Delayed, exothermic, alkaline sterilization method for treating wastewater sludges

Abstract: A method and product for sterilizing and drying waste products such as plant sludge, animal excrement and process wastes wherein the waste material is first settled or dewatered to a moisture content between 4% to 60% and then blended in blender (1) and reacted in reaction chamber (3) with alkaline earth metal oxides in the presence of an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, and in the absence of the oxygen. After the sludge is blended with the alkaline earth oxides, the carbon dioxide is removed so that air or oxygen will contact the blended constituents. A violent exothermic reaction takes place between the water in the constituents and the alkaline earth oxides, causing a rapid rise in temperature of the constituents and thus sterilizing the constituents to produce a safe and usable end product.

Description: The present invention relates to an improved method for combining waste materials to produce valuable products for agricultural, horticultural, sylvicultural or public use. Specifically, the present invention relates to reacting alkaline materials, such as calcium oxide, cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust or similar alkaline materials and combinations thereof with wastewater sludge or animal excrement as well as carbon dioxide gas or carbon dioxide solids in a reactor so as to provide a well-blended mixture that reacts exothermically after discharge from the reactor, providing temperatures exceeding the boiling point of water, instantly drying said mixture through rapid evaporation of liquids, dramatically changing the appearance of the product so that the products meet or exceed regulatory requirements for beneficial use of waste materials, while improving environmental quality and protecting human health. Those skilled in sludge management practices are aware that methods for alkaline stabilization or decontamination of waste sludge are presently in use. In his book titled Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludges , Ann Arbor Science Inc., publishers, 1979 Edition, P. Aarne Veseilind reviews the practice of mixing lime and sludge in a common concrete mixer to yield a product which is marketable as a soil conditioner. The sludge is dried and disinfected as a result of an exothermic reaction which approaches (but does not exceed) 100° C. The Kamei U.S. Patent No. 4,226,712 discloses a method of treating water containing wastes by first mixing the waste with an alkaline earth metal oxide such as calcium oxide as a preliminary drying step at a temperature from 80° C to 90° C. This is followed by a second step of removing additional water by drying means at temperatures from 800° C to 1,450° C. The Roediger U.S. Patent No. 4270279 teaches a method for alkaline stabilization of dewatered sludge cake which results in the formation of sterilized pellets. There is the dusting of these pellets with Quicklime (calcium oxide) and achieving temperatures "of the bulk matters to about 70°C to 80°C." The quicklime reacts exothermically with the surfaces of said ball-like particles, resulting in a product which can be used as an agricultural product. The RDP Company, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, advertises a so-called "Envessel Pasteurization" (Traded Mark) process. The process description is that of a screw conveyor or pug mill type mixer that enables reacting dewatered sludge cake and quicklime exothermically, discharging into a jacketed holding hopper, with "supplemental heat added to the vessel to insure the mixture maintains a temperature of 158°F / 70°C for a period of 30 minutes". The Nicholson U.S. Patent No. 4554002 discloses a method for beneficiating waste water treatment sludge, by mixing kiln dust containing a percentage of calcium oxide to form a solidified, disintegratable, friable product. The Nicholson U.S. Patents Nos. 4781842 and 4902431 disclose a method to decontaminate wastewater sludge to a level that meets or exceeds U.S. Environmental Protection Agency process standards to further reduce pathogens. The method mixes sludge with alkaline materials sufficient to raise the pH of the mixture to 12 and above for at least one day, and then the mixture is dried to produce a granular material. So-called "decontamination" is the process of exothermically reacting alkaline materials with sludge to raise the temperature to about 50°C, but not to temperatures sufficient to cause sterilization, thereby reducing and/or eliminating pathogenic microorganisms, but maintaining beneficial non-pathogenic microorganisms, and coupling this step with drying, such as windrowing, to produce a PRFP ("Process to Further Reduce Pathogens") product. The Wurtz U.S. Patent No. 4,306,978 relates to a method for lime stabilization of wastewater treatment plant sludge. The method includes the steps of dewatering sludge and rapidly and intimately mixing and reacting sludge cake with quicklime (calcium oxide) so as to produce stabilized sludge pellets. U.S. Patent No. 4,997,572 discloses a method which exothermically reacts alkaline materials with waste material, beneficiates said materials, and forms pellets having a skin of calcium carbonate. The carbonates are formed as the last step of the process by reaction of calcium hydroxide, contained in the pellet, with carbon dioxide gas or carbon dioxide solids (dry ice). The aforesaid patented methods of the applicant are advantageously and efficiently accomplished in a blender-dryer-reactor as described in the Wurtz U.S. Patent No. 3,941,357. The method of U.S. Patent No. 4,306,978 and the applicant's patented apparatus have been widely accepted by the pollution control industry with many successful installations in the United States. When compared to the preferred embodiment of the instant invention, none of the prior art methods teach the process of obtaining temperatures in excess of 100°C, such as temperatures up to or exceeding 117°C, such as temperatures reaching 203°C, which result from the exothermic reactions. Neither do any of the methods delay or retard the exothermic reaction so that the chemical reactions can take place with high efficiency after a highly accurate blending of the components of the mixtures is assured. Another prior art disadvantage is the relatively long drying periods that are required. This compares to the subsequent relatively instant drying as the exothermic reaction takes place at high temperatures exceeding 100°C and up to 203°C for the new method of the present invention. Most of the products provided by the prior art methods presently in use have moisture content ranging from 10% to 35%. The products having the least amount of moisture require drying periods of at least 30 days. This is another disadvantage of the prior art methods, whereas the new process can selectively provide a moisture content in the product, ranging from 50% to less than 10%, by varying the ratios of components of the mixture and reaction. Additionally, the new product is so well blended, reacted and dried that the uniform drying of the new inventive product enables its packaging and shipping over long distances without degradation. The color of products produced by presently existing methods ranges from black to light grey, whereas the new product has an off-white appearance. This off-white appearance is more acceptable to the public since it does not resemble a product made from waste sludge. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a novel, improved method for reacting alkaline materials, carbon dioxide and waste materials, such as wastewater sludge, animal excrement or process wastes in a conventional blender-reactor, preferably a plow blender type so as to provide a delayed exothermic reaction after discharge from the blender-reactor, the reaction resulting in the beneficial use of waste materials while improving environmental quality and protecting human health. It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of treating sludge wherein temperatures exceeding the boiling point of water are obtained with subsequent relatively instant drying through rapid evaporation of liquids from waste materials while dramatically altering the appearance of the waste products. It is also an object of the present invention to provide sterile products by thermal destruction of microorganisms, high dry solids content of the product, or a combination of thermal destruction and high dry solids content which is not life supporting. Accordingly, the invention provides for the reduction in pathogens that is equivalent to and exceeds the reduction of other approved United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards for the Process to Further Reduce Pathogens, (PFRP), as per USEPA Appendix II for Code of Federal Regulations, Number 40, Part 357 (40 C.F.R. 357), which standards state, in part, as follows: Heat drying: Dewatered sludge cake is dried by direct or indirect contact with hot gases, and moisture content is reduced to 10% or lower. Sludge particles reach temperatures well in excess of 80°C. In a 1985 memorandum regarding 40 C.R.F. 257 regulations, the USEPA outlined another qualifying PFRP process, namely, the reduction of pathogenic bacteria, animal viruses, and parasites below detectable limits of one plaque forming unit (PFU) per 100 ml of sludge for animal viruses, three colony forming units (CFU) per 100 ml of sludge for pathogenic bacteria, and one viable egg per 100 ml of sludge for parasites. Additionally, vectors such as flies or rats should not be attracted to the product. Since the Nicholson U.S. Patents Nos. 4781842 and 4902431 meet the aforementioned standard by providing temperatures of 50°C and dryness of 65%, the new inventive process exceeds the temperatures of 50°C with temperatures exceeding 100°C and ranging up to 203°C with a dryness exceeding 90%. The method of the invention provides for the delayed exothermic sterilization, beneficiating and subsequent instant drying of wastewater sludge, animal excrement, or process waste using an efficient blender-reactor, which method has the steps of: settling and/or dewatering the waste material to provide a sludge containing 4 to 60% by weight of dry solids; efficiently blending and reacting the sludge with alkaline earth metal oxides such as calcium oxide (quicklime), beneficiating material, such as kiln dusts, and carbon dioxide so as to retard exothermic reactions and maintain temperature at or near room temperature; discharging the accurately blended materials from the blender-reactor, prior to the exothermic reaction, into a holding hopper wherein the exothermic reaction initiates, said holding hopper optionally being maintained at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum; rapidly evaporating liquids from the entire mass of the mixed materials as the temperature resulting from the exothermic reaction rapidly rises and exceeds the boiling point of said liquids entrained in the mass of mixed materials, said temperature capable of exceeding 100° C, and ranging from 117° C up to 203° C either at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum; causing a violent agitation of the blend of material as vapor escapes from every particle of the accurately blended mass of material and as the temperature of each particle reaches the boiling point of the liquid between, on or within each particle; sterilizing the product by the relatively high temperature exothermic reaction, by the high dry solids content of the resulting product, or by a combination of heat and dryness so as to meet or exceed USEPA standards for PFRP, Process to Further Reduce Pathogens; reducing or eliminating the odor of the product so that the odor is innoxious to a panel of individuals selected at random, while also reducing vector attraction; changing the appearance of the sludge mixture from a wet, dark grey mass to an off-white, free-flowing powder, which powder can find beneficial use as a powder; beneficiated with additional nutrients; granulated or pelletized for ease of material handling or land applying; and acceptable to industry and the general public for use in agriculture, horticulture, sylviculture or public use; and providing a product of sufficient uniform dryness, without pockets of moist material, to enable its packaging and shipping long distances, such as to third world countries to provide soil conditioners and fertilizer supplements to arid or non-productive land. The means for settling and/or dewatering the sludges can be any conventional settling and/or dewatering equipment. The means for blending and reacting calcium oxide, kiln dust and carbon dioxide with sludge includes an efficient blender reactor with gasketed cover. The blender-reactor could be single or dual shaft paddle blenders, pug mills, plow blenders, ribbon blenders or pin mills. However, due to its proven blending accuracy for viscous materials, the preferred embodiment is a dual shaft plow blender-reactor as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,941,357, which apparatus is also described in U.S. Patent No. 4,306,978 and approved for U.S. Patent No. 4,997,572, for waste sludge treatment. The holding hopper is a conventional hopper with inlet and outlet connections, suited for vacuum service, with sufficient volume to permit expansion of the product as the product agitates and reduces bulk density by 30% to 80% of the density of the initial blend of materials. A dry air purge is also provided to purge the holding hopper of any excess carbon dioxide, water vapor and volatile odor producing substances. For vacuum service, pressure locks are provided to maintain vacuum conditions. Pressure locks can be conventional positive displacement sludge pump on the inlet side and conventional rotary locks for free flowing dry materials on the outlet. The alkaline earth oxides blended with the waste sludge can be commercially available quicklime (calcium oxide), cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust or admixtures of these alkaline materials. Cement kiln dust is a waste by-product of the cement processing industry. It is known to be a substitute for calcium oxide or hydrated lime in process of sewage sludge. Cement kiln dust composition includes SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, MgO, SO 3 , Na 2 O, K 2 O, and free CaO with the highest percentage of the components being CaO and SiO 2 . The potassium, magnesium, calcium and trace nutrients, when blended with waste material such as municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge, provide additional nutrients combined with the nitrogen and phosphorus in sludge to thereby find beneficial use as the aforesaid soil conditioners and fertilizer supplements. Lime kiln dust is a by-product of the processing of lime product and has the same characteristics as quicklime. The carbon dioxide of the method is commercially available and supplied in pressurized cylinders or tanks. It can be dispensed either as a gas, or alternately, with the use of a special attachment, as carbon dioxide granules or flakes, commonly known as "dry ice." Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawing which discloses embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood, however, that the drawing is designed for the purpose of illustration only and not as a definition of the limits of the invention. In the drawing, wherein similar reference characters denote similar elements: FIG. 1 is a flow diagram for the production of sterilized, beneficiate product resulting from the delayed exothermic reaction of waste sludge, alkaline earth oxides, and carbon dioxide. Turning now in detail to the drawing, FIG. 1 shows settled sludge or dewatered sludge, an alkaline earth metal oxide such as calcium oxide, and carbon dioxide delivered continuously into a blender 1 to effect an efficient, accurate blending of the charged materials. While the process could be carried out in a batch mode, blender 1 is preferably operated in a continuous mode. The settled sludge or dewatered sludge generally contains 4% to 60% dry solids. The alkaline earth oxides must contain sufficient free oxides to react exothermically with the free water of the sludge. For example, quicklime is known to have a high calcium oxide content, up to 98%. Lime kiln dust, a by-product of lime processing, also has the same characteristics as quicklime with high calcium oxide content. Cement kiln dust has as its major component calcium oxide with free calcium oxide ranging from generally 0% to 5% of the total. The carbon dioxide can be charged into the blender either as a gas or as a solid. As a gas, it blends well with other materials since the gas is heavier than air. As a granular or flaked dry ice solid, commingling and dispersion of the carbon dioxide can take place so that as the solid sublimes, it is in contact with particles of the blended material, thereby assuring a uniform reaction of all materials. It should be noted that this step of adding carbon dioxide as the first step is in contrast to the applicant's U.S. Patent No. 4,997,572, in which carbon dioxide is added as the last step so as to react with the calcium hydroxide on the surface of the formed pellet, and produce a hard skin of calcium carbonate on the pellet. When added as the first step, as in the present invention, complex reactions take place which delay the exothermic reaction, which delay is advantageous to the process. Air containing oxygen is thus excluded from the reaction, and results in unexpected heat release which is substantially higher than those methods presently in practice. The determination of the ratios and flow rates of individual components of the mixture is determined by laboratory analysis. Since the object of the invention is to convert waste materials into beneficial products, it must be understood that the waste materials can vary widely in composition. Waste sludge can have varying dry solid and moisture contents. Kiln dusts can have widely varying oxide content even if the material is obtained from the same source. Additionally, material component ratios can be varied, depending on the product dryness required or final product temperature necessary to meet regulatory agency standards. For example, pasteurization is an accepted "add on" process to meet USEPA standards, said process requiring temperatures of 70° C for 30 minutes, which specifications can readily be met using the new method. Due to the many variations of the waste material and the desired variations of the product for various beneficial uses, initial laboratory testing will be required to determine the proper ratios of waste sludge, alkaline materials and carbon dioxide. For economy in quicklime usage, kiln dusts containing calcium oxide can be used as an alternative to quicklime or as an admixture with quicklime to provide the necessary total calcium oxide content to react stoichiometrically with each 0.32 pounds of water in the waste sludge. As mentioned previously, the cement kiln dust (CKD) also serves to increase the dry solids content of the product through the reaction of other oxides, such as magnesium oxide, contained in the CKD, and also provides nutrients for beneficial use of the product. It should also be noted that as the carbon dioxide gas expands in the blender, it blankets the blender with the carbon dioxide and thereby excludes or minimized air entrance into the system. As in the case of the oxides, the amount of carbon dioxide added is in proportion to the molecular weight of the resulting products, as per formulas of the chemical reactions following hereinafter. As discharged from the blender 1, the blended materials are approximately room temperature, but a temperature not higher than 5°C (10°F) above room temperature, normally between 20°C to 30°C. (This slight increase could result from viscous material blending, wherein electrical energy of the drive 2 is converted to heat energy in the product). The appearance is a dark grey, sludge-like intermediate which is continuously discharged from the blender 1 after a retention time ranging from 20 seconds to five minutes, the preferred retention time being one minute. Accurately blended components are discharged from the blender 1 into a holding hopper 3, hereinafter named the exothermic reaction chamber. The chamber is vented, using vent 4, and under atmospheric pressure conditions. The volume of the exothermic reaction chamber must be sufficient to contain discharged material for a delayed period of time until the exothermic reaction is initiated and completed. Additionally, 100% additional volume of the chamber is required to allow for a dramatic change in the bulk density of the reacting material. Air pads 5 are provided on the sloping walls of the discharge section 6 of the exothermic reaction chamber. Air pads provide a dry air purge of the chamber to purge water vapour, excess carbon dioxide, and noxious volatile odours. A rotary lock feeder 7 discharges the reacted, free flowing product from the exothermic reaction chamber at a material flow rate, set by a variable speed drive 8, proportional to the volumetric flow rate of materials charged into the system and allowing for the decrease in bulk density of the product. Exothermic reaction chamber 3 is alternatively suited for vacuum operation. Another major advantage of the new method is that the waste materials can be accurately blended under atmospheric conditions, without apparent reaction, and delivered to a vacuum system wherein evaporation and boiling point of water contained in the intermediate material can be reached, more violently, at lower pressure, when the exothermic reaction is initiated. For example, it is well known that the boiling point of water at 101325 Pa absolute (14.7 psia) is 100°C, (212°F). At 34475 Pa absolute (5 psia), the boiling point is 72.2°C, (162.3°F). Therefore, if the exothermic reaction chamber is maintained at 34475 Pa absolute (5 psia), the exothermic reaction which is actually capable of reaction temperatures to 203°C (365.4°F), need only reach above 72.2°C (162.3°F) to accomplish the removal of water or alternatively to meet standards for pasteurization. In one example, if conditions are properly adjusted, sufficient quantities of carbon dioxide are introduced into the sludge being mixed so as to react with water present to form carbonic acid. Then as calcium oxide is introduced, multiple reactions occur simultaneously with the calcium oxide reacting with the carbonic acid to liberate high heat levels, enabling the exothermic reaction to actually attain a temperature of 203°C. This reaction is as follows: H 2 CO 3 + 2CaO = CaCO 3 + Ca(OH) 2 + high heat Under vacuum operation, vent 4 is converted to a vacuum connection to a conventional vacuum pumping system. Additionally, the connection 9, between the blender and the exothermic reaction chamber must include a pressure lock 10, to maintain vacuum conditions. Pressure lock 10 can be a conventional, motor-driven, rotary lock if the intermediate blended material is granular or pelletized, or alternately, can be a progressive cavity pump for pasty material, such as the commercially available Moyno Pump. The resulting product 11 is continuously discharged from the exothermic reaction chamber as a free-flowing, off-white powder or granule, ranging from 830 µm to 150 µm (20 mesh to 100 mesh), which after the reaction is primarily composed of organic constituents and calcium carbonate constituents, the calcium carbonate being preferred for land application as compared to hydrated lime since it degrades more slowly to supply alkalinity to the soil over longer periods of time. For a better understanding of the reactions that take place, and an explanation for the violent reaction that produces temperatures exceeding the boiling point of water, a review of various other chemical reactions that simultaneously take place, some being reversible, are as follows: 1. Calcium oxide (quicklime) added to settled or dewatered sludge reacts with the free water in the sludge to form calcium hydroxide plus heat. CaO + H 2 O = Ca(OH) 2 + heat 2. Carbon dioxide reacts with free water in the sludge to form carbonic acid. However, carbonic acid reaches saturation readily and releases carbon dioxide. CO 2 + H 2 O = (H 2 CO 3 ) 3. Calcium hydroxide formed in reaction 1 reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate and water. Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 = CaCO 3 + H 2 O 4. Calcium oxide, or other oxides contained in the kiln dusts, react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates, such as calcium carbonate. High exothermic heat is generated from this reaction. CaO + CO 2 = CaCO 3 + high heat It should also be noted that intermediates, such as bicarbonates, can be formed, but these reactions are driven in the direction to eventually react to carbonates. To further review the process, generally 5% to 45% by weight of calcium oxide, either 100% calcium oxide or an admixture of quicklime and kiln dust so blended to have a reactive content of oxide of 5% to 45% by weight, is combined with the waste sludge. The amount of carbon dioxide is determined by laboratory test, the objective of the laboratory test being to retard the exothermic reaction for at least five minutes with delayed exothermic reaction reaching the desired temperatures. Generally, this amount of carbon dioxide can range from 2% to 30% of the weight of sludge plus calcium oxide, not including the weight of any inactive filler materials such as inactive nutrients added for agricultural purposes. When the blended constituents are delivered to the exothermic reaction chamber, a surprising and unexpected phenomenon was discovered. After a delay which could range from five to 20 minutes, a violent exothermic reaction is initiated. Since all constituents of the blended materials are in intimate contact, the reaction takes place throughout the mass of the entire material, producing a violent agitation of material as gases escape from the reacted product. Gases are water vapour, excess carbon dioxide, if any, and volatile noxious odour producing gas. The temperature resulting from the exothermic reaction can reach temperatures exceeding 100°C, the boiling point of water. For example, a temperature of above 100°C, up to 117°C, was obtained at atmospheric pressure conditions. However, a temperature in the range of 117°C up to 203°C can also be obtained. The gases are vented through vent 4 to conventional scrubbing equipment. The resulting product converts from a sludge-like appearing material to a free-flowing, off-white powder ranging from 830 µm to 150 µm (20 mesh to 100 mesh). The product contains the organic constituents, carbonates and nutrients for beneficial uses. The product is also converted to an innoxious material by the conversion of noxious producing components in the waste, such as sulfur, to insoluble sulfate salts by the reaction of the sulfate ion with calcium oxide. Also, volatile noxious odours are driven off by the high temperature. The resulting product can be further processed, if necessary, to satisfy a variety of applications. The 830 µm to 150 µm (20 mesh to 100 mesh) material can be blended with other nutrients to improve its value as a fertilizer. Also, using conventional agglomeration equipment, the product can be formed into micropellets, granules or pellets to suit a specific application. Most importantly, the waste material is uniformly sterilized by the new method. Sterilization occurs by the high temperature destruction of pathogens, the high dry solids content exceeding 90% dry solids (less than 10% moisture and generally less than 5% moisture) and a combination of temperature and dryness such that the process can be demonstrated to produce a beneficial product from waste materials, which product meets or exceeds USEPA standards for PFRP, Process to Further Reduce Pathogens. With no pockets of high moisture, the product can be packaged and shipped long distances, without fear of degradation, to third world countries to supply beneficial use for arid and non-productive land.

Claims: A method for sterilizing, beneficiating and drying waste materials that could have value as a fertilizer supplement or soil conditioner after alkaline sterilization such as wastewater treatment plant sludge, animal excrement, processed wastes, the method comprising the steps of: settling and/or dewatering the waste material to a moisture level between 4% to 60% by weight of dry solids; blending and reacting the waste material with alkaline earth metal oxides or admixtures thereof and with carbon dioxide so as to substantially exclude oxygen from the blended constituents, said reactant carbon dioxide also retarding the exothermic reaction between the constituents; removing the excess carbon dioxide following the step of blending and reacting, and allowing the constituents to undergo an exothermic reaction between the water, alkaline earth oxides and carbon dioxide, the temperature resulting from the exothermic reactions rising from room temperature and exceeding the boiling point of the liquids entrained in the blended constituents; allowing the constituents to agitate, and venting the water vapour from the particles of constituents to permit the constituents to undergo sterilization by the relatively high temperature caused by the exothermic reaction; and discharging the reacted product. The method according to Claim 1, wherein said step of blending and reacting is carried out in a blending container (1), said blended constituents being overflowed, from the blending container (1) into a reaction chamber (3) at atmospheric pressure in the presence of oxygen, thereby causing said exothermic reaction to initiate after a total retention time in the system comprising the blending container and reaction chamber ranging from 5 to 20 minutes. The method according to Claim 2, wherein said alkaline earth metal oxides added to the blender - reactor system are selected from the group comprising calcium oxide (quicklime), kiln dusts such as cement kiln dust or lime kiln dust, or admixtures of the aforesaid materials. The method according to Claim 2, whereby said step of blending takes place at room temperature, normally between 20°C to 30°C. The method according to Claim 2, wherein in said blending step, said carbon dioxide is in the form of a gas or alternatively in the form of a solid (dry ice), which solid sublimes into carbon dioxide gas, said CO 2 being in the range of 2% to 30% of the weight of the blended constituents in the blender (1). The method according to Claim 2, comprising purging with dry air and venting of the vapours and gasses from the completely closed reaction chamber (3) and allowing said vented gasses to be scrubbed in a conventional scrubber to thereby render the vapours and gases innocuous. The method according to Claim 6, whereby the vapours and gases are withdrawn through a vacuum system (4), thereby allowing conventional scrubbing, completely enclosed, without release of noxious odours to the atmosphere. The method according to claim 7, wherein the pressure of said reaction chamber (3) is a vacuum, thereby enabling the evaporation of liquid at lower temperatures. The method according to Claim 2, wherein the ratios of the constituents charged into the blender (1) can be varied to result in constituents having a moisture content from between 50% moisture to less than 10% of moisture. The method according to Claim 2, wherein the temperature range of the reacted constituents in the reaction chamber (3) is between 100°C to 203°C during the exothermic reaction. The method according to Claim 2, wherein the temperature range of the reacted constituents in the reaction chamber (3) is between 100°C to 117°C during the exothermic reaction. The method according to Claim 2, wherein the temperature range of the reacted constituents in the reaction chamber (3) is between 117°C to 203°C during the exothermic reaction. A method according to Claim 1 carried out under such condition that said reacted product has a moisture content of 10% or less and is free of pathogens and microorganisms.

Inventors: WURTZ WILLIAM OSGAN, WURTZ, WILLIAM OSGAN
Applicants: WILLOW TECHNOLOGY INC, WILLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Application year: 1992
Main classification: C05D3
IPC codes: C02F1, C05F3, C02F11