Conformable fusing system

Abstract: A fusing apparatus comprising a heater roll and a backup roll which cooperate to form a nip which is disposed transversely of the direction of movement of copy sheets on which toner images are to be fused. The heater roll stiff in the longitudinal direction and conforming in the hoop direction, and has a core supporting the heater roll, the heater roll being disposed about the circumference of the core, and the core being conforming in the hoop direction. The back up roll is stiff in the longitudinal direction and conforming in the hoop direction, and the engagement of the heater roll and the back up roll defines an elongated, essentially flat nip. The heater roll in one embodiment includes a rigid shaft (80), a sleeve (82) disposed about the shaft, and a set of resilient fingers (84) interconnecting the shaft and the sleeve.

Description: This invention relates to an improved fuser apparatus and more particularly to a conformable roll fusing system. In order to fuse electroscopic toner material permanently onto a support surface by heat, it is usually necessary to elevate the temperature of the toner material to a point at which the constituents of the toner materials coalesce and become tacky. This heating causes the toner to flow to some extent into the fibers or pores of the support member. Thereafter, as the toner material cools, solidification of the toner material causes the toner material to become firmly bonded to the support member. The use of thermal energy for fixing toner images onto a support member is well known. Several approaches to thermal fusing of electroscopic toner images have been described in the prior art. These methods include providing the application of heat and pressure substantially concurrently by various means, for example, a roll pair maintained in pressure contact, a flat or curved plate member in pressure contact with a roll, and a belt member in pressure contact with a roll. Prior art fusing systems have been effective in providing the fusing of many copies in relatively large fast duplicating machines, in which the use of standby heating elements to maintain the machine at or near its operating temperature can be justified. However, there is a continuing need for fusers which require minimal standby power for maintaining the fuser apparatus at a temperature above the ambient, and in general, require minimal power for operation. Various prior art techniques are directed to nip size and lower power. For example, Japanese Patent No. 59-172668 to Mihara discloses a pressure roller with a layer of fluororesin which is deformable to make a relatively large nip length upon contacting the heat roller. This extends the time of contacting with toner, therefore, better fixing performance is obtained. US-A-4,627,813 to Sasaki discloses a thermal fixing apparatus to be used in copying machines comprising two fixing rolls, one of which is heated, and the other one covered with an elastically deformable layer in order to provide a predetermined nip length upon pressing by the first roll. US-A-4,501,482 to Stryjewski discloses a member of compliant material useful as a fuser roller in electrographic copiers or the like. This member includes an elastomeric material and other materials which are solid at ambient temperatures but become fluid at elevated temperatures, therefore becoming deformable. The material used may be of metallic alloys or non-metallic material such as thermoplastics, (column 3, line 56). US-A-4,567,349 to Henry et a., assigned to Xerox Corporation, discloses a heat and pressure fuser apparatus including solid adhesive material, such as fluorinated polymers and copolymers (column 2, line 37), as an outer layer of the fuser member. This layer contributes to the formation of the nip between the fuser and the backup roller. US-A-4,290,691 to Giorgini discloses a method and apparatus using a low gloss pressure fusing roll including a layer of a compliant material, such as nylon, on a first pressure member, and a non-compliant surface on a second pressure member for contacting the nonimaged surface of the receptor. A difficulty with the prior art fusing systems, however, is that they are often relatively complex and expensive to construct and/or the mass of the system is relatively large to preclude a minimal power fusing capability and at the same time provide sufficient mechanical strength and heating characteristics for multi pass color machines. Another difficulty is that prior art fuser rolls even with deformable layers are generally limited in conformability because of the underlying rigid core support. A critical parameter in roll type xerographic fixing systems is the nip length, i.e., the length of contact between the heating fixing roll and the backup or support roll. This length is usually associated with time and is referred to as Dwell Time, that indirectly affects all other parameters of operating temperature, warm-up, roll speed and final copy fix. The diameter of commercial, rigid fix rolls, and the thickness of these P.F.A., Silicone Rubber or L.I.M. coatings limit the nip length to a range of 1.5-7.5 mm. This window is adequate for single pass toner development, but only marginal for multipass color programs or those with limited power requirements. A fusing apparatus according to the preamble of claim 1 is known from, for example, EP-A- 0 256 770. It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide a new and improved conformable fuser apparatus that will provide increased nip lengths to satisfy fusing requirements as well as reduce power consumption. It is another object of the present invention to provide a low mass heater structure capable of repeated flexing in a heated dynamic mode. According to the present invention, there is provided a fusing apparatus comprising a heater roll and a back up roll which cooperate to form a nip, characterised by the heater roll being stiff in the longitudinal direction and conforming in the hoop direction, a core supporting the heater roll, the heater roll being disposed about the circumference of the core, the core being conforming in the hoop direction, and the back up roll being stiff in the longitudinal direction and conforming in the hoop direction, the engagement of the heater roll and the back up roll defining an elongated, essentially flat nip. Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds. In this description and in the accompanying claims, the word 'longitudinal', as applied to a generally cylindrical heater roll or back up roll, means the direction parallel with the axis of the cylinder. The 'hoop direction' means a direction generally radially of the cylinder. For a better understanding of the present invention, reference may be had to the accompanying drawings, wherein a the same reference numerals have been applied to like parts and wherein: FIG. 1 is an illustration of a reproduction machine incorporating the present invention: FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art fusing element; FIG. 3 is an elevational view of the heating roll of the fuser apparatus incorporated in FIG. 1 in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 4A and 4B illustrates strand orientation of a filament wound cylinder and FIG. 5 is an elevational view of an end cap support for the heating roll of Fig. 3 in accordance with another aspect of the present invention. Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown by way of example an automatic xerographic reproducing machine 10 including an image recording drum like member 12, its outer periphery coated with suitable photoconductive material 1. The drum 12 is suitably journaled for rotation within a machine frame (not shown) by means of shaft 14 and rotates in the direction indicated by arrow 15 to bring the image-bearing surface 13 thereon past a plurality of xerographic processing stations. Suitable drive means (not shown) are provided to power and coordinate the motion of the various cooperating machine components whereby a faithful reproduction of the original input information is recorded upon a sheet of final support material or copy sheet 16. Initially, the drum 12 moves the photoconductive surface 13 through a charging station 17 providing an electrostatic charge uniformly over the photoconductive surface 13 in known manner preparatory to imaging. Thereafter, the drum 12 is rotated to exposure station 18 and charged photoconductive surface 13 is exposed to a light image of the original document to be reproduced. The charge is selectively dissipated in the light exposed regions to record the original document in the form of an electrostatic latent image. After exposure drum 12 rotates the electrostatic latent image recorded on photoconductive surface 13 to development station 19 wherein a conventional developer mix is applied to the photoconductive surface 13 of the drum 12 rendering the latent image visible. Typically, a suitable development station could include a magnetic brush development system utilizing a magnetizable developer mix having coarse ferromagnetic carrier granules and toner colorant particles. The copy sheets 16 of the final support material are supported in a stack arrangement on an elevating stack support tray 20. With the stack at its elevated position a sheet separator 21 feeds individual sheets therefrom to the registration system 22. The sheet is then forwarded to the transfer station 23 in proper registration with the image on the drum. The developed image on the photoconductive surface 13 is brought into contact with the sheet 16 of final support material within the transfer station 23 and the toner image is transferred from the photoconductive surface 13 to the contacting side of the final support sheet 16. After the toner image has been transferred to the sheet of final support material or copy sheet 16, the sheet with the image is advanced to fusing station 24 for coalescing the transferred powder image to the support material. After the fusing process, the copy sheet 16 is advanced to a suitable output device such astray 25. Although a preponderance of toner powder is transferred to the copy sheet 16, invariably some residual atoner remains on the photoconductive surface 13. The residual toner particles remaining on the photoconductive surface 13 after the transfer operation are removed from the drum 12 as it moves through a cleaning station 26. The toner particles may be mechanically cleaned from the photoconductive surface 13 by any convenient means, as for example, by the use of a cleaning blade. Normally, when the copier is operated in a conventional mode, the original document to be reproduced is placed image side down upon a horizontal transparent platen 27 and the stationary original then scanned by means of a moving optical system. The scanning system includes a stationary lens 30 and a pair of cooperating movable scanning mirrors, half rate mirror 31 and full rate mirror 32 supported upon suitable carriages. A document handler 33 can also be provided including registration assist roll 35 and switch 37. When a document is inserted, switch 37 activates registration assist roll 35 and the document is fed forward and aligned against a rear edge guide for the document handler 33. The pinch rolls 38 are activated to feed a document around 180° curved guides onto the platen 27 for copying. The document is driven by a platen belt transport including platen belt 39. After copying, the platen belt 39 is activated and the document is driven off the platen by the output pinch roll 41 into the document catch tray 43. The fusing station 24 includes a heated fuser roll 45 and a backup or pressure roll 47 forming a nip through which the copy sheets to be fused are advanced. The pressure roll 47 comprises a rotating member suitably journaled for rotation about a shaft and covered with an elastomeric layer of silicone rubber PFA or any other suitable material. The fuser roll 45 comprises a rotating cylindrical member 48 mounted on a pair of end caps 49 as seen in FIG 2. With reference to the prior art according to EP-A- 0 256 770, FIG. 2, supported on the filament wound cylindrical member 48, is a poly adhesive securing fiber glass backing 50. Supported on the fiber glass backing 50 is suitable heating wire, printed circuit or photo etched circuit pattern 52. A suitable release agent 54 such as PFA or rubber covers the heating element. It is important for the fuser roll to have sufficient mechanical strength including hoop strength and beam strength. The hoop strength is the property of the fuser roll core material to resist inward radial pressure and beam strength is the property of the fuser roll core material to resist bending. It is also known in the prior art to use a filament wound tube or cylinder with the fibers wound at approximately 50 degrees or any other suitable orientation with respect to the longitudinal axis to provide sufficient mechanical strength. However, such filament wound cylinders still require a separate backing and heating element. It should be noted that it is possible to weave fiber glass, carbon graphite, boron carbide, or any other fiber at a suitable angle to achieve sufficient mechanical strength. In general, the larger the diameter of the cylindrical member 48, the larger a nip that can be formed and the slower the rotational speed. This allows a greater dwell time of the copy sheet in the nip of the fuser formed by the fuser roll 45 and pressure roll 47, dwell time being a function of surface speed plus the size or area of the nip. Higher diameter also means there is more recovery time, that is, the heat is held longer on the outside surface of the fuser roll and there is more time allowed for reheating. A difficulty, however, is usually the need for sufficient mechanical strength. Therefore, using a suitable choice of fibers in the filament wound cylinder plus appropriate angle of fiber weave and suitable epoxy, cylindrical diameters of 75 or 100 mm are easily obtainable. Wall thicknesses are preferably less than 1.3 mm. In one embodiment, with a wall thickness less than 1 mm, fuser roll diameters of up to 100 mm have been used with fuser roll lengths up to 1.2 m. To fabricate a fuser roll or cylindrical member, it is necessary to first start with a filament wound cylinder or tube. The remaining portions of the system are fabricated from the tube outward. The filament core structure can be wound on a mandrel using standard winding machines. The machine computer could be set or tailored to give proper winding angles (47° to 59°) to obtain the maximum mechanical strength. Each cylinder would be wound until a desired wall thickness is obtained, preferably 0.5 to 1.0 mm. At this point, fabrication would vary with the size of the roll, length, and production quantity. For short run large rolls, it is possible to consider winding a spiral heating element directly on the surface of the filament wound core. An additional layer of filament winding would be wound directly over the filament and the entire structure cured to suitable specifications. After curing, the composite structure would be ground to obtain a smooth outer surface for finishing. Assuming standard xerographic fuser rolls are of 25 to 50 mm in diameter and approximately 400 mm long, high speed continuous filament winding can be considered. With this type of fabrication, the core or cylindrical member would be wound to a desired wall thickness and continuously fed down its mandrel to be cured, ground, and cut to length. With this technique, a heater foil could be wrapped on the outside surface of the core and finished in the second operation. The change to a conformable fusing system is structured around the capability of plastic composite manufacturing process technologies to alter or reduce the hoop stiffness in relation to the longitudinal stiffness. This is accomplished by changes in the angle of wrap during the filament winding process as well as by the number of fibers and the type of fiber utilized. Binder materials, type of reinforcing fibers, and fiber orientation, combined with their associated thermal, stiffness and fatigue properties are of utmost importance. The key to filament winding is that anisotropic behavior is customized through the placement of reinforcement only in areas required (such as building a radial tire). Resin/binder materials include high temperature thermoplastics (polyamide-imide, liquid crystal polymers, polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones, polyetherimides, etc.) and thermosets (epoxies) polyesters, and polyimides). Reinforcing materials include glass fibers, Kevlar, graphite, and hybrids of each. Depending on the load requirements unreinforced materials could be used and conventional manufacturing processes such as extrusion could be adopted. Composite material properties such as fatigue, flexure, and long-term aging characteristics are extremely important. With reference to Figure 3, in accordance with the present invention a flexible filament wound tube 60 is the core of the fuser roll generally shown at 62 with a foil heater 64 and a release coating 66 bonded to its surface to complete the laminate. In a specific embodiment, the total thickness of the wall is between 0.25 and 0.75 mm as illustrated and the diameter of the core is ≦ 30 mm. The release coating is any suitable composition such as P.F.A. silicone rubber. In a preferred embodiment, a foil heater includes heater legs designed to provide the greatest length in the longitudinal roll direction to allow for thermal expansion without girdling the roll or inducing fatigue. The flexible backup roll generally shown at 68 is constructed in the same manner with the option to omit the heater and possibly add additional release coating material thickness 70. As illustrated, the flexing rolls 62 and 68 conform to provide a nip 72 for paper 74 greater than 13 mm. Figure 4A shows a typical method that a filament wound tube might be fabricated, with some fibers wound at 55° in the hoop or strand 76 direction, with others parallel in the longitudinal direction 78. As illustrated in Figure 3, the fuser roll 62 with attached heating element is disposed transverse the direction of movement of the copy sheet or paper 74 and is flexible in a radial direction toward the center of the cylinder. The heating element 64 is disposed about the circumference of the elongated cylinder. The back up roll is also disposed transverse the direction of movement of the copy sheet or paper 74 and is also flexible in a radial direction toward the center of the cylinder to define the nip 72 but rigid in the longitudinal direction as shown in Figure 4B, as is the fuser roll 62. The flexing of the engaged cylinders or rolls provides the elongated, essentially flat nip. Generally, the fuser roll 62 and back up roll 68 must be supported. The support could be accomplished by elongated cores or support elements or by a pair of end caps such as shown with reference to Figure 5, illustrating one type of end cap or support contemplated.The end plugs outlined in Figure 5 must also be conformable, and the conformable arm must be strong enough to drive the unit with sufficient flex to allow a suitable nip length, preferably the minimum 13 mm length. Electrical leads will be led from the foil heater out to the end cap where a brush, slip ring or other type of electrical pickup will feed back to a resistive type control unit. The electrical pickup hardware could be molded into the end caps. Each of the caps includes a rigid shaft 80 for engaging a frame or any suitable support mount, a sleeve 82 disposed about the shaft, and a plurality of flexible fingers 84 interconnecting the shaft and the sleeve. The flexible fingers 84 are strong enough to drive the roll, but flexible enough to flex with pressure to engage the opposite roll to form the nip. The end cap can be suitably cemented or locked in place to the elongated cylinder 88. Rather than a pair of end caps, a single core with flexible fingers could traverse the entire length of the elongated cylinder to provide the necessary support. While there has been illustrated and described what is considered to be a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be appreciated that numerous changes and modifications are likely to occur to those skilled in the art, which fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims: A fusing apparatus (24) comprising a heater roll (45, 62) and a back up roll (47, 68) which cooperate to form a nip (72), characterised by the heater roll being stiff in the longitudinal direction and conforming in the hoop direction, a core (60) supporting the heater roll, the heater roll being disposed about the circumference of the core, the core being conforming in the hoop direction, and the back up roll being stiff in the longitudinal direction and conforming in the hoop direction, the engagement of the heater roll and the back up roll defining an elongated, essentially flat nip (72). The fusing apparatus of claim 1 including a heating element (64) disposed about the circumference of the heater roll (45, 62). The fusing apparatus of claim 1 or claim 2 including a heating element (64) disposed about the back up roll in order to provide two sided imaging. The fusing apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the core (60) includes a rigid shaft (80), a sleeve (82) disposed about the shaft, and a plurality of flexible fingers (84) interconnecting the shaft and the sleeve, the fingers being adapted for compression toward the shaft. The fusing apparatus of claim 4 wherein the rigid shaft (80) extends the length of the heater roll. The fusing apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the core includes a pair of end caps supporting the heater roll, each of the caps including a rigid shaft (80), a sleeve (82) disposed about the shaft, and a plurality of flexible fingers (84) interconnecting the shaft and the sleeve. The fusing apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the back up roll (47, 68) includes a cylindrical support, the back up roll being conforming in the hoop direction and being disposed about the circumference of the support, the support being conforming in the hoop direction. The fusing apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the heater roll (45, 62) includes a cylinder having a relatively thin wall, the cylinder being a plastic composition, and the back up roll (47, 68) includes a cylinder having a relatively thin wall, the cylinder being a plastic composition, the surface of the heater roll being disposed in an engaging relationship with the surface of the back up roll defining said nip, the heater roll and the back up roll flexing equally to provide said nip. The fusing apparatus of claim 8 wherein the cylinders are reinforced with a filler and/or with fibres. An electrostatic copying machine having a fusing apparatus in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 9.

Inventors: LITMAN ALAN M, MARTIN ROBERT G, LITMAN, ALAN M., MARTIN, ROBERT G.
Applicants: XEROX CORP, XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15