VACCINES BASED ON HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN

Abstract: Novel antigen are presented which are useful in vaccine formulations for the prophylactic treatment of a range of infectious diseases. The antigens comprise a hybrid polypeptide, one part being the S antigen of the hepatitis B virus, the other being a heterologous antigen, such as gD from HSV. The two antigens are linked by chemical spacers through a native sulphydryl group present on the surface of the S antigen.

Description: Vaccines based on Hepatiti s B surface antigen The present invention relates to improved immunogens which comprise an antigenic polypeptide chemically conjugated to 5 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) . The invention further relates to novel vaccines and their use . * Proteins or synthetic peptides comprising epitopes of different viruses represent potential immunogens for use in 10 vaccines against the infectious diseases caused by the respective viruses. However, such polypeptides frequently require a combination of carriers and adjuvants to become sufficiently immunogenic for consideration as vaccines. 15 It would appear that correct antigen presentation is the key requirement for an effective subunit vaccine and Valenzuala et al. (Biotechnology, 1985, 21., 323-326) have concluded that a good immunogen should have the maximum number of its epitopes properly exposed. This requirement was stated by 20 these authors to be difficult to achieve by random chemical coupling of antigens to a carrier molecule. Accordingly a new approach was tried in which HBsAg was used as a carrier and first antigen molecule and the gene encoding a second antigen was recombined with the gene for HBsAg so that the 25 second antigen was assembled into and presented on the surface of the HBsAg particle. Using an N-terminal fusion with a truncated form of the HBsAg middle protein Valenzuala et al. (loc.cit.) observed particle assembly of a Herpes Simplex Glycoprotein D - HBsAg hybrid polypeptide. The „ 30 glycoprotein D (gD) epitopes were found to be presented in a 4 repetitive fashion at the at the surface of the particle, thereby greatly enhancing the immunogenicity of the gD component. More recently it has been shown that the major repetitive epitope of P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein could be fused to HBsAg. Immunogenicity of the hybrid particles was found to be superior to that of an equivalent monomeric CS antigen (Rutgers et aJL., Biotechnology, 1988, .6, 1065) . Vaccines prepared from hybrid immunogenic particles comprising HBsAg protein are also described in European Patent Application Publication No. 0 278 940. In all cases the hybrid particles were obtained by gene fusion rather than chemical coupling techniques. Despite the emphasis on gene fusion as a means to designing polyvalent vaccines it has now been found, surprisingly, that effective immunogenic molecules can be prepared by chemical cross-linking of HBsAg protein (or a suitable fragment thereof) having at least one free sulphydryl group on its surface with another antigen. Accordingly the present invention provides an immunogenic hybrid polypeptide comprising a first polypeptide component which is HBsAg or fragment thereof displaying the antigenicity of HBV surface antigen, covalently linked via a native sulphur atom in the first polypeptide component to a second polypeptide component. An advantage of the invention is that an antigen may be coupled to the HBsAg particle with cross-linking agents without impairing the immunogenicity of the HBsAg or fragment thereof as defined hereinabove. Furthermore it is possible by the present invention to conjugate the second polypeptide antigen with a vector (the HBsAg particle) which is able to direct its processing via a non-endosomial route. In this way the second antigen can become associated with MHC I antigens and be recognised as such by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Finally chemical coupling allows a higher degree of freedom with regard to antigen (epitope) density on the HBsAg particle and also the possibility of using non-immunogenic spacers whereby the distance from the attachment point to the particle can be varied at will. In one aspect, the hybrid polypeptide of the invention may be represented by formula (I) : P^S-X-P 2 (I) in which the group P 1 x -S- is HBsAg or fragment thereof displaying the antigenicity of HBV surface antigen bonded via a native sulphur atom; P 2 is a second antigenic polypeptide; and X is either: a) a group -A-NH- wherein A is a spacer group and NH- is the residue of an amino group present in the side chain of an amino acid i .n P ώ _?; or optionally if P _? comprises a cysteine residue and a hydrophobic anchor group: b) the sulphur atom of the said cysteine residue present in P 2 . Preferably P2 is selected from gD2 from HSV or is a peptide capable of binding to HIV neutralising antibodies and corresponds to the neutralising domain of the V loop from gpl20; and The V3 loop peptides utilised in the present invention are preferably between 10 to 21 amino acids in length and comprises a β turn flanked by at least one and preferably at least two amino acid on both sides of the β turn sequences. Preferably the sequence corresponds to the sequence 310 to 328 of the gplδO protein. The following peptide is preferred. TYR THR ARG LYS SER ILE ARG ILE GLN ARG GLY PRO GLY ARG ALA PHE VAL THR ILE GLY The C-terminal tyrosine is optional, as its primary function is to allow labelling with radioactive Iodine. An important advantage of the hybrid particles according to the present invention is their ability to induce cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes and in particular the ability to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses. It will be appreciated that formula (I) is a simplified representation since the second antigen polypeptide P^ will 1 not normally be bonded to P 1 solely through one sulphur atom. Furthermore, P is preferably in particulate form as described below. It is essential to the invention that the HBsAg or fragment thereof used as the first polypeptide component has at least one free thiol on its surface (e.g. may be represented as P^-SH) and to this end it is important that the HBsAg or fragment thereof is obtained in the correct manner. Commercially available vaccines against HBV comprise Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) either in native or recombinant form. The authentic Hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be recovered from plasma of infected individuals as a particle of about 22nm comprised of two proteins known as P24 and its glycosylated derivative GP28, both of which are encoded by the 226 amino acid coding sequence on the HBV genome known as the S-protein coding sequence or HBV S-gene; see Tiollais et al, Nature, 317 (1985), page 489 and references therein. The complete amino acid sequence of, and nucleotide sequence encoding, HBsAg is given in Valenzuela et. a , Nature, 280 (1979), page 815. The numbering system used by Tiollais et. aJL. (loc cit.) to define nucleotide and amino acid positions is used herein. Insertion of HBV S-gene coding sequences under the control of yeast promoters on expression vectors to enable expression of HBsAg in J3. cerevisiae for vaccine production has been described by, for example, Harford et al in Develop. Biol. Standard. 54: page 125 (1983), Valenzuela et . al.. Nature 298, page 347 (1982) and Bitter et al., J. Med. Virol. 25, page 123 (1988) . Expression in Pichia pastoris has also been described by Gregg et. aJL, Biotechnology, 5_ (1987) , page 479 (see also European Patent Application Publication No. 0 226 846) as has expression in Hansenula polvmorpha (see EP-A- 0 299 108) . Not all the above methods give HBsAg suitable for use in the present invention since recombinant HBsAg produced in mammalian cells or yeast by the method of Valenzuala and others does not have available free SH groups; it is believed that the cysteine residues of HBsAg are all involved in the formation of disulphide bonds (Wa pler et. al. (Proc.Natl. Acid. Sci. U.S.A. 1985, .82..- 6830-6834 and references therein) . EP-A-0 135435 (assigned to Merck and Co.) describes a method for efficiently converting the non-disulphide bonded HBsAg antigen into a fully intermolecular disulphide bonded particle, alleged to be ten times more immunogenic than the antigen which has not been so treated. However, recombinant HBsAg as produced in S. cerevisiae by SmithKline Beecham Biologicals for the preparation of the vaccine Engerix-B* (Harford et. a_l. loc.cit.) does have an average of four free cysteines per S monomer and does from particles and this has been found to be at least as immunogenic as the fully intermolecular disulphide bonded particle. It will be apparent that when HBsAg is in this form then free cysteines provide one or more native sulphur atoms which can be utilised for coupling the second polypeptide. It will also be appreciated that preferably the HBsAg forms a particle, typically a lipoprotein particle. It is to be understood that the first polypeptide component in the hybrid according to the present invention may comprise all or part or parts of the HBsAg precursor protein encoded by the coding sequence which immediately precedes the HBV-S gene on the HBV genome referred to herein as the Pre-S coding sequence. The pre-S coding sequence normally codes for 163 amino acids (in the case the ay HBV sub type) and comprises a pre-SI coding sequence and a Pre-S2 coding sequence. The latter codes for 55 amino acids and immediately precedes the S-protein coding sequence (see EP-A-0 278 940 for further details) . In one preferred aspect the first polypeptide component P 1 is the HBsAg S-protein having one or more, preferably up to 4, sulfhydryl groups on its surface. * Engerix-B is a Trade Mark From the foregoing it will be appreciated that the first polypeptide component is preferably prepared by recombinant DNA techniques, for example by expression in S. cerevisiae as described by Harford et. a_l (loc.cit.) . i.e. corresponds to or comprises the HBsAg antigen present in the commercial vaccine Engerix-B*. In another aspect the first polypeptide component may comprise a fragment or truncate of the HBsAg S-protein provided the said fragment has at least one free sulphydryl group on its surface available for coupling to the group X, and provided that particle assembly is not adversely affected. In yet another aspect the first polypeptide component may be part of a composite particle comprising at least two polypeptides corresponding to part or all of a protein having the biological activity of one of the hepatitis B surface antigens wherein the particle presents at least two antigenic determinants provided by the S-protein, pre-S2-protein or pre-Sl-protein, said particle optionally containing host specific lipids, as described in copending European Patent Application No. 0414 374. An example of such a composite particle may be represented by (L,S) where L is the large protein of HBsAg (including the pre-Sl, pre-S2 and S coding sequences as hereinabove defined) and S is the HBsAg S-protein. In yet a further aspect the first polypeptide component may be a modified L protein of HBsAg as described in copending European Patent Application No. 0414 374 wherein the modified L protein comprises a modified hepatitis B virus large surface protein comprising an amino acid sequence * Engerix-B is a Trade Mark encoding the L protein characterized by a modification in at least one of the following sequences: a sequence sensitive to protease digestion, a sequence necessary for myristylation, a sequence necessary for N-linked glycosylation, a sequence necessary for O-linked glycosylation, and a sequence necessary for binding of human serum albumin. In a preferred aspect the modified L protein may be represented by L* wherein L* has an amino acid sequence comprising residues 12-52 followed by residues 133-145 followed by residues 175-400 of the L protein. In another preferred aspect the first polypeptide in the compound of the present invention may be part of a composite particle (L*,S) wherein L* and S are as hereinabove defined. Such composite particles may be prepared as described in copending European Patent Application No. 0414 374. The second polypeptide is an antigen useful in the preparation of a polyvalent vaccine and may be of any suitable structure. Specific antigens for P include the recombinant DNA envelope protein gD of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) , particularly the truncated form of gD known as gD2t from HSV2. Other antigens which may be mentioned are malaria antigens, particularly those derived from the circumsporozoite protein, or antigens derived from HIV envelope protein. The human immunodeficency virus (HIV) has been identified as the causative pathogen of acquired immunodeficency syndrome (AIDS) . Like other members of the retroviral family, the genes encoding the major structural proteins of the virus * Engerix-B is a Trade Mark are definded within the genome by env (viral envelope glycoprotein) and gag (core proteins)genes. The envelope glycoprotein is known as gpl20. After infection with the AIDS virus, human beings develop antibodies against this glycoprotein. In many patients neutralising antibodies are produced although, it is also known that different HIV isolates exhibit a diverse array of sequence variation, particularly in the envelope gene. Peptides from the major neutralising domain located in the envelope protein gpl20 in a region known as the V loop are known to bind to neutralising antibodies generated .in vivo. Nonetheless in order for those peptides to generate neutralising antibodies, correct presentation of the peptide is required. The present invention achieves this, by presenting such peptides on the surface of HBsAg in the manner described herein. In certain circumstances, the second polypeptide may comprise a hydrophobic anchor group (a hydrophobic 'foot') which may be naturally or synthetically attached to its amino terminal. Suitable hydrophobic anchor groups include fatty acid residues such as myristoyl, palmitoyl and lauryl. The advantage of having such a hydrophobic anchor group in the second polypeptide component is that it can, via hydrophobic interaction, become embedded in the lipidic membrane associated with the first polypeptide component. If the second polypeptide component also comprises an accessible cysteine residue the thiol group of the said cysteine can then, by spontaneous oxidation, form an intermolecular disulphide bond with a native thiol group in the first polypeptide component, thereby contributing to the stability of the formed complex. In such a case it is unnecessary to use a chemical cross linking agent to form the hybrid according to the invention (i.e. the group X as hereinabove defined may represent a sulphur atom which is native to P 2 as hereinabove defined) . The linker group A as hereinabove defined represents a linear spacer group bonded at one end to a native sulphur atom of the first polypeptide and at the other end to the second polypeptide P via an ammo acid containing side chain in P . Examples of the group A are substituted C2-C- Q alkanes or linear polymers such as polyethylene glycol. Particular groups A include: The present invention further provides a process for the preparation of a hybrid polypeptide of formula (I) : P 1 -S-X-P 2 (I) wherein P >1, Ε Δ and X are as hereinabove defined which process comprises the steps of a) when X is an a group -ANH-: i) reacting the second polypeptide P with a compound of formula (II) : Y-A-B (II) wherein Y is a group capable of reacting with a native thiol group in the first polypeptide; B is a group which is specific for one or more amino acid side chains on the second polypeptide P and A is as hereinabove defined; and thereafter ii) reacting the product with the first polypeptide P 1 -SH; or b) when X is S and F 2 comprises a hydrophobic anchor group and a cysteine residue: i) mixing the first polypeptide and second polypeptide in aqueous solution; and ii) allowing an intermolecular disulphide bond between P 1 and P to form by spontaneous oxidation. Heterobifunctional reagents of formula (II) are known in the art and include N-succinimidyl 3- (2-pyridylthio)propionate [SPDP; (III)], succinimidyl 6-maleimidyl hexanoate [EMCS (IV)], and N-succinimidyl 4- (iodoacetyl) amino benzoate [SIAB (V) ] . In method a) according to the above process steps i) and ii) my be carried out standard conditions as known in the art for cross-linking proteins, and the final product may be purified by, for example, preparative high pressure liquid chromatography. Particular hybrids which are the subject of the present invention include: HBsAg S protein crosslinked to gU2t of herpes simplex virus 2 using reagent (V) ; HBsAg S protein linked to LCF6 as hereinbelow defined via an mtermolecular disulphide bond, and HBsAg S-protein linked to V 3 peptides from HIV gρl20; Typically the ratio of the second polypeptide to the first polypeptide will be in the range 0.1 to 1.0 molecules per monomer. Although in the case of V^ peptides this may be in the range of 1.0 to 4 molecules per monomer. In a further embodiment of the present invention, the polypeptide P 1 may be mixed with a mixture of V3 peptides. The resulting fusion with then have different V3 peptide attached to the surface of P . In the present case the efficiency of the reaction is such that approximately forty peptides are linked to each particle it being understood that the hybrids according to the invention are preferably in particulate form. In a further aspect the invention provides a vaccine composition comprising an immunoprotective amount of a hybrid polypeptide according to the invention together with a conventional carrier or adjuvant. A preferred adjuvant, according to the present invention is de - 3 - 0 - acylated monophosphorylated lipid A (3D-MPL) in a suitable carrier. This adjuvant system provides high neutralising antibody titres. 3D-MPL may be obtained by the methods described in U.K. patent No. 2,211502 (RIBI) . In the case of utilising HIV peptides the present inventors have found that exceptional results may be achieved by first adsorbing the HBsAg-V β peptide conjugate of the present invention on to alum and then admixing with 3D-MPL. Additionally, oil in water emulsions containing 3D-MPL provide excellent results. The oil in water emulsion formulation provided by the present invention most preferably comprises, 3D-MPL, squalane, pluronic L -121 and phosphate buffered saline. The emulsion is preferably passed through a microfluidizer to provide submicron particles in the emulsion. This enhances the activity of the formulation. Alternatively vaccines containing the hybrid polypeptide according to the invention are prepared by conventional techniques and will contain an immunoprotective amount of the hybrid preferably in buffered physiological saline and admixed or adsorbed with any of the various known adjuvants including aluminium hydroxide and aluminium phosphate. By ''immunoprotective'' is meant that enough of the hybrid is administered to elicit a sufficient protective antibody or cell mediated immune response to confer protection against an infectious agent without serious side effects. The amount of hybrid to be administered will depend on whether the vaccine is adjuvanted and will generally comprise between 1 to 1000 meg of total protein, for example 1 to 200 meg total protein, more preferably 5 to 40 meg total protein. The amount and number of doses to be administered can be determined in standard dose range studies involving observation of antibody titres and other responses in subjects. The hybrid polypeptide according to the invention may also be mixed with other antigens such as composite HBsAg particles containing all or part or parts of the PreSl or PreS2 polypeptides for vaccine formulation. It may also be mixed with fused or other chemically synthesised hybrid HBsAg particles carrying epitopes from proteins from other organisms and with other immunogens to form multivalent vaccines. Vaccine preparation is generally described in ''Vaccines'', edited by Voller et at. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A., 1978. Accordingly in a further aspect, the invention provides a method of immunising a subject against viral infection which comprises administering to a subject in need of such immunisation an effective amount of a vaccine composition according to the invention. The following examples illustrate the invention. Examples A. Determination of free sulfhydryls on the recombinant HBsAg particle A.l. Material and Methods a) BNP Method A method for identifying cysteine-containing peptides in proteins was applied using 2-bromoacetamido-4-nitrophenol (BNP) to introduce an easily detectable probe. The formation of a covalent bond between the protein sulfhydryl group and the acetamido moiety of BNP introduces a chromophore with an absorbance maximum at 410 mm. The modified protein can then be cleaved with appropriate proteases and the resulting peptides separated by chromatographic methods. Monitoring the effluent at a single wavelength (405 nm) provides a rapid and simple method for detecting and isolating only those peptides which contain cysteine residue(s). Materials HBsAg was from SmithKline Biologicals. NH4HCO3, 2-bromoacetamido-4-nitrophenol (BNP) and chymotrypsin were from Sigma. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile were from Baker (HPLC grade) . N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was from Janssen Pharmaceutica. Protein labelling Protein (± 1 mg) was dialyzed against labelling buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl, EDTA 2 mM, Urea 8M, pH 8.6) . 2,5 mg of BNP (dissolved in DMF) per mg of protein was added to the denatured protein. After 90 minutes of incubation at room temperature, unreacted BNP was removed by extensive dialysis against NH 4 HC0 3 lOOmM, pH 8.5. Digestion of modified protein Duplicate addition of chymotrypsin (t Q and t 0 + 4 hours) (2% W/W) was made. Incubation was then carried out at 37°C overnight. The digested protein was stored at 4°C. HPLC separation of the peptides was accomplished on a Waters 600 HPLC system fitted with a 250 mm x 4.6 mm Vydac C 4 reverse-phase column. The column was equilibrated with HPLC buffer (NH 4 HC0 3 100 mM, pH 8.5) prior to injection of the sample (± 1 mg) . Peptides were eluted with a linear acetonitrile gradient from 0 to 50% in 50 minutes. The elution was monitored at 405 nm and at 224 nm on a Waters 490 Multiwave Detector. Seguence analysis of the BNP peptides Dried sample was redissolved in 60 μl TFA 6%, and applied on the glass fiber membrane of the sequenator. The membrane was preferably treated with Biobrene. Edman automatic sequential degradation was performed with a liquid phase sequenator (Applied Biosystem 477A) coupled with an amino acid analyser (Applied Biosystem 120A) . The program used is analogous to that of Hewick et. al.. J. Biol. Chem., 1981, 256, 7990-7997. Phenylthiohyantoin derivatives of cleaved amino acids were identified by RPLC, following the gradient system described by Hunkapiller and Hood, (Methods Enzymol. 1983, 91, 486-493) . b) PDS Method The method of Grasetti et, aJL (Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1967, 119, 44-49) was followed. Upon reaction of protein thiols with 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (thiol disulfide exchange reaction) 2-thiopyridine is liberated and measured at 343 nm < ε 343 nm = 8 ' 08 x 1Q3M > • Materials HBsAg was from SmithKline Biologicals. Dithiothreitol (DTT) and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (PDS) were from Serva. PD 10 gel filtration columns were from Pharmacia. Assay procedure Protein (± 750 μg/ml) was dialyzed against buffer (Ureά. 8M, EDTA 2 mM, 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.5). PDS (25 M in excess, dissolved in ethanol) was added to the denatured protein. After one hour of incubation at room temperature, excess of PDS was removed by gel filtration (PD 10 column) . Absorbance of the modified protein was measured at 280 nm. Addition of DTT (10 mM final concentration) was made to measure the absorbance of the free thiones at 343 nm. c) Carboxymethyl-cvsteine determination Materials Iodoacetamide was from Merck. HBsAg was used from SmithKline Biologicals. Carboxymethylation Protein (1 mg/ml) was dialyzed against buffer (Tris 100 mM, EDTA 2mM, pH 8.0) with or without Urea 8M. The S-carboxymethylation of the thiol groups was performed by addition of iodoacetamide (100 moles per mole of sulfhydryl groups) for 20 minutes, in the dark at room temperature. Amino acid analysis Hydrolysis: Aliquots of protein (± 100 μg) were dried in conic hydrolysis tubes, in a Speed Vac Concentrator. Hydrolysis was performed by addition of HCl 6N (500 μl) containing 0.5% phenol, at 110°C during 24 hours. Samples were done in triplicate. After cooling, hydrolysate was evaporated to dryness, washed in 500 μl water, and dried again. Having been dissolved in 200 μl of 0.2 N pH 2.2 citrate buffer and filtered on a 45 μm membrane, 50 μl of each sample is injected on the analyser column. Amino acid analysis: was performed with an Automatic Analyser (Alpha Plus-LKB 4151) on a polystyrene sulfonated column. A three buffer elution system was used to separate the different amino acids: 1. citrate buffer 0.2 N pH 3.2 at 54°C 2. citrate buffer 0.2 N pH 4.25 at 56°C 3. borate buffer 0.2 N pH 10.0 at 90°C Amino acid detection was made by post-column reaction with ninhydrin and by colorimetrie measurement at 440 and 570 nm. For quantification, optical densities at 440 and 570 nm are added together and chromatographic data integration were performed on a Shi adzu CR-A3 integrator. A.2. Results a) BNP Method After modification of the free thiols by BNP and chymotryptic digestion, peptides containing the BNP label were separated by RPLC and identified by sequencing, following the procedure of Gardner et al. Anal. Biochem., 1987, .672, 140-144. HPLC analysis of 5 different HBsAg chymotryptic digestions yielded 5 well separated major peaks indicating a reproducible oxidation state for all batches. The sequences of the BNP labelled peptides allow the localization of 4 thiol groups (cys 48, 65, 121 and 124) . The identical analysis was performed on HBsAg produced in mammalian cells. No BNP labelled peak could be detected indicating that no free cysteines were available. b) PDS Method Four thiol groups per monomer of HBsAg were detected after application of the PDS method on 3 different batches of HBsAg particles from SmithKline Biologieals (Batches 1 to 3 in Table 1 below) No SH free per monomer could be detected in a batch of HBsAg expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (Batch 4) . Table 1: PDS Method: FREE THIOL GROUPS DETERMINATION C) Carboxymethyl-cysteine determination Cysteines in HBsAg particles were carboxymethylated with or without denaturing agent (Urea 8M) . Subsequent amino acid analysis showed the presence of 3 carboxymethylcysteine per monomer of HBsAg in both cases. B. Examples of coupling antigens to the HBsAg particle B.l. EXAMPLE 1: Covalent coupling of the glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex 2 Virus to a particulate carrier B.l.l. Introduction The glycoprotein D of HSV 2 (gU2t) expressed in CHO cells (Lasky and Dowbenko DNA, 1984, 3.(1), 23-29) is covalently coupled to a recombinant HBsAg particle containing free SH groups. B.l.2. Materials and Methods a. Agents 5,5'Dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid (Ellman' s reagent or DTNB) and N-succinimidyl (4-iodoacetyl)- aminobenzoate (SIAB) were purchased from PIERCE. 2, , 6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) was obtained from SERVA. Recombinant gD2t was expressed in CHO cells and purified by SmithKline Biologieals. gD2t was iodinated by the enzymobeads method of PIERCE. . HBsAg particles were produced by SmithKline Biologieals. b. Methods b.1. Characterization of gD b.1.1 Quantitative determination of sulfhydryl groups: To 150 μl of gD 2 t (23 μM in Na 2 HP0 4 0.02 M pH 7) 1 ml of DTNB (3.28 mM in Na 2 HP0 4 0.04 M pH 8) is added. After 5 min, the optical density at 412 nm is determined against a blank lacking protein. An extinction coefficient of 1.3 x lO^M- 1 cm- is used to calculate the concentration of sulfhydryl groups reacting (Ellman, Arch. Biochem. Biophvs. , 1959, 82., 70). b.l.2 Quantitative determination of lysine residues: 50 μl of TNBS/H 2 0 24.5 mM are added to 50 μl of gD 2 t (58 μM in Na 2 HP0 4 0.02 M pH 7) diluted in 200 μl of borate buffer (0.05 M Na 2 B 4 0 7 adjusted to pH 9.5 with 0.05 M NaOH) . After 3 hours in the dark at room temperature the change in absorbance at 367 nm is followed against a blank without protein. The extent of trmitrophenylation is calculated on the basis of an ε 3 g 7 nm = 1.1 x 10 M- cm- 1 (Plapp e_t al., J. Biol. Chem. 1971, 246 . (4), 939-945). b.2. Activation of Dot with SIAB 100 μl of gD 2 t (23 μM in Na 2 HP0 4 0.02 M pH 7) + 100 μl gD 2 t I 125 are incubated for 30 min at 37°C with 2 μl SIAB (25 mM in DMSO) which corresponds to a molar ratio succinimide/lysine of 2. The excess of cross-linker is eliminated by dialysis (2 hours against Na 2 HP0 4 0.02 M pH 8) and the reaction mixture is concentrated to 100 μl by ultrafiltration on an YM 10 centricon. b.3. Coupling to HBsAg particle gD 2 t (100 μl) , concentrated (1 mg/ml) and SIAB-activated, is incubated with 53 μl of HBsAg particles (1 mg/ml in Na 2 HP0 4 10 mM pH 7.2, NaCl 150 mM) for various times at 37C°C. The initial molar ratio gD2/S monomer is 1/1. The particulate gD 2 is purified by a 1.5 M CsCl gradient (45 hours, 65000 rpm in a 70.1 Ti rotor) . b. . Quantification of gD2t coupled per particle 50 μl of water are added to a vial of enzymobeads. After one hour, 50 μl of Na 2 HP0 4 0.2 M pH 7.2, 25 μl gD 2 t (1 mg/ml), 0.5 mCi Nal 125 (Amersham) and 25 μl 1% β-D-Glucose are added. After 20 min at room temperature, the reaction is completed and the iodinated protein is separated from free iodine by chromatography on DOWEX Ag 1 x 8 resin saturated by BSA 1%. The specific activity of the gD2t involved in the coupling may be determined by the radioactivity detected in the mixture of labelled and non-labelled gD t. The amount of gU2t coupled to particles may be determined by this specific activity. SUBSTITUTE SHEET B .1 .3. Results a. Characterization of gD2t a.l. Quantitative determination of sulfhydryl groups No free thiol is detected on the gD 2 t by DTNB. This result fits the aminoacid sequence of the protein. The truncated gD2t molecule used (283 aa) contains 6 cysteine residues, each involved in disulfide bridges that constitute discontinuous epitopes. Therefore, gD 2 t is an ideal molecule for the activation step with a heterobifunctional cross-linker without risk of homopolymerisation. a.2. Quantitative determination of lysine residues The number of free amino groups are detected by TNBS either on the native or on the SIAB activated gD2t. The number of free lysines decreases as a function of the excess of SIAB. With a molar ratio SIAB/lysine of 2, four residues are activated. The number of detected lysines on the native protein (10) is close to the number determined in the amino acid sequence (11) . b. Activation of gD2t by SIAB After an activation of 30 min at 37°C with a molar ratio of SIAB/lysine of 2, the absence of homopolymers of gP2t is checked by gel filtration. On a TSK 3000 column, the homopolymers elute in the void volume (8 min) and the monomeric gD2t has a retention time of 15 min. Despite the absence of cysteine residues in the protein, formation of homopolymers is observed when gD2t is activated at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. An aspecific reactivity of the halogen in SIAB for lysine, methionine or histidine residues may explain this phenomenon (see Means and Feeney, Chemical Modifications of Proteins; Holden Day publ., 1971, page 107) . Initial protein concentration is a decisive factor in homopolymerisation events. If gP t is activated at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, the formation of homopolymers decreases from 50 to 10%. c. Coupling to HBsAg particle The HBsAg-gD 2 t conjugate obtained after a 30 min, 2 hrs or over night incubation at 37°C is purified by CsCl gradient. The gP2 homopolymers have a different density to the carrier and do not contaminate the conjugate. The yield of coupling increases with time as shown in Table 2. 0.2 gP2 molecules are coupled per S monomer (twenty per particle) as calculated by radioactivity detected in the particle's density area. Table 2: Influence of incubation on the yield of coupling Time gP2t/S monomer B.2. Example 2 B.2.1. Incorporation of LCF6 rLauroyl-Cys-Tyr-Gly-Gly- (NPNA) 61 into HBsAg particles 5 10 μl of LCF6 solution (1 mg/ml in phosphate 10 mM pH 7, NaCl 150 mM) are incubated with 10 μl of a solution of yeast expressed HBsAg particle (ex SmithKline Biologieals) at 1 mg/ml in phosphate 10 mM pH , NaCl 150 mM overnight at 1037°C. B.2.2. Assay Quantitation of the HBsAg-LCF6 hybrid is performed by a 15 sandwich ELISA test using as coating antibody a polyclonal IgG against HBsAg at a concentration of 5 μl/ml and as detecting antibody a biotinylated monoclonal IgM directed against the repeat sequence of LCF6. 0 An antigen R16 HBsAg solution (a recombinant repeat Malaria-HBsAg particle) of known concentration is used as standard. This ELISA presents the advantage of monitoring the hybrid without prior separation of the free peptides. The results are expressed in μg/ml equivalent R1 HBsAg. 5 B.2.3. Implication of a covalent bond in the LCF6 incorporation into HBsAg particle To evaluate the relative important of the disulfide bridge 0 and of the hydrophobic foot, the incorporation of the peptide without cysteine and of the peptide without the lauroyl group is compared. The ELISA shows that the lipopeptide lacking cysteine (LF6) fails to incorporate into the HBsAg particle. The peptide without the lauroyl group 5 (CF6) is nearly ineffective. Therefore the synergy between hydrophobic and covalent interactions is critical for the peptide's incorporation into HBsAg particle. The results from LCF6 incorporation into different HBsAg 5 particles with variable oxidation state were compared. The lipopeptide is incubated with classical HBsAg particle (± 4 free SH groups/S monomer) , with more oxidized particles (1 free SH group/S monomer) , or with totally oxidized 10 particles (no free SH group; particles synthesized in CHO cells) . These results indicated that a disulfide bridge between LCF6 and S monomer stabilizes the peptide incorporation. The 15 ELISA for anti-HBsAg-LCF6 show decreasing coupling as a function of an increasing oxidation state of HBsAg particles. The existence of covalent linkage between LCF6 and HBsAg 20 particle is also demonstrated by analysis on SDS-PAGE. Bands at 26 and 50 Kd appear in non-reducing conditions. These bands correspond to the LCF6 peptide coupled to the S monomer and dimer. 25 In contrast, in reducing conditions, these bands disappear. B3. Example 3 : Incorporation of V 3 peptides into HBsAg particles 303.1. V 3 loop structure The peptide used represents the sequence from amino acid 310 to 328 (G. Larosa, Science 1990, 249-932) comprised in a disulfide bridged loop in the third variable region of the 35 external protein gρl20. Its conservation is over 80% in 9 out of 14 positions in the central portion and its predicted structural motif is of the type β strand-type II β turn-β strand-α helix. 5 The primary structure of the peptide can be represented by the following TYR THR ARG LYS SER ILE ARG ILE GLN ARG GLY PRO GLY ARG ALA PHE VAL THR ILE GLY 10 3.2. Synthesis The peptide is synthesized according to the Merrifield solid phase method, giving, after purification by reverse phase 15 hplc, a peptide of 97% purity. The peptide is homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration on TSK 2000 column. Its molecular weight is 2800. 203.3. Coupling strategy EMCS, (succinimidyl 6-maleimidyl hexanoate an heterofunctional crosslinker containing a primary amino reactive group N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and a thiol group 25 (maleimide) , was chosen. 3.3.1. Activation The V peptide contains one Lysine group which was activated 0 with EMCS for 30 min at 37°C, pH 7, in a 1:1 to 4:1 ratio. 3.3.2. Coupling to HBs After elimination of the excess of crosslinker on a G 10 5 column, HBsAg particles were added in a 1:1 ratio with the V 3 peptide. The reaction took place overnight at 37°C, pH 6.5 - 7.5. The conjugate obtained is purified from the unconjugated 5 peptide by gel filtration on HR 200 column. 3.3.3. Coupling efficiency As assayed by radioimmunoassay and ELISA, the coupling 10 efficiency was of 0.4 peptide coupled per HBs monomer, which is equivalent to 40 V 3 peptides per HBs particle or to 1 mg V 3 per 25 mg HBsAg. 15 Example C Antigen-Adjuvant preparations 1. V 3 HBsAg particles in oil water emulsion 20 The vehicle is prepared as follows. To phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.4% (v/v) Tween 80 is added 5% (v/v) Pluronic L121 and 10% squalane. This mixture is then microfluidized. For microfluidization, the emulsion is 25 cycled ten times through a microfluidizer (Model MHO Microfluidics Corp., Newton, Mass.). After five passes through the Microfluidizer, the resulting emulsion comprises only submicron particles. 50 μg 3D-MPL is then added to this emulsion. One volume of this emulsion containing 3D-MPL 30 is mixed with an equal volume of twice concentrated V 3 HBsAg and vortex briefly to ensure complete mixing of the components. The final preparation consists of 0.2% Tween 80, 2.5% Pluronic L121, 5% squalane, 50 μg 3D-MPL and 1 μg equivalent V 3 peptide (corresponding to 25 μg HBsAg) in a 35250 μl injection dose. 1.2 V HBsAg/Aluminium Hydroxyde plus 3D-MPL 1 μg equivalent V 3 is adsorbed overnight at 4°C on alum corresponding to 0.5 mg equivalents A1 J m 0.25 ml of 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.8. After overnight incubation, the adjuvant preparation is centrifuged and its supernatant removed. An equal volume of adsorption buffer containing 50 μg 3D-MPL is then added to the alum-bound HBsAg - V 3 peptide.

Claims: VACCINES Claims 51. An immunogenic hybrid polypeptide comprising a first polypeptide component (P ) which is HBsAg or a fragment thereof displaying the antigenicity of HBV surface antigen, covalently linked via a native sulphur atom in the first polypeptide component to a second polypeptide component 0 (P 2 ) . 2. A hybrid polypeptide of the formula P^S-X-P 2 5 in which P-^-S- is HBsAg or fragment thereof displaying the antigenicity of HBV surface antigen bonded via a native sulphur atom; 0 P 7 is a second antigenic polypeptide; and X is either: 5 a) a group -A-NH- wherein A is a spacer group and NH- is the residue of an amino group present in the side chain of an amino acid in P ; or optionally if P comprises a cysteine residue and a 0 hydrophobic anchor group: b) the sulphur atom of the cysteine residue in P . 3. A hybrid polypeptide as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein P^ 7 i ,s selected from, gD of Herpes Si .mplex Virus or a derivative thereof, gpl20 from HIV or a derivative thereof, the circumsporozoite antigen or derivative thereof. 4. • A hybrid polypeptide as claimed in claim 3 wherein P 2 5. A hybri .d polypeptide as claimed in claim 3 wherein P^ 7 is a peptide corresponding to the V 3 loop of HIV gpl20. 6. A hybrid polypeptide as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5 • 1 wherein F comprises all or part or parts of the HBs Ag precursor protein. 7. A hybrid polypeptide as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6 wherein p 1 is monomer of the particle. 8. A hybrid protein as claimed herein, wherein before fusion P is HBsAg-S-protem having one or more sulphydryl groups on its surface. 9. A hybrid protein as claimed herein wherein P is a part of a composite particle comprising at least two polypeptides corresponding to part or all of a protein having the biological activity of the hepatitis B surface antigen wherein the particle presents at least two antigenic determinants provided by the S-protein, pre S2-protein or pre Sl-protein, said particle optionally containing host specific lipids. 10. A hybrid protein as claimed in claim 9 wherein the composite particle maybe represented by L, S, wherein L is the large protein of HBsAg, including pre SI, pre S2 and S, and S is HBsAg S-protein. 11. A hybrid protein as claimed in claim 10, characterised is that the L protein comprises one or more of the following modifications in the following sequences: a sequence sensitive to protease digestion, a sequence necessary for myristylation, a sequence necessary for N-linked glycosylation, a sequence necessary for O-linked glycosylation, and a sequence necessary for binding of human serum albumin. 12. A hybrid protein as claimed in claim 10 or 11, wherein L is modified and has an amino acid sequence comprising residues 12-52, followed by 133-145, followed by residues 175-400 of the L-protein. 13. A hybrid protein as claimed in any of claims 2 to 12 wherein A is a substituted Q alkane or a linear polymer such as polyethylene glycol or a compound and S-CH 2 CH 2 CO- 14. A vaccine formulation comprising a hybrid protein as claimed in any of claims 1 to 13 in conjunction with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 15. A vaccine formulation as claimed in claim 14 further comprising de - 3 - 0 - acylated monophosphorylated lipid A (3D-MPL) in a suitable carrier. 16. A vaccine formulation as claimed herein comprising 3D- MPL and alum. 17. A vaccine formulation as claimed herein wherein the carrier is an oil in water emulsion. 18. A vaccine formulation as claimed in claim 18 wherein the oil in water emulsion comprising 3D-MPL, squalane, pluronic L - 121 and phosphate buffered saline. 19. A process for the preparation of a hybrid polypeptide of formula (I) : P 1 -S-X-P 2 (I) wherein P , P 2 and X are as defined in claim 2 which process comprises the steps of a) when X is an a g-roup -ANH-: l) reacting the second polypeptide P 7 with a compound of formula (II) : Y-A-B (II) wherein Y is a group capable of reacting with a native thiol group in the first polypeptide; B is a group which is specific for one or more amino acid side chains on the second polypeptide P 2 and A is as hereinabove defined; and thereafter ii) reacting the product with the first polypeptide P 1 -SH; or b) when X is S and P^ comprises a hydrophobic anchor group and a cysteine residue: i) mixing the first polypeptide and second polypeptide in aqueous solution; and ii) allowing an intermolecular disulphide bond between P 1 and P to form by spontaneous oxidation.

Inventors: BAIJOT MICHELLE, PRIEELS JEAN-PAUL, VAN WIJNENDALE FRANS, BAIJOT, MICHELLE, PRIEELS, JEAN-PAUL, VAN WIJNENDALE, FRANS
Applicants: SMITHKLINE BEECHAM BIOLOG, SMITHKLINE BEECHAM BIOLOGICALS (S.A.)
Application year: 1991
Main classification: A61K39
IPC codes: A61K39, A61P31, C07K1, C07K14, C07K19