Process for preparing a cerium oxide with high specific surface area

Abstract: A method of making a washcoat mixture for an automotive exhaust gas catalyst comprising preparing a high surface area ceric oxide having resistance to loss of surface area at automotive exhaust gas temperatures by treating a wet, solid cerium compound with an amount of acetic acid in excess of that required for stoichiometric conversion of said compound to cerium acetate and by calcining said acid-treated cerium compound at a temperature in excess of 350°C to form ceric oxide with a surface area of at least 80 m²/g.

Description: This invention relates to a method of making a washcoat mixture for a catalyst for use in the treatment of automotive internal combustion exhaust gases to reduce the content of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. For many years, automobiles have employed catalytic converters in the exhaust systems thereof for the treatment of combustion gases formed during the operation of the internal combustion engines thereof. These catalytic converters are employed to reduce the carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide contents of the exhaust. In most if not all instances, noble metal catalysts have been employed. Platinum, palladium and, more recently, rhodium have been dispersed on beads or pellets of gamma alumina or dispersed on micrometre-sized particles of an alumina washcoat on the surface of a suitable ceramic or metallic support body such as an extruded cordierite monolith. Although they are in short supply, the noble metals have been employed in these automotive applications because of their durability at the high temperatures of the exhaust gas and because of their resistance to poisoning by elements such as lead and phosphorus. Many base metals have previously been evaluated and found lacking in these critical characteristics. Various non-noble metal oxides such as the oxides of copper, chromium, nickel, vanadium, iron, zirconium, cobalt, molybdenum and tungsten have shown promising initial oxidation activity with synthetic exhaust mixtures in bench tests. However, they display much lower activity in realistic engine tests that tend to degrade the catalyst. A method in accordance with the present invention is characterised by the features specified in Claim 1. In accordance with a preferred practice of the present invention, this and other objects and advantages are accomplished by dispersing copper oxide on high surface area ceric oxide (CeO₂) support particles and mixing the copper oxide-impregnated ceric oxide (also referred to herein as ceria) with particles of alumina. It is preferable to use high surface area aluminas such as, e.g., transitional, chi, gamma, delta, and theta alumina, especially thermally-stable aluminas which retain a preponderance of the area thereof despite exposure to hot exhaust gases. This mixture of copper-bearing ceria and alumina can be mixed together by ball-milling and comminuted to micrometre size for application as a washcoat on the surface of a suitable catalytic converter support that defines the flow path of the exhaust gases to be treated. The washcoat catalytic materials may be employed on extruded ceramic monolithic honeycomb supports and on shaped metallic converter supports. Chromium, tin and/or manganese may also be applied with copper on the high surface area ceria. Chromium, tin and/or manganese may be applied to both the copper-bearing ceria and the alumina particles. Preferably, the chromium, tin and/or manganese is applied to the copper oxide/ceria-alumina washcoat mixture after that mixture has been applied to the converter support body. Suitable proportions for the washcoat material are as follows. Insofar as the carrier particles are concerned, it is preferable to use, based on a total of 100 parts by weight, 20 to 70 parts ceria (especially 50 to 70 parts ceria) and the balance alumina. On this same basis of a total of 100 parts of ceria plus alumina carrier particles, it is preferable to use 1 to 15 parts of copper, which is on the ceria particles only. As noted above, optionally chromium, tin and/or manganese may be applied to the ceria or alumina or to both the ceria and alumina. Chromium is preferably used in amounts of 1 to 10 parts and tin or manganese in amounts of 1 to 25 parts total. In general, it is preferable to use only one of tin or manganese. Of course, once the copper, chromium, tin and/or manganese have been applied to these carriers and calcined as will be described below, these materials are present as their respective oxides. However, the proportions expressed above for the metals are in terms of the metals, not the oxides thereof. The invention and how it may be performed are hereinafter particularly described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a plot of exhaust gas constituent conversion efficiency vs. air-to-fuel ratio for a fresh copper oxide on ceria with alumina catalyst. Figure 2 is a plot like that of Figure 1 for the catalyst of Figure 1 after it has been aged at 950°C for four hours. Figure 3 is a plot like that of Figure 1 for a fresh copper oxide and chromium oxide on ceria with alumina catalyst of our invention. Figure 4 is a plot like that of Figure 3 for the catalyst of Figure 3 after it has been aged at 950°C for four hours. A high surface area cerium oxide is an important component of the catalyst composition, and a novel method of preparing such a cerium oxide compound has been developed, so that the cerium oxide compound is relatively thermally stable and retains usable surface area despite prolonged exposure to oxygen and other exhaust constituents at elevated temperatures. It is preferable to prepare the high surface area cerium oxide from a wet cerium carbonate (about 35 percent by weight water) by first heating the carbonate with acetic acid and calcining the product (presumably cerium acetate) in air to obtain a ceria with a BET surface area of approximately 80 to 100 metres²/gram. Example of the Preparation of High Surface Area Cerium Oxide Three thousand grams of wet, solid Ce₂(CO₃)₃ (about 35 percent water) was reacted with 1569 grams of glacial acetic acid. This amount of acetic acid represented an excess over the stoichiometric amount required to convert the cerium carbonate to cerium acetate. Carbon dioxide was evolved. The resulting product (cerium acetate) was dried and calcined at about 425°C for about two hours in a stream of air flowing at a rate of about 30 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). A thermally-stable, high surface area (HSA) ceric oxide was produced. Ceric oxides prepared by this method typically have BET surface areas in the range of 80 to 100 m²/g. Preferably, a ceric oxide with a surface area in excess of 80 m²/g is obtained. The inventors were interested in determining how the surface area of such a ceric oxide was affected by heating in air at 950°C for four hours. The inventors view such a heating schedule as useful in assessing the performance of automotive exhaust treatment catalytic materials in resisting thermal degradation. It was found that, after exposure at 950°C in air for four hours, the calcined acetate-based ceric oxide retained a BET surface area of 12 to 16 m²/g. Although considerable surface area is lost by such heating, the residual area remaining is very useful in providing durability in the catalyst. It is recognized that other forms of ceric oxide can be prepared by the calcination of other cerium compounds. However, these other forms have not retained as much of their surface area in such thermal-aging tests. Representative ceric oxides have been prepared by the following steps: (a) calcining cerium carbonate in air at 425°C to CeO₂; (b) calcining wet cerium nitrate to CeO₂ at 425°C; and (c) converting ceric nitrate to ceric citrate and then calcining the ceric citrate to ceric oxide at 425°C. The cerium carbonate-based ceric oxide had an initial BET surface area of 60 to 70 m²/g, but upon heating at 950°C for four hours, its effective surface area fell to about 1.5 m²/g. The cerium nitrate-based ceric oxide had an initial BET surface area of 50 to 60 m²/g and its surface area diminished to 6 m²/g after the heating schedule at 950°C. The ceric citrate-based ceric oxide had an initial surface area of 60 to 70 m²/g and a post-950°C heating regimen surface area of about 6 m²/g. This cerium acetate-based ceria has application in catalytic washcoats for automotive exhaust treatment apart from the base metal catalyst. Calcined HSA CeO₂ (from cerium acetate) may be wet-milled with gamma-alumina and the milled mixture applied as a washcoat on monolithic substrates for noble metals. For example, a mixture of about, by weight, 8 parts cerium acetate, 20 parts calcined cerium acetate (HSA ceria) and 72 parts gamma-alumina can be wet-milled (in water plus a small amount of nitric acid) to a suitable consistency and particle size and coated as a washcoat on a ceramic or metallic substrate. After drying and calcining, the HSA ceria-gamma-alumina particle washcoat can be impregnated with a suitable solution of noble metal(s) and again dried and calcined to make a very effective and durable catalyst for exhaust treatment. However, in the base metal catalyst the HSA ceria is used as follows. It is preferable to use the acetate-based ceric oxide because it contributes markedly improved thermal stability to the base metal catalyst. Example 1 This example illustrates the preparation and evaluation of copper oxide-coated ceric oxide mixed with alumina. Seven hundred and seventy grams of HSA CeO₂ particles (prepared from cerium acetate as described above) were tumbled and sprayed with a solution of 532 grams of Cu(NO₃)₂.3H₂O (140 grams of copper) in 600 ml of water. This practice was executed so that the copper nitrate was uniformly mixed with and applied to the ceria. The resultant product was dried and calcined in a calcining furnace for two hours at about 425°C and the copper nitrate converted to copper oxide. Four hundred and sixty-five grams of this CuO-CeO₂ powder and 592 ml of water were wet-milled in a mill jar for two hours. To the mill were then added 233 grams gamma-alumina, 37 grams alumina hydrate (Al₂O₃.H₂O) and about 10 grams nitric acid. Ball-milling was continued for an additional four hours. At this point, the particle size of the mixture was in the range of 1 to 2 micrometres. The resultant milled slurry was used to washcoat an extruded and calcined 1393 cm³ (85 in³) cordierite monolith substrate. The slurry was poured downwardly through the longitudinal passages of the substrate and air was subsequently drawn into the passages to provide uniform coating thickness of slurry on the walls of the passages and to remove any excess material therefrom. The washcoated monolith was then dried and calcined at 425°C for one hour. The total washcoat adhered on the monolith was 225 grams, and the washcoat consisted essentially of, by weight, 53.1 percent HSA CeO₂, 9.8 percent CuO and 37.0 percent gamma-Al₂O₃. This composition contains about 8.7 parts copper per 100 parts ceria plus alumina. Of course, the CuO was dispersed on the CeO₂ and the Al₂O₃ was essentially uncoated. In this composition, the Al₂O₃ provides or improves adherence, integrity and durability to the thin washcoat coating on the cordierite monolith substrate. The base metal washcoat substrate is now ready for evaluation in an automotive exhaust gas stream. The coated monolith was placed inside a suitable stainless steel converter container and connected to the exhaust pipe of a 1.8 litre four cylinder internal combustion engine driving a water brake dynamometer. It has been the experience of the automotive industry that the treatment of automotive exhaust gas by noble metal catalysts is more effective when the ratio of the mass of air to the mass of fuel delivered to the engine is periodically varied about its stoichiometric value (about 14.6 parts air to 1 part fuel). Such cyclic variation of the engine air-to-fuel ratio makes catalytic conversion of each of HC, CO and NO x more effective because HC and CO conversion is favoured by the presence of oxygen in the exhaust resulting from lean-fuel engine operation, and the conversion of NO x is favoured by an oxygen-deficient exhaust that results from fuel-rich engine operation. As stated above, noble metal three-way catalysts perform well with such cyclic engine operation tests. Base metal catalysts do not respond as rapidly as platinum group metals to changes in exhaust compositions. However, the new base metal catalysts have been tested in this manner because the sweep test is a recognized catalyst evaluation test. In this sweep test evaluation, the air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) was cycled or perturbed at a frequency of 1 Hertz from an A/F of 1/2 unit lean of the A/F value of interest to an A/F of 1/2 unit rich of such a unit. The exhaust gas temperature was maintained at about 482°C during these tests. Thus, for example, when the efficiency of the converter was determined for each of HC, CO and NO x at an average A/F ratio of 15.1, the A/F ratio of the engine was actually cycled between A/F ratios of 14.6 and 15.6 each second. The exhaust gas composition was measured instrumentally by conventional means and the values recorded. Such measurements were made for the catalysts of the invention in the fresh condition for A/F ratios varying from 14.1 to 15.1, i.e., from +0.5 to -0.5 of the stoichiometric A/F ratio of 14.6. A plot of the data obtained is reproduced in Figure 1 with an A/F ratio indicated on the X axis and the efficiency of conversion of the indicated contaminant on the Y axis. It is seen that the converter operates most efficiently in the conversion of all of HC, CO and NO x when the engine is operated close to its stoichiometric A/F ratio of 14.6. This is common with automotive exhaust treatment catalysts, and, as is seen in Figure 1, the efficiency of the base metal system of the invention prepared in this example was 76 percent for HC (curve 10), 97 percent for CO (curve 12) and 2 percent for NO x (curve 14). The catalyst was then aged by actual engine operation for 200 hours with an exhaust temperature of about 480°C. After such extended engine operation, measurements of the efficiency of the catalyst were again made in exactly the same manner as described above over a range of A/F ratios from 1/2 an A/F ratio unit rich of stoichiometric to a value 1/2 unit lean of stoichiometric. The efficiency of the engine-aged converters was 50 percent for HC, 58 percent for CO and 2 percent for NO x at the stoichiometric A/F ratio. A like copper oxide on ceric oxide and alumina particle mixture was applied to another cordierite monolith, and the monolith was tested in its fresh condition and after a thermal aging treatment that consisted of heating the monolith in air for four hours at 950°C. In this instance, the conversion efficiencies of the fresh catalyst for HC, CO and NO x were the same as those reported above whilst the efficiencies of the converter after this 950°C aging process as determined in the sweep test were (see Figure 2) 45 percent for HC (curve 16), 65 percent for CO (curve 18) and 2 percent for NO x (curve 20), respectively. The CuO on ceria-alumina particulate catalytic coating material is viewed as the basic material. It has been found that suitable additions of the oxide(s) of one or more of chromium, tin and manganese contribute substantially to the performance of the particulate base metal catalyst. This is illustrated in the following examples. Example 2 This example illustrates the preparation of a catalyst consisting of copper oxide-coated high surface area ceric oxide particles with alumina particles where the ceric oxide particles also carry chromium oxide. Three hundred and eighty grams of hydrated cupric nitrate [Cu(NO₃)₃.H₂O] (equivalent to 100 grams copper) and 385 grams hydrated chromic nitrate [Cr(NO₃)₃.9 H₂O] (50 grams of chromium) were dissolved in water to make 660 ml of solution. This solution was sprayed onto 825 grams of a high surface area ceric oxide prepared in accordance with the procedure specified above. As the solution was sprayed onto the ceric oxide, the particulate oxide material was tumbled so that the solution was thoroughly mixed with it. The wet mixture was dried and then calcined at 427°C for two hours. A ball-mill batch containing 531 grams of the Cu-Cr-CeO₂ powder and 813 ml of water was milled for two hours. To the mill were then added 225 grams gamma-alumina, 32 grams alumina hydrate and 10 ml nitric acid. Ball-milling was continued for an additional four hours. The nominal particle size of the mixture obtained was 1 to 2 micrometres. The resultant milled slurry was used to washcoat a 1395 cm³ (85 cubic inch)-extruded cordierite monolith substrate as described in Example 1. The washcoated monolith was dried and calcined at about 425°C for one hour. The washcoat layer weighed about 250 grams and contained by weight 56.4 percent ceric oxide, 31.8 percent gamma-alumina, 6.8 percent copper oxide, and 5 percent chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃). A second cordierite monolith was coated with the same washcoat material in the same way. As in Example 1, the coated monolith was placed inside a stainless steel converter container material and connected to the exhaust pipe of a 1.8 litre four cylinder internal combustion engine driving a water brake dynamometer. The catalyst was evaluated utilizing the sweep test over a range of air-to-fuel ratios as described fully in Example 1 above. During the test, the exhaust gas temperature was maintained at about 482°C. It was found that the efficiency of the copper oxide-chromium oxide on ceria with alumina catalyst for hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and nitric oxides was respectively 90 percent for HC (see curve 22, Figure 3), 98 percent for CO (curve 24, Figure 3) and 16 percent for NOx (curve 26, Figure 3). These efficiencies were the values obtained at an average air-fuel mass ratio of 14.6 to 1 (stoichiometric) during the sweep test in which the operating air-fuel ratio was varied from 1/2 unit lean of stoichiometric through stoichiometric to 1/2 unit rich at a frequency of 1 Hertz. The second monolith bearing the washcoat catalyst layer of the invention was thermally aged at 950°C for four hours. The thermally-aged monolith was then evaluated using the same practice set forth above. It was found that the efficiency of the aged catalyst at the stoichiometric fuel ratio for HC was 58 percent (curve 28, Figure 4), for CO was 93 percent (curve 30, Figure 4) and for NOx was 16 percent (curve 32, Figure 4). It is seen that the base metal particulate support mixture does a very good job of retaining its conversion efficiency, especially for oxidizing exhaust gas constituents even after prolonged high temperature exposure. Manganese oxide and/or tin oxide are also useful in combination with copper oxide. Tin and manganese may be incorporated into the catalyst through the use of suitable water-soluble compounds such as stannic or stannous chloride, stannous sulphate, manganous chloride or manganous sulphate. As with the addition of chromium, three suitable practices are envisioned for the incorporation of these elements into the catalysts of the invention. First, the chromium or tin or manganese solution may be mixed with a solution of copper nitrate and simultaneously impregnated on the cerium oxide. The cerium oxide and the absorbed metal salts are calcined to fix the metals as their respective oxides to the cerium oxide. This calcined material is then mixed with alumina as described above and the mixture applied as a washcoat slurry to the ceramic or metallic substrate. In this practice the copper oxide and chromium oxide, or copper oxide and tin oxide, or copper oxide and manganese oxide are both carried only on the ceric oxide in the mixture with aluminium oxide. In a second suitable approach, the chromium, tin or manganese compound solution can be added to the copper oxide/cerium oxide calcined material as it is being mixed with aluminium oxide particles to make a washcoat slurry. The resulting slurry is milled and the ceramic or metallic monolith coated with it to make the desired catalyst body. In this practice, the copper oxide is applied solely on the cerium oxide whilst the chromium oxide or manganese oxide or tin oxide is distributed over both the cerium oxide and the aluminium oxide. In a third suitable practice, a washcoat containing copper oxide on ceria with mixed alumina particles is first formed on the support body. A solution of the chromium or manganese or tin compound is then impregnated onto the washcoat layer and calcined to form the respective oxide. A suitable range of tin or manganese is 1 to 25 parts by weight based on a total of 100 parts of ceria plus gamma-alumina. On the same basis, a suitable range of chromium is 1 to 10 parts. In general, it is preferable to add the chromium or manganese or tin to a previously formed and calcined washcoat. This means that the washcoated substrate must be calcined again after post-impregnation with the Cr, Sn or Mn. However, this practice often produces a more effective catalytic washcoat. Whilst mixtures of chromium and/or tin and/or manganese compounds may be applied, it is generally suitable and preferable to use just one of these three additional base metals in the catalyst mixture. Example 3 Copper-manganese and copper-tin washcoat materials have been prepared and evaluated in accordance with the practices described above. They have been formed on both ceramic and metal monoliths and tested in converters on operating internal combustion engines as described above. In the following examples, the converters were evaluated in a sweep test after thermal aging at 950°C for four hours. A washcoat was formed on a ceramic monolith as is described above wherein the washcoat contained by weight 4 percent copper (as copper oxide), 5 percent manganese (as manganese oxide), 55 percent ceric oxide and the balance gamma-alumina. The copper oxide had been applied solely to the ceria and the manganese was distributed over both the ceria and the alumina. Following the four hour thermal-aging test described above, a carbon monoxide conversion efficiency of 95 percent was obtained and a hydrocarbon conversion efficiency of 55 percent was obtained. These results demonstrate the ability of the washcoat mixture to retain good carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon efficiency despite exposure to high-temperature conditions. In a like fashion, the following tin-containing washcoat material was prepared and evaluated. The washcoat composition consisted by weight of 4 percent copper, 55 percent ceria, 5 percent tin and the balance a high-temperature stable gamma-alumina containing about 1 to 2 mole percent lanthanum oxide. After exposure to the thermal-aging test, this catalyst demonstrated a conversion efficiency for carbon monoxide of 97 percent and for hydrocarbons of 50 percent. This washcoat material had been applied to a ceramic support. Example 4 In the following tests, a representative group of the catalysts is illustrated as evaluated by exposure in a rapid aging test followed by testing in accordance with the well-known U.S. Federal Test Procedure (FTP). Ten 1393 cm³ (85 in³) cordierite monolith substrates were prepared with the base metal catalytic washcoats. Two of the monoliths were prepared with substantially identical washcoats consisting of, by weight, 4 percent copper (as copper oxide), 55 percent HSA CeO₂, and the balance gamma alumina. This washcoat was prepared as described in Example 1 and, of course, all of the copper oxide was dispersed as extremely fine particles on the HSA CeO₂. Another set of two monoliths carried a similar washcoat consisting of, by weight, 10 percent copper (as copper oxide), 55 percent HSA CeO₂, and the balance gamma-alumina. A third set of two monoliths were prepared with substantially identical washcoats consisting essentially of, by weight, 6.6 percent Cu (as CuO), 3.3 percent Cr (as Cr₂O₃), 55 percent HSA CeO₂, and the balance gamma-alumina. In this example, a washcoat of CuO/CeO₂ plus gamma-Al₂O₃ particles was first formed on the substrates. The calcined washcoats were then (post-) impregnated with an aqueous chromium solution and re-calcined to form the final washcoats with the chromium oxide dispersed on both the alumina particles and the copper oxide-bearing ceria particles. A fourth set of two monoliths was prepared with washcoats consisting essentially of 4 percent Cu (as CuO), 5 percent Sn (as SnO), 55 percent HSA CeO₂, and the balance gamma-alumina. A fifth set of monoliths was washcoated with 2 percent Cu (as CuO), 2 percent Mn (as oxide), 55 percent HSA CeO₂, and the balance gamma-alumina. The tin and manganese oxide-containing substrates were prepared by the post-impregnation of a CuO/CeO₂-gamma-Al₂O₃ washcoat as was described in the preparation of the chromium oxide-containing washcoat. One of each of the five base metal washcoated monoliths was placed in a stainless steel converter container and connected to the exhaust pipe of a 1.8 litre, four cylinder internal combustion engine driving a water brake dynamometer. Each unit was first continually exposed to exhaust gases for 75 hours with the engine operating at high temperatures, high RPM and high load. This is a very severe test known as a rapid aging test (RAT). Each engine-catalytic converter unit was then operated through the FTP cycle and the overall conversion efficiencies of the converters for HC and CO measured. The data are summarized in the table below and characterized as "Normal FTP". A second set of five base metal washcoated monoliths was placed in stainless steel converters and subjected to the same RAT-FTP tests as described in the above paragraph except that, during the FTP test, each converter was moved about 0.61 metres (two feet) closer to the exhaust manifold. Thus, this set of catalysts operated at several hundred degrees of temperature hotter than the catalysts in the "Normal FTP" tests. The data for this second set of tests is summarized in the table and characterized as "Close Coupled FTP". It is likely that base metal automotive exhaust catalysts would be positioned closer to the engine than are present noble metal converters. In general, higher conversion efficiencies were obtained for all of HC, CO and NOx with the tin-or manganese-containing catalysts. In general, washcoat materials as described herein display more conversion efficiency when carried on a metallic support as opposed to a ceramic support. However, other considerations may indicate the use of a ceramic support. Various examples have been demonstrated of the preparation, evaluation and effectiveness of catalytic washcoat mixtures. In general, it is preferable that the oxide carrier portion of the washcoat material consist essentially of 20 to 70 parts (especially 50 to 70 parts) ceric oxide and 30 to 80 parts high surface area, thermally-stable alumina, the total being 100 parts by weight. Based on 100 parts of ceria plus alumina, it is preferable to use 1 to 15 parts of copper on the ceria particles only and optionally 1 to 10 parts of chromium or 1 to 25 parts of tin or manganese. The chromium, tin or manganese may be used in combination with one another but are preferably used alone. Whilst the copper is applied only to the ceria, the chromium, tin or manganese may be applied to either the ceria or to the alumina or to both. Obviously, once the washcoat material has been applied to a ceramic or metallic support and calcined, the copper and additional metallic elements will be in the form of their respective oxides. Preferably, the maximum particle size of the washcoat material is no greater than about 5 micrometres.

Claims: A method of making a washcoat mixture for an automotive exhaust gas catalyst comprising preparing a high surface area ceric oxide having resistance to loss of surface area at automotive exhaust gas temperatures by treating a wet, solid cerium compound with an amount of acetic acid in excess of that required for stoichiometric conversion of said compound to cerium acetate and by calcining said acid-treated cerium compound at a temperature in excess of 350°C to form ceric oxide with a surface area of at least 80 m²/g. A method according to claim 1, further comprising wet-milling a mixture comprising the ceric oxide particles and high surface area alumina particles to obtain a slurry of a desired consistency and particle size, and then applying the wet slurry as a uniform thin coating to a monolithic-type substrate. A method according to claim 2, in which finely-divided CuO particles are dispersed on the ceric oxide particles prior to the wet-milling of the ceric oxide with the alumina. A method according to claim 2 or claim 3, in which the slurry-coated substrate is dried and calcined to form an adherent washcoat layer of a particulate mixture of ceric oxide and alumina and the adherent washcoat layer is subsequently impregnated with a solution of a compound of an automotive exhaust gas catalyst.

Inventors: BEDFORD RAYMOND EARL, LABARGE WILLIAM JOHN, BEDFORD, RAYMOND EARL, LABARGE, WILLIAM JOHN
Applicants: GEN MOTORS CORP, GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
Application year: 1991
Main classification: B01J23
IPC codes: B01J37, B01D53