Liquid ring pump

Abstract: A fluid-ring pump according to the invention for use as a vacuum pump, e.g. for the aspiration of centrifugal pumps, and for use in the transport of mixtures of fluids and gases or solid particles, is of the type where the distance between the internal surface (17) of the pump housing and the rotor (10) varies. Seen in section, the surface is divided into two identical, reverse-image sectors, in relation to which the rotor (10) is disposed in a symmetrical manner. The opposing forces as a result of the diametrically-opposite directed sealing pressures hereby cancel each other out, and the rotor blades (14) can have a greater pitch with a consequent increase in capacity.

Description: Commonly known fluid-ring pumps are described in GB patent publications 1 425 997 and 1 547 976 and also in EP A2 111 653, and they are used for a wide range of applications, especially as vacuum pumps for the aspiration of centrifugal pumps and for the transport of gases, and for difficult pump media such as fluids mixed with or alternating with gases, foam, inhomogeneous, polluting or particle-containing fluids, for volatile fluids such as acetone or in the transport of gases which require isothermic compression. The pumps described have a cylindrical internal surface which surrounds the rotor, and the rotor is disposed eccentrically in relation to the cylinder axis. Moreover, the arcuate inlet aperture is concentric with the axis of rotation and is smaller than the outlet aperture, which is concentric with the inside of the pump housing. During operation, the pump is partly filled with fluid which is hurled around in the housing under centrifugal force and forms a similarly cylindrical fluid ring with a certain thickness out from the surface. For reasons of the eccentric disposition of the rotor, only the edges of the blades are in contact with the fluid on the one side, and on the diametrically opposite side the fluid is in contact with the actual rotor hub by linear or surface contact, which is hereafter referred to as the sealing line or sealing surface. Between the blades there are thus formed several sickle-shaped cavities which extend around the rotor hub and are limited by the fluid ring, the blades and the rotor hub, and in which the gases are pumped forwards by the spiral movement of the rotor blades. The eccentricity also results in the rotating fluid ring being, to a varying degree, in engagement with the rotor, and is therefore subject to accelerations and decelerations during the movement, where the speed of the fluid is at its lowest at the blades' most submersed position and greatest at that position in which only the outer parts of the blades are in the fluid. In other words, there occurs a deceleration of the fluid ring before the sealing line and an acceleration of the fluid ring after the sealing line. On that side on which a deceleration of the fluid occurs, there is a corresponding increase in its pressure simultaneously with a vortex formation. This pressure, the sealing pressure P1, is determinative for the amount of differential pressure that the pump is able to extend, in that it prevents gases from passing between the hub and the fluid ring against the pump direction. The point for P1 is shown in fig. 1 of the drawing, where the reference figure 2 indicates the pump housing, 4 the blades, 6 the rotor hub, and 8 the fluid. It should be noted that the figure shows in principle a situation at a differential pressure of close to 0. As a consequence of the sealing pressure, with the known pumps there arises a resulting radial force transversely to the rotational axis of the rotor, and which has to be absorbed in the rotor bearings. In some embodiments of this type of pump, it is desirable to house the rotor in bearings only at one end of the shaft, which limits the pump performance and necessitates a strong bearing construction. The invention relates to a fluid-ring pump of the kind comprising a rotor provided with helical blades and which is suspended in bearings in a pump housing provided with an inlet aperture and an outlet aperture disposed at each end of the rotor. The distance between the outer diameter of the rotor blades and the inside surface of the housing facing towards the periphery of the rotor varies around the circumference and as seen along the axis of the rotor. The internal surface seen in a section at right-angles to the axis of rotation is configured as two or more substantially identical sectors, and where the rotor with its axis of rotation is placed symmetrically in relation to the sectors. Such a pump is described in US patent 1.699.327. It is hereby possible to achieve two identical pressure distributions with two sealing pressures placed diametrically opposite around the rotor spindle, whereby the resulting power component transversely to the rotational axis of the rotor becomes zero. The invention thus provides the possibility of being able to use a less robust and thus cheaper to manufacture spindle and bearing construction at the rotor, which is of particular significance for rotors which are suspended in bearings at only one end of the spindle. With a such pump, the sealing surface will exist opposite the transition between two adjacent sectors, and there is a risk of cavitation, particularly in high-speed pumps. According to the invention, there is provided a fluid-ring pump of the kind indicated above, where the internal surface at and seen in the direction of rotation immediately after the transition between adjoining sectors has a substantially plane portion which extends in a substantially tangential manner in relation to the rotor, and that the surface at the transition and before the plane portion, as seen in the direction of rotation, has an angular change of direction i relation to the plane portion. Thereby the risk of cavitation is lessened while the pump is running. Preferred and advantageous emodiments of the pump according to the invention are disclosed in claims 2 to 13. If the internal surface at the inlet side is configured as disclosed in claim 2, pulsations are suppressed and thus the capacity of the pump is hereby increased. If the surface at the outlet end is configured as disclosed in claim 3, the fluid ring is stabilized and a slightly smaller outlet opening is made possible than with pumps without this construction. With the arrangement according to claim 4, the vortex formation in the area with low fluid speed is increased, so that a static vortex arises in front of the place with the clearance reduction respectively the transverse wall portion. The sealing pressure is thus reinforced and the differential pressure can be increased, and the amount of rotating fluid is reduced with a consequent reduction in power consumption. When the pump is used as a fluid transport pump, i.e. almost or completely filled with fluid, the average speed of rotation of the fluid ring is low in relation to the speed of rotation of the rotor, and the use of this construction means that the convolutions function to a higher degree as a worm conveyor which conveys fluid from the suction side to the pressure side of the pump. Thus the achievable end-pressure, i.e. the maximum differential pressure achievable with volumetric flow equal to zero, will be close to the theoretical velocity corresponding to the height of the fluid level which can be achieved at speeds equal to the peripheral speed of the rotor, see the equation h=v²/2g , where h is the height, v is the speed and g the gravitational force. The pump according to the invention is used, among other things, for the transport of solid particles such as synthetic granulates in water. Providing that the specific gravity of the solid particles does not exceed approx. 1.5, this transport is effected without any problems, in that the vortices at the sealing surfaces force the particles in between the rotor blades, from where they are transported out through the discharge opening in the so-called pressure plate. When the specific gravity exceeds 1.5, there arises a tendency towards centrifugation, where the particles collect in a ring along the inner side of the rotor housing. This can be countered by placing carriers for the particles as disclosed in claim 5. In connection with the transport of particles, as suggested above the pumping-out of the particles is enhanced if the ends of the rotor and the housing are configured as a truncated cone, whereby the particles are conveyed as in a worm conveyor to the discharge opening, as presented in claim 6. With configurations of the pump in which the rotor does not end as a truncated cone, the pump is used for tasks where the demands for the maximum differential pressure is limited to 200-300 mbar. The necessary sealing pressure is therefore correspondingly limited, and can consequently be achieved with a reduced amount of fluid with the hereto corresponding lower consumption of power. This is achieved by increasing the diameter of the discharge opening, which is the bore in the pressure plate, approximately corresponding to the diameter of the rotor hub, and at the same time provide a coverplate with a larger diameter than the rotor hub at the end of the rotor, see claim 7. During operation there is hereby created a rotating fluid lock, which ensures that the fluid ring is of such a thickness that at a differential pressure equal to zero it just touches the rotor hub. With the embodiment according to claim 8, the result is that instead of being exposed to a strong braking effect, the fluid ring can deflect and continue into the cells, where it compresses the air which will always exist in the cells. Consequently, the cells come to serve as accumulator for a part of the fluid ring's energy, which is released again when the fluid ring has passed the sealing line, and thus together with the less disturbed process of flow it contributes towards a smaller power requirement. A particularly simple and inexpensive way in which to make the cells will appear from claim 9, in that the solid hub has a relatively small diameter, and therefore has relatively high blades between which there are disposed axial laminations of less height. The diameter across the outer edges of the laminations corresponds to the normal diameter of the hub. Examples of embodiments of the invention will now be described in closer detail with reference to the drawing, where fig. 1 shows a section through a fluid-ring pump of the known kind during operation and at a differential pressure close to 0, fig. 2 shows a section through a first embodiment of the pump according to the invention, fig. 3a and 3b shows two variants of a section along the line III-III in fig. 2, fig. 4 - 7 shows sections through variants of pump housings and rotors, fig. 8 shows a part-section through the pump in a variant of the first embodiment with coverplate at the end of the rotor, fig. 9 shows a section in a second embodiment of the pump according to the invention, fig. 10 shows a section through a third embodiment of the pump according to the invention, fig. 11 shows a rotor according to the third embodiment partly in section, fig. 12 and 13 shows a rotor provided with carriers seen from the side and along the line XIII-XIII. A fluid-ring pump of the known kind as seen in fig. 1 has a pump housing 2 with an axis of symmetry A1, and in which there is suspended a rotor 3 with two spiral-formed blades 4 secured around a rotor shaft 6 having an axis of rotation A2 which is offset in relation to the line A1. During operation, the fluid 8 forms a ring which, at a line or surfaces, touches the shaft 6, and whereby a cavity 7 containing gases is shut off. A first embodiment of the pump according to the invention is seen in fig. 2. This has a cylindrical rotor 10 with hub 12 provided with two blades 14 which extend as helical convolutions 360° around the hub 12. The rotor 10 is suspended at its shaft ends 15 and 16 in the pump housing, which has an inlet chamber 18 on the suction side and an outlet chamber 20 on the pump's pressure side. Between the chamber 18 and the rotor 10, in a separating wall 22 called the suction plate, there is provided a circular inlet opening 23 which is concentric with the axis of rotation 24 of the rotor. A corresponding separating wall 26, called the pressure plate, with circular outlet opening 28, is provided in the outlet chamber 20. The opening 28 is also concentric with the axis 24 and is larger than the opening 23, preferably 10-20 mm smaller in diameter than the hub 12 of the rotor. This is in order to create the necessary sealing pressure when the pumps involved are vacuum pumps. In this embodiment, the ends of the rotor are not shut off in the area between the convolutions 14 and have vanes 30 to assist the movement of the fluid ring 32. In the area of the rotor ends, the housing 17 has internal cylindrical surfaces 34 concentric with the axis 24. Over the main part of the internal surface 36 which faces towards the rotor 10, said surface 36 is configured as shown in fig. 3a, i.e. it comprises two partly cylindrical shells 37 with centrelines 40 which are offset in relation to the axis 24. The shells 37 are welded together at the lines 38, and whereby the space around the rotor 10 assumes the shape of two equally-formed sectors which arch out on opposite sides of the rotor 10. Forms other than partly cylindrical can be envisaged for the surface 36, for example partly elliptical or other substantially continuous curved surfaces. The smallest clearance between the outer edges of the blades 14 and the surface 16 can be 1-2 mm, or adapted to the size of the solid particles which require to be conveyed. The largest clearance between the surface 16 and the edges of the blades is smaller than or equal to the height of the blades 14 from the surface of the hub 12. During operation at a differential pressure equal to zero, there arises the shown situation in which two cavities 42 are formed which carry gases through the pump. To reduce the risk of cavitation immediately after the joint 38 seen in the direction of circulation, a part of the shells 37 can be configured as a tangentially-oriented surface 44 in relation to the axis of rotation 24, see fig. 3b. In fig. 4 is shown a variant of the pump according to the invention with three identical sectors, where three convolutions of the blades are used, each of which extends over an angular arc of 240°. Correspondingly, an example is shown in fig. 5 with four identical sectors, in that here there are used four convolutions over an angular arc of 180°. With constant rotor length, the reduced angular arc gives the convolutions a greater pitch along the axis 24, and herewith a greater volumetric flow for the pump. Figs. 6 and 7 show embodiments of the rotor housing which give rise to a strong braking effect on the fluid ring in the area around the sealing surface. In fig. 6 the partly cylindrical shells are mutually displaced sideways, and the resulting interval is covered with transverse plate pieces 46. In fig. 7 the completely cylindrical housing 48 is provided with longitudinal projections in the form of ribs 50 which enable the braking to be effected in two directions of rotation of the rotor 10. With the embodiment shown in fig. 7, the rotor hub 12 is relatively large in relation to the overall diameter of the rotor. In both cases, the lower circulation speed of the fluid ring gives rise to a higher sealing pressure, and hereby a greater differential pressure for the pump, which is of particular significance when pumping mixtures of fluid and gases and strongly foaming fluids. As fluid conveyor pumps, these embodiments result in a reduction in the rotation of the fluid, and the convolutions 14 of the rotor function to a higher degree as an ordinary worm conveyor with regard to the fluid, whereas the gases are pressed in towards the hub 12 for reasons of the difference in specific gravity. The construction shown in fig. 7 can be varied with several ribs in a similar manner to the embodiments in figs. 4 and 5, and combinations with other forms described above or hereafter are also possible. Fig. 8 shows a partial section through a pump according to the invention in the area of the discharge opening, and for use in applications where the requirements regarding maximum differential pressure are limited to 200-300 mbar. The necessary sealing pressure can therefore be correspondingly reduced. Consequently, this can be achieved with a reduced amount of fluid with correspondingly less power consumption. This is achieved by making the diameter of the discharge opening 28 about the same as the diameter of the hub 12, while at the same time providing the end of the rotor with an end-plate 54 with a diameter which is greater than the diameter of the hub, but less than the outer diameter of the rotor 10 across the edges of the blades 14. There is hereby created a kind of rotating fluid lock, which ensures that the fluid ring is of such a thickness that at a differential pressure equal to zero, it just touches the hub of the rotor. The gases which are conveyed through the pump can pass between the edge of the plate 54 and the fluid ring. Fig. 9 shows a second embodiment of the pump according to the invention, where the rotor 10 is suspended in only one bearing at the one spindle end 16, which results in a less space-demanding construction. This simplified embodiment has a central, axially-oriented influx, which at the same time constitutes the inlet opening 21, in that the suction plate simultaneously constitutes the one end wall of the pump housing 17. In this embodiment, the concentric, cone-shaped parts 56,58 on the rotor 10 and housing 17 are arranged in the area of the discharge opening 28. The distance between the edges of the blades 14, i.e. the part 56, and the part 58, is the normal clearance distance in the pump. There is thus an even transition from the largest section of the fluid ring in the rotor's cylindrical area to the discharge opening, which renders the pump particularly suitable for the pumping of fluids containing solid particles of high specific gravity in relation to the fluid. With the exception of the embodiment shown in fig. 8, these cone-shaped parts can be used in all of the embodiments of the pump according to the invention described above and hereafter. In figs. 10 and 11 there is shown a third embodiment of the pump according to the invention. Here, the rotor has been modified, in that a part of the rotor hub 12 is configured with a cavity which is open outwardly in the radial direction. The hub 12, which has the same diameter as in the other embodiments, is thus divided into a central, solid part 60, and a part 62 provided with cells 64 which are formed by axially-oriented lamella 66 secured to the solid part 60. The blades 14 are here extended into and secured to the part 60. The lamella thus adjoin the innermost parts of the blades 14, which form the end walls in the cells 64. The cells 64 are gasproof in all directions with the exception of radially outwards as shown, in that at the rotor ends the closing-off of the cells 64 is effected by means of the end-plates 68. In the embodiment shown, the height of the lamella constitutes a half of the radius of the hub 12, where the diameter of the hub is equal to two thirds of the diameter of the rotor 10 across the blades. The height of the cells 64 can be varied, but the cell height must be at least 30% of the radius of the solid part 60. Moreover, here there are 24 cells seen in the same section through the rotor, but the number can be varied from eight and upwards, preferably between 11 and 31. The advantage of this construction is that instead of being exposed to a strong braking effect, the fluid ring can deflect and continue into the cells, where it compresses the air or gas which will always exist in the cells 64, see fig. 10. A part of the energy which will normally be used to create turbulence at the fluid's passage of the sealing line or sealing surface is accumulated as overpressure in the cells 64, and is released again after the passage of the sealing line. Together with the less disturbed course of flow, this contributes towards a reduction in the power consumption of the pump. The configuration of the cells 64 by means of lamella 66 is the preferred embodiment, but other embodiments are possible, e.g. by the cutting of holes in an otherwise solid hub 12. Figs. 12 and 13 show a variant of the rotor for a pump according to the invention. Here, carriers in the form of light plastic plate elements 70 are provided on the sides of the blades 14. During rotation of the rotor 10, particles in the fluid are drawn in towards the hub 12. It is hereby possible for particles with a specific gravity greater than 1.5 to be conveyed in water, in that due to the centrifugal force, the particles will normally seek outwards towards the periphery and therefore outside the reach of the blades. This arrangement can be combined advantageously with the embodiment shown in fig. 9, in that the carriers 70 can be provided on both the cylindrical part as well as the cone-shaped part of the rotor 10. The pump according to the invention can be configured as a multi-stage pump with the same or different pump principles at the stages, and the pump can be made fully reversible by making the inlet and outlet openings of equal dimensions and changing the direction of rotation of the rotor. Furthermore, the pump according to the invention can be varied in more ways than those described here within the scope of the claims. In particular, the arrangements which are described in EP A3 2 111 653 and GB patent publications 1 425 997 and 1 547 976 can be used in connection with the present invention.

Claims: Fluid-ring pump comprising a rotor (10) provided with helical blades (14) suspended in a pump housing (17) which, seen along the axis (24) of rotation of the rotor, has an inlet opening (23) disposed at the one end of the rotor (10) and a discharge opening (28) disposed at the other end of the rotor (10), and where the distance between the outer diameter of the rotor blades (14) and the inside surface (36) of the housing (17) facing towards the periphery of the rotor (10) varies around the circumference and as seen along the axis (24) of the rotor, where said internal surface (36) seen in a section at right-angles to the axis (24) of rotation is configured as two or more substantially identical sectors (37), and where the rotor (10) with its axis (24) of rotation is placed symmetrically in relation to the sectors (37), characterised in that the internal surface (36) at and seen in the direction of rotation immediately after the transition (38) between adjoining sectors (37) has a substantially plane portion (44) which extends in a substantially tangential manner in relation to the rotor (10), and that the surface (36) at the transition (38) and before the plane portion (44), as seen in the direction of rotation, has an angular change of direction in relation to the plane portion (44). Pump according to the preceding claim, wherein the surface (36) in the area of the inlet opening (23) and the first end of the rotor is configured as a cylindrical surface (34) which is concentric with the axis of rotation and surrounds the rotor (10). Pump according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the surface (36) in the area of the discharge opening (28) and the second end of the rotor is configured as a cylindrical surface (34) which is concentric with the axis of rotation and surrounds the rotor (10). Pump according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the internal surface is configured in such a manner that at the transition between adjoining sectors (37), and seen in the direction of rotation of the blades, there occurs an abrupt reduction in the distance between the surface and the periphery of the blades, e.g. at a transverse wall portion (46) in relation to the direction of rotation. Pump according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the rotor (10) has carriers in the form of curved plate elements (70) on the blades (14) and where the plate elements (70) are secured to the sides of the blades and in the direction of rotation extend forwards and away from the axis (24) of rotation. Pump according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the end (56) of the rotor adjacent to the discharge opening (58) and the corresponding surrounding part of the internal surface are frusto-conical, and wherein the surrounding part is disposed symmetrically around the axis of rotation. Pump according to any of the claims 1-5, wherein the end of the rotor adjacent to the discharge opening (28) is provided with a coverplate (26) extending along the blades' axially-facing ends to a diameter which is greater than the diameter of the rotor hub (12), and where the discharge opening (28) has a diameter which is substantially the same as the rotor hub diameter. Pump according to any of the preceding claims, wherein in or on the hub (12) of the rotor, and distributed around its circumference, in a given section there are configured a number of cells (64), which are open in the radial direction away from the axis of rotation, and which otherwise have gasproof walls, characterized in that the number of cells is at least eight, preferably between 11 and 31, and where the ratio between the outer diameter of the hub and the hub's smallest diameter measured in the bottom of the cells in the section is at least 1.3. Pump according to claim 8, wherein the cells (64) are formed by lamella (66) on and distributed symmetrically around the hub (12) of the rotor and extending out to the closed ends of the rotor hub, said lamella extending continuously and parallel with the axis of rotation while the blades (14) are higher than the lamella (66).

Inventors: ELSASS HENRIK, JOHST WILLY, ELSASS, HENRIK, JOHST, WILLY
Applicants: BERENDSEN TEKNIK AS, BERENDSEN TEKNIK A/S
Application year: 1991
Main classification: F04C19
IPC codes: F04C19