Process for producing optically active (R)-1,3-butanediol using a microorganism belonging to the genus Rhodococcus

Abstract: An optically active 1,3-butanediol is obtained by treating an enantiomeric mixture of 1,3-butanediol with an optionally treated microorganism capable of acting on the mixture to leave either (R)- or (S)-1,3-butanediol intact. An optically active 1,3-butanediol is obtained also by treating 4-hydroxy-2-butanone with an optionally treated microorganism capable of asymmetrically reducing the butanone into either (R)- or (S)-1,3-butanediol.

Description: [Field of the Invention] This invention relates to a process for producing optically active 1,3-butanediol. More particularly, it relates to a process for producing optically active 1,3-butanediol which comprises treating an enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol with a specific microorganism belonging to the genus Rhodococcus, and recovering the remaining optically active (R)-1,3-butanediol. Optically active 1,3-butanediols are important materials for synthesizing various drugs such as antibiotics. They are further usable as starting materials for synthesizing azetidinone derivatives, which are intermediate materials for tenem and carbapenem antibiotics, as well as various drugs and agricultural chemicals. [Prior Art] Known examples of the processes for producing optically active 1,3-butanediol include (1) one comprising resolving a racemic modification of 1,3-butanediol synthesized chemically by using an agent for optical resolution (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 191631/1986); and (2) another one comprising asymmetrically synthesizing from 4-hydroxy-2-butanone by using a Raney nickel catalyst which has been treated with an optically active compound [Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 204187/1983 and Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 53 , 1356 - 1360 (1980)]. However, it is disadvantageous that each of these processes (1) and (2) requires the use of an expensive agent for optical resolution or an expensive catalyst, and that, further, the process (2) gives only a poor optical purity. Accordingly, it has been urgently required to establish a process for economically and conveniently producing optically active 1,3-butanediol having a high optical purity. In addition, there have been reported some processes for producing optically active 1,3-butanediol by using a microorganism [refer to, for example, WO 89/10410 corresponding to EP-A-0 556 387 and US-A-5 219 757; Levene and A. Walti, J. Bioi. Chem., 94 (1931) P.A. 361 - 366; and Carl Neuberg and Elisabeth Kub, Biochem. Z., 92 (1918), 96 - 110]. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 31684/1991 describes a process for producing optically active 1,3-butanediol through the asymmetrical reduction with a certain microorganism. [Disclosure of the Invention] A process for producing optically active 1,3-butanediol is described which comprises treating an enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol with a microorganism which may be ground, acetone-treated, lyophilized or immobilized, selected from among those belonging to the genus Rhodococcus and capable of acting on an enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol so as to leave (R)-1,3-butanediol as such and collecting the remaining optically active (R)-1,3-butanediol. Any medium may be used for incubating the microorganism to be used in the present invention, so long as the microorganism can grow therein. Thus any carbon source the microorganism is available (for example, sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and dextrin, alcohols such as sorbitol, ethanol and glycerol, organic acids such as fumaric acid, citric acid; acetic acid and propionic acid and salts thereof, hydrocarbons such as paraffin and mixtures thereof) may be used. A nitrogen source, for example, ammonium salts of inorganic acids such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate, ammonium salts of organic acids such as ammonium fumarate and ammonium citrate, inorganic or organic nitrogenous materials such as meat extract, yeast extract, corn steep liquor, casein hydrolysate and urea and mixtures thereof may be used. The medium may further contain nutritional sources commonly employed for culturing microorganisms, for example, inorganic salts, trace metal salts and vitamins. Furthermore, factors for promoting the growth of the microorganism, those for elevating the productivity of the target compound and materials effective in maintaining the pH value of the medium at a desired level may be added thereto, if required. The microorganism may be incubated at a medium pH value of from 3.0 to 9.5 (preferably from 4 to 8) at an incubation temperature of from 20 to 45°C (preferably from 25 to 37°C) under such conditions (aerobic or anaerobic) as to suit the growth of the microorganism for from 5 to 120 hours (preferably from 12 to 72 hours). A means for preparing optically active 1,3-butanediol from the enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol includes a method of using the culture medium as such and adding the enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol thereto, and a method that the cells are separated by, for example, centrifugation, optionally washed and-then suspended in a buffer solution or water and the enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol is added to the resulting suspension and is reacted. It is sometimes advantageous to add a carbon source, for example, glucose or sucrose to the reaction mixture as an energy source. The cells may be used either in the form of viable cells or in a treated state (for example, as ground, acetone-treated or lyophilized cells). These cells or treated cells may be used as immobilized form obtained by a known method (for example, polyacrylamide gel method, sulfur-containing polysaccharide gel methods such as carageenan gel method, alginic acid gel method or agar gel method). Furthermore, enzymes obtained from the treated cells by combining known purifying techniques may be used therefor. The enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol may be used either as such or dissolved in water or an inert organic solvent or dispersed in, for example, a surfactant. The whole enantiomer mixture may be added at once at the initiation of the reaction, or alternately it may be added in portions. The reaction may be effected within a pH range of from 3 to 10 (preferably from 5 to 9) at a temperature of from 10 to 60°C (preferably from 20 to 40°C) for 1 to 120 hours under stirring or allowing to stand. Optically active 1,3-butanediol of a higher optical purity can be obtained by prolonging the reaction period, though the amount of the remaining 1,3-butanediol is decreased thereby. The concentration of the substrate may preferably range from 0.1 to 10%, though the present invention is not restricted thereby. The remaining optically active 1,3-butanediol may be easily recovered by a common purifying technique (for example, extraction with an organic solvent, distillation or column chromatography) either directly from the reaction mixture or after separating the cells. The present inventors have given their attention to a process for economically and conveniently producing optically active 1,3-butanediol of a high optical purity by using a microorganism and attempted to search for microorganisms suitable for this purpose. As a result, they have found out that a microorganism selected from among those belonging to the genus Rhodococcus acts on an enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol so as to leave (R)-1,3-butanediol as such. The microorganisms usable in the present invention belong to the genus Rhodococcus and are capable of acting on an enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol so as to leave (R)-1,3-butanediol as such. Particular examples of the microorganism capable of acting on an enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol so as to leave (R)-1,3-butanediol as such include Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 43200, JCM 2893, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus DSM 43346, Rhodococcus rhodochrous JCM 2157, Rhodococcus equi JCM 1311, Gordona bronchialis JCM 3198. These microorganisms may be suitably used in the present invention regardless of form (i.e., wild strains, mutants or recombinants obtained through genetic engineering techniques such as cell fusion or gene recombination). Microorganisms to which JCM Nos. are assigned are described in Catalog of Strains, 4th ed. (1989) published by Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN and available therefrom. Those to which DSM Nos. are assigned are described in Catalog of Srains (1989) published by Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen (DSM) and available therefrom. Those to which HUT Nos. are assigned are available from Department of Fermentation Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Hiroshima University. To further illustrate the present invention, and not by way of limitation, the following Example will be given. In the Example, 1,3-butanediol in the reaction mixture could be easily determined by gas chromatography [column: Thermon 3000, 2m, temperature: 130°C), while the optical purity was measured by acetylating the obtained optically active 1,3-butanediol with the use of acetyl chloride by a conventional method and then subjecting to high-performance liquid chromatography by using an optical resolution column (column: Chiralcel OB produced by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd., solvent: n-hexane/2-propanol (19 : 1), wavelength: 220 nm, flow rate: 0.5 ml/min.) (retention time of (S)-form: 15 minutes, that of (R)-form: 19.3 minutes). Example Medium for preparing cells: bonito meat extract 1.0% polypeptone 1.0% sodium chloride 0.5% pH 7.3. 100 ml of the above-mentioned medium for preparing cells was introduced into a 500-ml Sakaguchi flask and sterilized. Then the medium was inoculated with each microorganism listed in Table 2. After incubating under shaking at 30°C for 48 hours, the cells were separated by centrifugation and washed with physiological saline once. Thus viable cells were obtained. Next, 50 ml of distilled water was introduced into a 500-ml Sakaguchi flask and the above-mentioned viable cells were suspended therein. 0.5 g of 1,3-butanediol in a racemic modification was added thereto and the mixture was incubated under reciprocal shaking at 30°C for 48 hours. After the completion of the reaction, the cells were removed by centrifugation. Then the obtained supernatant was saturated with sodium chloride and extracted with 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was analyzed by gas chromatography and thus the remaining 1,3-butanediol was determined. Next, the ethyl acetate was dehydrated over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After solvent removal, the obtained syrup was acetylated with acetyl chloride by a conventional method, dissolved in a solvent and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography to determine the absolute configuration and optical purity of the 1,3-butanediol thus obtained. Table 1 summarizes the results. Microorganism Absolute configuration Optical purity (% e. e.) Remaining 1,3-butanediol (mg/ml) Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 43200 R 90 4.3 Rhodococcus erythropolis JCM 2893 R 80 4.5 Rhodococcus rubropertinctus DSM 43346 R 89 5.1 Rhodococcus rhodochrous JCM 2157 R 71 4.0 Rhodococcus equi JCM 1311 R 71 3.8 Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM 43273 S 60 6.3 Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 43274 S 58 6.4 Rhodococcus roseus JCM 2158 S 53 6.3

Claims: A process for producing optically active 1,3-butanediol comprising treating an enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol with a microorganism which may be ground, acetone-treated, lyophilized or immobilized, selected from among those belonging to the genus Rhodococcus and capable of acting on an enantiomer mixture of 1,3-butanediol so as to leave (R)-1,3-butanediol as such and collecting the remaining optically active (R)-1,3-butanediol. The process of claim 1 wherein said microorganism is selected from among those belonging to the species Rhodococcus erythropolis, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus, Rhodococcus rhodochrous and Rhodococcus equi.

Inventors: KOBAYASHI YOSHINORI, MATSUYAMA AKINOBU, KOBAYASHI, YOSHINORI, MATSUYAMA, AKINOBU
Applicants: DAICEL CHEM, DAICEL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C12P7
IPC codes: C12P41, C12P7, C12R1