Actively shielded magnetic resonance magnet without cryogens

Abstract: An actively shielded refrigerated superconductive magnet is provided. The magnet includes a generally cylindrical vacuum vessel (11) having an axially extending bore. A plurality of superconductive main coils (18,19,21) are positioned in the vacuum vessel concentrically surrounding and spaced away from the bore. A pair of superconductive shield coils (23) having a larger diameter than the superconductive main coils are situated in the vacuum vessel, concentric with the superconductive main coils. The superconductive shield coils are situated at either end of the superconductive main coils. The superconductive shield coils and the superconductive main coils are electrically connected to one another so that the superconductive shield coils and the superconductive main coils are capable of carrying current in opposite circumferential directions. Thermal shield means (25) enclose the superconductive main and shield coils, with the thermal shield spaced away from the vacuum vessel and superconductive main and shield coils. Two stage cryocooler means (85) is provided for cooling the superconductive main and shield coils, and the thermal shield.

Description: This invention relates to actively shielded superconductive magnetic resonance (MR) magnets which are cooled by refrigeration without the use of consumable cryogens. Magnetic resonance imaging magnets used in medical diagnostics employ uniform high intensity DC magnetic fields in the interior of the magnet. A stray field surrounds the magnet and can adversely affect electronic equipment near the magnet unless the electronic equipment is individually shielded or the magnet stray field is reduced. Pacemakers, for example, have been found to be affected by stray fields as low as 10 gauss, (the earth's magnetic field is 0.5 gauss), so that uncontrolled access to the areas surrounding the magnet have to be restricted. One approach to the stray field problem has been to locate the magnet in a separate building reserved exclusively for the purpose of diagnostic imaging. This can be costly since it depends on providing additional real estate. At times, such as in crowded urban areas, it is not feasible to provide the extra space. Another approach is to surround the room where the magnet is located with ferromagnetic sheets which act to inhibit the extent of the stray field in the room. The disadvantages to this approach are that the shielding can add up to one hundred tons to the weight of the room, usually requiring structural modifications to the building. Also any dissymmetry in the ferromagnetic material surrounding the magnet can adversely affect the homogeneity in the working volume of the magnet leading to imaging distortions. Still another approach to the stray field problem is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,646,045 in which the magnet is surrounded by enough ferromagnetic material to suppress the stray field. This approach has several potential disadvantages. The shield is designed for optimum operation at only one field level in the magnet and the proximity of the ferromagnetic material to the magnet makes the homogeneity of the working volume susceptible to any dissymmetry introduced during the manufacturing process. Yet another approach is to use an actively shielded magnet, described in U.S. Pat. No.4,587,504, issued May 6, 1986 to Brown, et al. Brown et al describes creating two homogeneous fields of different strengths using two different sets of coils, with the fields subtracting from one another thereby producing a uniform magnetic field. Active shielding in conventionally helium cooled MR magnets is not as attractive or cost effective as passive or room shielding for 1.5 Tesla (1 Tesla = 10,000 gauss) magnets since it increases the cryostat outer diameter by 50%, close to 3 meters, and doubles the magnet ampere-turns. EP-A-304188 uses a Monte Carlo simulation for reducing stray fields of an actively shielded magnet as recited in the preamble of claim 1. US-A-4968961 uses a first coil for generating a magnetic field in a internal magnetic space and a pair of second coils at each end of the first coil for generating a cancelling magnetic field to reduce leakage fields. The present invention seeks to provide a low cost, lightweight actively shielded MR magnet without cryogens with about the same bore and outside diameter as a conventional helium cooled magnet of the same field strength and homogeneity. According to the invention, there is provided an actively shielded refrigerated superconductive magnet comprising: a generally cylindrical vacuum vessel (11) having an axially extending bore; a plurality of superconductive main coils (18,19,21) in said vacuum vessel (11) concentrically surrounding and spaced away from said bore; and a pair of superconductive shield coils (23) situated in said vacuum vessel (11), concentric with the superconductive main coils (18,19,20) and having a diameter approximately twice that of the superconductive main coils (18,19,20), said superconductive shield coils (23) being situated at either end of the superconductive main coils (18,19,20), said superconductive shield coils (23) and said superconductive main coils (18,19,20) being electrically connected to one another so that the superconductive shield coils (23) and the superconductive main coils (18,19,20) are capable of carrying current in opposite circumferential directions; characterised by thermal shield means (25) enclosing said superconductive main and shield coils (18,19,20, 23), said thermal shield (25) being spaced away from said vacuum vessel (11); and two stage cryocooler means (85) for cooling said superconductive main and shield coils (18,19,20,23), and said thermal shield (25). the vacuum vessel (11) comprising annular pieces (16) at each end and a reduced diameter portion (13) intermediate the ends, the cryocooler being disposed in the reduced diameter portion (13). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The invention will now be described in greater detail, by way of example, with reference to the drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a sectional side view of an actively shielded refrigerated MR magnet from the horizontal midplane upwards, in accordance with the present invention; and Figure 2 is an end view of Figure 1 along the lines 2-2; and Figure 3 is a graph showing one quadrant of the five gauss stray field contour that is contained within a room 6 meters by 7 meters long, with the ordinate axis showing the field measured from the center of the magnet radially outwardly and the abscissa showing the field measured from the center of the magnet in the axial direction. Referring now to the drawing and particularly Figures 1 and 2 thereof, a generally cylindrical vacuum vessel 11 having a reduced diameter central region 13 is shown. The vacuum vessel 11 has an axially extending bore sleeve 15 which can be fabricated from stainless steel. The rest of the vacuum vessel can be fabricated from thin carbon steel or stainless steel. The annular end pieces 16 of the cylindrical vacuum vessel are preferably convex to allow thinner material to be used without deflection. Curved pieces also have the advantage of greatly reduced bending stresses allowing thinner pieces to be used. Concave shaped pieces are shown in the transition from the larger diameter portion of the vacuum vessel to the centrally located smaller diameter portion. The concave and convex shaped pieces can be formed, for example, by the metal-forming process of spinning. In spinning a symmetrical pattern and material are spun while a tool is used to force the material against the pattern deforming the material to achieve the shape of the pattern. The various sections of the vacuum vessel can be joined such as by welding. A cylindrical magnet cartridge 17 is located concentrically inside the vessel 11, and surrounds and is spaced away from the bore sleeve 15. The magnet cartridge comprises three pair of superconductive main coils 18, 19, and 21, of nearly the same diameter, and one pair of superconductive shield coils 23, having approximately twice the diameter of the main superconductive coils. One type of magnet cartridge having six main coils is shown in copending application EP-0413571 entitled "Magnet Cartridge for Magnetic Resonance Magnet" the disclosure in which is hereby incorporated by reference. Pairs of superconductive coils 18, 19, 21 and 23 are located symmetrically about the axial midplane 24 of the magnet cartridge and are concentrically located along the same axially extending centerline 26. Each of the coils comprises a free standing epoxy impregnated superconductive coil. Cylindrical spacers are used to position and support the main coils relative to one another and to support and position the shield coils. In the present embodiment five spacers 25, 27, 29, 31 and 33 are used. The cylindrical spacers are preferably fabricated from rolled and welded aluminum which are stress relieved prior to machining. Copper alloys can alternatively be used. The center sleeve 25 is machined to provide an inwardly extending centrally located shoulder on the inside of the sleeve. The spacers 25, 27 and 29 are machined at either end to form a circumferentially extending rabbet at their inner diameters. The spacers 25, 27, and 29 are positioned spaced apart from one another and concentric about a common axially extending axis. The innermost pair of coils 18 are positioned inside the central spacer butting up against the centrally located shoulder on the inside of the sleeve. Positioned between the central spacer 25 and two outer spacers 27 and 29 in the rabbets are the second coil pair 19. The third pair of coils 21 are supported concentrically with the other coils in a cantilever fashion from the ends of the outer spacers 27 and 29 with the ends of the coils positioned in the rabbeted ends of the spacers. The two shield coils are situated in the larger diameter end portions of the cryocooler. Spacers 31 and 33 are machined at one end to form a circumferentially extending rabbet at their inner diameters. Shield coils 23 are epoxy-bonded in the rabbeted end of cylindrical spacers 31 and 33 with the rabbeted ends of the spaces facing away from the midplane of the vacuum vessel. The shield coils are supported by the main coils by means of radially extending stiffeners 35 affixed between spacers 27 and 33 and between spacers 29 and 31 such as by welding. Eight to twelve equally circumferentially spaced stiffeners, for example, can be used at each end, with eight stiffeners shown in Figure 2. The spacers can be heated prior to inserting the ends of the coils to achieve a shrink fit. Each of the rabbeted joints is bonded with epoxy resin to provide low thermal contact resistance. Aluminum is the preferred material for the spacers and stiffeners because of its high thermal conductivity, strength and light weight. Each coil in four coil pairs is helically wound with either Nb 3 Sn superconductive tape or superconductive wire with hardened, preferably perforated, copper closed foilloops inserted among the winding layers and a plurality of layers with intermediately placed glass cloth wound over the entire diameter of the coil, prior to epoxy impregnation. A superconductive tape epoxy impregnated coil of the type shown and claimed in copending application EP-0413573 entitled "Epoxy-Impregnated Superconductive Tape Coil", the disclosure in which is hereby incorporated by reference, can be used. The coils whether wound with superconductive tape or superconductive wire can be fabricated using a demountable coil form, such as the one shown and claimed in copending application EP-0413572 entitled "Demountable Coil Form for Epoxy Impregnated Coils", the disclosure in which is also herein incorporated by reference. Each superconducting coil is self supported against the radially outward electromagnetic forces that occur when the coils are energized, by the hardened copper foil loops and foil overwrap. The foil overwrap is provided with a sufficient thickness so that it coincides with the portion of the coil extending into the rabbet in the sleeve. The spacers provide support only against the axially inward directed forces which attempt to force the coils to the axial midplane of the cartridge when the coils are energized. The cylindrical spacers locate the coils precisely relative to one another. The magnet cartridge of main and shield coils 17 is surrounded by a cylindrical thermal shield 25 which encloses the magnet cartridge but is spaced away therefrom . The vacuum vessel has a cylindrical extension 37 which protrudes radially outwardly from the reduced diameter portion of the vacuum vessel 11 and houses a two-stage cryocooler 85. The cylindrical extension has an annular shaped cover 41. The central axis of the extension lies on a radial line extending from the cylindrical vacuum vessel on the midplane of the vacuum vessel. The cylindrical extension and cover can be fabricated from carbon steel or stainless steel. The magnet cartridge 17 is supported inside the vacuum vessel 11 by three concentric thin wall tubes 43, 45, and 47. The innermost tube 43 has external threads on either end and is fabricated from a material which is a good thermal insulator at cryogenic temperatures, such as G-10 epoxy resin bonded glass cloth. The innermost tube 43 is secured to the magnet cartridge by means of an internally threaded collet which is secured to the magnet cartridge. The collet 51 can be fabricated from a material such as aluminum. One end of the innermost tube is secured to the collet 51 by an epoxy-bonded threaded joint. Applying epoxy resin to the parts prior to threading them together results in a joint with good mechanical strength and no relative motion. The epoxy bonded threaded joint also results in a low thermal contact resistance which is useful when the sleeve is providing thermal coupling between two components. This support system is shown and claimed in copending application EP-0414443 entitled "Refrigerated MR Magnet Support System", the disclosure in which is hereby incorporated by reference. The other end of the innermost tube is epoxy-bonded threaded in a collet 53 which has interior and exterior threads and an inwardly extending flange. The intermediate tube 45 has internal threads on one end and external threads on the other and is fabricated from a high thermal conductivity material such as aluminum. The end of the tube with the internal threads forms an epoxy-bonded threaded joint with the exterior threads of collet 53. The externally threaded end of the intermediate tube 45 is connected to a ring 55 having internal and external threads and secured to thermal shield 25. The ring surrounds an opening in the thermal shield. The ring 55 and thermal shield 25 can be fabricated from aluminum, for example, and welded together. The annular cover plate 41 closing off the cylindrical vacuum vessel extension includes a threaded nipple portion 57 on the inner surface of the cover. The threaded nipple and ring 55 are of the same diameter and are concentric with one another. The outer tube 47 is fabricated from a thermally insulating material such as G-10 and is joined between the external threads of the ring and the nipple by epoxy-bonded threaded joints. The suspension system in addition to supporting the weight of the magnet cartridge must support the load imposed by the first and second stages of the cryocooler cold end pressing down on the first and second stage heat stations 67 and 73, respectively. The magnet cartridge is supported close to where the load is imposed by the end of the cryocooler, reducing bending stresses on the magnet cartridge. The inner tube 43, which is under tension, in addition to transferring the load of the magnet cartridge weight, as well as the force exerted on the magnet cartridge by the second stage cold end of the cryocooler, thermally insulates the magnet cartridge from the thermal radiation shield 25. The magnet cartridge and thermal radiation shield can operate at 10K and 50K, respectively. The aluminum intermediate tube 45 which is subjected to a compressive load, in addition to transferring the load from the inner tube 43 to the ring 55 also transmits the load of the first stage of the cryocooler on the first stage heat station 67. The intermediate tube 45 thermally couples the heat shield 25 to the first stage of the cryocooler 85. The outside tube 47 thermally insulates the thermal radiation shield 25 from the vacuum vessel 11 and transfers the load of the cryocooler interface, magnet cartridge, and shield to the vacuum vessel. The electrical leads are heat stationed as claimed and described in copending application EP-0350265 entitled "Efficient Thermal Joints for Connecting Current Leads to a Cryocooler", the disclosure in which is hereby incorporated by reference. The main coils and shield coils are all connected in series with the shield coils carrying current in a direction opposite to the current in the main field coils. Bus bars 87 insulated from the cylindrical spacers connect the shield coils to the main coils. Bridge pieces of insulating material 89 are used between the spacers to provide support for the bus bars and to limit their movement. A cantilevered bridge piece 90 is used to support the bus bar carrying current to main coil. In one embodiment, calculated values for the coil positions, coil dimensions, and current densities for a 1.5 Tesla shielded magnet are shown in the table below. The values are for one half of the coil pairs positioned on one side of the magnet, with measurements made from the center of the bore. In a refrigerated MR magnet without cryogens the main coil diameter can be reduced in comparison with a conventional helium cooled magnet because the helium vessel and surrounding thermal shield are eliminated. Consequently an active shield of about 2 meters in diameter can be placed around the main coils to reduce the stray field to 5 gauss about 3 meters from the magnet center with only 35% higher ampere-turns for the actively shielded magnet as compared to a conventional helium cooled magnet of the same field strength and clear bore diameter. The foregoing has described a refrigerated MR magnet support system that has no sliding contacts at the interface with magnet cartridge or the vacuum vessel. While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to an embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

Claims: An actively shielded refrigerated superconductive magnet comprising: a generally cylindrical vacuum vessel (11) having an axially extending bore; a plurality of superconductive main coils (18,19,21) in said vacuum vessel (11) concentrically surrounding and spaced away from said bore;and a pair of superconductive shield coils (23) situated in said vacuum vessel (11), concentric with the superconductive main coils (18,19,20) and having a diameter approximately twice that of the superconductive main coils (18,19,20), said superconductive shield coils (23) being situated at either end of the superconductive main coils (18,19,20), said superconductive shield coils (23) and said superconductive main coils (18,19,20) being electrically connected to one another so that the superconductive shield coils (23) and the superconductive main coils (18,19,20) are capable of carrying current in opposite circumferential directions; characterised by thermal shield means (25) enclosing said superconductive main and shield coils (18,19,20, 23), said thermal shield (25) being spaced away from said vacuum vessel (11); and two stage cryocooler means (85) for cooling said superconductive main and shield coils (18,19,20,23), and said thermal shield (25). the vacuum vessel (11) comprising annular pieces (16) at each end and a reduced diameter portion (13) intermediate the ends, the cryocooler being disposed in the reduced diameter portion (13). The actively shielded refrigerated superconductive magnet of claim 1 wherein each superconductive main coil (18,19,20) and superconductive shield coil (23) comprises an epoxy-impregnated free standing coil, said superconductive main coils (18,19,20) being separated and supported by main coil cylindrical sleeves (25,27,29) of thermally conductive materials, each of said superconductive shield coils (23) being supported by a shield coil cylindrical sleeve (31,33) of thermally conductive material, each of said superconductive shield coils (23) and shield coil cylindrical sleeves (31,33) being supported from the main coil cylindrical sleeves (25,27,29) by a plurality of radially extending thermally conducting supports (35). The actively shielded refrigerated superconductive magnet of claim 1 or 2, wherein the shield coils (23) radially extend into the annular space between the ends of the vessel (11) and the reduced diameter portion (13). The actively shielded refrigerated superconductive magnet of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the axial extent of the shield coils (23) does not exceed the axial extent of the main coils (18,19,21).

Inventors: LASKARIS EVANGELOS TRIFON, LASKARIS, EVANGELOS TRIFON
Applicants: GEN ELECTRIC, GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01R33
IPC codes: G01R33, H01F6