A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ENANTIOMERIC 2-ALKANOIC ACIDS

Abstract: This invention relates to the enantioselective biologically-catalyzed hydrolysis of certain racemic nitriles to the corresponding R- or S-amides, chemically or biologically-catalyzed hydrolysis of the amides to the corresponding R- or S-acids in a batch process or in a continuous process that employs racemization and recycling of enantiomeric nitrile intermediates, the racemic nitriles being selected from the group, A-C(R<1>)(R<2>)CN, wherein A, R<1> and R<2> are as defined in the text, as well as certain biological materials employed to catalyze the process.

Description: TITLE A PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF ENANTIOMERIC 2-ALKANOIC ACIDS FIELD OF THE INVENTION Enantioselective biologically-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitriles to the corresponding enantiomers of 2-alkanoic acids via enantiomeric amide intermediates. STATE OF THE ART Many agrichemicals and pharmaceuticals of the general formula, X-CHR-COOH, are currently marketed as racemic or diastereomeric mixtures. In many cases, the physiological effect derives from only one enantiomer/diastereomer while the other enantiomer/diastereomer is inactive or even harmful. Chemical and enzymatic techniques for separating enantiomers are becoming increasingly important tools for production of chemicals of high enantiomer purity. WO 86/07386 discloses a process for preparing amino acids or amino acid amides from an enantiomeric mixture of the corresponding amino nitrile with an enantioselective nitrilase and subsequent recovery of the resulting optically-active amino acid or amino amide. This publication does not suggest the instant invention because it utilizes different microorganisms and the hydrolyses described are stereoselective, not stereospecific. EPA 326,482 discloses the stereospecific preparation of aryl-2- alkanoic acids such as 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid by microbial hydrolysis of the corresponding racemic amide. Microorganisms disclosed in EPA 326,482 include members of Brevibac e yTTi and Corynebact riy The process was performed batchwise without organic solvent, and the enzymatically-active material was discarded after being used once. Data in the examples of EPA 326,482 indicate that 35 to 60% of the S-amide remained unconverted. The enantiomeric excess of the S-acid produced was 92 to 97%. U.S. 4,366,250 discloses a process for preparing L-amino acids from the corresponding racemic amino nitrile with bacteria having a general nitrile hydratase and a L-stereospecific amidase. Microorganisms are chosen from Bacillus, Pflnfori .-wp, Micrococcus and Fr*?γihflrf p* rfaιr* EPA 356,912 discloses preparation of optically-active 2-substituted carboxyHc acids by hydrolysis of the corresponding racemic nitrile in the presence of a microorganism or enzyme. The microorganisms employed do not suggest those found herein to convert nitriles to the amide precursors of the acids. EPA 348,901 discloses a process for producing an optically-active α-substituted organic acid of Formula ii by treating a racemic α-substituted nitrile or amide of Formula i with a microorganism selected from the group Alcaligrenes. Pseudomonas. Rhodopseudomonas. Corvneba c rmm Acinetobacter. Bacillus. Mvcobacteriπm . Rhodococcus and Candida: H R C X R j — C COOH 11 wherein: l and R2 each represent halogen; hydroxy; substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy or heterocycle; provided that R and R2 are different; and X is a nitrile or ami do group. See-also, Yamamoto et al., Appl. Envir. Microbiol., ££(10), 3125-9, 1990. EPA 330,529 discloses a process employing Brevibact.prinτn and Corvnebftctffriym for the preparation of the S-enantiomers of aryl-2- propionic acids of Formula iii CH I 3 Ar-CH-COOH ϋi from the corresponding racemic aryl-2-propionamide wherein Ar represents a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic or polycycHc aromatic or heteroaromatic radical. U.S. 4,800,162 discloses the resolution of racemic mixtures of optically-active compounds such as esters, amides, carboxyHc acids, alcohols and amines using multiphase and extractive enzyme membranes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention concerns certain individual and combined steps in a biologically-catalyzed method for converting a racemic alkyl nitrile to the corresponding R- or S-alkanoic acid through an intermediate amide. The starting nitrile is: I (R,S) wherein: A is selected from the group consisting of: A-l A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-l l R 1 is C1-C4 alkyl; R 2 is H or OH; 3 is H, Cl, OCF 2 H, (CH 3 )2CHCH 2 , H 2 C=C(CH3)CH 2 NH, R 4 is Cl or F. Preferred values of A are A-l, A-5, A-9, A-10 and A-ll. Preferred values of A-l are those wherein R is selected from the group Cl, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 , Preferred values for R- are CH3 and CH(CH3)£. Preparation of the amide, in Step i of the method of this invention, comprises contacting I with a biological material that stereospecifically converts the R,S mixture of nitriles of Formula I to either the R- or S- a ide wherein said R- or S-amide is substantially free of the opposite enantiomer. Resolution of the mixed R- and S-enantiomer of a nitrile of Formula I to resolved amide is foUowed by conversion to the corresponding acid of Formula II by Step ii of the method of this invention: R 1 I A— C— COOH R 2 II The amide intermediate is A-C(Rl)(R 2 )- CONH2. This invention also concerns the racemization (Step iii) and subsequent recycle of unconverted R- or S-nitrile, when R 2 is H, from Step ii back to the original reactor in a continuous process. In the continuous process, the racemic alkyl nitrile starting reactant is contacted with biological material containing or comprising nitrile hydratase and amidase enzymes at the same time or consecutively to proceed first to the amide (Step i) and then to the acid (Step ii). Alkyl acid is continually removed and by-product R- or S-alkyl nitrile in which R 2 is H is racemized and recycled in a continuous process in which it is combined with additional alkyl nitrile and contacted with enzyme(s) to form the alkyl amide and then the acid. This invention is particularly characterized by the biological material (a microorganism or variant or mutant thereof, or an enzyme) employed in Step i and by the combination of biological catalysis (Step i) with mineral acid hydrolysis (Step ii) or known amidase enzymes (Step ii). The nitrile racemization is characterized by the use of a strongly basic ion exchange resin in the absence of any substantial amount of water and most preferably in the presence of a nonaqueous solvent such as methanol, ethanol, toluene, dioxane and the like. To simplify the description of this invention, the method will be explained with reference to the enzymes found to be useful. Preferred Step i enzymes comprise those found in the foUowing microorganisms: Pseudomonas spp., e.g., putida. aureofaciens. Moraxella spp., Serratia. e.g., Serratia Hquefaciens. These enzymes can be isolated or biosynthesized and used as such but it is usually more convenient to employ the appropriate microorganism(s). In this method for hydrating and converting an R,S mixture of nitrile to the corresponding R- or S- enantiomeric acid, Step i is accompHshed by the action of a stereospecific nitrile hydratase enzyme originating in a microorganism which is obtained by culturing the microorganism in the presence of a medium suitable for production of the stereospecific nitrile hydratase. This medium may include nitriles or amides as enzyme inducers or in the case of Pseudomonas putida 5B-MGN-2p, which produces the enzyme constitutively in the absence of an inducer, need include only an appropriate source of nitrogen for growth (e.g., ammonium chloride). The nitrile hydratase thus obtained is added to act upon either R- or S-nitriles to yield the corresponding R- or S-amides. In Step ii, the R- or S-amide is hydrolyzed by mineral acid or amidase enzyme to the corresponding R- or S-acid. This two-step method results in a mixture of an R- or S-acid and an S- or R-nitrile, respectively. Chiral nitrile and acid are first separated y neutralization and solvent extraction. Then, the chiral nitrile is racemi ed into a mixture of R,S nitrile which can again be hydrolyzed stereospecifically into R- or S-amide by the action of the stereospecific nitrile hydratase described in Step i. One method for inducing the nitrile hydratase to act upon the nitrile is to collect the enzyme from the microorganism that produces it and use the enzyme as an enzyme preparation in a biologically- recognized manner. This invention also concerns a biological material located in or derived from Pseudomonas sp. 3L-G-l-5-la, Pseudomonas sp. 2G-8-5-la, P-- putida 5B-MGN-2p and £. aureofaciens MOB C2-1, or a variant or mutant thereof, which material stereospecificaHy converts a racemic nitrile to the corresponding enantiomeric R- or S-amide. DETAILS OF THE INVENTION In the context of the present disclosure, the terms "stereospecific reaction" or "stereospecific nitrile hydratase" are defined by the enantiomeric ratio (E) for the R- and S-enantiomers. E corresponds to the ratio ofthe rate of reaction ofthe two enantiomers. When E is high, i.e., greater than 7, the reaction is stereospecific and when E is less than 7, the reaction is stereoselective. Preferred reactions are those wherein E is above 8.5 and most preferred reactions are those wherein E is 10 or above. Abbreviations CPIN - 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyronitrile CPIAm - 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyramide CPIA - 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid IBCN - 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionitrile IBAm - 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionamide IBAC - 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (ibuprofen) NPCN - 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propior_itrile NPA - 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionamide NPAC - 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-propionic acid HPLC - High-Performance Liquid Chromatography GC - Gas Chromatography DMSO - Dimethylsulfoxide. Step i The microorganisms used in the present invention belong to the genera Pseudomonas. Moraxella. and Serratia. Representative strains include E putida. 5B-MGN-2P; Moraxella sp., 3L-A-l-5-la-l; £ putida. 13-5S-ACN-2a; Pseudomonas sp., 3L-G-l-5-la; and Serratia Hquefaciens. MOB IM/N3. These strains were deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty at NRRL (Northern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University St., Peoria, IL) and bear the following accession numbers: E putida 5B-MGN-2P, NRRL-B-18668 Moraxella sp. 3L-A-l-5-la-l, NRRL-B-18671 E putida 13-5S-ACN-2a, NRRL-B-18669 Pseudomonas sp. 3L-G-l-5-la, NRRL-B-18670 Serratia Hquefaciens. MOB IM/N3, NRRL-B-18821 E putida 2D-ll-5-lb, NRRI ^ B-18820 Pseudomonas sp. 2D-ll-5-lc, NRRL-B-18819 Pseudomonas sp. 2G-8-5-la, NRRL-B-18833 E aureofaciens. MOB C2-1, NRRL-B-18834. The above strains were isolated from soil collected in Orange, Texas. Standard enrichment procedures were used with the foUowing modified medium (PR Basal Medium). gl KH 2 P0 4 8.85 Sodium citrate 0.225 MgS0 »7H 2 0 0.5 FeS04*»7H 2 0 0.05 FeCl 2 »4H 2 0 0.0015 CoCl2*6H 2 0 0.0002 MnCl 2 *»4H 2 0 0.0001 ZnCl 2 0.00007 H3BO3 0.000062 NaMo0 »2H 2 0 0.000036 NiCl 2 -»6H 2 0 0.000024 CuCl2«2H2θ 0.000017 Biotin 0.00001 Folic acid 0.00005 Pyridoxine'HCl 0.000025 Riboflavin 0.000025 Nicotinic acid 0.000025 Pantothenic acid 0.00025 Vitamin B12 0.000007 P-Aminobenzoic acid 0.00025 The following additions and or modifications were made to the PR basal medium for enrichments described above: Strain Enrichment Nitrile (25 mM) χ___i Other 5B-MGN-2P (±)-2-methylglutaronitrile 7.2 30 disodium succinate/L (Aldrich Chem. Co., Milwaukee, WI) 3L-A-l-5-la-l (±)-2-methylglutaronitrile 5.6 30 g glucose L 3L-G-l-5-la 13-5S-ACN-2a acetonitrile 7.2 30 g diβodi m succinate L (Aldrich Chem. Co., Milwaukee, WI) Strains were initially selected based on growth and ammonia production on the enrichment nitrile. Isolates were purified by repeated passing on Bacto Brain Heart Infusion Agar followed by screening for ammonia production from the enrichment nitrile. Purified strains were identified based on membrane fatty acid analysis ofthe methyl esters following standard protocols (Mukawaya et al., J. Clin. Microbial, 1989, 27:2640-46) using the Microbial ID Software and Aerobe Library (Version 3.0) from Microbial ID Inc. (Newark, DE) and standard bacteriological, physiological and biochemical tests enumerated below. For testing nitrile hydrolysis activity, PR basal medium with 10 g L glucose was used to grow cell material. This medium was supplemented with 25 mM of (±)-2-methylglutaronitrile (5B-MGN-2P, 3L-G-l-5-la) or 25 mM of 1,4-dicyanobutane (3L-A-l-5-la-l, 13-5S-ACN- 2a) or 25 mM of acetamide (all strains). E putida 5B-MGN-2p was also grown in the absence of a nitrile or amide inducer with 25 mM of NH4CI or (NH 4 )2S0 4 replacing the nitrile or amide. A 10 mL volume of complete medium was inoculated with 0.1 nT_ of frozen stock culture (all strains). Following overnight growth at room temperature (22-25°C) on a shaker at 250 rpm, the 10 mL inoculum was added to 990 mL of fresh medium in a 2-L flask. The cells were grown overnight at room temperature with stirring at a rate high enough to cause bubble formation in the medium. Cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed once with 0.85% saline and the concentrated cell paste was immediately placed in a -70°C freezer for storage. Thawed cell pastes containing approximately 80% water were used in all nitrile hydrolysis bioconversions. The above stereospecific nitrile-hydrolyzing microorganisms were representative strains from a collection of microorganisms isolated via enrichment cultures described above. The stereospecific and stereoselective activities of nitrile-hydrolyzing microorganisms isolated from enrichment experiments are shown in Table 1. Enrichment CPIN NPCNf D3CN Microorganism 8 Strain Nitrile 0 R SC Ed R S E d R/S c Ed Pseudomonas sp.g 2D-ll-5-lc NAN No Bioconversion 100/0 8.8 No Bioconversion Pseudomonas sp. 20-5-SBN-lb SBN No Bioconversion NT ® <7 10/90 >10 a Strain identification by fatty acid analysis as described in text. D ACN = acetonitrile; MGN = 2-methylglutaronitrile; SBN = S-2-methylbutyronitrile; 4CP = 4-c.yanophenol; NAN = 1-naphthoacetonitrile; PBN = phenylbutyronitrile; PPA = propionamide. c Ratio of R-enantiomer to S-enantiomer remaining after 48-64 h incubation at 28°C; determined by chiral HPLC. - E = Enantiomer ratio as defined in text. Determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. e NT = not tested. f Data corrected for trace of R,S-NPAm present in substrate. e 2D-ll-5-lb and 2D-ll-5-lc derived from 2D-11-5-1. Microorganisms tend to undergo mutation. Thus, the bacteria, even if they are mutants of a competent strain listed above, can be used in the process according to the instant invention as long as its culture produces a stereospecific nitrile hydratase. Table 1, taken together with the disclosure presented herein, will enable one skilled in the art with a minimum of experimentation to choose additional strains of Pseudomonas. Moraxella. and Serratia (and other genera as well) for converting all the nitrile starting reactants to their corresponding amides/acids. Acid Hydrolysis of Chiral Amide to Chiral Acid In the present invention, mineral acid can be used to hydrolyze the R- or S-amide derived from the R,S nitrile to the R- or S-acid. Interestingly, chiral cyanohydrins are hydrolyzed to the corresponding chiral hydroxy acids with concentrated mineral acid; see Effenberger, et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1990, 31(9):1249-1252 and references cited therein. However, we have found that 2-aryl-2-alkyl acetonitriles are not hydrolyzed by mineral acid under conditions where the corresponding chiral amides are hydrolyzed to the chiral acids. The chiral acid can be easily separated from the undesired nitrile as described below. In addition, a chiral amide can be hydrolyzed by an amidase enzyme such as the Brevibac erinm and Coryneb?rt p - ,ττ1 strains described in EPA 326,482. This reaction does not require a stereospecific amidase and, therefore, any amidase which hydrolyzes racemic 2-aryl- alkylamides can be employed. Step iii Rar p mi nation of Chiral Nitriles The combination of stereospecific microbial nitrile hydrolysis and mineral acid or amidase hydrolysis of amides yields a mixture of desired chiral acid and undesired chiral nitrile. FoUowing separation ofthe undesired nitrile from the desired acid, e.g., by base neutraHzation and solvent extraction ofthe nitrile, recycHng ofthe R- or S- nitrile requires racemization. We have found that chiral nitriles (in which R^ is H) can be converted to racemic nitriles using a strongly basic ion exchange resin such as AmberHte® IRA-400 (OH) resin, Amberlyst® A-26, or Dowex® 1X8 resin (after exchange with hydroxide ion) in an organic solvent. This procedure results in high racemic nitrile yields with no substantial hydrolysis ofthe nitrile to the corresponding amide or acid. The resulting racemic nitrile can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding R- or S-acid under the conditions described previously. Analytical Procedures Nitriles and amide and acid products derived via microbial or mineral acid hydrolysis are measured by reverse-phase HPLC. Detection is by ultra-violet Hght absorbtion. A Du Pont Zorbax® C18 column employing a mobile phase of 70-75% methanol and 25-30% H2O acidified with 0.1% H3P0 4 or 67% acetonitrile (ACN) and 33% H2O acidified with 0.1% H3PO4. is used. Chromatographic identity and quantitation of nitriles and their resulting amide and acid products can be determined by comparison with authentic standards. Chiral HPLC for the separation of enantiomers can be carried out with an αi-acid glycoprotein column obtained from Chromtech (Sweden). The mobile phases for separation of various enantiomers is summarized below. " R-nantiomers Mobile Phase CPIN, CPIAm, CPIA 95% 0.01 M Phosphate Buffer (pH 6.0):5% Ethanol NPCN, NPA , NPAC 95% 0.01 M Phosphate Buffer (pH 5.6):5% Ethanol IBCN, IBAm, IBAC 96% 0.02 M Phosphate Buffer (pH 5.2):4% Ethanol Enantiomeric composition, purity and chromatographic identity of the above nitriles, amides and acids were determined by comparison with authentic standard enantiomers or racemic mixtures. GC analysis of CPIN, CPIAm and CPIA was carried out on a 183 cm x 2 mm (i.d.) glass column containing 3% SP2100 on Supelco support (120 mesh). A temperature program starting at 125°C for 5 minutes and 8°C per minute to 250°C was used. The processes of this invention are illustrated by the following Examples. Fxample } Step i. A 100 mg (S-CPIN, R-CPIN hydrolysis) or 200 mg (R,S- CPIN hydrolysis) sample of frozen ceU paste of E putida 5B-MGN-2P was added to 3 L of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. Then, 30 to 40 μ ol of S-CPIN or R-CPIN or R,S-CPIN in 120 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added. After incubation at 28°C with agitation for 48 h, the reactions were acidified with 3 M H2S0 4 to pH 3.0. Four volumes of methylene chloride were added to each sample and the suspensions were agitated for 15-30 minutes. The methylene chloride layers were removed and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and the residues were resuspended in 3 mL of methanol. The composition ofthe methanol solution was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC and is shown in Table 2. Iabϊ≤_2 S-CPIN, R-CPIN and R,S-CPIN Hydrolysis by E. ffl ltida, 5B-MGN-2P HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a ND ~ None Detected. b NT = Not Tested. ra le 2 Step i: A 50 mg sample of frozen ceU paste of E putida 5B-MGN-2p obtained from cultures propagated on PR glucose medium supplemented with 25 mM NH C1 in place of 25 mM (±)-2- methylglutaronitrile was added to 1 L of pyrophosphate buffer (5 mM, pH 7.5) at room temperature containing 20.6 μmole of S-CPIN or R,S- CPIN. After incubation at 28°C with agitation for 24 h, the reaction was acidified with 3 M H2S0 4 to pH 3.0. Four volumes of methylene chloride were added to each sample and the suspensions were agitated for 15-30 min. The methylene chloride layers were removed and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and the residues were resuspended in 1 mL of methanol. The composition ofthe methanol solution was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC and is shown in Table 3. Table 3 S-CPIN, R,S-CPIN Hydrolysis bv P. putida. 5B-MGN-2P Propagated in the Abβence of Nitrile or Amide Inducer HPLC Analyβis (μmol recovered) a NT = Not Tested. b ND = None Detected. F-TTflmpl 3 Step i. A 20 mg sample of frozen ceU paste of E putida 5B-MGN- 2P was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (0.3 mM, pH 7.2) containing MgCl2«6H2θ (2 mM) at room temperature. Then 0.95 μmol of R,S-NPCN in 40 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added. After incubation at 28°C with Four volumes of methylene chloride were added and the suspension was agitated for 30 min. The methylene chloride layer was removed and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and the residue was resuspended in 1 mL of methanol. The composition ofthe extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC and is shown in Table 4. R.S-NPCN Hydrolysis by E jωfcda 5B-MGN-2P HPLC Analyβis (μmol recovered) a ND = None Detected. D Data corrected for trace of R,S-NPAm present in substrate. Example 4 Step i. A 40 mg sample of frozen cell paste of P. putida 5B-MGN-2P was added to 1 L of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. Then 10.7 μmol of R,S-IBCN in 40 μL of dimethylsulfoxide was added. After incubation at 28°C with agitation for 48 h, the reaction was acidified with 3 M H2S0 4 to pH 3.0. Four volumes of methylene chloride were added and the suspension was agitated for 15-30 min. The methylene chloride layer was removed and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and the residue was resuspended in 1 τnT_ of methanol. The composition ofthe extracted supernatant is determined by reverse phase HPLC and chiral HPLC and is shown in Table 5. TAB ED R,S-IBCN Hydrolysis by £. putida 5B-MGN-2P HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a Estimated value calculated by substracting μmol IBAm recovered from μmol IBCN added. b ND = None Detected. Example 5 Step i. A 50 mg sample of frozen ceH paste of Moraxella sp. 3L-A-l-5-la-l was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. Then 10.3 μmol of S-CPIN, R-CPIN or R,S-CPIN in 40 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added. After incubation at 28°C with agitation for 48 h, the reactions were acidified with 3 M H2SO4. to pH 3.0. Four volumes of methylene chloride was added to each sample and the suspensions were agitated for 15-30 minutes. The methylene chloride layers were removed and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen and the residues were resuspended in 1 mL of methanol. The composition ofthe methanol solution was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC and is shown in Table 6. TAB ED S-CPIN, R-CPIN and R,S-CPIN Hydrolysis by Moraxella sp. 3L-A-l-5-la-l HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a ND = None Detected. b NT = Not Tested. Example 6 Step i. A 40 mg sample of frozen ceU paste of Moraxella sp. 3L-A-l-5-la-l was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. In the same manner as in Example 4, 10.7 μmol of R,S-IBCN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction protocols as in Example 4, the composition ofthe extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 7. TAB E! R,S-IBCN Hydrolysis bv Moraxella sp. 3L-A-l-5-la-l HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a Estimated value calculated by substracting μmol amide recovered from μmol IBCN added. b ND = None Detected. Rgfim le 7 Step i. A 20 mg sample of frozen cell paste of Pseudomonas sp. 3L-G-l-5-la, was added to phosphate buffer (0.3 M, pH 7.0) containing MgCl2 6H2θ (2 mM) at room temperature. In the same manner as in Example 3, 0.95 μmol of R,S-NPCN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction as in Example 3, the composition ofthe extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 8. 1ΔE E S R,S-NPCN Hydolysis bv PsβudnmonHR up. 3L-G-l-5-la HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a ND = None Detected. " Data corrected for trace of R,S-NP Am present in substrate. Fvamplp ft Step i. A 100 mg sample of frozen ceU paste of E putida 13-5S-ACN-2a was added to 3 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. In the same manner as in Example 1, 30.9 μmol of S-CPIN, R-CPIN or R,S-CPIN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction protocols as in Example 1, the composition ofthe extracted supernatants was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 9. IAE E-2 S-CPIN, R-CPIN, R,S-CPIN Hydrolysis by ∑, jαifcia 13-5S-ACN-2a HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a ND = None Detected. 0 NT = Not Tested. Example 9 Step i. A 40 mg example of frozen cell paste of E putida 13"5S-ACN-2a was added to phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. In the same manner as in Example 4, 10.7 μmol of R,S-IBCN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction protocols as in Example 4, the composition ofthe extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 10. Xakl-Uϋ R.S-IBCN HydrolysiB by £. putida 13-5S-ACN-2a HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a Estimated value calculated by substracting μmol IBAm recovered from μmol IBCN added. 0 ND = None Detected. Example 10 Step i. A 50 mg sample of frozen ceU paste of E putida 2D-ll-5-lb was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. In the same manner as Example 5, 10.3 μmol of S-CPIN or R,S-CPIN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction protocols as in Example 5, the composition ofthe extracted supematants was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 11. IAE EI1 S-CPIN, R.S-CPIN Hydrolysis by £. putida 2D-ll-5-lb HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) ND = None Detected. Apparent excess recovery of CPIN was most likely due to experimental error. Example 11 Step i. A 50 mg sample of frozen ceU paste of E putida 2D-ll-5-lb was added to 2 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. In the same manner as in Example 4, 10.7 μmol of R,S-IBCN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction protocols as in Example 4, the composition ofthe extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 12. R,S-IBCN HydrolyβiB by E jai±ϋa 2D-ll-5-lb HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a Estimated value calculated by substracting μmol IBAm recovered from μmol IBCN added. Example 12 Step i. A 50 mg sample of frozen ceU paste of £. Hquefaciens MOB IM/N3 was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. In the same manner as Example 5, 10.3 μmol of S-CPIN, R-CPIN or R.S-CPIN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction protocols as in Example 5, the composition of the extracted supematants was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 13. IAE E-12 S-CPIN, R-CPIN Hydrolysis by S- liquefactions MOB IM N3 HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a NT = Not Tested. 0 ND = None Detected. jExgimple 1 Step i. A 50 mg sample of frozen ceU paste of E aureofaciens MOB C2-1 was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. In the same manner as Example 5, 10.3 μmol of S-CPIN, R-CPIN or R,S-CPIN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction protocols as in Example 5, the composition of the extracted supematants was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 14. IΔ LE i S-CPIN, R-CPIN, R.S-CPIN Hydrolysis by aureofadens MOB C2-1 HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a ND = None Detected. b NT = Not Tested. Example 14 Step i. A 50 mg sample of frozen cell paste of E aureofaciens MOB C2-1 was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0) at room temperature. In the same manner as in Example 4, 10.7 μmol of R.S-IBCN was added. FoUowing the same incubation and extraction protocols as in Example 4, the composition ofthe extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC. The results are shown in Table 15. TAE E-IS R,S-IBCN Hydrolysis by E aureofatignB MOB C2-1 HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a Estimated value calculated by substracting μmol IBAm recovered from μmol IBCN added, b None Detected. F ra l fi ^ S Step i. Approximately 20 mg of frozen ceU paste of Pseudomonas sp., 2G-8-5-la, was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.2) at room temperature. Then approximately 1 μmol of R,S-NPCN in 40 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added. After incubation at 28°C with agitation for 48 h, the reaction was acidified to pH 3.0 with 3 M H2S0 4 . Four volumes of methylene chloride were added and the suspension was agitated for 30 min. The methylene chloride layer was removed and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was redissolved in 1 mL of methanol. The composition of the extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC as described elsewhere. The results are shown in Table 16. TABLE 16 R.S-NPCN hydrolysis by Pseudomonas sp., 2G-8-5-la HPLC Analyβis (μmol recovered) a ND = None Detected. Data corrected for trace of R,S-NPAm present in substrate. Example 16 Step i. Approximately 10 mg of frozen ceU paste of Pseudomonas sp., 2D-ll-5-lc, was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.2) at room temperature. Then approximately 1 μmol of R,S-NPCN in 40 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added. After incubation at 28°C with agitation for 48 h, the reaction was acidified to pH 3.0 with 3 M H2S0 . Four volumes of methylene chloride were added and the suspension was agitated for 30 min. The methylene chloride layer was removed and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was redissolved in 1 mL of methanol. The composition ofthe extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC as described elsewhere. The results are shown in Table 17. TABLE 17 R.S-NPCN hydrolysis by Pseudomonas sp., 2D-ll-5-lc HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a ND = None Detected. 0 Data corrected for trace of R,S-NPAm present in substrate. Exam le 17 Step i. Approximately 2 mg of frozen ceU paste of E aureofaciens. MOB C2-1, was added to 1 mL of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.2) at room temperature. Then approximately 1 μmol of R,S-NPCN in 40 μL of dimethyl sulfoxide was added. After incubation at 28°C with agitation for 48 h, the reaction was acidified to pH 3.0 with 3 M H2S0 4 . Four volumes of methylene chloride were added and the suspension was agitated for 30 min. The methylene chloride layer was removed and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. The residue was redissolved in 1 mL of methanol. The composition ofthe extracted supernatant was determined by reverse-phase HPLC and chiral HPLC as described elsewhere. The results are shown in Table 18. TABLE 18 R.S-NPCN hydrolysis by P. aureofaciens, MOB C2-1 HPLC Analysis (μmol recovered) a ND = None Detected. Data corrected for trace of R,S-NPAm present in substrate. Example 18 Step ii. A suspension of 1.00 g of S-CPIAm in 16 mL of aqueous hydrochloric acid (18%) was stirred and heated to reflux. As the suspension was heated, the solid dissolved. After 16 h, the reaction mixture was cooled. The solid which precipitated and solidified around the stirrer was extracted with methylene chloride. Evaporation ofthe extract left 0.98 g of colorless solid which was analyzed by a combination of GC and HPLC. It was shown by GC to be mainly CPIA (92.3 area percent) with the remainder being unchanged amide. The configuration ofthe acid was established, by chiral HPLC as being the S-enantiomer (at least 98.2%), with only a trace ofthe reacemized R-enantiomer. Example 19 Step ii. The reaction was repeated as in Example 18 using 1.02 g of S-CPIAm and 15 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. After approximately 16 h at reflux, the reaction mixture was cooled and the precipitated solid was coUected by filtration and air dried. There was recovered 0.96 g of colorless solid which was characterized by GC/mass spectrometry and by HPLC. The major component was identified as CPIA (96%) with about 4% of unchanged amide. Chiral HPLC showed that the acid was 96.6% of the S-enantiomer and 3.4% ofthe R-enantiomer. F , τrampl 9.0 Step iii. One g of wet Amberlite® IRA-400 (OH" form) was treated with 10 mL of 5% NaOH for 10 min with stirring, filtered and washed with distiUed water until the washings were neutral. The solid was suspended in 25 mL of absolute ethanol and 1.06 g of R-CPIN was added. This was stirred and heated to reflux for 64 h. After removal ofthe resin by filtration, the filtrate was cooled and rotary-evaporated to leave 1.01 g of colorless oil. Chiral HPLC analysis showed the oil to be a 50/50 mixture of R- and S-CPIN. A method that shows the relative stability of R,S alkyl nitriles such as CPIN and their lack of conversion to the corresponding acids under relatively strong reaction conditions is as foUows. A suspension of 9.70 g of R,S-CPIN in 100 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid was heated to reflux for 16 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and extracted three times with methylene chloride. The combined extracts were washed with water and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Removal ofthe solvent left a colorless oil which was characterized by GC. There was a single main component (over 90%) with the same retention time as authentic starting nitrile. There was no evidence for the corresponding acid which would be produced by hydrolysis.

Claims: CLAIMS What is claimed is: A method for converting a nitrile ofthe formula I (R,S) wherein: A is selected from the group consisting of: A-l A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-8 A-9 R 1 is Cι-C 4 alkyl; R2 is H or OH; R3 is H, Cl, OCF 2 H, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH2, H 2 C=C(CH3)CH 2 NH, R 4 is Cl or F; to the corresponding amide comprising contacting said nitrile with a biological material that stereospecifically converts the racemic nitrile to the corresponding enantiomeric R- or S-amide. 2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein A is selected from the group R 1 is selected from CH3 and CH(CH3)2- 3. A method according to Claim 2 wherein A is selected from the group 4. A method according to Claim 3 wherein the nitrile is selected from the group (2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyronitrile, 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionitrile and 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyD- propionitrile. 5. A method according to Claim 4 wherein the nitrile is selected from the group 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutryonitrile and 2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)propionitrile. 6. A method according to Claim 1 wherein the biological material is located in or derived from the group Pseudomonas. Moraxella and Serratia. 7. A method according to Claim 6 wherein the biological material is located in or derived from Pseudomonas putida. MoraxeUa sp. and Serratia hquefaciens. 8. A method according to Claim 7 wherein the biological material is located in or derived from Pseudomonas putida. 9. A method according to Claim 7 wherein the biological material is located in or derived from Moraxella sp. 10. A method according to Claim 7 wherein the biological material is located in or derived from Serratia Hquefaciens. 11. A method according to Claim 1 comprising the additional step of hydrolyzing the enantiomeric amide to the corresponding 2-alkanoic acid. 12. A method according to Claim 11 employing a strong mineral acid to hydrolyze the amide to the acid. 13. A method according to Claim 11 employing a biological material to hydrolyze the amide to the acid. 14. A method according to Claim 13 wherein the biological material is located in or derived from a strain selected from Pr vj f- rm , Corvnebactft y , Pseudomonas. Serratia and MoraxeUa. 15. A continuous method for making an enantiomeric 2-alkanoic acid according to Claim 11 in which -2 is H, comprising continuously removing the acid, racemizing the enantiomeric nitrile by-product ofthe nitrile-to-acid reaction by contacting it with a strongly basic ion-exchange resin, and recycling the racemic nitrile. 16. A method according to Claim 15 wherein the ion exchange resin is a cross-linked copolymer containing a quaternary ammonium hydroxide functionality. 17. A method for preparing an acid ofthe formula: R 1 I A- C— COOH R 2 by hydrolyzing an admixture of the R- or S-enantiomer of and an R- or S-amide ofthe formula in the presence of strong mineral acid or biological materials, wherein: A is selected from the group consisting of: A-l A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-8 A-9 R 1 is Cι-C 4 alkyl; R 2 is H or OH; R3 is H, Cl, OCF 2 H, (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH2, H 2 C=C(CH3)CH2NH, R 4 is Cl or F. 18. A method according to Claim 17 wherein the mineral acid is HC1 and the biological material is located in or derived from a strain selected from P fiv p< ?rjy , Corvnebact-g nm Pseudomonas. gerratia and MoraxeUa. 19. A method for racemizing an enantiomeric R- or S-nitrile of the formula R 1 I A-C— CN H comprising contacting said nitrile with a strongly basic ion-exchange resin. 20. A method according to Claim 19 wherein the ion-exchange resin is a cross-linked copolymer containing a quaternary ammonium hydroxide functionality. 21. A method according to any one of Claims 11 to 18 wherein the amide is selected from the group 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3- methylbutyramide, 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionamide and 2-(6-methoxy- 2-naphthyl)propionamide. 22. A method according to any one of Claims 19 to 20 wherein the nitrile is selected from the group 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3- methylbutvronitrile, 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propionitrile and 2-(6-methoxy- 2-naphthyl)propionitrile. 23. A biological material located in or derived from Pseudomonas sp. 3L-G-l-5-la, Pseudomonas sp. 2G-8-5-la, £. putida 5B-MGN-2p and P_. aureofaciens MOB C2-1, or a variant or mutant thereof, which material stereospecificaUy converts a racemic nitrile to the corresponding enantiomeric R- or S-amide.

Inventors: ANTON DAVID LEROY, FALLON ROBERT DONALD, LINN WILLIAM JOSEPH, STIEGLITZ BARRY, WITTERHOLT VINCENT GERARD, ANTON, DAVID, LEROY, FALLON, ROBERT, DONALD, LINN, WILLIAM, JOSEPH, STIEGLITZ, BARRY, WITTERHOLT, VINCENT, GERARD
Applicants: DU PONT, E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C12P13
IPC codes: C12N1, C12P13, C12P17, C12P41, C12R1