NON-INVASIVE METHOD OF AND EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING KINEMATIC MOVEMENT OF THE CERVICAL SPINE

Abstract: A non-invasive method and equipment for determining kinematic movement of the cervical spine. The method compares biomechanical pathways of a human patient's head's free range of motion in space with either standardized biomechanical pathway data or priorly determined biomechanical pathway data of the same person, to determine the nature and extent of abnormal kinematic movement.

Description: NON-INVASIVE METHOD OF AND EQUIEMENT FOR DETERMINING KIN E M A TIC MOVEMENT OF THE CERVICAL SPINE FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to a non- invasive method and equipment for determining the kinematic function of the cervical spine. More particularly, the invention relates to a non-invasive method and equipment for determining a patient's range of motion and certain paths of movement within that range for computerized comparison with predetermined standards of mobility for diagnosis of abnormal kinematic function of the cervical spine and to monitor therapy administered for the treatment of abnormal kinematic function. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Over the years there has been considerable effort to formulate reliable methods and apparatus for measuring the movement of human body parts. Measurements of movement are made to determine if they fall within normal ranges of motion and to provide comparative information for future reference to monitor changes. For many movements, complete definition of a range of motion requires three-dimensional measurement. Spinal motion is a typical example. The kinematic function of the cervical spine has received considerable attention in recent years because of the large number of people who suffer from back pain. Abnormal kinematic function of the cervical spine due to cervical sprain or cervical strain injuries resulting from, for example, automobile accidents, which is commonly known as "whiplash injury" afflict over 1,000,000 Americans annually. Such injuries typically involve soft tissue damage only, and a major medical as well as legal problem is to determine not only the extent of injury at the outset, but also to determine the effect of therapy and of medical treatment. Various methods of x-ray analysis (an invasive method) of the head and neck have been proposed, but no non-invasive method of evaluation has yet been accepted. Only skeletal damage and major soft tissue changes can be seen with invasive techniques, and then only in the most severe cases. Computerized tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies have similarly been made, but they have failed to provide non-invasive, diagnostic or prognostic parameters to use as a populational predictor of the clinical condition. Moreover, in the absence of a demonstrated pathomechanical cause of the putative injury to the cervical spine, the diagnosis, treatment, outcome, evaluation, and legal impairment status remains a very subjective idiosyncratic case by case judgment. Basic engineering research on the cervical spine which has resulted in a data base in which the basic parameters of cervical range of motion and static relationships of " a vertebra to its adjacent vertebrae have been established to a first approximation. A limited amount of data exists also in which the screw axis parameters (e.g. centrode) about which the rigid body appears to rotate, has been measured. These methods have been for individual vertebrae in planar, i.e., two-dimensional movement, and the methods have used cadavers or crude invasive techniques, for example, x-rays. Models of whiplash injury have recently been attempted using both anthromorphic dummies and by computer simulation (reviewed by Winters (1987), Sances et al. (1981)). However, these studies have considered only the general relationship between possible injury modes and crash conditions. Also, the identifying parameters are typically head acceleration and head range of motion in rotation and translation. Screw axis parameters have not been of importance. Few measurements have been made on humans. More importantly, there is little relation between measurement of the kinematics of collision using models and measurement of voluntary movements in humans. None of these "whiplash injury" studies have ever used three-dimensional kinematic screw parameters of the head as a diagnostic tool to determine the extent of abnormal kinematic cervical spine movement. See Winters J. Biomechanics; Wyss and Pollack 1981 Med. Biol. Eng. Computers; Panjabi et al., J. Biomech. 14, 1981. Thus, actual non-invasive measurements of the instantaneous axis of rotation, finite rotation pole or centrode have not been used or suggested for use as a predictor or diagnostic parameter of the basic biomechanical lesion produced by the whiplash injury. Planar methods, such as the classical Rouleaux method (e.g., Panjabi, M.M., "Centers and Angles of Rotation of Body Joints: A Study of Errors and Optimization," J. Biomechanics, Vol. 12, 1979, pp. 911- 920) or the rotation matrix method of Spiegelman and Woo, S., "A Rigid-Body Method for Finding Centers of Rotation and Angular Displacements of Planar Joint Motion," J. Biomechanics, Vol. 20, 1985, pp. 715-721, are a subset of the more general three-dimensional screw axis analysis but do not provide the three- dimensional screw axis parameters for the head-neck system. In the spatial methods, for a given finite rotation, the appropriate values can be obtained by two mathematically-distinct methods: i) analysis based on the displacement matrix approach (e.g. Suh, CH. and Radcliffe, C.W. Kinematics and Mechanisms sesign, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1979; and ii) an approach based on minimizing error in the matrix formulation (Spoor, C.W. and Veldpaus, F.E., "Rigid body motion calculated from spatial co-ordinates of markers", J. Biomechanics, 13: 391-393, 1980; Woltring, H.J., Huiskes, R., De Lange, A. and Veldpaus, F.E., "Finite centroid and helical axis estimation from noisy landmark measurements in the study of human joint kinematics", J. Biomechanics, Vol. 18, 1985, pp. 379-389. In the first case, the algorithm uses each combination of 4 markers to estimate the screw axis parameters. Thus, with 5 markers, there are 5 solutions that in theory are the same, and with 6 markers there are 15 such solutions. The best estimate is then either the average or the median of the population. The second method utilizes all markers to estimate the appropriate information, essentially numerically solving an optimization problem. Past results suggest that the latter method is superior. Woltring, H.J., Huiskes, R., De Lange, A. and Veldpaus, F.E., "Finite centroid and helical axis estimation from noisy landmark measurements in the study of human joint kinematics", J. Biomechanics, Vol. 18, 1985, pp. 379-389. U.S. Patent Nos. 4,664,130 and 4,699,156 to Gracovetsky disclose a non-invasive method and equipment for the detection of a mechanical abnormality or injury in the lumbar spine of a patient and to identify this abnormality or injury as either of the compression or torsion type. In a first step, any variation of the lumbar curve of the patient is measured using a non-invasive technique. Then any discrepancy or asymmetry is detected in said measured variation of lumbar curve. Gracovetsky does not use three-dimensional screw-parameter kinematics of a specific rigid body (e.g., vertebrae), and in fact cannot obtain three-dimensional information using the method and equipment disclosed therein. U.S. Patent No. 4,528,990 to Knowles discloses a head-mounted apparatus for measuring the movement of the spine or head about a substantially vertical axis and is also capable of indicating spine or head tilting. A headband firmly affixed to the head includes an indicia scale used in conjunction with a body reference indicator whereby the indicator is maintained stationary while the spine or head is rotated such that the relationship between the indicator and indicia scale represents rotative body movement. A gravity operated gauge also affixed to the apparatus measures tilting of the head with respect to the horizontal. This device only measures orientation (angular tilt), which is just a small subset of the screw axis parameters (e.g. there is no measurement of the axis of rotation) . The same applies to the Gilman et al. Instrumentation & Techniques, Measurement of Head Movement During Auditory Localization, Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation Vol. 11(1), 37-41 (1979) and Farrar U.S. Patent No. 3,955,562 (1976). Gorron et al. also discuss the use of x-rays to calculate the instantaneous axis of rotation of the cervical vertebrae, and claim to show that a change, from normal occurred in a person's centerline, indicating a dislocation of the C-7 vertebrae. Gorron, J.P., Deschamps G., Dimnet J., Fischer L.P., Kinematic Study of the Inferin Cervical Spine in Saggital Plane, pp. 32-37. Iji: P. Kehn & W. Widner (eds.) Cervical Spine I Springer-Verlog, N.Y. (1987). Huntington et al. A Method of Measuring from Photographic Records the Movements of the Knee Joint During Walking, IMechE, Vol. 8, No. 3 (1979) relates to a non-invasive diagnostic method and apparatus for determining real time patient ranges of motion of the knee joint by utilizing at least one video camera to track and record light reflected from markers attached to the knee joint. Huntington et al. do not disclose the use of screw axis parameters, and furthermore do not disclose a method or apparatus for use with the head-neck system. Similar apparatus and methods have been used for study of the jaw, the back and the arm. For example, simple photography has been used to record jaw movement, and plots of the trajectory of jaw movement have been attempted. However, criteria for differentiating normal from abnormal movement have not been used, and the method is not applicable to the head-neck system. Russian patent 904,666 discloses a device that records an observer's head position while observing an object. A screen is placed on the head of the observer and carries a two point source of light. The measuring elements of the point coordinates determines the cartesian coordinates and transmits two X, Y values to a converter which describes the movement of the two points and hence the movement of the head. By increasing the number of screens and recorders the general case with 3 dimensions can be handled. There is no teaching to obtain screw parameters or to utilize such information as a diagnostic tool. Berger U.S. Patent No. 4,586,515 discloses a device and method for measuring the position and/or motion of a body part, and particularly the head to diagnose spinal disorders. Three sensors are used to detect three-dimensional motion of the head. Rotation, flexion and lateral tilting of the head are detected by the device to determine the motion pattern of the body part in space to diagnose a motion disorder. Berger does not use biomechanical screw axis pathways to determine the nature and extent of abnormal head movement. Thus, despite the various attempts of those skilled in the art, the art has failed to develop a reliable method for determining abnormal kinematic movement of human body parts. More particularly, for the human head-neck system, the art has failed to recognize the use of the three-dimensional kinematic screw axis or biomechanical pathway of movement for the head-neck system as an indicator of the range of motion of the cervical spine, and thus has failed to provide a satisfactory non-invasive method for using the three- dimensional kinematic screw axis of the head-neck system as a diagnostic tool to determine the nature and extent of abnormal kinematic cervical spine movement. Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a non-invasive method for determining the kinematic movement of human body parts. A related object is to provide a non-invasive method for determining the kinematic movement of the human cervical spine. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for using the three-dimensional kinematic screw axis parameters as a diagnostic tool to determine the nature and extent of abnormal kinematic cervical spine movement. It is a more specific object of this invention to provide biomechanical, numerical parameters by which to establish abnormal kinematic function of the cervical spine which occurs in patients who suffer "whiplash injury." Yet another object of the invention is to provide equipment necessary to carry out the above-identified methods. These and other advantages of the invention as well as additional inventive features will become apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred exemplified embodiment of the invention and accompanying drawings. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is predicated on the discovery that the kinematic movement of a body part provides biologically relevant information about the pathway through which the body part rotates. The biomechanical pathway, in turn, provides a means by which to compare physically impaired movement with normal or standard movement for the diagnosis and prognosis of physical injury to the body part. The present invention is particularly useful with the head- neck system. The instantaneous axis of rotation vector, centrode and/or finite rotation pole of the head define the biomechanically relevant pathway of the head's movement. Because the head is the largest member of the kinematic chain of the head-neck system, the biomechanical pathway of the head may be used to diagnose kinematic abnormalities in the cervical spine. The present invention provides a non-invasive three-dimensional method for detecting the kinematic function of the cervical spine of a patient and can be used to detect abnormal kinematic function as well. By the method of the present invention, the location of the patient's head in space is detected. The method of this invention includes positioning onto the head of a patient a helmet which includes marker means which can be detected by a recording means as the patient's head moves through certain prescribed movements. A signal is generated on a target means and the patient is instructed to follow a pattern created by the sequential activation of a plurality of signals by moving his head to spot each signal as it is generated. The target means comprises a plurality of signal emitting means which can be selectively activated to produce a signal that can be detected by the patient and tracked (e.g., visually followed) by the patient. The signal emitting means are activated in a preselected pattern to elicit from the patient the desired three-dimensional range of movement. The three-dimensional movement of the patient's head is electronically recorded, as for example by a video recorder, by recording the movement of the marker means carried by the helmet as the patient moves his head in response to selected activation of the signal emitted from the source. The patient's three-dimensional range of motion consists of axial rotation, flexion- extension, lateral movement, and vertical, horizontal and oblique movements of the patient's head. The recorded three-dimensional range of motion of the patient's head is then processed, preferably in a data processor, in order to derive the screw axis parameters, in particular, the "instantaneous" axis of rotation, a point on this axis, (e.g. the finite rotation pole or centrode) and three dimensional rotation angles for the head. The derived screw axis parameters that occur during the given task performed by the patient are then compared either (i) with screw axis parameters of predetermined standardized data to ascertain any discrepancy or (ii) with priorly derived screw axis parameters for said patient to identify therapeutic changes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of equipment suitable for carrying out the method of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the helmet to be worn by the patient under test; FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a target means comprising lamps which can be selectively illuminated to cause the desired head movements by the patient; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a target means in a generally dome-shaped structure; FIG. 4a is an end view of the interior of the dome-shaped target; FIG. 4b is a schematic of the location of the signal means of the target means for a planar target means and for a dome-shaped target means; FIGS. 5 and 6 are schematic views of the target means illustrated in Fig. 3 wherein various preselected patterns for the range of motion analysis have been identified; FIGS. 7A and 7B and 8A and 8B illustrate the derived screw axis parameters for flexion-extension (FIGS. 7A and 7B) and axial rotation (FIGS. 8A and 8B) for a normal patient; FIGS. 9A and 9B and 10A and 10B illustrate the derived screw axis parameters for flexion-extension (FIGS. 9A and 9B) and axial rotation (FIGS. 10A and 10B) for a person afflicted with a whiplash injury; FIGS. 11A and 11B and 12A and 12B illustrate the derived screw axis parameters for flexion-extension for a normal patient; and FIGS. 13A and 13B and 14A and 14B illustrate the derived screw axis parameters for flexion-extension for patients afflicted with a whiplash injury. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS While the invention will be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments and procedures, the present invention is not intended to be limited to those particular embodiments. To the contrary, the present invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalent SUBST arrangements as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. In accordance with the present invention kinematic function of the cervical spine is detected by recording means, which record the patient's three-dimensional free range of motion. The recording means record a signal from marker means which are radially disposed about a helmet worn by the patient, as the patient moves his head in response to a signal on the target means. The target means comprise a plurality of signal emitting means, preferably lamps or light emitting diodes. The signal emitting means are suitably controlled by a control means which causes the signal emitting means to emit light in a preselected pattern. The patient is instructed to follow the signal generated by the target means by moving his head in response to the emitted signal from the target means. In so doing the patient moves his head in the selected pattern and his head moves in three dimensions in space. As the patient follows the target signals, his head's movement is recorded by recording means which detect and record the movement of the marker means carried by the helmet worn by the patient. With the use of a three-dimensional spatial analysis system, the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the marker means is determined. Using rigid body kinematic principles, kinematic parameters defining the "screw axis" about which the head is rotated are obtained. The derived screw axis parameter data for the patient may then be compared to standardized screw axis parameter data to determine the kinematic function of the patient's cervical spine. While we do not wish to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that an analysis of the largest rigid body of the head-neck system, namely the head, will provide information that will be indicative of the kinematic function of the cervical spine. That theory is predicated on the fact that the head is at the end of a kinematic chain of rigid bodies that are intricately coupled, so that details of a given head orientation will depend on cervical spine function. For example, if the C1-C2 region cannot rotate normally, the screw axis of the head will be lower. Conversely, injury limiting the range of motion in the C5-C7 area will likely cause the axis to be higher for a given type of task. Furthermore, a cervical spine without the normal curvature will have a screw axis, for a given task, that is lower and more posterior. The present invention provides a real time fully three-dimensional quantitative analysis of the head- neck system by detecting axial rotation, lateral bending, and flexion movements of the head and further by evaluating those movements to provide the biomechanical pathway of the head through those movements. Deviations in the biomechanical pathway of the person under test from standardized data, or normal, are indicative of abnormal movement of the cervical spine, and in turn indicate injury to the spine. Thus, by observing the biomechanical pathway of the patient under test, asymmetries anywhere in the cervical spine can be immediately identified. Moreover, because of wide variability in the screw axis vector directions, more abnormalities may be measured using the method of the present invention as compared to any prior means. For example, movements such as axial rotation and lateral flexion are in fact often more difficult for individuals with whiplash injuries, which typically involve soft tissue damage. Subtle changes in the screw axis parameters of individuals with whiplash injury are measurable in accordance with the present invention and can be used satisfactorily as clinical evaluators, without invasive methods and without knowledge of the pathomechanical cause of the injury. Accordingly, of primary interest in the method of the present invention are the three-dimensional screw axis parameters for the head of a human patient. The screw axis parameters for the head consist of (a) the axis of rotation vector, (b) a point on this vector, and, as appropriate, (c) the angle of rotation about this vector and sliding along this vector and (d) the angular velocity. The angle of rotation may be used to calculate the finite rotation pole between two orientations. The angular velocity may be used to calculate the instantaneous axis of rotation during an ongoing movement. The biomechanical pathway of the head through its movement consists of the instantaneous axis of rotation, the centrode pathway, and the finite rotation pole. By calculating the biomechanical pathway, preferably with the aid of a computer, clinically reliable data can be obtained from which the degree of abnormal kinematic function can be ascertained. Desirably, the various elements of the biomechanical pathway are plotted graphically to facilitate comparison with the biomechanical pathways of standardized data, which may comprise, for example the biomechanical pathways of a population of normal individuals, i.e., those who have not been injured, and/or with the patient's prior history. The method of the present invention thus provides a significant diagnostic and prognostic tool for determining the nature and extent of abnormal kinematic movement of the cervical spine. Turning to FIG. 1, there is shown equipment suitable for carrying out the method of the present invention. According to the illustrated embodiment a helmet 1 is worn by the patient P. The helmet 1 can be adapted to various head sizes and shapes by means of an adjustable strap 2 (FIG. 2); and is preferably lightweight so that it can fit comfortably on the head. To carry out the testing (described in more detail hereinafter) the helmet is adjusted to fit snugly on the patient's head so that it does not move relative to the patient's head during the test. Thus movement of the helmet will accurately reflect the patient's head movements. The helmet 1 includes marker means which can be detected by a recording means to enable the determination of the patient's head orientation in space. The size and shape of the marker means is not critical to the method of the invention provided the marker means are capable of being detected and recorded by the recording means. In the illustrative embodiment, the marker means comprise bolts 3 of variable length mounted to helmet 1 and preferably include on their ends a marker 4 which is capable of reflecting light. Preferably, the markers 4 comprise a one-half inch diameter spherical ball covered by a suitable reflective material, preferably glass beads. Preferably five or six bolts are mounted to the helmet in such a manner that all of the markers can be uniquely recorded by each recorder means without any marker overlap or marker interference, one with another, throughout the patient's range of motion. The equipment for use in the present invention further includes a target means which comprises a plurality of signal emitting means in preselected arrangement. The signal emitting means are capable of being selectively activated to emit a signal to be detected by the patient. The patient tracks the target signal and in so doing, moves his head to follow the pattern that is created. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the signal emitting means are controlled so that the signal means can be activated in a preselected pattern, consonant with a specific head movement sought to be tested. Thus, for example, the signal means may be activated in a manner such that the range of motion of the patient's head will be tested for axial rotation (i.e. left-to-right movement) flexion-extension (up and down movement) or lateral bending (side-to-side movement) or an oblique movement, such as an x-shaped pattern, a box-shaped pattern, or the like. Preferably, the signal emitting means comprises a plurality of light sources each of which can be selectively controlled to light up in any desired sequence or pattern. The light source for indicating the tracking direction which the patient is to follow is preferably a lamp, or a laser. In the illustrative embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the target means comprises a fixed planar array or grid 11 of small lamps 12, each just under 1/2 inch in diameter. The grid is arranged so that the total viewing angle of the patient from the far left side of the grid to the far right side of the grid is about 100°, and so that the viewing angle from the top of the grid to the bottom of the grid is likewise about 100° (Fig. 3). The viewing angles to the left of center, to the right of center, to the top from center and to the bottom from center are all about 50°. In addition, the lamps in the grid are set apart by an incremental viewing angle of approximately 10° (Fig. 3). In the illustrative embodiment, the grid comprises sixty-one lamps (Fig. 3). Alternatively, the lamps may be oriented in other configurations, using the same or similar angular relationship between lamps. For example, the lamps may be configured in a dome-shaped or umbrella-shaped structure. Fig. 4 illustrates an easily erectable portable dome-shaped target means 20 supported by legs 21 mounted to a base 22. The portable dome-shaped target means can be moved easily and, due to its smaller overall dimension as contrasted with a planar-shaped target means, it may be used in a smaller area than a planar target. An exemplary pattern of the lamps of the target means is shown in Fig. 4a which is an end view of the grid looking into the dome from a point X outside the dome. In the dome- shaped target means shown in Fig. 4 the lamps are located in the same angular relationship as they are in a planar target means, as can be seen in Fig. 4b. With the dome-shaped target means 20 the lights are all equidistant from the patient. The lamps in the grid are selectively controlled so that they can be activated in any preselected pattern desirable. To that end, and in the illustrative embodiment, the lamps in the grid are controlled by a suitable central processing unit, such as, for example, a personal computer 5, an interface board (not shown) for the central processing unit, an optocoupler box 6, and the appropriate wiring (not shown) to connect the lamps to the other components. The optocoupler box converts low-power computer output signals into higher-power signals capable of turning on the grid lamps in the appropriate sequence. The optocoupler box 6 may be a personal computer, computer interface board and appropriate optocoupler circuitry, or other appropriate electronic circuitry for creating the desired light sequences. The central processing unit interface board may be, for example, a board commercially available from Metrabyte as DDA-6. Commercially available data acquisition and display software, such as, for example, Lab Tech Notebook available from Laboratory Technologies may be used as the medium to set up a pre-programmed sequence of light patterns to elicit the desired range of motion. In the preferred embodiment, sixteen lamps are controlled with the digital I/O channels that are available on the computer interface board. While the computerized system for controlling the grid lamps provides considerable flexibility, it will be appreciated that other types of control may also be suitably employed. Thus, an alternative to the computerized control system is the use of electronic switching circuitry. The electronic switching circuitry can be manually operated with push-buttons or the like to create a certain preselected light sequence. In one embodiment of the present invention, helmet 1 includes an indicator means 13. The indicator means cooperates with the target means to indicate whether the patient has moved his head from one lamp to the next as the lamps are lit in the desired pattern. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one of the indicator means or the target means may be selected to emit a signal and the other selected to receive that signal to provide confirmation that the patient's head moved in accordance with the prescribed pattern. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the indicator means 13 emits a beam of light which is to be directed at the target and detected on or by the target. In carrying out the method of the present invention, as the patient follows the target signals as they are activated he moves his head so that the beam from the indicator means illuminates the activated target signal lamp. Illumination of the target signal lamp in this manner provides visual confirmation that the patient has moved his head in response to the target signal and thus is following the prescribed pattern. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the recording means comprise at least two standard CDC video cameras, 7 and 8, which record the patient's head's free range of motion throughout the preselected range of motion tasks the patient is asked to perform. The two cameras are placed relative to the patient's head so that all the markers 4 on the helmet 1 will be within the camera's recording view for the entire range of the patient's expected motion. Generally the cameras are set at an angle of 50° to 60° relative to one another. However, the angle at which the cameras are located relative to one another is not critical provided they are not too close together, which may reduce accuracy, and provided that each camera can cover the entire range of expected motion and can continue to view all marker means and record their movement. In the preferred embodiment, the video recorders record light reflected by the marker means carried by the helmet, which corresponds to the patient's head movement in space. Each video camera is connected to a video cassette recorder 9, 10, where a videotape of the patient's motion is recorded on videocassette. A monitor (not shown) may be used to view the video camera images as they are being recorded. In order to minimize unwanted reflection artifacts from the videorecording, it is preferred that all of the helmet elements other than the markers 4 be of a non-reflective color such as dark blue or black. In order to provide an accurate three-dimensional analysis of the patient's head movements, the two videotapes are first synchronized with an "Expert Vision Remote Site" unit, commercially available from Motion Analysis, Inc. The Expert Vision Remote Site unit synchronizes the camera sampling which is done every 17 ms via a signal from the remote site to each camera and it places a user initiated audio tone on each videotape at the same sampling frame. The remote site unit is connected to the computer controlled VCR which is hooked up to the two video cameras so that the timing marks are created simultaneously with the actual filming of the patient. In accordance with the invention, the three- dimensional coordinates of the centroids of the markers 4 throughout the movement of the head during the patient's performance of the requested tracking tests are used to compute the finite rotation pole, the instantaneous axis of rotation and the centrode movement of the head. To obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of the centroid of each marker 4 from the videotape, the full "Expert Vision Motion Analysis System," commercially available from Motion Analysis, Inc., Santa Rosa, Ca., is preferably used. This system comprises a three-dimensional motion analysis system housed on a SUN computer workstation and a master software program called "EV3d". While certain standard commands from the Expert Vision System are utilized for calibration and initialization, the special command "vide" is used to create computer files from videotape. The "vide" command couples the computer to Motion Analysis' "VP-110" hardware, or its equivalent, which measures the grey-level transition, which is essentially an outline of the markers 4, for a videotape. The "track" command of the Expert Vision System allows the computer files created from each videotape to be combined and the centroid or location for each marker throughout the head movement and in three-dimensions to be obtained for each motion task the patient performs. Other photoelectronic or magnetic-based systems may likewise be used. After the marker locations have been determined, the screw axis parameters are calculated, preferably with the aid of a computer. To that end, software based on the equations first presented by Spoor, C.W. and Veldpaus, F.E., "Rigid body motion Calculated from spatial co-ordinates of markers", J. Biomechanics, 13: 391-393, 1980, and as presented in Woltring, H.J., Huiskes, R. , De Lange, A. and Veldpaus, F.E., "Finite centroid and helical axis estimation from noisy landmark measurements in the study of human joint kinematircs", J. Biomechanics, Vol. 18, 1985, pp. 379- 389, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein, may be used satisfactorily. Marker locations in addition to the four typically utilized by clinical theoretical techniques are advantageously used to lower the error in the calculation due to measurement noise. Using the equations of Spoor and Veldpaus and Woltring, et al., the screw axis parameters or biomechanical pathway for the head, namely the instantaneous axis of rotation, a point on this axis (e.g. the finite rotation pole, or centrode) and the rotation about and sliding along this axis can be obtained. Plots of these various movements and pathways may then be made by standard graphics methods. Graphic plots of the derived screw axis parameters for the patient under test may then be used in either of two ways. The derived screw axis parameters may be used as a diagnostic tool by comparing the screw axis parameters with standardized screw axis parameters, including, for example, plots of screw axis parameters for normally healthy persons, to ascertain any discrepancies between the two. In that way, any abnormal kinematic movement of the cervical spine can be observed and quantified so that the degree of injury can be established. Therapeutic changes (e.g., improvement) in the kinematic function of the cervical spine also can be evaluated quantitatively by comparing the derived screw axis parameters of the patient after therapy to the analog of the screw axis parameters derived for that patient before therapy was begun. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the use of the derived screw axis parameters data after injury combined with the screw axis parameters measured periodically after treatment will provide quantitative information regarding the patient's progress after therapy and the relative degree of impaired kinematic function from which the patient still suffers. In order to carry out the method of the present invention, a patient P is fitted with the helmet 1 described above. The patient is then instructed to perform a series of voluntary range-of-motion tasks to provide the outside parameters of his range of motion for the actual test. More particularly, the patient starts by making standard, voluntary, self-paced slow range-of-motion movement in the flexion-extension (up- down) axial rotation (left-right) and lateral bending (side-to-side) directions. Preferably the patient is also instructed to make the largest circle with which the patient feels comfortable, once in each direction. Following the voluntary range-of-motion tasks, a series of light sequence tests is begun. The light sequences are selected so that the patient stays within his voluntary range of motion. Preferably five target sequences are used: left-right, (Fig. 5) up-down (Fig. 5) a box pattern (Fig. 6) in either direction and an oblique or x-shaped pattern (Fig. 5). Successive lamps which define each sequence are sequentially illuminated at four (4) second intervals, and the patient is instructed to follow the light by moving his head as the lamps illuminate. While the patient is following the preselected light sequence, movement of the markers on the helmet (which correspond to head movement) are recorded on the synchronized videocassette tapes for further processing as described heretofore. The data recorded on the videotapes is then processed as described above. From that data which corresponds to the head's movements, the screw axis parameters are calculated and plotted. The derived plots are then compared to standard plots and/or to prior plots of the same patient so that the nature and/or extent of the abnormal kinematic movement of the cervical spine can be determined. The following Examples are intended to further illustrate the invention described herein, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. EXAMPLE I A normal patient, that is, one not afflicted with whiplash injury, was tested for three-dimensional head movement using the apparatus and method described heretofore. The patient's flexion-extension (vertical movement) and axial rotation, (horizontal movement) were measured at 10° intervals over 40° and 50°, respectively. The patient was tested using the target means illustrated in FIG. 3 and the five target sequences described above. The screw axis for the vertical and horizontal movement were then calculated and plotted. The screw axis parameters are plotted in different planes, expressed in centimeters, relative to the fifth cervical vertebrae (C5) as illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B and 8A and 8B. The patient was then retested after six weeks to determine the consistency of the movements of the patient over that time interval. It can be seen from this data, particularly with the data for vertical movement as illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B, that the screw axis parameters of a normal patient varies smoothly in location and orientation. That smoothness in location and orientation of the movement was to be expected for a normal patient. However, this Example demonstrates the efficacy of the method and apparatus of the present invention to provide both the screw axis parameters of the head's movement, and mathematical values of such movement, the latter of which provides a complete description of the character of that movement. Accordingly the method and apparatus of the present invention allow for the first time both the calculation of the screw-axis parameters of the head-neck system and a mathematical analysis of that movement for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation. EXAMPLE II A patient afflicted with whiplash injury was tested for three dimensional head movement in the same manner that the normal patient of Example I was tested. The patient's flexion-extension and axial rotation were measured at 10° intervals over 30° and 40° degrees, respectively, for each movement. The screw axis parameters for flexion-extension and axial rotation were then calculated and plotted for the patient as illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B and 10A and 10B, respectively. These screw axis parameters are plotted in different planes, expressed in centimeters, relative to the fifth cervical vertebrae (C5). The patient was then retested six weeks later after undergoing treatment for the whiplash injury. It can be seen that for the patient with whiplash injury the screw axis location on the z-plane differs from the screw axis location on the z-plane for the normal patient. EXAMPLE III A normal patient, that is, one not afflicted with whiplash injury, was tested for three-dimensional head movement using the apparatus and method described heretofore. The patient's flexion-extension (vertical movement) was measured at 10° intervals over 40° (FIGS. 11A and 11B and 12A and 12B), using the target means illustrated in FIG. 3 and the target sequences described above. The screw axis for vertical movement was then calculated and plotted, expressed in centimeters, relative to the fifth cervical vertebrae (C5). It can be seen from FIGS. 11A and 11B and 12A and 12B that the average screw axes location for a normal patient are uniformly distributed and that the average screw axes locations at the initial test are nearly identical to the average screw axes locations for a test conducted six weeks later. While this was to be expected for a normal patient, the data of this Example is fully consistent with the data of Example I, and like the data of Example I, demonstrates the efficacy of the method and apparatus of the present invention to provide both the screw axis parameters for the head's movement, and mathematical values of such movement, for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation. EXAMPLE IV A patient afflicted with a whiplash injury was tested for flexion-extension (vertical) movement in the same manner as described in the prior Examples at intervals of 10° over 30° (FIGS. 13A and 13B) and 20° (FIGS. 14A and 14 B) SU BSTITU TESHEET of movement. The average screw axes for the flexion- extension were then calculated and plotted (expressed in centimeters) relative to the fifth cervical vertebrae (C5). The patient was then retested six weeks later after undergoing treatment for the whiplash injury. It can be seen from the plots in FIGS. 13A and 13B and 14A and 14B for the initial test, prior to treatment, that the average screw axes locations are cephalad, in contrast to the uniform distribution for a normal patient (FIGS. 11A and 11B and 12A and 12B) . Further, it can be seen that following six weeks of treatment, the average screw axes locations are significantly lower in the cervical spine. SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Claims: We claim: 1. A non-invasive three-dimensional method for determining the kinematic function of the cervical spine of a human patient, comprising the steps of: a. positioning a helmet having recordable detectable means onto the head of a patient facingly situated in respect to a target means; b. generating a signal at various locations of a target means for the patient to follow by spatial head movements in response to said signal; c. recording the three-dimensional range of motion of the patient's head in space received from said helmet means as the patient moves his head in response to the target locations of said generated signal; d. processing the recorded three-dimensional range of motion of the patient's head in space to derive the screw axis parameters of the patient's head; and e. comparing the derived screw axis parameters for said patient with either (i) the screw axis parameters for predetermined standardized data to ascertain any discrepancy, or (ii) priorly derived screw axis parameters for said patient to identify changes. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said recordable detectable means includes marker means capable of being detected by an electronic recording means and the movement of the marker means as the patient moves his head in response to said generated signal is recorded for use in determining the three-dimensional range of motion of the patient's head in space. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said target means comprises a grid comprising a plurality of light sources, each said light source being a member selected from the group consisting of a lamp, a laser, or a combination thereof. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein said target means comprises a grid comprising a plurality of light sources, each said light source being a member selected from the group consisting of a lamp, a laser, or a combination thereof. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein each light source in said target means is separated by an angle of about 10° and the total left to right viewing angle of the grid and top to bottom viewing angle of the grid are each about 100°. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the recording means is a photoelectronic recording means. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said recording means comprises two individual video cameras operating in synchronism. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the range of motion of the patient's head in space consists of axial rotation, flexion-extension, lateral movement and an oblique movement. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein said oblique movement is a movement selected from the group consisting of an x-shaped movement, a box-shaped movement or combination thereof. 10. The method of claim 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 wherein said marker means are carried by said helmet so that said marker means are visible to each of said video cameras throughout the entire range of motion of the patient's head and so that none of the markers interfere with one another, and said video cameras record the movement of the markers as the patient's head moves in response to said generated signal. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said marker means are capable of reflecting light and said video cameras detect and record the light reflected by said markers as the patient moves his head in response to the signal generated by the target means whereby the movement of the patient's head is recorded by recording the movement of said markers. 12. The method of claim 11 wherein said helmet includes an indicator means capable of working in cooperation with said target means to indicate whether the patient has moved his head in accordance with the generated signal. 13. The method of claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 wherein said helmet includes an indicator means capable of working in cooperation with said target means to indicate whether the patient has moved his head in accordance with the generated signal. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein said indicator means is a beam of light. 15. The method of claim 13 wherein said indicator means is a beam of light. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein said derived screw axis parameters are plotted graphically. 17. The method of claim 10 wherein said derived screw axis parameters are plotted graphically. 18. The method of claim 12 wherein said derived screw axis parameters are plotted graphically. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein said graphic plot of the derived screw axis parameters of the patient is compared to a graphic plot of the screw axis parameters of (i) predetermined standardized data or (ii) priorly derived screw axis parameter data for said patient, or (iii) both (i) and (ii). 20. The method of claim 18 wherein said graphic plot of the derived screw axis parameters of the patient is compared to a graphic plot of the screw axis parameters of (i) predetermined standardized data, (ii) priorly derived screw axis parameter data for said patient or (iii) both (i) and (ii). 21. The method of claim 1, 3 or 4 wherein said target means comprises an umbrella-shaped structure. 22. A non-invasive three-dimensional method for determining the kinematic function of the cervical spine of a human patient, comprising the steps of: a. positioning a helmet having recordable detectable marker means onto the head of a patient facingly situated in respect to a target means, b. generating a preselected pattern on a target means by sequentially activating each of a plurality of signals in said target; c. having the patient follow the pattern generated on said target means by moving his head to allow him to make visual contact with the activated signal; d. electronically recording the patient's spatial head movement as the patient follows said pattern by recording the movement of the marker means on said helmet; e. processing the electronically recorded movement of the marker means to obtain the three- dimensional coordinates of the centroid of said marker means in the patient's range of motion and calculating the screw axis parameters for the patient's head using said three-dimensional coordinates of the centroid of said marker means; and f. comparing the derived screw axis parameters for said patient with either (i) the screw axis parameters for predetermined standardized data to ascertain any discrepancy, or (ii) priorly derived screw axis parameters for said patient to identify changes. 23. A non-invasive three-dimensional method for determining the kinematic function of the cervical spine of a human patient, comprising the steps of: a. positioning a helmet having recordable detectable means onto the head of a patient facingly situated in respect to a target means; b. generating a preselected pattern of visual signals at various locations of a target means for the patient to follow by spatial head movements in response to said signals; c. recording the three-dimensional range of motion movement for the patient's head in space received from said helmet means as the patient moves his head in response to the target locations of said generated signals; and d. storing the recorded three-dimensional range of motion movement for processing of said recording to derive the screw axis parameters of the patient's head. 24. A method for non-invasively determining the kinematic function of the cervical spine of a human patient wherein subsequent to performance of the method of claim 23, the process includes the steps comprising: (a) processing the recorded and stored three- dimensional range of motion of the patient's head to derive the screw axis parameters of the patient's head and (b) comparing the derived screw axis parameters for said patient with either (i) the screw axis parameters for predetermined standardized data to ascertain any discrepancy, or (ii) priorly derived screw axis parameters for said patient to identify changes. 25. An equipment for detecting the kinematic function of the cervical spine of a human patient, comprising: a. a target means comprising a plurality of signal means, said signal means being capable of being selectively activated to emit a signal to be detected by the patient, whereby said signal means can be activated in a preselected pattern; b. a helmet capable of being positioned onto the head of a patient, said helmet carrying marker means capable of being detected by a recording means; c. at least one recording means for recording the three-dimensional movement of the range of motion of the patient's head as the patient moves his head in response to selected activation of the signal emitted from the signal means; and d. processing means for processing the recorded three-dimensional free range of motion movements of the patient's head to derive the screw axis parameters of the patient's head. 26. The equipment of claim 25 wherein said target means comprises a grid comprising a plurality of light sources, each of said light sources being a member selected from the group consisting of a lamp, a laser, or a combination thereof. 27. The equipment of claim 26 wherein each said light source is separated by an angle of about 10° and the total left to right viewing angle of the grid and the top to bottom viewing angle of the grid are each about 100°. 28. The equipment of claim 27 wherein said helmet includes indicator means capable of working in cooperation with said target means to indicate whether the patient has moved his head in response to the signal. 29. The equipment of claim 25 or 28 wherein the said recording means comprises two separate videocassette recorders which are synchronized. 30. The equipment of claim 22 wherein said target means comprises a grid comprising a plurality of light sources, each of said light sources being a member selected from the group consisting of a lamp, a laser, or a combination thereof; said plurality of light sources are separated by an angle of about 10° and the total left to right viewing angle of the grid and the up and down viewing angle of the grid are each about 100°; said helmet includes indicator means capable of working in cooperation with said target means to indicate whether the patient has moved his head in accordance with the prescribed pattern; and said recording means comprise two separate videocassette recorders, which are synchronized.

Inventors: FUHR ARLAN W, OSTERBAUER PAUL, WINTERS JACK, FUHR, ARLAN, W., OSTERBAUER, PAUL, WINTERS, JACK
Applicants: FUHR ARLAN W, FUHR, ARLAN, W.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: A61B
IPC codes: A61B5