance with highly time-divisional driving, the twist angle of the liquid crystal material is increased, and to obtain a higher visual contrast, a birefringence effect of the liquid crystal is utilized to undesirably cause coloration of display contents. In addition, since the view angle is small, the display colors change depending on angles at which an observer observes the display. In order to solve the coloration problem described above, a two-layered STN type liquid crystal device is proposed wherein a drive cell having drive electrodes formed on the opposite substrates and a compensation cell having a twist direction opposite to that of the liquid crystal molecules in the drive cell are stacked to form a two-layered structure. In this two-layered STN type liquid crystal display device, differences in phase shifts caused by light components having different wavelengths in the drive cell can be compensated by the compensation cell. Coloration of the display contents can be suppressed to obtain an almost black-and-white display. In the STN type liquid crystal display device described above, since a liquid crystal cell similar to the drive cell is used as the compensation cell, the manufacturing process of the compensation cell is complicated to result in high cost and a bulky display device. Coloring of the display contents cannot be satisfactorily eliminated, and the view angle is kept small, resulting in inconvenience. Fig. 1 shows equi-contrast curves in the conventional two-layered STN type liquid crystal display device. These equi-contrast curves represent contrast values obtained when viewed from 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 50° directions with respect to a normal to the substrates of the liquid crystal display device. A hollow triangle represents a point at which the contrast is 150; a black triangle represents a point which the contrast is 100; a hollow square represents a point at which the contrast is 50; a black square represents a point at which the contrast is 10; and a dot represents a point at which the contrast becomes negative, i.e., the black-and-white display color is reversed. An arrow X represents the direction of the aligning treatment of the aligning film on the light-incident side substrate. As is apparent from Fig. 1, the contrast is very high in the front surface of the liquid crystal display device, i.e., in the direction of the normal to the substrates. The contrast is greatly decreased when the view angle is increased with respect to the direction of the normal. Display color reverse regions appear at the upper left and lower right portions of the liquid crystal display device. In this case, the upper left reverse region is very large in area. In this conventional liquid crystal display device, when the screen is observed from an upper left position inclined by 40° from the direction of the normal, the screen looks like a negative image, thus resulting in a decisive drawback. Figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D show CIE chromaticity diagrams representing changes in display colors in light-transmitting (ON: □) and light-shielding (OFF: *) states when the view angle is sequentially changed from the direction of the normal to the substrates to the 50° direction in units of 10° in an order of upper, left, lower, and right sides of the liquid crystal display device. In this case, an arrow b in each diagram indicates a direction of a change in chromaticity of transmitted light in the ON state, and an arrow a in each diagram indicates a change in chromaticity of transmitted light in the OFF state. As is apparent from Figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D, the display colors in the ON and OFF states in the upper, lower, left, and right directions greatly change in accordance with the inclination angles with respect to the direction of the normal to the substrates. This indicates that the display colors are different depending on observation directions with respect to the liquid crystal display device, thus greatly degrading display quality. Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 13, no. 89 [P-836] and JP-A-63 271 415 describes a liquid crystal display device to execute a black-and-white display by providing two or more pieces of uniaxial high polymer films whose optical axis directions are different, between polarizing plates. The torsion angle of the liquid crystal is set to 200 degrees. The product of the optical anisotropy and thickness of the liquid crystal is set to 900 nm, and the corresponding product of the uniaxial high polymer films is 400 nm. The present invention has as its object to provide a liquid crystal display device which has a simple structure and in which display coloring is suppressed and view angle characteristics are improved. In order to achieve the above object according to the present invention, there is provided a liquid crystal display device according to claims 1 to 6. This invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a graph showing equi-contrast curves in a conventional liquid crystal display device; Figs. 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in display colors in the conventional liquid crystal display device; Fig. 3 is an exploded perspective view showing a schematic arrangement of the first embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 4 is a sectional view of the first embodiment shown in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the first embodiment in which the Δn·d value and the optical axes and layout of a pair of polarizing plates and a pair of retardation plates are changed; Fig. 6 is an exploded perspective view of the first embodiment in which the Δn·d value and the optical axes and layout of the pair of polarizing plates and the pair of retardation plates are further changed; Fig. 7 is an exploded perspective view of the first embodiment in which the Δn·d value and the optical axes and layout of the pair of polarizing plates and the pair of retardation pates are further changed; Figs. 8A and 8B are views showing equi-contrast curves when the directions of the optical axes of retardation plates in the layout of Fig. 3 are different, respectively; Figs. 9A and 9B are views showing equi-contrast curves when the directions of the optical axes of retardation plates in the layout of Fig. 5 are different, respectively; Figs. 10A and 10B are views showing equi-contrast curves when the directions of the optical axes of retardation plates in the layout of Fig. 6 are different, respectively; Figs. 11A and 11B are views showing equi-contrast curves when the directions of the optical axes of retardation plates in the layout of Fig. 7 are different, respectively; Fig. 12 is a sectional view showing an arrangement of the second embodiment; Fig. 13 is a graph showing spectral characteristics of color filters used in the second embodiment shown in Fig. 12; Figs. 14R, 14G, and 14B are respectively CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in hues of light components passing through the R, G, and B color filters at view angles at the upper position in the liquid crystal in the second embodiment shown in Fig. 12; Figs. 15R, 15G, and 15B are respectively CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in hues of light components passing through the R, G, and B color filters at view angles at the left position in the liquid crystal in the second embodiment shown in Fig. 12; Figs. 16R, 16G, and 16B are respectively CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in hues of light components passing through the R, G, and B color filters at view angles at the lower position in the liquid crystal in the second embodiment shown in Fig. 12; Figs. 17R, 17G, and 17B are respectively CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in hues of light components passing through the R, G, and B color filters at view angle at the right position in the liquid crystal in the second embodiment shown in Fig. 12; Figs. 18R, 18G, and 18B are CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in hues of light components passing through the R, G, and B color filters at view angles at the upper position in the liquid crystal cell of the comparative example; Figs. 19R, 19G, and 19B are CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in hues of light components passing through the R, G, and B color filters at view angles at the left position in the liquid crystal cell of the comparative example; Figs. 20R, 20G, and 20B are CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in hues of light components passing through the R, G, and B color filters at view angles at the lower position in the liquid crystal cell of the comparative example; Figs. 21R, 21G, and 21B are CIE chromaticity diagrams showing changes in hues of light components passing through the R, G, and B color filters at view angles at the right position in the liquid crystal cell of the comparative example; Fig. 22 is a graph showing Y-V characteristics of the first arrangement in the retardation plate layout of the first embodiment shown in Fig. 3 when the Δnd value of each retardation plate is set to be 370 nm; Fig. 23 is a view showing equi-brightness curves in a light-shielding state in the first arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 22; Fig. 24 is a view showing equi-brightness curves in a light-transmitting state in the first arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 22; Fig. 25 is a view showing equi-contrast curves in the first arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 22; Fig. 26 is a graph showing Y-V characteristics of the first arrangement in the retardation plate layout of the first embodiment shown in Fig. 3 when the Δn·d value of each retardation plate is set to be 360 nm; Fig. 27 is a view showing equi-brightness curves in a light-shielding state in the first arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 26; Fig. 28 is a view showing equi-brightness curves in a light-transmitting state in the first arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 26; Fig. 29 is a view showing equi-contrast curves in the first arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 26; Fig. 30 is a graph showing Y-V characteristics of the second arrangement in the retardation plate layout of Fig. 22 when the direction of the phase delay axis of the third retardation plate is inclined at almost 145° with respect to the direction of aligning treatment of the aligning film on the light incident-side substrate; Fig. 31 is a graph showing Y-V characteristics of the third arrangement in the retardation plate layout of the first embodiment shown in Fig. 6 when the directions of the light-transmitting axes of the polarizing plates and the directions of the phase delay axes of the retardation plates are changed; Fig. 32 is a view showing equi-brightness curves in a light-shielding state in the third arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 31; Fig. 33 is a view showing equi-brightness curves in a light-transmitting state in the third arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 31; Fig. 34 is a view showing equi-contrast curves in the third arrangement having the characteristics shown in Fig. 31; Figs. 35A and 35B are a graph showing voltage-transmittance characteristics representing visual sense characteristics at the left position in the liquid crystal cell in the retardation plate layout of the third arrangement shown in Fig. 31, and a CIE chromaticity diagram showing the corresponding display colors; Figs. 36A and 36B are a graph showing voltage-transmittance characteristics representing visual sense characteristics at the right position in the liquid crystal cell in the retardation plate layout of the third arrangement shown in Fig. 31, and a CIE chromaticity diagram showing the corresponding display colors; Figs. 37A and 37B are a graph showing voltage-transmittance characteristics representing visual sense characteristics at the upper position in the liquid crystal cell in the retardation plate layout of the third arrangement shown in Fig. 31, and a CIE chromaticity diagram showing the corresponding display colors; Figs. 38A and 38B are a graph showing voltage-transmittance characteristics representing visual sense characteristics at the lower position in the liquid crystal cell in the retardation plate layout of the third arrangement shown in Fig. 31, and a CIE chromaticity diagram showing the corresponding display colors; Fig. 39 is a graph showing Y-V characteristics in the first embodiment shown in Fig. 6 when the direction of the phase delay axis of the third retardation plate is changed; Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to Figs. 3 to 39. [First Embodiment] Referring to Figs. 3 and 4, a liquid crystal cell 101 comprises a lower substrate 104 having electrodes 102 and an aligning film 103 formed to cover the electrodes 102, an upper substrate 107 having electrodes 105 formed perpendicular to the electrodes 102 and an aligning film 106 formed to cover the electrodes 105, a seal member 108 for sealing the upper and lower substrates 107 and 104 with a predetermined distance therebetween, and a liquid crystal material 109 sealed in the space defined by the upper and lower substrates 107 and 104 and the seal member 108. Light is incident on the liquid crystal cell 101 from the lower direction in Figs. 3 and 4. The lower substrate will be referred to as an incident-side substrate 104, and the upper substrate will be referred to as an exit-side substrate 107 hereinafter. The aligning films 103 and 106 respectively formed on the opposite surfaces of the incident- and exit-side substrates 104 and 107 are subjected to an aligning treatment such as rubbing. The direction 103a of the aligning treatment for the aligning film 103 on the incident-side substrate 104 inclines at an angle of about 30° from the lower left direction to the upper right direction with respect to a horizontal line when the liquid crystal cell 101 is observed from the front, as shown in Fig. 3. The direction 106a of the aligning treatment for the aligning film 106 of the exit-side substrate 107 rotated through 60° clockwise (to be referred to as negative or minus hereinafter) with respect to the direction 103a of aligning treatment for the incident-side substrate 104 (the direction 103a will be referred to as an incident-side direction of aligning treatment hereinafter). By this aligning treatment, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned at a pretilt angle of about 8°. At the same time, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned at a negative twist angle of 240° ( 0 ) from the incident-side substrate 104 to the exit-side substrate 107. A product Δn·d of a gap d and a refractive index anisotropy Δn of the liquid crystal cell 101 is set to be 864 nm (measurement wavelength: 589 nm). By using three retardation plates, the first embodiment aims at compensating for a change in color difference. The liquid crystal material 109 has a dielectric constant ratio Δε/ε┴ - of 1.93, an elastic constant ratio K3/K1 of 1.83, an elastic constant ratio K3/K2 of 3.12, and a ratio d/p of a gap d to a natural pitch p of 0.5. A polarizer 110 comprising a linearly polarizing plate is located outside or below an incident-side substrate 104. An analyzer 111 similarly comprising a linearly polarizing plate is located above an exit-side substrate 107. Three retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 are located between the exit-side substrate 107 and the analyzer 111. The polarizer 110 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 110a is rotated through +35° (α) counterclockwise (positive or plus) with respect to an incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The analyzer 111 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 111a intersects with the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment at an angle of 65° (ε). The first, second, and third retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 are retardation plates obtained by monoaxially stretching polycarbonate and having a Δn·d value of 400 nm to 600 nm (measurement wavelength: 589 nm). The first retardation plate 112 is located so that its phase delay axis 112a is almost parallel to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The second retardation plate 113 is located so that its phase delay axis 113a is inclined at an angle of about 60° or 150° (γ) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The third retardation plate 114 is located so that its phase delay axis 114a is almost perpendicular (δ) to the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113. The positions of the first, second, and third retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 may be variously changed. For example, as shown in Fig. 5, the second and third retardation plates 113 and 114 may be arranged between the liquid crystal cell 101 and the polarizer 110 in the order named, and the first retardation plate 112 may be located between the liquid crystal cell 101 and the analyzer 111. In this case, the second retardation plate 113 is located in Fig. 3 so that its phase delay axis 113a is inclined at an angle of about 45° or 135° (γ) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. Alternatively, as shown in Fig. 6, the first retardation plate 112 may be located between the liquid crystal cell 101 and the polarizer 110, and the second and third retardation plates 113 and 114 may be located between the liquid crystal cell 101 and the analyzer 111 in the order named. In this case, the polarizer 110 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 110a is inclined at an angle of +55° (α) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment, and the analyzer 111 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 111a intersects with the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment at an angle of 85° (ε). The first retardation plate 112 is located so that its phase delay axis 112a is inclined at an angle of about 120° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The second retardation plate 113 is located so that its phase delay axis 113a is inclined at an angle of about 75° or 165° (γ) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The third retardation plate 114 is located so that its phase delay axis 114a is almost perpendicular (δ) to the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113. Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 7, the second, third, and first retardation plates 113, 114, and 112 may be located between the liquid crystal cell 101 and polarizer 110 from the polarizer 110 side in the order named. In this case, in the layout of Fig. 6, the second retardation plate 113 is located so that its phase delay axis 113a is inclined at an angle of about 60° or 150° (γ) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. Alternatively, the second retardation plate 113 may be located so that its the phase advance axis normal to the phase delay axis 113a may be set at 60 or 150° to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. In this embodiment, the view angle characteristics can be improved by the second and third retardation plates whose phase delay axes are almost perpendicular to each other. Display coloring can be reduced by a combination of the first to third retardation plates. Equi-contrast curves for the liquid crystal display devices shown in Figs. 3, 5, 6, and 7 are shown in Figs. 8A and 8B, Figs. 9A and 9B, Figs. 10A and 10B, and Figs. 11A and 11B, respectively. Fig. 1 shows equi-contrast curves of a conventional device. The curves represent contrast values when the display device is observed from 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 50° directions from the direction of the normal to the substrates of the liquid crystal display device. A hollow triangle represents a point at which the contrast is 150; a black triangle represents a point which the contrast is 100; a hollow square represents a point at which the contrast is 50; a black square represents a point at which the contrast is 10; and a dot represents a point at which the contrast becomes negative, i.e., the black-and-white display color is reversed. The reverse area is a hatched portion in Fig. 1. An arrow indicates the direction 103a of aligning treatment for the incident-side substrate 104. Figs. 8A and 8B show equi-contrast curves in the retardation plate arrangement of Fig. 3. Fig. 8A shows a case in which the angle γ of the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113 is set to be 60° and the angle δ of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is set to be 150°. Fig. 8B shows a case in which the angle γ of the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113 is set to be 150° and the angle δ of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is set to be 60°. Similarly, Figs. 9A and 9B show equi-contrast curves in the retardation plate arrangement of Fig. 5. Fig. 9A shows a case in which the angle γ of the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113 is set to be 45° and the angle δ of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is set to be 135°. Fig. 9B shows a case in which the angle γ of the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113 is set to be 135° and the angle δ of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is set to be 45°. Figs. 10A and 10B show equi-contrast curves in the retardation plate arrangement of Fig. 6. Fig. 10A shows a case in which the angle γ of the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113 is set to be 75° and the angle δ of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is set to be 165°. Fig. 10B shows a case in which the angle γ of the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113 is set to be 165° and the angle δ of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is set to be 75°. Figs. 11A and 11B show equi-contrast curves in the retardation plate arrangement of Fig. 7. Fig. 11A shows a case in which the angle γ of the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113 is set to be 60° and the angle δ of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is set to be 150°. Fig. 11B shows a case in which the angle γ of the phase delay axis 113a of the second retardation plate 113 is set to be 150°. and the angle δ of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is set to be 60°. As is apparent from these equi-contrast curves, when the first, second, and third retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 are located, as shown in Figs. 3, 5, 6, and 7, areas each having a contrast of 10 are larger than that of the conventional STN type liquid crystal display device shown in Fig. 1. In addition, no reverse area is formed. Therefore, the view angle characteristics can be greatly improved. Note that the first and second retardation plates 112 and 113 comprise retardation plates made of polycarbonate as in the above embodiment. However, the material of the retardation plate is not limited to this. A retardation plate obtained by sandwiching polyvinyl alcohol between protective films may be used. [Second Embodiment] The second embodiment obtained when the first embodiment is applied to a color liquid crystal display device will be described in detail with reference to Figs. 12 to 17. The color liquid crystal display device of the second embodiment has substantially the same retardation plate arrangement as the arrangement (Fig. 3) of the first embodiment, except that a color liquid crystal cell having color filters formed on inner surface of one of the substrates in correspondence with electrodes is used. The same reference numerals as in the first embodiment denote the same parts in the second embodiment, and a detailed description thereof will be omitted. Referring to Fig. 12, three primary color (i.e., red (R), green (G), and blue (B)) filters 115R, 115G, and 115B are formed on an incident-side substrate 104 in correspondence with electrodes 102. The three primary color filters 115R, 115G, and 115B have spectral characteristics shown in Fig. 13 and comprise color filters for transmitting red, green, and blue color components, respectively. The electrodes 102 are respectively formed on the color filters through a filter protective film 116. An aligning film 103 is formed on the electrodes 102. Electrodes 105 as in the first embodiment are formed on the inner surface of an exit-side substrate 107 opposing the incident-side substrate 104. An aligning film 106 is formed on the electrodes 105. The exit-side substrate 107 is bonded by a seal member 108 to the incident-side substrate 104 so as to be spaced apart from each other by a predetermined distance. A polarizer 110, an analyzer 111, a first retardation plate 112, a second retardation plate 113, and a third retardation plate 114 are arranged in the same manner as in the first embodiment shown in Fig. 3. In the second embodiment, differences in phase shifts of light components having different wavelengths caused upon passing of the light components through the liquid crystal cell can be minimized by the three retardation plates as in the first embodiment, and coloring of display colors can be eliminated. In addition, changes in display colors, which depend on view points, can be minimized. Figs. 14R, 14G, and 14B, Figs. 15R, 15G, and 15B, Figs. 16R, 16G, and 16B, and Figs. 17R, 17G, and 17B are respectively CIE chromaticity diagrams which show changes in hues of light components passing through the color filters in a light-transmitting state (ON: ▪) and a light-shielding state (OFF: *) when the view point is sequentially changed to 50° in units of 10° with respect to a direction of a normal to the substrates in an order of upper, left, lower, and right positions of the liquid crystal display device of the second embodiment. In order to compare the above results with a conventional case, Figs. 18R, 18G, and 18B, Figs. 19R, 19G, and 19B, Figs. 20R, 20G, and 20B, and Figs. 21R, 21G, and 21B are respectively CIE chromaticity diagrams which show changes in display colors in a light-transmitting state (ON: ▪) and a light-shielding state (OFF: *) when the view point is sequentially changed as in the second embodiment in the conventional liquid crystal display device. In this case, an arrow a indicates a change in chromaticity of a transmitted light component in an ON state, and an arrow b indicates a change in chromaticity of a transmitted light component in an OFF state. Figs. 14R, 14G, and 14B and Figs. 18R, 18G, and 18B show changes in hues of transmitted light components at different view points at the upper position of the liquid crystal display device. Figs. 15R, 15G, and 15B and Figs. 19R, 19G, and 19B show changes in hues of transmitted light components at different view points at the left position of the liquid crystal display device. Figs. 16R, 16G, and 16B and Figs. 20R, 20G, and 20B show changes in hues of transmitted light components at different view points at the lower position of the liquid crystal display device. Figs. 17R, 17G, and 17B and Figs. 21R, 21G, and 21B show changes in hues of transmitted light components at different view points at the right position of the liquid crystal display device. The drawing numbers affixed with R represent changes in hues of light components passing through the red filter. The drawing numbers affixed with G represent changes in hues of light components passing through the green filter. The drawing numbers affixed with B represent changes in hues of light components passing through the blue filter. As is apparent from comparison between Figs. 14R, 14G, and 14B to Figs. 17R, 17G, and 17B, and Figs. 18R, 18G, and 18B to Figs. 21R, 21G, and 21B, in the color liquid crystal display device of this embodiment, changes in hues of transmitted light components at different view points can be minimized, and changes in display colors in different observation directions can be minimized. When three retardation plates are located on the light exit side of the liquid crystal cell in the first embodiment as shown in Fig. 3, electro-optical characteristics upon changes in directions of phase delay axes of the respective retardation plates and directions of light-transmitting axes of the pair of polarizing plates are measured. In the first arrangement, the polarizer 110 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 110a is rotated through +140° (α) counterclockwise with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The analyzer 111 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 111a intersects with the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment at an angle of 55° (ε). The first and second retardation plates 112 and 113 are retardation plates obtained by monoaxially stretching polycarbonate and having a Δn·d value of 300 nm to 400 nm, and preferably 360 nm or 370 nm (measurement wavelength: 589 nm). The first retardation plate 112 is located so that its phase delay axis 112a is inclined at an angle of about 40° (β) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The second retardation plate 113 is located so that its phase delay axis 113a is inclined at an angle of about 5° (γ) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The third retardation plate 114 is located between the second retardation plate 113 and the analyzer 111. The third retardation plate 114 is located so that its phase delay axis 114a is inclined at an angle of about 55° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. In this embodiment, the direction of the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 may be changed. That is, the third retardation plate 114 may be located such that its phase delay axis 114a is inclined at an angle of about 145° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. As described above, in this embodiment, the polarizer 110 is located so that the light-transmitting axis 110a of the polarizer 110 intersects with the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment of the incident-side substrate 104 at an angle of about 140°. At the same time, the light-transmitting axes of the polarizer 110 and the analyzer 111 intersect with each other at an angle of about 85°. The first and second retardation plates 112 and 113 are located between the liquid crystal cell 101 and the exit-side analyzer 111. The first retardation plate 112 is located so that its phase delay axis 112a intersects with the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment of the incident-side substrate 104 at an angle of about 40°. The phase delay axes 112a and 113a of the first and second retardation plates 112 and 113 intersect with each other at an angle of about 35°. At the same time, the third retardation plate 114 is located between the second retardation plate 113 and the analyzer 111 to be adjacent to the exit-side analyzer 111 so that the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is parallel (or perpendicular) to the light-transmitting axis 111a of the adjacent analyzer 111. Differences in phase shifts of light components having different wavelengths upon passing of the light components through the liquid crystal cell 101 can be minimized by the pair of first and second retardation plates 112 and 113, thereby compensating for coloring of the display colors in the STN type liquid crystal display device. The third retardation plate 114 is located adjacent to the analyzer 111, so that the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 becomes almost parallel (or perpendicular) to the light-transmitting axis 111a of the adjacent analyzer 111. Therefore, the intensity of transmitted light on the front surface of the liquid crystal cell 101 can be increased, and the brightness of the image viewed from the front surface of the liquid crystal display device can be increased. Phase shifts of light components vertically incident on the retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 and light components obliquely incident thereon are canceled by those of the three retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 because phase shifts caused by the retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 are different from each other. As a result, the area having a high contrast can be increased, and changes in display colors at different view angles an be reduced. Measurement results of electro-optical characteristics of the liquid crystal display device described above are shown in Figs. 22 to 29. Figs. 22 to 25 show a case in which the Δn·d value of the liquid crystal cell 101 is set to be 864 nm and the Δn·d value of each of the retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 is set to be 370 nm. Figs. 26 to 29 show a case in which the Δn·d value of the liquid crystal cell 101 is set to be 864 nm and the Δn·d value of each of the retardation plates 112, 113, and 114 is set to be 360 nm. Figs. 22 and 26 represent Y-V characteristics representing a relationship between transmittances (Y values) and drive voltages (V) upon driving of the liquid crystal display device in accordance with time-divisional driving at a 1/480 duty ratio and a 1/15 bias, and contrast values obtained upon this driving. A solid line OFF represents a change in transmittance upon application of an OFF waveform, a dotted line ON represents a change in transmittance upon application of an ON waveform, and a broken line CR represents the contrast. When the Δn·d value of the retardation plate shown in Fig. 22 is 370 nm, the contrast is as high as 63 and the transmittance is also as high as 73%. When the Δn·d value of the retardation plate shown in Fig. 26 is set to be 360 nm, the contrast is as high as 65, and the transmittance is also as high as 72%. Figs. 23, 24, 27, and 28 show equi-brightness curves when the screen is observed at respective inclined angles with respect to the direction of a normal to the liquid crystal cell as in the characteristics exhibited in the third embodiment. More specifically, Figs. 23 and 27 show dark states, whereas Figs. 24 and 28 represent bright states. Concentric circles respectively represent 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 50° directions inclined from the direction of the normal to the substrates of the liquid crystal display device. A black square (▪) represents a transmittance of 10%, a hollow square (□) represents a transmittance of 20%, a black triangle (▴) represents a transmittance of 30%, a hollow triangle (▵) represents a transmittance of 40%, a black star ( ) represents a transmittance of 50%, a hollow star ( ) represents a transmittance of 60%, and a cross (+) represents a transmittance of 70%. As shown in Figs. 23, 24, 27, and 28, the area having a transmittance of less than 10% is large in the dark state, and the area having a transmittance of 10% or more is large in the bright state in this embodiment. Figs. 25 and 29 show equi-contrast curves obtained when the liquid crystal display device is observed from different directions. Concentric circles in Figs. 25 and 29 represent 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, and 50° directions inclined from the direction of the normal to the substrates in the liquid crystal display device from the inner to the outer circles. A dot (•) represents a contrast of less than 1, i.e., represents that the bright and dark states are reversed. A black square (▪) represents a contrast of 10, a hollow square (□) represents a contrast of 20, a black triangle (▴) represents a contrast of 30, a hollow triangle (▵) represents a contrast of 40, a black star ( ) represents a contrast of 50, a hollow star ( ) represents a contrast of 60, a cross (+) represents a contrast of 70, a mark x represents a contrast of 80, and a mark * represents a contrast of 90. As shown in Figs. 25 and 29, the area having a contrast of 10 or more is large in this embodiment. The inverse area which appears at the upper right position of the liquid crystal display device and in which the bright and dark states are reversed is small. Therefore, view angle characteristics are improved. In the second arrangement, the polarizer 110 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 110a is rotated through +140° (α) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The analyzer 111 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 111a intersects with the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment at an angle of 55° (ε). The first and second retardation plates 112 and 113 are retardation plates whose Δn·d value is 370 nm (measurement wavelength: 589 nm). The first retardation plate 112 is located so that its phase delay axis 112a is inclined at an angle of about 40° (β) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The second retardation plate 113 is located so that its phase delay axis 113a is inclined at an angle of about 5° (γ) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The third retardation plate 114 is located between the second retardation plate 113 and the analyzer 111. The third retardation plate 114 is located so that its phase delay axis 114a is inclined at an angle of about 55° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. In the second arrangement, the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 may be set at about 145° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. As described above, in the second arrangement, the pair of polarizing plates are located so that the light-transmitting axis of one polarizing plate intersects with the incident-side direction of aligning treatment at an angle of about 140°. At the same time, the light-transmitting axes of the pair of polarizing plates intersect with each other at an angle of about 85°. The first and second retardation plates are located between the pair of polarizing plates so that the phase delay axis of one plate intersects with the incident-side direction of aligning treatment at an angle of about 40°, and the phase delay axes of them intersect with each other at an angle of about 35°. In addition, the third retardation plate is located between the pair of polarizing plates and to be adjacent to one of the polarizing plates so that the phase delay axis of the third retardation plate is parallel or perpendicular to the light-transmitting axis of the adjacent polarizing plate. Measurement results of electro-optical characteristics of the liquid crystal display device described above are shown in Fig. 30. Fig. 30 represents a Y-V characteristic representing a relationship between transmittances (Y values) and drive voltages (V) upon driving of the liquid crystal display device in accordance with time-divisional driving at a 1/480 duty ratio and a 1/15 bias, and contrast obtained upon this driving. A solid line OFF represents a change in transmittance upon application of an OFF waveform, a dotted line ON represents a change in transmittance upon application of an ON waveform, and a broken line CR represents the contrast. As shown in Fig. 30, when the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is inclined at an angle of 140° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment, the contrast is relatively low, 39, but the transmittance is as high as 72%. In the second arrangement, even if the view point is changed, the area having a high contrast is large, and changes in display colors are minimized. As described above, in the second arrangement, the transmittance on the front surface of the liquid crystal display device is very high, and the contrast levels are high in all observation directions. In addition, changes in hues of transmitted light components at different view point can be reduced, and the view angle characteristics are improved. In the third arrangement, the polarizer 110 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 110a is rotated through +140° (α) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The analyzer 111 is located so that its light-transmitting axis 111a intersects with the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment at an angle of 55° (ε). The first and second retardation plates 112 and 113 are retardation plates obtained by monoaxially stretching polycarbonate and having a Δn·d value of 370 nm (measurement wavelength: 589 nm). The first retardation plate 112 is located so that its phase delay axis 112a is inclined at an angle of about 40° (β) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The second retardation plate 113 is located so that its phase delay axis 113a is inclined at an angle of about 5° (γ) with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. The third retardation plate 114 is located so that its phase delay axis 114a is inclined at an angle of about 50° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. In the third arrangement, the phase delay axis 114a may be located to be parallel to a direction of about 140° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. As described above, in the third arrangement, the pair of polarizing plates are located so that the light-transmitting axis of one polarizing plate intersects with the incident-side direction of aligning treatment at an angle of about 140°. At the same time, the light-transmitting axes of the pair of polarizing plates intersect with each other at an angle of about 85°. The first and second retardation plates are located between the pair of polarizing plates so that the phase delay axis of one plate intersects with the incident-side direction of aligning treatment at an angle of about 40°, and the phase delay axes of the respective plates intersect with each other at an angle of about 35°. In addition, the third retardation plate is located between the pair of polarizing plates to be adjacent to one of the polarizing plates so that the phase delay axis of the third retardation plate is parallel or perpendicular to the light-transmitting axis of the adjacent polarizing plate. Measurement results of electro-optical characteristics of the liquid crystal display device described above are shown in Figs. 31 to 39. Figs. 41 to 48B show electro-optical characteristics of the liquid crystal display device of the third arrangement. Fig. 31 represents Y-V characteristics representing a relationship between transmittances (Y values) and drive voltages (V) upon driving of the liquid crystal display device in accordance with time-divisional driving at a 1/480 duty ratio and a 1/15 bias, and contrast values obtained upon this driving. A solid line OFF represents a change in transmittance upon application of an OFF waveform, a dotted line ON represents a change in transmittance upon application of an ON waveform, and a broken line CR represents the contrast. As shown in Fig. 31, in the third arrangement, the contrast is as high as 66, and the transmittance is also as high as 73%. Figs. 32 and 33 show equi-brightness curves obtained when the liquid crystal cell is observed from different directions inclined with respect to the direction of the normal to the liquid crystal cell. Fig. 32 shows a case in a dark state, and Fig. 33 shows a case in a bright state. As shown in Figs. 32 and 33, in the third arrangement, the area having a transmittance of less than 10% is large in a dark state. In a bright state, the area having a transmittance of 10% or more is large. Fig. 34 shows equi-contrast curves obtained when the liquid crystal display device is observed from different directions. As shown in Fig. 34, in the third arrangement, the area having a contrast of 10 or more is large, and the reverse area which appears at the upper right portion in the liquid crystal display device and in which the bright and dark states are reversed is small. Therefore, the view angle characteristics are improved. Figs. 35A and 35B, Figs. 36A and 36B, Figs. 37A and 37B, and Figs. 38A and 38B are CIE chromaticity diagrams showing voltage-transmittance characteristics representing changes in transmittance as a function of the voltage applied when a view direction is changed in units of 10° from the normal to the liquid crystal display device, and changes in display colors upon application of the voltage. More specifically, Figs. 35A and 35B show the voltage-transmittance characteristics obtained when the view direction is changed in units of 10° with respect to the normal to the liquid crystal cell in the left direction, i.e., the +150° direction with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment, and the CIE chromaticity diagrams representing the changes in display colors. Figs. 36A and 36B show the voltage-transmittance characteristics obtained when the view direction is changed in units of 10° with respect to the normal to the liquid crystal cell in the right direction, i.e., the +330° direction with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment, and the CIE chromaticity diagrams representing the changes in display colors. Figs. 37A and 37B show the voltage-transmittance characteristics obtained when the view direction is changed in units of 10° with respect to the normal to the liquid crystal cell in the upper direction, i.e., the +60° direction with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment, and the CIE chromaticity diagrams representing the changes in display colors. Figs. 38A and 38B show the voltage-transmittance characteristics obtained when the view direction is changed in units of 10° with respect to the normal to the liquid crystal cell in the lower direction, i.e., the +240° direction with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment, and the CIE chromaticity diagrams representing the changes in display colors. A black square (▪) and a solid line represent the data obtained when the view direction is the normal to the liquid crystal cell, a hollow square (□) and a dotted line represent the data obtained when the view direction is at 10° to the direction of the normal to the liquid crystal cell, a blank triangle (▴) and a broken line represent the data obtained when the direction inclines by 20° from the direction of the normal to the liquid crystal cell, a hollow triangle (▵) and the alternate long and short dashed line represent data obtained when the view direction is at 30° to the direction of the normal to the liquid crystal cell, a black star ( ) and the alternate long and two short dashed line represent the data obtained when the view direction is 40° at the direction of the normal to the liquid crystal cell, and a hollow star ( ) and a thin dotted line represent the data obtained when the view direction is at 50° to the direction of the normal to the liquid crystal cell. As is apparent from the above drawings, steep voltage-transmittance characteristic curves are obtained. Fig. 39 shows Y-V characteristics representing changes in transmittance as a function of the drive voltage of time-divisional driving when the phase delay axis 114a of the third retardation plate 114 is inclined at an angle of 140° with respect to the incident-side direction 103a of aligning treatment. In this case, the transmittance in the bright state is high, and the contrast is also high.

Claims: Liquid crystal display device, comprising: a pair of substrates (104,107) having opposite surfaces on which electrodes (102) and aligning films (103,106) subjected to an aligning treatment in a predetermined direction and formed to cover the electrodes (102) are formed: a liquid crystal material (109) sealed between the aligning films (103,106) twisted with an angle  0 in a range of 200° to 240° from one (104) of the pair of substrates to the other (107) of the pair of substrates, having a product Δn·d of a refractive index anisotropy Δn and a layer thickness d falling within a range of 700 nm to 900 nm; a pair of polarizing plates (110,111) located outside the pair of substrates (104, 107) so as to sandwich the pair of substrates therebetween, wherein a light transmitting axis (110a) at one plate (110) is inclined by an angle of about 35° to 55° to a first direction (103a) of the aligning treatment performed on the aligning film (103) formed on the light incident side substrate (104) of the pair of substrates; and first, second and third retardation plates (112,113,114) which are located between the pair of polarizing plates (110,111) and which have a product Δn·d of a refractive index anisotropy Δn and a layer thickness d falling within a range of 400 nm to 600 nm characterized in that the light transmitting axes (110a,111a) of the polarizing plates (110,111) intersect with an angle of about 30°, the phase delay axis (112a) of the first retardation plate (112) is substantially parallel or inclined by an angle of about 120° to the first direction (103a), and the phase delay axes (113a,114a) of the second and third retardation plates (113,114) are substantially perpendicular to each other, and the phase delay axis (113a,114a) of one of the second and third retardation plates (113,114) is inclined to the first direction (103a) by an angle of 45° to 75°, wherein all angle measurements are measured in an anti-clockwise direction as viewed from a light exit side of the liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, characterized in that the phase delay axis (112a) of the first retardation plate (112) is substantially parallel to the first direction (103a), and the second and third retardation plates (113,114) are located so that a phase delay axis or phase advance axis of one plate is inclined to the first direction (103a) by an angle of about 60°. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 1, characterized in that the first retardation plate (112) is located between the pair of substrates and one (110) of the polarizing plates, and the second and third retardation plates (113,114) are located between the pair of substrates (104,107) and the other (111) of the pair of polarizing plates, the light transmitting axis of one (110) of the polarizing plates and the first direction (103a) intersect with an angle of about 55°, the phase delay axis (112a) of the first retardation plate (112) and the first direction (103a) intersect with an angle of about 120°. Liquid crystal display device, comprising: a pair of substrates (104,107) having opposite surfaces on which electrodes (102) and aligning films (103,106) subjected to an aligning treatment in a predetermined direction and formed to cover the electrodes (102) are formed: a liquid crystal material (109) sealed between the aligning films (103,106) twisted with an angle  0 in a range of 200° to 240° from one (104) of the pair of substrates to the other (107) of the pair of substrates, having a product Δn·d of a refractive index anisotropy Δn and a layer thickness d falling within a range of 700 nm to 900 nm; a pair of polarizing plates (110,111) located outside the pair of substrates (104, 107) so as to sandwich the pair of substrates therebetween, wherein a light transmitting axis (110a) at one plate (110) is inclined by an angle of about 140° to a first direction (103a) of aligning treatment performed on the aligning film (103) formed on the light incident side substrate (104) of the pair of substrates; and first, second and third retardation plates (112,113,114) located between the pair of polarizing plates (110,111), the first and second retardation plates having a product Δn·d of a refractive index anisotropy Δn and a layer thickness d falling within a range of 300 nm to 400 nm; characterized in that the light transmitting axes (110a,111a) of the polarizing plates (110,111) intersect with an angle of about 85°, the phase delay axis (112a) of the first retardation plate (112) is inclined to the first direction (103a) by an angle of about 40°, and the phase delay axis (113a) of the second retardation plate (113) is inclined to the first direction (103a) by an angle of about 5°, and the phase delay axis (114a) of the third retardation plate (114) is inclined to the first direction (103a) by an angle of about 50°, 55°, 140° or 145°, and/or substantially parallel or perpendicular to the light transmitting axis (110a, 111a) of the adjacent polarizing plate (110,111), wherein all angle measurements are measured in an anti-clockwise direction as viewed from a light exit side of the liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4, characterized in that the first and second retardation plates (112,113) are located between the pair of substrates (104,107) and the one of the polarizing plates (110,111) on the light exit side of the liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal display device according to claim 4 or claim 5, characterized in that the third retardation plates (114) is located between the second retardation plate (113) and the one of the polarizing plates (110,111) on the light exit side of the liquid crystal display device.

Inventors: MIYASHITA TAKASHI, MIYAZAWA YOSHINAGA, MIYASHITA, TAKASHI, MIYAZAWA, YOSHINAGA, MIYASHITA, TAKASHI, PAT. DEP. DEV. DIV., HAMURA, MIYAZAWA, YOSHINAGA, PAT. DEP. DEV. DIV., HAMURA
Applicants: CASIO COMPUTER CO LTD, CASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: G02F1
IPC codes: G02F1