ORALLY ACTIVE NONADDICTING ANALGESICS

Abstract: Analgesic compositions containing stereoisomerically pure normorphine and norcodeine derivatives or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof are described. Methods of administering the novel compositions to achieve analgesia are described as well.

Description: ORALLY ACTIVE NONADDICTING ANALGESICS Description Technical Field This invention relates generally to the use of certain alkaloid derivatives as analgesics, and to novel pharmaceutical compositions containing those derivatives. More specifically, the invention relates to certain stereoisomerically pure N-(l'alkyl-ethyl)-normorphine and norcodeinc analogs, as analgesic agents. Background Large numbers of individuals in the United States and elsewhere suffer from constant debilitating pain. These individuals include victims of terminal diseases and chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis. Ongoing attempts have been made to provide a more potent analgesic which can be self-administered and which is nonaddicting. While certain well-known and effective analgesics, such as morphine and heroin, are in fact available, they lack useful oral activity, and because of their potential for abuse, their use has been restricted, and the most effective forms have been denied even to terminal patients because of the vulnerability of supplies to theft. Research to provide an effective but nonaddicting analgesic has understandably centered around structural analc -*s of the naturally occurring codeine and morphine compounαs. A number of N-sec-alkyl analogs of normorphine have been prepared and are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,269,843 and 4,218,454 to DeGraw et al. A number of the N-α-methylhydrocarbyl derivatives described in the aforementioned patents were reported to have biological activity, and a number were also capable of resolution into the two diastereomeric forms generated with respect to the chiral center at the α-carbon. Among those compounds which were thought at first to be incapable of resolution were N-α-methylcyclopropylmethyl normorphine (i.e., N-(1 • cyclopropy1-ethyl)-normorphine) and the corresponding norcodeine compound. Resolution of these compounds was ultimately achieved as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,749,706, inventors Lawson et al. These compounds were found to have high analgesic activity. Nevertheless, there remains a need in the art for pharmaceutical compositions which have very high analgesic activity when administered either orally or parenterally, and which have a low potential for abuse. The present invention relates to such compositions, and more specifically relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing certain species of the diester intermediates described generically in U.S. Patent No. 4,749,706 at columns 3-4, bridging paragraph, and to methods of administering those compounds and compositions so as to achieve analgesia. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing other, related normorphine and norcodeine analogs, and to methods of using those compounds as analgesic agents. Disclosure of the Invention Accordingly, it is a primary object of the invention to address the above-mentioned need in the art, and to provide pharmaceutical compositions which are highly analgetically active when administered either orally or parenterally. It is another object of the invention to provide such analgesic compositions which are minimally addicting. It is still another object of the invention to provide analgesic compositions containing certain stereoisomerically pure normorphine or norcodeine derivatives that may be readily prepared in high yield, with a minimum number of synthetic steps, using normorphine or other readily available analogs as starting materials. It is a further object of the invention to provide a method of achieving analgesia in a mammalian individual, which comprises administering the aforementioned pharmaceutical composition to the individual in an analgetically effective quantity or within the context of an analgetically effective dosage regimen. In one aspect, the invention thus relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing stereoisomerically pure normorphine or norcodeine derivatives with high analgesic activity when orally or parenterally administered and with a low potential for abuse. These derivatives or their conventional ring (1) analogs (see below) , have a 1'-alkylethyl moiety substituent at the nitrogen and are in stereochemically pure form. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of administering a stereoisomerically pure normorphine or norcodeine derivative as will be described below so as to achieve analgesia, wherein the administration may be either oral or parenteral. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain, in combination with a pharmacologically acceptable excipient, an analgetically effective amount of a compound having the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, wherein: the dotted line indicates the presence or absence of a π bond; R is lower alkyl; ι . R is selected from the group consisting of OH, 0CH 3 , and 0(CO)R* where R' is C^-C^ Q aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl or C 4 ~C 5 heterocyclic, and where R 1 may be substituted with 1-3 substituents selected so as not to interfere with analgetic activity; R is =0 or 0(C0)R' where R' is as defined above; and wherein the compound of Formula I is preferably although not necessarily in a stereoisomerically pure form. Brief Description of the Figures Figures 1 through 4 summarize graphically the results obtained in the animal studies of Example 5. Modes for Carrying Out the Invention Overview and Definitions: Normorphine and norcodeine have the formula wherein, in normorphine, Y is OH, and in norcodeine, Y is OCH- j . It is known that certain conversions in ring (1) of codeine and morphine do not destroy biological activity. Specifically, ring (1) can be treated with a suitable reducing agent, such as hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, to remove the ring double bond. TJ . resulting cyclohexanol analog is active, and it ct-... also be oxidized _o obtain the cyclohexanone ana_;>g. Both the intermediate and the cyclohexanone derivative product retain activity when codeine or morphine are subjected to these reactions. In addition, conversion can be effected from the normorphine to the norccdeina analog by _ methylating the OH of ring (3). Methods for othylation are. known in the art, for example, using phenyl- trimethylammonium hydroxide (see German patent no. 247,180 (1909)), the corresponding ethoxide (Rodinor, Bull Society Chim (1926) 19:305) or alternative methylating agents such as methyl sulfate or methyl iodide (the choice of methylating agent will be dictated to a large extent by whether the reaction is to be carried out in an aqueous or a nonaqueous medium) . Analogs prepared using the foregoing techniques are collectively referred to herein as "conventional analogs." These conventional analogs are intended to be within the scope of the present invention. By "stereoisomerically pure" is meant that a single one of the two diastereomers generated at the 1' carbon of the 1'-alkylethyl substituent is obtained in substantial predominance (that is greater than 90% and more preferably greater than 95% and most preferably greater than 99% of the material is the desired single diastereomer) . As further described below, upon preparation of the stereoisomerically pure forms of N-(1*-cyclopropyl- ethyl)normorphine, it was found that one of the forms was greatly more active (about 25 times) than the other; this form has now been identified as the "R" isomer (see J.A. Lawson, "Analgesics 4. Studies on the Effects of the Introduction of Methyl at C-17 of N-Cyclopropylmethyl- Normorphine" in Problems of Drug Dependence 1986. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Scientific Meeting) . When R is other than cyclopropyl, the difference in activity between the two stereoisomers might or might not be so marked, and the S isomer might in fact be more active than the R. Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention encompass either the R isomer of a particular compound, the S isomer, or a diastereomeric mixture thereof. By "R isomer" as used herein is intended the structure: while the S isomer may be represented by the following structure: The Compositions of the Invention: The novel analgesic compositions of the invention contain one or more normorphine and/or norcodeine analogs defined y Formula I above. In Formula I: R is lower alkyl. As used in this application, "lower alkyl" means a branched or unbranched saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing 1-6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, n-hexyl, and the like, as well as the cycloalkyl forms, such as cyclopropyl, methylcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, and the unsaturated forms such as buten-2-yl, cyclohexenyl , propenyl, and so forth. Cyclopropyl is a preferred R group. R is selected from the group consisting of OH, OCH 3 and 0(CO)R' where R* is as defined below. Where R is OH, the compound of Formula I is a normorphine derivative, typically a normorphine monoester. Where R 1 is 0CH 3 , the compound of formula 1 is a norcodeine analog, typically a norcodeine ester. R 2 is =0 or 0(CO)R'. When R 2 is =0, the compound is a cyclohexanone derivative. When R is =0 it displaces the hydrogen atom (not shown in the structural formula) which is otherwise present at the 6-position. 2 . When R is 0(CO)R » , the compound of Formula I, depending on the identify of R , is either a normorphine monoester, a norcodeine ester, or a normorphine diester. R 1 is an organic moiety. The R « groups each contain 1-10, and preferably 1-8, carbon atoms. They can be aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic. R' can be a hydrocarbyl group, that is, a group which contains only carbon and hydrogen, or it can be heteroatom-substituted, in which case it will typically be a C 4 ~C 5 moiety. Hydrocarbyl R' groups can include saturated alkyl—both linear and branched, cyclic alkyl, unsaturated alkyl (i.e., alkenyl) , and aryl-substituted alkyls (i.e., aralkyl) . Hydrocarbyl R' groups can also include aryl and alkyl-substituted aryl (i.e., alkaryl). Heteroatom- substituted R' groups can introduce heteroatoms such as oxygen or nitrogen in locations which do not interfere with the analgesic activity of the compound or with further reaction, i.e., diastereomer separation or analog conversions. A representative heteroatom R 1 is 2-pyridyl Preferred R' groups include saturated lower alkyl, especially methyl or ethyl; a 6-carbon aryl carrying from zero to three 1-3 carbon alkyl substituents, especially phenyl; and 2-pyridyl. Thus, representative R 1 groups can include methyl (which, when taken together with the "COO" group, yields the acetic acid diester) , ethyl (yielding the a-propionic acid diester) , 1-ethyl-pentane (yielding the 2-ethylhexanoic acid dier .er) , phenyl (yielding the benzoic acid diester) , and the like. The normorphine and norcodeine analogs of the invention can be conveniently classified in several groups: 1) those wherein R 1 and R2 are 0(CO)R', yielding compounds which are sometimes referred to herein as normorphine diesters; those wherein R is OH and R is 0(CO)R*, referred to herein as the normorphine monoesters; those wherein R _ is OCH 3 and R _ is 0(CO)R', giving rise to compounds referred to herein as norcodeine esters; and those wherein R is 0(C0)R' and is =0, i.e., the cyclohexanone analogs. For purposes of clarification, the latter compounds may be represented by the following rmula: In these cyclohexanone analogs, it is preferred that the dotted line indicate the absence of a π bond, since, as is well known, a ,β-unsaturation typically gives rise to a fairly significant degree of reactivity. Preferred compounds for use in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are dxs aters of the formula: where R 1 is as defined above. Particularly preferred are diester compounds of Formula I wherein R is cyclopropyl, R and R are 0(CO)R', and the R' are each phenyl (thus yielding the dibenzoate ester) or methyl (thus yielding the acetic acid diester) . Since the compounds of the invention are nitrogen bases, they may also be prepared as their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. "Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts" refer to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases and which are not toxic or otherwise undesirable, formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, or from organic acids, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, mandelic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and salicylic acid. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are the hydrochloride salts (preparation of which is exemplified in Example 4 herein) . The present pharmaceutical compositions thus contain one or more normorphine or norcodeine analogs defined hereinabove in combination with a pharmacologically acceptable excipient. Suitable excipients_^ vehicles and the like will be described in detail below, in the section entitled "Utility and Administration." Preparation Methods: The stereoisomerically pure compounds of the invention are prepared by separating the desired pure diastereomers from a mixture of the N-(l'alkyl-ethyl)- normorphine (e.g., N-(1 • cyclopropyl-ethyl)-normesrphine) isomers by carrying out a stereoisomerically specific separation of corresponding diesters, and effecting analog conversions, if desired or necessary, from the stereoisomerically pure form. The N-(l'-alkyl-ethyl)- normorphine diastereomeric mixture is first converted to a mixture of diesters by reaction with a monocarboxylic acid chloride of the formula R'COCl, where R' is as above defined. R'COCl, in turn, is obtained from the free acid using an inorganic halide such as thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride, as is understood in the art. Thus, acetyl chloride is typically used to prepare the diacetate, while benzoyl chloride may be used to prepare the dibenzoate. The esterification is conducted in a suitable solvent medium containing a mild base such as, for example, pyridine, an alkylpyridine, or a trialkylamine, preferably pyridine, using as excess of the acyl halide. The resulting diesters are purified from the reaction mixture, if desired, using general standard work-up procedures. The diastereomeric mixture of the diester is then subjected to separation into its stereoisomerically pure forms using conventional techniques known in ÷-. e art, for example, chro-aatography on columns, or on thin layer plates, or using HPLC or differential crystalli¬ zation. The precise nature of the separation method employed will depend on which diester of the normorphine derivative is chosen. For the dibenzoate, a convenient and preferred diester, differential crystallization is preferred. In this case, the more active isomer crystallizes readily from a solution containing both diastereomeric forms. The diastereomeric mixture of the N-(l'cyclopropyl-ethyl)-normorphines can be prepared in the manner described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,269,843 or 4,218,454 to DeGraw et al., cited and incorporated by reference above. Alternatively, and preferably, stereo- isomerically pure normorphine diesters are prepared by esterification of a normorphine compound with an acid chloride R"C0C1, where R" is selected so as to give rise to a mixture of diesters that may be readily separated using, e.g., chromatography, differential crystallization, or any of the other techniques outlined above. Preferably, R" is an aromatic substituent of 1 to 3 rings which may be either unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected so as to facilitate the isomer separation to follow. Examples of such substituents include lower alkyl, halogen, and nitro. Exemplary R" moieties include phenyl and naphthalenyl, particularly phenyl, which gives rise to a diastereomeric mixture of dibenzoate esters. This mixture is then subjected to separation using any of the above-mentioned means, followed by ester hydrolysis, and "re-"esterifi- cation of the individual diastereomers using the desired acid chloride R'COCl wherein R' is as defined earlier. See, for example, A. Rezvani, "Synthesis in Antinociceptive Activity of 2-Cyclopropyl-Ethyl- Normorphine Compounds," submitted to the National Narcotics Conference and currently in press. The aforementioned preferred reaction scheme for synthesis of the normorphine diesters of the invention is set forth in Scheme 1. Syntheses of the other normorphine and norcodeine analogs described herein is preferably carried out according to this latter procedure, i.e., the -0(CO)R" diester is prepared as a diastereomeric mixture, followed by separation of diastereomers, ester hydroly¬ sis, and further conversion using the hydrolyzed single isomer as a starting material- " For example, the norcodeine esters are prepared by methylation of the hydrolyzed stereoisomer using any one of a number of known methylation techniques, e.g., one of those cited earlier in this section (see Scheme 2) . Preparation of the normorphine monoesters is also preferably effected through preparation of the dibenzoate intermediate, followed by separation of isomers and partial hydrolysis, preferably with a dilute base, e.g., dilute OH~, carbonate, ammonia, or the like, such that the pH of the reaction is on the < * der of about 9 to 12. Dilute OH~ is preferred. Partial Λydrolysis will convert tϊ. -ester group to the 3-hydroxy, while the 6-ester gro will be maintained (Scheme 3 , N-substitution (by which N-(l'cyclopropyl- ethyl)-normorphine or other N-substituted derivatives of normorphine are preferably effected as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,749,706, supra. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that while the synthesis set forth in Scheme 1 shows the N-substitution step carried out subsequent to the initial esterification, these steps can be performed in reverse order. In the method of the '706 patent, the desired 1'-alkyl-et.yl group is supplied as the alkyl methyl ketone of the formula RCOCH 3 , wherein R i« lower alkyl as herein defined. The ketone is added to the normorphine or conventional normorphine analog in the presence of a reducing agent, such as, for example, an alkali metal cyanoborohydride or borohydride, or via catalytic hydrogenation, preferably using sodium cyanoborohydride. The reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of an aprotic solvent and is conducted at about 50-100°C over the course of 10 minutes to 3 hours, preferably around 30 minutes. The reaction is quenched with weak acid to remove excess reducing agent. hydrolyze 25 35 Schemes 2 and 3 Single isomer norcodeine ester (Single isomer) Scheme 2 Single isomer normorphine monoester (single isomer) Sch me 3 All of the compounds of the invention can be converted to the acid addition salts by treatment with a stoichiometric excess of the appropriate organic or inorganic acid, as set forth above. Typically, the free base is dissolved in a polar organic solvent, such as ethanol or ethanol, and the acid is added, with the temperature maintained between about 0-100 β C. If the resulting acid addition salt does not precipitate spontaneously, it may be brought out of solution by addition of a less polar solvent. Of course, the acid addition salts may also be decomposed to the corresponding free base by treating with a stoichiometric excess of a suitable base, such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydroxide, typically in the presence of an aqueous solvent and at a temperature of 0-100 β C. The free base form is then isolated by conventional means, such as extraction using a less polar organic solvent. Utility and Administration: The compounds of Formula I are hig ly -tive analgesics which have a minis- im of addicting c p^i ' Iity. Accordingly, these compounds are useful in treating chronic pain associated with various conditions of arthritis, as well as back pain and pain associated with tumors. The compounds are also useful for ameliorating acute pain, such s that associated with surgery. The amount of the compound of Formula I administered will, of course, be dep lent on the subject being treateε * , the severity of the pain levels, the manner of admi stratxon, and the judgment of the prescribing physician. However, an effective parenteral dose is in the range of 0.1-0.5 mg/kg/day, preferably about 0.2 mg/kg/day. For an average 70 kg human, this would amount to 7-35 mg/day, or preferably a: mt 14 mg/day. The administration of ;hese active compourds and their salts can be via any of the accepted methods of administration for agents which are capable of relieving pain. These methods include, in particular, oral and parenteral or otherwise systemic forms. As noted above, the compounds of the invention are preferably administered in a pharmaceutical composition which contains a suitable pharmacologically acceptable excipient. Also, while emphasis has been placed herein on the synthesis and identification of stereoisomerically pure compounds, it may in some cases be desirable to formulate and administer pharmaceutical compositions containing a mixture of two or more stereoisomerically pure compounds (which may or may not be a racemic mixture) . For continued administration, parenteral administration is less preferred but possible. This is characterized by injection either subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in a liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, etc. Of course, these compositions can also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, and so forth. A more preferred mode of administration is oral, wherein the composition can be formulated as tablets, capsules, or syrups. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers for oral compositions include mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, magnesium carbonate, and the like. In addition, suppositories may be formulated using, for example, polyalkylene glycols. A variety of methods for preparing dosage forms are found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 17th edition (1985) . It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the preferred specific embodiments thereof, that the foregoing description as well as the examples which follow are intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Example 1 Preparation of N- 11'Cvclopropyl-ethyl.-normorphine Hydrochloride A. Preparation of N-(l'cyclopropyl-ethyl)- norcodeine: A solution of 25.3 g (0.066 mol) of N-(l- cyano)-1-ethylnorcodeine (DeGraw, J. , et al., J Med Chem (1978) H:495) in 155 mL of THF was slowly added to a solution of cyclopropyl magnesium bromide (from 49.2 g, 0.41 mol of cyclopropyl bromide and 25 g of magnesium) in 750 mL of THF. After 30 in the mixture was poured into 500 mL of IN HC1 and washed with 200 mL of Et 2 0. The aqueous portion was made strongly alkaline with con NH 4 OH and extracted with 250 mL of CH 2 C1 2 . The extract was dried (MgS0 4 ) and evaporated to leave 16.1 g of crude product. The material was taken up in 100 mL EtOAc-EtOH (95:5) and filtered through 400 g of silica gel in a Buchner filter. The adsorbent was eluted with 3 L of the solvent followed by evaporation of the filtrate to leave 11.8 g (51%) of a yellow gum; TLC (silica gel, EtOAc- EtOH-Et 3 N, 17:2:1) showed a single UV and I 2 absorbing spot at R f 0.50; representing the desired compound. NMR (CDC1 3 ) : 0.60(5 H, m, cyclopropyl), 1.25 (3 H, d, CH 3 -CH) , 3.80 (3 H, S, OCH 3 ) , 4.90 (1 H, d, C 5 -H), 6.50 (1 H, d, C -_) , 6.70 (1 H, d, C 2 ~H) . B. N-(1'cyclopropy1-ethy1)-normorphine: To convert the -norcodeine derivative prepared in Part A to the normorphine derivative, a solution of 24.7 g (0.07 mol) of N-(l'alkyl-ethyl)-norcodeine in 500 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran was treated with 25 g (0.13 mol) of diphenylphosphine and cooled to 0-5°C in an ice bath. Then 135 mL of 1.4 N butyl lithium in hexane was added rapidly by syringe. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and then stirred at reflux for 30 min. The reaction was cooled and quenched by the slow addition of 100 mL of 2 N HC1. The solvents were evaporated in vacuo and the aqueous portion was made strongly alkaline by the addition of 2 N NaOH and again washed with 200 mL of ether. The pH was adjusted to 8-9 and the mixture extracted twice with 200 mL portions CH 2 C1 2 . The extract was dried (MgS0 4 ) and evaporated in vacuo to leave 10.7 g of the crude free base. The material was chromatographed on 600 g of silica gel to afford 8.0 g (47%) of purified base. The title hydrochloride salt was prepared in ethanol by addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid and recrystallized from methanol/n-octanol, 1:7, mp 248- 250 β C. NMR (CD 3 0D) 0.40 (1 H) , , cyclopropyl-H) , 0,85 (4 H, m, cyclopropyl CH 2 ) , 1.62 (3 H, d, Cϋ 3 CH) , 4.94 (1 H, d, C 5 -H) , 5.35, 5.75 (2 H, d, C-CgH's), 6.50 (1 H, d, C-^H) , 6.65 (1 H, d, C 2 -H) ; 13 C-NMR (CD 3 0D-DC1) 66.38, 65.32 (C 2 '), 58.28, 58.17 (C g ) , 23.84, 22.65 (C-^). Signal heights indicated a 50:50 mixture of α,β isomers at C 17 . Anal. For C 21 H 25 N0 3 «HC1»H 2 0: Calc'd: C:64.0; H:7.12; N:3.56; Found: C:64.3; H:6.99; N:3.46. C. In an alternative method, the normorphine derivative was directly prepared by an improved method as follows: A stirred suspension of 8.0 g (26 mM) of normorphine in 25 mL of methylcyclopropylketone and 2.5 ml of acetic acid at 90 β C was treated with excess (4.0 g; 64 mM) NaBH 3 CN in four equal portions over 30 in until the normorphine was consumed. After H 2 evolution ceased, the solution was cooled and glacial acetic acid added dropwise (maintaining a pH of about 5-7) until excess NaBH 3 CN was quenched. The mixture was then partitioned between 100 EUJ of 3 N HC1 and 20 mL of Et-,0. The acid extract was alkalized to pH 8-9 with con NH 4 OH and extracted twice with 150 mL portions of Et 2 0. The Et-,0 was dried over MgS0 4 and evaporated to leave a partially crystalline residue. Trituration with Et 2 0/MeOH (9:1) was followed by collection of product to afford 5.0 g (66%) of the stereoisomeric mixture. NMR and chromatographic properties were identical to material prepared by Method B. Example 2 Preparation of N- (1'Cvclopropyl-ethy1.-normorphine Dibenzoate The solution of the diastereomeric mixture prepared in part C of Example 1 (5.0 g, 14.7 mM) in 50 mL of pyridine was treated dropwise with 6.1 g (43 mM) of benzoyl chloride with maintenance of the temperature at or below 50 β C. After 30 min the mixture was treated with 5 mL of CH 3 0H and evaporated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between 100 mL of CH 2 C1 2 and 50 mL of 3N HC1. The CH 2 C1 2 extract (containing the product) was washed with saturated NaHC0 3 (50 mL) and dried over MgS0 4 . After filtration through a short pad of silica gel (50 g) with elution by EtOAc, the solvent was removed in vacuo to leave 6.3 g (86%) of a yell"w gum. The mixture was separated by preparative HPLC cn silica gel with elution by EtOAc:hexane:CH 3 OH, 9:9:2). The enriched fractions were combined and evaporated to afford the A diastereomer (2.20 g, 35%) and B diastereomer (2.03 g, 32%). Each was crystallized from CH 2 Cl 2 /cyclohexane to give white crystals. N-(1 • cyclopropy1-ethy1)-normorphine dibenzoate (diastereomer A), mp 129-130.5, solidified, remelts 162- 164 β C; NMR (CDCl 3 )-5 0.1 and 0.8 (5 H, m cyclopropyl), 1.30 (3 H, d, CH 3 ), 1.8-2.9 (7 H, m, C 10 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 19 H'S), 3.10 (1 H, d, C-16H), 4.30 (IH, m, C-9H) , 5.30 (IH, m, C-6H) , 5.40 (IH, C-7H) , 5.70 (IH, d, C-8H) , 6.70 (1 H, d, C-1H) , 7.00 (1 H, d, C-2H) , 7.40 (6 H, m, benzoate) , 8.1 (4 H, m, benzoate) ; Anal. 35 H 33 N0 5 : Calc'd: C:76.8; H:6.03; N:2.56; Found: C:77.0; H:5.99; N:2.48. Diastereomer B of N-(l'cyclopropyl-ethyl)- normorphine dibenzoate, mp 126-128°C (softens) solidifies and remelts 155-159°C; NMR (CDCl 3 ) : same as noted for the A-diastereomer except for the C-9H at δ 3.85 and C- 16H at 3.50. The isomers could be distinguished by TLC on silica gel, EtOAc-hexane-CH 3 OH (7:7:1) with the A form (i.e., the preferred, more active isomer) at R f 0.48 and the B form R^ 0.41. Example 3 Preparation of N- (1'Cyclopropy1-ethy1.-normorphine Diacetate Diastereomerically pure 1LR-N-(1'cyclopropyl- ethyl)-normorphine, isomer A as prepared in Example IC (0.375 g, 1.0 mmole) in 5 mL CH 2 C1 2 was treated with excess triethylamine and 2.5 eq acetyl chloride. Thin layer chromatography showed the reaction to be complete after approximately 1 hr near reflux. The reaction was quenched in water, and the methylene chloride layer was separated, dried over MgS0 4 , and filtered through a silica pad to give 0.417 g (98%) yellow gum. This product was dissolved in 50 mL Et 2 0 and precipitated with HCl/Et 2 0 to -give a white powder, 0.393 g (85%). The product was characterized and its structure confirmed by H NMR spectroscopy to be the following: Example 4 Conversion of the diesters of Examples 2 and 3 to the corresponding HCl salts was effected by treatment with methanolic HCl (one equivalent HCl), followed by evaporation of the solvent and recrystallization with CH 2 C1 2 /Et 2 0. Example 5 Preparation of N- (1-Cvclobutvl-ethvl.-normorphine A Grignard solution was prepared by the addition of 13.1 g of cyclobutyl bromide (approximately 100 mmoles) to approximately 3 g magnesium in 50 ml dry THF. When brownish Grignard solution had formed, a solution of 8.8 g N-(l-cyano)-1-ethylnorcodeine (Degraw et al. (1978) , supra) (26 mmoles) in 100 ml THF was added. TLC showed a trace of N-(l-cyano)-l- ethylnorcodeine left, indicating insufficient Grignard. In situ O-demethylation was then carried out by the addition of 10 ml diphenylphosphine and 60 ml butyl lithium in hexane (-1.5 M) . The mixture was heated at reflux for 30 min. and cooled. Approximately 50 ml H 2 0 was added to quench the reaction (slurry formed) . The slurry was then treated with -200 ml 10% NaOH, 100 ml concentrated NH 4 OH, and washed with 500 ml diethyl ether. The ether wash was removed, and the aqueous layer was treated with concentrated HCl to adjust the pH to approximately 8. Two methylene chloride extractions (300 ml apiece) removed the crude product from the aqueous layer. After drying (MgS0 4 ) , this organic layer was filtered through a silica pad, eluting with neat ethyl acetate. Then, the filtrate was evaporated to yield 3.6 g crude product (10.2 mmoles, 39%) as a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers. Further purification of 0.5 g of this crude product by chromatography on silica gel resulted in isolation of a pale orange gum which partially crystallized, wt. 0.25 g. The HCl salt of the product was prepared by treatment of an ether solution of the purified product with HCl/ether drop¬ wise to a pH of approximately 3. The recovered salt was a gray-white powder, wt. 0.24 g. TLC (ethyl acetate:ethanol:triethylamine 17:2:1) on silica gel plates showed the product to be a mixture of two diastereomers (approximately 1:1), R f = 0.47, 0.53, as confirmed by NMR (400 MHz) . Example 6 Preparation of N-fR.-l'-cyclopropyl-ethyl-7.8- dihvdronormorphine-6-one-3-acetate ester To a slurry of N-(1'cyclopropyl-ett 15 !)- normorphine hydrochloride as prepared in Example 1 (0.61 g, 1.62 mu- le) in methylene chloride (20 ml) at room temperatu- was added acetyl chloride (0.20 g, 2.54 mmoles) and triethylamine (0.5 g, 4.9 mmoles). When the esterification was complete as determined by TLC, the reaction mixture was treated with a dilute solution of NaHC0 3 in H 2 0, and the organic layer was separated, dried and evaporated to give the 3-acetate ester of N-(l'- cyclopropyl-ethyl)-normorphine hydrochloride (0.556 g, 90% yield). This acetate ester (0.556 g, 1.46 mmole) was dissolved in ethanol (40 ml) . The solution was acidified with HCl ~τas, 60 mg of Pt0 2 was added, and the mixture was shaken in a Parr bottle under H 2 (60 psi) for 30 minutes. After filtration to remove the catalyst, t;--. filtrate was evaporated to afford the HCl salt of the dihydro-mono-ester of N-(1'cyclopropy1-ethy1)-normorphine hydrochloride as a colorless glass (0.46 g, 75%). This salt (0.46 g, 1.1 mmole) was then added to a solution of oxalyl chloride (0.30 g, 2.36 mmoles) and DMSO (0.37 g, 4.8 mmoles) in iusithylene chloride (20 ml) at -60 β C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to -15 β C, then recooled to -60°C and triethylamine (1.4 ml) was added. After workup, the desired morphinone (N-(R)-l'- cyclopropyl-etn.yl-7,8-dihydronormorphine-6-one-3-acetate ester) was recovered as a waxy solid (0.23 g, 0.60 mmoles, 551.) after chromatography on silica gel (eluting with ether/ethyl acetate) . Example 7 Preparation of N-fR)-l'-cvclopropvl-ethvl-7-8- dihvdronormorphine-6-one To a solution of N-(R)-1'-cyclopropyl-ethyl- 7,8-dihydronormorphine-6-one-3-acetate ester (14 mg, 0.036 mmole) in methanol (3.0 ml) was added potassium hydroxide (9 mg, 0.15 mmole). Saponifcation was complete in 1 minute as monitored by TLC. After reaction workup, the desired morphinone (N-(R)-l'-cyclopropyl-ethyl-7,8- dihydronormorphine-6-one) was recovered as a clear oil (11 mg, 0.032 mmole, 89%) and precipitated from an ether solution as the HCl salt (12.6 mg, 100%). Example 8 In Vitro Assaying of Opioid Activity Receptor binding studies were conducted on Hartley guinea pig brain membranes. Guinea pigs were decapitated the brains quickly removed and weighed. The brains were then homogenized in 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5, using a Polytron homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 40,000 xg for 15 minutes, rehomogenized, and centrifuged once more. The final pellet was resuspended in Tris HCl, pH 7.5, at a final concentration of 6.67 mg original wet weight of tissue per illiliter. This crude membrane preparation was used for determination of binding to each receptor site. Radioligands of DAGO (the enkephalin analog D-Ala-Gly-OH) , the 5-specific opioid peptide DPDPE (D-Pen 2 -D-Pen 5 -enkephalin) , and U69,593 (a ic-specific opioid) were obtained from New England Nuclear and prepared at concentrations of approximately 1 nM were used to label mu, delta and kappa sites, respectively. For the binding incubation, 1.8 ml of homogenate from the crude membrane preparation was incubated with 0.1 ml of the appropriate radioligand and 0.1 ml of the test compound for one hour at 25°C. The test compounds were incubated with brain membranes at concentrations ranging from 1 x 10~ 5 M to 1 x 10 "11 M. After the incubation, samples were filtered through glass fiber filters on a 48-well Brandel cell harvester. Filters were left overnight in plastic scintillation vials containing 5 ml of scintillation cocktail before counting. Nonspecific binding was determined by using 1.0 μM of the unlabeled couterpart of each labeled ligar.d. Each compound was tested at least twice to obtain the Ic 50 values * Results were as follows. For N- (1'Cyclopropy1-ethy1)-normorphine hydrochloride (as synthesized in Example 1, above) , the IC 50 values (in nM) were 0.84 at the μ receptor, 11.2 at the δ receptor and 1.9 at the K receptor. For N-(l'Cyclobutyl-ethyl^-» normorphine (as synthesized in Example 5) , the It^ values (in nM) were 13 at the μ receptor and 65 at the K receptor. For N-(R)-1 • -cyclopropyl-ethyl-7,8- dihydronormorphine-6-one-3-acetate ester (as synthesized in Example 6), the IC 50 values (in nM) were 1.2 at the μ receptor, 1.7 at the K receptor and 56 at the δ receptor. For N-(R)-1•-cyclopropyl-ethyl-7,8-dihydronormorphine-6- one (synthesized in Example 7) , the IC 50 values, in nM, were 0.9 at the μ receptor, 0.6 at the K receptor and 30 at the δ receptor. These data indicate that all of these compounds will be good analgesics. Example 9 Animal Studies A. Groups of six ICR mice weighing 18-22 g were given either the test compounds, morphine sulfate or vehicle via a feeding needle (Harvard Apparatus MA) orally or subcutaneously. Twenty minutes later, each animal was restrained in a ventilated rigid plastic container and the nociceptive reaction in seconds was determined after tail immersion into a constant temperature water bath at 48 β C. The nociceptive end- point was characterized by a jerk of the tail. The cut- off time was 15 seconds if the animal failed to respond to the hot water stimulus. The experiment was repeated every 20 min over a period of 100 to 120 min for subcutaneous and oral administration, respectively. The median antinociceptive (ED50) was determined after calculating the area under the curve for each given dose and plotted as a dose response curve. Test compounds and morphine sulfate were dissolved in distilled water, and the volume of each dose given to the animal did not exceed 0.2 ml. As shown in Figures l and 2, the hydrochloride salts of both the diol and diacetate forms of N-(l'cyclopropy1-ethy1)-normorphine exhibited a higher antinociceptive activity compared to morphine sulfate. The median effective dose (ED50) was found to be 0.6 mg/kg after oral and 0.16 mg/kg after subcutaneous administration. The potency ratio between the oral and subcutaneous route was calculated at 1:3.75. Single dose administration (Figures 3 and 4) also indicated that both compounds have a longer duration of action compared to morphine sulfate. This effect was more pronounced for the oral route; the nociception exceeded 120 min and did not return to the Pf base line. B. The tail flick assay described in part A of this example was repeated with a group of four ICR mice to test N-(R)-l'-cyclopropyl-ethyl-7,8- dihydronormorphine-6-one-3-acetate ester (.1; as synthesized in Example 6) for potential analgesic activity. Prolongation of the time required to elicit a pain threshold response by more than 50 percent 30 minutes after i.p. administration of the test compound was taken to be indicative of analgesic activity. (Reference c pounds: clonidine, 0.5; codeine, 20; dextropropoxyphene, 20; morphine sulfate, 2; and pentazocine, 50) . Results are set forth in Table 1. -indicates % prolongation of response time.

Claims: Claims 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising, in combination with a pharmacologically acceptable excipient, an analgetically effective amount of a compound of the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, wherein: the dotted line indicates the presence or absence of a π bond; R is lower alkyl; R is selected from the group consisting of OH, OCH 3 , and 0(C0)R' where R' is C^C-^ aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl or C 4 -C 5 heterocyclic, and where R' may be substituted with 1-3 substituents selected so as not to interfere with analgetic activity; and R is =0 or 0(C0)R' where R' is as defined above. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein R and R 2 are 0(C0)R' 3. The composition of claim 2 wherein R' is lower alkyl. 4.- The composition of claim 3 wherein R' is methyl. 5. The composition of claim 2 wherein R' is phenyl. 6. The composition of claim 2 wherein R' is 2- pyridyl. 7. The composition of claim 2 wherein R is cyclopropyl. 8. The composition of claim 1 wherein R 1 is OH and R 2 is 0(C0)R'. 9. The composition of claim 8 wherein R' is lower alkyl. 10. The composition of claim 9 wherein R' is methyl. 11. The composition of claim 8 wherein R' is phenyl. 12. The composition of claim 8 wherein R' is 2-pyridyl. 13. The composition of claim 8 wherein R is cyclopropyl. 14. The composition of claim 1 wherein R is OCH, and R^ is 0(C0)R' 15. The composition of claim 14 wherein R' is lower alkyl.- 16. The composition of claim 15 wherein R' is methyl. 17. The composition of claim 14 wherein R' is phenyl. 18. The composition of claim 14 wherein R' is 2-pyridyl. 19. The composition of claim 14 wherein R is cyclopropyl. 20. The composition of claim 1 wherein the compound of Formula I is present as a racemic mixture of stereoisbmers. 21. The composition of claim 1 wherein the compound of Formula I is present in stereoisomerically pure form. 22. The composition of claim 21 wherein the stereoisomerically pure form of the compound of Formula I is the R form. 23. The composition of claim 21 wherein the stereoisomerically pure form of the compound of Formula I is the S form. 24. The composition of claim 1 wherein R 1 and R 2 are 0(C0)CH 3 , R is cyclopropyl, the dotted line indicates the absence of a TΓ bond, and the stereoiso- merically pure form is the R form. 25-. A pharmaceutical composition comprising, in combination with a pharmacologicaxly acceptable excipient, an analgetically effective amount of a compound of the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, wherein: the dotted line indicates the presence or absence of a π bond; R is ower alkykl; R is selected from the group consisting of OH, OCH 3 , and 0(CO)R' where R' is C 1 -C 1Q aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl or 4 -C 5 heterocyclic, and where R' may be substituted with 1-3 substituents selected so as not to intefere with analgetic activity; and wherein R is =0 or 0(C0)R" where R' is as defined above. 26. The composition of claim 25 wherein R' is lower alkyl. 27. The composition of claim 25 wherein R' is methyl. 28. The composition of claim 25 wherein R' is phenyl. 29-. The composition of claim 25 wherein R'_is 2-pyridyl. 30. The composition of claim 25 wherein R is cyclopropyl. 31. The composition of claim 25 wherein the dotted line indicates the absence of a π bond. 32. The composition of claim 25 wherein the compound of Formula I is present as a racemic mixture of stereoisomers. 33. The composition of claim 25 wherein the compound of Formula I is present in stereoisomerically pure form. 34. The composition of claim 33 wherein the stereoisomerically pure form of the compound of Formula I is the R form. 35. The composition of claim 33 wherein the stereoisomerically pure form of the compound of Formula I is the S form. 36. A method for treating pain in mammals which comprises administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof, wherein: the dotted line indicates the presence or absence of a π bond; R is lower alkyl; R 1 is selected from the group consisting of OH, OCH 3 , and 0(C0)R' where R' is C_-C 10 aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl or C 4 -C 5 heterocyclic, and where R' may be substituted with 1-3 substituents selected so as not to interfere with analgetic activity; and R is =0 or 0(C0)R' where R' is as defined above. 37. The method of claim 36 wherein in said compound R 1 and R _ are 0(C0)R'. 38. The method of claim 36 wherein the compound of Formula I is present as a mixture of diastereomers. 39. The method of claim 36 wherein the compound of Formula I is present in stereoisomerically pure form. 40. The method of claim 36 wherein the compound of Formula I is present as a racemic mixture of stereoisomers. 41. The method of claim 36 wherein the compound of Formula I is present in stereoisomerically pure form. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein the stereoisomerically pure form of the compound of Formula I is the R form. 43. The method of claim 41 wherein the stereoisomerically pure form of the compound of Formula I is the S form. 44. A method for treating pain in mammals which comprises administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the formula or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof wherein: the dotted line indicates the presence or absence of a π bond; R is lower alkykl; and R is C 1 -C 10 aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbyl or C 4 -C 5 heterocyclic, and may be substituted so as not to intefere with analgetic activity. 45. A method for treating pain in a subject in need of such treatment, which comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1. 46. A method for treating pain in a subject in need of such treatment, which comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 2. 47. A method for treating pain in a subject in need of such treatment, which comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 8. 48. A method for treating pain in a subject in need of such treatment, which comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 14. 49. A method for treating pain in a subject in need of such treatment, which comprises administering to said subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 25.

Inventors: LAWSON JOHN A, LAWSON, JOHN, A.
Applicants: STANFORD RES INST INT, SRI INTERNATIONAL
Application year: 1991
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P25, C07D489