Method and apparatus for supporting a strand or a plurality of strands

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus for supporting a strand or a plurality of strands comprising: pairs of first and second spaced apart nozzles (94, 96) wherein each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) are tilted generally towards each other such that a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said first nozzle (94) of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) intersects a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said second nozzle (96) of said pair along a line; means to support said nozzles (94, 96) in a generally inclined orientation; means (76) to allow delivery of pressurized gas to said nozzles (94, 96) wherein said line of intersection between gas streams from each of said pairs of first and second nozzles (94, 96) and a strand (14) positioned between each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) each forms a generally vertical plane.

Description: Object of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for supporting a conveyed strand. It is useful in a method and an apparatus for drying a coated glass strand which is the subject of European Patent 0477 807. The disclosure of the latter method and apparatus contained herein is intended to explain how and where to use the present invention and does not form part of it. 2a. Technical Considerations Fiber glass, which was originally developed in the 1930s, has been used over the years as fibrous strand and yarns in numerous end uses, such as textiles, reinforcement polymeric matrices, and rubber goods. Glass fibers are traditionally produced through attenuation from small orifices in a bushing of a glass batch melting furnace. The glass fibers issue forth from the orifices in molten streams and are cooled and treated with a sizing composition. The sizing composition is ordinarily an aqueous composition having, e.g. coupling agents, lubricants and film-forming polymer components. The sized glass fibers are gathered into one or more bundles of fibers or strands and wound into a forming package or chopped. For textile applications, the bundles of fibers in the forming packages can be twisted and/or combined with other strands to form yarns. When the glass fibrous strands from the forming packages are used for reinforcement of rubber goods, a second chemical treatment or coating is usually applied to the strands to make the strands or bundles of strands compatible with the rubber matrix. In this latter application, the elastomer coating is generally applied by passing the strands through a vessel containing a solution or liquid dip containing the elastomer. The wet or saturated glass fiber strands are then supported and conveyed under slight tension over rollers or the like as they pass through a heated atmosphere to dry the elastomer coating. Some of the problems which arise with this type of drying arrangement include difficulties in processing the coated glass fiber strands over conveyor rolls, pulleys and the like without stripping off coating material and/or without depositing coating material on the conveying and supporting elements and maintaining the coated product cross section during the drying process. Contact with guides and support rolls may result in buildup of coating material on guides and supports which generally degrades of the coated product and may result in the coated fibers moving out of the guides and sticking together. One way to avoid these problems is to provide a non-contact support for the strand within the oven. For example, an air knife assembly may be positioned below the coated strands to deliver a vertically directed sheet of air to support the strands. However, the air streams to not provide any resistance to lateral movement by the strands so that the strands may vibrate or move laterally within the oven and contact an adjacent strand. In an effort to maintain the separation between adjacent strands, the air knife assemblies may include vertical comb members positioned between adjacent coated strands to maintain the individual strands in spaced apart relationship from each other as they advance through the oven and prevent uncured product which may still have a tacky surface from sticking to other coated strands. However, the comb arrangement does not inhibit but rather only limit the lateral movement of the strands by imposing a physical barrier to the lateral movement and further, if the strands contact the comb, some of the coating may be deposited on the comb members resulting in both coating build-up on the comb as well as degradation of the coated strand. 2b. Patents of Interest U.S. Patent No. 3,619,252 to Roscher discloses coating and impregnating glass fibers with an aqueous elastomer composition and then drying the coated product with high frequency electrical heaters to remove the water while not affecting the remaining elastomer solids. The coated fiber glass passes vertically through a dielectric heater where undesirable volatile constituents of the coating are removed. The strand then makes multiple passes through a hot gas oven to cure the coating. U.S. Patents Nos. 3,680,218 and 3,914,477 to Belue et al disclose a method of supporting and drying coated strands. The individual strands are exposed to jets of heated air from opposing slotted nozzles that are staggered relative to each other. The nozzles produce curtains of hot air on both sides of the strand that dry the coating while suspending the coated bundles between the nozzles. U.S. Patent No. 3,750,302 to Smith discloses an apparatus for supporting a plurality of filaments. The strands advance over a planar surface that has a transverse slot across its width. A heated pressurized fluid issues from the slot and is directed along the planar surface to provide a cushion of fluid to support the overlying filaments. U.S. Patent No. 4,292,745 to Caratsch discloses an air foil dryer for drying webs of material. Upper and lower nozzle assemblies are positioned on opposite sides of the web in staggered relationship to each other. The drying air from the lower nozzle forms an air cushion that helps support the web. U.S. Patent No. 4,698,914 to Shu et al. discloses a process for drying a flexible coated web. A series of air bags and air foils are positioned below the advancing web to float the web in a substantially flutter-free condition. US-A-3,823,488 to Houben et al. discloses an apparatus for full-width suspension guidance of a web on a fluid cushion which is generated by gas streams issued by pairs of nozzles spaced apart and tilted towards each other, which gas streams intersect along a line. The nozzles are located both above and below the web so that generally downwardly directed and generally upwardly directed gas streams hit the web. Summary of the Invention One object of the present invention is a support apparatus having (i) a plurality of pairs of first and second spaced apart nozzles (94, 96) wherein the nozzles of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) are tilted generally towards each other such that a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said first nozzle (94) of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) intersects a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said second nozzle (96) of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) albng a line of intersection; (ii) means (82) to support said nozzles (94, 96) in a generally inclined orientation; and (iii) means (76) to allow delivery of pressurized gas to said pairs of nozzles (94, 96). Insofar the support apparatus of the invention has similar features as the apparatus in accordance with US-A- 3,823,488. In addition, the apparatus of the invention is characterized in that said line of intersection of said gas stream issuing from said first nozzle (94) and said gas stream issuing from said second nozzle (96) of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) is inclined to support a strand or a plurality of strands positioned between each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96); and said line of intersection between gas streams from each nozzle of said pairs of first and second nozzles (94, 96) and a strand (14) positioned between each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) lie in the same generally vertical plane. In one particular embodiment of the invention, the strand is a coated fiber glass strand that advances through a drying and curing oven. The strand is supported at one end when the coating is applied and at its opposing end after the coating has been dried. The support arrangement of the present invention supports the strand within the oven, intermediate of these end supports, without any physical contact therewith so as to maintain the shape and integrity of the coated strand during the drying and curing operation. Another object of the invention is a method of supporting a strand or a plurality of strands comprising: positioning a strand between a pair of first and second spaced apart nozzles; tilting said nozzles generally towards each other such that a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said first nozzle of each of said pairs of nozzles intersects a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said second nozzle of each of said pairs along a line; supporting said nozzles in a generally inclined orientation; providing pressurized gas to said nozzles so that a strand positioned between said first and second nozzles is supported by said gas streams intersecting along said line wherein (a) said line of intersection and (b) said strand positioned between and above each of said pairs of nozzles lie in the same generally vertical plane. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a plan view of a fiber coating and drying arrangement. Figure 2 is an end view along line 2-2 of Figure 1 showing the drying oven. Figure 3 is an enlarged elevational view through line 3-3 of Figure 2, with portions removed for clarity. Figure 4 is an enlarged view of the nozzle and baffle plate arrangement shown in Figure 3. Figures 1 to 4 do not illustrate the present invention but rather an apparatus for drying a strand or a plurality of strands. In that apparatus and in particular in oven 26 the apparatus and method of the present invention can be employed for supporting the strand during the drying step. Figure 5 is a partial elevational view taken along line 5-5 of Figure 3 showing the coated strand support arrangement. Figure 6 is a view through line 6-6 of Figure 5 with portions removed for clarity. Figure 7 is a view taken along line 7-7 of Figure 6 with portions removed for clarity. Figure 8 is a view taken along line 8-8 of Figure 6 with portions removed for clarity. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention is disclosed in combination with drying of strands of fiber glass filaments coated with polymeric chemical coatings. In addition, the present invention can be used in any other type of operation that requires support of an elongated member, such as e.g., strands, yarns, cords or the like. Although not limiting in the present invention, in the particular embodiment discussed herein, the glass fibers are produced from any fiberizable glass batch composition and formed into glass fibers such as "E-glass" fibers, "621 glass" fibers, "A-glass" fibers, "S-glass" fibers, "C-glass" fibers and low fluorine and/or boron derivatives thereof. However, other coated materials such as carbon, graphite, nylon, polyester, polyaramid, steel and the like may be dried in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The glass fibers are drawn from orifices in a bushing of a glass batch melting furnace and when they have cooled sufficiently, a sizing composition can be applied to them. The glass fibers can be mechanically attenuated or prepared by any other method known to those skilled in the art. The sizing composition can be applied to the glass fibers by any method known to those skilled in the art, such as belts, rollers, sprays and the like. The sizing composition may have present one or more of the following components; a coupling agent and a fiber protectorant, where the protectorant can be a fiber lubricant or a fiber film-former. The film-former can be a polymeric material that forms a film upon the evaporation of a carrier or upon drying forms a liquid film or by any other film-forming mechanism known to those skilled in the art. Also, for glass fibers and other types of fibers, additional ingredients like friction-reducing agents and/or antistatic agents may be present. Any coupling agent, fiber lubricant or fiber film-forming polymer known to those skilled in the art can be used. A non-exclusive example of a suitable aqueous sizing composition for glass fibers is that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,390,647 to Girgis, which teachings are hereby incorporated by reference. For glass fibers, the sized glass fibers are gathered into bundles or strands of glass fibers containing from 200 to over 3,000 filaments. The strands are collected, usually by winding onto a forming package or into a precision wound package of roving. Referring to Figure 1, a creel 12 includes a plurality of bobbins or forming packages (not shown) containing fiber glass strand 14. Each of the fiber glass strands 14 have been coated with a sizing composition containing a lubricant, binder and coupling agent. In the case of drawing the strand from bobbins, each strand 14 has imparted therein a twist to provide strand integrity and resistance to fuzzing during the initial handling and processing prior to being coated and impregnated with an elastomeric material. The strands 14 are drawn from the packages in creel 12 in parallel relations and passed through a guide 16 in tangent contact across motor driven rotating rollers or dip applicators 18 to a motor driven rotating wiper roller or guide 20. The dip applicators 18 are partially suspended in an aqueous rubber dip or emulsion 22 contained within vessels or tanks 24. The emulsion may be of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,663,231; 4,762,750 and 4,762,751 to Girgis et al.. The dip applicators 18 are driven counter to the direction of travel of the strand 14 to improve the coating and impregnation thereof. The pickup of the rubber dip 22 by the applicators 18 and strand 14 is more than sufficient to coat and impregnate the strands 14 with the desired final amount of rubber dip 22. The wiper roller or guide 20 is driven counter to the direction of travel of the strand 14 and serves to further impregnate the strand and/or removing excess rubber dip 22 from the coated strand 14. After coating, the strand 14 enters drying oven 26. If desired, several coated strands can be combined to form a larger bundle and, if necessary, be drawn through a forming die (not shown) to combine and form the bundle as well as remove excess coating material. After drying and curing, the coated strands 14 are wound onto a series of Lessona winders 27 or any other type of strand storing device known in the art, e.g., spindles or a textile winding frame. Referring to Figures 2 and 3, and as will be discussed later in more detail, the strands 14 progress through the oven 26 which utilizes recirculating hot air or gas which is directed through nozzles to deliver a higher velocity gas stream which impacts one side of the coated strand 14. The gas is then redirected back onto the opposite side of the strand 14 by deflector baffles which increase the turbulent heat transfer and improve drier efficiency. Specifically referring to Figure 2, blower 28 circulates gas, preferably air, through oven inlet duct 30, oven 26 and oven outlet duct 32. Air intake duct 34 is positioned along inlet duct 30 and air outlet duct 36 is positioned along outlet duct 32 to provide a means to add or remove recirculating air to the system. In addition, air circulation control plates 38 are positioned within ducts 30 and 32 to further control the air flow therethrough. Air enters the oven 26 through inlet 40 of upper plenum 42. Deflector plates 44 are secured to pivotable baffle rods 46 positioned within the upper plenum 42 to direct and distribute the incoming air to a plurality of nozzles 48. The nozzles 48 are positioned generally perpendicular and transverse to the direction of travel of the coated strands 14 through the oven 26. The lower end of the nozzles 48 preferably include a slotted opening 50 that is adjustable so as to vary the width of the nozzle opening and help control the volume and velocity of air delivered by the upper plenum 42. Nozzles 48 direct high velocity air at the upper surface of the advancing strand 14. A plurality of heating elements 52 extend into the upper plenum 42 to heat the air prior to it being expelled through the nozzles 48. In the particular embodiment illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, the elements 52 are electrical resistance heaters which are positioned such that the air must pass over and/or around the elements 52 to heat the moving air. As an alternative, hot gas can be supplied to the upper plenum 42 of the oven 26 from an external gas heating source (not shown). Referring to Figures 3 and 4, below the coated strand 14, a plurality of curvilinear baffle plates 54 are supported on rods 56 and extend the width of the oven 26 to enhance heat transfer between the coated strand 14 and the heated air. The plates 54 alter the flow of air from the nozzles 48 and redirect it so that it impacts the lower surface of the strand 14 as indicated by arrows 58 (shown in Figure 4 only). More particularly, baffle plates 54 are positioned below each nozzle opening 50 such that air from the nozzle 48, after impinging on and passing through the advancing strands 14, is redirected by the curvilineal surface of plate 54 such that the high velocity air turns from a downward direction to an upward direction and impacts the strand 14 a second time. The smooth, continuous surface of baffle plate 54 redirects the air with a minimum amount of air loss and turbulence to the air stream. Surface portion 60 of plate 54 is preferably tangent to the air flow as it exits the nozzle 48. In the particular embodiment illustrated in Figure 3, the nozzles 48 direct air downward in a vertical direction so that portion 60 is oriented in a vertical direction. Surface portion 62 of plate 54 is curved and serves to alter the vertically downward direction of the air. Surface portion 64 directs the air at a desired angle to impinge the opposite side of the coated strand 14. Angle 66 of surface portion 64 is preferably within a range of 30° to 50° and in the particular embodiment illustrated in Figure 3, angle 66 is 45°. In addition, baffle plates 54 are preferably oriented so that the redirected air flow has a component that is parallel to but in the opposite direction from the advancing coated strand 14 indicated by arrow 67. After passing over baffle plate 54 and impinging on the coated strand 14, the heated gas is drawn out of the oven 26 through lower plenum 68. Additional deflector plates 70 and adjusting rods 72 are positioned within the lower plenum 68 to control and adjust the air flow therethrough. When the drying oven 26 is oriented such that the strand 14 passes therethrough in a horizontal direction, additional means are required to support the strand 14 to reduce sagging of the strand during drying. If desired, support rolls (not shown) may be positioned along the path of the strand to support it as it advances through the oven 26. However, since such rolls must physically contact the strand 14 to provide the desired support, this contact may change the shape of the coated strand 14 and/or remove some of the coating from the strand 14, resulting in buildup of the coating at the contact points. Therefore, it is preferred to employ the method and apparatus of the present invention which avoids physical contact of the strand or strands with rolls or other mechanical means. Reference is made to Figures 5 to 8 which illustrate the said method and apparatus. Although not limiting in the present invention, in the particular embodiment of the support assembly 74 illustrated in Figures 5-7, the support assembly 74 includes an air supply header 76 which is pivotally mounted from support member 78 by collar assembly 80 such that it is positioned above and generally transverse to the coated strands 14. A plurality of nozzle assemblies 82 extend downwardly from the header 76 in a generally spaced apart and parallel orientation to provide clearance therebetween for each strand 14. Although not limiting in the present invention, each nozzle assembly 82 includes a pair of U-shaped members 84 and 86. Header 76 is scalloped to receive member 86, which is secured to the header 74 so as to hold the assembly 82 in place. The spacing between legs 88 of member 84 is slightly less than the spacing between legs 90 of member 86 so that when the members are mated and secured to each other as shown in Figure 7, a narrow gap provides a nozzle opening 92 between each pair of adjacent legs, forming a pair of nozzles 94 and 96. The width of the nozzle opening 92 is generally between 0.010 and 0.020 inches (0.25 to 0.50 mm) depending on the material being dried and the volume of air provided through header 76. Although not limiting in the present invention, in one particular embodiment, the width of opening 92 was 0.020 in (0.50 mm) and the air flow through the support assembly 74 was 20 to 40 CFM (0.57 to 1.13 m 3 per min). Air provided from a pressurized air source (not shown) is pumped through fitting 98 at collar assembly 80 into header 76. The pressurized air then passes through opening 100 in lower U-shaped member 86 and into the nozzle assemblies 82. Plates 102 and 104 seal the front and back of each nozzle assembly 82. The nozzle assemblies 82 are inclined relative to the strand 14 as shown in Figure 6 and nozzles 94 and 96 from adjacent nozzle assemblies 82 are inclined relative to each other such that a curtain of air from nozzle 94 of one nozzle assembly 82 represented by dotted line 95 intersects a curtain of air from nozzle 96 of adjacent nozzle assembly 82 represented by dotted line 97 along a line that generally lies in the same plane as any vertical movement of the strand 14 as it is conveyed through the drying oven 26 as illustrated in Figure 8. Any lateral force applied to the strand 14 by one nozzle will be opposed by equal lateral force exerted by an adjacent nozzle on an adjacent nozzle assembly. In addition, the vertical forces from the air stream will be additive. Furthermore, the lateral forces from each stream of air will tend to stabilize any lateral vibration of the strand 14 as it progresses through the oven 26. In this manner, the air streams will tend to lift and support the strand 14 as it is conveyed through the oven 26 as well as tend to maintain any movement of the strand in a generally vertical plane parallel to the direction in which a strand is being conveyed through oven 26. The length, L, of the nozzle opening 92 is a function of the angle, A, of the nozzle assembly 82 and the anticipated vertical movement, H, of the strand 14 as it is conveyed through the oven 26. In practice, length L is preferrably slightly greater than H/sin A. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, angle A is 45° so that length L is slightly greater than 1.41H. Nozzle openings 92 outside the preferred length can be sealed, for example, by welding. In addition, it is preferred that the support assembly 74 is positioned such that the nozzle openings 92 are centered along the midpoint of the expected vertical movement H of the strand 14. Referring to Figures 6 and 7, an alignment plate 106 is pivotally hung from header 76 via collars 108 and is used to maintain strand alignment when the oven 26 is being rethreaded with strand 14. In particular, the plate 106 includes a plurality of spaced apart fingers 110 which are aligned with a corresponding nozzle assembly 82 such that the space 112 between pairs of fingers 110 corresponds to the space between each nozzle assembly 82 and thus the location of the strand 14 as it is conveyed through the oven 26. In practice during a rethreading operation, a rethreading bar (not shown) with the strands 14 attached thereto at their preferred spacing, is passed through the oven 26 from right to left as viewed in Figure 1. As the bar reaches the support assembly 74, it lifts and pivots first alignment plate 106 and then nozzle assemblies 82 upward and out of the way of the bar. Referring to Figure 6, this would be a clockwise rotation about header 76. As the bar continues through the oven 26, it passes the plate 106 allowing it to swing back into position while still lifting the nozzle assemblies 82. The fingers 110 maintain the aligned position of the strands 14 at the support assembly until the bar passes the nozzle assemblies 82 allowing them to fall back into place to their original position. A stop member 114 is positioned to limit the downward rotation of the nozzle assemblies in support assembly 74. In one particular embodiment of the invention, coated strands were dried using two 10-foot long ovens of the type shown in Figures 2 and 3 and as previously discussed. Each oven included 30 nozzles with 0.5 inch (1.27 cm) wide nozzle openings. Strand speed varied from 45 to 300 feet per minute (14 to 92 meters per minute) depending on the strand and the coating thickness. Minimum coated strand spacing was set at 0.75 inches (1.91 cm). Air was delivered through the nozzle openings at a speed of 2,000 to 5,000 feet per minute (610 to 1,524 meters per minute) and at a temperature between 400°F to 700°F (204°C to 371°C) and preferably at 3,000 to 4,000 feet per minute (915 to 1,220 meters per minute) and 500°F to 600°F (260°C to 316°C). It was found that coated strands processed by these ovens dried and cured at a rate approximately four times faster than conventional hot air ovens.

Claims: A support apparatus having (i) a plurality of pairs of first and second spaced apart nozzles (94, 96) wherein the nozzles of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) are tilted generally towards each other such that a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said first nozzle (94) of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) intersects a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said second nozzle (96) of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) along a line of intersection; (ii) means (82) to support said nozzles (94, 96) in a generally inclined orientation; and (iii) means (76) to allow delivery of pressurized gas to said pairs of nozzles (94, 96); said apparatus being characterized in that said line of intersection of said gas stream issuing from said first nozzle (94) and said gas stream issuing from said second nozzle (96) of each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) is inclined to support a strand (14) or a plurality of strands (14) positioned between each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96); and said line of intersection between gas streams from each nozzle of said pairs of first and second nozzles (94, 96) and a strand (14) positioned between each of said pairs of nozzles (94, 96) lie in the same generally vertical plane. The apparatus as in claim 1 further including a plurality of adjacent nozzle assemblies (82) each having first and second nozzles (94, 96) wherein said first nozzle (94) of a first nozzle assembly is spaced from and tilted toward said second nozzle (96) of a second assembly adjacent to said first nozzle assembly. The apparatus as in claim 2 further wherein said nozzles (94, 96) are inclined at an angle of approximately 45 degrees. The apparatus of claim 3 further including means (106, 108) to pivotally mount said nozzle assemblies (82) to allow rotational movement of said assemblies (82) about a horizontal axis generally transverse to said strand (14). The apparatus as in claim 4 further including an alignment plate (106) having spaced apart fingers (110) such that the spacing between adjacent fingers (110) generally corresponds to the spacing between said first and second nozzles (94, 96) on adjacent nozzles assemblies (82). The apparatus as in claim 5, further including means (108) to pivotally mount said alignment plate (106) relative to said nozzle assemblies (82). The apparatus as in claim 6 wherein each of said nozzle assemblies (82) includes a first generally U-shaped member (84) seated within and secured to a second generally U-shaped member (86) wherein legs (88) of said first member (84) are spaced from adjacent legs (90) of said second member (86) and further wherein said adjacent first and second member legs (88, 90) form said first and second nozzles of said nozzle assemblies (82). The apparatus as in claim 7 wherein said support means, said pivoting means, and said delivery means include a header member (76) and further wherein said gas flows through said header member (76) and out of said nozzles (94, 96) between said adjacent legs (88, 90) of said U-shaped members (84, 86). A method of supporting a strand or a plurality of strands comprising: positioning a strand between a pair of first and second spaced apart nozzles; tilting said nozzles generally towards each other such that a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said first nozzle of each of said pairs of nozzles intersects a generally upwardly directed gas stream issuing from said second nozzle of each of said pairs along a line; supporting said nozzles in a generally inclined orientation; providing pressurized gas to said nozzles so that a strand positioned between said first and second nozzles is supported by said gas streams intersecting along said line wherein (a) said line of intersection and (b) said strand positioned between and above each of said pairs of nozzles lie in the same generally vertical plane. The method as in claim 9 further including the step of providing a plurality of adjacent nozzle assemblies each having first and second nozzles wherein said first nozzle of a first nozzle assembly is spaced from and tilted toward said second nozzle of a second nozzle assembly adjacent to said first nozzle assembly. The method as in claim 10 further including the step of pivotally mounting said nozzle assemblies to allow rotational movement of said assemblies about a horizontal axis generally transverse to said strand. The method as in claim 10 further including the steps of providing an alignment plate having spaced apart fingers and aligning said spacings between said adjacent fingers with the spacing between said first and second nozzles on adjacent nozzles assemblies. The method as in claim 10 further including the steps of advancing said strand between said nozzle assemblies and orienting said nozzle assemblies such that said streams issuing from said nozzles have a horizontal component in the same direction as the advancing direction of the strand.

Inventors: JENSEN THOMAS HULEGAARD, JENSEN, THOMAS HULEGAARD
Applicants: PPG INDUSTRIES INC, PPG INDUSTRIES, INC.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: F26B13
IPC codes: F26B13, F26B21