Movement detection

Abstract: A movement detection apparatus comprises a first circuit for detecting a difference signal between first and second image signals, a second circuit for integrating the difference signal detected by the first circuit, a third circuit for detecting respective image signal levels of the first and second image signals when the image signals reach a predetermined level, a fourth circuit for detecting a difference signal of plural detection results given by the third circuit, and a fifth circuit for dividing the second circuit output signal by the fourth circuit output signal to detect a signal corresponding to image movement.

Description: The present invention relates to a movement detection. The apparatus and method may be applicable to remote sensing by a TV camera, a moving image compression apparatus, a vibration-proof camera correcting a vibratory motion of camera, etc. Various methods are known for detecting movement of a camera or a subject. An example of a movement vector detection apparatus using an image, is described in United States Patent US-A-3,890,462, which discloses a method in which a luminance difference or interframe difference is obtained at a pixel from two sequential images, a space gradient is computed in a frame, and a movement amount is gained by division of them per block. The following formulae explain the above operation, where α stands for a movement amount in the x-direction and β for that in the y-direction. In the formulae, b represents an operation block size and g(F, x, y) an image. A character F denotes a frame number and d a difference between two frames or interframe difference. Space gradients are defined by ∂g/∂x = g x ' and ∂g/∂y = g y '. This movement vector detection method has a problem that the detection range of the movement amount is small, causing an extremely big detection error upon detection of a great movement amount. That is, a quick motion cannot be detected using a TV signal of a fixed frame rate. Fig. 1 shows a simulation result of the movement detection operation applying the conventional method to an actual image. The simulation assumptions are that a screen is composed of 512 x 512 pixels, and that a striped black and white pattern of 32 pixel period is photographed by a lens diameter of ten pixel circle of least confusion. A block size for the operation is 25 pixels. As seen in Fig. 1, accurate detection of movement amount is restricted within the actual movement of four to five pixels. Beyond the five pixel movement, the detection accuracy decreases so that detection values get away from the ideal characteristics. Moreover, in case that the actual movement amount is over eight pixels, the detection value becomes reduced. For example, at the twelve pixel actual movement, the detection value is about four pixels, which cannot be distinguished from the actual movement of four pixels. Since the detection value becomes smaller upon great actual movement, this apparatus shows a further greater detection error when calculating an acceleration or a difference per unit time between two movement amounts. The detection-range may be normalized by the pattern period λ of a subject. An accurately detectable range is between λ/4 and λ/6, presenting a theoretical limit of performance of the conventional method. There are listed prior applications and patents of the present applicant about the apparatus detecting movement like the present invention. Application or Patent US-A-4788596 Japanese Patent Appln. Laid-open JP-A-1178916 The present invention is concerned with solving the above-described problem and providing a movement detection apparatus with a simple hardware structure, a wide movement detection range, and a high detection precision. European Patent Specification EP-A-0,177,763 discloses movement detection apparatus in which the integrated value of the interframe difference (ΔF) is controlled by a gradient sign (ΔE). In this prior art document integration of ΔF continues until the sign of the gradient changes so as to prevent signal drop out. However this arrangement has the problem that because a gradient is used as a controlling factor the results obtained can be influenced by noise. According to one aspect of the invention there is provided movement detection apparatus as set out in claim 1. According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of detecting movement in a video image as set out in claim 8. Other concerns and specific features of the present invention will be clarified by the following details and drawings. Fig. 1 is a diagram to show a movement detection property of a conventional movement detection apparatus. Fig. 2 is a block diagram to show a structure of a movement detection apparatus of the present invention. Figs. 3A to 3D are drawings to illustrate a theory to detect a movement amount by the apparatus of the present invention. Figs. 4A to 4D are drawings to illustrate another theory to detect a movement amount by the apparatus of the present invention. Fig. 5 is a diagram to show a movement detection property of the apparatus of the present invention. Fig. 6 is a block diagram to show another embodiment of the movement detection apparatus of the present invention. Fig. 7 is a drawing to show a movement detection property of the apparatus as shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 8 is a block diagram to show the first example in which the movement detection apparatus of the present invention is applied to a vibration correction apparatus of a video camera. Fig. 9 is a block diagram to show the second example in which the movement detection apparatus of the present invention is applied to a vibration correction apparatus of a video camera. A movement detection apparatus of the present invention is detailed below about preferred embodiments thereof with reference to drawings. Fig. 2 is a block diagram to show a structure of the movement detection apparatus of the present invention. In Fig. 2, 1 denotes an image signal output by a camera system comprising an image pickup element, 2 a frame memory to store the image, 3 an image output signal read out of the frame memory 2, 13 a subtraction circuit to compute the difference between the image signal read out of the frame memory 2 and the present image signal, 4 a luminance difference signal output from the subtraction circuit 13, 5 an integration circuit which integrates the signal 4, 6 theoutput signal of the integration circuit, 7 a comparator, 8, 9 latch circuits to latch the luminance signal 4, 10 a subtraction circuit to compute the difference between the outputs of the latch circuits 8, 9, 11 a division circuit which divides the outputs of the integration circuit 5 and of the subtraction circuit 10, 12 a movement detection signal output from the division circuit 11, and 14 an operation control circuit which controls operation of the latch circuits 8, 9 based on the output of the comparator 7 and the luminance difference signal 4, and controls reset operation of the integration circuit 5 and other operations. The frame memory 2 stores the image during a determined frame time. The subtraction circuit 13 effects the subtraction between the delayed signal 1, g (1) , stored in the frame memory 2 and the present signal 2, g (2) , to obtain the luminance difference signal 4. Figs. 3A-3D are operation explanatory drawings of the present apparatus, where the luminance signals only of an x-directional scan line are shown for convenience of explanation. In the drawings, signals 1, 3, 4, 6 correspond to those in Fig. 2. Fig. 3A shows the signal 1, g (1) , the right edge of which has a great luminance. Fig. 3B shows the signal 2, g (2) , the edge of which moved to the right. In case of such edge movement, the superposed signals 1, 3 show the hatched region 20 corresponding to a change caused by the movement. Assuming that the region 20 is a parallelogram, the movement amount a corresponds to the base of the parallelogram. The movement amount α will be obtained by dividing the area of the region 20 by the height of the edge. The movement detection apparatus of the present invention obtains the movement amount based on the above theory. In order to electrically obtain the area of the region 20, the luminance difference signal 4 is used, which is gained by subtraction of g (1) and g (2) at the subtraction circuit 13. The luminance difference signal 4, as shown in Fig. 3C, is a triangular or trapezoidal electric signal the area 21 of which is equal to that of the region 20. Then the luminance difference signal 4 is input into the integration circuit 5 for integration thereof, to obtain the signal 6 as shown in Fig. 3D. The signal 22 obtained is proportional to the area of the region 21. Further, to obtain the edge height, a boundary is noted where the level of the luminance difference signal 4 becomes zero. In Figs. 3A-3D, x 0 is a point where the luminance difference signal 4 leaves zero and x 1 a point where it returns to zero. The luminance signals at those positions x 0 , x 1 are detected. Actually in Fig. 2, the luminance signals at x 0 and x 1 are so obtained that the latch circuits 8, 9 are operated at respective timings when the comparator 7 detects the zero points of the luminance difference signal 4, and then that the latch circuits 8, 9 latch the respective luminance signal levels at the zero points. In detail, the comparator 7 detects a pixel which has the zero luminance difference signal, to generate a pulse, and the latch circuits 8, 9 store the luminance signal data of the image signal 1 in response to the pulse. Upon the latch, the latch circuits 8, 9 do not store the data of the identical pixel. The operation control circuit 14 controls the circuits 8, 9 so that they store the data at the ascending edge and the descending edge of the signal 4 discriminating them. In Fig. 2 the output luminance signals from the latch circuit 8, 9 are represented by 23, 24. The subtraction circuit 10 computes the difference between the luminance signals 23, 24 to obtain the edge height of the signal 1. The signal is shown as 25 in Fig. 2. The dividing circuit 11 divides the signal value 22 by the signal value 25 to gain the movement signal 12 corresponding to the edge movement amount α as shown in Fig. 3B. At the same time, the operation control circuit 14 resets the integration circuit 5. The above description refers only to the movement detection in the x-direction. A similar method is, however, applicable to the y-directional movement detection, for example, if the image stored in memory is vertically scanned for the read-out. Fig. 3 illustrates an example of only one edge. Although a common image has a more complex pattern, the apparatus of the present invention can detect the movement amount of such actual image similarly. Figs. 4A-4D show signal conditions of such image. Fig. 4A shows a wave shape of image signal or luminance signal, and Fig. 4B a present image signal 1 and an image signal 3 delayed by a determined time by the frame memory 2. In Fig. 4B the image signal shifts right by the amount α, so that a region 20 is formed like a waved parallelogram. Fig. C shows a wave shape of luminance difference output from the subtraction circuit 13, and Fig. 4D that of integration output from the intergration circuit 5. The region 20 of thus-deformed parallelogram as in Fig. 4B may be approximated by a parallelogram if the movement amount α is small enough compared with a period λ of image. Then the above-described method provides an accurate movement amount α. Since the integration circuit 5 is reset for each pulse of the comparator by the operation control circuit 14, the movement amount of the watching edge is detected accurately. In case of further greater movement, the geometrical approximation to the parallelogram will be difficult to apply. Fig. 5 shows a simulation result using an actual image to show the limit. The conditions of calculation are the same as the conventional example as explained referring to Fig. 1. According to the simulation, the detection using the present apparatus shows less detection errors, for example, twelve pixels of detection for ten pixels of actual movement against five pixels of detection therefor by the conventional method. Also, while the conventional method revealed the extreme errors upon detection of acceleration for the movement amount over a quarter of the subject pattern period λ due to the tendency of reduction of the detected value, the above-detailed apparatus of the present invention remarkably improves the errors. Furthermore, be the subject size, the pattern period, and the circle of least confusion known, the curve of Fig. 5 is uniquely determined. Storing the curve in a ROM table and adjusting the detection property lead to further improvement of detection precision. In the above example of image, the accurate detection can be attained within one pixel error up to twelve pixels or three eighth of subject pattern period λ even if considering calculation errors. As explained above, the movement apparatus of the present invention achieved the great improvement of the detection property compared with the conventional apparatus. Fig. 6 shows another embodiment of movement detection apparatus of the present invention with further modification. The apparatus of this embodiment allows the detection of the movement amount with high precision without knowing the pattern size of subject. In Fig. 6, 50 denotes the movement detection apparatus of the first embodiment as shown in Fig. 2, 51 an image band pass filter as is abbreviated hereinafter as BPF, 52 a lookup table as is abbreviated hereinafter as LUT, 53 an output signal of BPF 51, and 54 an output signal of the movement detection apparatus 50. As explained before, the apparatus 50 of the present invention has a close relation between the space gradient of image and the detection range. Conversely, if a necessary detection range is determined a suitable space gradient is also determined. This apparatus extracts only necessary component of space frequency using BPF 51 in case of unknown pattern size of subject. Setting α' as a maximum of movement amount to be obtained, the space frequency f to be extracted is given by the following: f = 1/λ = k · 1/α'. The value of k is preferably about 3/8. The BPF 51 must be a two-dimensional filter when detecting the both movement amounts in the x- and y-directions. It is preferable that the phase property of BPF 51 is nearly linear in the band area of pass. The operation of LUT 52 is as follows. If a single frequency of signal 53 is extracted, the detection property of the apparatus 50 is uniquely determined. A curve 61 in Fig. 7 shows a detection property after BPF processing with λ = 32 pixels. LUT 52 has a reciprocal number of coefficient of the curve 61 to correct the curve into a line. A curve 62 in Fig. 7 shows the detection property after the correction. The output over a determined detection value is clipped in this embodiment. The detection property may be linearized using LUT 52 as explained. Also non-linear detection property may be employed for some use. The movement detection apparatus of the present invention is arranged as explained. Explained next is an embodiment in which the movement detection apparatus is applied to a vibration correction device of a video camera. Fig. 8 depicts a block diagram to show the third embodiment in which the movement vector detection apparatus of the present invention is used for a vibration correction device of a video camera. In Fig. 8, 101 is a photographing lens optical system, 102 an image pickup element such as a CCD or the like to output a photoelectrically converted image signal of a subject image focused on an image pickup screen by the optical system 101, 103 a preamplifier to amplify the image signal output from the image pickup element 102 up to a determined level, 104 a preliminary processing circuit to apply AGC to the input image signal to hold a constant level thereof and to effect processing of gamma control and others, 105 an A/D converter to convert the input analog image signal into a digital image signal, 106 an image memory to store one field of the digital image signal output from the A/D converter 105, and 107 a memory control circuit to control an address and a write-in rate upon reading the image into the image memory and to control a read-out address and a read-out rate of the image upon reading the image out of the image memory 106. The memory control circuit is controlled by a system control circuit 109 as explained later. Number 108 denotes a movement vector detection circuit to detect the movement vector of image from the image signal, the inner structure and the operation of which are those in the circuit as shown in Figs. 2 and 4, needless to say, effecting the digital signal processing. Number 109 is the system control circuit, comprising a microcomputer, to totally control the present apparatus, to compute vibration correction information from the movement vector information operated in the movement detection circuit 108, to control the memory control circuit 107 based on the above operation result, and to shift, upon reading the image out of the memory 106, the read-out position or read-out address on the memory in the direction of vibratory motion to kill the vibratory motion. Number 110 is a camera signal processing circuit to effect determined signal processing on the readout image signal from the memory 106 to convert the signal into a normalized image signal, and 111 an angle-of-view correction circuit, being controlled by the system control circuit, to correct an angle of view of the image read out of the memory 106. In detail, the vibration correction is attained by shifting the read-out position of the image on the memory, so that the read-out image has a smaller angle of view by the shift range on the memory than the input image read into the memory. Then the angle-of-view correction circuit 111 effects magnification of angle of view and compensation of image so that the image has the same angle of view as one before the vibration correction. The signal after the view angle correction is converted into an analog image signal by a D/A converter 112, and then supplied to an unshown monitor of video recorder, electronic view finder or the like. By the above arrangement, the vibration correction is so attained that the amount of vibratory motion is detected by obtaining the movement vector using the embodiments as shown in Figs. 2 and 6, and then that the read-out address is shifted in the direction to kill the vibration amount. Fig. 9 is a block diagram to illustrate another example of video camera with a vibratory motion correction device using the movement vector detecting circuit of the present invention. The same components as in Fig. 8 have the same numbers, and are omitted to explain. In Fig. 9, 201 is a variable vertical angle prism to correct a vibratory motion by varying the vertical angle or direction of the optical axis thereof. One example of the prism is an arrangement that silicone base liquid is sealed between two parallel glass plates to make variable the angle therebetween or vertical angle. Number 202 is a camera signal processing circuit to output a normalized image signal converted from the output signal of the preamplifier, and 203 a system control circuit comprising a microcomputer to detect a direction and an amount of vibratory motion from , the movement vector information supplied from the movement vector detecting circuit 108 and to compute an amount of driving of the variable vertical angle prism for the vibration correction. The correction information computed in the circuit 203 is supplied to the drive circuit 204, and an actuator 205 to vary the prism is driven in the direction and by the amount to kill the vibratory motion. As above, the vibration correction is so attained that the vibration amount is computed by detecting the movement vector from the image signal, and further that the variable vertical angle prism is driven in the direction to correct the amount of vibratory motion. In either of the above embodiments, a movement vector operation region is suitably and automatically set in response to a space frequency of input image. This allows the elimination of a great error vector even in an area of undistinguishable pattern, which, in turn, leads to high space resolution with effective use of the space gradient information of image. The detection precision may increase by eliminating from the operation region the sign changing area of the space gradient as a spacing between the detection blocks, since the time space gradient method is not well applied therein. Therefore, the vibration correction may be attained with high precision and secure operation. As detailed above, the movement detection apparatus of the present invention with a simple structure may detect the accurate movement amount from an image at a high speed, which acquires over two to three times of detection range as those of the conventional methods.

Claims: Movement detection apparatus comprising: difference means (2,13) for generating a difference signal (4) representative of the difference between serially input first and second image signals (4) and integrating means (5) for integrating said difference signal, and characterised by detecting means (7) for detecting each crossing point of the difference signal with respect to a predetermined threshold; means (8,9,14) for generating a signal representative of the difference between the levels of said first and second image signal at said crossing points; and means (11) for dividing the output of the integrating means by the signal representative of said difference between the levels of said first and second image signals at said crossing points to generate a signal (12) indicative of image movement between the first and second image signals. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said image signals are luminance signals. Apparatus according to claim 1, and including a frame memory (2) for storing successive frames of an image signal, and a subtractor (13) for subtracting a succeeding image frame from a preceding image frame stored on the frame memory to generate said difference signal. Apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the integrating means comprise an integrator (5), the detecting means comprise a comparator (7) for comparing the difference signal with a predetermined threshold, and the means for generating a signal representative of the difference between the levels of said first and second image signal at said crossing points comprise a pair of latch circuits (8,9) successively latched by the comparator and a control circuit (14) so as to latch the difference signal levels at successive crossing points. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the outputs of the latch circuits are subtracted by a subtractor (10) to generate the signal representative of said difference between the levels of said first and second image signal at said crossing points. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the predetermined threshold is the zero level of the difference signal. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, and including an image pickup device for generating the image signals. A method of detecting movement in a video image, comprising: integrating (5) the difference between successive image signals to produce an integrated difference signal (6) corresponding to a change in video level due to movement; detecting (7) crossing points at which the difference signal crosses a predetermined threshold; determining (8, 9, 10, 14) the difference between the levels of the successive image signals at the crossing points; and dividing (11) the integrated difference signal by the determined difference level to generate a signal (12) indicative of image movement. A method according to claim 8, wherein the image signals are successive frames generated by an image pickup device and the frames are successively stored in a frame memory, and wherein a succeeding image frame is subtracted from a preceding image frame to generate said difference signal. A method according to claim 9, including latching said difference signal at successive points where the difference signal crosses a predetermined threshold, and subtracting the values of the latched signal to generate said difference level.

Inventors: KONDO TOSHIAKI, SEKINE MASAYOSHI, KONDO, TOSHIAKI, SEKINE, MASAYOSHI, KONDO, TOSHIAKI, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA, SEKINE, MASAYOSHI, C/O CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Applicants: CANON KK, CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1991
Main classification: H04N5
IPC codes: H04N5