Optical analytical instrument and method

Abstract: Optical analytical instruments to determine a physical parameter of a fluid, and methods of operation of such instruments, are shown. These employ a source of suitable optical radiation, a detector means, means defining a zone for the fluid, means defining an optical path from the radiation source through the fluid zone to the detector means, and reading and control circuitry. At least two readings of optical energy that has been influenced by the fluid are taken without there having occurred substantial change to the fluid. During one of the readings a filter of known absorbance is included in the optical path so that the respective reading represents a calibration reading. A calibration-value-determining means is constructed first to compare, effectively, the two readings to remove the effect of the fluid from the value of the calibration reading, second, to compare, effectively the residual value of the calibration reading to a known value based on the known absorbance of the filter, and, third, on the basis of the second comparison, to make a calibration adjustment based on values derived while the fluid sample remained unchanged in the fluid zone. Novel software implementations of the determinations are shown. Specific examples of instruments and methods implementing these features shown are a dual lamp, no-moving part in-line spectrophotometer, a no-moving part reflection colorimeter capable of on-line or off-line operation, a scatter or fluorescence detecting implementation and a turbidimeter.

Description: The present invention concerns photometers, i.e. optical analytical instruments that employ optical energy to determine physical parameters of fluids such as liquids or gases found in effluents and in industrial processes. There are many instances in which it would be useful to have a relatively low cost analytical instrument that could be depended upon to monitor a process or environmental condition at a desired level of accuracy and which did not require highly trained personnel for its operation and maintenance. There is a special need for a low cost instrument in the case of monitoring waste water and effluent gases before release to the environment. Such requirements are not fully addressed with prior art equipment. Mention may be made of DE-A-2817149 which is considered to be of greatest relevance to the present invention and which is directed to calibrating of IR absorption gas analyzers. A measuring chamber, which receives a gas to be studied. has a radiation inlet at one end and a radiation outlet at the other end followed by means for measurement and evaluation of the issuing radiation. An attenuating medium having a known absorption in a measuring chamber is inserted in the beam path between a radiation source upstream of the radiation inlet and an optical element downstream of the radiation outlet. Such an arrangement provides for calibration to take place, but only after emptying the sample cell and using air instead of the examined fluid. US-A-4518861 describes a different type of calibration for measurement of a mass of aerosol particles rather than a physical parameter of the carrier fluid itself, the calibration being done at a plurality of wavelengths, possibly using a rotating disc divided into an even number of rotating sectors. Other prior art forms of optoanalysis devices which may be mentioned are those of JP-A-59-012323 (Patent Abstracts of Japan, Vol. 8, No. 101) in which, in a wavelength analyzer, emitted light from LED's is projected through optical fibres; DE-A-3418839 which is directed to apparatus for use in colorimetry and photometry and US-A-3600590 which utilises a photosensing system for detecting the presence of particles and other contaminants suspended in exhaust gases and the like by means of reflected light. According to the invention a photometer or optical analytical instrument is provided that is relatively low cost to construct but still has the means to correct its calibration or report the accuracy of its measurements during use, without need for a skilled operator. Thus, according to one aspect of this invention, there is provided an optical analytical instrument for quantitative measurements capable of producing amplitude readings based upon the effect of a fluid upon a selected wavelength in a beam of optical radiation to determine a quantitative physical parameter of the fluid, said instrument comprising optical source means and optical detector means, said optical detector means being responsive to a selected wavelength of optical radiation emitted from said optical source means, a fluid zone for a sample fluid, at least two optical paths from said optical source means to said optical detector means, at least one path including said fluid zone, a calibration filter located or selectively locatable in one of said optical paths, said calibration filter having known absorbance that absorbs a predetermined portion of the energy at said selected wavelength, said portion representing a fraction, preferably being of the order of 30%, of an amplitude measurement range of the instrument, a reading, processing and control circuit arranged to take first and second detected amplitude readings, of optical energy at said selected wavelength that result from the influence of the fluid on said optical radiation without there having occurred substantial change to the fluid present in said fluid zone, the second of said two amplitude readings being taken with said calibration filter in said one optical path so that said second reading represents an amplitude calibration reading within said measurement range of the instrument, said circuit performing in-line-calibration of said instrument while a sample of said fluid remains substantially unchanged in said fluid zone by first producing an effective comparison of said two amplitude readings at said selected wavelength to remove the effect of said fluid from the value of said calibration reading, second, producing an effective comparison of the residual value of said calibration reading and a known value corresponding to the known absorbance of said filter, and, third, on the basis of said second combining, determining an amplitude calibration adjustment for said instrument based on amplitude values derived while said fluid sample remains unchanged in said fluid zone, and said circuit also being arranged to determine said quantitative physical parameter of said fluid sample based upon said amplitude readings and said calibration of said instrument. Such an instrument may be realized according to the invention in implementations that are relatively simple, compact, easy to assemble, and require no alignment and, in particular, by means that permit construction with no moving parts. In general, preferred embodiments of the first aspect of the invention have the following features. The optical radiation source means may comprise two separately energizable optical radiation sources, said sources introducing optical radiation to separate optical paths that transmit radiation through said fluid zone via a substantially common path, one of said sources, denoted the "measure" source, being energized by said circuitry, during the taking of a normal measurement reading and another source, denoted the "calibration" source, being energized by said circuitry during the taking of a calibration reading, said calibration filter of known absorbance being included in the optical path from said calibration source to said fluid zone. The instrument may have no moving parts for accomplishing the calibration, the circuitry thereof being constructed and arranged such that normal and calibration readings, for use by the instrument in establishing the-calibration, are effected by selective energization of the emitters during operation. Thus, with one form of optical analytical instrument embodying this invention, said optical source means comprises two separately energizable optical sources for introducing said optical radiation to separate optical paths that transmit said radiation through said fluid zone via a substantially common path, said optical detector means comprising two optical detectors responsive to said optical radiation emitted from said optical sources and transmitted over the respective optical paths, and said circuit performing said calibration while said instrument is not using any moving parts. The optical analytical instrument may be in the form of an in-line analytical instrument in which said fluid zone comprises a conduit for at least part of a process stream through which process fluid flows, said process stream having a characteristic maximum rate at which said parameter can change, and said reading and control circuitry constructed, in relation to said process stream, to take said two readings within such a short time interval that there is insufficient passage of time to allow substantial change to occur in said parameter of said fluid in said process stream. The fluid zone of the optical analytical instrument may be in the form of a titration chamber constructed to be filled by a liquid process stream and, after titration, flushed only by the process stream. Alternatively, the fluid zone of the optical analytical instrument may be in the form of a titration chamber constructed to receive a known repeatable small sample of process stream liquid and said chamber is constructed for it to be flushed with a liquid after titration has taken place. The optical analytical instrument itself may be in the form of a colorimeter, in particular a colorimeter in which the portion of the optical path in the fluid zone is defined by a probe which includes a reflector whereby energy which enters the fluid zone is reflected to pass back through the fluid zone to the detector means. The optical analytical instrument may alternatively be in the form of an absorption spectrophotometer, the detector means comprising respective detectors sensitized to respectively different wavelengths, one wavelength corresponding to a characteristic absorption of a component of interest in the fluid zone, the detected signal varying with the concentration of the component, and the other wavelength being a reference wave-length for which the component of interest has relatively low absorbance. The optical analytical instrument may have the detector means positioned to receive scattered radiant energy from the sample, preferably the filter being positioned to filter the scattered radiant energy and preferably the detector is positioned and adapted to receive Rayleigh scattering or fluorescence. The optical analytical instrument may, further, be in the form of a turbidimeter, preferably with an optical reference path bypassing the sample. Preferred further features of the instrument are as follows. The means defining the optical path from at least one optical source to the fluid zone is comprised of optical fibers. The instrument is constructed to undergo calibration with the fluid zone empty. Preferably, for this purpose, the circuit of the instrument comprises means to adjust the sensitivity of the instrument. The circuit can also include, for such purpose, means to adjust the zero reference of the instrument. Finally, the optical analytical instrument may include means to provide the known value in the form of means to store a reading of the detector taken with the filter of known absorbance in place and with the fluid zone empty. In a second aspect, this invention provides a method of calibrating an optical analytical instrument capable of producing amplitude readings based upon the effect of a fluid upon a selected wavelength in a beam of optical radiation and determining a quantitative physical parameter of the fluid in accordance with the calibration, comprising providing optical source means and optical detector means, said optical detector means being responsive to a selected wavelength of optical radiation emitted from said optical source means, and at least two optical paths from said optical source means to said optical detector means, at least one path including a fluid sample zone, including in one of said optical paths a calibration filter, having a known absorbance that absorbs a predetermined portion of the energy at said fixed wavelength that represents a fraction, preferably of the order of 30% of said amplitude measurement range of the instrument, providing a reading, processing and control circuit to take first and second detected amplitude readings, at said selected wavelength and within a predetermined amplitude measurement range of the instrument, of optical energy that result from the influence of the fluid on the optical radiation in said fluid zone without there having occurred substantial change to the fluid, the second of said readings being taken with said calibration filter in one of said optical paths, so that one of said second reading represents a calibration reading within said measurement range of the instrument, to perform in line calibration of said instrument by, first, making an effective comparison of the first of said two amplitude readings with the second to remove said effect of said fluid from the value of said calibration reading, second, making an effective comparison of the residual value of said calibration reading with a known value based on the known absorbance of said filter, to determine, on the basis of said second combining, an amplitude calibration value for the instrument based on values derived while said fluid sample remains unchanged in said fluid zone, and to determine said quantitative physical parameter of said fluid sample. Preferred embodiments of the second aspect of the invention may have the following features. The optical radiation source comprises two separately energizable radiation sources, a "measure" source being energized during the taking of a normal measurement, a "calibration" source being energized during the taking of a calibration reading while the filter of known absorbance is included in the optical path from the calibration source to the fluid zone. The calibration adjustment is effected by selective energization of the source during operation without moving any parts of the instrument. Thus, it becomes possible for no moving parts to be present in the instrument, and an in-line calibration to be effected by taking two amplitude readings if the second amplitude reading is taken with the calibration filter in one of the optical paths. Taking these preferred features into account, with one preferred method embodying this invention, the optical source means comprises two separately energizable radiation sources and said detector means comprises two optical detectors responsive to said optical radiation emitted from said optical sources, said circuit performing said calibration without there being any movement of parts. In general, in the method of the second aspect so this invention, the following features may be noted. With the fluid flows in a process stream, the circuitry takes the two readings within such a short time interval that there is insufficient passage of time to allow substantial change to occur in the parameter of the fluid in the process stream. The method may include the steps of filling a titration chamber by a liquid process stream and, after titration, flushing the titration chamber only by the process stream. The method may alternatively include the steps of filling a titration chamber by a liquid process stream and, after titration, flushing the titration chamber by a suitable liquid. The calibration may be performed for a colorimeter, an absorption spectrophotometer, a turbidimeter, or an instrument capable of detecting fluorescence or Rayleigh scattering. The actual calibration may include adjusting the sensitivity of the instrument and preferably adjusts the zero reference of the instrument. The method may further include the step of storing a reading of the detector means taken with the filter of known absorbance in place and with the fluid zone empty. The calibration in the method of the invention may include updating a current filter absorbance value. Indeed, should the calibration be periodically repeated, the current filter value is to be successively updated during these repetitions. Past trends in the current absorbance value may be taken into consideration in updating the current absorbance value. Another principal feature of the invention whether in the apparatus or method aspects, is that, as the case may be, the instrument is constructed or the method is conducted to measure concentration, C, according substantially to the relationship: C s(n) = C std x (A s(n) - A z ) A F in which the values are substantially as defined in the following specification. For a better understanding of the invention, and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings, in which:- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a dual lamp spectrophotometer that has no moving parts. FIG. 2 is a plot of absorbance against wavelength in the spectral region of interest for a sample to be measured. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an initialization routine for the embodiment of FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a sensitivity correction routine for the embodiment of FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a zero correction routine for the embodiment of FIG. 1. FIG. 6 is an idealized response plot for the instrument of the invention. FIG. 7 is a set of graphs showing the voltage applied to the sample and calibration lamps and the concentration of the sample against time for a single calibration operation. FIG. 8 is a plot of absorbance against wavelength for a measurement situation where the baseline absorption is sloping. FIG. 9 is a plot of absorbance against wavelength for a measurement situation where the baseline absorption is sloping, showing two reference wavelengths. FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a colorimeter embodiment. FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the invention that measures concentration by detecting scattering effects within the sample. FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of a turbidimeter embodiment. Referring to FIG. 1, a dual lamp spectrophotometer for monitoring a continuous flow includes a sample lamp or emitter 2 and a calibration lamp or emitter 4 that are each linked to a central processing unit 22 or other form of calibration-value-determining and control circuitry via a control line 26. The sample and calibration lamps are located in front of respective fiber optic branches 14a and 14b which join to form a random-ordered first fiber optics bundle 14 which provides a common path for energy from the two branches. A calibration filter 10 is disposed between lamp 4 and its fiber optic branch. The calibration filter 10 has a known absorbance at the wavelength to be measured. The fiber optics bundle leads to a sample cell 12 or other zone for confining a sample 18. Also adjacent to the sample cell, behind the first fiber optics bundle, is a second fiber optics bundle 16 which provides a common path for energy transmitted through the cell. This second fiber optics bundle is split into branches 16a and 16b to provide optical paths through a measure filter 7 and a reference filter 9. A measure detector 6 and a reference detector 8 are placed behind the measure and reference filters, respectively. The outputs of these detectors are connected to a data acquisition module 20 that is, in turn, connected to the central processing unit 22. A display 24 is also connected to the central processing unit. The lamps or emitters are capable of emitting optical radiation at a wavelength that is absorbed (or, in other embodiments, otherwise influenced) by the substance to be detected or monitored, where "optical" radiation is defined, for the purposes of this application, as radiation in the visible, infrared and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. In operation, a continuous flow of a sample fluid passes through the cell, which acts as conduit for at least a part of a process stream. Alternatively, the cell may be filled with a static sample of a fluid which may be replaced from time to time. The former of these methods enables the instrument to be used, e.g., in in-line monitoring of waste water or industrial processes in which the fluid flows steadily through the cell. The latter enables the instrument to be used, e.g., in on-line monitoring, in which fluid is repeatedly drawn from the process line and used to provide samples, e.g., for titration or colorimetric measurement, and to provide the flushing medium. An instrument with which the present invention is useful is shown in United States Patents 4,911,891 and 4,910,151 hereby incorporated by reference, both entitled "Sample Monitoring Instrument for On-Line Application". There are two types of operations that may be performed with this apparatus; "measure" operations and "calibration" operations. The first step in a measure operation is for the central processing unit 22 to cause the sample lamp 2 to illuminate. The sample lamp emits polychromatic light that passes from branch 14a through the first fiber optics bundle 14 and into the cell. In the cell, the light interacts with the sample and certain characteristic wavelengths of the light are absorbed by the constituent materials in the sample. A portion of the unabsorbed light passes along the common path through the cell into the second fiber optics bundle 16 and exits the bundle in two beams. The first beam passes through a measure filter 7 that attenuates all wavelengths except that of the spectral line of interest for the material being monitored in the spectrophotometer. The spectral line typically corresponds to a characteristic absorption of the compound to be measured. The second beam passes through a reference filter 9 that attenuates all wavelengths except for a reference wavelength that is generally close to the measured wavelength but which does not correspond to a characteristic absorption line of the compound of interest. The relationship between the wavelength at the spectral line of interest and the reference wavelength are shown in FIG. 2. By using the two wavelengths in this manner, the effect of the illumination level of the lamps may be eliminated by performing a differential measurement using two detectors. These measure and reference detectors 6, 8 detect the light passing through the measure and reference filters, respectively. Each of these detectors produces an electrical signal that has a magnitude related to the amount of light incident upon it and provides that signal to a data acquisition module 20. The response of the sample 18 to the measure wavelength may be determined by A = log 10 V r V m where A is the absorbance of the sample, V m is the voltage of the measure detector 6 and V r is the voltage on reference detector 8. The data acquisition module digitizes the voltage signals from the detectors and provides the digital values to the CPU for processing. In normal "measure" operation the instrument provides readings for the substance of interest in the sample in the units desired by the user. Typically the reading for a sample is in terms of concentration, C s , for example, percent or ppm. The concentration C s(n) of sample at time n is implemented in the present embodiment according to the relationship: C s(n) = C std x (A s(n) - A z ) A F where: C s(n) = calculated nth sample concentration, C std = concentration value corresponding to the known absorbance of the filter selected, A s(n) = measured absorbance value with nth sample in situ A z = previously measured and stored zero absorbance value A F = previously measured and stored filter absorbance value, all will be explained below. It will be observed that the above equation normalizes the sample concentration to the corresponding ratio of C s+d (the concentration represented by the absorbance of the filter) vs. the measured calibration filter absorbance value A F , thus taking advantage of updates as to any detected drift of the instrument that have been determined by prior calibration readings. The routine implemented by the instrument in a normal measurement operation is shown in the first two blocks of Fig. 4. The second operation, the "calibration" operation is performed with the sample 18 in place and may be performed for all measurements or at selected intervals. In this step, the central processing unit causes the calibration lamp 4 to illuminate while the sample lamp remains deenergized. The calibration lamp emits polychromatic light that passes through the calibration filter 10. The calibration filter absorbs light at the measurement wavelength to a degree which is precisely known, e.g. 30 percent of the measurement range. It may also absorb some energy at the reference wavelength; this should be significantly less than the degree to which the measurement wavelength is absorbed. Unabsorbed light from the calibration filter 10 passes into the first fiber optics bundle 14 and on through the sample cell where portions of it are absorbed by constituents of the sample being monitored. Unabsorbed portions of the light then pass into the second fiber optics bundle 16 and spectral portions are detected and corresponding values are provided to the central processing unit in the manner as they were in the measure operation. The central processing unit divides the digitized measure value by its corresponding reference value and takes the logarithm of the result to generate an absorbance value for each measurement. This "calibration" reading is used in subsequent calibration calculations, as described below in connection with FIGS. 3-5. Basically, a prior "measure" reading and a "calibration" reading, both taken with the same fluid sample present, are effectively compared to remove the effect of the fluid sample from the "calibration" reading. Then the residual value is effectively compared to the known, i.e. previously determined, actual absorbance of the calibration filter. From this, or a series of such measurements, a calibration adjustment can be determined, or equivalently, a report may be generated as to the degree to which the instrument has drifted from the initial state. The values given in Figs. 3-5 are defined as follows: A F = FILTER absorbance value used in calculations A FO = Initial absorbance value for FILTER A F(n) = Calculated absorbance value of FILTER with nth sample in situ A Fmin = Minimum limit for FILTER absorbance value A Fmax = Maximum limit for FILTER absorbance value A CM(n) = Absorbance value of nth sample with CALIBRATION emitter A M = Absorbance measured A max = Maximum limit for measured absorbance A s(n) = Absorbance value with nth sample in situ A Z = ZERO absorbance value used in calculations A ZO = Initial absorbance value for ZERO concentration A Z(n) = Calculated absorbance value for ZERO with nth sample in situ A Z(n) = Minimum limit for ZERO absorbance value A Z(n) = MAximum limit for ZERO absorbance value C s(n) = Calculated nth sample concentration C STD = Concentration value corresponding to FILTER selected (Value entered by operator) When the instrument is first turned on, the central processing unit performs an initialization routine, as shown in FIG. 3. This initialization routine is performed 30 on an empty cell 12 or a cell filled with "zero" sample (sample containing "zero" concentration of the component of interest, e.g., for color in liquids, distilled water is used as a "zero" sample) in order to obtain an initial zero value for the instrument. Thus an initial "measure" operation is performed by turning the measure lamp on 32, calculating and storing the resulting absorbance value for zero sample present (A ZO ) 34 and turning the measure lamp off 36. Likewise, an initial "calibration" operation for the filter is performed by turning the calibration lamp on 36 and performing a further measure operation with the circuitry to obtain an absorbance measurement, A M . The initial measured absorbance value of the calibration filter A FO , is then obtained by subtracting the absorbance value for zero A ZO from the measured absorbance A M , this value A FO then being stored. Now, with the calibration lamp off 40, and the measure emitter on, a further measurement 40 is performed, the zero values A FO and A ZO are respectively stored as the filter and absorbance values A F and A Z to be used in further calculations, and using these values the zero value of the scale reading instrument is set. Here the known absorption value of the calibration filter, i.e. the concentration level of the compound of interest that it represents, is used to standardize the readings of the instrument. This completes the initialization routine 44. Once the initialization routine is complete, the instrument may be used to perform absorbance measurements, and to display these values on the display 24 or otherwise present them to the user or another piece of equipment. These values may be expressed to the user as concentration values. After a certain period, which is user-definable, the instrument performs a self calibration. The self calibration routine, which is shown in flow diagram in FIGS. 4 and 5, includes a sensitivity correction routine that is used to adjust the sensitivity of the instrument and a zero correction routine that adjusts the zero value of the instrument. As may be seen in FIG. 6, a sensitivity change corresponds to a change in the gain of the instrument or Δy/Δx, while a change in zero value corresponds to a change in the zero intercept b of the instrument. The sensitivity correction routine (FIG. 4) begins with a measure operation 50 that reads the absorbance A s(n) for sample n. The central processing unit calculates a corresponding sample concentration value using the formula shown at step 52 of FIG. 4 and displays it. The self calibration routine then determines whether the calibration is within range by determining if the absorbance value measured for the current sample A s(n) added to the current filter value used in calculations A F is within the range of measurement of the system 54. If it is not, it is probable that the operating range for the automatic calibration has been exceeded. In this case, calibration can not take place, and the central processor unit flags this condition to the user. If the unit can be calibrated, the central processing unit turns off the measure lamp and turns on the calibration lamp 56 to obtain and store 58 an absorbance value for the sample and the filter together. From this value, the central processing unit computes a calculated absorbance value for the filter A F(n) 60. If this absorbance value is the same A F that currently is used 62, the system is properly calibrated, and the calibration routine is complete 76. If the measured absorbance value of the calibration filter is different, then it is known that the instrument has drifted since the actual absorbance of the calibration filter itself is a known, fixed quantity. To correct for this instrument drift, the central processing unit generates a new current filter absorbance value A F , 64, taking into consideration past trends of the value. The new value will be determined by the average of a set of most recent values, unless there is an appreciable trend in one direction or the other, which might be caused by a system malfunction, for example, component failure. The central processing unit then tests the new filter absorbance value to see if it is within the allowed range 60. If it is outside the range, the instrument displays an error indication 74 and ceases its attempt at calibration 76. If the new, adjusted, filter absorbance value A F is within the proper range, it is stored for further use. The central processing unit then reports to the user a sensitivity value ΔS that indicates to the user that the calibration has shifted. This value is obtained from the equation in block 70 of FIG. 4. By comparison of the value of new and previous determinations of A F , the performance history of the sensitivity of the instrument can be determined and reported. Execution of the "calibration" operation proceeds 72 to the zero correction routine. The zero correction routine, which is shown in flow diagram in FIG. 5, generates a zero value for use in further measurements. This routine begins with a calculation of a zero value computed by subtracting the current filter absorption value A F and the current measured sample absorbance A s(n) from the measured absorbance of the filter and sample together A CM(n) for the current sample 80. If this value is determined to be within an acceptable range of zero absorbance values, the current zero value is updated 84, the zero shift is reported to the operator 86, and the calibration routine is completed 90. If the value is outside of the acceptable range, an error condition is flagged 88. Once the calibration routines are completed, the instrument is ready to perform further measurements, until it is recalibrated again. The above method may thus repetitively recalibrate the instrument by simply performing successive updates of the A F variable. It will be observed that one assumption inherent in the above discussion in respect of in-line operation, is that the flow of fluid must have an absorbance that is substantially constant during a measure operation and the following calibration operation (i.e., its characteristic maximum rate of change is small), or the calibration may be performed incorrectly. This is illustrated in FIG. 7, where it can be seen that between the measurement points T 0 and T 1 when the detector measures unabsorbed light, the concentration of the solution must remain stable. It is found in practice that the time interval for making such measurements is sufficiently short that concentrations in many processes to be monitored do not vary significantly, so that valid readings in-line can be obtained. For on-line analysis, i.e. when a sample is captured and retained in the sample cell, the same sample remains in the cell for both "measure" and "calibration" operations so that this is of no concern. In some cases, constituents of the sample may cause the baseline absorption around the wavelength of interest to be skewed by an amount X, as shown in FIG. 8. This can cause the reference value to depend on the concentration of constituents that are not important to the measurement and thus affect the accuracy of measurements. In this situation, two or more reference detectors may be used, and their average value used to determine the effective reference value, as illustrated in FIG. 9. By use of the instrument as described, the calibration of the instrument of Fig. 1 can be automatically checked and corrected during continuing operations without evacuating the sample or using any test samples. The system also contains no moving parts which contributes to compactness as well as to reliability and less need for maintenance. This instrument, therefore, is particularly well suited for use in rugged field applications such as waste water monitoring where dependable operation without the need for regular support by highly qualified technicians is important. Furthermore, this optical apparatus and associated method are equally useful for measurements in the visible, infrared and ultra-violet regions of the spectrum, when supplied with the appropriate emitters, filters, and detectors. In certain instances, it may be useful to replace the two lamps with a single source and a shutter mechanism or its equivalent thereby allowing the same source to illuminate the sample via the sample and filter paths. This requires the addition of a moving part that can be less reliable or more expensive, but may be warranted in certain situations. For example, when using an arc source or other embodiment in which the emitted radiant energy from the emitter source is optimized at its maximum, a single emitter and suitable means for switching between from an optical path with and without the calibration filter present can be employed. Numerous other instruments may be manufactured to measure absorbance or other physical parameters using the calibration method of the invention. For example, FIG. 10 shows a probe-based configuration suitable for use as a titrometer or a colorimeter. This instrument operates in much the same way as the spectrophotometer embodiment, with the exception that the light passes through the sample fluid 100 in the probe 102 and is reflected off of a reflecting surface 104 back through the probe before the resulting absorbance is measured. The sampling technique of the above-mentioned patent may be employed to especial advantage, or other techniques may be used. An instrument for measuring concentration by detecting scattered radiation is shown in FIG. 11. This instrument includes an emitter, such as an ultraviolet arc source 110 that may emit light into a sample cell 118 and excite the sample 116 and cause a certain degree of scattering. Detectors directly opposite the incident path 122 of the exciting radiation and at right angles thereto 120 measure transmitted and scattered radiation, respectively. The ratio of the amplitude of detected scattered radiation and the transmitted scattered radiation is proportional to the concentration of the material being measured. In this instrument, the calibration filter 112 of known absorbance that is translated into and out of the optical path of the detector provides the ability to perform alternate "measure" operations and "calibration" operations. This instrument may be calibrated in essentially the same way as the dual lamp spectrophotometer of Fig. 1. The basis structure of this embodiment is thus applicable to scattering effects such as Rayleigh scattering and to fluorescence measurements. Referring to FIG. 12, a turbidimeter embodiment includes a source 120 that provides optical radiation along two optical paths 122, 124. The sample path brings a portion of the radiation through a sample cell 126 and a sample filter 128 to a sample detector 130. The reference path brings a portion of the radiation through a reference filter 132 to a reference detector. A calibration filter driving mechanism 138 may translate a neutral density calibration filter 136 of known absorbance into and out of the optical path in series with the sample cell. The ratio of the received radiation energy at the sample detector to that received at the reference detector is related to the transmission through the sample. Higher values of transmission are indicated as lower values of turbidity and vice-versa. The neutral density calibration filter, of known absorbance, provides the ability to perform measure operations and calibration operations. This instrument may therefore be calibrated in much the same way as the dual lamp spectrophotometer. In the embodiments shown, stored measurements are used to effectively adjust the instrument performance. In other embodiments, calibration errors kept in memory without updating working values, and the instrument performance may readily be revised and used, e.g. by computer using the raw instrument data for measure and calibration readings together with stored values representing an initialized condition of the instrument.

Claims: An optical analytical instrument for quantitative measurements capable of producing amplitude readings based upon the effect of a fluid upon a selected wavelength in a beam of optical radiation to determine a quantitative physical parameter of the fluid, said instrument comprising optical source means (2, 4, 110, 120) and optical detector means (6, 8, 122, 130, 134), said optical detector means being responsive to a selected wavelength of optical radiation emitted from said optical source means, a fluid zone (12, 116, 126) for a sample fluid (18, 100), at least two optical paths (14a, 14b, 16a, 16b) from said optical source means to said optical detector means, at least one path including said fluid zone, a calibration filter (10, 112, 136) located or selectively locatable in one of said optical paths, said calibration filter having known absorbance that absorbs a predetermined portion of the energy at said selected wavelength, said portion representing a fraction of an amplitude measurement range of the instrument, a reading, processing and control circuit (20, 22) arranged to take first and second detected amplitude readings, of optical energy at said selected wavelength that result from the influence of the fluid on said optical radiation without there having occurred substantial change to the fluid present in said fluid zone, the second of said two amplitude readings being taken with said calibration filter in said one optical path so that said second reading represents an amplitude calibration reading within said measurement range of the instrument, said circuit performing in-line-calibration of said instrument while a sample of said fluid remains substantially unchanged in said fluid zone by first producing an effective comparison of said two amplitude readings at said selected wavelength to remove the effect of said fluid from the value of said calibration reading, second, producing an effective comparison of the residual value of said calibration reading and a known value corresponding to the known absorbance of said filter, and, third, on the basis of said second comparison, determining an amplitude calibration adjustment for said instrument based on amplitude values derived while said fluid sample remains unchanged in said fluid zone, and said circuit also being arranged to determine said quantitative physical parameter of said fluid sample based upon said amplitude readings and said calibration of said instrument. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1 wherein said optical source means comprises two separately energizable optical radiation sources (2, 4), said sources introducing optical radiation to separate optical paths that transmit radiation through said fluid zone via a substantially common path, one of said sources, denoted the "measure" source, being energized by said circuitry, during the taking of a normal measurement reading and another source, denoted the "calibration" source, being energized by said circuitry during the taking of a calibration reading, said calibration filter of known absorbance being included in the optical path from said calibration source to said fluid zone. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1 or 2 wherein said instrument has no moving parts for accomplishing said calibration, said circuitry being constructed and arranged such that normal and calibration readings, for use by said instrument in establishing said calibration, are effected by selective energization of said sources during operation. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, wherein said optical source means comprises two separately energizable optical sources (2, 4) for introducing said optical radiation to separate optical paths (14a, 14b, 16a, 16b) that transmit said radiation through said fluid zone (12) via a substantially common path, said optical detector means comprising two optical detectors (6, 8) responsive to said optical radiation emitted from said optical sources and transmitted over the respective optical paths, and said circuit performing said calibration while said instrument is not using any moving parts. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein said optical source emits a range of wavelengths and said detector is constructed to detect said emitted wavelengths. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 in the form of an in-line analytical instrument in which said fluid zone comprises a conduit for at least part of a process stream through which process fluid flows, said process stream having a characteristic maximum rate at which said parameter can change, and said reading and control circuitry constructed, in relation to said process stream, to take said two readings within such a short time interval that there is insufficient passage of time to allow substantial change to occur in said parameter of said fluid in said process stream. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 with said fluid zone in the form of a titration chamber constructed to be filled by a liquid process stream and, after titration, flushed only by the process stream. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 with said fluid zone in the form of a titration chamber constructed to receive a known repeatable small sample of process stream liquid and after titration said chamber is constructed to be flushed with a liquid. The optical analytical instrument of claim 7 in the form of a colorimeter. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 in the form of a colorimeter, the portion of said optical path in said fluid zone being defined by a probe which includes a reflector whereby optical radiation which enters said fluid zone is reflected to pass back through said fluid zone to said detector means. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 in the form of an absorption spectrophotometer, said detector means comprising respective detectors sensitized to respectively different wavelengths, one wavelength corresponding to a characteristic absorption of a component of interest in said fluid zone, the detected signal varying with the concentration of said component, and the other wavelength being a reference wave-length for which said component of interest has relatively low absorbance. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 wherein at least one detector of said detector means is positioned to receive scattered or fluorescent radiant energy from said sample. The optical analytical instrument of claim 12 wherein said calibration filter is positioned to filter said scattered or fluorescent radiant energy. The optical analytical instrument of claim 12 wherein said detector is positioned to receive Rayleigh scattering or fluorescence. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 in the form of a turbidimeter. The optical analytical instrument of claim 15 further including an optical reference path bypassing said sample. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 wherein at least one of said optical path from said optical source means to said fluid zone comprises optical fibers. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 constructed to calibrate the instrument with said fluid zone empty. The optical analytical instrument of claim 18 wherein said circuit also adjusts the sensitivity of the instrument. The optical analytical instrument of claim 18 wherein said circuit also adjusts the zero reference of said instrument. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 including means to provide said known value in the form of means to store a reading of the detector taken with said filter of known absorbance in place and with said fluid zone empty. The optical analytical instrument of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 wherein said fraction is of the order of 30 percent. A method of calibrating an optical analytical instrument capable of producing amplitude readings based upon the effect of a fluid upon a selected wavelength in a beam of optical radiation and determining a quantitative physical parameter of the fluid in accordance with the calibration, comprising providing optical source means (2, 4, 110, 120) and optical detector means (6, 8, 122, 130, 134), said optical detector means being responsive to a selected wavelength of optical radiation emitted from said optical source means, and at least two optical paths (14a, 14b, 16a, 16b) from said optical source means to said optical detector means, at least one path including a fluid sample zone, including in one of said optical paths a calibration filter (10, 112, 136), having a known absorbance that absorbs a predetermined portion of the energy at said fixed wavelength that represents a fraction of said amplitude measurement range of the instrument, providing a reading, processing and control circuit to take first and second detected amplitude readings, at said selected wavelength and within a predetermined amplitude measurement range of the instrument, of optical energy that result from the influence of the fluid on the optical radiation in said fluid zone without there having occurred substantial change to the fluid, the second of said readings being taken with said calibration filter in one of said optical paths, so that one of said second reading represents a calibration reading within said measurement range of the instrument, to perform in line calibration of said instrument by, first, making an effective comparison of said two amplitude readings with the second to remove said effect of said fluid from the value of said calibration reading, second, making an effective comparison of the residual value of said calibration reading with a known value based on the known absorbance of said filter, to determine, on the basis of said second combining, an amplitude calibration value for the instrument based on values derived while said fluid sample remains unchanged in said fluid zone, and to determine said quantitative physical parameter of said fluid sample. The method of claim 23 wherein said optical source means comprises two separately energizable radiation sources, comprising energizing a "measure" source during the taking of a normal measurement, and energizing a "calibration" source during the taking of a calibration reading while said filter of known absorbance is included in the optical path from said calibration source to said fluid zone. The method of claim 24 wherein said calibrating is effected by selectively energizing said sources during operation without moving any parts of said instrument. The method of claim 23, wherein said assembly of optical source means comprises two separately energizable radiation sources (2, 4) and said detector means comprises two optical detectors (6, 8) responsive to said optical radiation emitted from said optical sources, said circuit performing said calibration without there being any movement of parts. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein said fluid flows out in a process stream and said circuitry takes said two readings within such a short time interval that there is insufficient passage of time to allow substantial change to occur in said parameter of said fluid in said process stream. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 further including the step of filling a titration chamber by a liquid process stream and, after titration, flushing said titration chamber only by the process stream. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 further including the step of filling a titration chamber by a known repeatable small sample of a process stream and, after titration, flushing said titration chamber by a liquid. The method of claim 29 wherein said calibration is performed for a colorimeter. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein said calibration is performed for an absorption spectrophotometer. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein the calibration is performed for an instrument responsive to Rayleigh scattering or fluorescence. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein the calibration is performed for a turbidimeter. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein said calibration includes adjusting the sensitivity of the instrument. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein ( said calibration includes adjusting the zero reference of the instrument. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 further including the step of storing a reading of said detector taken with said filter of known absorbance in place and with said fluid zone empty. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein said calibration includes updating a current filter absorbance value. The method of claim 37 wherein said calibration is periodically repeated and said current filter value is successively updated during these repetitions. The method of claim 37 including considering past trends in said current absorbance value in updating said current absorbance value. The apparatus of claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 or the method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein, respectively, the instrument is constructed or the method is conducted to measure concentration, C, according substantially to the relationship C s(n) = C std x (A s(n) - A z ) A F in which the values are substantially as defined in the foregoing specification. The method of claim 23, 24, 25 or 26 wherein said fraction is of the order of 30 percent.

Inventors: MOONEY ERIC F, SAYEGH EMILE, MOONEY, ERIC F., SAYEGH, EMILE
Applicants: TYTRONICS INC, TYTRONICS, INC.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01N21
IPC codes: G01N21