ULTRASONIC MICROSCOPE

Abstract: An ultrasonic beam converged through an acoustic lens (3) is emitted on a sample, and it is reflected onto a transducer (2) and converted into an electric signal. The electric signal is partly picked up by a gate (8), and the signal is input to an attenuator (9) which determines any input/output ratio. The strength of the signal from the attenuator is compared with a treshold by a comparator (11), and the gain of the attenuator is adjusted depending upon the result of comparison so that the input/output ratio of the attenuator will assume a desired value. The focal point of the acoustic lens is calculated by a computer (14) based on a characteristic curve of attenuator gain corresponding to the travel of the acoustic lens toward the sample from a position sufficiently away from the focal point, and a drive signal that corresponds to the calculated result is output to a Z-drive control unit (16). As a result, the distance between the acoustic lens and the sample is adjusted fo focus the lens.

Description: The present invention relates to an ultrasonic microscope for viewing the surface and inside of a sample using ultrasonic pulses. According to the conventional ultrasonic microscopes, an acoustic lens is used. An ultrasonic wave is focused into a micro-spot and directed to a sample through the acoustic lens. A reflected wave from the sample is received and converted into received electric signal. A part of this received signal is gated to pick up a portion of the simple-reflected wave. The peak value of the reflected wave component thus picked up is detected to obtain a piece of information relating to a point on the sample. When this process is carried out while scanning the sample with ultrasonic waves secondarily and in the horizontal direction, the ultrasonic wave image of the sample can be obtained. The peak value or strength of the detected value becomes the largest when the acoustic lens is focused on the sample. Some automatic focusing methods of the acoustic lens which use this fact have been proposed. In a case where the focus position of the acoustic lens is previously known, for example, the timing at which the reflected waves from the sample surface are received at the time the acoustic lens is focused can be calculated as a delay from the reference time such as the signal transmitting time. When the gating is carried out at this timing, therefore, the reflected wave from the sample can be picked up and its strength can be measured. The strength of the reflected wave from the sample is compared with a threshold value while moving the acoustic lens from a position remote enough from the sample to the sample. When these two values coincide with each other or the value measured exceeds the threshold value, the acoustic lens is stopped. The automatic focusing of the acoustic lens can be achieved in this manner. The threshold value is made a little smaller than the strength of the reflected wave at the focus point. Using two gates, the threshold value is compared with peak values in the two gates. The automatic focusing of the acoustic lens can also be achieved in this manner. More specifically, the first gate is set at the time when the wave reflected from the sample surface at the focus point is received, and the second gate is set near this time. There are then used a circuit for checking that the strength of the detected signal of that reflected wave picked up by the first gate becomes larger than that picked up by the second gate, a circuit for checking that the strength of the detected signal at the first gate exceeds the threshold value, and an AND circuit for outputs of both circuits. The acoustic lens can be stopped responsive to output applied from the AND circuit. From prior art document EP-A-0 121 890 an ultrasonic microscope system is known for measuring the acoustic characteristics of a sample. The microscope system described belongs to the class of acoustic velocity measuring apparatus recording the acoustic characteristic curve (the V(z)-curve), the periodicity of which is indicative of the acoustic properties of the material under examination. Accordingly, in this class of ultrasonic microscope systems, the dip interval representing the periodicity of the V(z)-curve is measured allowing the determination of the above mentioned acoustic characteristics. The object to be solved by the apparatus in accordance with this prior art approach is to provide an ultrasonic microscope which permits accurate measurements of the dip intervals even if the dip intervals and the shape of the V(z)-curve have irregularities. Accordingly, a wave reflected from the sample is received and the V(z)-curve of variations in the level of the reflective wave with respect to a relative movement between the ultrasonic lens and the sample is measured. A reference level of interference of a directly reflected wave and a leakly elastic wave is substracted from V(z) to perform waveform processing the output of which is subjected to a waveform analysis allowing the determination of the velocity and/or attenuation of the leakly elastic wave. Form prior art document DE-A-3 835 886 an ultrasonic microscope system is known operating in the reflective mode. In such systems in addition to the desired reflected measurement signal also a number of undesired perturbation signals is present degrading the measurement performance of the system. Accordingly, it is the object of this prior art approach to provide a microscope system allowing a measurement in all possible measurement depths within the sample and ensuring a reliable separation of the measurement signals and the perturbation signals. This objective is met by the provision of a gate section wherein the point in time at which the gate section is opened and the duration of the time window of the gate section is controlled in accordance with the distance between the acoustic lens and the surface of the sample under examination. Concerning the above mentioned prior art approaches dealing with focusing methods it is, however, necessary that the threshold values are set to a level near the strength of the reflected wave obtained at the same time when the acoustic lens is focused on the sample. In addition, the threshold value must be adjusted to an appropriate level every time the reflective sample is replaced by a new one since the strength of the reflected wave depends on the respective sample under examination. In view of the above it is therefore the object of the present invention to provide an ultrasonic microscope which avoids the above mentioned drawbacks. This object is solved by an ultrasonic microscope in accordance with claim 1. Thus, an ultrasonic microscope is provided enabling the operator to more easily achieve automatic focusing but making it unnecessary for the operator to adjust the threshold value every time the sample is replaced by a new one. The object of the present invention can be attained by an ultrasonic microscope wherein ultrasonic waves converged by an acoustic lens are made incident onto a sample. Reflected waves from the sample are received and converted into received electric signals, and the ultrasonic wave image of the sample is formed using the received signals, said ultrasonic microscope comprising a means for adjusting the distance of the acoustic lens relative to the sample; a means for picking up those of the received electric signals which correspond to a part of the reflected signals from the sample; a converter means for gain-adjusting an output signal applied from the pickup means; a means for comparing the strength of the signal gain-adjusted by the converter means with a previously-set threshold value; a gain control means for adjusting the gain of said converter means on the basis of comparison values obtained by said converter means so as to bring the signal input/output rate of said converter means to an optional value; and a focus adjustment control means for calculating the focus position of said acoustic lens on the basis of a gain-changing curve obtained when said acoustic lens is moved from a position, remote from its focus position, to said sample and for outputting a drive signal, responsive to the result thus calculated, to said distance adjuster means. According to the ultrasonic microscope of the present invention, a part of that electric signal which corresponds to the reflected wave from the sample is picked up by the pickup means and applied to the converter means. The strength of the signal gain-adjusted by the converter means is compared with the threshold value by the comparator means. The gain of the converter means is adjusted on the basis of the result obtained by this comparison so as to bring its input/output rate to a desired value. The focused position of the acoustic lens is calculated by the focus adjustment control means from a gain curve of the converter means which changes when the acoustic lens is moved from a position, remote enough from its focused position, to the sample. A rive signal which corresponds to the result thus calculated is applied to the distance adjuster means. As the result, the distance of the acoustic lens relative to the sample can be adjusted to make the acoustic lens focused on the sample. Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the ultrasonic microscope according to an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 2 is a graph showing an attenuation curve of the attenuator obtained when the acoustic lens is moved toward a sample in the embodying ultrasonic microscope; Fig. 3 is a view showing a computer-processed wave form representing the attenuation curve; and Fig. 4 is a graph intended to explain an approximation method employed in the focus position detecting calculation. An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the ultrasonic microscope provided with an automatic focusing system according to an embodiment of the present invention. An ultrasonic pulse transmitting and receiving means comprises a pulse transmitter section 1, a transducer 2 for converting the pulse received from the pulse transmitter section 1 into an ultrasonic pulse, and an acoustic lens 3 for focusing the ultrasonic pulse created by the transducer 2 onto a sample 5 as a micro-spot. A sample 5 is placed in a sample container 4, and a coupler liquid 6 is provided for transmitting the ultrasonic pulse between the acoustic lens 3 and the sample 5 in the sample container 4. The ultrasonic pulse incident on the sample 5 is reflected by the top, bottom or inside of the sample 5. Its reflected wave is again passed through the acoustic lens 3, converted into an electric signal by the transducer 2 and applied to a pre-amplifier 7. A gate section 8 is connected to the output side of the pre-amplifier 7. The gate section 8 serves to gate the received electric signal at such a timing that an output component which corresponds to the focus position of the acoustic lens 3 can be picked up from the signal. An attenuator 9 is connected to the gate section 8. The attenuation of this attenuator 9 is adjusted, as will be described later, to keep the ratio of its input and output at a predetermined value. The output of the attenuator 9 is detected by a peak detector section 10. The output of the peak detector section 10 is applied to an input terminal of comparator 11 and also to an A/D converter section 12. A threshold value is applied from a threshold value level setting section 13 to another input terminal of the comparator 11. The comparator 11 produces an "ON" output only when the output or detected value of the peak detector section 10 exceeds the threshold value. Outputs of the comparator 11 and the A/D converter section 12 are applied to a computer 14. The acoustic lens 3 is moved in a direction in which the ultrasonic pulse enters into the acoustic lens 3, or in a direction Z, by a Z drive section 15. When a Z-drive controller section 16 receives a command signal from the computer 14, it applies a drive signal to the Z-drive section 15, which is made operative in response to this applied drive signal. Further, when an XY-scanner section 17 receives an XY scanning signal from the computer 14, the sample 5 is scanned in directions X and Y by the XY scanner section 17. A pulse controller section 18 outputs a transmission trigger signal to the pulse transmitter section 1 in response to a transmission timing signal applied from the computer 14. A gate width adjuster section 19 is connected to the output of the pulse controller section 18 and the output of the computer 14 to adjust the gate width of the gate section 8 in response to a command applied from the computer 14. When the transmission trigger signal is applied from the pulse controller section 18 to the pulse transmitter section 1, the pulse transmitter section 1 generates a single pulse signal, which is electro-acoustically converted into an ultrasonic pulse by the transducer 2. This ultrasonic pulse enters into the sample 5, passing through the acoustic lens 3. The reflected wave from the sample 5 is again passed through the acoustic lens 3 and converted into an electric (or received) signal by the transducer 2. On the other hand, the pulse controller section 18 outputs a pulse to the gate width adjuster section 19 at such a timing that can be calculated from the working distance inherent to the acoustic lens 3. Responsive to the pulse signal thus applied, the gate width adjuster section 19 outputs such a gate signal to the gate section 8 that has a time width large enough to cover dispersion in the working distance of the acoustic lens 3. Received electric signals applied from the pre-amplifier 7 are gated by the gate section a at the above calculated timing to pick up only those which correspond to waves reflected from the vicinity of an expected focus point on the sample 5. The signal thus picked up is applied to the attenuator 9 whose attenuation is set by the computer 14. The signal thus applied is, therefore, attenuated only by a computer-set amount by the attenuator 9. The output signal of the attenuator 9 is applied to the peak detector section 10 where its peak value is detected. The peak value of a signal outputted from the peak detector section 10 is compared with the threshold value by the comparator 11. When the signal passed through the attenuator 9 has a peak value larger than the threshold value, the comparator 11 output is "ON". The computer 14 adjusts, at all times, the attenuation of the attenuator 9 in such a way that the comparator 11 is made from "ON" to "OFF". Fig. 2 shows an example of attenuation change in the attenuator 9. This change is obtained when the acoustic lens 3 is moved from a position remote enough from the sample 5 to the sample 5 in the above-described case. The acoustic lens 3 is focused on the sample 5 near a distance (c). However, the strength of waves reflected from the sample near the focus point is quite large. It is, therefore, saturated by the pre-amplifier 7 to keep the attenuation at a certain value for a certain time period. Maximum points represented by (a) and (e) are created by noise and other factors. The acoustic lens 3 is moved little, by little from a position remote enough to the sample 5 to gain automatic focus. Every distance that the lens 3 is moved, the computer 14 adjusts the attenuation of the attenuator 9 to change the signal outputted by the comparator 11 from "ON" to "OFF". The largest attenuation seen until the lens 3 comes to the now-position is stored in the memory of the computer 14 and when the attenuation now seen is larger than that stored, the attenuation stored is updated. This updating of attenuation is repeated and every time the updating of attenuation is repeated, the position of the acoustic lens 3 is stored. When the attenuation now seen is equal to that stored, the memory in the computer 14 is not updated but the acoustic lens 3 is further moved nearer to the sample 5. When the attenuation now seen is smaller than that stored the following formula is used together with a value previously set in the memory of the computer 14. (attenuation now seen) < (attenuation stored) - (set value) wherein the set value is intended to remove the influence of noise, as shown in Fig. 2, and it is set equal to or a little larger than a difference ΔL between attenuations at the distances (e) and (d). This set value is determined by examining noise characteristics and by other procedures. When the attenuation now seen does not meet the condition expressed by the formula (1), the acoustic lens 3 is still further moved nearer to the sample 5. And, when the condition is satisfied, the movement of the acoustic lens 3 is stopped. When the movement of the acoustic lens 3 is stopped, that position of the acoustic lens 3 which corresponds to the attenuation stored in the memory of the computer 14 is (f) in Fig. 3 which is near to the focus point and at which the attenuation begins to become certain. On the other hand, that position at which the acoustic lens 3 is stopped is (g) in Fig. 3 where the attenuation becomes smaller than a value obtained by subtracting the set value from the largest attenuation. The focus position (c) is between the distances (f) and (g) at all times. In order to calculate the focus position of the acoustic lens 3, an approximation is made from the distances (f) and (g). A focus position (c′) is thus calculated. Fig. 4 shows the focus position (c′) obtained by the approximation. The attenuation at this focus position (c′) is larger than that at the distance (f) but smaller than the smallest step (Δℓ in Fig. 3) of the changing values of the attenuation. It is, therefore, assumed that the attenuation at the focus position (c′) is that value obtained by adding the one step of changing attenuations to the attenuation at the distance (f) and that the attenuation at the distance (g) is a value obtained by subtracting the above set value from the attenuation stored when the movement of the acoustic lens 3 is stopped. The focus position (c′) at this time can be approximated by a secondary curve passing through points G and F and contacting a line (m), as shown in Fig. 4. Because the focus position (c′) can be calculated by this approximation, automatic focus adjustment is finished when the acoustic lens 3 is moved to the position (c′). When the acoustic lens 3 is operated as described above, it is focused on the sample 5. Further, the attenuation is set to be the largest and the gating width is adjusted to a previously-determined one. While shifting little by little the timing at which the gating is carried out, the gating position at which the output signal applied from the comparator 11 is "ON" is then detected. Here the previously-determined gating width is made so narrow as to cover only those of the sample-reflected waves which are reflected by the surface of the sample. According to the above-described embodiment of the present invention, the wave components reflected from near the expected focus point on the sample 5 are picked up and the attenuation is adjusted to bring the input/output ratio of the attenuator 9 to a desirable value when the acoustic lens 3 is moved. The attenuating curve thus obtained enables the focus position to be obtained. Therefore, the focus position can be more easily detected without setting the threshold value near the strength of that wave reflected when the acoustic lens 3 is at its focus point, as seen in the conventional cases. The focus adjustment of the acoustic lens 3 can be therefore made extremely easier, thereby enhancing the workability of forming the ultrasonic image of any sample to a greater extent. When reflected waves from the sample 5 are saturated in the pre-amplifier 7, a point which is lowered from the attenuation at the distance (g) by Δℓ is measured and the secondary curve approximation is then carried out using three points. The focus position (c′) can be thus obtained. The shape of a changing attenuation curve is determined by the frequency of the acoustic lens 3 and its angular aperture. When the attenuating curve is previously measured, therefore, the focus position can be obtained by the shape of the curve and by measuring two points in the same manner as in the above case. When reflected waves from the sample 5 are not saturated in the pre-amplifier 7, then every attenuation of the attenuator and every distance is stored in the memory of the computer 14, as long as the acoustic lens 3 is moved from the distance (f) to the distance (g). After the movement of the acoustic lens 3 is stopped, therefore, a distance which corresponds to the largest of the attenuations stored can be taken for the focus position. The focus adjustment can be thus achieved with a higher accuracy. Further, when the gating width of the gate section 8 is made wider to pick up signals received, any acoustic lens of the same kind as the above-mentioned one can be used even if it is different in working distance. Furthermore, when the set value is adjusted, the automatic focusing can be achieved even if waves transmitted to the sample 5 are of the burst type. Although the attenuation of the attenuator 9 has been controlled by the computer 14, a control circuit for feeding outputs of the comparator 11 back to the attenuator 9 may be used. According to the ultrasonic microscope of the present invention, it is unnecessary for the operator to adjust the threshold value every time the sample is replaced by a new one and the automatic focusing can be more easily adjusted, thereby enhancing the workability of the microscope to a greater extent.

Claims: An ultrasonic microscope wherein ultrasonic waves converged by an acoustic lens (3) are made incident onto a sample (5), reflected waves from said sample (5) are received and converted into received electric signals, and the ultrasonic wave image of said sample (5) is formed using said received signals, comprising a) a means (15) for varying the distance of said acoustic lens (3) relative to said sample (5), b) a means (7, 8, 14, 18, 19) for picking-up those of said received electric signals which correspond to a part of the reflected signals from said sample (5); characterized by further comprising c) an attenuator (9) receiving an output signal from said pick-up means (7, 8, 14, 18, 19), d) a means (11, 13) for comparing a signal related to an output of said attenuator (9) with a previously-set threshold value so as to produce an "ON" output signal when the threshold value is exceeded, e) a gain control means (14) for adjusting an attenuation of said attenuator (9) on the basis of comparison values obtained by said comparing means (11, 13) so as to vary the input/output ratio of said attenuator (9) in order to change an "ON" output signal of said comparing means (11, 13) to "OFF", and f) a focus adjustment control means (14, 16) for calculating the focus position of said acoustic lens (3) on the basis of a gain-changing curve obtained when said acoustic lens (3) is moved from a position, remote from its focus position, to said sample (5) and for outputting a drive signal, responsive to the result thus calculated, to said distance varying means (15). The ultrasonic microscope according to claim 1, wherein said pick-up means (7, 8, 14, 18, 19) includes a gate section (8) for picking-up only those signals which correspond to reflected waves from near an expected focus point on said sample (5), and means (19) for setting the gating time of said gate section (8) responsive to a signal applied from said control means (14).

Inventors: ENDO TOMIO OLYMPUS DAI- -ISHIK, HISATA NAHOKO MAISON DE NORD B, ENDO, TOMIO, OLYMPUS DAI-1-ISHIKAWA RYO, HISATA, NAHOKO, MAISON DE NORD BARRMOU HACHIOUJI
Applicants: OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO, OLYMPUS OPTICAL CO., LTD.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01N29
IPC codes: G01S15, G01N29, G01S7, G10K11