Fault detection and isolation in automotive wiring harness

Abstract: An automotive electrical system comprising, a plurality of electrical components (21,22,23) including at least one termination device, a wiring harness system interconnecting said electrical components and including a plurality of harness conductors (28) and a plurality of connectors (26), one of said connectors being a termination connector (26-1) connected to said termination device (21), said wiring harness system including a dedicated test line (55) provided by a termination conductor disposed in said termination connector and provided by more than one of said harness conductors, said dedicated test line (55) including a test point (56), electrical source means connected to said test point (56) for applying a test signal to said dedicated test line at said test point (56), and measuring means connected to said test point (56) for sensing a response of said dedicated test line (55) during application of said test signal.

Description: The present invention relates in general to the detection and isolation of interconnect faults in an automotive wiring system, and more specifically to the application of a test signal to a dedicated test line included in the wiring harness and the monitoring of an electrical characteristic of the test line to determine the existence and/or location of improperly connected connectors. This application is related to copending and commonly assigned U.S. application serial number (89-349) and U.S. application serial number (89-353), both filed on the same date as this application. The electrical interconnect system of an automobile takes the form of a wiring harness which is normally partitioned into segments. Each segment includes a number of individual conductors. Individual segments are joined by electrical connectors at either end. Furthermore, an individual conductor or conductors may leave the main bundle of wires in a particular segment to form a subsequent which extends to another connector. The shape of the wiring system is irregular and cannot normally be classified as a star, ring or other regular configuration. Because of the segmented structure of a wiring harness, point-to-point connections between the electrical system load devices interconnected in the wiring system normally include many connectors and conductor segments. These connectors include expansion connectors, termination connectors, and junction blocks. An expansion connector interconnects the partitioned segments of the wiring harness, i.e., expands the wiring harness. Termination connectors interconnect the electrical devices of the vehicle with the wiring harness system, i.e., at terminations of the wiring harness segments. Thus, the electrical devices are referred to as termination devices. A junction block is a device for cross-connecting wiring harness segments, electrical system devices, individual wiring harness conductor wires, and other junction blocks. The conductors and connectors of the wiring harness system can be either electrical, optical, or both. Improperly connected or nonconnected connectors result in the partial or complete failure of an electrical device or devices connected to the electrical system. Failure of a critical electrical system component may cause the vehicle to quit (i.e., lose drivability) which often requires the vehicle to be towed in for service. Interconnect problems that may inadvertently be present include both complete failures to properly interconnect connectors and partial interconnect failures such as when connectors are not fully inserted to their snap-lock position. These interconnect problems may not become apparent until extended use of the electrical system causes damage to an improperly connected device or until vibrations cause a partially connected connector to separate. In order to maximise vehicle reliability and to minimise warranty and repair costs, it is desirable to reduce interconnect faults by detecting and isolating their occurrence. A simple and inexpensive system is needed which is adaptable to testing after final assembly, testing during service, and monitoring and fault prediction during vehicle use. Prior art wiring harness testing apparatus are complex and are not readily adaptable to testing under all circumstances. GB-A-2,203,560 discloses a coding apparatus for electric cable connectors having terminations in the form of plugs, comprising at least one coding arrangement by means of which a plug of such a connector can be monitored to verify that it is assigned in the correct positional location to a respective socket, wherein the (or each) coding arrangement comprises at least one jumper link connecting predetermined contacts of at least one socket, said jumper link or links forming together with the cable connection at least one electrically interrogatable test loop. In FR-A-2 552 039 a plurality of contacts are connected to a conductor via respective resistors, the conductor being connected to a predetermined potential. The resistance are chosen such that all possible configurations of open & closed contacts will give a different signal. GB-A-2,180,657 discloses an apparatus for confirming the fitting of connectors comprising; first connector means having a plurality of first terminals therein and a groove formed between two adjacent first terminals, the said two adjacent first terminals respectively having opposite contact elements projecting into the groove; second connector means having second terminals therein, corresponding to the first terminals, and a projection insertable into the groove of the first connector means to perform disconnection or connection between the said opposite contact elements of the first connector means when the first and second connector means are fitted to each other at a predetermined position; and means for informing of the incomplete fitting of the first and second connector means in accordance with the connection or disconnection of said opposite contact elements of the first connector means caused when the projection is not inserted into the groove. U.S. patent 4,689,551, issued to Ryan et al, discloses a wiring harness testing apparatus which tests for proper assembly of the wiring harness itself, i.e., before the prefabricated harness is installed into a vehicle and before the termination connectors of the harness are connected to the vehicle electrical components. The termination connectors of the harness must be plugged into the testing apparatus or to a special adapter for testing. Each wire in the harness being tested is connected at one end to a current source and at the other end to ground by switches in the testing apparatus that are connected to each wire. Since the testing apparatus must be connected to the termination connectors of the wiring harness, the tests are not possible after the wiring harness is connected into the vehicle electrical system. European patent application 164570, in the name of Goto et al, discloses a wiring harness checker wherein a checker connects to each termination connector of the wiring harness being tested. The checker is connected to the harness on a test table and checks the conduction of individual conductors in the harness in both or either direction. Thus, the checker is useful only for testing before final assembly since there is no ability to check the harness after it is connected to the electrical components in the vehicle. U.S. patent 4,271,388, issued to Schaling, discloses another testing apparatus requiring direct connection of the tester to the conductors and connectors of the cable set being tested. Shift registers are connected to one end of each conductor or connector to be tested. Light emitting diodes and logic circuits connected to the other end of each conductor or connector monitors signals received from the shift registers and indicate the correct or incorrect assembly of the wiring harness itself. Thus, the tester is suitable for testing only before final assembly with the electrical system components of the vehicle. U.S. patent 3,718,859, issued to Arlow, discloses a test element in the form of a connector insert which allows monitoring of individual conductors while a wiring harness is interconnected and in operation. The test element plugs into and interconnects the pins of a pair of connectors. The test element includes terminals on its outer surface, each terminal being electrically connected to one of the connector pins and thus to one of the individual conductors of the wiring harness. The terminals may be contacted by a meter to monitor a signal on the corresponding individual conductor. Therefore, the individual conductor can only be tested when the corresponding electrical device is energised. Furthermore, the failure to monitor an expected signal from a conductor does not reveal the location or reason for the occurrence of the fault. Copending application Serial Number (89-353) teaches a modified automobile electrical system including a dedicated test line in at least a portion of the electrical system. The dedicated test line includes additional conductors in the wiring harness and dedicated and modified connector components. By examining terminal characteristics of the dedicated test line after final assembly of the electrical system, faults in the interconnection of harness expansion connectors and termination connectors are detected and their location isolated. Thus, the dedicated test line includes one or more test points for examining the electrical characteristics of the test line. The dedicated test line includes a termination conductor within a termination connector, such that the termination conductor is included in the dedicated test line only when the device connected by the termination connector is properly interconnected with the electrical system. Thus, the invention of the copending application achieves fault detection and isolation by connecting test equipment to two or more test points in the dedicated test line. In order to simplify the testing operation, it would be desirable to detect and isolate faults while requiring only one connection to the dedicated test line. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for detecting an interconnection fault of an automotive electrical system including a wiring harness after final assembly of the harness with the electrical system devices. It is another object of the invention to provide uncomplicated and reliable means for testing the interconnection of a wiring harness system including connections between the termination connectors of the wiring harness and the electrical components of the vehicle electrical system, while requiring only one point of interconnection between the test equipment and the wiring harness system being tested. It is a further object of the invention to provide a method and apparatus for isolating the location of detected faults. It is still another object of the invention to provide an automotive electrical system which can conveniently be tested after final assembly, during later servicing of the vehicle, and even during vehicle use. According to the present invention there is provided an electrical system comprising, a plurality of wiring harness conductors, a plurality of terminal connectors, a plurality of electrical components each connected to a respective terminal connector, a dedicated test line originating at a test point and including a portion of said wiring harness conductors and at least a portion of said terminal connectors such that said dedicated test line establishes an electrical path through said electrical system which is complete only when each terminal connector in said portion of terminal connectors is correctly interconnected, and a plurality of impedances,each having a first end connected to a predetermined common electrical potential and having a second end connected to said dedicated test line in a respective terminal connector, whereby a total impedance measured at said test point identifies the location of an interconnect fault. Further according to the invention there is provided a method for testing the interconnection of an automotive electrical system comprising the steps of, providing a plurality of electrical termination devices, interconnecting said termination devices using a wiring harness system including a plurality of harness conductors and a plurality of connectors, said connectors including a plurality of termination connectors each connected to a respective termination device, providing a dedicated test line in said wiring harness system including a plurality of termination conductors each disposed in a respective termination connector, said dedicated test line further including more than one of said harness conductors, providing a plurality of impedances each having a first end connected to a predetermined common electrical potential and having a second end connected to a respective termination conductor, providing a test point in said dedicated test line, applying a test signal at said test point, and measuring an electrical characteristic at said test point resulting from said test signal as an indication of proper interconnection of at least a portion of said electrical system. The invention will now be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which : Figure 1 is a diagram representing a portion of an automotive electrical system including a wiring harness system and termination devices. Figure 2 is a diagram representing a portion of an automotive electrical system having a dedicated test line incorporated therein. Figure 3 is a diagram showing the addition of a dedicated test line to the electrical system shown in Figure 1. Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of an expansion connector containing a dedicated test line; Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of a termination connector containing a dedicated test line; Figure 6 is a plan view of a junction block containing a dedicated test line; Figure 7 is a diagram showing a test apparatus of the present invention connected to a dedicated test line including characterising impedances. Figure 8 is a cross-sectional and schematic view of a modified expansion connector; Figure 9 is a cross-sectional and schematic view of a modified termination connector according to the present invention; Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of a dedicated test line and characterising impedances of the invention. Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of a first test line interconnection technique of the invention. Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of a second test line interconnection technique of the invention. Figure 1 represents an automotive electrical system 20 including electrical system loads or supplies 21, 22, and 23, generally illustrative of various electrical components such as a radio, vehicle lighting, electric motors, or a voltage regulator. Since devices 21-23 are connected to the vehicle wiring harness through respective termination connectors 26-1, 26-2, and 26-3, each device is referred to as a termination device. A wiring harness interconnects devices 21-23 and other devices (not shown for clarity of the drawing). The wiring harness includes a plurality of harness segments each comprised of a wire bundle, some of which are indicated at 28. Segments 28 are interconnected using expansion connectors 25. Termination connectors 26 interconnect the wiring harness with the termination devices of the electrical system. For example, a termination connector 26-1 interconnects termination device 21 with the wiring harness. The wiring harness further includes a junction block 27 which connects through expansion connectors to harness segments 28 and which connects directly to some termination devices as shown. Segments 28 are shown as single lines although each contain a plurality of individual wires, some of which may leave the wire bundle at the several junction points. Figure 2 represents a portion of an automotive electrical system 29 including a wiring harness 30 and a dedicated test line 31 according to the present invention. Dedicated test line 31 includes a first test point 32 connected to a first harness conductor 33 which enters wiring harness 30 and interconnects with an expansion connector 34. Dedicated test line 31 has corresponding connection pins mating in expansion connector 34 and continues with harness conductor 35. A termination connector 36 receives conductor 35 and provides a feed-through of the dedicated test line 31 to a harness conductor 37 when the termination device at termination connector 36 is properly interconnected. Harness conductor 37 feeds through another termination connector 38 only when its termination device is correctly interconnected. Dedicated test line 31 continues in a similar manner through a harness conductor 40, an expansion connector 41, a harness conductor 42, and a termination connector 43. After feeding through termination connector 43, dedicated test line 31 includes a harness conductor 44 extending to a second test point 45. Thus, there is a continuous electrical path from test point 32 to test point 45 only when each connector having dedicated test line 31 passing therethrough is properly interconnected. As described in copending application serial no. (89-353), the proper interconnection of the electrical system can be tested by monitoring an electrical characteristic, such as continuity, of dedicated test line 31. Preferably, the portion of wiring harness 30 which includes dedicated test line 31 corresponds to the portions of the electrical system which are considered critical to operation of the vehicle and failure of which would cause the vehicle to quit or operate in an unacceptable manner. Figure 3 illustrates the inclusion of a dedicated test line 55 into the electrical system of Figure 1. Thus, dedicated test line 55 may extend from a first test point 56 and through critical electrical system components, including expansion connector 25-6, termination connector 26-1, expansion connector 25-5, expansion connector 25-4, termination connector 26-3, expansion connector 25-3, termination connector 26-8, expansion connector 25-2, and expansion connector 25-1, to a second test point 57. Figure 4 shows one embodiment of a pin and socket expansion connector useful in the present invention. An expansion connector 60 includes a first end 61 and a second end 62. First end 61 receives a test line harness conductor 63 which is connected to a terminal pin 64. Standard device lines 65 of the wiring harness are connected to terminal pins 66. Second end 62 is connected to a test line harness conductor 67 which is joined to a terminal socket 68. Device lines 70 are connected to terminal sockets 71. Insertion of expansion connector ends 61 and 62 results in interconnection of the corresponding pins and sockets. On full insertion, expansion connector ends 61 and 62 are interlocked by means of projections 72 and 73 on first end 61 being received by locking tabs 74 and 75 on second end 62. Figure 5 shows a termination connector. A pin and socket termination connector 80 includes a first end 81 at the harness end of the connector and a second end 82 which is at the device end of the connector and which is integral with a termination device 83. A harness conductor 84 provides a dedicated test line into termination connector 80 and is connected to a terminal pin 86. A harness conductor 85 provides a dedicated test line out of termination connector 80 and is connected to a terminal pin 87. Device lines 88 from the wiring harness are connected to terminal pins 89. A terminal socket 90 and a terminal socket 91 in second connector end 82 are joined by a termination conductor 92 for feeding through the dedicated test line between harness conductors 84 and 85 when termination conductor 80 is properly interconnected. Upon full insertion of the harness end and the device end of termination connector 80, the connector is locked by means of projections 94 and 95 on first connector end 81 and locking tabs 96 and 97 on second connector end 82. Figure 6 shows a junction block 100 which may be included in the electrical system of the present invention. Junction block 100 is comprised of an integral moulded block including conductors and interconnection points 101. Junction block 100 also includes a plurality of expansion connectors 102. Likewise, termination devices 103 and 104 are connected directly to junction block 100. Junction block 100 further includes a dedicated test line 105 passing therethrough. Dedicated test line 105 is included in expansion connector 106 and passes into junction block 100. By means of a conductor integral with junction block 100, dedicated test line 105 passes into an expansion connector 107 and through termination connector 109 including a termination device 108. Dedicated test line 105 re-enters junction block 100 through expansion connector 107 and passes through termination device 104 before exiting junction block 100 through an expansion connector 110. A network analysis fault detection and isolation system of the present invention is shown in Figure 7. A dedicated test line 115 begins at a test point 116. From test point 116, dedicated test line 115 enters a wiring harness 118 and passes through an expansion connector 120, a termination connector 122 which is connected to an electrical component 123, a termination connector 125 which is connected to an electrical component 126, an expansion connector 128, and to a termination connector 131 which is connected to an electrical component 132. In order to provide a test line electrical characteristic which is indicative of the interconnection states of the connectors, dedicated test line 115 is connected at selected points to a predetermined electrical potential by a plurality of impedances. One end of connector 120 includes a path to ground through an impedance 121. The device end of termination connector 122 includes a path to ground through an impedance 124. The device end of termination connector 125 includes a path to ground through an impedance 127. Likewise, an expansion connector 128 includes a path to ground through an impedance 130 and a termination connector 131 includes a path to ground through an impedance 133. Each respective impedance is connected to the end of each respective connector which is remote from test point 116. Thus, impedance 121 is part of the total impedance that can be measured from test point 116 only if expansion connector 120 is properly interconnected. Furthermore, impedance 124 is included in the total impedance measured at test point 116 only when termination connector 122 and expansion connector 120 are properly interconnected. In that case, the total impedance seen at test point 116 includes the parallel combination of impedances 121 and 124. Likewise, impedances 127, 130, and 133 contribute to the total impedance in parallel when connectors 125, 128, and 131 are properly interconnected. Testing apparatus for the present invention includes a network analyser 135 connected to test point 116 through a test probe 136. In particular, analyser 135 measures the total impedance at test point 116. Impedances 121, 124, 127, 130, and 133 have preselected values such that the total impedance measured by network analyser 135 corresponds uniquely to the actual interconnection state of the set of connectors. Thus, if all connectors are properly interconnected, then the total measured impedance equals the parallel combination of all the preselected impedances. The total impedance is determined by the preselected impedance values, subject to an error range corresponding to the tolerances of the preselected impedances. If any of the connectors are disconnected, then the succeeding impedances are not included in the total impedance measured at test point 116. The total impedance then has a different value which uniquely identifies the disconnected connector in the dedicated test line. After correcting the identified fault, the total impedance can be again checked by analyser 135 to verify the correct interconnection of the complete system or identify the next failed connector. Figure 8 shows an expansion connector particularly adapted to the network analysis method of the present invention. An expansion connector 140 has a first terminal pin 141 and a second terminal socket 142 for the dedicated test line. A resistor 143 has one end connected to terminal socket 142 and has its other end connected to a lead wire lug 144. Terminal socket 142 is also connected to a wiring harness conductor 145 as part of the dedicated test line. Conductor 145 is included in a wiring harness bundle 146 and is connected to a splice 147 which splits the dedicated test line into a pair of conductors 148 and 149. In use, lead wire lug 144 is connected to a predetermined potential, e.g., to ground potential, such that impedance 143 will be included in the total impedance measurable from the test point (not shown) only when expansion connector 140 is fully interconnected, i.e., when terminal pin 141 contacts terminal socket 142. Terminal pin 141 and terminal socket 142 are shown in a last-make first-break configuration whereby they will be the last to make contact during connector insertion and will be the first to disconnect during separation due to their reduced length relative to the other terminal pins and sockets. Splice 147 and the splitting of the dedicated test line into two conductors 148 and 149 is employed in an alternative embodiment of the invention which will be described in connection with Figure 10. Figure 9 shows a termination connector 150 for interconnecting a termination device 151 into a vehicle electrical system. Termination connector 150 includes a termination conductor 152 feeding between a terminal socket 153 and a terminal socket 154 in the device end of connector 150. A resistor 155 has one end connected to termination conductor 152 and its other side connected to ground 156. Turning now to Figure 10, a dedicated test line and characterizing impedances are shown wherein the dedicated test line does not form a simple linear line or loop. Rather, the dedicated test line is split at various locations to prevent the improper connection of a single connector from blocking out a large amount of information concerning the remaining connectors. Thus, a dedicated test line 160 originates at a test point 161. An impedance or resistance 162 is associated with a first connector (not shown). Connectors are not shown in Figure 10 but are present at the interconnection points of each of the resistors in the Figure. Dedicated test line 160 includes a splice 163 splitting dedicated test line 160. The divided test line then extends in parallel to a resistor 164 and to another splice 165. Splice 165 is connected to a resistor 166 and to another splice 167. From splice 167, dedicated test line 160 continues to a resistor 168 and to another splice 170. Dedicated test line 160 extends in one direction from splice 170 to resistors 171, 172, and 173, and in the other direction to resistors 174 and 175. In operation, if the connector associated with resistor 162 is not properly connected, a substantially infinite impedance is presented to test point 161 and information concerning any of the remaining connectors is not available. If the connector associated with resistor 162 is properly connected, but the connector having resistor 164 is not properly connected, then resistor 162 is included in the total impedance measured from test point 161 while resistor 164 is not. However, the disconnection of the connector associated with resistor 164 does not block out information concerning any other connectors because dedicated test line 160 was split at splice 163. By carefully selecting the resistance values for all the resistors, each possible combination of connected and disconnected connectors corresponds to a unique total resistance as measured at test point 161. Figure 11 shows a simplified case in which a dedicated test line 180 extends in series without any branching. Dedicated test line 180 begins at a test point 181 and includes connectors 182, 184, and 186. Resistors 183, 185, and 187 provide paths to ground from connectors 182, 184, and 186, respectively. The embodiment of Figure 11 has the benefit that selection of resistance values R₁, R₂, and R₃ for resistors 183, 184, and 185, respectively, is straightforward. If the first connector 182 is not properly interconnected, then the total resistance measured at test point 181 is substantially infinite. If connector 182 is the only properly connected connector, then the total resistance equals R₁. Since each succeeding resistor is added in parallel to R₁, the total resistance value decreases according to the values of those resistors. For example, R₁, R₂, and R₃ may all be equal to 100 ohms. Thus, if connector 182 is properly connected, but connector 184 is not, then the total resistance equals the resistance of R₁, or approximately 100 ohms. If the fault involving connector 184 is then properly corrected, but if connector 186 exhibits a connection fault, then the total resistance measured equals the parallel combination of resistors R₁ and R₂, or about 50 ohms. If all connectors are properly interconnected, then the total resistance equals the parallel combination of R₁, R₂, and R₃, or approximately 33 ohms. Even using resistors having a 10% error tolerance, the highest resistance of three resistors in parallel is approximately 37 ohms, while the lowest possible resistance of two resistors in parallel is approximately 45 ohms. Thus, the case of one disconnected connector is easily distinguishable from the case of no disconnected connectors. Figure 12 shows an alternative embodiment wherein a dedicated test line 190 includes splices such that the contribution of a resistor associated with any particular connector to the total resistance is not dependent on the interconnection of any other connector. Thus, test line 190 begins at a test point 191 and includes a splice 192 which is connected to a connector 193 and to a splice 195. Splice 195 is connected to a connector 196 and to a connector 198. Resistors 194, 197, and 199 provide paths to ground from connectors 193, 196, and 198, respectively. Resistor 194 has a resistance R₄, resistor 197 has a resistance R₅, and resistor 199 has a resistance R₆. Since the contribution of each individual resistor to the total resistance is not correlated with the state of any other connector, each resistance must have a unique value in order to uniquely identify each disconnected connector. For example, R₄ could be 100 ohms, R₅ could be 200 ohms, and R₆ could be 300 ohms. In this example, if all connectors are properly interconnected, then the total resistance measured at test point 191 is approximately 54 ohms. If connector 198 is not properly connected (thus removing R₆), the total resistance rises to approximately 66 ohms. If only connector 196 is not properly connected (thus removing R₅), the total resistance resulting from R₄ and R₆ is approximately 75 ohms. If only connector 193 is not properly connected, then the total resistance provided by R₅ and R₆ is approximately equal to 120 ohms. If any single connector is the only properly connected connector, then the total resistance equals the corresponding resistance R₄, R₅, or R₆. Furthermore, if none of the connectors are properly interconnected, then the total resistance is substantially infinite. Thus, a unique resistance value measured at test point 191 exists for each possible combination of connects or disconnects for each connector in the dedicated test line. In addition, the embodiments of Figures 11 and 12 can be employed together as in Figure 10. Although resistances have been shown in the preferred embodiment for the characterizing line impedances, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that capacitors, inductors, semiconductors, or other devices can be employed to provide the characteristic impedance to be measured.

Claims: An electrical system comprising, a plurality of wiring harness conductors (118), a plurality of terminal connectors (122,125,131) , a plurality of electrical components (123, 126, 132) each connected to a respective terminal connector, a dedicated test line (115) originating at a test point (116) and including a portion of said wiring harness conductors (118) and at least a portion of said terminal connectors such that said dedicated test line (115) establishes an electrical path through said electrical system which is complete only when each terminal connector in said portion of terminal connectors is correctly interconnected, and a plurality of impedances (124,127,133), each having a first end connected to a predetermined common electrical potential and having a second end connected to said dedicated test line (115) in a respective terminal connector, whereby a total impedance measured at said test point (116) identifies the location of an interconnect fault. A system as claimed in claim 1, wherein said dedicated test line (115) connects said impedances in parallel. A system as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein each of said impedances (124,129,133) is comprised of a resistor. A system as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said predetermined common electrical potential is comprised of vehicle ground. A method for testing the interconnection of an automotive electrical system comprising the steps of, providing a plurality of electrical termination devices (123,126,132), interconnecting said termination devices using a wiring harness system including a plurality of harness conductors (118) and a plurality of connectors, said connectors including a plurality of termination connectors (122,125,131) each connected to a respective termination device (123,126,132), providing a dedicated test line (115) in said wiring harness system including a plurality of termination conductors each disposed in a respective termination connector (122,125,131), said dedicated test line (115) further including more than one of said harness conductors (118), providing a plurality of impedances (124,127,133), each having a first end connected to a predetermined common electrical potential and having a second end connected to a respective termination conductor, providing a test point (116) in said dedicated test line (115), applying a test signal at said test point (116), and measuring an electrical characteristic at said test point (116) resulting from said test signal as an indication of proper interconnection of at least a portion of said electrical system.

Inventors: ANDERSON EDWARD GEORGE, KLASSEN DAVID JOHN, ANDERSON, EDWARD GEORGE, KLASSEN, DAVID JOHN
Applicants: FORD FRANCE, FORD MOTOR CO, FORD WERKE AG, FORD FRANCE S. A., FORD MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, FORD-WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01R31
IPC codes: G01R31