Spatial field power combiner

Abstract: A cylindrical multi-port combiner (10) has a graceful degradation characteristic with a high degree of isolation (25 db) between ports (12) and a high combining efficiency (>90°). Radially-spaced inner and outer conductors (20, 21) forms a transmission line (19) operating in a balanced mode. Circumferentially spaced plurality of like transmission lines (19) have inner and outer RF absorbers (46, 47) at the outermost regions of the spaced adjacent inner and outer conductors (20, 21), respectively. A corresponding end of each transmission line (19) is adapted to be connected to one of a corresponding number of phase-matched RF sources at the input ports (12). The other end of each transmission line (19) has its inner and outer conductors (20, 21) connected in parallel, respectively, through stepped impedance-transforming transmission lines (77) to form one connector (13, 78) for connection to an output RF load. The RF field of the desired balanced mode does not extend beyond adjacent inner and outer conductors (20, 21) to the absorbers (46, 47); whereas when a failure of a source occurs, the resulting unbalanced mode will have its field extend to the absorbers (46, 47) to be damped without significantly affecting the output from the remaining operative sources.

Description: This invention relates to a signal combiner comprising a plurality of coaxial transmission lines disposed at a first end of the signal combiner; a corresponding plurality of planar transmission lines; a corresponding plurality of field transforming means; signal absorbing means disposed adjacent the planar transmission lines for absorbing radio frequency energy in an unbalanced mode; and means for combining signals transmitted along the plurality of planar transmission lines, each of the field transforming means coupling a respective one of the coaxial transmission lines to a respective one of the planar transmission lines. There presently exists a need to provide a source of RF energy over a wide frequency band, e.g., 2.0 - 20 GHz, at power levels substantially an order of magnitude greater (hundreds of watts continuous) than is capable of being provided by currently available sources. There is also a need to have a source of RF power over this frequency range which does not suffer total loss of power output in the event that the tube providing the power fails. Thus, even if a tube capable of providing the desired power level over the frequency band were available, a source of power would be preferable which results in only a reduction in power in the event of a tube failure instead of total loss of RF power. A divider/combiner amplifier circuit having internally mounted semiconductor amplifiers is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,424,496. In this patent, the input signal is divided and applied to each of a plurality of solid state amplifying elements mounted in a plurality of isolated channels which are combined to provide a single output. Failure of one or more of the amplifying elements produces a gradual dimunition of output power. The internally mounted amplifiers of the amplifier circuit of the referenced patent limit the total power output and frequency band of the combiner to a multiple of the power capability of each of the semiconductor amplifiers contained within the divider/combiner. Since these amplifiers are generally of low power output, the total power from the divider/combiner is more limited than is desired in many applications. There may also be a limitation with respect to the available bandwidth obtainable from each of the semiconductor amplifiers. A further possible limitation of the divider/combiner amplifier circuit of the referenced patent is that the divider portion of the amplifier circuit reduces the input power from a single source to each of the semiconductor amplifiers. There is no provision in the amplifier of the referenced patent for providing input power to a passive combiner circuit from a plurality of external amplifiers High CW powers (500W to 1kW) over multi-octave frequency bands up to 20 GHz are desired in several microwave applications Normally a high-power TWT is used, but only partially satisfies the power-bandwidth requirements. Also a single tube high-power TWT has limitations in terms of the life, reliability efficiency, etc. The technique of power combining several devices to yield higher power is commonly used with solid state devices, such as GaAs FETS, GaAs Impatts, and bipolar transistors. For instance, GaAs Impatts have been combined in a TM 020 cavity to provide peak powers up to 1kW at X-Band with 1% bandwidth. Gas FET amplifiers are frequently combined using different versions of the radial combiner. Wilkinson, modified Wilkinson, and travelling wave combiners are other types of combiners normally used depending upon power and bandwidth requirements. EP-A-0333 568 (corresponding to US-A-4933651) describes a signal combiner of the kind defined hereinbefore at the beginning in which the planar transmission lines are formed radially in a structure comprising upper and lower parallel metal disks secured to and spaced apart by a peripheral metal wall in which a plurality of coaxial connectors are uniformly distributed. Each planar transmission line is defined by a pair of radial slots in the lower disk and has a radial metal ridge connected through a coupler to one of the coaxial connectors at the radially outer end and decreasing in height to an aperture at the centre of the lower disk at its radially inner end. A cylindrical conducting sleeve extends perpendicularly away from the rim of this aperture at the outer face of the lower disk, and a conducting rod fixed to the centre of the inner face of the upper disk extends coaxially within the sleeve to form therewith a coaxial output line. The fixed end of the rod and the inner surface of the aperture are curved to provide electromagnetic coupling between the coaxial output line and the space between the disks. To absorb radiating electromagnetic energy resulting from dissymmetry between the planar transmission lines, resistors are placed at quarter wavelength positions relative to the ends of the slots, and absorbent material may be placed in the vicinity of the slots outside the space between the disks. Each coupler associated with a coaxial connector is formed by an L-shaped metal blade electrically connecting the central conductor of the connector to the lower disk, and having on top a ridge arranged as a radial extension of the metal ridge of the respective planar transmission line. The electromagnetic coupling between the coupler blade and the planar transmission line is achieved by a balun-type conversion between a coaxial symmetrical line and a dissymmetrical line in radial TEM mode. In plan, the coupler blade is substantially a circular sector with a radial length of a quarter wavelength. According to the present invention, a signal combiner of the kind defined hereinbefore at the beginning is characterised in that the plurality of field transforming means comprises a plurality of inner conductors each disposed between the inner conductor of the respective coaxial transmission line and a first conductor of the respective planar transmission line, and an outer conductor disposed between the outer conductor of the coaxial transmission line and a second conductor of the planar transmission line, whereby each field transforming means operates as an offset coaxial line. For applications which require high CW power handling (hundreds of watts continuous) over a multi-octave bandwidth, a preferred embodiment of the invention allows mini-TWTs to be combined. Since these tubes are highly reliable, efficient, and perform well over multi-octave bands, the problem is transferred to the power combiner which should have bandwidth and high-average power handling capabilities among other features. Each of the TWTs desired to be combined have output in the range of 50-250W CW, and it is essential that a high degree of isolation be maintained between the combiner input ports not only in the desired balanced mode of operation, but also when some of the TWTs have failed. Preferred embodiments of this invention provide: a RF energy combiner which provides a high output power over a broad bandwidth from a plurality of amplifiers external to the combiner, each amplifier being of relatively low output power; a combiner for combining the outputs of a plurality of amplifiers which will provide an output power which falls off gradually with the failure of one or more of the driving amplifiers so that a catastrophic failure does not occur. More particularly, a preferred embodiment of the invention is provided in the form of a power combiner for microwave amplifiers, either tube or solid state types, each of whose output is applied as an input to one of a plurality of inputs of the combiner. In particular, the combiner may be advantageously used to combine the power of low-power, broadband travelling wavetubes (TWTs). The combiner provides a single output power substantially equal to the sum of powers provided by the input amplifiers. Compared with an approach using a single high power TWT, the preferred combiner circuit of this invention has several significant advantages. These are lower DC power requirement, lower operating voltages, elimination of a solenoid and power supply for the low power TWTs, graceful degradation, increased life, improved repairability and higher reliability. As an example, for a 6-way combiner for the band 6- 18 GHz and assuming 250W TWTs being combined, then the total DC power input of the TWTs applied to the combiner is less than 4.8 kilowatts, nearly 4 kilowatts less than required for an equivalent single high-power high-voltage TWT with solenoid focusing. This will result in reduced power supply size, weight and power dissipation. Additionally, electrical and thermal loads on the system will be reduced. The operating beam voltage of 6.2 kV for low power TWTs as in the preceding example is significantly less than the typical 10 kV or higher required for a single high power TWT. This increases reliability of high voltage insulation under airborne environmental conditions. As a result of each low-power mini-TWT being focused with permanent magnets, the need for a focusing solenoid and power supply is eliminated. This results in reduced power consumption and weight. Multiple low power TWTs in a combiner configuration provides the advantage of graceful degradation. A catastrophic failure in one or more TWTs will not result in a complete system failure and the transmitter will still provide power output. Cooling of the combiner allows it to dissipate unbalanced mode power of the level of several hundred watts which would occur upon the failure of one-half (which produces maximum dissipation in the combiner) the number of input sources. Operating life of mini-TWTs exceeds 10,000 hours. This is a significant improvement over the life from a single high power TWT. This, in combination with the graceful degradation feature, will significantly increase system MTBF over the single TWT approach. Repairability of the proposed device is a feature which can greatly reduce the system life cycle cost. This results from the number of major components which can be replaced without the need for vacuum envelope processing, namely the individual TWTs, and the combiner. An estimated cost of major repair (replacement of the TWT) for the proposed device is a factor of four less than for a single high power TWT. Reuseability of the passive components, the combiner and tube housing also reduced the average cost to repair. Factors which provide higher reliability are lower operating voltage, reduced thermal dissipation, lower-power active devices (mini-TWTs) and graceful degradation. To achieve these objects and features, a cylindrical multi-port combiner embodying this invention has a graceful degradation characteristic with a high degree of isolation (25 db) between ports and a high combining efficiency (>90%), and a structure that includes circumferentially-separated inner and outer conductors which are radially-spaced forming a plurality of transmission lines, operating in a balanced mode, the radially-spaced inner and outer conductors of each transmission line extending longitudinally and having inner and outer RF absorbers at the outermost regions of each of the circumferentially-spaced adjacent inner and outer conductors, respectively. A corresponding end of each of the plurality of transmission lines is adapted to provide a matched impedance to connectors to which is connected one of a corresponding number of phased-matched RF sources. The other end of each transmission line has its inner and outer conductors connected in parallel, respectively, through stepped impedance transforming sections to form one output connector for connection to an RF load. The transmission lines and impedance transforming sections are sectored by longitudinal slots and support an RF field of the desired balanced mode which does not extend beyond facing surfaces of adjacent radially-spaced inner and outer conductors to the absorbers. When a failure of a source occurs, the resulting unbalanced mode will produce a field which extends into the absorbers which attenuate the field of the unbalanced mode and this results in stability of the co-existing balanced mode. The power output P o in the balanced mode follows the graceful degradation relation given below. P o = η ·((n-f)/n) 2 · P T n = number of input ports f = number of failed sources P T = power sum of all sources originally providing power η = efficiency (typically 90-95%) The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanving drawinqs, in which: FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a signal combiner embodying this invention in a preferred form. FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along section lines II-II of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an exploded isometric view of the combiner 10. FIG. 4(A) is a plan view of an inner conductor 20 of FIGs. 2 and 3. FIG. 4(B) is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 4(A) taken along section lines IV-IV. FIGs. 4(C) and 4(D) are right and left end views, respectively of the inner conductor 20 of FIG. 4(A). FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the combiner of FIGs. 1 and 2 taken along section lines V-V. FIG. 6 is a pictorial view showing the connection of the combiner 10 to multiple RF sources and a single load. FIG. 7 shows electric field lines of a four-way combiner. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention. FIGS. 9A-9C show electric field patterns of coaxial conductor 74, the assembly of sleeves 31 in cavity 45, and the parallel-plane transmission line 19, taken along section lines 1XA-IXA; IXB-IXB; and IXC-IXC of FIG. 2, respectively. Description of the Preferred Embodiment FIG. 1 shows an isometric view of the combiner 10 of this invention. Combiner 10 comprises an enclosure 11 containing microwave circuitry for impedance matching of the plurality of input terminals 12 to internal transmission lines which are impedance transformed by stepped transmission lines before being combined and impedance matched to the single output terminal 13. Referring now to FIG. 2, the combiner 10 of FIG. 1 is shown in longitudinal cross section taken along section lines II-II of FIG. 1. The combiner 10 comprises a longitudinally slotted cylindrical inner conductor 20 and a longitudinally slotted outer cylindrical conductor 21. RF energy provided to input connectors 12 propagates in the space 22 of transmission lines 19 formed by each pair of opposite inner and outer conductors 20, 21, respectively, to the combined output at connector 13. The input portion 23 of combiner 10 comprises a connector end-support 24 which contains (for an 8-way combiner) eight equi-angle spaced holes 25 in which the coaxial conductors 74 attached to connectors 12 are secured by set screws 26. The center conductor 27 of coaxial conductor 74 extends beyond the inner wall 28 of end support 24 whereas the insulation 29 and outer conductor 89 terminate flush with the wall 28. A longitudinally extending cylindrical support 38 of end support 24 provides a stop for outer conductor 89 to control the extent to which center conductor 27 extends beyond the inner wall 28. A metallic sleeve 31 slips over the center conductor 27 to make electrical and mechanical contact therewith. The sleeve has a small diameter portion 32 which mates with hole 68 in end 67 (FIG. 4) of the inner conductor 20. The larger diameter portion of sleeve 31 extends to surface 64 (FIG. 4A) of conductor 20. Sleeve 31 thereby forms the center conductor of an offset coaxial line whose outer conductor is formed by the cylindrical axial projection 38. The offset coaxial line has an impedance of fifty ohms to match the fifty ohm impedance of coaxial conductor 74 and the fifty ohm impedance of transmission line 19 to which it is connected. The outer conductor 21 has an end hole by which it is removably secured by pin 35 which is press fit into end support 24. The inner surface 36 of the end 33 of outer conductor 21 is recessed and rests on the axial cylinder 38 projecting from wall 28 of end support 24 to provide a smooth surface 36 in the region of sleeve 31. The inner conductor 20 is uniformly sloped and is spaced from the outer conductor 21 by an air gap 22. Connected to end support 24 by a screw 39 is an electrically conducting cylinder 40 having a first diameter 41 and a second larger diameter 42. Diameter 42 is sufficiently smaller than the inner diameter of conductors 20 for insertion of a cylinder of microwave absorbing material 43 between cylinder 40 and inner conductor 20. Cylinder 40 has a wall 44 which is spaced from the wall 28 of end support 24 which together with the first diameter 41 of cylinder 40 forms a cavity 45. A short circuit input impedance as viewed from cavity 45 at a resonance frequency above the operating band is desired of the quarter-wavelength transmission line occupied by material 43. Cavity 45 acts to tune the spurious modes to a frequency above the operating band of the device. The axial length of cylinder 40 is established to provide the short circuit impedance. Material 43 may be omitted but its presence is preferred in order to absorb energy which may exist at its location from unbalanced mode energy from segmented conductors 20 as discussed later with reference to FIG. 7. Abutting the end 34 of cylinder 40 is an electrically nonconductive microwave absorbing material 46 in the form of a stepped cylinder which is preferrably in contact with surrounding segmented inner conductors 20, 49. In contact with the outer conductors 21, 50 is a cylinder of electrically nonconductive microwave absorbing material 47 which is split longitudinally into two halves 47′, 47″ to facilitate placing the material 47 around the circumference of the outer conductors 21. Referring now to the output end 14 of the combiner 10, an end support 48 supports the output connector 13 and the inner stepped conductor 49 and outer stepped conductor 50. The inner conductors 49 and the outer conductors 50 are longitudinally segmented by air gap slots 51, 52, respectively as shown in the isometric view of the combiner 10 in FIG. 3. Slots 51, 52 are a continuation of slots 72, 73 (Fig. 5) separating conductors 20, 21, respectively. The inner stepped conductors 49 have slots 51 in radial alignment with the slots 52 of the outer slotted conductors 50. The number of slots 51, 52 is determined by the number of input terminals 12. The slotted conductors 49, 50 are separated by the air gap 53 and form stepped transmission lines 77 of the parallel plane type. Lines 77 supports a TEM longitudinal propagation of the electromagnetic energy provided by microwave transmission lines 19 formed by the radially spaced slotted conductors 20, 21 connected to conductors 49, 50, respectively. The radius and width of the stepped slotted conductors 49, 50 decreases at their ends nearest the output connector 13. The slots 51, 52 terminate at the smallest diameter of the stepped slotted conductors 49, 50, where the conductors become solid conductors 49′, 50′, respectively of a tapered coaxial line 78. The ratio of the diameters of conductors 49, 50 increases at each step toward connector 13 to increase the impedance of stepped transmission line 77 at each step. The impedance of the tapered coaxial line 78 is Z (50 ohms in practice). The slotted transmission line 77 begins at region 84 where the impedance is nZ ohms. The stepped transmission line 77 transforms this impedance to Z ohms at the region where it is connected to transmission line 19. Region 84 is where slots 51, 52 terminate to form coaxial line 78, "n" is the number of inputs 12. For n equal to eight inputs and Z equal to fifty ohms, nZ = 400 ohms. The parallel impedance of the eight lines 77 at the region 84 is Z=50 ohms which matches the impedance of tapered coaxial line 78 and the connector 13, each of which has a 50 ohm impedance. As a consequence, the parallel connected stepped transmission lines 77 provide a match between the 50 ohm impedance of the tapered coaxial line 78 formed by conductors 49′, 50′ and the 50 ohm impedance of the parallel plane transmission line 19 formed by conductors 20, 21. The inner 49′ and outer 50′ conductors have diameters whose ratio is constant therefore providing a fifty ohm impedance over the length of coaxial line 78. The number of steps 55, 56, the height of the steps, the longitudinal extent of each of the steps, and the longitudinal displacement of the steps of conductor 49, 50 are designed to provide a Tchebyscheff or binomial maximally flat impedance match over the frequency bandwidth at which the combiner 10 is to be used. In the design of the preferred embodiment, 6 steps should result in an insertion loss of less than 0,5 db over the frequency band of 2.5 - 10 GHz. The stepped conductors 49, 50 are connected by screws 57 to ends 60, 60′ of the conductors 20, 21, respectively. The other end of conductor 20 is attached by sleeve 31 to the center conductor 27 of coaxial line 74. The length and diameter of the sleeve 31 between the end of conductor 20 and the insulation 29 of line 74 is selected to provide an impedance match between the impedance of the coaxial line 74 and the impedance of the transmission line 19 formed by conductors 20, 21. The other end of outer conductor 21 is connected by a pin 35 to the end 24 and rests on cylindrical support 38 of end 24. Conductor 21 has an inner 36 and an outer surface of different constant radii and is of uniform cross section throughout its length. Inner conductor 20 is constructed in accordance with the views shown in FIGs. 4A - 4D. The top view of conductor 20 is seen in FIG. 4A to taper in the longitudinal direction from a width which is the same as that of the inner stepped conductor 49 where they join each other by a screw 57 penetrating the aperture 59 of end 60 of conductor 20. End 60 has an recess 62 which overlaps a mating recess 61 at the end of inner stepped conductor 49. FIG. 4D is an end view of conductor 20 showing the recess 62 of end 60 and the sloping top surface 64 of conductor 20. A longitudinal sectional view of conductor 20 taken along section lines IV-IV of FIG. 4A is shown in FiG. 4B which shows the sloping top surface 64 of conductor 20. FIG. 4B also shows the inner surface 66 of conductor 20, which is at a constant radius from the axis 37 of combiner 10 as are the inner and outer surfaces of conductor 21. Surface 66 and back edge 65 appear to diverge in FIG. 4B because the width of conductor 20 varies as shown in FIG. 4A. The other end 67 of inner conductor 20 contains a longitudinally extending aperture 68 as shown in FIG. 4B and in FIG. 4C, which is an end 67 view of conductor 20. The aperture 68 is the same diameter as the smaller diameter of the sleeve 31 of FIG. 2. Sleeve 31, slipped over closely fitting center conductor 27, provides support for the conductor 20 at end 67. End 67 has tapers 69 in the transverse direction which are greater than the taper 70 over the main portion of the conductor 20. Tapers 69 provide an impedance match at the offset transmission line formed by the larger diameter of sleeve 31 and the cylindrical support 38. Taper 70 produces an increase in width of conductor 20, and in conjunction with a corresponding increase in spacing 22 produced by sloping surface 64 of conductor 20, causes the impedance of transmission line 19 formed by conductors 20, 21 to be maintained constant (fifty ohms) along its length. The sloping top surface 64 is also illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 is an exploded isometric view of the combiner 10 of FIGs. 1, 2 showing certain aspects of the preferred embodiment more clearly than in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 2. Corresponding elements of FIGs. 2, 3 are identified by the same indicia. FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the combiner 10 taken along section lines V-V of FIG. 2. FIG. 5 shows the inner and outer conductors 20, 21, respectively, which are separated by the air gap spacing 22 to form a transmission line 19 capable of supporting propagation of a TEM mode down the length of the conductors 20, 21. Each pair of conductors 20, 21 is separated from an adjacent pair of conductors 20, 21 by air gap slots 72, 73 respectively. Abutting the inner conductors 20 and the air gaps 72 is the cylinder of absorbing material 46 which extends along the length of the conductors 20 for at least that portion of the conductors 20 separated by the slots 72. Surrounding the outer conductors 21 and the slots 73 is a tubular cylinder of microwave absorbing material 47, which also extends for at least the length of the slots 73. The outer metallic shell 11 serves as a containing and supporting member for holding together the abutting semi-cylindrical halves 47′, 47" of the microwave absorbing material 47. Shell 11 is preferably attached to the end supports 24, 48 to provide a secured outer covering for the combiner 10. Although the combiner 10 operates with a combining efficiency of 90-95%, the small loss in power can result in a substantial increase in operating temperature when it is combining the power from eight 100 watt sources. This is so because typically the combiner occupies a small volume (e.g. a cylinder 1 1/2" - 2" diameter with a length of 5" - 6″). In order to control the temperature rise, a coolant chamber 97, fabricated as part of combiner end 48, has a coolant 96 which enter and exits through pipes 90, 91, respectively. Similarly, a chamber 98 fabricated as part of combiner end 24 has a coolant 95 which enters and exits through pipes 92, 93, respectively. Ends 24, 48 are in mechanical contact with the absorber 47 and outer conductors 21 to carry away heat generated in the absorber 47 by RF losses. Similarly, the inner absorber 46 is in mechanical contact with stepped conductors 49, inner conductors 20, and the cylinder of metallic material 40 to carry away heat generated in absorber 46 by RF energy. Cylinder 40 transfers heat to end 24 through screw 39 connecting abutting threaded portions. Cylinder 40 is separated from the inner conductors 20 by a hollow cylindrical absorber 43 which is typically the same material as absorber 46 and acts to absorb unbalanced modes in the same manner. Absorbers 43, 46, 47 are typically made of silicon carbide which is suitable because of its lossy RF characteristic, non-electrical conductivity, and its good thermal conductivity. The axial lenght of the metallically conductive cylinder 40 is established to present a short circuit impedance as viewed from the cavity region 45 of the cavity formed of the absorber 43, inner conductor 20, and metallic cylinder 40. An alternative embodiment of the invention replaces the cylinder of absorbing material 43 by a corresponding air gap having the axial length of the metallic cylinder 40, modified to take into account the dielectric constant of air from that of the absorber material 43 in order to maintain the short circuit impedance. The short circuit impedance occurs at a frequency higher than that of the operating band. The Cavity 45 serves to tune the spurious modes to a higher frequency outside the operating band. FIG. 6 is a pictorial view showing the combiner 10 connected by its output connector 13 to a load 9. The input connectors 12 of the combiner 10 are shown connected to the output connectors 8 of low-power TWTs 7 by semi-rigid coaxial lines 6. The input connectors 5 of the TWTs 7 are connected to the multiple output lines 4 of an RF source 3. Because of the symmetry of the combiner 10, the phase shift in each channel of the combiner is substantially identical and therefore any phase shift differences at its output are produced by the TWTs 7. A support structure 2 is provided for the TWTs 7 and the coaxial output lines 6. Heat sinks 73 forming a part of the TWTs 7 are in good thermal contact with base plate 1 and provide cooling for the TWTs. In operation, the RF source 3 provides in-phase substantially equal amplitude RF energy to the input terminals 5 of the TWTs 7. The frequency provided by the RF source may 5 be any frequency within a band of frequencies, such as from 2.5 - 10 GHz. The TWTs 7 are selected to have substantially matched phases over the frequency band. The phase matching need not be perfect but any deviation will result in a slight loss of power provided by the combiner 10 to the load 9. The insertion loss of the combiner operated with 8 TWTs should be less than one-half decibel (a combining efficiency greater than 90%) over the desired band of operation. Each of the transmission lines 6 has a 50 ohm characteristic impedance. The combiner 10 is designed for impedance matched operation and thus has 50 ohm input impedance as viewed from its input terminals 12. Referring to FIG. 2 the coaxial line 74 connected to each input terminal 12 is a 50 ohm transmission line whose center conductor 27 passes through a sleeve 31 whose diameter in the region between the insulation 29 of the coaxial line 74 and the end of inner conductor 20 is established at a diameter to provide substantially 50 ohm impedance in cavity region 45. The width of inner conductor 20 and its spacing from the outer conductor 21 is also established to provide a 50 ohm impedance at the sleeve 31. The width and thickness of the conductor 21 are maintained constant over its length. However, the spacing 22 between conductors 20 and 21 is linearly increased to end 60 of conductor 20 along with a linear increase in the width of conductor 20 as it extends toward the end 60 to maintain a 50 ohm impedance in transmission line 19 formed of conductors 20, 21. In order to increase the spacing 71 between the conductors 20, 21, the outer surface 64 of conductor 20 is sloped down toward the longitudinal axis 37. The inside surface 66 of conductor 20 is maintained at a constant radius from the longitudinal axis 37. The combination of linearly increasing the spacing between the conductors 20, 21 while simultaneously linearly increasing the width of conductor 20 to the width of conductors 21 at ends 60, 60′ causes the impedance of the transmission line 19 formed by the conductors 20, 21 to be maintained at substantially 50 ohms. Since the impedance of the connector 13 is also 50 ohms, provision must be made for transforming the impedance of each of the eight fifty-ohm transmission lines 19 to transmissions lines 77, each having an impedance of 400 ohms so that their parallel combination at region 84 forms a single fifty-ohm coaxial line 78 In order to provide 400 ohm lines 77 at the region 84 at the ends of segmented conductors 49, 50 there exists an impedance transforming region whose steps 55, 56 define the length and spacing of conductors 49, 50 to provide impedance changes which results in a 400 ohm impedance of lines 77 at ends 84 over the bandwidth of operation, 2.5 - 10 GHz in the example of this preferred embodiment. Multiple steps 55, 56 in the TEM mode transmission line 77 are necessary to provide the desired bandwidth. Spurious undesired modes may be established by the termination of the circumferentially-sectored transmission lines 19 formed by conductors 20, 21 in the cavity 45 where they are terminated by the sleeve 31 and the coaxial lines 74. The mode tuning cylinder 40 is made of an electrically conductive material which is in thermal conduct with the electrically non-conductive microwave absorber 46 thereby providing a heat dissipating path for the energy absorber 46 through end-support 24 to the external environment. Cylinder 40 is attached to end-support 24 by screw 39. The diameter of portion 41 of the cylinder 40 is the same as the diameter of the mating portion of end-support 24 and is substantially smaller than the diameter of the main body 42 of cylinder 40. Absorber 43 extends to the end of slotted lines 20, 21 and forms a hollow cylinder 43 occupying the space around cylinder 40. Absorber 43 absorbs microwave power which is undesirably transmitted through slots 72 in the unbalanced mode in the case of failure of a TWT source 7. The cavity 45 formed by cylinder 40 and the inner wall 28 of the end-support 24 provides an undesired-mode tuner which prevents the undesired mode from being present in the operating band. The transition in the cavity 45 region from the coaxial line 74 to the parallel plane transmission line 19 in order to provide matched impedance TEM mode propagation produces spurious resonance modes in cavity 45 whose frequency may fall in the operating band and cause a serious loss in output energy at that frequency. As shown in the electric field end views of FIGs. 9A-9C, the objective of the transition region is to transform the circularly symmetric E-field 110 of coaxial line 74 shown in FIG. 9A into the substantially parallel field lines 111 of the parallel plane transmission line 19 formed by conductors 20, 21 shown in FIG. 9C. This transition is achieved by having an intermediate offset coaxial line 113 of FIG. 9B (for each input coaxial line 74) whose offset "center" conductor is provided by a corresponding one of the sleeves 31 and whose outer conductor comprises the inner surface of cylindrical support 38. The offset coaxial line concentrates the E-field 110 provided by coaxial line 74 into the E-field 112 of FIG. 9B. The field is strongest where the electrically conductive sleeve 31 and support 38 are closest. When, as in this invention, a plurality of offset coaxial lines 113 are formed by the plurality of sleeves 31 symmetrically disposed within support 38, the resultant cavity 45 has dimensions which can support spurious resonances falling within the operating band of frequencies. The generation of modes in the transition from the coaxial line 74 to the parallel plane line 19 for TEM mode propagation was recognized when as in the initial design the absorber 46 was extended to the end 67 of the tapered parallel plane line 19 and adjacent to wall 28 of end 24, because a spurious dip in output energy from the combiner 10 occurred in the middle of the operating band. Increasing the axial length of cavity 45 by shortening absorber 46 had the effect of upwardly shifting the resonance frequency but the frequency remained within the operating band. The solution for moving the resonance frequency out of the band was to introduce a cylinder 40 of metallic electrically-conductive material (a mode tuner) which resulted in the cavity 45 defined by its surface 44, end 24 surface 28, and the inner surface of cylindrical support 38. The cylinder 40 is a quarter-wavelength long in the axial 37 direction to create a short-circuit impedance looking into the gap containing absorber 43 between inner conductor 20 and the circumference of cylinder 40 as viewed from cavity 45. The resulting reduced dimensions of cavity 45 shifted its energy-absorbing resonance frequency above the band of operation to thereby result in low-loss transmission across the entire operating band of the combiner. Each of the transmission lines 19, 77 formed by the sectored conductors 20, 21 and their associated sectored, impedance matching stepped conductors 55, 56, respectively, is operated in a balanced TEM mode. In-phase RF voltages are provided to the inputs of the transmission lines 19 and the resulting electric and magnetic fields are confined to the space 22 between the conductors 20, 21 with little if any fringing field impinging upon an adjacent transmission line 19. A transition region 84 provides a mode transformation from the transmission line 77 TEM mode to the TEM mode of the coaxial transmission line 78. With eight signals balanced in phase and amplitude fed into the coaxial input ports 12, the combiner operates with a combining efficiency which varies over the band of operation but is typically 90-95% efficient (averaging about 1/2 db of insertion loss) and a TEM mode propagates in each of the transmission pairs of the combiner. Should any of the amplifiers 7 connected to the combiner fail, then in addition unbalanced modes are generated. The field pattern of the unbalanced mode is also TEM but is orthogonal to the balanced mode between conductors 20 and 21. More specifically, the TEM unbalanced mode exists between adjacent inner conductors 20 and between adjacent outer conductors 21, whose fringing fields will extend to the microwave absorbers 46, 47, where they are effectively filtered by absorption. The balanced mode of the unfailed amplifiers continues to provide a balanced mode of the transmission lines 19 formed by conductors 20, 21. The combiner output from connector 13 follows the theoretical graceful degradation of output power with the number of failed sources. FIGs. 7A-7C show a cross-sectional view of an embodiment for a 4-way power combiner corresponding to the cross-sectional view of FIG. 5. Corresponding elements are assigned the same indicia as were used in FIG. 5. FIG. 7(A) - 7(C) differs from FIG. 5 in that the outer conductor 21′ is not segmented but is a cylinder of electrically conductive material without longitudinal slots. Segmented inner conductors 20 surround the microwave absorbing material 46. Since outer conductor 21′ is a continuous hollow cylinder, the microwave absorber 47 of FIG. 5 is not required since the fields of FIG. 7A-7C between the outer conductor 21′ and the inner conductors 20 cannot extend out beyond conductor 21′. Outer conductors 50 in this alternative embodiment would be stepped as in the combiner of FIG. 2, however the slots 51 would be absent. FIG. 7(A) shows the field 101 in the desired balanced mode as being confined between conductors 20, 21′. Thus, the field does not impinge upon the load 46 and hence the insertion loss in the desired mode of operation is low with resultant high efficiency of transmission. It should be noted that the outer conductor 21′ functions as a ground plane whereas the inner conductor 20 has an instantaneous relative polarity which is either positive (+) or negative (-) depending upon the portion of the RF cycle. FIG. 7(A) shows a situation where the inner conductor 20 is at a negative potential with respect to the outer conductor 21′. FIG. 7(B) shows an unbalanced mode field pattern 102 where the adjacent inner conductors 20 are of opposite instantaneous polarity. The field lines 102 are seen to extend between adjacent conductors 20 following a path through the microwave absorbing material 46 which attenuates the field 102. Adjacent conductors 20 have alternately positive and negative potentials relative to the ground plane provided by conductor 21′. FIG. 7(C) shows another unbalanced mode field 103 which exists when one pair of adjacent inner conductors 20 have the same instantaneous polarity relative to the remaining pair of conductors which are at the opposite instantaneous polarity. Again, it is seen that the field lines 103 will be absorbed by the microwave absorbing material 46. The actual field existing within the combiner will be a composite of the fields of FIGs. 7A - 7C. If the outer conductor 21 is longitudinally slotted, as in FIGs. 2, 3, and 5, each outer conductor 21 will be of opposite polarity from that of a corresponding inner conductor 20 and will provide balanced mode and unbalanced mode fields similar to those shown in FIGs. 7(A) - 7(C). The balanced mode field will be coupled between condutors 20, 21 as shown in FIG. 7(A) and hence not be attenuated by the absorber material 46, 47 even though conductor 21 is slotted. However, for the unbalanced modes of FIGs. 7(B) and 7(C), field patterns similar to fields 102 and 103 of FIGs. 7(B) and 7(C) will exist between the outer slotted conductors 21 and will extend into the region occupied by the microwave absorbing material 47 where the unbalanced mode fields will be also attenuated. Another important consideration in the combiner is the isolation between input ports 12. The filtering property of the combiner, whereby the unbalanced modes are damped out by the microwave absorbers 46, 47 leads to a high-degree of isolation between the input ports 12 of the combiner. Isolation as high as 25 db between ports is typical for the combiner of the preferred embodiment. Noise measurements made on the combiner 10 show that the filtering action of the microwave absorbers 46, 47 within the combiner 10 cancels the broadband noise eminating from each of the eight TWTs used as sources and the noise performance of the output of the combiner is better or equivalent to that of an individual tube. In summary, the combiner 10 of this invention provides a compact, lightweight, 3-dimensional circuit, spatial field power combiner, useful for combining a multiplicity of low-power travelling wavetubes or solid state devices having desirable bandwidth properties. The combiner is especially suited for high-average power applications and has the following features: balanced TEM mode propagation; low-loss, high-combining efficiency of greater than 90%; multi-octave bandwidth operation; high-degree of isolation between the amplifiers connected to the multiple inputs of the combiner; graceful degradation characteristics; and excellent heat sinking properties. FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a combiner 10′ incorporating the invention but adapted to operate with even higher input and output RF power than the combiner 10 of FIG. 2. Combiner 10′ has a axially extending pipe 99, which allows coolant fluid 95 to pass from an input chamber 98′ and entry pipe 92′ to the other end 14′ where it exits. Chamber 98′ serves the function of cooling the end 24′. Cylinder 40′, screw 39′, microwave absorbing cylinder 46′, and coaxial lines 78′, 100 have a central axially extending hole through which pipe 99 passes. Pipe 99 is in good thermal contact with their holes in order to provide good heat transfer. Pipe 99 exits end 14′ and carries the coolant fluid 95 into chamber 97 to cool end 14′ from which fluid 95 exits through pipe 91. The more efficient cooling provided by the axially extending pipe 99 and the coolant fluid 95 contained therein allows the combiner to operate at much higher input and output power levels than could be tolerated by the embodiment of FIG. 2. Because of the higher power level contained in the output coaxial line 100, combiner 10′ utilizes a ridged waveguide 121 to couple the output power from the coaxial line 100 instead of using a coaxial output connector 13, such as shown in FIG. 2. A standard Type N or Type SC connector 13 would arc at the power level at which the combiner 10′ is capable of operating. The ridged waveguide 121 contains a centrally extending ridge 122 and an alumina window 124 which seals the interior of the ridges waveguide 101. Sealing allows pressurized gas to be applied through gas pipe 123 to the sealed interior of ridged waveguide 101 and to the sealed interior of the combiner 10' which is sealed at its end 24' (seal not shown) to prevent the escape of the pressurized gas. The non-pressurized portion of the ridged waveguide 121 beyond the sealing alumina window 124 is a continuation of the ridged waveguide 121 which is terminated by output flange 125 to which a high-power load can be connected. It is anticipated that the combiner 10' of FIG. 8 will be able to provide output powers of 1000 watts or greater without causing overheating of the combiner 10' or arcing within the combiner interior spaces and the ridged waveguide 121. It will also be recognized by those skilled in the art that the structure of this invention also may be used as a power divider for obtaining multiple sources of identical microwave energy from one source connected to connector 13 and with the output loads connected to connectors 12. The multiple sources will have the same amplitude and phase over a wide frequency band.

Claims: A signal combiner comprising: a plurality of coaxial transmission lines (74) disposed at a first end of the signal combiner; a corresponding plurality of planar transmission lines (19) ; a corresponding plurality of field transforming means (31, 38); signal absorbing means (43, 46, 47) disposed adjacent the planar transmission lines (19) for absorbing radio frequency energy in an unbalanced mode; and means (49, 49', 50, 50') for combining signals transmitted along the plurality of planar transmission lines (19), each of the field transforming means (31, 38) coupling a respective one of the coaxial transmission lines (74) to a respective one of the planar transmission lines (19), characterised in that the plurality of field transforming means (31, 38) comprises a plurality of inner conductors (31) each disposed between the inner conductor (27) of the respective coaxial transmission line (74) and a first conductor (20) of the respective planar transmission line (19), and an outer conductor (38) disposed between the outer conductor (89) of the coaxial transmission line (74) and a second conductor (21) of the planar transmission line (19), whereby each field transforming means (31, 38) operates as an offset coaxial line. A combiner according to Claim 1, characterised in that each planar transmission line (19) and the coaxial transmission line (74) coupled thereto forms a signal channel, and the signal channels are circumferentially spaced from each other, each extending longitudinally along a cylindrical surface to form a cylindrical array of signal channels; in that the said first and second conductors (20, 21) of each planar transmission line (19) are separated radially and lie on a first and second cylinder, respectively; and in that the signal absorbing means comprises a first cylinder (46) of absorber material and second cylinder (47) of absorber material disposed respectively inside the first conductors (20) and outside the second conductors (21) of the cylindrical array of signal channels. A combiner according to Claim 2, characterised in that the plurality of field transforming means (31, 38) are combined with an electrically conductive cavity (45) having a higher resonance frequency than an operating band of frequencies of said combiner. A combiner according to Claim 3, characterised in that the cavity (45) is defined by: an electrically conductive metallic cylinder (40) having an axial length of one-quarter wavelength at said resonance frequency, a wall (44) of said cylinder (40) forming a first wall of said cavity (45), and an electrically conductive wall (28) of a first support (24) for the field transforming means (31, 38) forming a second wall of the cavity (45) opposite the said first wall (44), the said first and second walls (44, 28) being separated by a distance which determines the resonance frequency of the cavity (45). A combiner according to Claim 4, characterised in that the metallic cylinder (40) is concentric with the cylindrical array of signal channels and spaced from and disposed within the first conductors (20) of the planar transmission lines (19); and in that the signal absorbing means includes a third cylindrical absorber (43) contained within a space between the first cylinder of the first conductors (20) and the metallic cylinder (40). A combiner according to Claim 5, characterised in that the first support (24) is at one end of the combiner and a second support (48) is at another end of the combiner, and in that the first cylinder (46') of absorber material is in thermal transfer contact with the cylindrical array of first conductors (20) ; a cooling means (92', 99, 97, 91) extending through and in thermal transfer contact with said one end and said another end of said combiner and said first cylinder (46') of absorber material. A combiner according to Claim 6, characterised in that the said means for combining comprises an output transmission line (100) in thermal transfer contact with the cooling means (92', 99, 97, 91) ; and in that an output waveguide (121) is coupled to the output transmission line (100) to provide a combined output from the combiner. A combiner according to Claim 7, characterised in that the output waveguide (121) is a gas-sealed interior ridged waveguide, the combiner having a gas-sealed interior connected to the said gas sealed interior of the output waveguide (121); and in that means (123) are provided for supplying a gas under pressure to the output waveguide (121) and the interior of the combiner. A combiner according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the means for combining signals comprises a plurality of impedance transforming lines each one connected at one end to a respective one of the planar transmission lines (19); said transforming lines having their other ends connected in parallel with each other to provide the output of the combiner. A combiner according to any preceding claim, characterised by a corresponding plurality of mini-TWTs, each being coupled to supply power to a respective one of the coaxial transmission lines (74).

Inventors: MACMASTER GEORGE H, MALLAVARPU RAGHUVEER, PURI M PAUL, MACMASTER, GEORGE H., MALLAVARPU, RAGHUVEER, PURI, M. PAUL
Applicants: RAYTHEON CO, RAYTHEON COMPANY
Application year: 1991
Main classification: H01P5
IPC codes: H01P1, H01P5, H03F3