Method of modifying corrugated or ribbed pipe to have a smooth outer wall

Abstract: Annularly or helically ribbed or corrugated semi-rigid thermoplastic pipe (58) is modified to have a smooth outer wall. The ribbed or corrugated pipe is passed through a heated sleeve (70) to squash and smooth the outer profile of corrugated pipe or bend over ribs of ribbed pipe and mold a smooth outer skin of the pipe. Apparatus for forming the modified pipe includes a travelling mold tunnel (12) for the production of ribbed or corrugated pipe and a smoothing sleeve downstream thereof. The smoothing sleeve has a heater to heat it sufficiently to mold the smoother outer skin.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of modifying the profile of a rigid or semi-rigid pipe formed of thermoplastic material as well as an apparatus for the manufacture of such a pipe and the construction of such a pipe. Description of the Prior Art Rigid or semi-rigid plastic pipes have a variety of uses not least among which are uses as electrical conduit and drainage pipe which are frequently buried and may therefore be under considerable crushing pressures. When a plastic pipe was first utilized for such above identified uses, it tended to have a single, rather thick, smooth wall to withstand pressure. A pipe having annular or helical corrugations in its wall was found to have advantages in withstanding pressure and the manufacture of such a pipe was described and claimed in U.S. Patent No. 3,981,663 issued to Manfred Lupke on September 21, 1976. This patent is merely exemplary of a large number of patents relating to corrugated single-walled plastic tube and its production. For various reasons including greater strength and, for smooth unfouled flow in drainage pipe, it became conventional to utilize double-walled corrugated pipe in which the outer wall was corrugated and the inner wall was smooth. Such a pipe and a method and apparatus for its production are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,226,580 issued to Gerd Lupke on October 7, 1980. Again this patent is merely exemplary of the prior art. More recently, the use of a ribbed pipe has become popular for similar uses. A ribbed pipe comprises a single wall having annular or helical ribs upstanding therefrom. Such a pipe may be made with considerable strength and for some purposes it may have advantages over double-walled, corrugated pipe. The disclosure of U.S. Patent No. 4,712,993 issued December 15, 1987 to Manfred Lupke is exemplary of a ribbed pipe and one method of its manufacture. The outer profile of both a ribbed and a corrugated pipe is ridged and, for some pipes, may cause appreciable inconvenience. For example, a ribbed or corrugated pipe of large diameter having prominent ribs or corrugations may be difficult to drag over the ground due to the great frictional affect of the ribs or corrugations. It is known to the applicant to form a corrugated pipe in a mold such as to initially mold corrugations with a somewhat flattened crest. Such flat topped corrugations may slightly mitigate any problems arising in stacking or moving tube. Nevertheless, the corrugations are still present and still may inhibit easy movement and stacking, and, indeed, the flat topped corrugations may even slightly reduce some of the advantages of corrugated pipe. Moreover, dirt and other detritus may accumulate in the troughs. Thus, there appears to be problems of, firstly the provision of strength and, secondly, the easy manoeuverability of a large diameter pipe. Either problem alone may be mitigated by existing technology but, together, the solutions to one problem seem irreconcilable with solutions to the other problem. Generally, the problems are greater for a ribbed pipe which was developed, inter alia , for the strength imparted by steep, deep annular or helical ribs. Any mobility difficulties are correspondingly greater. Moreover a ribbed pipe does not have a second skin separated from the first skin by air gaps. Such skins as are present in a corrugated pipe may have advantages in insulation and may also provide additional surety against puncture leading to pipe leakage where this is desirable. Such advantages of insulation and insurance against puncture have, hitherto, not been possible for a ribbed pipe. The present inventor has addressed these problems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention there is provided a method for modifying a profiled pipe to form a double-walled thermoplastic pipe having an at least substantially continuous and smooth outer surface and a substantially smooth inner surface characterised in that a heated softened profiled pipe having a smooth inner surface and a profiled outer surface having a projecting profile of diameter greater than a desired outer diameter of a pipe to be formed is passed past means for deforming the profile to correspond to the desired outer diameter of a modified pipe to be formed, the profiled pipe being heated sufficiently for molding the profile to form the at least substantially continuous and smooth pipe outer surface corresponding to the desired outer diameter of pipe. The means for deforming the profile may be a sleeve having an inner diameter corresponding to the desired outer diameter of pipe to be formed. Alternatively the means for deforming the profile may be at least one roller rolling over a track to deform the projecting profile to the desired outer diameter of pipe to be formed. When the pipe having a profiled outer surface is preformed it may be heated in a heating chamber at least partially upstream of the means for deforming the profile. The modified pipe may be cooled in a cooling chamber at least partially downstream of said means. The profiled pipe may be a ribbed pipe or a double-walled corrugated pipe. When the pipe is ribbed it may be an annularly or helically ribbed pipe. Each rib may have a root portion which is thicker than a tip portion. The root portion may be off-set from the tip portion in the downstream direction. Each rib tip portion may be bent over to meld with an adjacent upstream roof portion to form an uninterrupted outer skin. When the profiled pipe is a double-walled corrugated pipe the crests of the profiles may be wide inverted V-shape and the width of the troughs less than the width of the profiles. The crests of the corrugations which project beyond the diameter of the sleeve or the diameter defined by the rollers, and hence beyond the diameter of required pipe, may have a volume which corresponds to the volume to be filled between the crests to form a continuous smooth outer surface. The invention also includes an apparatus for forming a double-walled pipe having a substantially smooth inner wall and an at least substantially continuous smooth outer wall with ribs extending therebetween comprising an extrusion die having an elongate extrusion nozzle coaxial about an elongate mandrel, a travelling mold tunnel having a mold face aligned with the extrusion nozzle and arranged to receive a parison of thermoplastic material from the nozzle on the mold face, to mold an outer face of an intermediate single-walled pipe formed therein, the configuration of the mold face having annular grooves, the grooves having a thickness and depth to mold an upstanding rib of the said single-walled pipe, the rib comprising a rib root portion having a diameter generally corresponding to the outer diameter of the required double-walled pipe, and a tip portion of a thickness to form the outer wall of the required double-walled pipe and a depth corresponding at least to the distance between adjacent ones of said grooves, a forming plug within the mold tunnel to mold said single-walled pipe between the plug and the mold face, characterised in that means for deforming the ribs downstream of the travelling mold tunnel are provided to mold the at least substantially continuous smooth outer wall of required double-walled pipe, said means forming the pipe to the diameter of the required double-walled pipe. Each annular groove may have a rib forming root portion which is thicker than its outer wall forming tip rib portion. The depth of each rib forming root portion and the depth of each outer wall forming tip portion may be generally similar. The outer wall tip rib portion may be located on the upstream end of the rib forming root portion. The means for deforming the ribs may be a sleeve located coaxial with the mold tunnel. Alternatively the means may comprise at least one roller. The apparatus may include cooling means at least partially downstream of the means for deforming the ribs. The invention furthermore includes an apparatus for forming a double-walled pipe having a substantially smooth inner surface and an at least substantially continuous smooth outer surface comprising an extrusion die having first and second elongate extrusion nozzles co-axial about an elongate mandrel and the first nozzle being coaxial about the second nozzle which extends downstream out of the first nozzle, a travelling mold tunnel having a mold face aligned with the extrusion nozzle, the tunnel being arranged to receive a first parison of thermoplastic material from the first nozzle on the mold face to mold an outer wall of intermediate double-walled corrugated pipe the mold face being configured for molding corrugated pipe having troughs and projecting profiles, the tunnel also being arranged to receive within the outer wall of the intermediate pipe a second parison from the second nozzle to mold an inner wall of the intermediate pipe, the mold tunnel including means to bias the first parison against the mold face and a sizing plug to mold an inner surface of the inner wall, characterised in that means for deforming the projecting profiles of the corrugated pipe are provided to mold the at least substantially continuous smooth outer surface of required double-walled pipe, said means forming the pipe to the diameter of the required double-walled pipe. The travelling mold tunnel may have a mold face to form a profile having a crest of inverted wide V-shape and a trough having a width less than that of the profiles. The means for deforming the projecting profiles may again be a sleeve located coaxial with the mold tunnel. Alternatively the means for deforming the projecting profiles may comprise at least one roller. The preformed pipe may be softened in a heating chamber. On the other hand the pipe issuing from the mold tunnel may be sufficiently soft for deformation without the need for a heating chamber. The invention also includes a pipe formed of thermoplastic material having a smooth inner wall and an at least substantially continuous smooth outer wall the inner and outer walls being spaced one from the other by spacing structures, which are in one piece at least with the outer wall. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a sketch of an apparatus according to the invention for forming a double-walled ribbed pipe; Figure 2 is a detail of an enlarged mold block of the apparatus of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a sketch of a longitudinal section of a pipe according to the invention; Figure 4 is a sketch of a longitudinal section of an intermediate single-walled pipe formed in the mold tunnel before treatment to form the outer wall; Figures 5, 6 and 7 are diagrammatic sketches showing the steps of forming the double-walled pipe from the single-walled pipe of Figure 3; Figure 8 shows a detail of the inner and outer walls and ribs of the formed double-walled pipe; Figure 9 is a sketch of an apparatus according to the invention for forming a double-walled corrugated pipe; Figure 10 shows a detail of a mold block of the apparatus of Figure 9; Figure 11 is a sketch showing the line of deformation of corrugations to form a smooth walled corrugated pipe; Figure 12 is a sketch of a pipe formed in the apparatus of Figure 9; and Figure 13 is a sketch showing another means of distorting the projecting profiles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An apparatus for forming a ribbed pipe 58 shown in Figure 1 for delivering an extrudate, e.g. polyvinyl chloride, from an extrusion die 22 to a travelling mold 12, comprises an elongated extrusion nozzle 14 located coaxially about an elongate mandrel 16 and a carrier member 18 to define an annular channel 20 for the extrudate. The travelling mold, although illustrated as a two track mold, may be of any convenient type. The mandrel 16 is clamped to extrusion die 22 so that the extrudate from extrusion passage of the extrusion die 22 may flow into the annular channel 20. The extrusion passage of circular cross section may join the annular channel 20 through a straight-through channel in the outer surface of the mandrel 16, which outer surface, in that region, substantially fits a bore of the extrusion die 22. Although a straight-through channel is often practical for many purposes, the present invention is not intended to exclude the use of side-feed extrusion dies. Mandrel 16 may form a shaped sleeve around an elongated tubular carrier member 18 which projects out of the mandrel 16 at each end or mandrel 16 may itself extend forwardly as carrier member 18. Forwardly of mandrel 16, in the region of entry to travelling mold 12, tubular member 18 extends though an axial bore of a conically shaped exit mandrel 34. Exit mandrel 34 is provided to direct the extrudate outwardly against the travelling tunnel and may be located in position by stops 36 of tubular member 18 to its rear, and by a lock nut screw threadedly engaging the forward end of tubular member 18 which projects into travelling mold tunnel 12. A sizing plug 32 for sizing and smoothing the inside surface of formed tube is suitably provided between the nut and exit mandrel 34. Immediately downstream of the extrusion die 22, elongated extrusion nozzle 14 is connected to extrusion die 22 to register with an exit port of the extrusion die 22. A circumferential flange 38 at the upstream end of nozzle 14 abuts the extrusion die 22 and is held in place by an annulus which is bolted to the extrusion die 22 by bolts. The nozzle 14 may be centered with respect to mandrel 16 by a centering bolt. A funnel shaped member 40 is carried by a downstream screw-threaded portion of nozzle 14 to be coaxial with exit mandrel 34 and forming with exit mandrel 34 a diverging exit channel for the extrudate. The divergent exit channel is generally cone-shaped. The exemplary travelling mold may be made up of two conveyors of cooperating mold blocks 48 which, on cooperating runs of the conveyors, come together to form a mold tunnel. Each mold block is provided with spaced grooves 50 and ridges to form, in the tunnel, annular or helical grooves 50 and ridges 54. Each groove 50 molds a rib 60 of the resulting intermediate pipe 58 and each ridge molds a pipe wall portion between the ribs (or turns of the helix, as the case may be). A one track travelling mold having hinged mold blocks is also possible. As shown, ribs 60 and corresponding grooves 50 each comprise a root portion 62, 52 and a tip portion 64, 54. The rib root portion 62 (and groove root portion 52) are of such a height as to define the distance between the two skins of the required double-walled pipe. The height of tip rib portion 64 (and groove tip portion 54) corresponds to the distance between ribs 60, i.e. to the width of the ridge between grooves 50. The tip rib portion 64 may be larger than the distance between the ribs 50 but not shorter. Downstream of travelling mold tunnel 12, a sleeve 70 is arranged coaxially with it to receive a pipe formed in the mold tunnel. Sleeve 70 has a diameter such as to allow passage of the root rib portions 62 thereinto while bending over the tip rib portions 64 to form an outer wall of the pipe to be formed. Suitably, sleeve 70 has a chamfered entrance 73 to allow easy entry of pipe 58. Alternatively, a flared entrance to the sleeve may be provided. Sleeve 70 may itself be heated if desired to a temperature sufficient to soften and meld the bent-over tip rib portions 64. Heater 72 is shown diagrammatically but may be of any suitable type. In operation, a parison of thermoplastic material is extruded from the extrusion die 22 through the extrusion nozzle 14 and diverging exit channel into the space between plug 32 and the grooves 50 and ridges of the mold tunnel 12 to mold an intermediate single-walled ribbed tube 58 as, for example, shown in Figure 4. The rib root portions 62 are thicker than the rib tip portions 64 which are located towards the upstream side of the root portions 62. The intermediate single-walled pipe 58 or preset preformed pipe passes into sleeve 70 as shown for example in Figures 5, 6 and 7. If the pipe is preformed and preset corrugated ribbed tube it is necessary to soften it sufficiently for deformation. A heating chamber 72 is provided for this purpose. It may be convenient to provide such a heating chamber 72 even when pipe is directly received from a travelling mold tunnel. As the pipe enters sleeve 70, the annular tip rib portions bend over through the position shown in Figure 6 into the position shown in Figure 7 within the sleeve. Once within the sleeve 70 the tip rib portions may initially form a somewhat crumpled or fluted outer pipe wall attached only through the integral connection between each root rib portion 62 and the specific tip rib portion 62 associated with it. A heater may be provided to supply heat to sleeve 70 sufficient to maintain suitable softness of the tip rib portions 64 to mold the crumpled wall into a firm skin and to weld or adhere the tip of each tip rib portion 64 to the adjacent root rib portion immediately upstream from it. The length of sleeve 70 may be such that pipe emerging from the downstream end of sleeve 70 is sufficiently set as to maintain its shape. However, it is convenient if a cooling chamber 75 is provided. While the height of each tip rib portion 64 needs only be sufficient to span the distance between rib root portions 62, it may be convenient that the height is a little greater than the minimum required. When the height of tip rib portions 64 is greater than required, each tip portion rib tip will initially overlay the adjacent root rib portion as shown at 82 in Figure 6. As the intermediate tube fully enters the sleeve 70 this overlay will be smoothed by the inner surface of sleeve 70 possibly resulting in a slight bulge 84 of material between the inner wall 86 and the outer wall 88 of the finally formed tube 90 of which a section is shown in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows an apparatus for forming a double-walled corrugated pipe which may, for example, be formed from polypropylene or polyethylene. The extrudate for molding an outer wall 127 of intermediate double-walled corrugated pipe 158 is extruded from extrusion die to a travelling mold 112 through a first outer elongate extrusion nozzle 114 located coaxially about a second inner extrusion nozzle 126 extending coaxially therethrough to define a first annular channel 120. The second inner nozzle 126 is coaxial about a carrier member 118 to define a second annular channel 128 for the extrudate. The extrudate issuing from first annular channel 120 through an exit passage between exit mandrel 134 carried on inner nozzle 126 and funnel shaped member 140 may be biased towards the travelling mold tunnel by gas pressure or by vacuum forming in any suitable manner to form an outer wall 127 of intermediate corrugated pipe 158. Second inner nozzle 126 extends forwardly out of nozzle 114 and is provided with an exit passage between exit mandrel 135 and funnel member 141. The extrudate issues from inner nozzle 126 to form a smooth inner wall 125 of intermediate pipe 158. The inner surface of the smooth inner wall is formed over sizing plug 132. As formed intermediate pipe 158 issues from travelling mold 112, it is passed through sleeve 170 which may itself be heated in a similar manner as described for intermediate ribbed pipes 58 in sleeve 70. A cooling chamber 175 may be provided. The intermediate pipe 158 issuing from the travelling mold may be still warm, and this affect is enhanced by the entrapment of warm air in the corrugations. Thus it is possible that the corrugations are still soft enough for deformation of the type indicated by the broken line in Figure 11. The material from which the intermediate pipe 158 is formed, e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene, etc., may also be of influence in providing corrugations soft enough for subsequent deformation. If a preset corrugated tube is to have its section modified to form double skinned pipe having smooth inner and outer care must be taken that the pipe is heated sufficiently that the corrugations are deformable over their depth. The effect of sleeve 170 on corrugated pipe 158 is somewhat different from the affect of sleeve 70 on ribbed pipe 58. When corrugated pipe 158 passes into sleeve 170, the upstanding corrugations 160 are squashed or deformed rather than being bent over like ribs 60. The volume within corrugation 160 remains constant but the crest 161 of the corrugation is flattened or smoothed by sleeve 170 causing deformation lower in the corrugation so that its sides bulge into the adjacent troughs 163 to fill them at their upper openings. The line of deformation is marked by a broken line in Figure 11. It is, of course, important, if a continuous outer smooth surface is required, that the width and volume of the troughs 163 is such that squashing deformation of the crests 161 and sides 162 of the profiles 160 is sufficient to bridge the respective trough 163 at the required diameter of the final tube. Thus, it may be seen at least from Figure 11 that the volume of corrugation 160 and the height of crest 161 must be such that, when pipe 158 is passed through sleeve 170 the bulges formed in sides 162 are sufficient to meet across troughs 163. This is a matter of choice according to the particular profile of corrugation and the diameter of sleeve 170 and the resulting tube. Sinusoidal corrugations may be suitable or a variety of shapes of corrugation may also be useful. One exemplary shape of corrugation is as illustrated in Figure 11, i.e. a corrugation having a roof shaped (inverted wide V) crest 161 and a trough 163 which is narrow with respect to the width of the corrugation 160. The sloped side 161' of crest 161 slides into chamfered entrance 171 of sleeve 170 with minimum resistance to squash corrugation 160 to take the shape of Figure 12 or the broken line of Figure 11, to form required tube 190. Figure 13 shows another means of distorting the profile of an intermediate pipe. A roller or rollers, preferably three, 74 may be provided to roll the projecting profiles to distort and flatten them to the desired diameter. The embodiment is illustrated very schematically in use with an helically ribbed intermediate pipe for which it is suitable. However, it is to be noted that a roller may be utilized with annularly ribbed pipe or annularly or helically ribbed corrugated pipe. The rollers 74 roll to form the tube to a diameter 76 (indicated by a broken line) for the final tube. A mechanism for setting the track of the roller may be devised by a variety of means. In addition to the structure described in the above embodiments, the pipe may be jacketed by an outer sleeve which may be applied by a crosshead die.

Claims: A method for modifying a profiled pipe (58; 158) to form a double-walled thermoplastic pipe (90; 190) having an at least substantially continuous smooth outer surface and a substantially smooth inner surface characterised in that a heated softened profiled pipe (58; 158) having a smooth inner surface and a profiled outer surface having a projecting profile of diameter greater than a desired outer diameter of a pipe to be formed is passed past means for deforming the profile to correspond to the desired outer diameter of a modified pipe (90; 190) to be formed, the profiled pipe (58; 158) being heated sufficiently for molding the profile to form the at least substantially continuous smooth pipe outer surface corresponding to the desired outer diameter of pipe. A method as claimed in Claim 1, in which said means is a sleeve (70; 170) having an inner diameter corresponding to the desired outer diameter of pipe (90; 190) to be formed. A method as claimed in Claim 1, in which said means is at least one roller (74) rolling over a track to deform the projecting profile to the desired outer diameter of pipe (90; 190) to be formed. A method claimed in Claim 1, in which the profiled pipe (58; 158) is heated in a heating chamber (72) at least partially upstream of said means. A method as claimed in Claim 1, in which the modified pipe is cooled in a cooling chamber (175) at least partially downstream of said means. A method as claimed in Claim 1, in which the profiled pipe (58) is ribbed pipe. A method as claimed in Claim 6, in which the ribbed pipe is annularly ribbed pipe. A method as claimed in Claim 6, in which the ribbed pipe is helically ribbed pipe. A method as claimed in Claim 1, in which the profiled pipe (158) is double-walled corrugated pipe. A method as claimed in Claim 6, in which each rib (60) has a root portion (62) which is thicker than a tip portion (64). A method as claimed in Claim 10, in which the root portion (62) is off-set from the tip portion (64) in the downstream direction. A method as claimed in Claim 6, in which each rib tip portion is bent over to meld with an adjacent upstream roof portion to form an uninterrupted outer skin. A method as claimed in Claim 9, in which crests (161) of the profiles are wide inverted V-shape and the width of the troughs (163) is less than the width of the profiles. Apparatus for forming a double-walled ribbed pipe (90) having a substantially smooth inner wall (86) and an at least substantially continuous smooth outer wall (88) with ribs (62) extending therebetween comprising: an extrusion die (22) having an elongate extrusion nozzle (14) coaxial about an elongate mandrel (16); a travelling mold tunnel (12) having a mold face aligned with the extrusion nozzle (14) and arranged to receive a parison of thermoplastic material from the nozzle (14) on the mold face, to mold an outer face of an intermediate single-walled pipe (58) formed therein, the configuration of the mold face having annular grooves (50), the grooves (50) having a thickness and depth to mold an upstanding rib (60) of the said single-walled pipe (58), the rib (60) comprising a rib root portion (62) having a diameter generally corresponding to the outer diameter of the required double-walled pipe (90), and a tip portion (64) of a thickness to form the outer wall (88) of the required double-walled pipe (90) and a depth corresponding at least to the distance between adjacent ones of said grooves (50); a forming plug (32) within the mold tunnel (12) to mold said single-walled pipe (58) between the plug (90) and the mold face; characterised in that means for deforming the ribs (60) downstream of the travelling mold tunnel (12) are provided to mold the at least substantially continuous smooth outer wall (88) of required double-walled pipe (90), said means forming the pipe (58) to the diameter of the required double-walled pipe (90). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 14, in which each annular groove (50) has a rib forming root portion (52) which is thicker than its outer wall forming tip rib portion (54). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 14, in which the depth of each rib forming root portion (52) and the depth of each outer wall forming tip portion (54) are generally similar. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 14, in which the outer wall tip rib portion (54) is located on the upstream end of the rib forming root portion (52). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 14, in which said means is a sleeve (70) located coaxial with the mold tunnel (12). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 14, in which said means comprise at least one roller (74). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 14, including cooling means at least partially downstream of the means for deforming the ribs. Apparatus for forming a double-walled pipe (190) having a substantially smooth inner surface and an at least substantially continuous smooth outer surface comprising: an extrusion die having first and second elongate extrusion nozzles (114, 126) co-axial about an elongate mandrel (118) and the first nozzle (114) being coaxial about the second nozzle (126) which extends downstream out of the first nozzle (114); a travelling mold tunnel (112) having a mold face aligned with the extrusion nozzle (114), the tunnel (112) being arranged to receive a first parison of thermoplastic material from the first nozzle (114) on the mold face to mold an outer wall (127) of intermediate double-walled corrugated pipe (158) the mold face being configured for molding corrugated pipe having troughs (163) and projecting profiles, the tunnel (112) also being arranged to receive within the outer wall (127) of the intermediate pipe (158) a second parison from the second nozzle (126) to mold an inner wall (125) of the intermediate pipe (158), the mold tunnel (112) including means to bias the first parison against the mold face and a sizing plug (132) to mold an inner surface of the inner wall (125); characterised in that means for deforming the projecting profiles of the corrugated pipe (158) are provided to mold the at least substantially continuous smooth outer surface of required double-walled pipe (190), said means forming the pipe to the diameter of the required double-walled pipe. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 21, in which the travelling mold tunnel (112) has a mold face to form a profile having a crest (161) of inverted wide V-shape and a trough (163) having a width less than that of the profiles. Apparatus as claimed in Claim 21, in which said means is a sleeve (170) located coaxial with the mold tunnel (112). Apparatus as claimed in Claim 21, in which said means comprise at least one roller (74). Pipe formed of thermoplastic material having a smooth inner wall and an at least substantially continuous smooth outer wall the inner and outer walls being spaced one from the other by spacing structures, which are in one piece at least with the outer wall.

Inventors: LUPKE MANFRED ARNO ALFRED, LUPKE, MANFRED ARNO ALFRED
Applicants: LUPKE MANFRED ARNO ALFRED, LUPKE, MANFRED ARNO ALFRED
Application year: 1992
Main classification: B29C47
IPC codes: F28F1, B29C43, B29C59, B29C47, B29C53, B29D23