Low distortion dynamic loudspeaker

Abstract: The present invention features a dynamic speaker having improved output power and decreased second harmonic distortion. The reduction in second harmonic distortion results from a sandwich-type shielding arranged about the stepped pole piece of the speaker. The shielding protects the voice coil from a non-symmetrical magnetic flux interaction with the air gap between the pole piece and the front plate. This reduces the second harmonic distortion due to the non-symmetry of the minor hysteresis loop formed by the magnetic field of the energized voice coil with the static magnetic field acting on the ferromagnetic material making up the pole piece. Additionally, the decrease in inductance due to the location of the nonferromagnetic shielding members produces an increase in output.

Description: DYNAMIC LOUDSPEAKER The invention pertains to dynamic loudspeakers and, more particularly, to a dynamic loudspeaker having an increased power output with reduced harmonic distortion. Present day construction of dynamic loudspeakers features a vibrating cone disposed in front of a pole piece with surrounding voice coil. The voice coil is disposed in a magnetic air gap between the pole piece and a front plate. When an audio signal is fed to the voice coil, the voice coil is caused to reciprocate axially within the magnetic air gap about the pole piece. The non-symmetric magnetic flux interactions in the magnetic air gap during the operation of the loudspeaker have been found to rob the dynamic loudspeaker of output power, as well as to introduce harmonic distortion. The present invention seeks to avoid a negative influence on the voice coil by non-symmetrical magnetic flux interactions produced in the magnetic air gap between the pole piece and the front plate. Dynamic loudspeakers require a linear magnetic field to reproduce sound with minimum distortion. This requirement becomes most difficult at low frequencies and at high power levels, where there is large amplitude cone and voice coil movement. Improved performance can be achieved by fabricating the pole piece with a stepped configuration, i.e., a pole piece having first and second integral cylindrical sections with an upper cylindrical section having a wider diameter. In spite of employing stepped pole pieces, the second harmonic distortion has been difficult to eliminate. It is created by the non-symmetric interaction between the magnetic field generated by the voice coil and another magnetic field generated across the air gap through the front plate and the pole piece. This other magnetic field results from a ceramic magnet disposed adjacent the front plate and the pole piece. Shielding techniques have been employed by others with various success. These prior art shielding methods utilize copper plated pole pieces, or the placement of a copper cylinder through the air gap. Copper plated pole pieces provide only a thin layer of shielding, which is not very effective. Placement of a copper cylinder in the air gap creates a wider air gap, which in turn reduces the power output of the speaker. Another speaker construction has introduced a flux-stabilizing ring located away from the air gap/pole tip and around the pole piece adjacent to the back plate. This ring is claimed to maintain a constant level of magnetic energy in the voice coil gap. UK Patent Application GB-A-2 034 154 teaches a loudspeaker having a diaphragm and an associated voice coil arranged in a cylindric air gap in a permanet magnet system, which comprises a rear pole member and a central part and and outer annular part projecting substantially concentrically from said rear pole member, the air gap being formed between the outer ends of these parts or pole members thereon. Publication No.JP2043897 of Japanese application number JP880194251 (abstract publication date 26-04-90 of EPO Abstract Volume 014205) shows a loudspeaker whose center pole is covered by an antimagnetic layer of a superconducting material. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a dynamic loudspeaker according to claim 1. In a preferred embodiment the present invention has improved the output power and lowered the second harmonic distortion of the speaker by placing two highly conductive, nonferromagnetic members adjacent the magnetic air gap on opposite sides of the wider section of a stepped cylindrical pole piece. These highly conductive, nonferromagnetic members, in addition to the careful selection of other structural members of the speaker, produces a twelve inch woofer with increased output and low distortion, particularly low distortion in the second harmonic. The highly conductive, nonferromagnetic members used in the construction of the invention substantially shield the stepped pole piece in the vicinity of the air gap from a non-symmetrical interaction with the magnetic field generated by the voice coil. The sandwich arrangement employed by the invention also effectively reduces voice coil inductance, thereby improving the power output while simultaneously increasing inductance symmetry, thereby reducing non-symmetric distortion. This in turn decreases the audible distortion, especially the second harmonic. A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, when taken in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, in which: Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the dynamic loudspeaker of the invention; FIGURE 2 depicts a cross-sectional view of a prior art dynamic loudspeaker without the benefit of the sandwich-type shielding members of this invention; FIGURE 3 is a graph illustrating the power output and distortion characteristics of a dynamic loudspeaker constructed similarly to the speaker shown in FIGURE 2, without the magnetic flux shielding of this invention; and FIGURE 4 is a graph illustrating the power output and distortion characteristics of a dynamic loudspeaker constructed similarly to the speaker shown in FIGURE 1, with the sandwich-type, magnetic flux shielding of this invention. Generally speaking, the invention features a dynamic loudspeaker having improved power output with reduced second harmonic distortion. The improvement in the operating characteristics of the speaker of this invention results from two shielding members that surround and protect the pole piece of the speaker. The harmonic distortion of the inventive loudspeaker has been reduced by more than ten decibels over the two octave band between 50 Hz and 200 Hz. Now referring to FIGURE 2, a prior art loudspeaker 300 is illustrated. The speaker consists of a felt dust cap 1 attached to a paper cone 2. Multi-stranded tinsel leads 3 are affixed to cone 2 and to insulated terminals (not shown) on the twelve inch steel basket 5. A split aluminum bobbin voice coil 6 is disposed in an air gap 14 between a stepped pole piece 11 and a one-half inch steel front plate 8. A phenolic impregnated cloth spider 4 is disposed between basket 5 and the base of cone 2. An annular ceramic magnet 9 surrounds the central pole piece 11, and is disposed between the front plate 8 and a back plate 12 made of three-eighths inch steel. A bolt 13 affixes the pole piece 11 to the back plate 12. A paper, anti-buzz washer 15 is disposed between the bottom of basket 5 and the top of the front plate 8, as shown. The careful selection of the above components of the prior art speaker provides a twelve inch woofer with low distortion, and in particular a speaker with low third order harmonics. Such a speaker design has a "lower than average" level of second order harmonics, as depicted by the graph shown in FIGURE 3. This graph depicts the general output power A slightly above the 101.5 decibel level, and the second order harmonic output B reaching the 84 decibel level at 80 Hz. This represents about 13% second harmonic distortion. In order to improve the second order harmonics of the above speaker design, the invention has developed sandwich-type shielding. The sandwich shielding reduces inductance, thereby increasing loudspeaker power output, while reducing non-symmetric distortion. This in turn decreases the audible distortion, especially with respect to the second order harmonics. One of the advantages of the above sandwich-type shielding arrangement of this invention is the ability to place a large volume of shielding material about the pole piece. The front plate can be sandwiched by appropriate nonferromagnetic and electrically conductive material similar to the stepped pole piece to obtain lower distortion instead of or in addition to the preferred embodiment described herein. Such large volume shielding reduces the need for shielding materials within the air gap, with the resulting loss of output power. FIGURE 1 depicts a speaker 200 with two copper tubes 18 and 19. The copper tube 18 is a disposed on a top 17 of pole piece 11 while the copper tube 19 is disposed below a stepped portion 16 of pole piece 11. Both the copper tubes 18 and 19 effectively sandwich the pole piece 11. The embodiment of FIGURE 1 improves the power output and reduces second harmonic distortion, as illustrated in FIGURE 4. The upper curve A' shows a power output approaching 103.5 decibels, and a second harmonic output B' of below 65 decibels. This represents a second harmonic distortion of about 1.2%. In the current example, the air gap 14 is characterized as a 5.5 kilogauss cylindrical air gap, but the invention is not limited to this value and speakers with a different air gap flux level are feasible. The dimensions of any of the parts can vary with the change of design of the speaker 200. Particularly, the elements 18 and 19 can change in size with changes in the speaker design. Any nonferromagnetic and electrically conductive material can be used for the shielding members including aluminum and copper, but not limited thereto. Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of disclosure.

Claims: Dynamic loudspeaker having a cone (2) movably supported within a basket (5), said basket supported upon a front plate (8), a back plate (12) disposed behind said front plate (8), an annular magnet (9) disposed between said front plate (8) and said back plate (12), a pole piece (11) disposed within said annular magnet (9) and supported by said back plate (12), said pole piece (11) forming an air gap (14) with said front plate (12), across which a magnetic flux is created, a voice coil (6) attached to the cone (2) disposed within said air gap (14), wherein said pole piece (11) is cylindrical and is of stepped shape, and wherein said cylindrical stepped pole piece (11) comprises a first cylinder disposed adjacent said back plate (12) and a second wider cylinder (16) integrally disposed upon said first cylinder, an outer cylindrical surface of said second wider cylinder (16) forming said air gap (14) with said front plate (8), characterized in that a first tube-like member (18) is disposed between said pole piece (11) and said cone (2); a second tube-like member (19) is disposed between said pole piece (11) and said annular magnet (9); said first and second tube-like members (18,19) are made of highly conductive nonferromagnetic material; said first and second tube-like members (18,19) are spaced apart from each other and are disposed on opposite end faces (17, 17.2) of said second wider cylinder (16) of said cylindrical pole piece (11), the two tube-like members (18,19) sandwich the pole piece (11). Dynamic loudspeaker in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that said first and second tube-like members (18,19) each consist of copper or aluminium.

Inventors: GELDER CARL VAN, GELDER, CARL VAN
Applicants: MCINTOSH LAB INC, MCINTOSH LABORATORY INC.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: H04R9
IPC codes: H04R9