Display device

Abstract: A display device in the form of a slim screen projector has a beam-splitter (4) and a reflector (12) co-planar and in contact with each other. Incident light from a light source (3) strikes the beam-splitter (4) and reflector (12) and a portion thereof is directed towards a mirror (8). Light from the mirror (8) then passes through a louvre-screen (6) via the beam-splitter (4) and strikes a viewing surface (10) on which a viewable image is formed.

Description: The present invention relates to apparatus for projecting light onto a surface, comprising: a substantially planar beam-splitter for effecting partial reflection and partial transmission of light incident on a major surface thereof, a light source for illuminating said major surface obliquely with light which is plane-polarized in a given direction, a mirror which faces said major surface for intercepting light from the source which has been reflected once by the beam-splitter and redirecting it back to the major surface to be incident thereon for a second time with a reduced angle of incidence, and louvre means located on a side of the beam-splitter remote from the light source for allowing passage therethrough of light, transmitted by the beam-splitter, which has so become incident on the major surface for a second time while blocking light, transmitted by the beam-splitter, which is incident on the major surface directly from the source. The invention has particular, though not exclusive, relevance to equipment for use in a rear-projection image display, such as a liquid crystal television display. EP-A-0,333,333 discloses a display device including apparatus of the above general kind. Whilst the known apparatus achieves a substantially slimmer device than was previously known for the viewing area achieved, it has a relatively low overall optical efficiency. It is an object of the present invention to provide a slim apparatus of the above general kind with a substantially increased optical efficiency as compared with the apparatus detailed in EPA-0,333,333. The invention provides apparatus of the kind defined in the first paragraph which is characterized in that the given direction is such that light which is incident on part of the major surface directly from the source in operation is s-polarized, and a reflector is provided which is coplanar with the beam-splitter and extends from the beam-splitter to a region which is closer to the source, for reflecting light, incident thereon directly from the source, to the mirror for redirection to the major surface. The prior art device, which had no reflector, was susceptible to a loss of light due to only partial reflection from the beam-splitter. Furthermore, inclusion of the reflector produces a narrowing of incident angles for light directly incident upon the beam-splitter as compared with the prior art device, and thus by arranging for s-polarised light to be incident upon part of the beam-splitter, a higher component of light reflected therefrom, as opposed to transmitted therethrough, is achieved. Preferably, the light source comprises a liquid crystal display. Generally, light passing through a liquid crystal display becomes plane polarised and is thus clearly well suited for employment within the present invention. Preferably, the liquid crystal display comprises separate displays for each of the primary colours; red, green and blue. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reflector possesses a non-uniform reflectivity across its optical surface. This allows for compensation at the lower portion of the viewing surface so that it matches the brightness on the upper portion of the viewing surface. Preferably the non-uniform reflectivity across the optical surface is achieved by way of an arrangement of areas of dots having lower reflectivity than the optical surface. Alternatively, or additionally, the device may include a neutral density filter to compensate for any variation in light intensity which would otherwise occur across the surface onto which the light is projected. In an embodiment of the present invention comprising a liquid crystal display, compensation for varying intensity at the viewing surface may be achieved by inclusion of a partial mask over the display or the beam-splitter or any position in between. Such a mask may be applied to each individual pixel of the liquid crystal display. The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following drawings, of which: Figure 1 represents a schematic illustration of a prior art display device; Figure 2 represents a schematic illustration of a display device according to the present invention; Figure 3 represents a variation of reflection coefficients with incident angle for plane polarised light associated with the beam-splitter of the present invention; Figure 4 shows a schematic representation of the reflector means with a non-uniform reflectivity distribution; and Figure 5 shows the variation of overall efficiency of the equipment versus the position of the image on the viewing surface. Referring firstly to Figure 1, the prior art device comprises a diffuser plate 2 effective as a viewing surface, which is illuminated from the rear by a light source 3. The light source directs a beam of light onto a beam-splitter 4 which produces a reflected portion r₁ and a transmitted portion t₁, the transmitted portion t₁ of this beam passing on to a louvred plate 6 where it is absorbed as its direction is at a substantial angle to the transmission direction of the louvre, ie, that direction at which the louvre permits passage of light by virtue of the orientation of the louvre 6 to that incident light. The portion r₁ of this beam, which is first reflected by the beam-splitter 4, passes to a mirror 8 disposed at an angle  to the beam-splitter 4, the mirror 8 directing reflected portion r₁ back towards the beam-splitter 4. This time, a portion t₂ is transmitted by the beam-splitter 4 and is subsequently incident on the louvred plate 6 at an angle within a predetermined restricted range such that it passes therethrough and onto the diffuser plate 2; the portion r₂ which is reflected is subsequently directed back by mirror 8 towards the beam-splitter 4. Any portions subsequently transmitted through the beam-splitter 4 are either at an angle at which passage through the louvre 6 is inhibited, or of very low intensity, thereby having no or minimal effect on the illumination of diffuser plate 2. Referring now to Figure 2, this embodiment of the present invention illustrates how a greater portion of the light transmitted from the light source may be incident on a viewing surface 10, which viewing surface was in the form of a diffuser plate 2 in the prior art device. Similar components are similarly numbered. Light incident from a light source 3 is arranged to be polarised before being incident upon a reflector means 12 and the beam-splitting means 4. This may be achieved by passing light through a polarising plate. The orientation of the plane of polarised light may be altered by passing the light through a liquid crystal material such as is commonly used in liquid crystal displays. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such plane polarised light may be arranged to have the electric vector either parallel or perpendicular to the plane of incidence, and such polarisation states are referred to respectively as p and s polarised light. These terms are well known by persons skilled in this art and will not, therefore, be described further in the present application. By reference to Figure 2, it will be seen that by including a reflector means 12 immediately below and in contact with the beam-splitting means 4, all incident light thereupon is reflected to mirror means 8 and subsequently onto the beam-splitter means 4 at very low incidence angles, whereby the proportion of light from the reflector 12 passing through the beam-splitter 4 and louvre 6 and onto the viewing surface 10 is maximised. It will be seen that such light is incident only upon the lower portion of the beam-splitter 4 and thus an observer of the viewing surface 10 would see an image having a step function of intensity, the image being much brighter at the bottom portion of the viewing surface 10 than at the top portion not influenced by the reflector 12. In order to correct for this enhanced brightness at the bottom portion of viewing surface 10, the reflector 12 may be arranged to have a variation in reflectivity across its optical surface. This is achieved by arranging for the optical surface of the reflector 12 to have a non-uniform reflectivity. There are several alternatives available for suitable choice of reflector 12 and for the compensation which may be required to be applied thereto in order to correct for the step function mentioned above. A prefered form of reflector 12 is that of the substrate coated with, for example, a layer of aluminium. The compensation may be in the form of areas of dots 14 of lower reflectivity than the optical surface of the reflector 12 as for example shown in Figure 3. Such dots do not necessarily need to be of particularly small dimensions, they could for example be of up to about 0.1mm diameter in order to function effectively. The spacing and pattern of the dots will be dependent upon the extent to which the brightness must be compensated. Alternatively the reflector 12 may itself be formed from a material of non uniform reflectivity, thus negating the need for dots 14 to be formed on the optical surface of the reflector 12. Alternatively, a variable neutral density filter could be employed to cover the reflector 12 or, alternatively, the viewing surface 10. If the neutral density filter is arranged on the viewing surface 10, it may be applied to either the front or the rear of the viewing surface. This will adequately compensate for intensity variations across the viewing surface 10, but is not effective for correcting any chromatic abberations which may occur. It will be seen by referring again to Figure 2 that inclusion of reflector 12 enables a narrowing of the angles of incidence ϑ from the light source onto the beam-splitter 4. Figure 4 shows, for the beam-splitter 4, the variation of reflection coefficient against angles of incidence for plane polarised light. It will be seen that the greater the angle of incidence of light upon beam-splitting means 4 the greater the s-component of polarisation in the reflected portion r₁ (up to the limit of grazing incidence). The converse also holds; ie, as the angle of incidence decreases the p-component of polarisation in the light reflected from the beam-splitter 4 increases. Furthermore, as can be seen from Figure 4, the greater the s-component of the incident light, the greater the coefficient of reflectivity of the beam-splitter 4 and therefore the less the coefficient of transmittivity. Thus, by predetermining the plane of polarisation of light incident upon the beam-splitter 4 and by restricting the range of angles of incidence of this light on the beam-splitter 4, the energy in reflected portion r₁ may be enhanced and that in the transmitted portion t₁ reduced. As previously stated, the provision of the reflector means 12 restricts the range of incident angles of the light incident on the beam-splitter 4. In a preferred form of the invention, the projection system geometry is arranged to provide a rectangular image on the viewing surface 10 with the horizontal edges of the image being of longer length than the vertical edges of the image; that is the image is of 'landscape' format. To provide maximum efficiency for the optical system the plane of polarisation of the light source 3 is chosen to be parallel to a longer edge of the final image. In so doing, all rays from the light source 3 which ultimately form an image on a vertical axis or line running through the centre of the final image will be s-component polarised light during the first and second interactions with the beam-splitter 4. Rays from the light source 3 which form image points off this axis will comprise of polarised light having a mix of s and p components, the proportion of these components being determined by the plane of incidence of these rays relative to the beam-splitter 4 during their interaction with the beam-splitter 4, which in turn determines the said p-components in the reflected light. If the plane of polarisation of the light from the light source 3 is not carefully chosen to provide a pure component of polarisation along the central axis of the final image, which could be either pure s or pure p component but is chosen to be pure s-component to provide maximum intensity in the final image, there would be an imbalance in the perceived brightness from side to side of the final image. The effect of the reflector 12 is, therefore, two fold. Firstly, the intensity or brightness of the final image on that portion of the viewing surface having its image formed by light reflected from the reflector 12 is increased, when compared to the known device. Secondly, the reflector 12 reduces the range of angles of incidence of the light from the light source falling on the beam-splitter 4, which in this preferred embodiment of the invention allows the lowest value of image intensity of the final image to be maximised and the spread or range in image intensity from one part of the image to another due to the initial reflection of the incident light from the beam-splitter to be reduced. For example, considering the s-component of polarised light forming the central vertical axis of the final image formed on the viewing surface 10, the lowest initial angle of incidence of any incident light ray on the beam-splitter 4 is increased, thereby increasing the intensity of the portion r₁. On the second interaction of these rays with the beam-splitter 4 the reflection coefficient is similar for s- and p-components due to the low angle of incidence, as can be seen from Figure 4. Hence the lowest value of image brightness along this axis is increased and, therefore, the variations in image brightness along this axis is reduced. The beam-splitter 4 is, in one form of the invention, a single layer dielectric type beam-splitter and has an anti-reflection coating of magnesium fluoride on one side thereof remote from the mirror 8. However, multi layer beam-splitters may also be used in the present invention. Both single and multi layer beam-splitters introduce chromatic aberrations since their reflectivity is a function of wavelength; these aberrations will generally be most noticeable at the boundary between the lower portion of the image formed by rays which are initially incident on the reflector, and the upper portion which is produced by rays reflected from the beam-splitter. The variation of reflectivity with wavelength in dielectric beam-splitters increases with the total optical path length in the thin films which produce the beam-splitting effect; thus it is possible to produce a single layer beam-splitter which gives minimal chromatic aberration in this application, whereas a multi layer design will in general produce chromatic aberrations which must be corrected by some method. A preferred method of correcting such chromatic aberrations, and simultaneously correcting more gross brightness variations, may be understood with reference to a typical LCD projector in which the final image is formed by combining three separate primary coloured images of red, green and blue. By introducing a partial masking plate (which has different transmissions in different regions; ie, effectively a variable neutral density filter) into each colour channel of the projector prior to the point at which the colours are combined, it will be apparent that it is possible to selectively modify the intensity of each of the primary colours at each point of the final image, and hence, the colour and brightness at each point of the final image. Active matrix displays provide a particularly convenient means of introducing such a partial masking plate since they already include a small light masking area in each pixel to prevent photo-activation of the transistor used to drive a respective pixel of the display. A modification to the mask design would increase the size of this mask selectively on a pixel by pixel basis so that the partial masking plate may be built into the LCD and no additional manufacturing costs would be incurred. However, it should be stressed that there is no absolute requirement to build this effect into the LCD. Those skilled in the art will see how a partial masking plate could be introduced into the colour channels of any suitable projector. An additional alternative would be to electrically control the transmission of each pixel. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that two or more of these techniques may be used simultaneously. For example, electrical compensation of pixels alone might prove not to be the best choice since it could suppress the contrast and range of grey levels in the final image. A partial masking plate solution might suffer due to quality control problems on the beam-splitter, requiring masking plates to be customised for each beam-splitter. However, the two techniques might be combined with almost all the correction being achieved with a standard set of masking plates and the remaining correction achieved with programmable electrical compensation. Figure 5 illustrates the overall efficiency which the present device aims to achieve. It will be seen that the optical efficiency varies across the viewing surface from the centre to the edges (top and bottom). This occurs because of the variation of angles of incidence of the light from the light source which strikes the beam-splitting means 4, and hence the variation in reflectivity and thus in intensity of light incident upon the viewing screen 10. In normal circumstances, these variations will not be discernable by a viewer of the final image on the viewing surface 10. However, if necessary the variations can be compensated by appropriate design of the neutral density filter and/or the partial masking plate referred to above. It will be apparent that the present invention achieves a substantial increase in optical efficiency as compared with the prior art device by employing a beam-splitter and reflector arranged such that incident polarised light has a greater reflected (and subsequently viewed) component than the prior art.

Claims: Apparatus for projecting light onto a surface, comprising: a substantially planar beam-splitter (4) for effecting partial reflection and partial transmission of light incident on a major surface thereof, a light source (3) for illuminating said major surface obliquely with light (r o ) which is plane-polarized in a given direction, a mirror (8) which faces said major surface for intercepting light (r₁) from the source which has been reflected once by the beam-splitter (4) and redirecting it back to the major surface to be incident thereon for a second time with a reduced angle of incidence, and louvre means (6) located on a side of the beam-splitter (4) remote from the light source (3) for allowing passage therethrough of light (t₂), transmitted by the beam-splitter (4), which has so become incident on the major surface for a second time while blocking light (t₁), transmitted by the beam-splitter (4), which is incident on the major surface directly from the source, characterized in that: the given direction is such that light which is incident on part of the major surface directly from the source (3) in operation is s-polarized, and a reflector (12) is provided which is coplanar with the beam-splitter (4) and extends from the beam-splitter (4) to a region which is closer to the source (3), for reflecting light, incident thereon directly from the source (3), to the mirror (8) for redirection to the major surface. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the reflector (12) possesses a non-uniform optical reflectivity across its optical surface. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the non-uniform reflectivity is achieved by an arrangement of areas of dots (14) having lower reflectivity than the optical surface. Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims wherein the light source (3) comprises a liquid crystal display. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the liquid crystal display comprises separate displays for each of the primary colours; red, green and blue. Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims wherein the mirror (8) lies in a plane which is at an acute angle to the plane of the beam-splitter (4) and reflector (12). Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims further including a diffuser plate (10) having a surface for receiving the projected light, which plate (10) is located adjacent to the louvre means (6) on the side thereof which is remote from the light source (3) for enabling viewing of light transmitted through the louvre means (6). Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims further including a neutral density filter to compensate for any variation in light intensity which would otherwise occur across the surface onto which the light is projected.

Inventors: WRIGHT GRAHAM LESLIE, WRIGHT, GRAHAM LESLIE
Applicants: EMI PLC THORN, THORN EMI PLC
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G02B27
IPC codes: G02B27, G03B21, G02B5, G02F1, H04N5