Imaging devices

Abstract: A resonator (100) for generating vibratory energy is arranged in line contact with a charge-retentive member (10) bearing an image on a surface thereof, in an electrophotographic device, to apply vibratory energy uniformly to the charge-retentive member. The resonator comprises a suction device ( 162), a suction hron ( 158), and an air-tight seal arrangement. When the vibratory energy is to be applied to the charge-retentive surface, suction is applied at the line of contact of the horn with the surface, to draw the surface into intimate engagement with the horn. The invention has application to a transfer station, for enhancing electrostatic transfer of toner from the charge-retentive surface to a copy sheet, and to a cleaning station, where mechanical vibration of the surface will improve the release of residual toner remaining after transfer.

Description: This invention relates to a device for coupling a vibratory energy source to a movable non-rigid belt having a charge retentive surface, and more particularly, to an device for applying vibratory energy to an imaging surface to enhance transfer in electrophotographic applications. In electrophotographic applications, such as xerography, a charge-retentive surface is electrostatically charged and exposed to a light pattern of an original image to be reproduced to discharge the surface selectively in accordance therewith. The resulting pattern of charged and discharged areas on that surface form an electrostatic charge pattern (an electrostatic latent image) conforming to the original image. The latent image is developed by contacting it with a finely-divided electrostatically attractable powder or powder suspension referred to as "toner". Toner is held on the image areas by the electrostatic charge on the surface. Thus, a toner image is produced in conformity with a light image of the original being reproduced. The toner image may then be transferred to a substrate (e.g., paper), and the image affixed thereto to form a permanent record of the image to be reproduced. Subsequent to development, excess toner left on the charge-retentive surface is removed from the surface. The process is well known and useful for light lens copying from an original, and printing applications from electronically-generated or stored originals, where a charged surface may be imagewise discharged in a variety of ways. Ion projection devices, where a charge is imagewise deposited on a charge-retentive substrate, operate similarly. In a slightly different arrangement, toner may be transferred to an intermediate surface, prior to retransfer to a final substrate. Transfer of toner from the charge-retentive surface to the final substrate is commonly accomplished electrostatically. A developed toner image is held on the charge-retentive surface with electrostatic and mechanical forces. A final substrate (such as a copy sheet) is brought into intimate contact with the surface, sandwiching the toner therebetween. An electrostatic transfer charging device, such as a corotron, applies a charge to the back of the sheet, to attract the toner image to the sheet. Unfortunately, the interface between the sheet and the charge-retentive surface is not always optimal. Particularly with non-flat sheets, such as sheets that have already passed through a fixing operation such as heat and/or pressure fusing, or perforated sheets, or sheets that are brought into imperfect contact with the charge-retentive surface, the contact between the sheet and the charge retentive surface may be non-uniform, characterized by gaps where contact has failed. There is a tendency for toner not to transfer across these gaps. A copy quality defect referred to as 'transfer deletion', results. The problem of transfer deletion has been unsatisfactorily addressed by mechanical devices that force the sheet into the required intimate and complete contact with the charge-retentive surface. Blade arrangements that sweep over the back of the sheet have been proposed, but tend to collect toner if the blade is not cammed away from the charge-retentive surface during the interdocument period, or frequently cleaned. Biased roll transfer devices have been proposed, where the electrostatic transfer charging device is a biased roll member that maintains contact with the sheet and charge-retentive surface. Again, however, the roll must be cleaned. Both arrangements can add cost and mechanical complexity. That acoustic agitation or vibration of a surface can enhance toner release therefrom is known. US-A-4,111,546 proposes enhancing cleaning by applying high-frequency vibratory energy to an imaging surface with a vibratory member, coupled to an imaging surface at the cleaning station to obtain toner release. The vibratory member described is a horn arrangement excited with a piezoelectric transducer (piezoelectric element) at a frequency in the range of about 20 kilohertz. In a preferred embodiment pneumatic cleaning is employed simultaneously with ultrasonic cleaning. The pneumatic cleaning may include either an airjet or a suction type cleaning system. US-A-4,684,242 describes a cleaning apparatus that provides a magnetically permeable cleaning fluid held within a cleaning chamber, wherein an ultrasonic horn driven by piezoelectric transducer element is coupled to the back of the imaging surface to vibrate the fluid within the chamber for enhanced cleaning. US-A-4,007,982 provides a cleaning blade with an edge vibrated at a frequency to reduce the frictional resistance between the blade edge and the imaging surface substantially, preferably at ultrasonic frequencies. US-A-4,121,947 provides an arrangement which vibrates a photoreceptor to dislodge toner particles by entraining the photoreceptor about a roller, while rotating the roller about an eccentric axis. Xerox Disclosure Journal "Floating Diaphragm Vacuum Shoe", by Hull et al , Vol. 2, No. 6, November/December 1977, pages 117-118, shows a vacuum cleaning shoe wherein a diaphragm is oscillated in the ultrasonic range. US-A 3,653,758 suggests that transfer of toner from an imaging surface to a substrate in a non-contacting transfer electrostatic printing device may be enhanced by applying vibratory energy to the back of an imaging surface at the transfer station. US-A-4,546,722 4,794,878 and 4,833,503 disclose use of a piezoelectric transducer driving a resonator for the enhancement of development within a developer housing. JP-A-62-195685 suggests that imagewise transfer of photoconductive toner, discharged in imagewise fashion, from a toner-retaining surface to a substrate in a printing device may be enhanced by applying vibratory energy to the back of the toner-retaining surface. US-A-3,854,974 discloses vibration simultaneous with transfer across pressure-engaged surfaces. However, this patent does not address the problem of deletions in association with corotron transfer. Resonators for applying vibrational energy to some other member are known, for example in US-A-4,363,992, which shows a horn for a resonator, coupled with a piezoelectric transducer device supplying vibrational energy, and provided with slots partially through the horn for improving non-uniform response along the tip of the horn. US-A-3,113,225 describes an arrangement wherein an ultrasonic resonator is used for a variety of purposes, including aiding in coating paper, glossing or compacting paper and as friction-free guides. US-A-3,733,238 shows an ultrasonic welding device with a stepped horn. US-A-3,713,987 shows ultrasonic agitation of a surface, and subsequent vacuum removal of removed matter. Coupling of vibrational energy to a surface has been considered in Defensive Publication T893,001 which shows an ultrasonic energy-creating device arranged in association with a cleaning arrangement in a xerographic device, and coupled to the imaging surface via a bead of liquid through which the imaging surface is moved. US-A 3,635,762 and US-A 3,422,479 show a similar arrangement where a web of photographic material is moved through a pool of solvent liquid in which an ultrasonic energy-producing device is provided. US-A-3,190,793 shows a method of cleaning paper-making machine felts by directing ultrasonic energy through a cleaning liquid in which the felts are immersed. In accordance with the invention there is provided an apparatus for positively coupling a resonator applying vibratory energy to a charge-retentive surface of an electrophotographic device, to cause mechanical release of a toner image from the charge-retentive surface for enhanced subsequent toner removal. The present invention provides a device for coupling a vibratory energy source to a movable, non-rigid, belt having a charge-retentive exterior surface, including a resonator, producing relatively high-frequency vibratory energy, and having a horn and a resonator portion thereof adapted for contacting the interior surface of the belt along a line transverse to the direction of movement thereof; and means for driving the resonator at a chosen frequency or frequency range, characterised by means for applying suction to a box, the box having an opening through which the resonator portion extends at least partially to contact the belt, at least one wall of the box and the horn defining a space to which the suction is adapted to be applied, an end portion of said at least one wall adapted for contacting the belt along a line transverse to its direction of movement, and an outlet port for connecting the box to a source of suction, the end portion of said at least one wall and the resonator portion being adapted to contact the belt concurrently, and the suction being intended to draw the belt into engagement with the end portion of said at least one wall and the resonator portion. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, an electrophotographic device includes a non-rigid member having a charge-retentive surface, driven along an endless path through a series of processing stations that create a latent image on the charge-retentive surface, develop the image with toner, and bring a sheet of paper or other transfer member into intimate contact with the charge-retentive surface at a transfer station for electrostatic transfer of toner from the charge-retentive surface to the sheet. At the transfer station, a resonator suitable for generating vibratory energy is arranged in line contact with the back of the non-rigid member, to apply vibratory energy uniformly thereto. The resonator comprises a suction-producing element, a vibrating member, and a seal arrangement. When the vibratory energy is to be applied to the charge retentive surface, suction is applied at the point of contact with the charge-retentive surface resonator, to draw the surface into intimate engagement with the vibratory member and seal arrangement. The invention has equal application to the cleaning station, where mechanical release of toner prior to mechanical, electrostatic or electromechanical cleaning will improve the release of residual toner remaining after transfer. To apply vibration to the charge-retentive surface, the contact tip of the resonator must be coupled with the belt in a manner allowing uniform and efficient transmission of energy. The tip may be brought into tension or penetration contact with the belt, so that movement of the tip is transmitted to the belt. However, penetration produces a ramp angle at the point of contact. For particularly stiff sheets, such an angle may tend to cause lift at the trail edges thereof. The present invention avoids this problem by providing positive intimate contact of the resonator tip with the charge-retentive surface, while maintaining the area of contact relatively flat with respect to surrounding areas. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the sealing arrangement serves to dampen vibration travelling along the charge-retentive surface out of the contact area, to isolate vibration from the remainder of the system. The present invention will now be described by way of example with referene to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a schematic elevational view depicting an electrophotographic printing machine incorporating the present invention; Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of the transfer station and the associated ultrasonic transfer enhancement device of the invention; Figures 3 illustrates schematically an arrangement for coupling an ultrasonic resonator to an imaging surface in the environment of a transfer station; Figure 4A, 4B, and 4C are cross-sectional views of suction-coupling assemblies; Figures 5a and 5B are cross-sectional views of two types of horns suitable for use with the invention; Figures 6A and 6B are, respectively, views of a resonator and a graph of the resonator response across the tip at a selected frequency; Figures 7A and 7B are, respectively, a view of a different resonator and a graph of the response across the tip at a selected frequency; Figures 8A and 8B are, respectively, a view of another different resonator and a graph of the response across the tip at a selected frequency; Figures 9A and 9B are, respectively, a view of still another different resonator and a graph of the resonator response across the tip at a selected frequency; Figures 10A and 10B are, respectively, a view of another different resonator and a graph of the resonator response across the tip at a selected frequency; Figures 11A and 11B respectively show the response of a resonator when excited at a single frequency and when excited over a range of frequencies and Figures 12A and 12B are respectively views of a resonator and voltage driving arrangement, and a comparison of responses when each segment is excited with a common voltage and when excited with individually-selected voltages. Referring now to the drawings, the various processing stations employed in the reproduction machine illustrated in Figure 1 will be described only briefly. The various processing elements also find advantageous use in electrophotographic printing applications from an electronically-stored original. A reproduction machine in which the present invention finds advantageous use utilizes a photoreceptor belt 10. Belt 10 moves in the direction of arrow 12 to advance successive portions of the belt sequentially through the various processing stations disposed about the path of movement thereof. Belt 10 is entrained about stripping roller 14, tension roller 16, idler rollers 18, and drive roller 20. Drive roller 20 is coupled to a motor (not shown) by suitable means such as a belt drive. Belt 10 is maintained in tension by a pair of springs (not shown) resiliently urging tension roller 16 against belt 10 with the desired spring force. Both stripping roller 18 and tension roller 16 are rotatably mounted. These rollers are idlers which rotate freely as belt 10 moves in the direction of arrow 16. Initially a portion of belt 10 passes through charging station A. At charging station A, a pair of corona devices 22 and 24 charge photoreceptor belt 10 to a relatively-high, substantially-uniform, negative potential. At exposure station B, an original document is positioned face down on a transparent platen 30 for illumination with flash lamps 32. Light rays reflected from the original document are reflected through a lens 34 and projected onto a charged portion of photoreceptor belt 10 to dissipate the charge thereon selectively. This records an electrostatic latent image on the belt which corresponds to the informational area contained within the original document. Thereafter, belt 10 advances the electrostatic latent image to development station C. At development station C, a developer unit 38 advances one or more colors or types of developer (i.e. toner and carrier granules) into contact with the electrostatic latent image. The latent image attracts the toner particles from the carrier granules thereby forming toner images on photoreceptor belt 10. As used herein, toner refers to finely-divided dry ink, and toner suspensions in liquid. Belt 10 then advances the developed latent image to transfer station D. At transfer station D, a sheet of support material such as a paper copy sheet is moved into contact with the developed latent images on belt 10. First, the latent image on belt 10 is exposed to a pre-transfer light from a lamp (not shown) to reduce the attraction between photoreceptor belt 10 and the toner image thereon. Next, corona generator 40 charges the copy sheet to the proper potential so that it is tacked to photoreceptor belt 10 and the toner image is attracted from photoreceptor belt 10 to the sheet. After transfer, a corona generator 42 charges the copy sheet with an opposite polarity to detack the copy sheet from belt 10, whereupon the sheet is stripped from belt 10 at stripping roller 14. The support material may also be an intermediate surface or member, which carries the toner image to a subsequent transfer station for transfer to a final substrate. These types of surfaces are also charge-retentive in nature. Sheets of support material are advanced to transfer station D from supply trays 50, 52 and 54, which may hold different quantities, sizes and types of support materials. Sheets are advanced to transfer station D along conveyor 56 and rollers 58. After transfer, the sheet continues to move in the direction of arrow 60 onto a conveyor 62 which advances the sheet to fuser station E. Fusing station E includes a fuser assembly 70 which permanently affixes the transferred toner images to the sheets . Preferably, fuser assembly 70 includes a heated fuser roller 72 adapted to be pressure engaged with a back-up roller 74 with the toner images contacting fuser roller 72. In this manner, the toner image is permanently affixed to the sheet. After fusing, copy sheets bearing fused images are directed through decurler 76. Chute 78 guides the advancing sheet from decurler 76 to catch tray 80 or a finishing station for binding, stapling, collating etc. and removal from the machine by the operator. Alternatively, the sheet may be advanced to a duplex tray 90 from duplex gate 92 from which it will be returned to the processor and conveyor 56 for receiving second-side copy. A pre-clean corona generator 94 is provided for exposing residual toner and contaminants (hereinafter, collectively referred to as toner) to corona thereby to narrow the charge distribution thereon for more effective removal at cleaning station F. Residual toner remaining on photoreceptor belt 10 after transfer will be reclaimed and returned to the developer station C by any reclaim arrangement, and in accordance with the arrangement described below, although selection of a non-reclaim option is possible. As thus described, a reproduction machine in accordance with the present invention may be any of several well-known devices. Variations may be expected in specific processing, paper handling and control arrangements without affecting the present invention. With reference to Figure 2, the basic principle of enhanced toner release is illustrated, where a relatively high frequency acoustic or ultrasonic resonator 100 driven by an A.C. source 102 operated at a frequency f between 20 kHz and 200 kHz, is arranged in vibrating relationship with the anterior or back of belt 10, at a position closely adjacent to where the belt passes through transfer station D. Vibration of belt 10 agitates toner developed in imagewise configuration onto belt 10 for mechanical release thereof from belt 10, allowing the toner to be electrostatically attracted to a sheet during the transfer step, despite gaps caused by imperfect paper contact with belt 10. Additionally, increased transfer efficiency with lower transfer fields than normally used appears possible with the arrangement. Lower transfer fields are desirable because the occurrence of air breakdown (another cause of image quality defects) is reduced. Increased toner transfer efficiency is also expected in areas where contact between the sheet and belt 10 is optimal, resulting in improved toner use efficiency, and a lower load on the cleaning system F. In a preferred arrangement, the resonator 100 is arranged with a vibrating surface parallel. to belt 10 and transverse to the direction of belt movement 12, with a length approximately co-extensive with the belt width. The belt described herein has the characteristic of being non-rigid, or somewhat flexible, to the extent that it can be made to follow the resonator vibration. In accordance with the invention, and as shown in Figure 3, to provide a coupling arrangement for transmitting vibratory energy from a resonator 100 to photoreceptor 10, the resonator may be arranged in association with a suction box arrangement 160 and, and suction part 162 (suction pump not shown) to provide engagement of resonator 100 to photoreceptor 10 without penetrating the normal plane of the photoreceptor. With reference to Figure 4A, resonator 100 may comprise a piezoelectric transducer element 150 and horn 152, together supported on a backplate 154. Horn 152 includes a platform portion 156, horn tip 158 and contact tip also called resonator portion 159 in contact with belt 10 to impart acoustic energy thereto. An adhesive epoxy and conductive mesh layer may be used to bond the assembly elements together without the requirement of a backplate or bolting. Removing the backplate reduces the tolerances required in construction of the resonator, particularly allowing greater tolerance in the thickness of the piezoelectric element. Figure 4A shows an assembly arranged for coupling contact with the back of a photoreceptor in the machine shown in Figure 1, which presents considerable spacing concerns. Accordingly, horn tip 158 extends through a generally air-tight suction box 160, which is coupled to a suction source such as a diaphragm pump or blower (not shown) via outlet 162 formed in one or more locations along the length of upstream or downstream walls 164 and 166, respectively, of vacuum box 160. Walls 164 and 166 are approximately parallel to horn tip 158, extending to approximately a common plane with the contacting tip 159, and forming together ar opening in suction box 160 adjacent to the photoreceptor belt 10, at which the contact tip cortacts the photoreceptor. The suction box is sealed at either end (inboard and outboard sides of the machine) thereof (not shown), with mounting blocks connected to walls 164, 166. The entry of horn tip 158 into suction box 160 is sealed with an elastomer seal 161, which also serves to isolate the vibration of horn tip 158 from wall 164 and 166 of box 160. When suction is applied to box 160, via outlet 162, belt 10 is drawn into contact with walls 164 and 166 and horn tip 158, so that horn tip 158 imparts the acoustic energy of the resonator to belt 10. Interestingly, walls 164 or 166 of box 160 also tend to damp vibration of the belt outside the area in which vibration is desired, so that the vibration does not disturb the dynamics of the sheet tacking or detacking process, or the integrity of the developed image. Figure 4B shows a similar embodiment for coupling the resonator to the back of photoreceptor 10, but arranged so that the box walls 164a and 166b and horn tip 158 may be arranged substantially perpendicular to the surface of photoreceptor 10. Additionally, a set of fasteners 170 used in association with a bracket 172 mounted to the resonator 100 connect the box 160a to resonator 100. Figure 4C shows yet another embodiment of the invention for for coupling the resonator to the back of photoreceptor 10, but having only a single box wall 164c. Accordingly, suction is produced in the volume defined between horn tip 158 and box wall 164c. Application of high-frequency acoustic or ultrasonic energy to belt 10 occurs within the area of application of the transfer field, and preferably within the area under transfer corotron 40. While transfer efficiency improvement appears to be obtained with the application of acoustic energy throughout the transfer field, in determining an optimum location for the positioning of resonator 100, it has been noted that transfer efficiency improvement is at least partially a function of the speed of the horn tip 158. As tip speed increases, it appears that a desirable position of the resonator is approximately opposite the centerline of the transfer corotron. For this location, optimum transfer efficiency was achieved for tip speeds in the range of 300-500 mm/sec. At very low tip speeds, up to 45 mm/sec, the positioning of the transducer has relatively little effect on transfer characteristics. Restriction of application of vibrational energy, so that the vibration does not occur outside the transfer field, is preferred. Application of vibrational energy outside the transfer field tends to cause greater electromechanical adherence of toner to the surface, a problem for subsequent transfer or cleaning. At least two shapes for the horn have been considered. With reference to Figures 5A, in cross-section, the horn may have a trapezoidal shape, with a generally-rectangular base 156 and a generally-triangular tip portion 158, with the base of the triangular tip portion having approximately the same size as the base. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 5B, the horn may have what is referred to as a tappered shape, with a generally rectangular base portion 156', and a tapered horn tip 158'. The trapezoidal horn appears to deliver a higher natural frequency of excitation, while the tapered horn produces a higher amplitude of vibration. The height H of the horn has an effect on the frequency and amplitude response, with a shorter delivering higher frequency and a marginally greater amplitude of vibration. Desirably the height H of the horn will fall in the range of approximately. The ratio of the base width W B to tip width W T also affects the amplitude and frequency of the response, with a higher ratio producing a higher frequency and a marginally greater amplitude of vibration. The ratio of W B to W T is desirably in the range of about 3:1 to about 6.5:1. The length L of the horn across belt 10 also affects the uniformity of vibration, with the longer horn producing a less uniform response. A desirable material for the horn is aluminum. Satisfactory piezoelectric materials, including lead zirconate-lead titanate composites, have high piezoelectric constant, D 33 , values. Displacement constants are typically in the range of 400-500 m x 10 -12 /v. Other sources of vibrational energy, such as magnetostriction and electrodynamic systems, may be used In considering the structure of the horn 152 across its length L, several concerns must be addressed. It is highly desirable for the horn to produce a uniform response along its length, or non-uniform transfer characteristics may result. It is also highly desirable to have a unitary structure, for manufacturing and application requirements. If horn 152 is a continuous member across its length, as shown in Figure 6A, with a continuous piezoelectric transducer 150, the combination supported on a continuous backing plate 154, the combination provides a structure desirable for its simplicity. There is, however, a tendency for the contact tip 159 of the horn to vary in characteristics of vibration, as illustrated in Figure 6B, which illustrates the speed response at an array of points 1-19 along the horn tip, varying from 0.76 mm//s per V to 7. mm/s per V), when excited at a frequency of 62.6 kHz. It is further noted that positions along the horn tip have differing natural frequencies of vibration, where the device produce maximum tip speeds caused by different modes of vibration. When horn 152 is segmented, each horn segment tends to act as an individual horn. Two types of horn segmentation may be used, as shown in Figures 7A and 8A. In Figure 7A a partial horn segmentation is shown, where tip portion 158a of horn 152 is cut perpendicularly to the plane of the imaging surface, and generally parallel to the direction of imaging surface travel, but not cut through the contact tip 159 of the horn, while a continuous piezoelectric transducer 150, and a continuous backing plate 154, are maintained. Such an arrangement, which produces an array of horn segments 1-19, improves the response along contacting horn tip 159 as shown in Figure 7B, which illustrates the speed response along the array of horn segments 1-19 along the horn tip, varying from 4.6 mm/s per V to 10.4 mm/sec per volt, when excited at a frequency of 61.1 kHz. The response tends to be more uniform across the tip, but some cross-coupling is still observed. The speed response is greater across the segmented horn tip than across the unsegmented horn tip, which is a desirable result. The exact number of segments may vary significantly from the 19 segments shown in the examples and described herein. The length L s of any segment is selected in accordance with the height H of the horn, with the ration of H to L s falling in a range of greater that 1:1, and preferably about 3:1. In Figure 8A a full horn segmentation is shown, where the horn 152 is cut perpendicularly to the plane of the imaging surface, and generally parallel to the direction of imaging surface travel, and cut through contact tip 159a and through tip portion 158b, but maintaining a continuous platform portion 156. When the horn is segmented though the tip, producing an open-ended slot, each segment acts more or less individually. As shown in Figure 8B, which illustrates the speed response along the array of horn segments 1-19, the speed response varies from 2.8 mm/s per V to 9.7 mm/s per V, when excited at a frequency of 61.1 kHz, making the response more uniform across the tip, but still tending to demonstrate a variability in vibration caused by cross-coupling across the tip of the horn. The speed response is greater across the segmented horn tip, than across the unsegmented horn tip a desirable result. The overall curve shows a more uniform response, particularly between adjacent segments along the array of segments. In Figure 9A a fully-segmented horn 152 is shown, cut through the contact tip 159a and through tip portion 158b, with continuous platform 156 and piezoelectric element 150, with a segmented backing plate 154a. As shown in Figure 9B, which illustrates the speed response along the array of horn segments 1-19, varying from 2.3 mm/s per V to 9.7 mm/ per V when excited at a frequency of 61.3 kHz, still tending to demonstrate variability caused by cross-coupling across the tip of the horn. The speed response is greater across the segmented horn tip than across he unsegmented horn tip, a desirable result. The overall curve shows good uniformity of response between adjacent segments along the array of horn segments. In Figure 10A, a fully-segmented horn 152 is shown, cut through the contact tip 159a and through tip portion 158b,with continuous platform 156, a segmented piezoelectric element 150a and segmented backing plate 154a. As shown in Figure 10B, overall a more uniform response is noted, although segment-to-segment response is less uniform than the case where the backing plate was not segmented. Each segment acts completely individually in its response. A high degree of uniformity between adjacent segments is noted. While all the above resonator structures show backplates, the principle of segmentation limiting cross-coupling would apply to a structure without a backplate. With reference to Figure 2, A. C. power supply 102 drives piezoelectric transducer 150 at a frequency based on the natural excitation frequency of the horn 152. However, the horn of resonator 100 may be designed based on space considerations within an electrophotographic device, rather than optimum tip motion quality. Additionally, if the horn is transversely segmented, as shown in Figures 8A, 9A and 10A, the segments operate as a plurality of horns, each with an individual response rather than a common uniform response. Horn tip speed is desirably maximized for optimum toner release, but as the excitation frequency varies from a natural excitation frequency of the device, the tip speed response drops off sharply. Figure 11A shows the effects of the non-uniformity, and illustrates tip speed in mm/sec versus position along a sample segmented horn, when a sample horn was excited at a single frequency of 59.0 kHz. The example shows that tip speed varies at the excitation frequency from less than 100 mm/sec to more than 1000 mm/sec along the sample horn. Accordingly, Figure 11B shows the results where A.C. power supply 102 drives piezoelectric transducer 150 at a range of frequencies based on the expected natural excitation frequencies of the horn segments. The piezoelectric transducer was excited with a swept sine wave signal over a range of frequencies 3 kHz wide , from 58 KHz to 61 KHz, centered about the average natural frequency of all the horn segments. Figure 12B shows improved uniformity of the response, with the response varying only from slightly less than 200 mm/sec to about 600 mm/sec. The desired period of the frequency sweep, i.e., sweeps/sec. is based on photoreceptor speed, and selected so that each point along the photoreceptor sees the maximum tip speed, and experiences a vibration large enough to assist toner transfer. At least three methods of frequency band excitation are available: a frequency band limited random excitation that will continuously excite in a random fashion all the frequencies within the frequency band; a simultaneous excitation of all the discrete resonances of the individual horns within a given band; and a swept sine excitation method, where a single sine wave excitation is swept over a fixed frequency band. Of course, many other wave forms besides sinusoidal may be applied. By these methods, a single, or identical dilation, mode is obtained for all the horns. It will also be noted from Figures 11A and 11B, as well as other resonator response curves 78-108, that there is a tendency for the response of the segmented horn segment to fall off at the edges of the horn, as a result of the continuous mechanical behavior of the device. However, uniform response along the entire device, arranged across the width of the imaging surface, is required. To compensate for the edge roll-off effect, the piezoelectric transducer elements of the resonator may be segmented into a series of devices, each associated with at least one of the horn segments, with a separate driving signal to at least the edge elements. As shown in Figure 12A, the resonator of Figure 10A may be provided with an alternative driving arrangement to compensate for the edge roll-off effect, with the piezoelectric transducer elements of the resonator segmented into a series of devices, each associated with at least one of the horn segments, with a separate driving signal to at least the edge elements. As shown in Figure 12B, in one possible embodiment of the arrangement, wherein a series of 19 corresponding piezoelectric transducer elements and horns are used for measurement purposes, Curve A shows the response of the device where 1.0 volts is applied to each piezoelectric transducer element 1 to 19. Curve B shows a curve where 1.0 volts is applied to piezoelectric transducer elements 3-17, 1.5 volts is applied to piezoelectric transducer elements 2 and 18 and 3.0 volts is applied to piezoelectric transducer elements 1 and 19, as illustrated in Figure 12A. As a result, curve B is significantly flattened with respect to curve A, for a more uniform response. Each of the signals applied is in phase, and in the described arrangement is symmetric to achieve a symmetric response across the resonator. Of course, instead of providing a piezoelectric element for each horn segment, separate piezoelectric elements for the outermost horn segments might be provided, with a continuous element through the central region of the resonator, to the same effect. With reference again to Figure 1, the inventive resonator and suction coupling arrangement has equal application in the cleaning station of an electrophotographic device, with little variation. Accordingly, as shown in Figure 1, resonator and suction coupling arrangement 200 may be arranged close to the cleaning station F, for the mechanical release of toner from the surface prior to cleaning. Additionally, improvement in pre-clean treatment is believed to occur with application of vibratory energy simultaneously with pre-clean charge levelling. As a means for coupling vibratory energy to a flexible member for the release of toner therefrom, the described resonator may find numerous uses in electrophotographic applications. One example of a use may be in causing release of toner from a toner-bearing donor belt, arranged in development position with respect to a latent image. Enhanced development may be noted, with mechanical release of toner from the donor belt surface and electrostatic attraction of the toner to the image.

Claims: A device for coupling a vibratory energy source (100) to a movable, non-rigid, belt (10) having a charge-retentive exterior surface, including: a resonator (100), producing relatively high-frequency vibratory energy, and having a horn tip (158) and a resonator portion (159) thereof adapted for contacting the interior surface of the belt along a line transverse to the direction of movement thereof; and means (102) for driving the resonator at a chosen frequency or frequency range, characterised by means for applying suction to a box (160), the box having an opening through which the resonator portion (159) extends at least partially to contact the belt (10), at least one wall (164, 166 ; 164c) of the box (160) and the horn tip (158) defining a space to which the suction is adapted to be applied, an end portion of said at least one wall (164, 166 ; 164c) being adapted for contacting the belt along a line transverse to its direction of movement, and an outlet port (162) for connecting the box to a source of suction, the end portion of said at least one wall (164, 166 ; 164c) and the resonator portion (159) being adapted to contact the belt concurrently, and the suction being intended to draw the belt into engagement with the end portion of said at least one wall (164, 166 ; 164c) and the resonator portion (159). A device as claimed in claim 1, in which the box has an upstream wall (164) and a downstream wall (166) with respect to the direction of movement of the belt (10) forming a suction enclosure, with end portions of both walls (164,166) and the resonator portion (159) being adapted to contact to the belt (10) concurrently. A device as claimed in claim 1, in which suction is adapted to be applied to the space between only one wall (164c) and the horn tip (158) of the resonator, and in which only that wall (164c) and the horn tip (158) are adapted to be in common, substantially air-tight, and in contact with the belt (10). The device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the resonator (100) includes a piezoelectric device (150). The device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the resonator (100) is driven by an AC power supply (102) having a frequency in the range of 20 to 200 kHz. The device as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein a developped toner image on said belt (10) is adapted to be transferred to a copy sheet by means of a transfer corotron (40), and wherein the resonator (100) is positioned within the electrostatic transfer field created by the corotron. An electrophotographic imaging device having a photoconductive belt (10) movable along an endless path, and including a device for coupling a vibratory energy source to the interior surface of the photoconductive belt as claimed in any preceding claim. An electrophotographic device as claimed in claim 7, including cleaning means (F) for removing residual toner from the belt surface after transfer of toner to a copy sheet, and a vibratory device (200) positioned additionally in contact with the interior belt surface in the region of the cleaning means, and such that the belt passes the vibratory device before it reaches the cleaning means. An electrophotographic device as claimed in claim 7, when dependent on any of claims 1 to 5, including cleaning means (F) for removing residual toner from the belt surface after transfer of a toner image from said photoconductive belt to a copy sheet, and a vibratory device (200) positioned in contact with the interior belt surface in the region of the cleaning means, and such that the belt passes the vibratory device before it reaches the cleaning means.

Inventors: MASHTARE DALE R, SNELLING CHRISTOPHER, MASHTARE, DALE R., SNELLING,CHRISTOPHER
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G21, G03G15