Magnetoresistive sensor

Abstract: A magnetoresistive (MR) sensor is disclosed which comprises a first and a second thin film layer of a magnetic material separated by a thin film layer of a non-magnetic metallic material. The first ferromagnetic layer is magnetically soft. The magnetization direction of the first layer of magnetic material is set substantially perpendicular to the magnetization of the second layer of magnetic material at zero applied field, and the magnetization direction of the second layer of magnetic material is fixed. A current flow is produced through the MR sensor, and the variations in voltage across the MR sensor are sensed due to changes in resistance of the MR sensor produced by rotation of the magnetization in the first layer of magnetic material as a function of the magnetic field being sensed. The variation of the resistance with the angle between the magnetizations of the first and second layers of magnetic material has been defined as the spin valve (SV) effect. It is also shown that, by a suitable direction of the current with respect to the fixed magnetization, the (SV) magnetoresistance can be added constructively to the usual anisotropic magnetoresistance.

Description: This invention relates in general to magnetic transducers for reading information signals from a magnetic medium and, in particular, to an improved magnetoresistive read transducer. The prior art discloses a magnetic transducer referred to as a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor or head which has been shown to be capable of reading data from a magnetic surface at great linear densities. An MR sensor detects magnetic field signals through the resistance changes of a read element made from a magnetic material as a function of the amount and direction of magnetic flux being sensed by the element. These prior art MR sensors operate on the basis of the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect in which a component of the resistance varies as cos 2 of the angle between the magnetization and the direction of current flow. A more detailed description of the AMR effect can be found in the publication, "Thin Film Magnetoresistors in Memory, Storage, and Related Applications", D.A. Thompson et al, IEEE Trans Mag, MAG-11, p. 1039 (1975). These MR sensors have operated on the basis of the AMR effect even though this effect produces only a very small percentage change in the resistance. Sensors of this type are disclosed in US 4,785,366, US 4,755,897 and EP-A-0216 062. In US 4,785,366 (against which appended claim 1 is delimited), an MR sensor layer is separated from a soft magnetic layer by means of a non-magnetic spacer layer which is desirably of high resistivity (see column 6 of EP-A-0216 062). More recently, reports have been published of techniques for obtaining enhanced MR effects. One of these publications, "Enhanced Magnetoresistance in Layered Magnetic Structures with Antiferromagnetic Interlayer Exchange", G Binasch et al, Phys. Rev. B. V39, p 4828-4830 (1989) and German patent DE3820475 (which has European counterpart EP-A-0346 817) describe a layered magnetic structure which yields enhanced MR effects caused by antiparallel alignment of the magnetization. EP-A-0346 817 also discloses the use of a spacer layer comprised of Au. However the saturation fields required to obtain these changes in resistance were too high and the effect too nonlinear and therefore unsuitable for producing a practical MR sensor. The prior art does not show an MR device which produces enhanced MR effects at sufficiently low fields and which has a sufficiently linear response so that it is useful as an MR sensor. The present invention seeks to produce an MR sensor having MR effects enhanced over AMR and having a substantially linear response at small applied fields. Accordingly the invention provides a magnetoresistive sensor comprising: a first and a second thin film layer of ferromagnetic material separated by a thin film spacer layer, the magnetization direction of said first layer of ferromagnetic material being substantially perpendicular to the magnetization direction of said second layer of ferromagnetic material at zero applied magnetic field; conductor means for applying a current flow through said magnetoresistive sensor to permit the sensing of variations in the resistivity of said magnetoresistive sensor; the sensor being characterised in that: the spacer layer is comprised of a non-magnetic metallic material selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Au, Pt and Pd; and in that the variations in resistivity of the magnetoresistive sensor are due to the difference in rotation of the magnetization directions in said layers of ferromagnetic materials as a function of the magnetic field being sensed. In a preferred sensor, the magnetization direction of the second layer of ferromagnetic material is fixed and the changes in resistivity are produced as a result of the rotation of the magnetization in the first layer of ferromagnetic material. Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Fig 1 shows two related graphs, of which (a) is a graph of the room temperature hysteresis loop and (b) is a graph of the room temperature magnetoresistance of a specific embodiment of a proposed prior art layered magnetic structure; Fig 2 is a graph which shows the B-H loop and the magnetoresistive response along the easy axis of a layered magnetic structure similar to that shown in Fig 1; Fig. 3 is an exploded perspective schematic view of a specific embodiment of a magnetoresistive sensor according to the present invention; Fig. 4 is an exploded perspective schematic view of an alternate embodiment of a magnetoresistive sensor according to the present invention; Fig. 5 is a section view of a further embodiment of a magnetoresistive sensor according to the present invention; Fig. 6 is a graph showing the magnetoresistive response of a magnetoresistive sensor of the present invention; Fig. 7 is a graph of the amplitude of the magnetoresistance at room temperature versus the thickness of the free ferromagnetic layer for specific embodiments of the magnetoresistive sensor of the present invention; Fig. 8 is a graph of the amplitude of the magnetoresistance at room temperature versus the thickness of the spacer layer for a specific embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 9 is a graph showing one embodiment of the spin valve magnetoresistance, the anisotropic magnetoresistance, and their sum in which both total amplitude and rate of change near zero field are larger than either of the separate components; Fig. 10 is a graph showing another embodiment of the spin valve magnetoresistance, the anisotropic magnetoresistance, and their sum in which both total amplitude and rate of change near zero field are degraded with respect to that shown in Fig. 9; Fig. 11 is a graph showing experimental results of the magnetoresistance as a function of applied field for the arrangements in which anisotropic magnetoresistance either reinforces or degrades the spin valve magnetoresistance. Prior art magnetoresistance sensors have been based on the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) in which a component of the resistance varies as cos 2 of the angle between the magnetization and the direction of current flow. Recently, another mechanism has been identified in which the resistance between two uncoupled ferromagnetic layers is observed to vary as the cosine of the angle between the magnetizations of the two layers and is independent of the direction of current flow. This mechanism produces a magnetoresistance that for selected combinations of materials, is greater in magnitude than the AMR, and we have termed this the "spin valve" (SV) magnetoresistance. A specific embodiment of this SV structure was built on a silicon substrate comprising the following structure: Si/15 nm NiFe/2.5 nm Cu/15 nm NiFe/10 nm FeMn/2 nm Ag. The hysteresis loop for this structure is shown in graph (a) of Fig. 1, and this graph shows the two loops corresponding to the free and biased NiFe layers. Graph (b) of Fig. 1 shows that the resistance increases by about 2% when the two ferromagnetic layers are antiparallel. Fig. 2 shows the BH loop and the MR response of a similar structure along the easy axis on a greatly expanded x-axis scale. This structure was built on a silicon substrate comprising the following structure: Si/6nm NiFe/2.5nm Cu/3nm NiFe/7nm FeMn/2nm Ag. The second NiFe layer is exchange biased to 13.53 kA.m -1 (170 Oe) and does not switch in the range of field shown in Fig 2. For fields applied along the hard axis (not shown), the spin valve response is considerably weaker, and thus less useful. Along the easy axis, the basic shape of the MR response suggests that it could be used as a magnetic field sensor. However, because of its coercivity high squareness, and shift from the origin, the response of this structure is highly nonlinear. In addition, the changes in the first ferromagnetic layer are by domain wall motion, which are known to cause stability problems and which are known to be moving very slowly compared to domain rotation and therefore would severely limit the data rate. In the preferred embodiment of the invention the structure of the sensor has been designed to linearize the response, decrease the coercivity, center the response, and have changes in response to an applied magnetic field made by domain rotation. This permits a magnetic field sensor, based on spin valve structure, to be produced that exhibits a much greater change in magnetoresistance than the prior art MR sensors in response to a magnetic field no greater than that required for the prior art MR sensors. This novel structure is shown in Fig. 3. The MR sensor comprises a suitable substrate 10 such as glass, ceramic or a semiconductor, for example, upon which is deposited a first thin film layer of soft ferromagnetic material 12, a thin film layer of a nonmagnetic metallic material 14, and a second thin film layer of ferromagnetic material 16. The two layers 12, 16 of ferromagnetic material are oriented with their magnetization at an angle of about 90 degrees in the absence of an applied magnetic field. In addition, the magnetization of the second layer of ferromagnetic material 16 is fixed in position as shown by the arrow 20. The magnetization in the first layer of ferromagnetic material 12, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, is shown by the arrow 22. Changes in magnetization in layer 12 are by rotation, in response to an applied magnetic field, (such as magnetic field h in Fig. 3) as shown dotted in Fig. 3. In the embodiment of the invention shown in Fig. 3 the second layer of ferromagnetic material 16 is of a higher coercivity than that of the first layer of ferromagnetic layer 12 so that the magnetization of the layer 16 can be fixed in position. The specific embodiment shown in Fig. 4 provides two alternate ways to fix the magnetization of the second layer of ferromagnetic material 16 in position. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 4, a thin film layer of an antiferromagnetic material 18 of high resistance is deposited in direct contact with the second thin film layer of ferromagnetic material 16 so that a biasing field can be produced by exchange coupling as is known in the art. Alternatively, layer 18 could be a ferromagnetic layer of sufficiently high squareness, high coercivity and high resistance. The structure of Fig. 4 may be inverted, so that layer 18 is deposited first, followed by layer 16, 14, and 12. A further embodiment of a magnetoresistive sensor, according to the present invention, is shown in Fig. 5. In this embodiment of the invention, a suitable underlayer 24, such as Ta, Ru, or CrV, for example, is deposited on substrate 10 prior to the deposition of the first layer of ferromagnetic material 12. The purpose of underlayer 24 is to optimize the texture, grain size and morphology of the subsequent layers. The morphology is crucial in obtaining the large MR effects since it permits the use of a very thin spacer layer of a nonmagnetic metallic material 14. In addition, the underlayer must have a high resistivity to minimize shunting effects. The underlayer may also be used with the inverted structure described above. Should the substrate 10 have a sufficiently high resistivity, have a sufficiently planar surface, and have a suitable crystallographic structure, then underlayer 24 can be omitted. Means for producing a longitudinal bias is provided to maintain layer 12 in a single domain state as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 5. In the specific embodiment shown, the means for producing a longitudinal bias comprises layers 26 of ferromagnetic material having high coercivity, high squareness, and high resistivity. Hard magnetic layers 26 are in contact with the end legions of ferromagnetic layer 12, and layers 26 are oriented with their magnetization in the direction shown by the arrows in Fig. 5. Alternatively, antiferromagnetic layers can be deposited in contact with the end regions of layer 12 and oriented as shown by the arrows in Fig 5 to produce the required longitudinal bias. These antiferromagnetic layers must have a sufficiently different blocking temperature than that of antiferromagnetic layer 18 which is used to fix the magnetization of the second ferromagnetic layer 16. A capping layer 28 of a high resistivity material such as Ta, for example is then deposited over the MR sensor. Electrical leads 30 and 32 are provided to form a circuit path between the MR sensor structure, current source 34 and sensing means 36. Fig 6 shows the magnetoresistive response of a specific embodiment of a magnetoresistive sensor according to the present invention. This structure comprises Si/Ta 5nm/3x(NiFe 7nm/Cu 2nm/NiFe 5nm/FeMn 7nm/)Ta 5nm. Note that the magnetoresistive response is very linear over the range of about 0 to 1.19 kA.m -1 (0 to 15 Oe), has negligible coercivity, and the changes are by domain rotation. However, this response is not centered at zero field due to a slight ferromagnetic coupling of the two ferromagnetic layers 12, 16 through the layer 14 of nonmagnetic metallic material. Centering the response to zero field, as shown in the dashed line in Fig 6, can be accomplished by several means. In an actual patterned structure, the magnetostatic interaction between the two ferromagnetic layers would tend to cancel the effect of coupling through the nonmagnetic metallic layer thereby centering the response. Another way of centering the response is by the appropriate choice of the magnitude and direction of the sense current. Another way of centering the response is by setting the easy axis of layer 12 at slightly more than 90 degrees with respect to the magnetization of layer 16. A further way of centering the response is by a small change in the angle between the magnetization in layers 12 and 16. Note that this response is very linear, is centered at zero field, and is sensitive to signals within the range encountered in magnetic recording applications. It can be seen that these characteristics make this an excellent magnetic field sensor for magnetic recording application. The layered magnetic structure can be made by any suitable technique such as by sputtering, for example. The structure of Fig. 3 can be made by depositing the first thin film ferromagnetic layer 12 with a magnetic field oriented in the chosen direction to orient the easy axis of the film across the page as shown in Fig. 3. The ferromagnetic layers 12, 16 can be made of any suitable magnetic materials such as Co, Fe, Ni and their alloys such as NiFe, NiCo, and FeCo, for example. The amplitude of the magnetoresistance varies with the thickness of the first thin film ferromagnetic layer 12 as shown in Fig. 7 for three selected magnetic materials Co, NiFe, and Ni. These three curves have very similar shapes characterized by a broad maximum between about 5nm and 15nm, so this is the preferred range for the thickness of the first ferromagnetic layer 12. The nonmagnetic spacer layer 14 is metallic with high conductivity. Noble materials such as Au, Ag and Cu give large MR response, Pt and Pd give small MR response, while Cr and Ta exhibit very small MR response. The amplitude of the magnetoresistance also varies with the thickness of the nonmagnetic spacer layer 14 as shown in Fig. 8 for three selected materials Ag, Au and Cu. It can be seen that thinner layers produce a higher magnetoresistance; however, the operation of the sensor is based on having two essentially uncoupled ferromagnetic layers. Therefore, if the thickness of the spacer layer 14 is too small, it is not possible to switch one of the ferromagnetic layers 12, 16 without also switching the other layer. The minimum spacing for this purpose is about 1.6nm for films sputtered at or near room temperature. When the thickness of the spacer layer is within the range of about 8 to 10 nanometres, the resulting magnetoresistance is substantially the same as that produced by AMR. For these reasons, the thickness of the spacer layer 14 is preferably within the range of about 1.6nm to about 4nm. To produce the sensor structure shown in Fig. 4, the layers are deposited as described above, and the antiferromagnetic layer 18 is then deposited. The thickness of the antiferromagnetic layer 18 must be chosen so that the blocking temperture is high enough with respect to the device working temperature ( ∼ 50°C typically). For Fe 50 Mn 50 , thicknesses above 9nm are suitable. However, too great a thickness (above 15nm) would lead to a decrease of the MR response by a shunting of the current through this part of the structure. The proper direction of the exchange field created by this layer can be obtained by applying a magnetic field in the desired direction during deposition (a direction perpendicular to the easy axis of the first ferromagnetic layer 12) or after deposition by rapidly heating the structure above the blocking temperature and rapidly cooling to room temperature in a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the easy axis of the first ferromagnetic layer 12. In all cases the field to be detected by the sensor is along the hard axis of the first ferromagnetic layer 12. An inverted structure, where layer 18 is deposited first, followed by layers 16, 14 and 12 can be produced in a similar manner. A sensor has been described which is linear, centered about zero field, has high sensitivity, and produces a magnetoresistance considerably greater than that produced by prior art sensors which used AMR principles. It is posssible, by appropriate design choices, to produce a sensor which has a response equal to the sum of the SV magnetoresistance described above and the AMR response upon which prior art MR sensors were based. Fig. 9 shows a plot of the SV magnetoresistance, which varies as the cosine of the angle between the magnetizations M1 and M2 due to the two ferromagnetic layers 12, 16, and this value is independent of the direction of current flow I. Also shown is a plot of AMR in which a component of resistance varies as cos 2 of the angle between the magnetization and the direction of current flow I. Magnetization M2 is fixed in position and magnetization M1 is oriented substantially perpendicular to M2 at zero applied field. The applied field has two orthogonal components H a and H b . H a corresponds to the excitation field to be detected, and H b is a static bias field. The graph in Fig.9 is based on a value H b of 2.5 Oe (1.19 kA.m -1 ) and H a with the value indicated. The graph of AMR is based on the orientation of the two ferromagnetic layers with respect to the direction of current flow I shown in the diagram at the top of Fig. 9. The best effect for actual MR devices is to add the two effects, SV and AMR, by orienting the direction of current I substantially 90 degrees to the bisector of the angle between M 1 and M 2 . The total response is larger than the SV value and the slope is higher. Care should be taken in choosing the direction of the sensing current with respect to the magnetization of the ferromagnetic layers. The graphs in Fig. 10 show that an inappropriate combination of the SV and AMR effects can also degrade the amplitude of the magnetoresistance. In this case the magnetization is oriented as shown in the diagram at the top of Fig. 10. In this case the combined response is less than the SV value and the slope is lower. Fig. 11 shows experimental data which demonstrate the SV and AMR effect combining in a particular fashion to obtain both the largest and smallest total MR response.

Claims: A magnetoresistive sensor comprising: a first (12) and a second (16) thin film layer of ferromagnetic material separated by a thin film spacer layer (14), the magnetization direction of said first layer (12) of ferromagnetic material being substantially perpendicular to the magnetization direction of said second layer (16) of ferromagnetic material at zero applied magnetic field; conductor means (30, 32) for applying a current flow through said magnetoresistive sensor to permit the sensing of variations in the resistivity of said magnetoresistive sensor; the sensor being characterised in that: the spacer layer (14) is comprised of a non-magnetic metallic material selected from the group consisting of Ag, Cu, Au, Pt and Pd; and in that the variations in resistivity of the magnetoresistive sensor are due to the difference in rotation of the magnetization directions in said layers of ferromagnetic materials as a function of the magnetic field being sensed. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: means (18) for fixing the magnetization direction of said second layer (16) of ferromagnetic material; and wherein said variations in resistivity are produced as a result of the rotation of the magnetization direction in said first layer (12) of ferromagnetic material. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in claim 2, wherein said second layer (16) of ferromagnetic material has a higher coercivity than the coercivity of said first layer of ferromagnetic material, to thereby fix the magnetization direction of said second layer of ferromagnetic material. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in claim 2, wherein said means for fixing the magnetization direction of said second layer (16) of ferromagnetic material comprises a thin film fixing layer (18) of antiferromagnetic material in direct contact with said second layer of ferromagnetic material. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in claim 2, wherein said means for fixing the magnetization direction of said second layer (16) of ferromagnetic material comprises a thin film layer (18) of a hard ferromagnetic material in direct contact with said second layer (16) of ferromagnetic material. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said first layer (12) of ferromagnetic material has a thickness within the range of 5 to 15 nanometres. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said layer of non-magnetic metallic material (14) has a thickness within the range of 1.6 to 4 nanometres. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the magnetization direction of said layers of ferromagnetic material is established relative to the direction of said current flow so that the anisotropic magnetoresistance is additive to said changes in resistance of said magnetoresistive sensor due to the difference in rotation of the magnetization directions of said layers of ferromagnetic material. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising means for producing longitudinal bias sufficient to maintain said first layer of ferromagnetic material in a single domain state. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in claim 9, wherein said means for producing a longitudinal bias comprises a biassing layer of antiferromagnetic material in direct contact with the end regions only of said first layer of ferromagnetic material. A magnetoresistive sensor as claimed in claim 9, wherein said means for producing a longitudinal bias comprises a biassing layer of hard ferromagnetic material (26) in direct contact with the end regions only of said first layer of ferromagnetic material, said biassing layer being in addition to any hard ferromagnetic layer (18) for fixing the magnetization direction of said second layer of ferromagnetic material.

Inventors: DIENY BERNARD, GURNEY BRUCE ALVIN, LAMBERT STEVEN EUGENE, MAURI DANIELE, PARKIN STUART STEPHEN PAPWORTH, SPERIOSU VIRGIL SIMON, WILHOIT DENNIS RICHARD, DIENY, BERNARD, GURNEY, BRUCE ALVIN, LAMBERT, STEVEN EUGENE, MAURI, DANIELE, PARKIN, STUART STEPHEN PAPWORTH, SPERIOSU, VIRGIL SIMON, WILHOIT, DENNIS RICHARD
Applicants: IBM, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01R33
IPC codes: G01R33, G11B5