Improved surfacing alloy for moulds

Abstract: An improved nickel-boron-silicon surfacing alloy containing an effective amount of phosphorous. Alloys of the present invention comprise: from about 0.20% to about 2.0% boron; from about 1.0% to about 5.0% silicon; and from about 0.5% to about 4.5% phosphorous. Also disclosed is a method of manufacture of the alloy and a method for coating of a metal substrate with the surfacing alloy.

Description: The present invention relates to hard surface coatings. More particularly, the present invention relates to hard surface coatings for wear surfaces of moulds used in extremely harsh environments, such as glass mould parts used in the glass making industry. With costs of raw materials continually rising, there has been increasing emphasis in increasing the longevity of parts prone to wear. This increase in longevity has been successfully accomplished in the past through the use of surfacing alloys to provide increasingly wear resistant parts and also to allow repair of worn surfaces, where that is cost effective, rather than replacement of worn parts. Surfacing alloys have been utilized with great success to cost effectively rebuild wear surfaces on parts and to provide superior wear and corrosion resistant surfaces on cheaper base alloys for new parts. Surfacing alloys have found particularly favorable use in the glass moulding industry, because of the high temperature corrosive environment and cost conscious production requirements. Thus, surfacing alloys such as Colmonoy® Nos. 4,5,6,21,22,23,24,43,72 and Wallex® Nos. 40 and 50 available from the present applicants, have been useful under these conditions. While these and other surfacing alloys have found much success in many applications, the increasing competitiveness in the glass industry has presented new challenges for formulating new surfacing alloys with improved wearability and workability. Nickel-boron-silicon alloys have seen some favourable consideration for use as surfacing alloys. While nickel, silicon and boron alloys have been recognised as being extremely bard and having high temperature corrosion resistance, these alloys have certain drawbacks. Such alloys may produce borosllicate glass products during the application of the alloy. This may give rise to defects in for example glass containers made using mould equipment hardsurfaced with such an alloy. Further a lower melting point alloy offers advantages in applying such an alloy to substrates which are commonly hardfaced. Thus these drawbacks have resulted in a problem for commercialisation of such an alloy. Because of these problems such alloys have not found entirely favourable use as surfacing alloys. It is therefore an aim of the present invention to alleviate many of the problems highlighted above. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a wear-resistant hard surface coating on a mould substrate, the surface coating having been formed by application to the substrate of a nickel-based alloy comprising boron in an amount of from 0.2% to 2.0% by weight, silicon in an amount of from 1.0% to 5.0% by weight, and phosphorus in an amount from 0.5%. to 4,5% by weight, with the balance being substantally nickel and incidental impurities, the coating having multiple phases including: a primary dendrite phase; a granular interdendritic phase; and a low melting temperature interdendritic phase and a secondary eutectic interdendritic phase. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided the use of a substrate incorporating a wear-resistant hard surface coating to prepare a mould, the surface coating having been formed by application to a substrate of a nickel-based alloy comprising boron in an amount of from 0.2% to 2.0% by weight, silicon in an amount of from 1.0% to 5.0% by weight, and phosphorous in an amount of from 0.5 to 4.5% by weight, with the balance being substantially nickel and incidental impurities, the coating having multiple phases including: a primary dendrite phase; a granular interdendritic phase; and a low melting temperature interdendritic phase which further comprises a major interdendritic phase and a secondary eutectic interdendritic phase. The constituents of the alloy used according to the present invention can be varied in their ratios to produce fileable alloys which may be useful in repair type applications. Such alloys generally have a hardness of from about 13 to about 21 on the Rockwell C scale. Original manufacture service alloys which are machinable can also be produced in hardness ranges of from about 22 to about 33 on the Rockwell C scale. Additional understanding of the present invention, including further benefits and advantages, will become apparent from the subsequent description of the preferred embodiments and the appended claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and examples wherein all percentages are percentages by weight unless otherwise indicated. The alloy used according to the invention is a nickel based alloy. The nickel constituent may be obtained from any number of known nickel sources as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. In the present invention it is preferred that a nickel raw material of pure nickel pellets such as that obtained from INCO International Co. of Saddle Brook, New Jersey be utilized. However, other suitable pure nickel raw materials such as those available from Falconbridge Parkans of Houston, Texas may be used. Additionally, part of the nickel constituent may be obtained during the addition of the nickel containing material which includes the boron or phosphorus constituents, during the manufacture process of the alloy. The boron constituent is primarily incorporated into the coating by additions of nickel boron during manufacture of the present coating. The boron constituent acts as a melting point depressent and also a flux in the coating composition. Suitable nickel boron compositions include low carbon nickel boron materials obtained from Shield Alloy, S. Holland, Illinois or SKW Metals & Alloys of Niagara Falls, New York. The silicon constituent may be incorporated in the coating by utilization of silicon materials obtained from Elkem Metals Co. of Marietta, Ohio. The silicon constituent of the present coating acts to depress the melting point and adds oxidation resistance to the coating of the present invention. The use of phosphorus in the present invention in the ranges cited is critical to provide the novel coatings of the present invention. The phosphorus utilized in the present invention may be in the form of a BNI-6 braze material such as a Wall Colmonoy, Nicrobraz® 10 constituent which includes a nominal composition of 11% phosphorus, and a maximum of 0.06% carbon, with the balance being nickel. The phosphorus content provides an initial low melt phase to the coating which improves the property of cold wetting of substrates such as aluminium bronze and cast iron. The phosphorus also acts as a flux. It is a critical constituent of the present invention in that it substantially eliminates the formation of borosilicates in the coating. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the phosphorus, having a greater affinity for oxygen than either silicon or boron, acts to inhibit the formation of oxides of silicon and boron which are the predecessors of the borosilicates. Thus, by the addition of phosphorus in the ranges recited, undesirable borosilicate formation is substantially lowered. The alloys used for forming coatings according to the present invention may be formulated in powder form or in rod or ingot form. Suitable coating application systems include puddle torches such as the Wall Colmonoy Corporation Fusewelder™ type puddle torch or Wall Colmonoy Corporation Spraywelder™ type thermal spray applicators, known in the art, which utilize surfacing alloys in powder form to coat a substrate with a surfacing alloy. Thus, coatings according to the present invention may be applied with conventional powder alloy applications technology on substrate metals. Whatever the form in which the alloys of the present invention are utilized the process of manufacture, to provide suitable alloys, is critical in the present invention. In accordance with the process of producing these alloys, there are the following steps. In the first step an initial melt mixture of a nickel and nickel boron is accomplished by first placing one third of the raw nickel composition in a suitable furnace as a first layer. Secondly, the entire amount of nickel boron to be used in the particular alloy, in accordance with the above guidelines, is added to the furnace for covering the first layer. Thereafter, the remaining portion of the raw nickel is utilized to cover and substantially surround the nickel boron layer. The above mixture of material is then melted and alloyed completely. Thereafter, the phosphorus in the form of Nicrobraz® 10 is added to the molten pool and alloyed. Finally, the addition of silicon to the molten alloy is accomplished. Preferably, the entire melt is heated to a temperature of about 2,550°F (about 1440°C) prior to pouring or atomizing of the alloy. After melting in this manner the material may be cast into rods or ingots or formed into a powder by utilizing an inert gas rapid solidification atomization nozzle, such as a Krupp 4A nozzle. Typical particle sizes of the powdered particle form of the present invention range from about 140 mesh to about 400 mesh 0.1 to 0.037 mm with preferred sizes being from about 170 mesh to about 325 mesh 0.088 to 0.044 mm. A preferred powdered product is a uniform pre-alloyed powder produced in accordance with the aforementioned process which has the following screen analysis: -120 mesh-100%; + 140 mesh-trace; + 170 mesh-1.5% maximum; +325 mesh-65.0% max; and -325 mesh-35.0% to 45.0% (preferably 40%). While the broad ranges of constituents set forth above are critical to the present invention, adjustments within these ranges, to vary the ratios of the particular constituents, will produce varying hardness surfacing alloys which retain the same desirable alloyed structure which is shown in Fig. 2 and set forth in more detail below. Such alloys are suitable in one class as a repair surfacing alloy or in another class as an original equipment surfacing alloy. The repair class surfacing alloys are designed such that they readily wet cold substrates and are easy to work by hand files and the like. In the original equipment type surfacing alloys the hardness may be of a greater magnitude since conventional milling equipment may be utilized in shops or the like during manufacture of these parts. In accordance with the compositional aspects of repair alloys, suitable repair alloys will have the following constituent ranges: from about 94.55% to about 95.75% nickel; from about 0.45% to about 0.75% boron; from about 2.0% to about 2.4% silicon; and from about 1.8% to about 2.1% phosphorous. The major interdendritic phase preferably has a melting temperature of from 1,520°F to 1,560°F (about 825°C to 850°C). Preferably, the secondary eutectic interdendritic phase has a melting temperature of from 1,610°F to 1,650°F (about 875°C to 900°C). Preferably, the primary dendrite phase has a melting temperature of from 2,205°F to 2,255°F (about 1207°C to 1235°C). Preferably, the granular phase has a melting temperature of from 1,730°F to 1,770°F (about 943°C to 966°C). Preferably, the first melt phase of about 1,540°F (about 838°C) and the second melt phase of about 1,630°F (about 888°C) give the alloys forming the present coatings a relatively low initial melting temperature which provides improved wetting of a cold substrate surface. A third melt phase typically occurs at about 1,750°F (about 954°C) and a fourth melt phase typically occurs at about 2,235°F (about 1224°C). Thus, the alloy used to form a coating according to the invention differs from most surfacing alloys which generally have only two melting phases which are higher than the lowest temperature melting phase of the alloy used according to the present invention. The substrate is typically aluminium bronze, cast iron, carbon, steel, stainless steel or nickel; the coating may in some embodiments be a repair surfacing alloy. The alloy is preferably braze bonded to the substrate by utilizing an alloyed material comprising from 0.5 % to 4.5% by weight of a phosphorus constituent wherein the low melting temperature interdendritic phase includes from 9% to 12% by weight phosphorus. The invention is illustrated by reference to the attached Figures, which are given by way of example only, wherein: Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a glass mould having a surfacing coating of the present invention; and Fig. 2 is a photomicrograph of a surfacing coating of the present invention magnified one thousand times showing the surface qualities thereof. Referring to Fig. 1, there is shown a typical finishing bottle glass mould 10 which has a surface coating 12 of the present invention braze bonded to an aluminium bronze substrate 11. Typical constructions of such glass mould parts are made of an aluminium bronze material. Fig. 2 is a photograph of the surface coating 12. Referring now to Pig. 2, it will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that the alloys employed produce non-porous well levelled surfaces when braze bonded to aluminium bronze substrates. The coatings of the present invention have a novel structure as follows. The coating 12 includes three major phases and one minor phase. The major phases include a primary dendrite phase 14, a black (etched) interdendritic phase 16 which is granular in nature and an interdendritic phase 18 which is lighter in appearance, A lesser, lighter appearing interdendritic phase 20, which is eutectic in nature, is also notable in the coatings of the present invention. A typical chemistry of each of these phases is set forth in Table A below. Phase No. Average Weight % Boron Si P Ni Melting Temp. 14 1.3 2.7 0.2 Rem 2,235°F 16 3.75 0.2 0.7 Rem 1,750°F 18 0.3 4.85 11.11 Rem 1,540°F 20 0.2 0.8 11.63 Rem 1,630°F While the above chemistry is typical of applied surfacing alloys of the present invention, the key to the effectiveness of the present invention lies in the lighter appearing interdendritic phase 18 having a melting point of typically from about 1,520°F to about 1,560°F and the lesser lighter appearing eutectic phase 20 having melting temperatures typically from about 1,610°F to about 1,650°F. These phases comprise the low melting point high phosphorous containing phases of the present invention. These phases carry the prime concentrations of phosphorous ranging from about 9% to about 12% in each of the phases 18 and 20. These initial low melting 18 and 20 phases provide for initial effective wetting of and bonding to the aluminum bronze substrate 11. This allows good adhesion for the above-mentioned alloys therein. Also because of this lower melting phase it is not necessary to heat the substrate to temperatures formerly necessary for surfacing. Alloys of the present invention begin bonding with heated substrates at a temperature of about' 1,520°F whereas prior surfacing alloys required heating of substrates to temperatures of 1,850°F (about 1010°C) or more before bonding could occur. This is advantageous in that aluminum bronzes will tend to detrimentally oxidize above temperatures of 1,500°F (about 816°C). Thus, use of alloys of the present invention prevents rapid oxidation of aluminum bronze substrates at this crucial temperature range between 1,500°F and 1,850°F. Also, both time and energy are saved due to the lower application temperatures. The black etched phase 16 is a medium temperature melting phase. This phase typically melts at temperatures of from about 1,730°F (about 943°C) to about 1,770°F (about 966°C). The primary dendrite phase 14 is the high melting phase constituent melting typically at temperatures of about 2,205°F to about 2,255°F. While these basic phases are present in all of the alloys of the present invention the sizes of each phase will depend on the amount of each of the constituents which are included in a particular embodiment of the alloy. As the alloys range from the lower hardness to the higher hardness alloys the areas of the primary dendrite phase 14 become smaller and areas of the lighter interdendritic phase 18 and the minor eutectic type interdendritic phase 20 become larger. Also increasing is the number of black (etched) phases. The resulting alloyed surface is non-porous and very smooth. The alloys of the present invention produce substantially boro silicate-free surfacing coatings and are readily workable with conventional tools. Additionally, surfacing alloys of the present invention produce very aesthetically pleasing coatings in appearance. Surfacing alloys of the present invention are suitable for use as wear surface coatings on glass moulding industry parts such as plungers, guide sleeves, guide rings, finish moulds, preform blanks, baffles, blow heads, funnels and bottom plates. The surfacing alloys of the present invention will also prove beneficial in other applications where high temperature corrosion resistance, good wearability and aesthetics are desired in a surfacing alloy. Further understanding of the present invention will be had by reference to the following examples which are presented herein for purposes of illustration but not limitation. EXAMPLE I An alloy made in accordance with the present invention was accomplished as follows. The constituents set forth in Table I were weighted out to provide a 100 lb. charge as set forth therein. Element Aim% Charge% Weight(lbs.) B 0.20 0.25 1.3 lbs. (0.59 Kg) NiB@18%B Si 1.00 1.1 1.1 (0.5 Kg) P 0.20 0.20 1.8 lbs. (0.82 Kg) NiP@11%P Ni Bal Bal 95.8 (43.5 Kg) A zirconium oxide crucible in an INDUCTOTHERM® 100 lb. induction melt furnace was charged with a first layer of about 1/3 of the amount of pure nickel. The entire amount of nickel boron was then placed onto the layer of raw nickel. The nickel boron layer was then covered with the remaining amount of nickel. the furnace was heated to a temperature of 2,500°F (1371°C) for alloying of the metal. Once this melt was accomplished the BNi7 braze alloy was alloyed into the melt. Thereafter, the silicon component was alloyed into the melt. The alloyed melt was thereafter heated to a temperature of 2,550°F and poured into a rapid solidification inert gas atomization apparatus utilizing a Krupp 4a atomization nozzle. The alloy was atomized at 300-350 psi (2.07 x 10 6 - 2.41 x 10 6 Pa) at the nozzle and a uniform microstructure powder is produced. EXAMPLE II An alloy made in accordance with the present invention was accomplished as follows. The constituents set forth in Table II were weighted out to provide a 100 lb (45.4 Kg). charge as set forth therein. Element Aim% Charge% Weight(lbs.) B 0.55 0.65 3.61 lbs. (1.64 Kg) NiB@18%B Si 2.2 2.3 2.3 (1.04 Kg) P 1.9 1.9 17.27 lbs. (7.84 Kg) NiP@11%P Ni Bal Bal 76.82 (34.88 Kg) A zirconium oxide crucible in an INDUCTOTHERM® 100 lb. induction melt furnace was charged with a first layer of about 1/3 of the amount of pure nickel. The entire amount of nickel boron was then placed onto the layer of raw nickel. The nickel boron layer was then covered with the remaining amount of nickel. the furnace was heated to a temperature of 2,500°F for alloying of the metal. Once this melt was accomplished the BNi7 braze alloy was alloyed into the melt. Thereafter, the silicon component was alloyed into the melt. The alloyed melt was thereafter heated to a temperature of 2,550°F and poured into a rapid solidification inert gas atomization apparatus utilizing a Krupp 4a atomization nozzle. The alloy was atomized at 300-350 psi at the nozzle and a uniform microstructure powder is produced. EXAMPLE III An alloy made in accordance with the present invention was accomplished as follows. The constituents set forth in Table III were weighted out to provide a 100 lb. charge as set forth therein. Element Aim% Charge% Weight(lbs.) B 0.85 0.95 *5.2 lbs. (2.36 Kg) NiB@18%B Si 2.2 2.3 2.3 (1.04 Kg) P 1.9 1.9 17.27 lbs. (7.84 Kg) NiP@11%P Ni Bal Bal 75.23 (34.15 Kg) A zirconium oxide crucible in an INDUCTOTHERM® 100 lb. induction melt furnace was charged with a first layer of about 1/3 of the amount of pure nickel. The entire amount of nickel boron was then placed onto the layer of raw nickel. The nickel boron layer was then covered with the remaining amount of nickel. the furnace was heated to a temperature of 2,500°F for alloying of the metal. Once this melt was accomplished the BNi7 braze alloy was alloyed into the melt. Thereafter, the silicon component was alloyed into the melt. The alloyed melt was thereafter heated to a temperature of 2,550°F and poured into a rapid solidification inert gas atomization apparatus utilizing a Krupp 4a atomization nozzle. The alloy was atomized at 300-350 psi at the nozzle and a uniform microstructure powder is produced. EXAMPLE IV An alloy made in accordance with the present invention was accomplished as follows. The constituents set forth in Table IV were weighted out to provide a 100 lb. charge as set forth therein. Element Aim% Charge% Weight(lbs.) B 1.00 1.10 5.55 lbs. (2.52 Kg) NiB@18%B Si 2.50 2.60 2.60 (1.18 Kg) P 1.90 1.90 17.27 lbs. (7.84 Kg) NiP@11%P Ni Bal Bal Bal A zirconium oxide crucible in an INDUCTOTHERM® 100 lb. induction melt furnace was charged with a first layer of about 1/3 of the amount of pure nickel. The entire amount of nickel boron was then placed onto the layer of raw nickel. The nickel boron layer was then covered with the remaining amount of nickel. the furnace was heated to a temperature of 2,500°F for alloying of the metal. Once this melt was accomplished the BNi7 braze alloy was alloyed into the melt. Thereafter, the silicon component was alloyed into the melt. The alloyed melt was thereafter heated to a temperature of 2,550°F and poured into a rapid solidification inert gas atomization apparatus utilizing a Krupp 4a atomization nozzle. The alloy was atomized at 300-350 psi at the nozzle and a uniform microstructure powder is produced. EXAMPLE V An alloy made in accordance with the present invention was accomplished as follows. The constituents set forth in Table V were weighted out to provide a 100 lb. charge as set forth therein. Element Aim% Charge% Weight(lbs.) B 1.00 1.10 5.55 lbs. (2.52 Kg) NiB@18%B Si 3.70 3.80 3.80 (1.73 Kg) P 1.95 1.95 17.73 lbs. (8.05 Kg) NiP@11%P Ni Bal Bal 73.28 (33.27 Kg) A zirconium oxide crucible in an INDUCTOTHERM® 100 lb. induction melt furnace was charged with a first layer of about 1/3 of the amount of pure nickel. The entire amount of nickel boron was then placed onto the layer of raw nickel. The nickel boron layer was then covered with the remaining amount of nickel. the furnace was heated to a temperature of 2,500°F for alloying of the metal. Once this melt was accomplished the BNi7 braze alloy was alloyed into the- melt. Thereafter, the silicon component was alloyed into the melt. The alloyed melt was thereafter heated to a temperature of 2,550°F and poured into a rapid solidification inert gas atomization apparatus utilizing a Krupp 4a atomization nozzle. The alloy was atomized at 300-350 psi at the nozzle and a uniform microstructure powder is produced. EXAMPLE VI An alloy made in accordance with the present invention was accomplished as follows. The constituents set forth in Table 6 were weighted out to provide a 100 lb. charge as set forth therein. Element Aim% Charge% Weight(lbs.) B 2.0 2.15 11.9 lbs. (5.4 Kg) NiB@18%B Si 5.0 5.2 5.2 (2.36 Kg) P 3.0 3.0 27.27 lbs. (12.38 Kg) NiP@11%P Ni Bal Bal 55.63 (25.26 Kg) A zirconium oxide crucible in an INDUCTOTHERM® 100 lb. induction melt furnace was charged with a first layer of about 1/3 of the amount of pure nickel. The entire amount of nickel boron was then placed onto the layer of raw nickel. The nickel boron layer was then covered with the remaining amount of nickel. the furnace was heated to a temperature of 2,500°F for alloying of the metal. Once this melt was accomplished the BNi7 braze alloy was alloyed into the melt. Thereafter, the silicon component was alloyed into the melt. The alloyed melt was thereafter heated to a temperature of 2,550°F and poured into a rapid solidification inert gas atomization apparatus utilizing a Krupp 4a atomization nozzle. The alloy was atomized at 300-350 psi at the nozzle and a uniform microstructure powder is produced.

Claims: A wear-resistant hard surface coating on a mould substrate, the surface coating having been formed by application to a substrate of a nickel-based alloy comprising boron in an amount of from 0.2% to 2.0% by weight, silicon in an amount of from 1.0% to 5.0% by weight, and phosphorous in an amount of from 0.5 to 4.5% by weight, with the balance being substantially nickel and incidental impurities, the coating having multiple phases including: a primary dendrite phase; a granular interdendritic phase; and a low melting temperature interdendritic phase which further comprises a major interdendritic phase and a secondary eutectic interdendritic phase. A coated substrate as claimed in claim 1, wherein the major interdendritic phase has a melting temperature of from 1520°F (825°C) to 1560°F (850 °C). A coated substrate as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the secondary eutectic interdendritic phase has a melting temperature of from 1610°F (875°C) to 1650°F (900 °C). A coated substrate as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the primary dendrite phase has a melting temperature of from 2205°F (1207°C) to 2255°F (1235°C). A coated substrate as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the granular phase has a melting temperature of from 1730°F (943°C) to 1770°F (966°C). A coated substrate as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the substrate is selected from aluminium bronze, cast iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, or nickel. A coated substrate as claimed in claim 6, wherein the coating is formed by braze bonding to the substrate by utilising an alloyed material comprising from 0.5% to 4.5% by weight of a phosphorus such that the low melting temperature interdendritic phase includes from 9% to 12% by weight of phosphorus. A coated substrate as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein bonding of the coating to the substrate is effected at a temperature in the range of from1520°F (826°C) to less than 1850°F (1010°C) Use of a substrate incorporating a wear-resistant hard surface coating to prepare a mould, the surface coating having been formed by application to a substrate of a nickel-based alloy comprising boron in an amount of from 0.2% to 2.0% by weight, silicon in an amount of from 1.0% to 5.0% by weight, and phosphorous in an amount of from 0.5 to 4.5% by weight, with the balance being substantially nickel and incidental impurities, the coating having multiple phases including: a primary dendrite phase; a granular interdendritic phase; and a low melting temperature interdendritic phase which further comprises a major inter dendritic phase and a secondary eutectic interdendritic phase. Use as claimed in claim 9, wherein the major interdendritic phase has a melting temperature of from 1520°F (825°C) to 1560°F (850 °C). Use as claimed in claim 9 or 10, wherein the secondary eutectic interdendritic phase has a melting temperature of from 1610°F (875°C) to 1650°F (900°C). Use as claimed in any of claims 9 to 11, wherein the primary dendrite phase has a melting temperature of from 2205°F (1207°C) to 2255°F (1235°C). Use as claimed in any of claims 9 to 12, wherein the granular phase has a melting temperature of from 1730°F (943°C) to 1770°F (966°C). Use as claimed in any of claims 9 to 13, wherein the substrate is selected from aluminium bronze, cast iron, carbon steel, stainless steel, or nickel. Use as claimed in claim 14, wherein the coating is formed by braze bonding to the substrate by utilising an alloyed material comprising from 0.5% to 4.5% by weight of a phosphorus such that the low melting temperature interdendritic phase includes from 9% to 12% by weight of phosphorus. Use as claimed in any of claims 9 to 15, wherein bonding of the coating to the substrate is effected at a temperature in the range of from 1520°F (826°C) to less than 1850°F (1010°C).

Inventors: DUBOIS SAMUEL C, DUBOIS, SAMUEL C.
Applicants: WALL COLMONOY CORP, WALL COLMONOY CORPORATION
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C22C19
IPC codes: B23K35, C23C4, C23C30