Process and composition for protecting chrome steel

Abstract: A composition and method for inhibiting the corrosion of steel containing greater than about 9% chromium in the presence of at least one mineral acid, especially at temperatures above 250°F. The composition is made of a corrosion inhibitor selected from phenyl ketone, phenyl ketone with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound, or cinnamaldehyde with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing aromatic compound and an acid soluble metal from antimonium or bismuth.

Description: Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a new and useful class of corrosion inhibitors, and a process of using them. More particularly, the present invention concerns novel compositions which reduce the attack of aqueous acid solutions on steel, especially steel containing greater than about 9% chromium, and a process of using them. Technology Review In the exploration and recovery of oil from underground fields, it is common to "acidize" both new and producing wells with aqueous solutions of strong acids. As reserves of easily produced hydrocarbons become exhausted, oil and gas companies have been forced to develop deep, hot reservoirs that contain significant quantities of CO₂ and H₂S. Alloys that contain high concentrations of chromium and nickel have been developed that are much more resistant to the corrosive effects of these acid gases than are carbon alloy tubing steels. Acidizing treatment performed through these high chrome steels, however, present significant problems since the corrosive attack of HCl and HF on these metals is much more difficult to inhibit than is the corrosive attack by these acids on carbon steels. Increasingly, "duplex" chrome steels are being employed in wells that contain high concentrations of H₂S, because they are much more resistant to hydrogen-induced stress corrosion cracking (HSCC) than are the 13% chromium and nickel and low alloy steels. These metals are called "duplex" because they contain approximately 50/50 percent of ferrite and austenite iron phases. Unfortunately, duplex steels are active metals in hydrochloric acid since there is not enough chromium and nickel to stabilize the passive, protective oxide coatings common to "chrome steels". Various inhibitors for preventing the attack of acids on high chromium content steels have been proposed. Of the many inhibitors especially designed to prevent acid attack on well casings, very few provide satisfactory protection, especially above about 135°C (275°F). U.S. Patent No. 3,773,465 discloses acid corrosion inhibitors selected from cuprous iodide, acetylenic compounds or nitrogen compounds. Example VIII compares the efficacy of various compounds of iodine and copper, including BiI₃ and Bi(IO₃)₃, each mixed with 2% Halliburton Blend-57 acid corrosion inhibitor. The comparison indicates that cuprous iodide forms an effective inhibited treating acid when added to a treating acid together with acetylenic and nitrogen acid corrosion inhibitors. U.S. Patent 4,493,775 to Coffey et al. discloses a composition for inhibiting corrosion of ferrous metals exposed to acid environments and to H₂S. The composition is made of 1) a cyclohexylamine or derivatives, salts, or mixtures thereof, 2) per mole of (1), greater than 10 moles of formaldehyde or an amount of paraformaldehyde sufficient to release that amount of formaldehyde, 3) from 3 moles of (1) to an equimolar amount of (2) of acetophenone, derivatives or mixtures thereof, and 4) 0) to 10 wt %, based on the combined weights of (1) to (3), of a C₁ to C₂₀ aliphatic carboxylic acid and at least one acetylenic alcohol plus unreacted formaldehyde. U.S. Patent 4,498,997 to Walker discloses an acidic solution for acidizing subterranean formations having ferrous metal well bores. The composition is made of an acidic solution, especially of mineral acids, and a corrosion inhibitor made of one or more acetylenic alcohols, a quaternary ammonium compound, an aromatic hydrocarbon having high oil-wetting characteristics, and an antimony (Sb) compound. U.S. Patent 4,522,672 to Walker discloses another acidizing solution for treating subterranean formations which reduces its corrosive effect on ferrous and other metals. The acidizing solution is made of at least one mineral acid and an inhibitor. The inhibitor is made of acetylenic alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, an aromatic hydrocarbon having high oil-wetting characteristics, an anitmony compounds and a stabilizer. The stabilizer can be one of a reactive flouride-containing compound, compounds having a - or b -hydroxy acid functional groups or non-organic acid polydydroxy compounds. U.S. Patent 4,734,259 to Frenier et al. discloses a corrosion inhibiting composition for use with ferrous metals such as iron and steel and nonferrous metals such as aluminum, zinc and copper. The composition is made of a , b -unsaturated aldehydes and a surfactant. The surfactants may be anionic, cationic, non-ionic, or amphoteric. There remains a need to provide an improved composition for inhibiting stainless steel corrosion caused by mineral acids, and especially at elevated temperatures. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a composition and method for inhibiting the corrosion of stainless steel in the presence of at least one mineral acid, especially at temperatures above 120°C (250°F). The composition comprises an organic inhibitor from the group of phenyl ketone, phenyl ketone with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound, and cynnamaldehyde with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound and an acid-soluble compound from the group consisting of antimony and bismuth (Bi). In a preferred embodiment, the novel composition further comprises formic acid or a formic acid derivative such as formamide or formic ester, when the acid soluble metal is an antimony salt. In another preferred embodiment, when the acid soluble metal is Bi₂O₃, the novel composition further includes KI. It is an object of the invention to provide an improved composition for inhibiting stainless steel corrosion caused by mineral acids, and especially by hydrochloric acid alone or in combination with hydrofluoric acid. It is another object of the invention to provide an improved method for inhibiting stainless steel corrosion caused by such mineral acids. It is an advantage of the invention that the improved composition is surprisingly effective in inhibiting the corrosion of stainless steel at elevated temperatures, especially a temperature range from above 120°C (250°F) to 220°C (475°F). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Various phenyl ketones may be used in the corrosion-inhibiting composition of the present invention. The phyenyl ketones may be C₉-₂₀ a -alkenylphenones or hydroxyalkenylphenones and mixtures thereof. Examples of phenyl ketones include: (i) 2-benzoyl-3-hydroxy-1-propene (ii) 2-benzoyl-3-methoxy-1-propene (iii) phenyl vinyl ketone Precursors of alkenylphenones may take a variety of forms. Examples include: (i) 5-benzoyl-1,3-dioxane (ii) 2-benzoyl-1-1,3-dimethoxy-propane In 15% HCl at 65°C, (i) and (ii) form The corrosion inhibitors of the present invention may contain more than one precursor of an phenyl ketone. For example, the corrosion inhibitors of the present invention may include a mixture of precursors including an alpha-hydroxy vinylidene compound and a hydroxy ketone, preferably together with a surfactant. The alpha-hydroxy vinylidene compound has the form where R₁ may be an aryl hydrocarbon or inertly substituted aryl hydrocarbon: m and n must each be less than 5, and the total number of carbons in the compound should be 16 or less. A preferred example of an alpha-hydroxy vinylidene compound is 2-benzoyl-3-hydroxy-1-propene. The hydroxy ketone has the form where R₂ may be an aryl hydrocarbon or inertly substituted aryl hydrocarbon. The value of j must be less than 5, and the compound should contain not more than 16 carbon atoms. A preferred example of a hydroxy ketone is 3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-1-propanone. The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic quaternary salt may be one of a pyridinium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, benzoazolinium or benzothiazolinium salts. Specific nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic quaternary salts may be: N-cyclohexylpyridinium bromide N-octylpyridinium bromide, N-nonylpyridinium bromide, N-decylpyridinium bromide, N-dodecylpyridinium bromide, N,N-dodecyldipyridinium dibromide, N-tetradecylpyridinium bromide, N-laurylpyridinium chloride, N-dodecylbenzylpyridinium chloride, N-dodecylquinolinium bromide quinolinium-(1-naphthylene-methyl)chloride, N-naphthylmethyl quinolinium chloride Preferred nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic quaternary salts are naphthylmethyl quinolinium chloride and dodecylpyridinium bromide. The cynnamaldehyde used in the present invention may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of substituted cynnamaldehydes useful in the invention are: dicinnamaldehyde, p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, p-methylcinnamaldehyde, p-ethylcinnamaldehyde, p-methoxycinnamaldehyde, p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, p-diethylaminocinnamaldehyde, p-nitrocinnamaldehyde, o-nitrocinnamaldehyde, o-allyloxycinnamaldehyde, 4-(3-propenal)cinnamaldehyde, p-sodium sulfocinnamaldehyde, p-trimethylammoniumcinnamaldehyde sulfate, p-trimethylammoniumcinnamaldehyde o-methylsulfate, p-thiocyanocinnamaldehyde, p-(S-acetyl)thiocinnamaldehyde, p-(S-N,N-dimethylcarbamoylthio)cinnamaldehyde, p-chlorocinnamaldehyde, α-methylcinnamaldehyde, β-methylcinnamaldehyde, α-chlorocinnamaldehyde, α-bromocinnamaldehyde, α-butylcinnamaldehyde, α-amylcinnamaldehyde, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, α-bromo-p-cyanocinnamaldehyde, α-ethyl-p-methylcinnamaldehyde, p-methyl-α-pentylcinnamaldehyde, By "acid soluble compound of antimony or bismuth" any compound yielding antimony or bismuth anions under acidic conditions is included. Any acid-soluble antimony salt may be used in the present invention. Preferred antimony salts are Sb₂O₃ and SbCl₃. Any acid-soluble bismuth compound may be used in the present invention. Examples of soluble bismuth compounds are BiCl₃, BiI₃, Bi₂O₃, and BiOI. Bi₂O₃ is preferred. Any source of acid-soluble iodide anion may be used in the present invention. Use of KI is preferred. Formic acid and derivatives of formic acid may advantageously be used in the present invention. The formic acid derivatives may be formamides or formate esters. Formic acid is preferred in the invention. Additionally surfactants and/or solvents may advantageously be used in the present invention. One function of these additives is to keep all the components of the present invention in solution at the temperatures, pressures, lengths of time and pH typical in a subterranean treatment of a formation containing petrochemicals. The relative amounts of the above constituents follows. All percentages given are weight per cents compared to the volume (D) of the acid used in acidizing the formation. From 0.1 to 2% of an organic inhibitor from the group of phenyl ketone, phenyl ketone plus nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic quateruary salts and cynnamaldehyde with a nitrogen-containing, heterocyclic, aromatic quaternary salt can be used with 0.1 to 2% Bi₂O₃ and 0.1 to 2% KI. Alternatively, 0.1 to 2% of this organic inhibitor can be used with 0.01 to 2% Sb₂O₃ or SbCl₃ and 0.5 to 10% formic acid. EXAMPLES In order that those skilled in this technology may better practice the invention, applicants now present illustrations of the present invention. Corrosion tests were conducted in a high pressure autoclave that held 20 120cm³ (40z.) bottles and was filled with mineral oil to provide hydraulic pressure. One cleaned, weighed steel coupon (25 cm²) was hung from a glass hook in the bottle that was filled with 100 mℓ of HCl solution and sample test inhibitors. The bottle was topped with mineral oil. At the end of testing, the coupons were removed, cleaned in acetone and reweighed. All corrosion rates are expressed as g/cm² and lb/sq.ft. of weight loss for the time period of the test. Duplex steel containing 22-25% Cr and 5% Ni and 13-Cr coupons containing 13% Cr as the major alloying element were tested. After the autoclave was closed, it was pressurized to about 350 kg/cm² or 5000 psig and heated to test temperature, and held at that temperature for 6 hours. The bottles were agitated during the test with a "washing machine" action. After the test, the coupons were removed, cleaned and reweighed as above. The following formulations were tested as corrosion inhibitors: FA85 85% formic acid. AFAAF A reaction product of acetophenone, formaldehyde, and an amine; post formulated with acetylenic alcohols, nonionic surfactants and formaldehyde. It is described by US Patent No. 4,493,775. AFAA A reaction product of acetophenone, formaldehyde, and an amine ; post formulated with acetylenic alcohols, and nonionic surfactants. QPK A mixture of quinolinium salts, phenyl ketones and nonionic surfactants. PK A mixture of a-alkenylphenones. NMQC1 Naphthylmethylquinolinium chloride. NMBZC Naphthylmethylbenzothiazolium chloride. TCA Trans-cinnamaldehyde. Mixtures of TCA with surfactants are described by US Patent No. 4,734,259. Octynol 1-octyn-3-ol. DDPB dodecylpyridinium bromide. Example 1 - These tests were run at 150°C (300°F) in 15 % HCl with duplex steel SM25Cr containing 25 % Cr and 5 % Ni. SM25 Cr Tests at 150 C (300 F) for 6 hours in 15% HCl Sample Inhibitor 2% vol. 1st additive g Sb₂O₃ 2d additive Removal rate lb/sq.ft g/cm² 1 - 0.4 - 0.83 0.36 2 Octynol 0.4 - 0.75 0.32 3 AFAAF 0.04 - 0.16 0.07 4 AFAAF 0.04 2% FA85 0.051 0.02 5 QPK 0.04 - 0.031 0.013 6 QPK 0.4 - 0.014 0.006 Antimony provided protection to the duplex steel in the presence of either the reaction product of acetophenone, formaldehyde and an amine post-formulated with acetylenic alcohol, non-ionic surfactants and formaldehyde (AFAAF) or a mixture of quinolinium salts, phenyl ketone, and nonionic surfactants (QPK), but the protection was improved by the addition of formic acid (FA85). Example 2 - The tests described in Table 2 were run at 177° C (350° F) using SM25Cr tubing. SM25 Cr Tests at 177 °C (350°F) for 6 hours in 15% HCl Sample Inhibitor 2% vol. 1st additive g Sb₂O₃ 2d additive Removal rate lb/sq.ft g/cm² 7 AFAAF 0.2 - 0.42 0.18 8 AFAAF 0.2 2% FA85 0.058 0.025 9 QPK 0.4 - 0.20 0.09 10 QPK 0.2 2% FA85 0.032 0.014 At this Temperature, the combination of formic acid (FA85) with antimony was required for effective inhibition. Example 3 - This experiment shows the organic inhibitors that are operative in the presence of antimony or antimony with formic acid : phenyl ketones, phenyl ketone plus a quaternary salt of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic, aromatic compound, and cinnamaldehyde plus a quaternary salt of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound. All of the commercial inhibitors tested also fall into the above named four categories. Example 4 - Corrosion tests of VS22 steel, a 22 % Cr, 5 % Ni duplex steel, were in 15 % HCl for 8 hours total time. All tests had 1.5 % organic inhibitor and 0.5 % SbC1₃. These data confirm the findings of Tables 1 to 3. Antimony salts (apparently any salt soluble in HCl) will protect duplex steel in the presence of the specified types of organic inhibitors at 150°C (300° F), but the mixture of Sb/formic acid is more effective than the antimony alone, and must be used at the 163-177°C (325-350°F) range. Example 5 - These tests were run with 13 % Cr steel at 177° C (350° F) in 15 % HCl 1.5 % of the inhibitor was used in all cases. Corrosion of 13 % Cr Steel in 15 % HCl with 1.5 % Inhibitor Sample Inhibit or Alone W/ 4% FA85 W/SbCl₃ W/FA85 + Sb lb/sq.ft g/cm² lb/sq.ft g/cm² lb/sq.ft g/cm² 33 APQCA 0.920 0.870 0.37 0.835 0.36 0.081 0.035 34 AFAAF 0.928 0.204 0.09 0.820 0.35 0.075 0.032 35 AFAA 0.740 0.295 0.13 0.767 0.33 0.084 0.036 36 QPK 0.741 0.155 0.07 0.837 0.36 0.094 0.040 A synergism is demonstrated for the combination of formic acid and SbC13 as compared with the individual aids. At a level of 0.2g of SbC1₃, no significant inhibition is found for any of the inhibitors without formic acid. Examples 6 and 7 - A number of chemicals and mixtures were tested with antimony and bismuth at temperatures between 150° C (300° F) - 177° C (350° F) in 15% HCl (table 6) and in 12/3 mud acid (12 % HCl and 3 % HF, Table 7) for eight hours. Table 8 shows a comparative example of an inhibitor based on copper according to U.S. Patent No. 4,871,024. The antimony, bismuth, and a comparative prior art inhibitor were tested with phenyl ketone plus a quaternary salt of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic, aromatic compound, the reaction product of acetophenone, formaldehyde, and an amine-post formulated with acetylenic alcohol, and nonionic surfactants (AFAA) or that composition additionally formulated with formaldehyde (AFAAF). As shown in Tables 6-8, at 150° C (300° F), many combinations gave acceptably low corrosion rates in 15 % HCl. Antimony, bismuth, or the prior art copper when mixed respectively with formic acid or potassium iodide gave acceptable results. At 163° C (325° F), the acceptable choices are the same. However, at 177° C (350° F), only antimony mixtures or bismuth with KI are acceptable. Regarding Table 7 and that portion of Table 8 pertaining to mud acid, antimony appears to give superior corrosion protection in this aggressive acid system. Antimony plus formic acid and a mixture of quinolinium salts, phenyl ketones, and nonionic surfactants gave the lowest corrosion rates at the three temperatures. However, antimony plus potassium iodide also gave acceptable corrosion rates with the mixture of quinolinium salts, phenyl ketones, and nonionic surfactants.

Claims: A composition for inhibiting corrosion of steel containing greater than 9% chromium exposed to elevated temperatures and to at least one mineral acid, comprising: an organic inhibitor selected from the group consisting of phenyl ketone, phenyl ketone with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound, and cinnamaldehyde with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound; and an acid-soluble compound from the group consisting of antimony and bismuth. A composition as defined in claim 1, further comprising a surfactant. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the phenyl ketone is a member of the group consisting of phenones, a -alkenylphenones and a -hydroxyalkenylphenones. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound is a member of the group consisting of alkyl pyridinium halides, alkylaryl pyridinium halides, alkyl quinolinium halides, alkylaryl quinolinium halides, alkyl isoquinoliniun halides, alkylaryl isoquinolinium halides, alkyl benzoazolinium halides, alkylaryl benzoazolinium halides, alkyl benzothiazolinium halides. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the acid-soluble compound is antimony, further comprising a member of the group consisting of formic acid and a formic acid derivative. A composition as defined in claim 1, wherein the acid-soluble compound is bismuth further comprising a compound generating a soluble iodide under acidic conditions. A composition for inhibiting corrosion of steel having greater than about 9 % chromium exposed to elevated temperatures and to a volume (D) of at least one mineral acid used in acidizing a subterranean formation, comprising: from about 0.1 to 2 wt %, compared to D, of an organic inhibitor selected from the group consisting of phenyl ketone, phenyl ketone with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound, and a cinnamaldehyde with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound; from about 0.1 to 2 wt %, compared to D, Bi₂O₃ and from about 0.1 to 2 wt %, compared to D, soluble iodide. A composition for inhibiting corrosion of steel having greater than about 9 % chromium exposed to elevated temperatures and to a volume (D) of at least one mineral acid used in acidizing a subterranean formation, comprising: from 0.1 to approximately 2 wt %, compared to D, of an organic inhibitor selected from the group consisting of phenyl ketone, phenyl ketone with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound, and a cinnamaldehyde with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound ; and from 0.01 to approximately 2 wt %, compared to D, of an acid-soluble antimony compound. A composition as defined in claim 8, further comprising fom 0.5 to 10 wt %, compared to D, of a member of the group consisting of formic acid and a formic acid derivative. A composition as defined in claim 9, wherein the formic acid derivative is a member of the group consisting of unsubstituted formamide, substituted formamide, unsubstituted formate and substituted formate. A composition as defined in claim 9, wherein the acid soluble anitmony compound is a member of the group consisting of SbCl₃ and Sb₂0₃. A process for inhibiting corrosion of steel having greater than about 9% chromium, exposed to at least one mineral acid and elevated temperatures, comprising the steps of: providing a composition of an organic inhibitor selected from the group consisting of phenyl ketone, phenyl ketone with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic compound and cinnamaldehyde with a quaternary salt of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclcic aromatic compound; and an acid-soluble metal from the group consisting of an antimonay and bismuth; and exposing the steel to an effective amount of the composition.

Inventors: FRENIER WAYNE W, JASINSKI RAYMOND J, FRENIER, WAYNE W., JASINSKI, RAYMOND J.
Applicants: SCHLUMBERGER CIE DOWELL, SOFITECH NV, COMPAGNIE DES SERVICES DOWELL SCHLUMBERGER, SOFITECH N.V.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C23F11
IPC codes: C23F11, C09K8