A procedure and apparatus for producing individually designed, three-dimensional bodies usable as tooth replacements, prostheses, etc.

Abstract: A procedure for producing individually designed, three-dimensional bodies includes as part steps the identification of one or more shapes/forms (10) of one or more of said bodies (9). A first digital representation is formed by each respective identification. Respective representation is stored and processed possibly in a computer (20). The computer is activated for one or more read-outs via one or more ports (22) of one or more representations in processed or unprocessed form. In one or more machines for production of said bodies there are included one or more switch actuators. Each respective switch actuator is actuated in an activation function in which a blank and a device acting thereon are brought into co-ordination as a result of the actuation of the device by means of relevant read-out from the computer. During this actuation, the blank is allocated the relevant read-out form. The original representation of the form (10) may possibly be subjected to modification, e.g. supplementary modification. This modification can be performed by means of a computer (20), modification in the identification, machine setting, etc.

Description: TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a procedure for producing individually designed, three-dimensional bodies intended to form at least parts of artificial replacements for teeth, dental bridges and joints, support parts for reconstruction of tissue build-up, and tools for producing whole or parts of such replacements and support parts, etc. The present invention also relates to apparatus for implementation of the procedure. A procedure and an apparatus comprising the features of the preamble of claims 1 and 10, respectively, are disclosed in EP-A-0054785. BACKGROUND ART Using the procedure and apparatus according to the present invention, it will thus be possible to manufacture both an implant body as such and a tool part or parts employed in the production of the implant body. Production of a tool part for an implant body is relevant int al to the production of tooth sockets whose inner configuration must be adaptable with extreme accuracy to the tooth remains in question. In this case, electro-erosion is employed, in which it is necessary that the outer configuration of the tool part coincide with extreme accuracy (100 parts of 1 mm) to the outer configuration of each respective tooth remain. In such instance, it should also be noted that the tool parts (which, in the case of production of tooth crowns, consist of electrodes of graphite) are exposed to wear (primarily frontal wear) during the electro-erosion. The production of a tool part or parts is also relevant in the procedure for producing ceramic bodies which are linearly enlarged in relation to the replacement or support part and reduced in size by hard sintering in order to conform with extreme accuracy with the size of the replacement or the support part. It is previously known in this art to transfer a configuration from a model to the implant body or the tool part herefor. By way of example, reference is made to the tracer milling cutter according to PCT application SE87/00194 (WO 87/06451). This tracer milling cutter employs a sensing needle which senses the configuration of the model in question, and hydraulically operating servo devices which transfer the movements sensed by the needle to the processing tools which forms the blank. The above-mentioned publication discloses in purely general terms that it is possible alternatively to employ a tracer milling cutter which operates with electric servo devices. It is also previously known in the art to propose, in the above type of tracer milling cutter, apparatus which makes possible enlargement/reduction of the form of a sensed model. It is also well known in the art to employ electro-erosion in the production of, for instance, tooth crowns/tooth sockets. The prior art equipment imparts an extremely high degree of accuracy to the produced implant bodies which are usually characterized by unique, individual outer and/or inner configurations. It is also previously known in the art to attempt to cast the individually shaped bodies. Casting of such bodies provides inferior surfaces and requires individually designed and shaped tools. This mode of approach must be regarded as inferior to the principles according to the present invention which are based on cutting or some other type of forming machining. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION TECHNICAL PROBLEMS In the production of implant bodies, there is a general need to be able to rationalize production of such implant bodies which must then be capable of displaying individually distinguished and also complex inner and/or outer configurations. The prior art equipment and procedures for this purpose are relatively slow, and in certain cases require the production of bodies of advanced design which cannot be achieved, or which can be achieved only with difficulty, using today's prior art equipment. There is also a need in the art to be able to increase access to biocompatible material in connection with replacements and implant of support bodies in the human body. As a rule, such material is difficult to work with and must be capable of being employed in cost-effective and manufacture-efficient procedures and apparatus for the production of organic forms. Hence, there is a need in the art to technically simplify the machines employed and their associated equipment, while still being able to utilize these more generally in the production of implant bodies. In this instance, the purely hydraulically operating equipment suffers from limitations and requires a relatively large machine park if all-round production of individual bodies and electro-erosion tools for these can be satisfied. Different machine variants are thus required for cases with or without enlargement/reduction function. Production of tooth sockets and tool parts for these also requires machine variants, since the tool parts must be designed with a wear allowance. The production of, for instance, complete teeth requires an additional machine variant. Those cases in which it is desired to build onto the produced form in relation to the form of the sensed model (as may be relevant in the production of a complete tooth/tooth part), would theoretically require one machine variant for each superstructure operation, which, in principle, would be impossible to satisfy with present-day tracer milling cutters that operate purely hydraulically. The ideal is thus to be able to utilize a single machine variant in which it is possible to manufacture the desired implant body in response to controls which may be simply varied. In this instance, it must be possible to enter information on the configuration of the body in question either manually or automatically by read-off, copying, etc., whereafter the control equipment generates, in response to such information, the correct control signals to the machine which, in response to the generated control signals, produces the usually individually shaped body. The hydraulically operating tracer milling cutter also suffers from drawbacks by not being capable of working sufficiently rapidly. The sensing needle must abut against the model with a certain force, the so-called reaction force. The model is usually made of plaster of Paris or other soft material, which limits the magnitude of the reaction force. On the other hand, the reaction force must be increased with increasing working speed in order-for the needle to be capable of following the contour, and the above-mentioned limitation in working speed will be readily perceived herefrom. In addition, the needle must be provided with a rounded tip (not a spiculated tip) in order for the model/plaster material not to be destroyed by the needle. This limits sensing accuracy in complicated shapes and it will readily be perceived that implant bodies of complex individual shapes cannot, for this reason, be manufactured with a sufficient degree of accuracy. The possibility of producing the implant body with complex shapes is also restricted by the fact that the axes of rotation of the rotary units cannot work above the rotary shaft of the blank because the above-mentioned axes of rotation are inclined at an angle in relation to each other. Such angular setting affords a number of advantages which it would be difficult to forego in the above-mentioned prior art tracer milling cutter. The procedure and the apparatus according to the present invention are also intended to make possible the production of cavities in relevant blanks with a high degree of accuracy. SOLUTION The object of the present invention is to propose a procedure and apparatus which obviates at least the major part of the above-outlined drawbacks. This is achieved by the procedure specified in claim 1. In one embodiment, one or more models are produced of the above-mentioned bodies, identification being optionally executed with the aid of the shape or shapes of the model or models. Supplementary information or alternatively a description may be produced for each respective form of each respective model or body, and identification be effectuated with the aid of such description. The description may thus comprise description parts which respectively indicate co-ordinates, for example read-off angle of the body during read-off and position in a coordinate system for each respective read-off or plotting point. In one embodiment, use is made in the description of significances for the shape build-up. These significances may consist of predetermined codes characteristic of the build-up of the shape which form abbreviations or representations, hereinafter designated third representations, of or for the complete description parts. The information mass produced with the codes will, by such means, be considerably reduced in relation to the information mass of the complete description parts. The codes may be stored in the processing units (its host or associated memory), in which also these complete first and second representations are generated with the aid of codes on each respective deposition or loading occasion to the machine or machines. In one embodiment, first and second data are entered in respect of a second shape associated with the model, the read-off or the copying, or possible differences in relation to the first shape in dimension and/or configuration which are to be present for the second shape in the memory hardware associated with the computer device, for example in the form of a PC, microprocessor, etc., which in turn is included in or connected to an electric control unit in which the above-mentioned controls are generated in the form or electric control signals. Furthermore, the novel procedure is characterized in that the electric control signals are based on/calculated in the computer hardware from relevant data of the above-mentioned first and second data and are fed to the movement-effectuating device which, in this instance, includes an electrically controlled servo device, switch actuator, etc., whose movement effectuation is executed by utilization of a slight inertia resistance in the movement-effectuating devices. In an additional further development of the novel procedure according to the present invention, first information by means of which the above-mentioned first data may be generated is retrieved by a copier, for example, a dentist, a dental technician, etc., and transmitted by means of computer transfer or storage media to a central host unit which controls the production of implant bodies, and, at the central host unit, the above-mentioned first data is entered into the above-mentioned electric control unit/computer hardware on the basis of the first information. The computer transfer media consists of a transmission line, e.g. a hooked-up and/or permanent connection in the general telecommunications network. Transmission and reception devices which include modems are connected or connectible to the above-mentioned transmission line for transmission of the above-mentioned first information. The above-mentioned second data in respect of different percentages in enlargement and reduction of the shape, different changes of the second shape in relation to the first shape, etc., are entered into the above-mentioned memory/computer hardware. The second data in question is selected for each respective production case, by means of actuation of terminal devices associated with or connected to the above-mentioned computer hardware. The rotary units are, or one of the rotary units is, controlled by the electric control unit to achieve an optimum production time in respect of machining speed and accuracy. In such instance, each respective longitudinally displaceable rotary unit is longitudinally displaced depending on the degree of complexity of the first shape. In such first portions of the first shape as represent a first part shape which permits a certain first maximum machining speed, each respective unit is longitudinally displaced at the first maximum machining speed. In such second portions of the first shape as represent a second part shape which permits a certain second maximum machining speed which differs from the first maximum machining speed, each respective unit is longitudinally displaced at the second maximum machining speed, and so on. Further embodiments of the novel procedure according to the present invention are apparent from the appended description. That which may substantially be considered as characterizing the novel apparatus according to the invention is defined in claim 10. In one embodiment, the device generating the control signals includes an electric control unit which, in turn, comprises or is connected/connectible to computer means, e.g. a PC, microprocessor, etc., in whose associated memory equipment first and second data may be entered in respect of a second shape associated with the model, the read-out or the copy, or a difference in relation to the first shape in dimension and/or form which is to be present for the second shape. In addition, the apparatus is characterized in that the control unit generates, depending on relevant data on the above-mentioned first and second data, electric signals to the movement-effectuating device which, in this instance, includes or consists of an electrically controlled servo device, switch actuator, etc., with slight inertia resistance. In yet a further embodiment, the apparatus is characterized in that the electric control unit is included in a distribution system for the transfer of first information by means of which the above-mentioned first data may be generated in the memory equipment/computer hardware. This distribution system includes, on the one hand, a number - preferably a plurality - of initiation or gathering stations for the above-mentioned first information, and, on the other hand, computer storage and/or computer transmission devices for the above-mentioned first information from these stations to a central or host station including the electric control unit and the armory equipment/computer hardware. The first items of information are converted into the above-mentioned first data in the memory equipment/computer hardware in connection with the transfer of the first items of information to the main station or, after intermediate storage or holding in the main station. The computer transmitting devices include transmitter and reception devices and transmission communication between the above-mentioned transmitting and receiving station. The transmission communications include permanent and/or hook-up connections in the general telecommunications network, to which the above-mentioned transmitter and reception devices are connected/connectible. In one preferred embodiment, the electric control unit is arranged to control one or both of the blank and tool supporting units for their mutual longitudinal displacement movements at speeds which are dependent upon the degree of complexity of the first shape, e.g. in complex shape portions of the first shape at a first speed, in less complex shape portions of the first shape at a second speed which exceeds the first speed, and so on. In such first shapes or in such part portion of the first shape in which the machining device cannot operate above the axis of rotation of the blank because of the overall configuration of the first shape, the electric control unit controls each respective rotary unit so that machining in a given phase takes place during parts of a rotation turn for each respective rotary unit. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes two or more pairs of rotary units in which each respective pair is included in its allocated machine or machine equipment part. In this instance, the electric control unit controls directly, or via sub-control units, the different unit pairs/machines/machine equipment parts on the basis of the same first shape/model/read-off/copy. A first pair of blank and tool-supporting units/a first machine/a first machine equipment part then shape a first blank which forms or is to form the implant body and which has an outer configuration corresponding to the outer configuration of the model, the read-off or the copy, or has been allocated the above-mentioned difference in relation to the outer configuration of the model/the read-off, or the copy. At least second and third pairs of blank and tool-carrying units/second and third machines/second and third machine equipment parts shape second and third blanks which form first and second tool parts in the form of electro-erosion devices intended for producing an inner shape of the implant body which then obtains a socket shape in its final form (cf. a tooth crown). The first tool part forms a rough production tool part which has been provided with frontal wear durability for compensating frontal wear in the electro-erosion. The second tool part forms a fine production tool part with close approximation to the second shape. In one embodiment, the blank and tool-carrying units carry the blank and the processing device, respectively, with manifestly rigidly journalled shafts with a slight overhang between the part carrying the blank and the part carrying the processing device, respectively, and a shaft bearing/an immediately proximal shaft bearing. ADVANTAGES As a result of the above proposals, the processing time in the machine may be shortened five to tenfold of the time it takes to manufacture the implant body using the prior art tracer milling cutter. And yet, the principle of processing or correspondingly shaping manufacture can still be employed. The machine park may be simplified technically, and more complex shapes may be produced with the same degree of accuracy as previously applied to simpler shapes in employing the tracer milling cutter. Handling for transfer of model information or the like from the dentist/dental technician to the manufacturing unit may be considerably reduced and, for instance, it will be possible to utilize information transfer instead of physical package mailing in a simple manner via the public telecommunications network. Technical accuracy data in respect of the individual nature of the object is established by the dentist/dental technician, while superstructure parts/superstructure functions to the body may be applied by processing of data in the computer hardware on the basis of tests or experience. Different tests and experiments may, in each respective individual case, be conducted in order to obtain fully satisfactory results. The manufacturing process may be individually adapted to the transmitting stations and the resources of the main central station. In exact copying, for example, no other data need be employed. A number of machines can simultaneously be utilized for, for example, tooth crown production in which the production of the implant body proper is performed in a first machine, and graphite electrodes for subsequent electro-erosion can be produced in other machines. Enlargement and reduction functions of the produced body in relation to the model may be performed by simple pushbutton operations or manual activation. Seen as a whole, the overall throughflow time for an implant body can thus be substantially reduced. Alternatively, one or a few machines may be employed to produce bodies and programmings. The procedure and the apparatus are suitable for different types of chipforming machining, for example cutting machining, laser machining, etc. The division of the sensing and machining functions of the mechanical tracer milling cutter into different locally placed units affords the above advantages in flexible production and machine park composition. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS One currently proposed embodiment of apparatus and a procedure performed using the apparatus will be described in greater detail hereinbelow, with particular reference to the accompanying Drawings, in which: Fig. 1 schematically illustrates the production of three-dimensional implant bodies for living organisms; Fig. 2 schematically illustrates a first embodiment of apparatus for read-off or sensing of a configuration of a three-dimensional body; Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a second embodiment of apparatus for sensing a configuration of a body; Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the information transfer via the telecommunications network of information from a sensing and storing side to a receiving and processing side; Fig. 5 is a horizontal view showing one embodiment of a blank-supporting unit and a tool-supporting unit, the units being mutually longitudinallIy displaceable along their longitudinal axes which, in this instance, are angled in relation to one another; Fig. 6 is a side elevation showing parts of the apparatus according to Fig. 5; and Fig. 7 is a side elevation showing a slightly modified embodiment of parts of the apparatus according to Fig. 5. DETAILED EMBODIMENT In Fig. 1, a number of sub-stations are indicated by reference letters A-I. In station 1 which is located at a dentist, doctor or other examiner, a model 1 is produced from, for example, a tooth 2 in a jaw 3. The model forms a prepared tooth which has been built up from a tooth remain 4 in the jaw. This model is produced by a model-producer (dentist, doctor, etc.) The model includes a metal or ceramic shell 5 and material 6 applied on this shell. The model includes an inner form 7 which corresponds to the outer form 8 of the tooth remain 4. From the model, a positive model 9 is produced which thus corresponds to the outer form 8 of the tooth remain 4. This positive model 9 is utilized in a second station B in which a read-off, description, identification, etc. is performed of the outer form 10 of the positive model. The positive model is disposed on or in read-off equipment 11 which may be of different type and operating principle. In Fig. 1, two principles are represented by reference numerals 11 and 12. The transfer from station A to station B is symbolized by arrows 13 and 14, respectively. The model 9 is disposed on a bracket 15 and can, by means thereof, be applied to the read-off device 11 which, in the illustrated case, comprises a rotary and displacing device 16. Moreover, the sensing device 11 includes a unit 17 sensing the form 10, this unit also being optionally designed or constructed on the basis of different principles. Rotation of the model 9 is symbolized by the arrow 18 and displacement by the arrow 19. By rotating and displacing the model 9 in a predetermined manner with simultaneous sensing of the surface 10 by means of the unit 17, a mathematical representation can be obtained with the aid of read-off signals i1 and control signals i2. The read-off signals depart from the unit 17 and the control signals i2 are impressed upon the rotary device 16. The sensing device 12 is controlled in a corresponding manner by means of the above-mentioned signals. One station C includes a storage and processing unit 20 which may consist of a personal computer. Such a personal computer may be purchased on the open market. The personal computer comprises input and output ports 21 and 22. In addition, a CPU 23 is included, and memory devices 24, 25. A terminal 26 is provided for entering information i3 and accessing information i4. The above-mentioned control signal i2 is controlled from the CPU of the computer 20. The accessed information i1 is entered and received in the computer where the information is stored and processed. The accessed information from the unit 17 is obtained preferably in digital form, even though analog read-off may be carried out and converted into digital information in the computer. With the aid of the signals i1 and i2, there is thus generated for each respective read-off form 10, a first digital representation of each respective identification. The digital representation which is created as a result of the sensing is stored in memory devices 24 and/or 25. The personal computer handles the above-mentioned representation and sets this up in a a file or files or a database or databases. The information i3 is possibly entered for modification, e.g. form change, size change, etc., in relation to the first representation, with each respective item of information i3 and generation of at least a second representation which differs from the relevant first representation depending on the above-mentioned modification. The computer unit 20 is actuable for read-out of one or more of the above-mentioned representations and one such read-out is indicated in Fig. 1 by reference No. 27. The read-out 27 is transmitted to a station D which includes modem means 28 utilized for transferring the read-out on a line K permanently connected and/or connectible to the public telecommunications network. The digital signal departing from the modem is indicated by reference No. 29. This signal 29 is received in a receiver station E which includes a receiver modem 30 which is adjusted into harmony with the modem 28 and the communication line K. Such a data transfer effectuated by the modems 29 and 30 may consist of per se known type. By way of example, mention may be made that the "DATEL" leased line service can be utilized. Since the principles of this type of service are well known, they will not be described in greater detail here, it being merely ascertained that it operates with frequency shift keying and conforms with CCITT recommendations. The memories 24, 25 in the computer 20 may consist of primary and secondary memories. The information in respect of the outer form 10 of the model 9 produced in the computer may be arranged in file or database. Such files or databases are entered in the secondary memory. The file or database contents, respectively, can be transferred to the working memory (the primary memory). Formation/editing of additional file or files, or data contents which represent varying or form-modified information items of the first information may be carried out with the aid of the second information item i3 and the file and database contents, respectively, which represent the outer form 10 of the model 9. The thus produced additional files or database contents, respectively may also be entered in the secondary memory. Hence, the read-outs 27 may represent both read-off form and modified form. Such editing may be performed using a processing form which operates on the basis of graphics. On the screen (not shown in detail) of the terminal 27, a graphic representation can in such instance be obtained. As file or database processing, use may be made of known protocol, and in this instance, mention may be made of the so-called transfer protocol PCPIP (U.S. navy) for file or database processing. On transfer from the secondary memory to the working memory, a processing program is activated which may consist of a conversion program which draws broken lines, angles, etc. with the aid of the information in the file or the database contents, respectively. By way of example of such programs, mention might here be made of POSTSCRIPT (for terminals), GKS (Graphic Kernel System) which effectuates editing of the additional files or data contents, respectively. GKS is a so-called editor. A receiver station F of the information 33 received from the modem 30 includes a second computer 34 of corresponding design to that of the computer 20. This computer also includes input and output ports 35 and 36, respectively. Moreover, a CPU 37 is included, and secondary and primary memories 38 and 39, respectively. The computer also includes a terminal 40 via which information i5 may be applied, and information i6 may be read off. The computer 34 controls the memory and control devices 41 and 42, respectively, which are included in a processing station G. The processing station in turn controls a machine park H which may comprise one or more machines 43, 44. In the machine park, the relevant individual bodies 45, 46 are manufactured which consist of implant bodies, support bodies, tools, etc. These bodies 45, 46 are finally treated in a station I which may include electro-erosion processes, material application processes, etc. In this embodiment, a memory 41a, 41b, 41c, 41d is each allocated, by the memory units, 41, their control unit 42a, 42b, 42c and 42d, respectively. Each control unit 42 isthen allocated to its machine/machine set. Thus, the unit 42a is allocated the machine 43, 42b the machine 44, and so on. Information 47 which is current on each occasion for execution by each respective machine 43, 44 is transferred from the computer 34 to the memories 41. Control of each respective machine is performed by each respective control unit 42. The items of information 47 to the memory and control units can be performed on BUS communication of per se known type (for example HE's BUS communication). Each respective control unit provides, for each respective machine, those sequences, movement patterns, etc. which are relevant in each machine. Each respective machine includes a blank-carrying unit 48 and a tool-carrying unit 49, these units 48 and 49 being described in greater detail hereinbelow. The blank-carrying unit is rotated by means of a motor 50 and is longitudinally displaced along its longitudinal axis by means of a motor 51. The tool-carrying unit is disposed to cause its pertinent processing tool 52 to abut, during ongoing processing, against the blank 53 rotated and longitudinally displaced by the unit 48. The longitudinal displacement movement of the unit 48 is disclosed by reference No. 54 and the rotational movement by reference No. 55. The longitudinal displacement movements of the unit 49 are indicated by reference No. 56. As will be apparent from the horizontal view according to Fig. 1, the longitudinal axes of the units 48 and 49 are disposed at an angle in relation to one another. In a more detailed embodiment (not shown), this angle may be varied with the aid of a symbolically intimated gear rim 57 which carries the unit 49. With the aid of a motor 58, the gear rim 57 is rotated and the above-mentioned angle between the units 48 and 49 can be varied by such means with the aid of a control signal to the motor 58. The above-mentioned control units 42 generate the signals to the motors 50, 51 and 58 and to a switch actuator/positioning device/electric servo included in the unit. In Fig. 1, a control signal to the motor 50 is indicated by reference No. i7, a control signal to the motor 51 by i8, a control signal to the motor 58 by i9, and a control signal to the device by i10. The read-off form 10 of the model 9 can thus be modified if desired. Such modification information can be entered at different points in the identification and production chain. It is, thus, possible to apply to the model 9 a foil of a given thickness whichthen may represent the form modification. Similarly, the read-off function using the unit 17 may be influenced in the desired manner such that a enlargement of the form 10 takes place. Actuations such as these have been symbolized by a part 59 and arrows 60, 61 and 62. Actuation for modification may also be performed in station C with the aid of the above-mentioned second information i3. Such actuation for form modification, enlargement, etc. may also be performed in station F with the aid of the information i5. The above-mentioned actuation for form modification, enlargement, etc. may also be performed in the machines 43, 44. In this case, the modification is realized in that the error of the machine is adjusted manually and/or electrically. Such actuation has been symbolized in Fig. 1 by the cart 63 and the arrows 64 and 65. The equipment illustrated in Fig. 1 operates largely as follows. A model is produced in station A. One or more forms of the model or model 9 deriving from the model are sensed in station B with the aid of sensing equipment controlled from a computer in station C. This latter computer also prepares protocols/files/databases on such sensing. The stored information is possibly processed, and the information from stored or processed representations is read out from the computer unit. This read-out may be performed on command from the personal computer and/or on command from subsequent equipment. The read-out is transmitted via modem in the telecommunications network or its equivalent. The read-out is transferred via a communication connection to which receiver equipment is connected in a station E. The received information is stored and possibly processed in a station F which includes a computer unit which, in turn, controls memory and control units in a subsequent station G. The receiver units E and F may basically be connected to a plurality of stations A-D and, conservely, the stations A-D may be connected to different stations E-H (I). In this latter case, different tool parts and bodies may be made at geographically separate sites. For instance, sockets may be manufactured at one site, tools at another site, and so on. The computers 20 and 34 in the stations C and F can form master and slave relationships vis-á-vis one another. Information in a computer can be read off in another computer. The computer 34 may, for example, give priority to accessed information from a plurality of computers 20, and manufacture body/tool for information with the highest priority. The control unit 42 contain basic data for the basic functions of the machine park 43, 44, and data/information is fed to the memories 41 which is valid for each respective manufacturing occasion. Read-out and entry of information in the memory and control units may be preformed from the computer 34. Figs. 2 and 3 each show their read-off principle, the principle illustrated in Fig. 2 relating to so-called capacitative indicators, and the principle according to Fig. 3 taking place by optical means. the capacitative indicator according to Fig. 2 fundamentally includes three permanent electrodes 66, 67 and 68, and one electrode 69 displaceable depending on the sensed form. Three capacitors may thus be considered as existing, namely one capacitor C1 between the electrodes 67 and 68, one capacitor C2 between the electrodes 68 and 69, and one capacitor C3 between the electrodes 66 and 69. The electrode 67 is connected to a frequency 70 which may be of the order of magnitude of 1 mHz. The voltage caused by the frequency will be divided up between the capacitors C1 and C2 in relation to their inherent capacitances. The variation will be performed in response to the longitudinal displacement position of the displaceable electrode in relation to the electrode 67 and 68. The capacitance of the capacitor C is constant over the measurement area because of the fact that the electrode 66 is constantly covered by the electrode 69. At one connection terminal 71 to the electrode, it will thus be possible to sense a voltage which exists on the electrode 69 at each respective relevant position, and this voltage will always be proportional to the longitudinal displacement of the electrode 69. In one embodiment, the electrodes may be designed as cylinders in which the electrodes 66, 67 and 68 are thoroughly insulated from one another and the electrode 69 is in the form of a rod of conductive material which is displaceable within the cylinders. The indicator is connected to an electric converter which gives the digital representation i1′ on its output (cf. Fig. 1). The displaceable rod 69/the electrode extends towards the model 9′ and abuts against the outer form 10′ of the model. The above-mentioned sensing takes place depending on the rotation 18′ of the model about the longitudinal axis 73 and the longitudinal displacement 19′ along the longitudinal axis 73. The electrode or rod 69 is urged against the model 9′ by means of a counter spring 74 which may actuate the sensing device 75 towards the surface of the model 9′ with a predetermined abutment force. The sensing principle according to Fig. 3 operates by so-called non contact sensing of the triangulation type using laser light. In this case, a laser source 76 is included, as well as light emitting means 77. The departing laser beam 78 is reflected against the surface 10″ of the model 9″. The model 9″ is rotated and longitudinally displaced along its axis of rotation in a manner corresponding to that of Fig. 2. The surface 10″ reflects the laser light 78 and the reflected light has been indicated by reference No. 78′. The unit includes receiver means 79 (lens) which refracts the impinging light towards a detector surface 80. The detector (not shown in detail) emits signals in response to the angles of the incoming light 78′. By such means, a digital signal corresponding to the form can be generated on the output of the unit 81 (cf. Figs. 1 and 2). This type of indicator is commercially available in a plurality of makes and, by way of example, mention may be made of the indicator from Nippon Automation CO LTD, Japan, of the type "Laser Analog Sensor LAS 5010". Fundamentally, the indicator operates such that a light beam is generated by the light source 76 and is focussed by an optical system 77 against the surface 10″. The spot arising on the surface is observed by the detector 79, 80 consisting of optics 79, a detector surface 80 and a positional-sensing circuit (not shown in detail), e.g. a so-called CCD detector (CCD = Charge Coupled Device). Such circuits are well-known in the art and will not be described in greater detail here. In Fig. 4, reference No. 82 indicates a telecommunications system in which the selector matrix has been symbolized by reference No. 83 and control means (register etc.) by reference No. 84. The transmitting and receiving sides 85 and 86, respectively, are connected to the telecommunications system 82 as subscribers. Each respective subscriber installation 85, 86 includes a modem 87, 88 (cf. 28, 30 in Fig. 1). Each respective installation may include telephone sets 89 and 90, respectively, and connections of PCs 91 and 92, respectively, or corresponding storage and processing devices (cf. the computers 20 and 34 in Fig. 1). Figs. 5-7 show the blank and tool-supporting units 48′ and 49′, respectively, in greater detail. There are extreme demands on flexurally rigid support of the movable parts in the units. This is because the materials which are to undergo cutting processing are generally extremely hard (extreme processing forces). In addition, such processing must take place with a high degree of sensitivity and exactness. In Fig. 5, the switch actuator of the unit 49′ has been indicated by reference No. 93. The switch actuator must be of the type which is electrically controllable with the aid of the above-mentioned signals which are primarily intended to be of the digital type. In one embodiment, the switch actuator may consist of an electrically controlled hydraulic valve which is disposed to be rapidly capable of controlling an oil flow. The switch actuator includes a return-connected position sensor in its cylinder and is disposed to be capable of generating a counterforce which is necessary in the cutting process. It must further be able to effectuate variations of an order of magnitude of 20 Hz with a manifestly high degree of accuracy which gives the contemplated manufacturing accuracy in the body in question. This accuracy is of the order of approx. 0.01 mm. The switching force must be large in the switch actuator and the mass which is to be displaced by the above-mentioned 20 Hz is of the order of approx. 4 kg. As example of a switch actuator which is applicable in this context, mention may be made of a hydraulic switch actuator of the MOOG brand, type hydraulic cylinder E 851 and an associated electrically switchable valve of the E 769 type. Alternatively, use may be made of a worm gear device as described in connection with Fig. 7 and including a worm gear of SKF make together with a brushless DC motor of, for instance the type MOOG D 313-002A. As an alternative to this motor, use may be made of another rapid acceleration motor. Given that the function and construction of the switch actuator 93 are per se known, this will not be described in greater detail here. The unit 49′ also includes a milling spindle 94 which displays a longitudinally displaceable rotary spindle 95 which is journalled with extreme flexural rigidity with the aid of a ball screw 96. Forwardly, the rotary spindle is provided with an anchorage 97 for a tool 98. As an example of applicable tools, mention may be made of a milling tool. The piston of the cylinder 93 is designated by reference No. 99, and the spindle 95 is actuated from the piston via a transmission section 100 which includes an angularly inclined portion 101 which projects into a recess 102 in an actuation portion 103 for the spindle 95. The portion 102 actuates the actuation portion 103 in the recess 102 via a ball bearing 104. The spindle is actuated from the actuation portion 103 at its rear regions. At its forward regions, the spindle is rigidly journalled by means of the ball screw 96 along a portion which constitutes approximately half of the total extent of the spindle. This total extent is indicated by reference L, and the above-mentioned portion by reference 1. The longitudinal displacement movements of the spindle along its longitudinal axis 105 are disclosed by the arrows 106. In the figure, the tool 98 has been shown in two different longitudinal displacement positions, the outer longitudinal displacement position having been shown by broken lines with reference No. 98′. The rotary portion 107 in the unit 48′ is also journalled in an extremely flexural rigid manner. The rotary portion 107 carries, at its end, chuck means 108. The blank 109 is fixedly clampable in the chuck means 108 by means of a bracket 110. In addition to its rotary movement about its longitudinal axis 111, the portion 107 is longitudinally displaceable along its longitudinal axis 111. The blank 109 is shown in two different positions, the outer position being indicated by reference No. 109′. In this latter position, the above-mentioned co-operation takes place with the tool 98. The rotary portion 107 is journalled in a block 112 via a sliding bearing which is formed by a recess in the block 112. This sliding bearing is of manifest length, and has a length which is at least half of the length of the portion 107. The portion 107 is disposed with a relatively extremely slight overhang or extremely slight projecting portion 113 from the end surface 112a of the block. The chuck means 108 is permanently secured in the rotary portion 107 in a per se known manner. The axes 106 and 111 make an obtuse angle α which is preferably selected within the range of between 30 and 60° and, in the illustrated case, is approx. 45°. In accordance with the above, this angle may be varied within an angular range not specified more closely here, for example an angular range of between 10 and 80° or less. Rotation of the portion 107 is performed by means of the motor 52′. In this instance, the motor is selected so as to be able to give high speeds of rotation of the rotary portion 107, e.g. speeds of up to 60,000 rpm. The longitudinal displacement in the direction of the arrows 114 of the portion 107 is realized with the aid of the motor 51′. At the end 115 of the portion 107, a screw 116 is non-rotationally secured, the thread of the screw co-operating with an internal thread in a recess in a block 117. The screw 116 is rotary by means of the motor 51′ such that it can be threaded into or out of the recess in the block 117. The portion 107 is, in this instance, disposed to accompany the longitudinal, displacement movement of the screw depending on the rotary movements of the screw. The rotary movements of the motors 51′ and 52′, respectively, are transmitted to the screw and the part 107, respectively, by belt drive 118 and 119, respectively. The screw is fitted with a rotationally fixed wheel 120, and the motor with a drive wheel 121 across which wheels 120 and 121 the belt 118 is laid. Correspondingly, the portion 108 has a non-rotationally disposed belt wheel 122, and the motor 52′ a drive wheel 123, over which wheels 122 and 123 the belt 119 is laid. The blocks 112 and 117 are fixedly secured in a frame 124. The recess with the thread which corresponds to the outer thread of the screw is disposed in a bushing-like device 125. The motors 51′ and 52′ are disposed on a plate 126 which accompanies the longitudinal displacement movement of the portion 107. The motor 51′ may rotate at a speed of between 0,5 and 5 rpm. The motors 51′ and 52′ may consist of stepping motors whose speed is divided into 400 steps. The pitch of the screw 116 is of approx. 2 mm/turn. At its end 115, the unit is journalled in a fork journal. Two ball bearings 127, 128 are included in this fork bearing. The belt 119 and the belt wheel 122 extend into the space between the fork portions 129 and 130. Fig. 7 shows a switch actuator in the form of a worm gear device (cf. 93 in Fig. 5). This so-called worm gear servo includes per se known parts and will not, for thesee, be described in detail here. The servo includes a brushless DC motor 130 or servo motor. A worm 131 is rotated in either direction by the motor. A milling spindle 132 is longitudinally displaced in its longitudinal direction along its longitudinal axis 133 depending on rotation of the screw 131. The spindle 132 is journalled in a bearing bracket 134 with rolling bearing arrangement 135. The motor and the bearing bracket are disposed in a block 136. The moving parts are protected by a selector arrangement 137, 138 and 139. This design is also characterized by a high degree of rapidity and extreme switching force. A tool 140 is secured in the end of the spindle. The stations A-D and the stations E-I may form first and second stations disposed on the transmitting and receiving side, respectively, of a communication connection K. The present invention should not be considered as restricted to the embodiment described above by way of example, many modifications being conceivable without departing from the scope of the inventive concept as herein disclosed and defined in the appended claims.

Claims: A procedure for producing individually designed, three-dimensional bodies (45, 46) intended to form at least parts of artificial replacements for teeth, dental bridges and joints, support parts for reconstruction of tissue build-up, and tools for producing whole or parts of such replacements, support parts and bridges and joints, and wherein the following steps are effected; identifying one or more forms of one or more of said bodies, attaining a first digital representation (i1) of each respective identification, providing each respective first digital representation in memory devices (24, 25) associated with or included in a storage and processing unit (20), handling or processing in the storage and processing unit of each respective first digital representation, activation of the storage and processing unit (20) for one or more read-outs (27) via one or more output ports of one or more of the first representations, controlling one or more positioners (93) included in one or more machines (43, 44) for production by means of one or more of said read-outs (27); actuation of respective positioner (93) in an actuation function in which a blank and a tool acting thereon are brought into co-ordination with each other in dependence of the actuation of the tool by means of relevant read-out and in which the blank is thus allocated the relevant read-out form; transmission of the first representations (i1) to a central unit (F, G, H, I) for said producing via a connection (K), characterized in that respective model (9) is simultaneously rotated and scanned with the sensing means (66-69, 81) angled with respect to the rotational axis of the scanned model, in that the transmission of the first representations (i1) via the connection (K) is provided with switched or permanent communication in a public telecommunications network (82), and is provided via transmitter and reception devices (91, 92) which include modems, and in that the blank (53) of the body (45, 46) and the tool (52) are operated with an angled relationship between the blank and the tool. The procedure as claimed in Claim 1 characterized in including generation of at least a second representation by means of and actuation representing a variation of respective identified form, which second representation differs from the original first representation depending on said actuation, and in activation of the storage and processing unit for one or more read-outs via one or more output parts of one or more of the second representations or varied first representation. The procedure as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, characterized the production of one or more models of said bodies (6) and said identification are performed with the aid of the form(s) of the model(s), and/or production of a description of each respective form of each respective model (9) or body, and in that the identification is performed with the aid of the description, said description including description parts which each respectively discloses co-ordinate indications for each respective read-off point. The procedure as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the description is allocated significances for form build-up, said significances consisting of predetermined codes characteristic of the build-up of the form and creating abbreviations or representations, here designated third representations, of the complete description parts and there forming an information mass which is substantially reduced in relation to the information mass of the complete description parts, and/or wherein the codes are stored in the processing unit and wherein complete first and second representations therein are generated with the aid of said codes. The procedure are claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the application of the first information via an input port (21) to a first memory is arranged in file or database of the first information, transmission to working memory of relevant file or database content, respectively, editing by introduction of a second item of information from the terminal (26) and with the aid of the transferred file or database content, respectively, of further file(s) or database content, respectively, representing varied or form-modifying third information items of the first information, storage in the first memory (25) of said additional file(s) or said database contents, respectively, read-out, by activation or a terminal (26) request from each respective machine (43, 44), of one or more said first and third items of information. The procedure as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the transition to user-friendly treatment form, e.g. a treatment form which operates on the basis of graphics in which editing may be carried out with the aid of a graphic representation on a screen, in connection with the transfer of each respective file or database content to the working memory (24), and/or in that, on application of the first information, a program is activated for file or database processing, and wherein, on transfer from the first memory to the working memory, a processing program is activated which effectuates editing of the additional files or database contents, respectively, and wherein the file or database content, respectively, transferred to the working memory is recycled and restored in the first memory. The procedure as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, wherein for making possible, by means of model, read-off or other copying, the production of implant bodies, e.g. tooth replacements, tooth crowns, protheses, and construction parts of prostheses in biocompatible and mechanically durable material, e.g. titanium, ceramics or plastic, two units (48, 49) are mutually longitudinally displaceable along their longitudinal axes which are obliquely inclined in relation to one another, the first unit carrying a blank (53) from which the implant body or a tool part for these is produced, and the second unit carries a processing device (52) acting on said blank, in connection with its longitudinal axes (105, 114) and the mutual longitudinal displacement movements of the units are effectuated by a movement effectuating device which, depending on controls from a device generating controls, is actuated such that the blank is allocated, by the processing device, a first form associated with the implant body or tool part, respectively, wherein first and second data in respect of a second form or a form which is to exist for the second form are entered in memory equipment associated with computer means (20), e.g. personal computer or a microprocessor, included in or associated with an electric control unit in which the controls are generated in the form of electric control signals, and in that the electric control signals are calculated in the computer unit from relevant data of said first and second data and are entered into the movement-effectuating device which then includes an electrically controlled servo device or adjusting means (93), whose movement effectuation is executed by the utilization of a slight inertia resistance in the movement-effectuating devices. The procedure as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first information by means of which said first data is generated is produced at a copier, e.g. a dentist or dental technician, and transmitted by means of data conveying or data storing media to a central unit (E-I) which caters for producing, and in that said first data is, at the central unit, entered in said electric control unit/computer device on the basis of the first information items, and/or wherein said second data in respect of different percentages in enlargement and reduction of the second form, or different for modifications of the first form in relation to the second form, are entered in said memory equipment/computer device (20), and wherein the relevant second data is selected by means of actuations of terminal devices (26, 40) associated with or connected to said computer devices (23, 34). The procedure as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, characterized in that the blank and tool-carrying units (48, 49), or one of the blank and tool-carrying units is controlled by the electric control unit for obtaining an optimum manufacturing time in respect of machining speed and accuracy, and wherein each respective rotary unit is in such instance longitudinally displaced depending on the complexity of the first or second form such that, in such first portions of the first or second form, respectively, as represent a first part form which permits a certain first maximum machining speed or unit, respectively, in longitudinally displaced at the first maximum machining speed, in such second portions of the first or second form, respectively, as represent a second part form which permits a certain second maximum machining speed which differs from the first maximum machining speed, unit, respectively, is longitudinally displaced at the second maximum machining speed, and so on. Apparatus for realizing the procedure as claimed in Claim 1 for producing individually designed, three-dimensional bodies (45, 46) intended to form at least parts of artificial replacements for teeth, dental bridges and joints, support parts for reconstruction of tissue build-up, and tools for producing whole or parts of such replacements and support parts, bridges and joints, wherein identification means (11, 12) are provided for identifying one or more forms of one or more of said bodies, wherein means (17) are provided for forming a first digital representation (i1) of each respective identification, wherein a storage and processing unit (20) receives each respective first digital representation in memory devices (23, 25) associated therewith, wherein the storage and processing unit handles or processes each respective first digital representation, wherein said storage and processing unit is actuatable for obtaining one or more read-outs (27) via one or more output ports (22) of one or more of the first representations wherein one or more positioning members (93) are disposed controllable by means of one or more of said read-outs, and wherein each respective member, depending on its control, is actuable in an actuation function in which a blank (53) and a tool (52) acting thereon are brought into co-ordination with each other as a result of the actuation of the member by means of relevant read-out, and in which the blank is by such means allocated the relevant read-out form, and a central unit (F, G, H, I) is arranged to receive the first representations via a connection (K), characterized in that rotating means (11) is arranged for respective model (9) at said identification, in that the sensing/scanning means (66-69, 81) is/are angled with respect to the rotational axis of the scanned model, in that data transmitting device(-s) is/are alloted to said first representations and includes transmitter and receiving means (28, 30) and the connection (K) includes permanent and/or switched communications in a public telecommunication network to which said transmitter and receiver means are connected/connectable via modems, and in that an angled relationship between the axes of the blank (53) of the body (45, 46) and the tool is arranged as well. Apparatus as claimed in claimed in Claim 10, characterized in that an actuation causes generation of a second representation which differs from the first representation, and in that the central unit receives second representations or varied first representations via the connections. The apparatus as claimed in Claim 10 or 11, characterized in that for realizing production, by means of model, read-off or other copy, of tools, replacement, support body in the form of implant body, e.g. tooth replacement, tooth crow, prosthesis, and construction part for prosthesis, in biocompatible and mechanically durable/hard material, e.g. titanium or ceramics, there are included two blanks and tool-carrying units (48, 49) which are mutually longitudinally displaceable along their axes of rotation which are inclined at an angle in relation to one another said first unit (48) being disposed to carry a blank, from which the implant body or a tool part for these is produced, and the second unit (49) is disposed to carry a processing device (52) by means of which the blank is formable, and movement-effectuating means depending on controls from a device generating the controls, to realize mutual longitudinal displacement movements for the units so that the processing device allocates to the blank a first form associated with the implant body or tool part, respectively, wherein the device generating the controls includes an electric control unit (42) which comprises or is connected/connectible to computer means, e.g. a personal computer, or a microprocessor, in whose associated memory devices first and second data are entered in respect of a second form relating to the model, the read-off or the copy, or a difference in relation to the first form, respectively, in dimension or form which is to exist for the second form, and wherein the control unit, depending on relevant data from said first and second data generate electric signals to the movement-effectuating device which then includes or consists or electrically controlled servo devices, or adjusting members, with slight inertia resistance. The apparatus as claimed in Claim 10, 11 or 12, characterized in that the electric control unit is included in a distribution system for transfer of first information, by means of which said first information, by means of which said first data is generated in the memory equipment/computer device (20), said distribution system including a number, preferably a plurality, of initiation or gathering devices for said first information, in that said electric control unit is operative to control the one or both of the rotary units for their mutual longitudinal displacement movements at speeds which are dependent upon the complexity of the form in question, e.g. in complicated form portions of the form in question at a first speed, in less complicated form portions of the form in question at a second speed which exceeds the first speed, and so on, in that in such forms in which the processing device cannot operate above the axis of rotation of the blank because of the total configuration of the form in question, the electric control unit controls each respective rotary unit such that processing in certain phases takes place only under a part of a rotation turn for each respective rotary unit, in that it includes two or more pairs of rotary units where each respective pair is included in a machine or machine part allocated thereto, and in that the electric control unit controls, directly or via subordinate control units, the different unit pairs/machines/machine equipment parts on the basis of the same model/read-off/copy. The apparatus as claimed in Claim 11, characterized in that the first pair of rotary units/a first machine/a first machine equipment part shapes a first blank which forms the implant body and which has an outer configuration which corresponds to the outer configuration of the model/the read-off/or the copy, or has been allocated said difference in relation to the outer configuration of the model/the read-off/the copy, and in that at least second and third pairs of rotary units/second and third machines/second and third machine equipment parts shape second and third blanks, respectively, which form first and second tool parts in the form of electro-erosion devices intended for the production of an inner configuration of the implant body which then obtains socket form in its final configuration, cf. tooth crown, which first tool part forms a rough production part which has been provided with frontal wear durability for compensation of frontal wear in electro-erosion and which second tool part forms a fine production tool part with close association to the second form. The apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 9-14, characterized in that a first station (A-D) includes description, storage and transmission functions, in that a second station (E-H) includes receiving and processing functions, and in that each respective station includes computer devices (C and F) connected or connectible to each respective end of the communication connection (K, K') uniting the stations. The apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 10-14, characterized in that a computer device (34) is disposed to control one or more machines by control information relating to speed of the blank-carrying unit, mutual longitudinal displacement movements of the units carrying blank and tool, and in that the units carrying blank and tool are disposed at mutual angular adjustment between their longitudinal axes, and wherein the angular adjustment is variable by means of manual or electric adjustment.

Inventors: ANDERSSON MATTS, CARLSSON LENNART, ISBERG ERIK, ANDERSSON, MATTS, CARLSSON, LENNART, ISBERG, ERIK
Applicants: NOBELPHARMA AB
Application year: 1991
Main classification: A61C13
IPC codes: A61C5, A61C9, A61C19, B23H3, A61C13, G05B19