METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A ROTATING SHAFT OF MOTOR

Abstract: The rotating shaft of a motor has the surface layer of the journal only thereof formed of hard nitride. Thus, the shaft is lower in price, lighter, and more durable than those composed of hard material throughout. A method of this invention applies fluoridization to the shaft prior to nitridation. In this way, a passive film such as oxidized film on the surface of the journal turns into a fluoridized film to protect said surface. Accordingly, even after the lapse of time from formation of a fluoridized film to nitridation, the fluoridized film formed on the surface of said journal protects said surface in favorable condition and prevents an oxidized film from being formed again on said surface.

Description: The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a motor rotary shaft which comprises a journal portion of a hard nitride layer to have remarkably improved properties, such as durability. DC (direct current) or AC (alternate current) servo motors used for an actuator in industrial robots and the like are generally required to have quick response for controlling positions of the robots quickly with high accuracy, and also durability enough to bear frequently repeated operation of startup, stoppage, and change of normal reverse rotation. Fig. 4 exemplifies a DC servo motor including a general construction of the servo motor. The servo motor 20 has a motor casing 21 with left and right side walls each having bearing metal 23 with which are rotatably supported journal portions 22a of a motor rotary shaft (rotary) 22 made of steel. The motor rotary shaft 22 comprises an armature 24, an armature coil 25, a commutator 26 and the like. A permanent magnet 27 is fixed on the casing 21 at a position to face the armature 24, and the rotary shaft 22 is connected at its one end with a position/speed detector 30 and at an output portion 22b of the another end is connected with a speed reducer 29, such as gears. The servo motor 20 constructed with the above structure is required to have high durability at the journal portions 22a thereof in association with the bearing metals 23 in order to meet the aforesaid requirement. Hence, specific kinds of steel material having high durability are selected for the motor rotary shaft 22 to improve durability at its journal portions 22a. This, however, leads to problems such as increases in cost of material and weight. Accordingly, an object of the invention is to improve durability of the journal portions of the motor rotary shaft without increases in cost of material and weight. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION EP 0 408 168, unpublished at the date of filing this application, discloses a method of manufacturing a nitrided shaft in which the shaft is exposed to NF₃, before the nitriding treatment. The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a motor rotary shaft comprising the steps of: masking the portions of the shaft other than the journal portion; holding the journal portion of the shaft in a fluorine - or fluoride - containing gas atmosphere under heated conditions to form a fluoride layer on the surface of the journal portion; and thereafter further holding the journal portion of the shaft in nitriding atmosphere under heated conditions to form a hard nitride layer on the surface layer of the journal portion. In detail, the motor rotary shaft formed by the method of the present invention is constructed at the surface layer of the journal portion with a hard nitride layer but does not employ a hard material for the whole motor rotary shaft, thereby enabling provision of the motor rotary shaft which is obtainable at a low cost, not so heavy and excellent in durability. Furthermore, in the manufacturing method of the motor rotary shaft according to the present invention, the journal portion of the shaft is first held in a fluorine- or fluoride-containing gas atmosphere under heated condition to form a fluoride layer on the surface of the journal portion, and further held in a nitride atmosphere under heated condition to remove the formed fluoride layer from the journal portion and simultaneously form a hard nitride layer on the part removed (on the surface layer of the journal portion). In the course of processes, formation of a fluoride layer on the surface of the journal portion is carried out before nitriding to purify and at the same time activate the surface of the journal portion, so that the nitride layer can be uniformly and rather deeply formed on the surfaces of the journal portion, whereby the hard nitride layer can be uniform and thick in thickness. Next, details of the present invention are described below. A Fluorine- and fluoride-containing gas to be used for the fluorinating process in the present invention is an inactive gas, such as N₂ containing at least one of the fluorine source components, such as NF₃, BF₃, CF₄, HF, SF₆, and F₂. NF₃ is most preferable and useful in respect of reactivity, handling properties, and the like for the purpose. Upon the nitriding process in the manufacturing method according to the present invention, the journal portion of the motor rotary shaft (made of steel, such as stainless steel), with the other portion than the journal portion being masked by coating a known anti-hardening agent, is held, as aforementioned, in the fluorine- or fluoride-containing gas atmosphere under heated condition at 250 to 400 °C when NF₃ is used, for example, to form a fluoride layer on the surface of the journal portion, followed by nitriding (or carbon nitriding) using a known nitriding gas, such as ammonia. Concentration of the fluorine source components such as NF₃ in the fluoride gas is, for example, 1000 to 100000ppm, preferably 20000 to 70000ppm and most preferably 30000 to 50000ppm. Time for holding in the fluorine- or fluoride-containing gas may be selectively set corresponding to kinds of steel materials, sizes of the motor rotary shaft, heating temperatures or the like and it is generally a few minutes or score of minutes. The manufacturing process of the present invention will be further detailed. A journal portion 22a of a motor rotary shaft 22 shown in Fig. 4 which is made of steel and masked at positions other than the journal portion may be cleaned to be degreased and placed in a heat treatment furnace 1 as shown in Fig. 1. The heating furnace 1 is a pit furnace comprising an outer shell 2, a heater 3 provided therein and an inner container 4 disposed inside the heater 3. A gas guide line 5 and an exhaust pipe 6 are inserted into the pit furnace. Gas is fed to the gas guide line 5 from cylinders 15 and 16 through a flow meter 17 and a valve 18 and the like. The Atmosphere inside the pit furnace is agitated by a fan 8 which is rotated by a motor 7. The motor rotary shaft 22 is held in a metallic container 11 to be placed in the furnace. In the drawing, reference numeral 13 denotes a vacuum pump and 14 a noxious substance eliminator. A Fluorine- or fluoride-containing gas, for example a mixed gas of NF₃ and N₂ is injected into the furnace and heated to a predetermined reaction temperature. NF₃ generates active fluorine at 250 to 400°C, so that organic and inorganic contaminant on the surfaces of the journal portion 22a are removed and, simultaneously, the generated fluorine is reacted with Fe, chrome substrate or oxides such as FeO, Fe₃O₂, and Cr₂O₃ on the surface of the journal portion 22a as represented in the following formula, thereby forming on the surface of the journal portion 22a a quite thin fluoride layer containing therein such compounds as FeF₃, FeF₃, CrF₂, and CrF₄. FeO + 2F → FeF₂ + 1/2O₂ Cr₂O₃ + 4F → 2CrF₂ + 3/2O₂ The reaction changes an oxide layer on the surfaces of the journal portion 22a to a fluoride layer and removes O₂ adsorbed on the same surface. The fluoride layer is stable at temperatures below 600 °C when there exists no O₂, H₂, nor H₂O, to thereby prevent forming any oxide layer and adsorption of O₂ on and by the metallic substrates. Also, according to the fluorinating process, the fluoride layer is formed on the surface of the furnace material at the initial stage, so that the fluoride layer thereafter prevents possible damage to the surfaces of the furnace material due to application of a fluorine- or fluoride-containing gas. The journal portion 22a duly treated with the fluorine- or fluoride-containing gas is further heated to a nitriding temperature of 480 to 700°C and applied in this state with NH₃ gas or a mixed gas of NH₃ and a gas containing carbon sources (such as RX gas), whereby the aforesaid fluoride layer is reduced or broken by H₂ or a trace amount of water as represented by the following formula, thereby causing the active metallic substrates to be formed and exposed. CrF₄ + 2H₂ → Cr + 4HF 2FeF₃ + 3H₂ → 2Fe+ 6HF Simultaneously with formation of the activated metallic substrates, active N atoms enter and disperse in the metal, resulting in that a solid compound layer (nitride layer) containing such nitride as CrN, Fe₂N, Fe₃N, and Fe₄N is formed on the surfaces of the metallic substrate. Then, the foregoing masking of the rotary shaft 22 is duly removed. The conventional nitriding process forms similar nitride layers to the above but it has lower activity on the substrates surfaces due to an oxidized layer formed thereon during elevation of temperatures from normal room temperatures to nitriding temperatures or O₂ adsorbed at that time, so that the degree of adsorption of N atoms on the substrates surfaces is low and not uniform. The non-uniformity is enlarged also by the fact that it is practically hard to keep the degree of decomposition of NH₃ uniformly in the furnace. According to the manufacturing process of the present invention, adsorption of N atoms on the surface of the journal portion 22a is carried out uniformly and quickly to thereby exclude the above problem while providing the solid nitride layer. The resultant motor rotary shaft 22 in which the surface layer of its journal portion 22a includes a hard nitride layer A as shown in Fig. 2 is thereby excellent in durability. A servo motor 20 shown in Fig. 3 is substantially identical with that of Fig. 4 except that it uses a ball bearings 31 of the motor rotary shaft 22. In this case, the ball bearing 31 (particularly the rolling member, such as balls, and ball races) are nitrided together with the journal portion 22a of the motor rotary shaft 22 by the nitriding process according to the present invention, whereby the ball bearings 31 themselves can be reduced in frictional resistance and further rigidly fitted to the journal portions 22a. Although steel is used for the motor rotary shaft in the above-mentioned example, metallic materials such as aluminium and titanium other than steel may be used for the motor rotary shaft and the same effect as above can be obtained. As seen from the above, the motor rotary shaft made by the method of the present invention is constructed at the surface layer of the journal portion with a hard nitride layer but does not employ a hard material for the whole motor rotary shaft, so that it is able to provide the shaft which is obtainable at a low cost, not so heavy and excellent in durability. Also, the shaft made by the method of the present invention can reduce resistance to slide to about one third with the solid nitrided layer, to thereby be able to realize a saving of the coolant or the like. Furthermore, as above-mentioned, in the manufacturing method according to the present invention, fluorinating is carried out before the nitriding process to change the passive coat layer such as an oxide layer on the surface of the journal portion to a fluoride layer which protects the same surface. Therefore, even when there is a space of time between formation of the fluoride layer on the journal portion and nitriding process, the fluoride protects and keeps the surface of the journal portion in a favourable condition, resulting in that re-formation of an oxide layer on that surface is prevented. The fluoride layer is decomposed and removed in the subsequent nitriding process to cause the surface of the journal portion to be exposed. Since the exposed metal surface is activated, N atoms in the nitriding process readily, deeply and uniformly penetrate and disperse into the journal portion, thereby forming the surface layer of the journal portion into a thick and uniform hard nitrided layer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a schematic sectional view showing a heat treatment furnace used in an example of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a sectional view showing a condition of a nitride layer formed on the journal portion of the motor rotary shaft, Figs. 3 and 4 are sectional views showing a motor provided with respective motor rotary shafts. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Next, the present invention will be referred to according to an example. (Examples) The Journal portions of a motor rotary shaft (150 x  25mm) made of SUS316 stainless steel were washed with trichloroethane. The washed shaft was masked at its portions other than the journal portions then placed in a heat treatment furnace 1 as shown in Fig. 1 to be held in a N₂ gas atmosphere containing 5000ppm of NF₃ at 300 °C for 15 minutes, followed by heating to 530 °C and a mixed gas of 50% of NH₃ + 50% of N₂ was introduced into the heat treatment furnace 1 to perform nitriding of the shaft for 3 hours. Then, the shaft was air-cooled and taken out of the furnace. The Thickness of the nitride layer of the journal portion of the motor rotary shaft was 10 to 70 µm, and the surface hardness of the nitride layer was 1000 to 1350 Hv and the hardness was substantially higher than that obtained by the conventional nitriding method.

Claims: A method of manufacturing a motor rotary shaft (22) comprising the steps of:masking the portions of the shaft other than the journal portion (22a); holding the journal portion of the shaft in a fluorine- or fluoride-containing gas atmosphere under heated conditions to form a fluoride layer on the surface of the journal portion; and thereafter further holding the journal portion of the shaft in a nitriding atmosphere under heated conditions to form a hard nitride layer on the surface layer of the journal portion.

Inventors: YOSHINO AKIRA, YOSHINO, AKIRA
Applicants: DAIDO HOXAN INC, DAIDO HOXAN INC.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C23C8
IPC codes: C23C8, F16C33, H02K5, F16C3