Softening compositions including quaternary ammonium functional siloxanes

Abstract: A fabric softener including a silicone compound having the formula [(R₃SiO)₂-SiR-(CH₂) a ] b N + R′ 4-b X⁻ wherein R is an alkyl radical having one to six carbon atoms; R′ is an alkyl or aryl radical having one to eighteen carbon atoms; X is chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate or RSO₄ - ; a is an integer having a value from one to ten; and b is an integer having a value of two or three.

Description: This invention relates to a fabric softening composition which includes a mixture of a quaternary ammonium functional siloxane and at least one surfactant which is anionic. The invention is also directed to detergent laundering products containing the fabric softening composition. Quaternary ammonium functional siloxanes are not new in the art. For example, in United Kingdom Patent No. 1,549,180, published July 25, 1979, there is described certain fabric conditioning compounds which are dialkylquaternary ammonium terminated linear polydimethylsiloxanes. The compounds used in the present invention, in contrast, are monoquaternary ammonium functional polydimethylsiloxanes and are trialkylsiloxy terminated rather than dialkylquaternary ammonium terminated as the materials in the '180 patent. United Kingdom Patent No. 1,006,729, published October 6, 1965, is directed to certain surfactants which are trialkyl mono(polysiloxy) ammonium chlorides. However, the compounds used in the present invention can be distinguished in that the compounds are dialkyl di(polysiloxy) ammonium compounds, as well as some species which are monoalkyl tri(polysiloxy) ammonium compounds. US Patent No. 4585563 discloses detergent compositions containing certain mono(polysiloxy) quaternary ammonium compounds. In contrast the present invention relates to a softening composition containing a di(polysiloxy) or tri(polysiloxy) quaternary ammonium compound. Thus, it should be apparent that the present invention includes new and novel compositions of matter and uses thereof not previously known in the prior art. This invention relates to a softening composition comprising a mixture of at least one surfactant which is anionic and a silicon compound having the formula: [(R₃SiO)₂-SiR-(CHR'') a ] b N⁺R' 4-b X⁻ wherein R is an alkyl radical having one to six carbon atoms; R' is an alkyl or aryl radical having one to eighteen carbon atoms; R'' is hydrogen or R'; X is chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate or RSO 4 - ; a is an integer having a value from one to ten; and b is an integer having a value of two or three. The invention also is directed to a softening composition including a compound having the formula [(R₃SiO)₂-SiR-(CHR'') a ]₂N⁺R'₂X⁻ wherein R is an alkyl radical having one to six carbon atoms; R' is an alkyl or aryl radical having one to eighteen carbon atoms; R'' is hydrogen or R'; X is chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate or RSO 4 - ; and a is an integer having a value from one to ten. A particularly preferred species of the compound comprehended under the foregoing genus is the compound [(Me₃SiO)₂SiMe(CH₂)₃]₂N⁺Me₂I⁻ wherein Me is methyl. Ammonium compounds in which all of the hydrogen atoms on nitrogen have been substituted by alkyl groups are called quaternary ammonium salts. These compounds may be represented in a general sense by the formula: The nitrogen atom includes four covalently bonded substituents that provide a cationic charge. The R groups can be any organic substituent that provides for a carbon and nitrogen bond with similar and dissimilar R groups. The counterion X is typically halogen or alkyl sulfates. Use of quaternary ammonium compounds is based on the hydrophilic portion of the molecule which bears a positive charge. Since most surfaces are negatively charged, solutions of these cationic surface active agents are readily adsorbed to the negatively charged surface. The compounds used in the present invention are of the foregoing type and can be more particularly illustrated by the formula [(R₃SiO)₂-SiR-(CHR'') a ] b N⁺R' 4-b X⁻ wherein R is an alkyl radical having one to six carbon atoms; R' is an alkyl or aryl radical having one to eighteen carbon atoms; R'' is hydrogen or R'; X is chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate or RSO 4 - ; a is an integer having a value from one to ten; and b is an integer having a value of two or three. These quaternary ammonium functional siloxanes are monoquaternary ammonium functional polydimethylsiloxanes and are trialkylsiloxy terminated. The compounds used in the present invention can also be described as dialkyl di(polysiloxy) ammonium compounds when the integer a is two, as well as some species which are monoalkyl tri(polysiloxy) ammonium compounds when the integer a is three. Preferred dialkyl di(polysiloxy) ammonium compoundes are the chlorides and especially the particular iodide compound [(Me₃SiO)₂SiMe(CH₂)₃]₂N⁺Me₂I⁻ wherein Me is methyl. As is well known, water has a surface tension of approximately 7.2·10⁻² N/m (seventy-two dynes per centimeter). It has been found that solutions containing as little as 0.001 percent by weight of the compounds of the present invention possess a surface tension of about 6.10⁻² N/m (sixty dynes per centimeter) and those containing about one percent by weight have a surface tension of the order of about 2·10⁻² N/m (twenty dynes per centimeter). The compounds used in the present invention can be used as additives in liquid detergents, cleaners and automatic dishwashing detergents and find application as ingredients in powdered detergents for fabric washing machines. These compounds can also be employed as additives in wash cycle softeners and as ingredients in rinse cycle softeners. In addition, the compounds have utility as antistatic agents particularly in wash cycle laundry detergent formulations. The softening effects achieved by the addition of the compounds used in the present invention can be enhanced by mixing the compounds with one or more anionic surfactants such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and the compounds may be employed at much lower use levels in comparison to conventional commercial organic based fabric softeners. Reductions as much as fifty to seventy-five percent is not uncommon with the cationic quaternary ammonium functional siloxanes used in the present invention. These cationic, silicone surfactants are prepared with two instead of one siloxane group attached to a quaternary ammonium functional nitrogen atom. This is accomplished by the following series of steps: 2. [(Me₃SiO)₂Si(Me)-(CH₂)₃]₂NMe + MeX → [(Me₃SiO)₂Si(Me)-(CH₂)₃]₂N⁺Me₂X⁻, where X is Cl, Br, I or MeSO₄. These compounds are crystalline solids which have varying melting points and solubilities in water. They can function as potent surfactants, reducing the surface tension of water from 7.2.10⁻² to 2.1.10⁻² N/m (72 to 21 dyne/cm). They also adsorb very efficiently on negatively charged surfaces such as fabrics, skin and hair. This adsorption allows for a conditioning or softening effect. The following example is illustrative of a method for the preparation of the compound [(Me₃SiO)₂SiMe(CH₂)₃]₂N⁺Me₂I⁻ wherein Me is methyl. Example I Three hundred grams of the amine [(Me₃SiO)₂Si(Me)-(CH₂)₃]₂NMe was dissolved in six hundred grams of hexane under nitrogen gas in a two liter flask and heated to reflux. Seventy grams of MeI in fifty grams of hexane was added dropwise to the flask. The product precipitated rapidly. At the conclusion of the dropwise addition, heating of the flask was continued at 60°C. for two hours. The material in the flask was filtered to isolate the crystalline product. One part of the product was mixed with five parts of hexane and the mixture was allowed to sit for about four days in order to leach out any impurities. This mixture was filtered, washed with hexane and dried under vacuum. The product was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and infrared spectroscopy. The product was identified as the compound [(Me₃SiO)₂SiMe(CH₂)₃]₂N⁺Me₂I⁻ wherein Me is methyl. While the liquid detergent of the present invention may contain many of the commonly included ingredients such as surfactants, builders, enzymes and enzyme stabilizers, pH modifiers, bleach activators and bleaches, antifoams, antiredeposition agents, chelants, soil release polymers, dye transfer protectants, zeolite dispersants, water softeners, perfumes, anti-oxidants and fluorescent brighteners, the essential ingredients for purposes of the present invention are an anionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, a carrier fluid and the softening agent. Water is a suitable carrier although other fluids such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, hexanol, propylene glycol and diethylene glycol may be employed. The ratio between the anionic surfactant and the nonionic surfactant is 4:1 to 1:4, more preferably from about one to one to about three to one. The detergent should include on a weight basis at least about 0.5-5.0 percent of the silicone fabric softening agent. The silicone is employed in an amount of about 0.05-0.3 percent by weight based on the weight of fabrics being treated. The liquid detergent contains at least one surfactant and the surfactants preferred for purposes of the present invention are nonionic and anionic surfactants. In nonionic surfactants, for example, there is no charge on the molecule and the solubilizing groups are ethylene oxide chains and hydroxyl groups. Such nonionic surfactants are compatible with ionic and amphoteric surfactants and representative of nonionic surfactants are, for example, polyoxyethylene or ethoxylate surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates. Carboxylic acid ester nonionic surfactants include glycerol esters, polyoxyethylene esters, anhydrosorbitol esters, ethoxylated anhydrosorbitol esters, natural fats, oils and waxes and ethoxylated and glycol esters of fatty acids. Carboxylic amide nonionic surfactants which may be included are diethanolamine condensates, monoalkanolamine condensates and polyoxyethylene fatty acid amide. Representative of polyalkylene oxide block copolymer nonionic surfactants are the polyalkylene oxides derived from ethylene, propylene, butylene, styrene and cyclohexene. Typical of the anionic surfactants that may be employed herein are salts of alkyl sulfates, salts of alkylaryl sulfates, salts of alkyl ether sulfates, salts of alkylaryl ether sulfates and salts of alkylaryl sulfonates. Exemplary materials included are, for example, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates, esters of alpha-sulfonated fatty acids, 2-acyloxyalkane-1sulfonic acids, olefin sulfonates, beta-alkyloxyalkane sulfonates, anionic surfactants based on higher fatty acids and tallow range alkyl sulfates. Both categories of surfactant are well known in the art and are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,075,118, issued February 21, 1978, for example. The following examples are set forth in order to illustrate the concepts of the present invention. Example II In accordance with the present invention, silicones are emulsified in a detergent matrix by first mixing the silicone with the acid form of an anionic surfactant such as a.linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid. The mixture of the anionic surfactant and the silicone was neutralized by the addition of a base such as sodium hydroxide in a mixture of water and ethanol. The salt of the anionic surfactant results from this neutralization. Following completion of the neutralization, the nonionic surfactant was added, together with other optional ingredients such as builders, fatty acids, cationic surfactants and optical brighteners. The mixture was mechanically agitated in order to insure a homogeneous product. It has been found that in the event that the foregoing procedure is not followed, that the silicone ingredient is caused to separate thus forming an unstable product. This occurs, for example, by the addition of the silicone to a random mixture of various ingredients. In accordance with the present invention, the silicone must be first mixed with an anionic surfactant and neutralized prior to being added to the balance of the liquid detergent formulation in order to provide a stable end product. The above procedure was followed and formulations of liquid detergent containing a silicone softening agent were prepared. In each instance there was employed thirteen weight percent of an anionic surfactant, thirteen weight percent of a nonionic surfactant, five weight percent of ethanol, two weight percent of silicone softening agent and the balance being water. The preferred ratio between the anionic surfactant and the nonionic surfactant is 1:1 to 3:1. The anionic surfactant employed was an alkylbenzene sulfonic acid of Vista Chemical Company. The nonionic surfactant was NEODOL® 25-7, a trademark and product of Shell Chemical Company, Houston, Texas and a linear primary alcohol. Liquid detergents were prepared containing these ingredients and including the silicone softening agents. Example III Towels were prepared for treatment by removing the mill textile conditioners applied at the mill during manufacture of the towels. The process was conducted at a commercial laundromat. Bundles of 86:14 cotton polyester terry towels were washed five times with an anionic detergent containing a high level of phosphorus. Detergent remaining in the towels was removed by three final wash and rinse cycles from which detergent was omitted. Each bundle was subjected to eight complete wash and rinse cycles during the stripping process followed by a drying cycle. The test used to measure softness was a panel test in which from twelve to fifteen people were asked to rank several towels in order of softness. Following treatment, the towels were placed in a constant temperature and humidity room over night to equilibrate and after which the towels were tested the next day. Dryers tend to overdry towels and provide a harsher feel than normal and therefore all towels tested in a given panel were conditioned at the same temperature and humidity before testing. Each test included one control towel. The control towel was a towel which had not been treated by a liquid detergent containing a softening agent. The fifteen people were asked to evaluate the towels by feeling the towels and choosing the harshest towel, the softest towel and placing the remaining towels in order of increasing softness. The towels were assigned a ranking between one and six with the highest value corresponding to the softest towel. Before the test was conducted, each member of the panel was asked to wash their hands to remove any residue which might interfere with the test. During the evaluation, the panel members rewashed their hands to remove any softener buildup. Since the softness of a towel increases with repeated handling, a new surface of each towel was exposed for each panel member and each towel was replaced after evaluation by three people. Example IV Each of the liquid laundry detergents containing a silicone softening agent as prepared in accordance with Example II was used to treat a fabric bundle which had been conditioned in accordance with the procedure of Example III. The bundles contained six towels and weighed about 1200-1400 grams. The bundle was loaded into a washing machine and about one hundred grams of liquid detergent containing a softening agent was added to the washing machine. The washing machine controls were established to provide a warm water wash (35°C.) and a cold water rinse. The duration of the wash cycle of the particular washing machine employed was about fourteen minutes. At the end of the cycle of the washing machine, the bundle was dried in a dryer for about one hour. Each bundle was exposed to three complete cycles including washing and drying. The bundles were then equilibriated and tested after the first and third cycle to measure softness as indicated in Example III. The results of the softness test are set forth in Table I hereinbelow. In addition to the silicone softening agents used in the present invention, there was also tested softening agents of the prior art for comparative purposes. One softening agent was a commercially employed cationic organic fabric softening agent and a product of Sherex Chemical Company, Dublin, Ohio. The organic softening agent was monohydrogenated tallow trimethylammonium chloride available as a fifty percent by weight active material in isopropanol solvent. This organic softening agent is marketed under the trademark ADOGEN® 441. The other cationic softening agent tested for comparative purposes was ADOGEN® 442, also a product and trademark of Sherex and a dihydrogenated tallow dimethylammonium chloride available as a seventy-five percent by weight active material in isopropanol solvent. Both of the comparative softening agents were not employed in the same amount to treat the fabric bundles as the silicone softening agents used in the present invention. The table indicates that the silicone provides a significantly higher average softness ranking in comparison to the Control and the corresponding organic softening compositions. In fact, in the "First Series" as shown in the Table, the cationic organic softening agent provided a softening effect less than the Control. This is due to the incompatibility between the cationic organic softening agent and the anionic surfactant present in the detergent. This incompatibility was not noted for the silicone however. Thus, in a typical wash cycle softening detergent, an anionic surfactant is required for cleaning. Where softening is a requirement in the wash cycle, a cationic organic surfactant or silicone must be added. In the past, this has proved to be a problem as the anionic and cationic surfactants complex and produce poorer cleaning as well as poorer softening. With the silicone as shown in the Table, this did not prove to be a problem however. In the case of rinse cycle softening, it is common to include cationic surfactants in order to obtain softening benefits. These benefits are often improved by incorporating a silicone in addition to the cationic surfactant. The presence in the rinse cycle of an anionic surfactant is not required as no cleaning is necessary. In fact, it has been previously believed that the presence in the rinse cycle of an anionic surfactant would decrease softening because of complexing with the cationic surfactant as noted. Contrary to this belief, however, and as shown in the "Second Series" in the Table, the combination of the silicone with the anionic surfactant not only did not decrease the softening benefits, but actually caused the softening to improve in comparison to the corresponding organic softening material. This is significant and provides unique and unexpected properties of the softening composition of the present invention including the silicone in combination with an anionic surfactant.

Claims: A softening composition comprising a mixture of at least one surfactant which is anionic and a silicone compound characterized in that the silicone compound has the formula (R₃SiO)₂-SiR-(CHR'') a ] b N⁺R' 4-b X⁻ wherein R is an alkyl radical having one to six carbon atoms; R' is an alkyl or aryl radical having one to eighteen carbon atoms; R'' is hydrogen or R'; X is chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate or RSO₄-; a is an integer having a value from one to ten; and b is an integer having a value of two or three. The composition of claim 1 in which the compound is [(Me₃SiO)₂SiMe(CH₂)₃]₂N⁺Me₂I⁻ wherein Me is methyl. The composition in accordance with claim 1 including a carrier fluid selected from the group consisting of water, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, hexanol, propylene glycol and diethylene glycol. A laundry detergent having fabric softening properties and including at least one fabric softening agent characterized in that at least one fabric softening agent is a silicone compound having the formula [(R₃SiO)₂-SiR-(CHR'') a ] b N⁺R' 4-b X⁻ wherein R is an alkyl radical having one to six carbon atoms; R' is an alkyl or aryl radical having one to eighteen carbon atoms; R'' is hydrogen or R'; X is chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate or RSO₄-; a is an integer having a value from one to ten; and b is an integer having a value of two or three.

Inventors: MADORE LINDA MOY, SNOW STEVEN ASHLEY, MADORE, LINDA MOY, SNOW, STEVEN ASHLEY
Applicants: DOW CORNING, DOW CORNING CORPORATION
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C11D3
IPC codes: D06M15, D06M13, D06M101, C07F7, C11D3