High-sensitive magnetometer

Abstract: A high-sensitive magnetometer has two SQUIDs each comprising a superconducting loop with one or more Josephson junctions and also has a coil comprising a continuous loop for providing magnetic flux of input signals to each of the SQUIDs in opposite directions. The magnetic flux of the input signals is detected by sums of output voltages of the SQUIDs. Magnetic flux noises equally applied on the two SQUID are cancelled by the continuous loop and at addition of the output voltages of the SQUIDs, thus large output signals can be obtained because sums of the two SQUID output signals are obtained.

Description: This invention relates to magnetometers using the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and particularly to magnetometers which make it possible to detect very weak magnetic flux with low noises and high sensitivity. Magnetometers, each of which uses the SQUID comprising a superconducting loop having one or more Josephson junctions, have been proposed (for example, see IEEE. Trans. Devices, ED27, No. 10 (1980) pp. 1896-1908). The magnetometers can detect very weak magnetic flux and can be used in the fields of detection of biological magnetic field, geophysics, surveying of natural resources and so on. US-A-4 280 095, from which the preamble of present claim 1 has been derived, discloses a SQUID constructed as a double-helix array arranged in two planes, i.e. as stacked SQUID arrays. The SQUID sensitivity at each sensing point is increased by an intimate co-axial superposition of two or more two-junction DC-SQUID loops. This US-A document also refers to the use of a second double helix having the same number of loops and which is coaxially intermeshed with the first double helix. The coupling constant between the two double helices is positive for the signal and negative for the noise, resulting in a great enhancement of the signal voltage and great diminution of the noise voltage. EP-A-0 210 489 discloses a magnetometer with an input coil for a gradiometer, wherein a pair of coils cancel common mode components of the ambient magnetic field before they are converted to voltages. In particular, there is only one operatively connected DC-SQUID. EP-A-0 210 489 also discloses a gradiometer consisting of two oppositely wound coils which supply magnet flux input signals to the two SQUIDs. It has been desired for the SQUID magnetometer to detect magnetic flux with high sensitivity and low noises. In other words, the object of this invention is to improve the sensitivity of the SQUID magnetometer and reduce the equivalent input noises thereof. The above problem will be solved by this high-sensitivity magnetometer which has two SQUIDs according to claim 1. As the SQUID, a DC-SQUID having a superconducting loop with two or more Josephson junctions is used. With the magnetometer according to this invention, magnetic flux noises present inside the SQUID loops are mutually sensed by each SQUID. These noises generate output voltages across each SQUID. But, these voltages can be added destructively. Thus the magnetic flux noises are cancelled. In contrast, signals produce constructive additions of voltages. Then the signals create large output voltages with higher output impedance, as compared with the case where only one SQUID is used. Fig.1 shows a circuit diagram of an example of this invention, and Fig.2 shows a graph showing a relation, in the example of Fig.1, between a magnetic flux noise and output voltages with respect to the common ground ("4" in Fig.1). Hereinafter, we will explain an example of this invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. Fig.1 shows a circuit diagram of a magnetometer according to this invention. In this example, the SQUIDs are DC-SQUIDs 1 and 1' made by two superconducting films and and an insulation film therebetween. The DC-SQUIDs 1 and 1' are respectively formed by connecting superconducting film 2 and 2' to another superconducting film 4 through two Josephson junctions 3 and 3'. Close to the superconducting films 2 and 2' of the DC-SQUIDs 1 and 1', provided are input coils 5 and 5', the winding directions of which are opposite. These input coils 5 and 5' are connected in series to form one loop and a terminal 6 is led out from the middle point of the loop. When signals caught by a pick-up coil are inputted from the terminal 6 of the input coils, these signals are equally divided and introduced into the input coils 5 and 5'. Since the winding directions of the coils 5 and 5' are opposite, the directions of magnetic flux passing through the respective DC-SQUIDs become opposite. The output signals of the magnetometer are taken across the terminal 7 and 7' as output voltages of two DC-SQUIDs. The bias currents from two direct current sources 8 and 8' are supplied to the DC-SQUIDs 1 and 1' through terminals 9, 9' and 9". The directions of the bias currents are set so that voltages of opposite polarities with respect to the portion 4 are generated at the terminals 7 and 7'. The reference numerals 10 and 10' refer to coils for feedback modulation or extra input coils. In the magnetometer as constructed above, the magnetic flux transmittance between the input coils 5 and 5' has an ability for removing magnetic flux noises inside the DC-SQUIDs 1 and 1'. In this point, it is preferable that the couplings between the SQUIDs 1 and 1' and the input coils 5 and 5' are tight couplings. The flux noises are removed as described below. Fig.2 shows a characteristic between magnetic flux and detection voltages in the example shown in Fig.1. The curves A and B show the output voltages of the SQUID 1 and the SQUID 1', respectively, with respect to a voltage reference at the terminal 4. The DC-SQUIDs have to be biased into an operating point where a flux applied at the input results in a voltage variation across the terminals 7-7'. An example of how the magnetometer can be biased is shown in Figure 2. The SQUID 1 is biased by Φ biasA and the SQUID 1' by Φ biasB. The respective output voltages corresponding to a magnetic flux noise Φn inside the SQUIDs 1 and 1' are indicated by n and n'. By measuring voltage across 7 and 7', the voltages n and n'(voltages produced by the magnetic flux noise Φn) are cancelled. On the other hand, the signal magnetic flux Φs is applied to the SQUIDs in opposite directions. By measuring the voltage across 7 and 7', the signal voltages S and S' are added constructively, resulting in a large output voltage swing and a large output impedance as compared with the case that a single DC-SQUID is used. According to this invention, high-sensitive magnetometers can be realized. Therefore, eminent advantages can be obtained e.g. in diagnosis using the biological magnetic measurements and in magnetic inspection of products.

Claims: A high-sensitivity magnetometer which has two SQUIDs (1, 1') each comprising a superconducting loop (10, 10') with Josephson junctions (3, 3'), said magnetometer also having an input coil in the form of a continuous loop connected to an input terminal (6) at which signals caught by a pick-up coil are inputted, wherein said SQUIDs are DC-SQUIDs, each of which has two Josephson junctions (3, 3') and a respective output terminal (7, 7') on portions of the superconducting loop (10, 10') separated by the Josephson junctions, whereby the equivalent input noises of the two SQUIDs are reduced and the magnetic flux input signals supplied to said two SQUIDs are detected as constructive addition of the output voltages of the two SQUIDs (1, 1'), characterized in that a) said input coil branches into two oppositely wound portions (5, 5') which are provided to respective SQUIDs (1, 1') for supplying magnetic flux input signals to said two SQUIDs; b) the output voltages are generated between the respective output terminals (7, 7'); and c) said SQUIDs (1, 1') are each biased so as to have voltages of opposite polarities at said output terminals (7, 7') with respect to a voltage reference at a terminal (4) located between said SQUIDs (1, 1'). The high-sensitivity magnetometer as claimed in claim 1, wherein said SQUIDs comprise superconducting films (2, 2'; 4).

Inventors: CUBILLOS JUAN CASAS, GOTO EIICHI, NAKANE HIDEAKI, CUBILLOS, JUAN CASAS, GOTO, EIICHI, NAKANE, HIDEAKI
Applicants: HITACHI LTD, JAPAN RES DEV CORP, HITACHI, LTD., RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OF JAPAN
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01R33
IPC codes: G01R33, H01L39