Method of and apparatus for controlling wheel spin

Abstract: A traction control system is provided for controlling wheel spin of a vehicle. The amount of wheel spin is determined (5, 6) for each driven wheel (3) and compared (11) with a threshold (8). When the threshold is exceeded, drive to the driven wheel (3) is immediately reduced (12, 13) by a predetermined amount. Drive is restored as soon as the wheel spin is brought under control.

Description: The present invention relates to a method of and an apparatus for controlling wheel spin. Wheeled vehicles depend upon the maintenance of an adequate frictional contact between the driven wheels of the vehicle and the ground. When the driving force at the driven wheels exceeds a value which is related to the weight acting on the driven wheels and the co-efficient of friction of the ground surface, the driven wheels slip with respect to the ground, thus exhibiting the phenomenon known as wheel spin. During normal operation of a vehicle on surfaces of relatively high co-efficient of friction, such as dry tarmac, wheel spin is not a problem. However, on surfaces of relatively poor co-efficient of friction, such as water logged tarmac, ice, and muddy surfaces, poor driving technique can give rise to wheel spin. When a wheel spins excessively, the loss of proper frictional contact with the ground allows the wheel to slip sideways and, in extreme cases, can result in spinning or excessive yawing of the vehicle i.e. lateral instability. Small amounts of wheel spin do not result in substantial lateral instability and may even be beneficial for maximising acceleration of the vehicle or preventing damage to the vehicle transmission caused by careless or over-enthusiastic driving techniques. However, excessive amounts of wheel spin should be avoided and, for this purpose, so-called "traction control" systems have been developed. A known type of traction control system, such as disclosed in EP-A-0 443 785, reduces the output demand of an internal combustion engine as a predetermined function of the amount of wheel spin above a predetermined threshold value. For instance, a proportional/integral/differential control function of wheel spin is used to reduce the engine output demand. However, in some circumstances, such a control function does not allow the energy stored in the vehicle engine to be reduced sufficiently quickly, so that loss of vehicle stability can occur. GB-A-2 100 886 discloses a spin control system in which the engine power is incrementally reduced as the amount of spin increases, for example at 8% spin cylinder 2 is intermittently fuelled, at 11% spin cylinder 2 is continuously infuelled, at 14% spin cylinder 3 is intermittently fuelled and at 17% spin cylinder 3 is shut down. According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for controlling wheel spin of at least one driven wheel of a vehicle, comprising means for detecting wheel spin and reducing means for reducing drive to the at least one driven wheel upon detection of wheel spin exceeding a predetermined threshold. The reducing means is arranged to reduce the drive in accordance with a predetermined function of wheel spin, the function having a first term which is proportional to wheel spin and a second term which is an integral with respect to time of wheel spin, the integral having an initial value when the detecting means detects wheel spin exceeding the predetermined threshold, the initial value corresponding to a predetermined drive reduction. Preferably, the reducing means is arranged to be disabled when wheel spin falls to less than a predetermined threshold value, which may be the same as or different from the predetermined threshold. Preferably the reducing means is arranged to reduce the drive to a predetermined proportion of the drive before the detection of wheel spin exceeding the threshold, for example to 50% of the previous drive. In order to control a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine, it is possible to reduce a throttle demand or to alter ignition timing in order to reduce drive. However, it is preferable to reduce fueling of the engine by cutting off the supply of fuel for a predetermined pattern of cylinder fire periods. Further, these techniques for reducing drive may be combined. According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of controlling wheel spin of at least one driven wheel of a vehicle, comprising detecting wheel spin and reducing drive to the at least one driven wheel upon detecting wheel spin greater than a predetermined threshold. The drive is reduced in accordance with a predetermined function of wheel spin having a first term which is proportional to wheel spin and a second term which is an integral with respect to time of wheel spin, the integral having an initial value upon detection of wheel spin exceeding the predetermined threshold, the initial value corresponding to a predetermined drive reduction. By providing an essentially instantaneous or step reduction in drive, it is possible to respond rapidly to the detection of excessive wheel spin. Thus, the traction control response time can be substantially improved with a consequent improvement in vehicle stability. By cutting off the fuelling for a predetermined repeating sequence of cylinder events, engine output can be quickly reduced so as to reduce or eliminate wheel spin with a very rapid response time. Once wheel spin has been sufficiently controlled, the normal engine cylinder firing pattern may be restored. The invention will be further described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a block schematic diagram of a wheel spin controller constituting an embodiment of the invention; and Figure 2 shows graphs of wheel speed and percentage of output demand against a common time axis. A vehicle is driven by an internal combustion engine 1 whose operation is controlled by a engine management system 2. The vehicle has a pair of driven wheels 3 connected by a transmission (not shown) to the engine 1. The vehicle also has a pair of undriven wheels 4. The wheels 3 and 4 are provided with respective sensors 5, such as variable reluctance transducers co-operating with toothed wheels, which provide signals representing the speeds of the wheels. The wheel speed signals are supplied to an anti-lock brake system 6 which includes a spin calculator 7 for providing an output signal representing the amount of wheel spin detected. For instance, the spin calculator 7 compares the speeds of the driven wheels 3 with the speeds of the undriven wheels 4 in order to detect excessive driven wheel speed and supplies a signal corresponding to the amount of wheel spin to the engine management system 2. In the case of a vehicle which does not have an anti-lock brake system, the spin calculator 7 and the sensors 5 may be provided in order to permit traction control or wheel spin control. Also, wheel spin may be determined in other ways, for instance by comparing the speed of each wheel with an average speed of all wheels or by comparing wheel speed with vehicle speed determined by a speed over ground sensor or the like. Wheel spin control may also be provided for all-wheel drive vehicles, for instance using one of the above mentioned alternative wheel spin detection techniques in place of the comparison with undriven wheel speed illustrated in the drawings. The engine management system 2 includes a target spin calculator 8 which supplies a target spin value to a spin controller 10. The spin controller 10 comprises a subtracter 11 whose summing input receives the spin signal from the spin calculator 7 and whose subtracting input receives the target spin value. The output of the subtracter 11 is supplied to an input of a proportional/integral/differential (PID) controller 12, whose output is connected to an engine power demand controller 9. The spin controller 10 further comprises a setting circuit 13 having an input connected to the output of the subtracter 11 and an output connected to a setting input of the PID controller 12. The circuit 13 is arranged to produce a pulse when the output of the subtracter 11 rises above zero, which pulse causes the controller 12 to preset the integral term to an initial value corresponding to a predetermined reduction in engine output demand. Alternatively, the circuit 13 may be arranged to be actuated when the output of the subtracter 11 falls to zero with the output of the spin controller 10 being inhibited until the output of the subtracter 11 rises above zero when a subsequent excessive wheel spin event is detected. Thus, the output of the engine power demand controller 9 may be represented as: fuelling = normal fuelling - ( Δ P+ Δ I+ Δ δ) where the integrator is preloaded with a value, dependent on the integrator gain, which gives half the normal fuelling upon detection of excessive wheel spin. During normal operation in the absence of excessive wheel spin, the spin signal supplied by the spin calculator 7 to the spin controller 10 is less than the target value supplied by the calculator 8. In these circumstances, the spin controller 10 is arranged not to intervene in the operation of the remainder of the engine management system. This is illustrated in Figure 2 for the time interval from T1 to T2. In the lower graph, the output demand of the engine is not reduced and is thus represented by a horizontal curve at the 100% level. The upper graph compares the speed of one of the driven wheels 6 with a reference wheel speed as determined by the spin calculator 7 and the difference between these speeds is less than the target spin value in the period T1 to T2. Immediately before time T2, the speed of the driven wheel increases substantially such that the difference between this speed and the reference wheel speed at the time T2 exceeds the target spin value. The resulting output of the subtracter 11 causes the setting circuit 13 to preset the integral term of the PID controller 12 to a value which corresponds to a reduction in output drive from 100% to R% as shown in Figure 2. In response to this predetermined step reduction in output demand, the engine power demand controller 9 cuts off the supply of fuel in accordance with a predetermined pattern or sequence of cylinder events so as to reduce the engine output very rapidly. For instance, the strategies disclosed in Published European Patent Specification No.0 443 785 may be used in order to reduce the engine output to a predetermined percentage of the demanded value, for example 50%. A throttle demand signal and/or ignition timing may also be altered as part of the strategy for controlling wheel spin. During the time interval T2 to T3, the PID controller 12 controls the reduction in engine output demand in accordance with the predetermined proportional/integral/differential function of the difference between the wheel spin signal and the target spin value supplied to the subtracter 11 so that, as shown in the upper graph of Figure 2, the wheel spin is brought under control and reduced such that it becomes less than the target spin value at the time T3. At this time, the spin controller 10 ceases to supply an output demand reduction signal to the engine power demand controller 9 and the normal pattern of engine cylinder fuelling is restored. It is thus possible to provide a traction control system which is capable of providing a rapid response to the detection of excessive wheel spin. By providing an instantaneous or step reduction in engine output demand, especially when cutting fuelling to the engine as described hereinbefore, wheel spin can be rapidly eliminated so as to prevent or reduce greatly any tendency for lateral instability of a vehicle.

Claims: An apparatus for controlling wheel spin of at least one driven wheel (3) of a vehicle, comprising means (5, 7) for detecting wheel spin and reducing means (12, 13) for reducing drive to the at least one driven wheel (3) upon detection of wheel spin exceeding a predetermined threshold, characterised in that the reducing means (12, 13) is arranged to reduce the drive in accordance with a predetermined function of wheel spin, the function having a first term which is proportional to wheel spin and a second term which is an integral with respect to time of wheel spin, the integral having an initial value when the detecting means detects wheel spin exceeding the predetermined threshold, the initial value corresponding to a predetermined drive reduction. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the reducing means (12, 13) is arranged to be disabled when wheel spin falls to less than a predetermined threshold value. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the reducing means (12, 13) is arranged to reduce the drive to a predetermined proportion of drive before detection of wheel spin exceeding the threshold. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 3, characterised in that the predetermined proportion is 50%. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims for a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine (1), characterised in that the reducing means (12, 13) is arranged to reduce the drive by cutting off the supply of fuel for a predetermined pattern of cylinder fire periods of the engine. A method of controlleding wheel spin of at least one driven wheel (3) of a vehicle, comprising detecting wheel spin and reducing drive to the at least one driven wheel upon detecting wheel spin greater than a predetermined threshold, characterised in that the drive is reduced in accordance with a predetermined function of wheel spin having a first term which is proportional to wheel spin and a second term which is an integral with respect to time of wheel spin, the integral having an initial value upon detection of wheel spin exceeding the predetermined threshold, the initial value corresponding to a predetermined drive reduction. A method as claimed in Claim 6, characterised by restoring the drive to the at least one driven wheel when wheel spin falls to less than a predetermined threshold value. A method as claimed in Claim 6 or 7, characterised by reducing the drive to a predetermined proportion of drive before detection of wheel spin exceeding the threshold. A method as claimed in Claim 8, characterised in that the predetermined proportion is 50%. A method as claimed in any one of Claims 6 to 9 for a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine, characterised by reducing the drive by cutting off the supply of fuel for a predetermined pattern of cylinder fire periods of the engine.

Inventors: GLOVER DOUGLAS WILLIAM, GLOVER, DOUGLAS WILLIAM
Applicants: LUCAS IND PLC, LUCAS INDUSTRIES PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
Application year: 1991
Main classification: B60K28
IPC codes: F02D45, F02D29, B60K28