Piperidyloxy- and quinuclidinyloxy- isoxazole derivatives, their preparation and their therapeutic use

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I): [in which: R¹ is hydrogen, halogen or alkyl; R² is hydrogen, alkyl, optionally substituted phenyl or a heterocycle; or R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, where R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are hydrogen, halogen, alkyl group, alkoxy, halomethyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, nitro, aliphatic carboxylic acylamino or amino; and R³ is piperidyl, substituted piperidyl or quinuclidinyl] are useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of cognitive disorders, notably senile dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Processes for preparing the compounds are also provided.

Description: The present invention relates to a series of new piperidyloxyisoxazole and quinuclidinyloxyisoxazole derivatives which are useful for the treatment and prophylaxis of various disorders, notably senile dementia (including Alzheimer's disease). The invention also provides methods and compositions using these compounds as well as processes for preparing them. In recent years, the number of elderly in the population has substantially increased, and there has been a corresponding increase in the number of age-related diseases and disorders, most notably senile dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Senile dementia is a serious and growing problem in the world today, which can cause much discomfort and distress not only to the sufferer but also to relatives and to those responsible for them, and much research effort has been directed to attempts to cure or alleviate the condition. In particular Alzheimer's disease, in which senile dementia appears to afflict the patient prematurely, is a cause of much distress. Since the causes of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease are presently unknown, treatment is difficult to develop and generally has to be confined merely to the relief of symptoms. It is known that a characteristic exhibited by patients suffering from senile dementia is a decrease in the cerebral microcirculation and a reduction in cerebral metabolism, which together lead to dysfunction of cognition. Also, the early stages of senile dementia are generally accompanied by depression, and the relief of that depression would lead to an improvement in the quality of life of the sufferer. Acetylcholine is a chemical transmitter having a wide range of activities in the body, and interference with its production and/or activity has been shown to result in a number of disorders. It has been found in patients suffering from senile dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, that the biosynthesis of acetylcholine in the brain is defective; however, even in such patients, receptors for acetylcholine in the brain may be much less affected, and they may still be functioning satisfactorily. The receptors for acetylcholine located on the pre-synaptic terminals in the brain are M₂ receptors, while those located on the post-synaptic membranes in the brain are M₁ and M₃ receptors. The M₂ receptors are abundant on the pre- and post-synapses of the heart, whilst many M₁ receptors are located in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the brain, which play an important role in memory and cognition. Accordingly, if the M₁ receptors could be stimulated during the early stages of the development of the dementia, it would be possible to alleviate the symptoms of the dementia and possibly prevent further decline. On the other hand, it is more desirable that any agent developed to stimulate the M₁ receptors should not correspondingly stimulate the M₂ receptors, since M₂ receptors inhibit the release of acetylcholine, and that they should minimise side-effects caused by stimulation of the heart. We have now discovered a series of new piperidyloxyisoxazole and quinuclidinyloxyisoxazole derivatives which have been found to bind selectively to M₁ receptors, while binding to a much lesser extent to M₂ receptors and which, therefore, as explained above, are of value for the treatment and prophylaxis of senile dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Surprisingly, we have found that the compounds of the present invention also bind to 5-HT₃ receptors and thus interfere with 5-HT₃ activity. Since it is known that 5-HT₃ antagonists have anti-anxiety, antidepressant and anti-psychotic activities, the compounds of the present invention are also expected to be of value more widely in the treatment of patients with cognitive disorders, especially anxiety, depression and psychosis. A number of isoxazole derivatives have previously been described by the present inventors and co-workers for use in the treatment and prophylaxis of a variety of diseases and disorders, including cerebrovascular disorders, as centrally acting muscle relaxants and as anti-depressants. These are disclosed, for example, in EP-A 420 464, EP-A 405 905 and EP-A 335 723. Of these, the closest compounds structurally are disclosed in EP-A 335 723, in which there are disclosed, amongst many others, compounds of formula: in which the symbols R each represent various groups and atoms and the symbols R′ can represent various organic groups or, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, can represent a heterocyclic group, including a piperidyl group. These prior art compounds differ from those of the present invention in that the piperidyl group represented by -NR′R′ is necessarily attached to the remainder of the molecule via the nitrogen atom and, most importantly, by the presence in in the side chain at the isoxazole 3-position of the prior art compounds of a group of formula: which has hitherto been considered essential to the desired activity, and which is totally absent in the compounds of the present invention. The compounds of the present invention are those compounds of formula (I): in which: R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R² represents: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a), defined below; or R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents: a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a halomethyl group; an alkylamino group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a dialkylamino group in which each alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a hydroxy group; a nitro group; an aliphatic carboxylic acylamino group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; or an amino group; and R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group; substituents (a): halogen atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; alkylamino groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; dialkylamino groups in which each alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; hydroxy groups; nitro groups; and amino groups; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and prophylaxis of cognitive disorders comprising an effective amount of at least one active compound in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, wherein the active compound is at least one compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as defined above. The invention further provides the use of at least one compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as defined above, for therapy. The invention still further provides the use of at least one compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as defined above, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of cognitive disorders, especially anxiety, depression and psychosis, in a mammal, which may be human. The invention still further provides the use of at least one compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as defined above, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of senile dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, in a mammal, which may be human. The invention also provides processes for the preparation of the compounds of the invention, which processes are described in greater detail hereafter. In the compounds of the present invention, where R¹ represents a halogen atom, this may be a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, preferably a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom. Where R¹ and/or R² represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, this may be a straight or branched chain group having from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms, and examples include the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl and isohexyl groups. Of these, we prefer those alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and isobutyl groups, and most preferably the methyl group. Where R² represents a phenyl group, this may be substituted or unsubstituted. The substituted groups may be substituted by one or more of substituents (a), defined above and exemplified below. Where the group is substituted, there is no particular restriction on the number of substituents, except such as may be imposed by the number of substitutable positions and possibly by steric constraints, i.e. the maximum is 5 substituents for a phenyl group. However, in general, from 1 to 3 substituents are preferred. Examples of such substituents include: halogen atoms, such as the fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms, such as the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and t-butyl groups, and most preferably the methyl group; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 4 and most preferably 1 or 2, carbon atoms, such as the methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy and t-butoxy groups, preferably the methoxy group; alkylamino groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as the methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, butylamino, isobutylamino, sec-butylamino and t-butylamino groups, preferably the methylamino group; dialkylamino groups in which each alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as the dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino, diisopropylamino, dibutylamino, N -methyl- N -ethylamino, N -methyl- N -butyl, N -ethyl-N-propyl and N -ethyl- N -butyl groups; and hydroxy groups, nitro groups and amino groups. Where R² represents a heterocyclic group, this has 5 or 6 ring atoms. Of these atoms, from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms. Where there are 3 hetero-atoms, we prefer that at least one (more preferably 2) should be a nitrogen atom and one or two should be nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur atoms (and, where there are two, they may be the same or different). Where there are two hetero-atoms, these may be the same or different and they are selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur atoms; however, more preferably one is a nitrogen atom and the other is a nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur atom. Such groups may be unsubstituted or they may be substituted by at least one (preferably from 1 to 3) of substituents (a), defined and exemplified above. Examples of such unsubstituted groups include the furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrrolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperazyl, tetrahydropyimidinyl, dihydropyridazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyrrolidonyl, piperidonyl, pyridonyl, 2 H -pyrrolyl, furazanyl and pyrazolinyl groups. Such groups may be unsubstituted or they may have at least one substituent selected from substituents (a), defined and exemplified above. Alternatively, R¹ and R² may together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are as defined above, i.e. they form an optionally substituted benzene ring fused to the isoxazole system. Where R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ represents a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkylamino group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a dialkylamino group in which each alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, these may be as exemplified above in relation to the similar groups which are included in substituents (a). Where R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ represents a halomethyl group, this may be, for example, a chloromethyl, fluoromethyl, bromomethyl, iodomethyl, dichloromethyl, difluoromethyl, dibromomethyl, diiodomethyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, tribromomethyl or triiodomethyl group, preferably a trifluoromethyl group. Where R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ or R⁷ represents an aliphatic carboxylic acylamino group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, this may be a straight or branched chain group and is preferably an alkanoylamino group; examples include the acetamido, propionamido, butyramido, isobutyramido, acrylamido, methacrylamido, propioloylamino and crotonoylamino groups. R³ may represent a substituted or unsubstituted piperidyl group or an unsubstituted quinuclidinyl group which is preferably attached to the isoxazolyloxy group through a carbon atom. In the case of the substituted piperidyl group, the substituents are selected from alkyl groups having from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms, such as those exemplified above in relation to R¹ and R². Preferred classes of compounds of the present invention include those compounds of formula (I) and salts thereof in which: (A) R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. (B) R² represents: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; substituents (a′): halogen atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups. (C) R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a trifluoromethyl group or a hydroxy group. (D) R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. Of these, we prefer those compounds of formula (I) and salts thereof in which R¹ and R² are as defined in (A) and (B) or in (C), and R³ is as defined in (D), above. More preferred classes of compounds of the present invention include those compounds of formula (I) and salts thereof in which: (E) R¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom. (F) R² represents: a hydrogen atom; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3, more preferably 1 or 2, are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; substituents (a″): halogen atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups. (G) R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms and hydroxy groups. (H) R³ represents a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. Of these, we prefer those compounds of formula (I) and salts thereof in which R¹ and R² are as defined in (E) and (F) or in (G), and R³ is as defined in (H), above. Examples of certain of the compounds of the present invention are shown by the following formulae (I-1) to (I-4), in which the symbols used in the formulae are as defined in the respective one of Tables 1 to 4, that is Table 1 relates to formula (I-1), Table 2 relates to formula (I-2), and so on. In Table 1, where the benzisoxazolyloxy group can be attached to the 2-, 3- or 4- positions of the piperidine ring, this is indicated by o -, m - or p -, respectively, so that, for example, the 2-isomer of Compound No. 18 is referred to as Compound No. 18 o , the 3-isomer as 18 m and so on. A similar convention is employed in Table 3. In the Tables, the following abbreviations are used: Bu butyl i Bu isobutyl s Bu sec-butyl t Bu t-butyl Et ethyl Fur furyl Hx hexyl Me methyl Ph phenyl Pn pentyl Pr propyl i Pr isopropyl Pyr pyridyl Thi thienyl where Z represents: (referred to respectively as " p ", " m " and " o "), Z′ represents: (referred to respectively as " p " and " m "), and "Quin" represents the quinuclidinyl group. Of the compounds listed above, the following are preferred, that is to say Compounds No. 1-1, 1-2, 1-4, 1-6, 1-8, 1-10, 1-12, 1-14, 1-16, 1-18, 1-22, 1-24, 1-28, 1-32, 1-33, 1-34, 1-38, 1-39, 1-40, 1-56, 1-89, 1-90, 1-91, 1-144, 1-145, 1-147, 2-1, 2-2, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, 2-13, 2-16, 2-17, 2-20, 2-21, 2-22, 2-29, 2-30, 2-32, 2-39, 2-40, 2-42, 2-44, 2-45, 2-97, 2-98, 2-99, 2-100, 2-101, 2-102, 2-103, 2-107, 3-2, 3-51, 3-87, 3-88, 3-144, 3-145, 3-169, 3-264, 3-265, 3-266, 3-267, 3-268 and 3-269, of which the more preferred compounds are Compounds No. 1-2, 2-1, 2-2, 2-10, 2-20, 2-21, 2-97, 2-98, 2-99, 2-100 and 2-107. The most preferred are Compounds No.: 2-1. 3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole, including the R -(+)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole and S -(-)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole isomers; 2-20. 4-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole; 2-107. 4-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, especially the hydrochlorides. The compounds of the present invention can be prepared by a variety of methods well known for the preparation of compounds of this type. For example, in general terms, they may be prepared by the condensation of a compound of formula (II): with a compound of formula (III): Y-R³ (III) (in the above formulae, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above and X and Y represent complementary leaving groups) under conditions to effect condensation. For example, X may represent a halogen atom (e.g. a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom) and Y may represent a a hydroxy group or a group of formula MO-, where M represents a metal (e.g. alkali metal, especially sodium or potassium) atom, or X and Y may both represent hydroxy groups, in which case the reaction is carried out in the presence of a dehydrating agent. The compound may then, if desired, be salified to prepare a salt thereof. In more detail, one preferred method of preparing the compounds of the present invention comprises reacting a compound of formula (IV): (in which R¹ and R² are as defined above) with a compound of formula (V): R³-OH (V) (in which R³ is as defined above) in the presence of a dehydrating agent, to give the compound of formula (I), and then, if desired, salifying the resulting compound of formula (I). There is no particular restriction on the nature of the dehydrating agent employed in this reaction, and any compound capable of participating in a condensation reaction to remove the elements of water may be employed, as is well known in the art, provided that it does not have any adverse effect on the reagents. A particularly preferred dehydrating agent which may be employed in the present reaction is that compound prepared by reacting diethyl azodicarboxylate with triphenylphosphine, i.e. in which Ph represents a phenyl group and Et represents an ethyl group. This reaction may be carried out using Mitsunobu's reaction, as described in Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 40 , 2380 (1967). Specifically, the reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of an organic solvent. There is no particular restriction on the nature of the solvent to be employed, provided that it has no adverse effect on the reaction or on the reagents involved and that it can dissolve the reagents, at least to some extent. Examples of suitable solvents include: aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene or toluene; ethers, such as dioxane or tetrahydrofuran; nitriles, such as acetonitrile; ketones, such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone; amides, especially fatty acid amides, such as dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide; and sulphoxides, such as dimethyl sulphoxide. There is no particular restriction on the molar ratio of the two reagents, and approximately equimolar amounts or a slight excess of the compound of formula (V) are preferred. The reaction can take place over a wide range of temperatures, and the precise reaction temperature is not critical to the invention. In general, we find it convenient to carry out the reaction at a temperature of from -20°C to +50°C, and, in practice, room temperature is convenient and most preferred. The time required for the reaction may also vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, provided that the reaction is effected under the preferred conditions outlined above, a period of from 5 to 48 hours will usually suffice, a period of around 24 hours being generally suitable. The product of this reaction may be separated from the reaction mixture by conventional means. For example, one suitable recovery procedure comprises extracting the mixture with a suitable organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate, removing the solvent from the extract, generally by evaporation, and then, if required, subjecting the product to a further purification step, for example by recrystallisation or by one of the chromatography techniques, such as column chromatography or preparative thin layer chromatography. An alternative preferred method of preparing the compounds of the present invention, and particularly those wherein R¹ is as defined above and R² represents an optionally substituted phenyl group or a heterocyclic group, comprises reacting a halogen or sulpho derivative of either the isoxazole compound or the piperidyl or quinuclidinyl compound of formula (VI): R a -X′ (VI) with a hydroxy compound of formula (VII): R b -OH (VII) or with a corresponding metal compound of formula (VIIa): R b -OM (VIIa) where: X′ represents a halogen atom or a sulpho group; M represents a metal atom, preferably an alkali metal atom and most preferably a sodium or potassium atom; and one of R a and R b represents a group of formula (VIII): and the other of R a and R b represents a group R³, as defined above. A preferred reaction comprises reacting a compound of formula (IX): (in which R¹, R² and X′ are as defined above) with a hydroxy compound of formula (X): HO-R³ (X) or with a corresponding metal compound of formula (Xa): MO-R³ (Xa) (in which M and R³ are as defined above). In this reaction, X′ is preferably a halogen atom, and most preferably a chlorine atom. There is no particular restriction on the molar ratio of the two reagents, although, since the reaction requires equal amounts of each reagent, approximate molar equality is preferred. However, a molar excess of either component is possible, although, since any excess is merely wasted, any such excess is preferably minimised. The reaction is normally and preferably carried out in the presence of a non-aqueous solvent. There is no particular restriction on the nature of the solvent to be employed, provided that it has no adverse effect on the reaction or on the reagents involved and that it can dissolve the reagents, at least to some extent. Examples of suitable solvents include: halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; ethers, such as diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, diisobutyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene and xylene; esters, such as ethyl acetate; amides, such as dimethylformamide and hexamethylsulphonamide; and mixtures of any two or more of these solvents. The reaction can take place over a wide range of temperatures, and the precise reaction temperature is not critical to the invention. In general, we find it convenient to carry out the reaction at a temperature of from 0°C to 100°C, and in practice from 0°C to 50°C is more preferred. The time required for the reaction may also vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, provided that the reaction is effected under the preferred conditions outlined above, a period of from 1 to 48 hours will usually suffice, and in practice a period of from 1 to 20 hours is preferred. After completion of the reaction, the desired compound may be separated from the reaction mixture by any suitable recovery procedure. For example, one suitable procedure comprises: pouring the reaction mixture into ice-water; extracting the mixture with a water-immiscible organic solvent, such as ethyl acetate; removing the solvent from the extract, e.g. by distillation; and then, if required, subjecting the product to a further purification step, for example by recrystallisation or by one of the chromatography techniques, such as column chromatography or preparative thin layer chromatography. The compound of formula (IX), which is used as one of the starting materials can be prepared, for example, as described in Chem. Ber., 100 , 3326 - 3330 (1967) or by similar known methods. The compounds of the present invention can exist in the form of various optical isomers and diastereomers because of the existence of asymmetric carbon atoms in the molecule. The optical isomers can be resolved using conventional techniques of optical resolution to give optically active compounds. The present invention covers both the individual isomers and mixtures (e.g. racemic mixtures) thereof, whether as obtained by their synthesis reaction or by mixing. If individual isomers are required, these may be prepared from mixtures, by conventional means, or they may be prepared by stereospecific synthesis techniques, as are well known in the art. Salts of the compounds of formula (I) can be prepared by conventional salification techniques, well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the compound of formula (I) is dissolved in a suitable, preferably non-aqueous, solvent, and then the required acid, optionally also dissolved in a solvent, which may be the same as the first-mentioned solvent or different, is added. The salt will generally precipitate (and the solvent or solvents are preferably so chosen that it does) and may be recovered by filtration or similar techniques. There is no particular restriction on the nature of the solvent to be employed, provided that it has no adverse effect on the reaction or on the reagents involved and that it can dissolve the reagents, at least to some extent. Examples of suitable solvents include: alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol; ethers, such as diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene or toluene. There is no restriction on the molar ratios of the compound of formula (I) to the acid, but about equimolar proportions or a slight excess of the acid are preferred, e.g. from 1 to 1.2 equivalents of acid per equivalent of the compound of formula (I). The reaction can take place over a wide range of temperatures, and the precise reaction temperature is not critical to the invention. In general, we find it convenient to carry out the reaction at a temperature of from -5°C to 30°C. The nature of the acid will, of course, depend on the salt which is to be prepared, and examples of suitable salts include: salts with mineral acids, especially hydrohalic acids (such as hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid or hydrochloric acid), nitric acid, carbonic acid, sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid; salts with lower alkylsulphonic acids, such as methanesulphonic acid, trifluoromethanesulphonic acid or ethanesulphonic acid; salts with arylsulphonic acids, such as benzenesulphonic acid or p -toluenesulphonic acid; salts with organic carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malic acid, succinic acid or citric acid; and salts with amino acids, such as glutamic acid or aspartic acid. After separation, the salt may, if required, be purified by recrystallisation from a suitable solvent, for example an alcohol, such as ethanol. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY As is demonstrated hereafter in the Experiments, the compounds of the present invention bind very specifically with the muscarinic receptors which are distributed in the brain among the receptors for acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter; in particular, they bind preferentially with the muscarinic 1 (M₁) receptors, which are located on the post-synaptic membrane. Moreover, they have anti-reserpine activity without anti-histamine activity, which is essential for use as an anti-depressant. Also they have antagonistic activity to 5-HT₃ receptors. Since 5-HT₃ antagonists are well known to have anti-anxiety and anti-psychotic activities, the compounds of the present invention can be expected to be useful for the treatment of associated symptoms of patients with cognitive disorders. As a result of this characteristic, the compounds of the present invention are expected to be useful for the therapy and prophylaxis of dementia of the Alzheimer type, senile dementia and Huntington's chorea, which are thought to be caused by injury to the acetylcholine biosynthesis pathway, with few side effects on the heart and intestinal tract. In addition, because 5-HT₃ antagonists are known to be useful as anti-emetic agents, and M₁ agonists are known to have shown centrally acting non-narcotic analgesic activity, the compounds of the present invention are predicted also to be useful as anti-emetic agents and as centrally acting non-narcotic analgesic agents. We have also found that the compounds of the present invention have an ameliorating influence on ischemia-induced hyperviscosity of the blood, and this activity, too, can be expected to increase the cerebral microcirculation in patients with cognitive disorders, which will alleviate their symptoms. Moreover, and most importantly, the compounds of the present invention have been found to have a low toxicity, The compounds of the present invention may therefore be used in the treatment and prophylaxis of disorders such as those referred to above, and, for this purpose, may be formulated as conventional pharmaceutical preparations, as is well known in the art. Thus, the compounds may be administered orally, e.g. in the form of tablets, capsules, granules, powders, syrups, or other such well known forms, or parenterally, e.g. by injections, suppositories, etc. These pharmaceutical preparations can be prepared by conventional means and may contain known adjuvants of a type commonly used in this field, for example vehicles, binders, disintegrators, lubricants, correctives, etc. depending upon the intended use and form of the preparation. The dose will depend upon the condition, age, and body weight of the patient as well as upon the nature and severity of the disorder to be treated, but in the case of oral administration to an adult human patient, we would normally suggest a total daily dose of from 5 mg to 50 mg, which may be administered in a single dose or in divided doses, e.g. from one to three times a day. The preparation of the compounds of the present invention is further illustrated by the following Examples, and the formulation of these compounds into pharmaceutically useful dosage forms is illustrated by the subsequent Formulations. The biological activities of the compounds are then illustrated by the subsequent Experiments. EXAMPLE 1 4-Chloro-5-methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole A solution of 7.86 g of triphenylphosphine in 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran was cooled to 5°C, and then 5.22 g of diethyl azodicarboxylate were added dropwise to the cooled solution, followed by 4.00 g of 4-chloro-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole. 3.81 g of 3-hydroxy-quinuclidine were then added to the resulting mixture, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. At the end of this time, the solvent was removed from the mixture by distillation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by column chromatography through silica gel, using ethyl acetate as the eluent, to afford 4.72g (yield 64.8%) of the title compound as a colourless powder, melting at 37 - 38°C. Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1632, 1520, 1455. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (CDCℓ₃) δppm: 1.34 - 2.00 (4H, multiplet); 2.25 - 2.39 (1H, multiplet); 2.33 (3H, singlet); 2.68 - 3.04 (5H, multiplet); 3.26 - 3.35 (1H, multiplet); 4.71 - 4.78 (1H, multiplet). EXAMPLE 2 3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole A solution of 9.18 g of triphenylphosphine in 100 ml of tetrahydrofuran was cooled to 5°C. 6.10 g of diethyl azodicarboxylate were then added dropwise to the cooled solution, after which 2.98 g of 3-hydroxyisoxazole and 4.45 g of 3-hydroxyquinuclidine were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. At the end of this time, the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was purified by column chromatography through silica gel, using ethyl acetate as the eluent, to afford 5.18 g (yield 76.2%) of the title compound as a colourless powder, melting at 80 - 81°C. Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1581, 1486, 1465, 1423. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (CDCℓ₃) δppm: 1.27 - 1.97 (4H, multiplet); 2.24 - 2.30 (1H, multiplet); 2.68 - 3.01 (5H, multiplet); 3.27 - 3.37 (1H, multiplet); 4.69 - 4.76 (1H, multiplet); 5.96 (1H, doublet, J = 1.97 Hz); 8.12 (1H, doublet, J = 1.97 Hz). EXAMPLE 3 4-Chloro-5-methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride A solution of 2.30 g of 4-chloro-5-methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole (prepared as described in Example 1) in 30 ml of ethanol was cooled to 5°C. 2.50 ml of a 4N solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane were then added dropwise to the solution. The resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 10 minutes. At the end of this time, the reaction mixture was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the solid residue thus obtained was recrystallized from isopropanol to afford 2.42 g (yield 91.6%) of the title compound as a colourless powder, melting at 195 - 198°C (with decomposition). Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1633, 1521, 1461, 1425. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (D₂O) δppm: 1.87 - 2.36 (4H, multiplet); 2.62 - 2.73 (1H, multiplet); 2.38 (3H, singlet); 3.28- 3.57 (5H, multiplet); 3.75 - 3.84 (1H, multiplet); 5.09 - 5.15 (1H, multiplet). EXAMPLE 4 3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride A solution of 1.70 g of 3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole (prepared as described in Example 2) in 20 ml of ethanol was cooled to 5°C. 2.30 ml of a 4N solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane were then added dropwise to the solution, and the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 10 minutes. At the end of this time, the reaction mixture was concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure, and the solid residue thus obtained was recrystallized from isopropanol to afford 1.83 g (yield 91.0%) of the title compound as a colourless powder, melting at 221 - 223°C (with decomposition). Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1579, 1475, 1456, 1430. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (D₂O) δppm: 1.16 - 2.35 (4H, multiplet); 2.64 - 2.70 (1H, multiplet); 3.28 - 3.53 (5H, multiplet); 3.75 - 3.84 (1H, multiplet); 5.05 - 5.11 (1H, multiplet); 6.24 (1H, doublet, J = 1.97 Hz); 8.41 (1H, doublet, J = 1.97 Hz). EXAMPLE 5 R-(+)-3- (3-Quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole A solution of 62.50 g of 2,3-di- p -toluoyl- L -tartaric acid monohydrate in 200 ml of methanol was added to a solution of 30.00 g of 3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole (prepared as described in Example 2) in 800 ml of methanol, and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. The crystals which precipitated were collected by filtration and washed with 300 ml of ethanol, to give 28.21 g (yield 62.8%) of crude crystals of 3-(3- R -quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole 2,3-di- p -toluoyl- L -tartrate. A combination of these crude crystals and the ethanolic washings was used as the starting material for the synthesis described in Example 6. Meanwhile, the crude crystals were recrystallized three times from methanol, to give 16.32 g of relatively pure 3-(3- R -quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole 2,3-di- p -toluoyl- L -tartrate as colourless columnar crystals, melting at 165 - 166°C (with decomposition) and having a refractive index [α] 24 / D = -48.7° (c = 1.0, dimethylformamide). 16.00 g of the tartrate thus obtained were suspended in 200 ml of ethyl acetate, and the resulting solution was cooled to 5°C. 36 ml of 1N aqueous hydrochloric acid were added to the suspension, and the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 10 minutes. At the end of this time, the aqueous layer was separated and cooled to 5°C. 63 g of sodium carbonate were then added to it, and the mixture was extracted twice, each time with 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layer then was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and the drying agent was removed by filtration. The solvent was then removed from the filtrate by distillation under reduced pressure. The resulting crystalline residue was crystallized from diisopropyl ether, to give 5.10 g (yield 34.0%) of the title compound, as colourless columnar crystals, melting at 69 - 70°C. [α] 24 / D = +7.7° (c = 1.0, ethanol). Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1577, 1473, 1424. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (CDCℓ₃) δ ppm: 1.35 - 1.98 (4H, multiplet); 2.26 - 2.32 (1H, multiplet); 2.70 - 3.03 (5H, multiplet); 3.28 - 3.37 (1H, multiplet); 4.71 - 4.77 (1H, multiplet); 5.96 (1H, doublet, J = 1.95 Hz); 8.12 (1H, doublet, J = 1.95 Hz). EXAMPLE 6 S-(-)-3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole A mixture of the filtrate and the washings obtained as described in Example 5 was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the residue was suspended in 400 ml of ethyl acetate. The suspension was cooled to 5°C, and 353 ml of 1N aqueous hydrochloric acid were added to it; it was then stirred for a further 10 minutes. At the end of this time, the aqueous layer was separated and was cooled to 5°C; 75.2 g of sodium carbonate were then added to it, and then the resulting mixture was extracted three times, each time with 400 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and then the drying agent was removed by filtration. The solvent was then removed from the filtrate by distillation under reduced pressure, to afford 20.01 g of 3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole, comprising mainly the S -isomer. The whole of this product was dissolved in 700 ml of methanol, and the resulting solution was mixed with a solution of 39.80 g of 2,3-di- p -toluoyl- D -tartaric acid in 200 ml of methanol. The resulting mixture was allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. The crystals which precipitated were collected by filtration and washed with 300 ml of ethanol. They were then recrystallized three times from methanol, to give 23.56 g (yield 52.7%) of 3-(3- S -quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole di- p -toluoyl- D -tartarate, as colourless columnar crystals melting at 165 - 166°C (with decomposition) and having a specific rotation [α] 24 / D = +48.5° (c = 1.0, dimethylformamide). 22.00 g of the tartarate thus obtained were suspended in 200 ml of ethyl acetate, and the suspension was cooled to 5°C. 50 ml of 1N aqueous hydrochloric acid were added to the suspension, and the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 10 minutes. At the end of this time, the aqueous layer was separated and cooled to 5°C, and then 10.59 g of sodium carbonate were added to it, and the mixture was extracted twice, each time with 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and then the drying agent was removed by filtration. The solvent was then removed from the filtrate by distillation under reduced pressure. The resulting crystalline residue was recrystallized from diisopropyl ether, to give 6.95 g (yield 46.3%) of the title compound, as colourless columnar crystals, melting at 69 - 70°C. [α] 24 / D = -7.6° (c = 1.0, ethanol). Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1577, 1473, 1423. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (CDCℓ₃) δ ppm: 1.35 - 1.98 (4H, multiplet); 2.25 - 2.31 (1H, multiplet); 2.66 - 3.02 (5H, multiplet); 3.28 - 3.37 (1H, multiplet); 4.70 - 4.76 (1H, multiplet); 5.96 (1H, doublet, J = 1.95 Hz); 8.12 (1H, doublet, J = 1.95 Hz). EXAMPLE 7 R-(-)-3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride A solution of 4.30 g of R -(+)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole (prepared as described in Example 5) in 50 ml of isopropanol was cooled to 5°C and 6.07 ml of a 4N solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane were added to it. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, and then the crystals which precipitated were collected by filtration and recrystallized from methanol, to give 4.85 g (yield 95.0%) of the title compound, as colourless needles, melting at 255 - 257°C (with decomposition). [α] 24 / D = -29.7° (c = 1.0, H₂O). Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1579, 1485, 1477, 1456, 1430. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (D₂O) δ ppm: 1.86 - 2.33 (4H, multiplet); 2.63 - 2.68 (1H, multiplet); 3.30 - 3.53 (5H, multiplet); 3.74 - 3.83 (1H, multiplet); 5.05 - 5.11 (1H, multiplet); 6.24 (1H, doublet, J = 1.96 Hz); 8.41 (1H, doublet, J = 1.96 Hz). EXAMPLE 8 S-(+)-3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride A solution of 5.95 g of S -(-)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole (prepared as described in Example 6) in 60 ml of isopropanol was cooled to 5°C and 8.41 ml of a 4N solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane were added to it. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes, and then the crystals which had precipitated were collected by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol, to give 6.64 g (yield 94.0%) of the title compound, as colourless needles, melting at 255 - 257°C (wich decomposition). [α] 24 / D = +29.8° (c = 1.0, H₂O). Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1579, 1484, 1477, 1456, 1430. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (D₂O) δ ppm: 1.86 - 2.34 (4H, multiplet); 2.63 - 2.69 (1H, multiplet); 3.30 - 3.53 (5H, multiplet); 3.74 - 3.83 (1H, multiplet); 5.05 - 5.11 (1H, multiplet); 6.24 (1H, doublet, J = 1.96 Hz); 8.41 (1H, doublet, J = 1.96 Hz). EXAMPLE 9 4-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole A solution of 1.96 g of 3-quinuclidinol in 30 ml of dimethylformamide was cooled to 5°C in an atmosphere of nitrogen. 0.67 g of sodium hydride (as a 55% w/w dispersion in mineral oil) was then added to the cooled solution, and then the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. At the end of this time, the reaction mixture was cooled to 5°C, and 3.0 g of 3,4-di chloro-5-phenylisoxazole were added. The resulting mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. At the end of this time, it was poured into 100 ml of ice-water and extracted twice, each time with 100 ml of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined and washed twice, each time with 100 ml of a 10% w/v aqueous solution of sodium chloride; they were then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate, after which the drying agent was removed by filtration. The solvent was then removed from the filtrate by distillation under reduced pressure. The residue thus obtained was purified by column chromatography through silica gel using a 10 : 1 by volume mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol as the eluent, to afford 4.21 g (yield 98.7%) of the title compound as a colourless and transparent oil. n 28 / D =1.5701 Infrared absorption spectrum (CHCℓ₃) ν max cm⁻¹: 1625, 1520, 1460, 1375. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (CDCℓ₃) δppm: 1.38 - 2.05 (5H, multiplet); 2.31 - 3.40 (6H, multiplet); 4.80 - 4.86 (1H, multiplet); 7.44 - 7.54 (3H, multiplet); 7.93 - 7.99 (2H, multiplet). EXAMPLE 10 4-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole hydrochloride A solution of 2.12 g of 4-chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole (prepared as described in Example 9) in 20 ml of ethanol was cooled to 5°C. 2.1 ml of a 4N solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane were then added dropwise to the solution, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. At the end of this time, the reaction mixture was concentrated by distillation under reduced pressure and the solid residue thus obtained was recrystallized from ethanol to afford 2.35 g (yield 96.1 %) of the title compound as a colourless powder, melting at 235 - 237°C (with decomposition). Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1627, 1522, 1450, 1421. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (hexadeuterated dimethyl sulphoxide) δppm: 1.81 - 2.56 (5H, multiplet); 3.16 - 3.79 (6H, multiplet); 5.08 - 5.14 (1H, multiplet); 7.59 - 7.65 (3H, multiplet); 7.90 - 7.95 (2H, multiplet). EXAMPLE 11 5-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole A solution of 1.53 g (13.3 mmole) of 4-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidine in 25 ml of dimethylformamide was cooled to 5°C in an atmosphere of nitrogen. 0.58 g (13.3 mmole) of sodium hydride (as a 55% w/w dispersion in mineral oil) was added to the solution, and then the solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to 5°C, and then 2.50 g (13.3 mmole) of 3,5-dichloro-1,2-benzisoxazole were added to it; the resulting mixture was then stirred at 5°C for 30 minutes and then at room temperature for 1 hour. At the end of this time, the mixture was poured into 50 ml of ice-water and then extracted twice, each time with 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was separated and washed with 100 ml of a 10% w/v aqueous solution of sodium chloride; it was then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and the drying agent was removed by filtration. The solvent was removed from the filtrate by distillation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by column chromatography through silica gel using ethyl acetate as the eluent to afford 2.38 g (yield 67.00%) of the title compound as a colourless powder, melting at 55 - 56°C. Infrared absorption spectrum (CHCℓ₃) cm⁻¹: 1535, 1470, 1440, 1360, 1310. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (CDCℓ₃) δ ppm: 1.73 - 3.00 (8H, multiplet); 2.32 (3H, singlet); 4.92 (1H, doubled doublet of doublets, J = 13.5, 9.0 & 4.5 Hz); 7.30 - 7.76 (3H, multiplet). EXAMPLE 12 5-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride A solution of 2.20 g (8.24 mmole) of 5-chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole (prepared as described in Example 11) in 20 ml of ethanol was cooled to 5°C. 2.5 ml of a 4N solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane were added dropwise to the cooled solution, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. At the end of this time, the solvent was removed from the reaction mixture by distillation under reduced pressure. The solid residue thus obtained was recrystallized from ethanol to afford 2.47 g (yield 98.7%) of the title compound as colourless curd-like crystals, melting at 212 - 214°C (with decomposition). Infrared absorption spectrum (KBr) ν max cm⁻¹: 1532, 1471, 1440, 1311. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (hexadeuterated dimethyl sulphoxide) δ ppm: 2.06 - 2.43 (4H, multiplet); 2.78 (3H, singlet); 2.90 - 3.63 (4H, multiplet); 5.16 (1H, multiplet); 7.66 - 8.03 (3H, multiplet). EXAMPLES 13 TO 108 Following procedures similar to those described in Examples 1 to 12, the following compounds were prepared. EXAMPLE 13 (+)-4-Chloro-5-phenyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole n 24 / D = 1.6290 [α] 24 / D = +8.4° (c = 1.0, CHCℓ₃). EXAMPLE 14 (-)-4-Chloro-5-phenyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole n 24 / D = 1.6290 [α] 24 / D = -8.5° (c = 1.0, CHCℓ₃). EXAMPLE 15 (+)-4-Chloro-5-phenyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 250 - 255°C (with decomposition) [α] 24 / D = +33.3° (c = 1.0, H₂O). EXAMPLE 16 (-)-4-Chloro-5-phenyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 250 - 255°C (with decomposition) [α] 24 / D = -33.5° (c = 1.0, H₂O). EXAMPLE 17 5-Chloro-3-(4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 253 - 256°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 18 5-Methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole melting at 52 - 53°C. EXAMPLE 19 5-Methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 207 - 209°C (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 20 5-Methyl-3-(4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 209 - 211°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 21 5-(3-Pyridyl)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 250 - 253°C (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 22 3-(1-Methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-5-(3-pyridyl)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 217 - 220°C (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 23 4-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-3-piperidyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole n 28 / D =1.5579. EXAMPLE 24 4-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole melting at 43 - 44°C. EXAMPLE 25 5-Phenyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole n 28 / D =1.5734. EXAMPLE 26 3-(1-Methyl-3-piperidyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole n 28 / D =1.5612. EXAMPLE 27 3-(1-Methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole melting at 70.5 - 71.5°C. EXAMPLE 28 5-(p-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole melting at 81 - 83°C. EXAMPLE 29 5-(p-Chlorophenyl)-3-(1-methyl-3-piperidyloxy)isoxazole n 28 / D =1.5645. EXAMPLE 30 5-(p-Chlorophenyl)-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole melting at 122 - 123°C. EXAMPLE 31 4-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-3-piperidyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 101 - 102°C. EXAMPLE 32 4-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 192 - 193°C (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 33 5-Phenyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 238 - 240 (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 34 (1-Methyl-3-piperidyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 189 - 190°C. EXAMPLE 35 (1-Methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 210 - 212°C (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 36 5-(p-Chlorophenyl)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 227 - 229°C (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 37 5-(p-Chlorophenyl)-3-(1-methyl-3-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 215 - 217°C (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 38 5-(p-Chlorophenyl)-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 209 - 211°C (with decomposition). EXAMPLE 39 4,5-Dimethyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole n 26 / D = 1.5332 EXAMPLE 40 4,5-Dimethyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole n 26 / D = 1.5437 EXAMPLE 41 5-Ethyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole melting at 71 - 72°C EXAMPLE 42 5-Ethyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole n 26 / D = 1.5612 EXAMPLE 43 5-Isopropyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole melting at 75 - 76°C EXAMPLE 44 5-Isopropyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole n 24 / D = 1.5634 EXAMPLE 45 4-Chloro-5-ethyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole melting at 78 - 80°C EXAMPLE 46 4-Chloro-5-ethyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole n 24 / D = 1.5802 EXAMPLE 47 4-Chloro-5-isopropyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole melting at 81 - 83°C EXAMPLE 48 4-Chloro-5-isopropyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole n 24 / D = 1.5724 EXAMPLE 49 5-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole melting at 39 - 40°C EXAMPLE 50 4-Chloro-5-methyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole melting at 30 - 31°C EXAMPLE 51 3-(1-Methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole melting at 40 - 40.5°C EXAMPLE 52 4-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole n 26 / D = 1.6340 EXAMPLE 53 4-Fluoro-5-methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole melting at 40 - 41°C EXAMPLE 54 4,5-Dimethyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 212 - 214°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 55 4,5-Dimethyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 219 - 222°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 56 5-Ethyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 211 - 213°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 57 5-Ethyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 184 - 186°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 58 5-Isopropyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 210 - 212°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 59 5-Isopropyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 196 - 198°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 60 4-Chloro-5-ethyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 219 - 222°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 61 4-Chloro-5-ethyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 211 - 214°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 62 4-Chloro-5-isopropyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 213 - 216°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 63 4-Chloro-5-isopropyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 209 - 212°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 64 5-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 198 - 200°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 65 4-Chloro-5-methyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 211 - 214°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 66 3-(1-Methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole fumarate melting at 148 - 150°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 67 4-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 201 - 204°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 68 4-Fluoro-5-methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 200 - 203°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 69 3-(1-Methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 67 - 68°C EXAMPLE 70 6-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 73.5 - 74.5°C EXAMPLE 71 6-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-3-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 64 - 65°C EXAMPLE 72 6-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 106.5 - 107.5°C EXAMPLE 73 7-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 63 - 64°C EXAMPLE 74 7-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 74 - 75°C EXAMPLE 75 5-Methoxy-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 85 - 86°C EXAMPLE 76 5-Methoxy-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole n 26 / D = 1.5390 EXAMPLE 77 5-Fluoro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 90 - 91°C EXAMPLE 78 5-Fluoro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 83 - 84°C EXAMPLE 79 5-Chloro-3-(1-ethyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 62 - 63°C EXAMPLE 80 5-Chloro-3-(1-propyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 71 - 72°C EXAMPLE 81 5-Chloro-3-(1-isobutyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 76 - 77°C EXAMPLE 82 5-Methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 94 - 95°C EXAMPLE 83 5-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 87 - 88°C EXAMPLE 84 5-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-3-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 61 - 62°C EXAMPLE 85 5-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 69 - 70°C EXAMPLE 86 5-Chloro-3-(4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole melting at 81 - 82°C EXAMPLE 87 3-(1-Methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 197 - 199°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 88 6-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 237 - 239°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 89 6-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-3-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 213 - 215°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 90 6-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 238 - 240°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 91 7-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 251 - 253°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 92 7-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 238 - 240°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 93 5-Methoxy-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 245 - 247°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 94 5-Methoxy-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 225 - 227°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 95 5-Fluoro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 231 - 233°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 96 5-Fluoro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 234 - 236°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 97 5-Chloro-3-(1-ethyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 186 - 188°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 98 5-Chloro-3-(1-propyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 226 - 228°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 99 5-Chloro-3-(1-isobutyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 215 - 217°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 100 5-Methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 262 - 264°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 101 5-Methyl-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 233 - 235°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 102 5-Chloro-3-(1-methyl-3-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 204 - 206°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 103 5-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 269 - 271°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 104 3-(1-Methyl-3-(1-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 188 - 190°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 105 3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride melting at 248 - 250°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 106 4-Chloro-5-phenyl-3-(3-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 111 - 113°C EXAMPLE 107 3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)-5-(2-thienyl)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 240 - 242°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 108 3-(1-Methylpiperidyloxy)-5-(2-thienyl)isoxazole hydrochloride melting at 216 - 218°C (with decomposition) EXAMPLE 109 4-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole 6.99 g of (40.2 mmole) of diethyl diazodicarboxylate were added dropwise to a solution of 10.54 g (40.2 mmole) of triphenylphosphine in 150 ml of tetrahydrofuran, whilst cooling to 0 - 10°C, and the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 minutes. At the end of this time, 5.10 g (40.2 mmole) of 3-quinuclidinol were added, and the mixture was stirred at 0 - 5°C for 30 minutes and then at room temperature for 24 hours. At the end of this time, the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was further purified by column chromatography through silica gel, using ethyl acetate as the eluent, to give 3.90 g (yield 50.9%) of the title compound as a colourless powder, melting at 68 - 69°C. Infrared Absorption Spectrum (KBr), ν max cm⁻¹: 1582, 1514, 1418. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum (CDCℓ₃, 270 MHz), δ ppm: 1.36 - 2.00 (4H, multiplet); 2.27 - 2.33 (1H, multiplet); 2.68 - 3.05 (5H, multiplet); 3.27 - 3.36 (1H, multiplet); 4.74 - 4.80 (1H, multiplet); 8.18 (1H, singlet). EXAMPLE 110 4-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride 3.00 ml (12.0 mmole) of a 4N solution of hydrogen chloride in dioxane were added dropwise to a solution of 2.29 g (10.0 mmole) of 4-chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole (prepared as described in Example 109) in 20 ml of ethanol, whilst cooling at 5°C; the mixture was then stirred at the same temperature for 10 minutes. At the end of this time, the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the solid residue was recrystallized from isopropanol, to give 2.40 g (yield 90.4%) of the title compound as a colourless powder, melting at 235 - 238°C (with decomposition). Infrared Absorption Spectrum (KBr), ν max cm ⁻¹: 1590, 1513, 1484, 1455, 1422. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum (CDCℓ₃, 270 MHz), δ ppm: 1.87 - 2.39 (4H, multiplet); 2.68 - 2.75 (1H, multiplet, J = 0.97 Hz); 3.28 - 3.58 (5H, multiplet); 3.76 - 3.86 (1H, multiplet); 5.13 - 5.19 (1H, multiplet); 8,56 (1H, singlet). FORMULATION 1 Capsules Powders of the above compounds were mixed and passed through a 60 mesh sieve (Tyler standard), and 280 mg of the resulting powder was packed into a No. 3 gelatin capsule. FORMULATION 2 Powders The powder prepared as described in Formulation 1 was compressed to make tablets each containing 120 mg using a conventional tabletting machine. FORMULATION 3 Capsules Powders of the above compounds were mixed and passed through a 60 mesh sieve (Tyler standard), and 280 mg of the resulting powder was packed into a No. 3 gelatin capsule. FORMULATION 4 Powders The powder prepared as described in Formulation 3 was compressed to make tablets each containing 120 mg using a conventional tabletting machine. EXPERIMENT 1 Muscarinic receptor binding test A membranous fraction prepared from the cerebral cortex of rats was added to the compound under test together with ³H-oxotremorine-M (to a final concentration of 3 nM), and the mixture was allowed to react at 30°C for 60 minutes. At the end of this time, the mixture was filtered through a filter paper. The 3 H radioactivity bound to the membrane which remained on the filter paper was determined by a liquid scintillation counter. Since a compound which binds to muscarinic receptors will do so in place of the ³H-oxotremorine-M, a greater muscarinic binding activity of the test compound will be shown by a lower radioactivity in the membrane remaining on the filter paper. The concentration of the compound under test which lowers the ³H radioactivity by 50% (IC₅₀) is taken as an index of the muscarinic receptor binding ability of the test compound and is reported in Table 5 hereafter. Test for selective binding to M₁ receptors A membranous fraction prepared from the cerebral cortex of rats (where M₁ receptors are plentiful) was added to the compound under test together with 3 H-pirenzepine (to a final concentration of 1 nM), and the mixture was allowed to react at 30°C for 60 minutes. Meanwhile, a membranous fraction prepared from the heart of rats (where M₂ receptors predominate) was added to the compound under test together with 3 H-quinuclidinyl benzylate (which combines non-selectively with both M₁ and M₂ receptors, to a final concentration of 0.12 nM), and the mixture was allowed to react at 30°C for 120 minutes. In each case, at the end of the reaction period, the preparation was filtered and the radioactivity remaining on the filter paper was determined in a similar manner to that described above. The results are also summarised in Table 5, below. The compounds tested are identified in Table 5 by the following codes: A1: 5-chloro-3-(1-methyl-4-piperidyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole hydrochloride (a compound of the invention, prepared as described in Example 12); B1: Oxotremorine, a known M₁ agonist, which has the formula: B2: RS-86, which has the formula: B3: AF-102-B, which has the formula: B4: Arecoline, which has the formula: In the Table, Oxo-M is ³H-oxotremorine, Pirenzp is 3 H-pirenzepine and QNB is ³H-quinuclidinyl benzylate. EXPERIMENT 2 Anti-reserpine effect It is considered that the sedation caused by the administration of reserpine or tetrabenazine to mice or rats produces an effect similar to the symptoms of clinical depression. Of the various pharmacological effects caused by these compounds, ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) and a reduction in body temperature have been widely used as indices of their activity, and it has been shown that any compound which inhibits either ptosis or lowering of the body temperature will also be active against the symptoms of clinical depression. Therefore, anti-reserpine or anti-tetra-benazine effects have been widely used for a long time as a method of screening for antidepressants. The test index used for the evaluation of the compounds of the present invention is the antagonistic effect of a test compound against reserpine-induced ptosis in mice. The test animals employed were mature male mice of the ddY strain, 4 weeks old and each weighing 22 to 27 g. The animals were divided into groups, each including 3 mice. The compound under test was dissolved or suspended in an appropriate solvent [either physiological saline or a 0.5% CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) solution] and administered orally to the mice of the test groups in the dose specified in the following Table 6. The mice in a control group were given only the solvent without any active compound, administered in a similar way. Immediately after administration, 2 mg/kg of reserpine were administered subcutaneously to every mouse. After 90 minutes, it was determined how much the eyelids had closed (degree of ptosis) by bringing the mouse out of its cage and observing the shape of the eye. For assessment of the results, normal mice without ptosis and, hence, with a normal circular eye were scored as 0, while a mouse which exhibited ptosis by 1/3 to 1/2 was scored as 1, a mouse which exhibited ptosis by 2/3 to slightly opened eyes was scored as 2, and a mouse with completely closed eyelids was scored as 3. The results are shown in Table 6. The labels of the bottles containing the sample solutions to be tested were all indicated by codes unknown to those responsible for administration, and the administration was carried out in a random order so that the scorers did not know which drug was administered to which mouse. From the scores obtained, the inhibition rate at each dose level was calculated from the following equation: Inhibition rate (%) = (1 - Total score of the sample group Total score of the control group ) x 100) In assessing the results, inhibition rates not less than 71%, from 41% to 70%, and not more than 40% were considered to be (+), (±) and (-), respectively. The test compounds employed are identified by the following codes: A2: 4-Chloro-5-methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride (prepared as described in Example 3); A3: 3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride (prepared as described in Example 4); A4: 5-Methyl-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride (prepared as described in Example 19). EXPERIMENT 3 Inhibition of blood viscosity increase resulting from cerebral ischemia The test animals used were adult male rats of the Wistar strain. Each rat was administered orally either a solution of 3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride (the compound prepared as described in Example 4) in suspension in a 0.5% CMC vehicle or the vehicle itself. Immediately after administration, 40 mg/kg of pentobarbital was administered intraperitoneally for anesthesia. The rat was fixed at the dorsal position, and 0.6 ml of a blood sample was taken from the common jugular vein on one side. The viscosity of each sample was measured using a viscometer (Biorheolyzer, a trade name for product of Tokyo Keiki) at shear values of 37.5/sec, 75/sec, 150/sec and 375/sec. 0.5 ml of blood was then taken from the other side and its viscosity was measured in the same way. After the first two samples had been taken, the carotid arteries on both sides of each animal were ligated. One hour after ligation, in the case of the control animals (administered only the vehicle), the blood viscosity values had increased by between 5 and 20% at every shear rate (the slower the shear rate, the higher the viscosity). However, in the case of the animals to which the compound of the invention had been administered, the increase was significantly inhibited at every shear rate. Accordingly, the compounds exhibit the ability to improve blood viscosity and can, therefore, be expected to improve microcirculation in cases of stroke. EXPERIMENT 4 5-HT₃ receptor binding study A membranous fraction prepared from the cerebral cortex of rats was incubated with the test compound and with ³H-GR65630 (to a final concentration of 1 nM, as a ligand to the 5-HT₃ receptors) at 37°C for 45 minutes. At the end of this time, the samples were filtered. The ³H radioactivity bound to the filter paper was determined by a scintillation counter as in Experiment 1. Non-specific binding was determined by ondansetron (10⁻⁵ M). The results are summarised in Table 7, from which it can be seen that the compounds of the present invention bind to 5-HT₃ receptors as potently as ondansetron. The test compounds employed are identified by the following codes: A5: 4-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole hydrochloride (prepared as described in Example 10); A6: 5-Chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-1,2-benzisoxazole (the compound prepared as described in Example 85); A7: 5-( p -Chlorophenyl)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride (the hydrochloride of the compound prepared as described in Example 28); A8: 4-Chloro-5-phenyl-3-(3-piperidyloxy)isoxazole hydrochloride (prepared as described in Example 106); A9: 3-(3-Quinuclidinyloxy)-5-(2-thienyl)isoxazole hydrochloride (prepared as described in Example 107); B5: Ondansetron. EXPERIMENT 5 Effects upon the isolated quinea pig ileum The ileum isolated from a guinea pig was hung in a Magnus cup filled with Tyrode's solution. The contractile force exerted by the ileum on the application of a selective 5-HT₃ agonist, 2-methyl-5-HT, was determined using an isometric transducer. A test compound was then added to the bath and the contractile force was again measured 30 minutes after the addition. The inhibition rate on the contractile force was calculated. The results are summarised in Table 8, from which it can be seen that the compound of the invention, 4-chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole hydrochloride (compound A5) was as potent an antagonist as ondansetron. EXPERIMENT 6 Acute toxicity Each of the compounds of Examples 3 and 4 was suspended in a 0.5% CMC solution, and the suspension was administered to mice in an amount sufficient to provide a dose of active compound of 75 mg/kg. The mice were observed for 5 days, during which time no deaths were observed, nor did the mice exhibit any adverse symptoms.

Claims: Claims for the following Contracting States : AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, FR, GB, IT, LI, LU, NL, SE Compounds of formula (I): in which: R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R² represents: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a), defined below; or R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents: a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a halomethyl group; an alkylamino group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a dialkylamino group in which each alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a hydroxy group; a nitro group; an aliphatic carboxylic acylamino group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; or an amino group; and R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group; substituents (a): halogen atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; alkylamino groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; dialkylamino groups in which each alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; hydroxy groups; nitro groups; and amino groups; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Compounds according to Claim 1, in which R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Compounds according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, in which R² represents: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; substituents (a′): halogen atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups. Compounds according to Claim 1, in which R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a trifluoromethyl group or a hydroxy group. Compounds according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. Compounds according to Claim 1, in which: R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R² represents: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; substituents (a′): halogen atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups; and R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. Compounds according to Claim 1, in which: R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a trifluoromethyl group or a hydroxy group; and R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. Compounds according to Claim 1, in which R¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom. Compounds according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, in which R² represents: a hydrogen atom; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; substituents (a″): halogen atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups. Compounds according to Claim 1, in which R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a hydroxy group. Compounds according to any one of Claims 1 and 8 to 10, in which R³ represents a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. Compounds according to Claim 1, in which: R¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; R² represents: a hydrogen atom; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; substituents (a″): halogen atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups; and R³ represents a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. Compounds according to Claim 1, in which: R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a hydroxy group; and R³ represents a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. The following compounds according to Claim 1: 3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole; 4-chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole; 4-chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. R -(+)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. S -(-)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and prophylaxis of cognitive disorders comprising at least one active compound in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, characterised in that the active compound is a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 16. A compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 16, for use in therapy. The use of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 16, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of cognitive disorders. The use according to Claim 19, in which said cognitive disorder is anxiety, depression or psychosis. The use according to Claim 19, in which said cognitive disorder is senile dementia. The use according to Claim 19, in which said cognitive disorder is Alzheimer's disease. A process for preparing a compound according to any one of Claims 1 to 16, which comprises the condensation of a compound of formula (II): with a compound of formula (III): Y-R³ (III) (in the above formulae, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined in Claim 1 and X and Y represent complementary leaving groups) under conditions to effect condensation. A process according to Claim 23, which comprises reacting a compound of formula (IV): (in which R¹ and R² are as defined in Claim 1) with a compound of formula (V): R³-OH (V) (in which R³ is as defined in Claim 1) in the presence of a dehydrating agent, to give the compound of formula (I), and then, if desired, salifying the resulting compound of formula (I). A process according to Claim 24, in which the dehydrating agent is that compound prepared by reacting diethyl azodicarboxylate with triphenylphosphine. A process according to Claim 23, in which a compound of formula (VI): R a -X′ (VI) is reacted with a hydroxy compound of formula (VII): R b -OH (VII) or with a corresponding metal compound of formula (VIIa): R b -OM (VIIa) where: X′ represents a halogen atom or a sulpho group; M represents a metal atom; and one of R a and R b represents a group of formula (VIII): and the other of R a and R b represents a group R³, as defined in Claim 1. A process according to Claim 26, which comprises reacting a compound of formula (IX): (in which X′ represents a halogen atom or a sulpho group; and R¹ and R² are as defined in Claim 1) with a hydroxy compound of formula (X): HO-R³ (X) or with a corresponding metal compound of formula (Xa): MO-R³ (Xa) (in which M represents a metal atom; and R³ is as defined in Claim 1). A process according to any one of Claims 23 to 27, in which the product is subsequently separated into optical isomers thereof. Claims for the following Contracting States : ES, GR A process for preparing compounds of formula (I): in which: R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; R² represents: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a), defined below; or R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents: a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a halomethyl group; an alkylamino group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a dialkylamino group in which each alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a hydroxy group; a nitro group; an aliphatic carboxylic acylamino group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; or an amino group; and R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group; substituents (a): halogen atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; alkylamino groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; dialkylamino groups in which each alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; hydroxy groups; nitro groups; and amino groups; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which process comprises the steps: condensation of a compound of formula (II): with a compound of formula (III): Y-R³ (III) (in the above formulae, R¹, R² and R³ are as defined above and X and Y represent complementary leaving groups) under conditions to effect condensation; and if required, salification of the resulting product. A process according to Claim 1, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. A process according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² represents: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; substituents (a′): halogen atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups. A process according to Claim 1, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a trifluoromethyl group or a hydroxy group. A process according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. A process according to Claim 1, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which: R¹ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R² represents: a hydrogen atom; an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a′), defined below; substituents (a′): halogen atoms; alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups; and R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. A process according to Claim 1, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which: R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a trifluoromethyl group or a hydroxy group; and R³ represents a piperidyl group, a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. A process according to Claim 1, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom. A process according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R² represents: a hydrogen atom; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; substituents (a″): halogen atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups. A process according to Claim 1, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a hydroxy group. A process according to any one of Claims 1 and 8 to 10, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which R³ represents a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. A process according to Claim 1, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which: R¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom; R² represents: a hydrogen atom; a phenyl group which is unsubstituted or which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; or a heterocyclic group which has 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 3 are nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, said heterocyclic group being unsubstituted or being substituted by at least one of substituents (a″), defined below; substituents (a″): halogen atoms; alkoxy groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and hydroxy groups; and R³ represents a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. A process according to Claim 1, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, in which: R¹ and R² together form a group of formula -CR⁴=CR⁵-CR⁶=CR⁷-, in which R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, halogen atom or a hydroxy group; and R³ represents a substituted piperidyl group in which the nitrogen atom is substituted by an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a quinuclidinyl group. A process according to any one of the preceding Claims, in which the product is subsequently separated into optical isomers thereof. A process according to any one of Claims 1 to 14, which comprises reacting a compound of formula (IV): (in which R¹ and R² are as defined in Claim 1) with a compound of formula (V): R³-OH (V) (in which R³ is as defined in Claim 1) in the presence of a dehydrating agent, to give the compound of formula (I), and then, if desired, salifying the resulting compound of formula (I). A process according to Claim 15, in which the dehydrating agent is that compound prepared by reacting diethyl azodicarboxylate with triphenylphosphine. A process according to any one of Claims 1 to 14, in which a compound of formula (VI): R a -X′ (VI) is reacted with a hydroxy compound of formula (VII): R b -OH (VII) or with a corresponding metal compound of formula (VIIa): R b -OM (VIIa) where: X′ represents a halogen atom or a sulpho group; M represents a metal atom; and one of R a and R b represents a group of formula (VIII): and the other of R a and R b represents a group R³, as defined in Claim 1. A process according to Claim 17, which comprises reacting a compound of formula (IX): (in which X′ represents a halogen atom or a sulpho group; and R¹ and R² are as defined in Claim 1) with a hydroxy compound of formula (X): HO-R³ (X) or with a corresponding metal compound of formula (Xa): MO-R³ (Xa) (in which M represents a metal atom; and R³ is as defined in Claim 1). A process according to any one of Claims 1 and 14 to 18, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare at least one of the following compounds according to Claim 1: 3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole; 4-chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole; 4-chloro-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)-5-phenylisoxazole; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A process according to any one of Claims 1 and 14 to 18, in which the reagents and reaction conditions are so chosen as to prepare at least one of the following compounds according to Claim 1: R -(+)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole; S -(-)-3-(3-quinuclidinyloxy)isoxazole; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and prophylaxis of cognitive disorders by mixing at least one compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 13, 19 and 20, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. The use of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof, as defined in any one of Claims 1 to 13, 19 and 20, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of cognitive disorders. The use according to Claim 22, in which said cognitive disorder is anxiety, depression or psychosis. The use according to Claim 22, in which said cognitive disorder is senile dementia. The use according to Claim 22, in which said cognitive disorder is Alzheimer's disease.

Inventors: IWATA NOBUYOSHI C O SANKYO COM, KOBAYASHI TAKEO C O SANKYO COM, KOZUKA MASAO C O SANKYO COMPAN, KUBO YOSHIKO C O SANKYO COMPAN, NAGANO MITSUO C O SANKYO COMPA, SAKAI JUNICHI C O SANKYO COMPA, IWATA, NOBUYOSHI, C/O SANKYO COMPANY LIMITED, KOBAYASHI, TAKEO, C/O SANKYO COMPANY LIMITED, KOZUKA, MASAO, C/O SANKYO COMPANY LIMITED, KUBO, YOSHIKO, C/O SANKYO COMPANY LIMITED, NAGANO, MITSUO, C/O SANKYO COMPANY LIMITED, SAKAI, JUNICHI, C/O SANKYO COMPANY LIMITED
Applicants: SANKYO CO, SANKYO COMPANY LIMITED
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C07D413
IPC codes: C07D261, A61K31, C07D413, C07D453, A61P25