A waveguide antenna having a plurality of broad-side slots provided with a spatial filter

Abstract: A waveguide antenna (1) having a plurality of broad-side slots (S1-S3) is provided with one or more spatial filters (I, II) for suppressing the grid lobes (GL1, GL2) which occur in the radiated field as a result of the positioning of the slots. According to one embodiment, the spatial filter comprises two sections (I, II). The first section (I) comprises a box-like part which is mounted on the long side of the antenna waveguide (1) towards the slots (S1-S3) and has a height extension (a₁) which is greater than or equal to the height extension (a) of the antenna waveguide. The other section (II) comprises two parallel walls which extend in the direction of the antenna axis. There is formed in this way an interface layer (G) which causes the grid lobes to be reflected back to the antenna aperture. A further embodiment of a spatial filter for the antenna waveguide is described.

Description: TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a waveguide antenna having a plurality of antenna elements which are provided with a spatial filter for the purpose of suppressing the so-called grid lobes which occur as a result of the positioning of the slots. BACKGROUND ART Waveguide antenna with antenna elements in the form of broad-side slots and group antennas which include a plurality of such waveguide antennas are known to the art and are found described, for instance, in SE-B-442 074. The waveguide antenna consists of a waveguide element and a plurality of transverse slots disposed along one broad side. A feed waveguide to the waveguide antenna is connected to the other broadside through an opening, normally located in the centre of the antenna waveguide. The feed waveguide feeds in a field having a certain free wavelength λ o and the slotted antenna waveguide radiates a field of given distribution through the slots. All slots produce a common field picture which forms the antenna diagram of the antenna concerned. Spatial filters for group antennas which comprise a plurality of antenna elements are known to the art, see for instance "IEEE Trans. on Antennas & Propagation", March 1976, pages 174-187. The filters of these known designs are placed freely from the antenna itself. A waveguide antenna of the kind mentioned in the introduction and provided with a waveguide filter is previously known from e.g. FR-A-2 309 027. This known waveguide antenna has a number of antenna elements in the form of longitudinal elongated slots which are situated in alternate fashion on both sides of a symmetry axis along the broad side of the waveguide. This configuration of the slots gives rise to an electromagnetic field with a principal lobe and a number of parasite lobes located on diagonals around the principal lobe of the antenna field pattern. The parasite lobes are small in relation to the principal lobe. By means of the waveguide filter the parasite lobes can be attenuated. The present waveguide antenna has a number of slots which are arranged in a transversal manner side by side on the broad side of the antenna waveguide and with a mutual distance of the same order as the guide wavelength. This arrangement of the slots gives rise to quite another electromagnetic field pattern than that of the known waveguide antenna and the grid lobes in the present waveguide are much higher in relation to the main lobe than are parasite lobes in relation to the principal lobe in the known waveguide. Therefore, the waveguide filter of the present invention has quite another function than the corresponding waveguide filter of the known antenna waveguide in order to suppress the grid lobes. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION In the case of the kind of wavelength antennas described in the introduction, the slots are placed at relatively wide distances apart, for instance at a spacing of ≧λ o , where λ o the free wavelength of the field. It is namely necessary to select a slot spacing which is sufficiently large to correspond to the wavelength in the antenna waveguide (distance ≈λ g ) in order for the fields from the slots to be in phase with one another. Slots which are positioned with the aforesaid spacing will, however, give rise to so-called grid lobes, which are undesirable. The object of the present invention is to reduce or eliminate the presence of grid lobes in the field radiated from a slotted wavelength antenna, by using spatial filters. One embodiment of the inventive waveguide antenna is characterized by the features set forth in the characterizing clause of Claim 1, and another embodiment as set forth in the characterizing clause of claim 2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 illustrates schematically a field picture obtained with a slotted waveguide antenna of known kind. Figures 2a-2c illustrate various embodiments of an inventive waveguide antenna. Figure 3 illustrates still another embodiment of an inventive waveguide antenna. BEST MODES OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Figure 1 illustrates schematically a waveguide antenna in which the antenna waveguide is referenced 1 and a feed waveguide is referenced 2. The antenna waveguide 1 is provided with slots which are mutually spaced at a distance d . A field having a given free wavelength = λ o is fed through the feed waveguide 2, the wavelength of this field in the antenna waveguide hereinafter being designated λ g . As is illustrated in Figure 1, all slots give a common field picture. There is obtained a main lobe HL which extends perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the antenna waveguide, and two dominating grid lobes GL1, GL2, each of which forms a given angle Θ g on a respective side of the main lobe extension (0°). The grid lobes may be almost as strong as the main lobe. Consequently, it is desirable to suppress these lobes, unless they are desirable for other reasons. The slots in the antenna waveguide 1 form a grid or lattice. As before mentioned, d must be greater than λ o in order to obtain phase similarity of the field obtained from the individual slots. This means that d ≈ λ g . Since λ g > λ o , this means that d will be greater than λ o . However, an antenna grid in which d is greater than λ o results in a main lobe HL and grid lobes GL1, GL2, both when feeding from the antenna port and when feeding to the antenna port (outside field to the antenna). The directional sense of the grid lobes is contingent on the extent to which d differs from λ o in accordance with the relation: sin Θ g = λ o /d In accordance with the invention, known spatial filters, for instance spatial filters described in the aforesaid reference, for the purpose of suppressing the grid lobes and also for the purpose of utilizing reflected grid lobes to strengthen, to some extent, an outgoing (feed from the antenna port) or an incoming main lobe (feed from an incoming field). Distinct from the known use of the spatial filter, this filter is integrated directly in the antenna structure, by being incorporated, for instance, with a slotted waveguide (Figure 1). A large antenna can then be built-up with a plurality of such integrated part structures. Figure 2a illustrates an embodiment of an inventive waveguide antenna, seen in a cross-section through the antenna structure. The feed waveguide and the antenna waveguide are referenced 1 and 2 respectively, as in the earlier case. A first section I of the spatial filter comprises a box-like part having a height extension a₁ which may be greater than or equal to the height extension a of the antenna waveguide 1. This latter case (a₁ = a) enables several antenna waveguides with associated space filters to be combined to form a large antenna unit. The section I may have any desired depth or width b and the depth of the section is chosen with regard to the space required for the antenna structure as a whole. In the illustrated embodiment, the section I merges stepwise with a second section II, which comprises two parallel walls extending in the direction of the antenna axis A. The section II forms an opening for the section I. The height of the section II, i.e. the distance between the walls, is a₂. All walls of the two sections I and II are made of a metallic material and the interior space of the sections may be filled with air or with a suitable dielectric medium. Figure 2b illustrates the same antenna structure as that shown in Figure 2a, seen from the outside and in towards the antenna aperture. Figure 2b shows the positions of the slots S1, S2 and S3 in the antenna waveguide 1. The slots S1, S2, S3 form the antenna aperture. The field that appears in section I when feeding the antenna aperture S1-S3 has a polarization which is parallel with the two side walls of the section I. There is obtained in this section a wavelength: λ g1 = λ o / 1-(λ o /2a₁)² The second section II is intended to suppress the grid lobes of the field radiated from the aperture S1-S3. The following relation applies for the waveguide wavelength in section II λ g2 = λ o / 1-(λ o /2a₂)². If a₂ < a₁, as illustrated in Figure 2a, 2b, then λ g2 > λ g1 . Thus, from the aspect of radiation, the section II constitutes a "thinner" medium than the section I (compare for instance the transition water-air). Grid lobes which are obliquely incident to the interface layer G from section I to section II are reflected totally when sin Θ g ≧ λ g1 / λ g2 . The angle Θ g is determined by the slot spacing d and the waveguide wavelength λ g1 according to sin Θ g = λ g1 /d. Thus, the following condition applies in order to suppress grid lobes having a given direction Θ g : λ g1 / λ g2 ≦ λ g1 /d or λg₂ ≧ d In one application, the antenna waveguide is resonant (short circuited at its end surfaces) with transversal slots, as shown in Figure 2b, wherein the slot spacing d = λ g (= waveguide wavelength) and λ g2 ≧ λ g , which means that a₂ < a. The distance a₁ lacks significance in this connection and can be chosen in accordance with other aspects. Figure 2c shows a further embodiment of the waveguide antenna according to the invention as seen in a cross-section through the antenna structure. As in the embodiment according to Figure 2a, the antenna waveguide is referenced by 1 and the feed waveguide by 2. The embodiment according to Figure 2c distinguishes from the embodiment according to Figure 2a only thereby that the first section has been taken away, i.e. b=0, thus a₁=a₂ such as only one section which corresponds to the section II in Figure 2a has been created towards the free space. In Figure 2c, the wavelength of the electromagnetic field within the section I is designated λg₁ and the wavelength in free space outside the section is λg₂=λ₀, thus λg₁> λ₀ is valid. The interface layer of interest is here designated G2, situated between the inner space of section I and the wave guide 1. Figure 3 illustrates another embodiment of the inventive antenna structure. There is arranged on the antenna waveguide 1 having the slots S1-S3 a spatial filter with solely one closed section I which forms a space of given height a₃ in front of the antenna aperture. Similar to the embodiment illustrated in Figures 2a, 2b, the field from each slot contributes to a total field from the antenna, with a main lobe which is perpendicular to the antenna aperture. In addition, grid lobes are obtained at an angle Θ g from the normal. The upper part of the section I comprises a wall 3 made, for instance, solely of dielectric material or from both dielectric and conductive material. The wall 3 shall have good radiation transmission properties in the direction of the main lobe (Θ g = 0) and progressively poorer transmission properties for increasing values of Θ g . The wall 3 shall be substantially reflecting for grid lobes which define angles Θ g > 30° for instance. A given waveguide wavelength λ g1 is obtained in the closed space fomed by the section I and its wall 3. If this wavelength is chosen so that d < λ g1 no grid lobes at all are obtained, since sin Θ g = λ g1 /d according to the above. This applies despite the fact the free wavelength λ o can be < d. The plane-parallel structure illustrated in Figure 3, with solely one space filter section, "filters" the field so that the field will be more homogenous, with radically reduced grid lobe amplitudes, at the outer aperture (the upper surface of the wall 3). The section I can be described as a "thinner" medium than the medium in the antenna waveguide 1, insomuch as the chosen wavelength in section I is greater than in the waveguide. In this case, the interface layer G between the electromagnetically denser and thinner media has been formed at the antenna aperture to section I. The distance or spacing d of the antenna elements shall therewith be smaller than 1 (one) expressed in wavelengths. The grid lobe field is then attenuated exponentially in section I. Its height extension a₃ may be in the order of one free-space wavelength λ o . The waveguide structure is not restricted to the described case in which the antenna elements have the form of slots. The antenna elements may alternatively comprise dipole elements, for instance. Neither is it necessary to arrange the feed waveguide 2 in the manner illustrated in the Figures. The feed waveguide 2 may alternatively be mounted on the short side of the antenna waveguide 1, so that the field is fed-in parallel with the long sides of the waveguide, which can simplify feeding of the field. Other variants are also possible.

Claims: A waveguide antenna comprising a rectangular waveguide, said antenna having a plurality of elongated antenna elements (S1-S3) located in one broader side of said rectangular waveguide, which antenna elements are spaced apart at a predetermined distance (d) along a longitudinal axis of said waveguide (1) in a manner to form an antenna aperture, said antenna elements being perpendicular to said axis and said antenna further comprising a feed waveguide (2) which feeds electromagnetic field energy to the antenna aperture thereby primarily exciting an electromagnetic field having a main lobe (HL) and associated grating lobes (GL1, GL2), characterized by a spatial filter which comprises two parallel metallic walls located in front of the antenna aperture, said metallic walls being integrated with said waveguide (1), being parallel with the shorter sides of said waveguide and being separated a distance a1 from each other, a1 being smaller than the height of the broader side of said waveguide (1) so that the wavelength λ g of the field in said waveguide is smaller than the wavelength λ g1 in said spatial filter and the field of the grating lobes (GL1, GL2) occurring at a given angle (Θ b ) is totally reflected at the interface between said waveguide and said spatial filter and secondarily excites at the antenna aperture an electromagnetic field which has the same phase relationship as the primary excited field. A waveguide antenna comprising a rectangular waveguide, said antenna having a plurality of elongated antenna elements (S1-S3) located in one broader side of said rectangular waveguide, which antenna elements are spaced apart at a predetermined distance (d) along a longitudinal axis of said waveguide (1) in a manner to form an antenna aperture, said antenna elements being perpendicular to said axis and said antenna further comprising a feed waveguide (2) which feeds electromagnetic field energy to the antenna aperture thereby primarily exciting an electromagnetic field having a main lobe (HL) and associated grating lobes (GL1, GL2), characterized by a spatial filter comprising first and second sections, each section comprising two parallel metallic walls, said first section being located between said waveguide and said second section, said first section being located in front of the antenna aperture, said metallic walls of said first section being integrated with said waveguide (1) at one end and being separated a distance al from each other, the other end of said metallic walls of said first section being integrated with said metallic walls of said second section through a step, said metallic walls of said second section being separated a distance a2 from each other, said distance a₁ being greater than or equal to the height of the broader side (a) of said waveguide and said distance a₂ in said second section being smaller than the height of the broader side (a) of said waveguide, so that the wavelength λ g2 of the radiated field in the second section (II) is greater than the wavelength λ g1 in the first section (I), whereby the grating lobes (GL) are totally reflected at the interface between said first section and said second section when sin Θg ≧ λ g1 /λ g2 where Θ g is the direction of the grating lobes relative to the direction of the main lobe. A waveguide antenna according to claim 1, characterized in that said spatial filter further comprises a layer (3) mounted to said parallel walls at the open end thereof, said layer (3) being such that the grating lobes (GL1, GL2) occuring for said given angle Θg are substantially reflected at said layer. A waveguide antenna according to Claim 3, characterized in that said layer (3) comprises dielectric material. A waveguide antenna according to Claim 3, characterized in that said layer comprises a combination of dielectric and conductive material.

Inventors: JOSEFSSON LARS GUSTAF, JOSEFSSON, LARS GUSTAF
Applicants: ERICSSON TELEFON AB L M, TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET L M ERICSSON
Application year: 1991
Main classification: H01Q3
IPC codes: H01Q13, H01Q21