FLUIDIZED BED APPARATUS AND METHOD USING SAME

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for heat treating a product. The apparatus includes a retort (12) having a volume sized to receive a bed of fluidizing particles at a predetermined elevation within the volume and a plurality of electrically powered infrared radiation sources (36, 37). The sources are submerged within the bed of fluidizing particles. Use of the apparatus to reclaim foundry sand is disclosed.

Description: FLUIDIZED BED APPARATUS AND METHOD USING SAME I. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention pertains to improvements in controlled heat treating. More particularly, this invention pertains to a fluidized bed heat treatment apparatus with submerged infrared radiation heating sources. The invention also pertains to a method of using such an apparatus for Xeclaiming foundry sand. 2. Description of the Prior Art The use of fluidized bed furnaces for heat treating a product is well known. Such furnaces generate an extremely hot bed of fluidizing particles such as aluminum oxide. The furnaces can be used for both continuous processing of a product or batch processing of products. U.S. Patent No. 4,752,061 teaches a fluidized bed furnace which uses infrared radiation as the heating source. One advantage of using infrared radiation as the heating source is that it permits the use of inert gases to fluidize the particles in the furnace. As a result, a controlled atmosphere can be provided surrounding the product being heat treated in the furnace. The aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 4,752,061 places infrared lamps out of the bed behind a quartz wall or screen. As a result, the distance from the infrared lamps to the bed results in a high temperature gradient with too little of the energy source contributing to the fluidization of the bed. This leads to significant energy inefficiency. Also, the infrared lamps may be in close proximity to the stainless steel retort. This could result in partial melting of the retort. II. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an apparatus is disclosed for heat treating. The apparatus includes a retort having walls defining a furnace volume. A bed of fluidizing particles is disposed within the volume. A plurality of electrically powered infrared sources are provided submerged within the bed. The application also discloses a method of reclaiming foundry sand using the novel apparatus. III. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a side elevation view of a fluidizing bed furnace according to the present invention, with a portion of an outer skin removed to expose certain interior elements of the furnace; Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of certain of the interior elements of the furnace of Fig. 1, with bus plates shown removed; Fig. 3 is a side elevation view, shown partially in section, showing connection of infrared heating elements to bus plates; Fig. 4 is a side elevation schematic representation of the furnace of the present invention; Fig. 5 is an end elevation view, shown schematically, of the furnace of the present invention; Fig. 6 is a top plan view, shown schematically, of the furnace of the present invention; and Fig. 7 is a view of a processing system using the apparatus of the invention in a processor for reclaiming foundry sand. IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A. Description of the Apparatus Referring now to the various figures in which identical elements are numbered identically throughout, the description of the preferred embodiment will now be given with reference to a furnace 10. Shown best in Figs. 4 and 5, the furnace 10 includes a retort 12, which is preferably formed of R330 stainless steel or the like. The retort 12 includes a bottom wall 14, end walls 15, 16 and side walls 17, 18. Walls 14-18 cooperate to define a retort interior 20. A cover (not shown in the Figures) may be provided to cover the top of the retort 12. The furnace 10 also includes an outer shell 22 shown best in Figs. 5 and 6. Outer shell 22 includes a first outer shell wall 24 covering wall 17, and a second outer shell wall 26 covering wall 18. In Fig. 1, a central portion of shell wall 24 has been removed to expose wall 17. Wall 24 and wall 17 cooperate to define an exhaust plenum 28. Walls 26 and 18 cooperate to define an inlet plenum 30. As best shown in Figs. 4 and 6, interior divider walls 31 and 32 are provided within the interior 20. Walls 31, 32 extend between side walls 17 and 18 and are parallel to end walls 15 and 16. The divider walls 31, 32 extend from floor 14 partially toward the top of the retort 12. Walls 31, 32 divide retort interior 20 into a fluidizing chamber 20a, a first overflow chamber 20b, and a second overflow chamber 20c (see Fig. 4) . A plurality of quartz tubes 36 are plurality extending between and through walls 17 and 18. As shown, the tubes 36 are disposed in parallel alignment, generally perpendicular to side walls 17, 18 and parallel to the floor 14 of the retort 12. The tubes 36 are disposed within the fluidizing portion 20a of interior 20, and are located beneath a predetermined elevation 38 (see Fig. 4) of fluidizing particles to be retained within the chamber 20a. Fig. 3 shows attachment of the tube 36 to side wall 17. The quartz tube 36 is similarly attached to side wall 18. As shown in Fig. 3, the tube 36 extends through side wall 17, and is connected to the side wall 17 by a steel mounting clamp 40. The clamp 40 houses a plurality of ceramic washers 42. The clamp 40 is attached to side wall 17 by bolts 44. An infrared lamp 46 is disposed within each of tubes 36, as best shown in Figs. 2, 3, 5 and 6, (for clarity, lamps are not shown within the tubes 36 in Figs. 1 and 4). The lamp 46 is completely contained between walls 17, 18, and is retained in coaxial alignment within tube 36 by a mounting clip 48. To provide electrical energy to the plurality of lamps 46, a plurality of bus bar plates 50 are provided. (For clarity bus bar plates are not shown in Figs. 1 and 4.) As shown in Fig. 2, nine bus bar plates are provided for each side 17, 18 of the retort 12. In the schematic representation of Fig. 6, eight bus bar plates are shown on each side. The bus bar plates 50 are electrically conductive plates of metal. Each plate 50 is connected to a separately controllable source (not shown) of electrical power to energize the plate 50. The plates 50 are secured to the walls 17, 18 by bus bar plate mounts 52 (see Fig. 3), which are preferably ceramic. A lead 54 connects the infrared lamp 46 to the bus bar plate 50. The lead 54 is connected to the bus bar plate 50 by a nut and bolt combination 56. As best shown in Fig. 2, a plurality of lamps 46 are covered by any given bus bar plate 50. In the expanded view of Fig. 2, each of the bus bar plates 50 is removed from covering the lamps 46 and tubes 36. The positioning of the bus bar plates 50 over the lamps 46 in Fig. 2 is shown in phantom lines. As a result of having a plurality of lamps 46 covered by a plurality of different bus bar plates 50, the length of the fluidizing chamber 20a can be divided into a plurality of zones. Each bus bar plate 50 with its associated lamps 46 constitutes a given zone. By separately regulating a current to each bus bar plate 50, the intensity of the lamps connected to each bus bar plate 50 can be separately controlled. As a result, a temperature gradient can be created across the length of the chamber 20a. Shown in Figs. 1, 4 and 5, a stainless steel screen 60 is placed above the lamps 46 and quartz tubes 36. The screen 60 prevents a product that is being heat treated from falling onto the quartz tubes 36 and possibly damaging them. Fluidizing tubes 62 are provided disposed between the floor 14 and the quartz tubes 36. The tubes 62 are connected via conduit 64 to a source (not shown) of a fluidizing gas. The fluidizing gas may be air or any inert gas such as nitrogen. The fluidizing tubes 62 may be such as those shown and described in U.S. Patent No. 4,752,061 and indicated by reference numerals 98 in Fig. of that patent. A coolant mechanism is provided to pass a cooling fluid (preferably air) through the tubes 36 to cool the infrared lamps 46. A blower 70 is provided connected to inlet plenum 30. An exhaust fan (not shown) may be connected through an exhaust conduit 72 to exhaust plenum 28. As a result, cooling air may be forced from plenum 30 through each of tubes 36 into plenum 28 and out exhaust conduit 72. A bed of fluidizing particles (preferably granular aluminum oxide) is provided within the retort 12. A first layer 80 of coarse particle (preferably of 12 grit size) is provided covering the fluidizing tubes 62 and terminating beneath the quartz tubes 36. Finer aluminum oxide sand (preferably of 100 grit size) rests on top of the coarser sand 80, and terminates at level 38. The coarser sand 80 diffuses the fluidizing gas from the fluidizing tubes 62, and distributes it evenly to the quartz tubes 36. In operation, the infrared lamps 46 may heat from 0 C -4000°F. The aluminum oxide will heat from 0°- 2100°F. A controller 100 (schematically shown in Fig. 2) is connected through control lines 102 to each of bus plates 50. Through operation of controller 100, the potential on each of bus plates 50 may be separately controlled. Accordingly, the plurality of infrared lamps 46 are divided into a plurality of separately controllable zones. In operation, the lamps 46 heat the aluminum oxide. The fluidizing gas from tubes 62 fluidizes the aluminum oxide. The divider walls 31, 32 capture within chambers 20b and 20c any aluminum oxide which spills out of the fluidizing chamber 20a. Each of lamps 46 and tubes 36 comprise a lamp assembly 37 (shown numbered in Figs. 3, 5 and 6). As previously indicated, a cooling gas is passed through the lamp assemblies 37. In operation, the temperature of the apparatus can be quite high. For example, the temperature surrounding the assemblies 37 will commonly exceed 2,100 ° F. At temperatures in excess of 1,500°F, the quartz tubes 36 may deteriorate. For example, from 1,500 to 1,800°F, quartz softens and sags. The air passing through the quartz tubes 36, cools the quartz tubes 36 to prevent sagging. However, the air flow can adversely effect the efficiency of the infrared lamps 46. Accordingly, air flow through the quartz tubes 36 must be balanced to provide sufficient cooling to prevent the quartz tubes 36 from sagging while minimizing the adverse impact on the efficiency of the lamps 46. To achieve the desired balancing, air flow through quartz tubes 36 is preferably only provided when the temperature of fluidized the bed 38 exceeds a predetermined temperature in a preferred embodiment, the predetermined temperature is 1,500°F. The amount of air flow through the tubes 36 is selected to balance the thermal energy on the tubes 36. Namely, the bed 38 draws thermal energy from the tubes 36. If the thermal energy drawn from the tubes 36 is insufficient to keep the temperature of the tubes 36 below the predetermined temperature, air flow is passed through the tubes 36 at a rate selected to draw energy away from the tubes 36. The amount of air flow is a function of the length of the tubes 36, the voltage across the lamps 46 and the ambient temperature (i.e., the temperature of the bed in the immediate vicinity of the tubes 36). The actual amount of air flow is empirically derived for a given apparatus 10 and will vary with the operating process in which it is used. To achieve the balancing, a thermocouple 100 (schematically shown only in Fig. 5) is provided for sensing the temperature within bed 38 in the vicinity of the tubes 36. Thermocouple 100 provides a signal to a controller 102. The controller 102 also receives an input from a voltage sensor 104 which senses a voltage across the lamps 46. Comparing the voltage on the lamps 46 and the temperature within bed 38, the controller 102 operates blower 70 to force coolant gas through the quartz tubes 36 when the temperature within the bed 38 exceeds the predetermined temperature. The air flow through the quartz tubes 36 is selected to be an increasing function of the voltage across the lamps 46 and to be increasing with the increased temperature measured by thermocouple 100. The increasing function is selected for the air flow to be the minimum air flow necessary to prevent deterioration of the quartz tubes 36. The preferred embodiment discloses use of air cooled lamp assemblies 37. A further embodiment may replace the assemblies with resistance type silicon carbide heating elements (also called glow bars). These elements may be electrically energized to heat and generate infrared radiation. These elements may be used in direct contact with the bed and do not require quartz conduits (such as tubes 36) or air cooling. Such elements are commercially available such as those marketed by Smith-Sharpe of Minneapolis, Minnesota. B. Novel Method for Foundry Sand Reclamation Using the Novel Apparatus The apparatus 10 described above has been illustrated for use with heat treating a product within a fluidized bed. In addition to those beneficial uses, we have determined that the apparatus 10 is surprisingly useful for reclaiming foundry sand. In the foundry industry, various types of sands are used to form moldings from which metal castings are made. These sands include so-called "no-bake" sands and so-called "green" sand. A no-bake sand includes an organic binder which is air-cured to bind the sand into a sand casting. Green sand includes an inorganic binder which is baked to bind the sand into a casting. Government agencies (such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) have severely restricted the disposal of foundry sand. For example, foundry sand cannot be readily disposed in landfills since it is considered a hazardous material. Various methods have been devised to reclaim foundry sand. No-bake sand is reclaimed through a mechanical method of passing the sand through a crusher and a scrubber to reclaim about 80% of the sand. The foundry industry has been experimenting with various methods to reclaim sand through temperature applications (referred to in the industry as "killing" the sand at elevated temperatures). For example, the industry has used gas fired fluidized beds to thermally reclaim the sand. An example of such is found in U.S. Patent No. 4,478,572. To reclaim green sand, the sand must be heat treated to temperatures in excess of 1,400 to 1,500°F. When natural gas is used as the heat source, a substantial amount is required. Also, the capital cost of such equipment is very high. We have found that our apparatus is particularly suitable for reclaiming foundry sand including green sand. To accomplish this, the foundry sand is used as the fluidized bed in the furnace 10 instead of using the granular aluminum oxide previously described as the preferred fluidized bed particles. Fig. 7 shows, in schematic format, the use of the apparatus 10 to reclaim green sand. As shown in Fig. 7, a reclamation system 199 would include feed hopper 200 for passing sand to a crusher 201. Crusher 201 crushes the sand and passes it to a magnetic separator 202 to separate out ferromagnetic material. A metering hopper 206 collects sand from separator 202 and feeds the separated sand (via a conduit) 209, to the furnace 10. The fully reclaimed sand is passed from apparatus 10 through discharge conduit 208. The hot reclaimed sand is passed from discharge conduit 208 to a cascade cooler 220. A blower 222 blows cooling air to cooler 220. A blower 222 blows cooling air to cooler 220 with the air exhausted through conduit 224 to main exhaust conduit 226 from which it passes to filters and scrubbers (not shown) . A blower 230 forces air to the fluidizing tube 62. In use of the apparatus 10 for foundry sand recovery, the fluidizing gas is oxygen-containing (preferably air) with oxygen reacting with the sand binder. Resulting product gas (e.g., CO, C0 2 ) and dust are drawn off through main conduit 226. Use of the furnace 10 to reclaim foundry sand has run with no-bake sand at 750°F with a reclamation of about 94% by weight, of the sand. Also, 94% of green sand has been reclaimed when operating the furnace to create a fluidized bed temperature of 1,400 to 1,600 ° F. The latter is of substantial significance to the foundry industry which, prior to the present invention, was not capable of economically reclaiming green sand. The present apparatus has numerous advantages for use in reclaiming foundry sand. It has a much lower capital cost than prior thermal treatment apparatus for foundry sand. It operates at a much lower energy cost than prior thermal treatment apparatus and has a fast through-put. The actual physics and chemistry by which the apparatus 10 is so effective in reclaiming sand is not fully understood. However, it is believed the submergence of an infrared heat source in the bed of sand causes individual sand grains to experience momentary periods of very high temperature. For example, while the bed may have an average temperature of about 1,400°F, individual grains come in momentary close proximity to submerged heat sources (i.e., IR lamps or glow bars) which may have very high temperatures. It is suspected the momentary very high temperature makes the sand binders brittle and burn off. As a result, the sand reclaimed through the novel method requires very little scrubbing compared to sand reclaimed through prior art techniques. Through the foregoing detailed description of the present invention, it has been shown how the invention has been obtained in a preferred manner. However, modifications and equivalents of the disclosed concepts, such as those which will readily occur to one skilled in the art, are intended to be included within the scope of this invention.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. An apparatus for heat treating, said apparatus comprising: volume defining means for defining a volume sized to receive a bed of fluidizing particles with said bed selected to exceed a predetermined elevation within said volume; a plurality of electrically powered infrared radiation sources; and mounting means for mounting said plurality of sources within said volume beneath said predetermined elevation. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 comprising gas admission means for admitting a fluidizing gas to said volume beneath said sources. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said sources are lamps and wherein said mounting means includes a conduit disposed within said volume beneath said elevation and with a lamp disposed within said conduit. 4. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said sources are lamps and wherein said mounting means includes a plurality of conduits disposed within said volume beneath said elevation and with a lamp disposed within each of said conduits. 5. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said conduit is generally transparent to infrared radiation. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said conduit is quartz. 7. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said conduits are mutually disposed for a fluidized bed to flow around and between said conduits. 8. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said plurality of electrically powered infrared radiation sources are divided into a plurality of separately controllable zones, with each zone containing at least one infrared radiation source. 9. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein said conduits and said lamps are mutually sized for opposing surfaces of said lamps and said conduits to define a plurality of air flow passages surrounding said lamps, and cooling means for supplying a flow of cooling fluid to said passages. 10. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said sources are resistance type heating elements. 11. An apparatus for heat treating a product, said apparatus comprising: a retort having walls for defining a volume; a bed of fluidizing particles disposed within said volume; a plurality of electrically powered infrared radiation sources; mounting means for mounting said plurality of said sources submerged within said bed. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11 comprising means for admitting a fluidizing gas to said volume beneath said sources. 13. An apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said sources are lamps and wherein said mounting means includes a conduit disposed submerged within said bed with a lamp disposed within said conduit. 14. An apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said sources are lamps and wherein said mounting means includes a plurality of conduits disposed submerged within said bed with at least one of said lamps disposed within each of said conduits. 15. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein said conduits are infrared transparent. 16. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein said conduits are quartz. 17. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein said conduits are mutually disposed for a fluidized bed to flow around and between said conduits. 18. An apparatus according to claim 14 wherein said conduits and said lamps are mutually sized for opposing surfaces of said lamps and said conduits to define a plurality of air flow passages surrounding said lamps, cooling means for supplying a flow of a cooling flow to said passages. 19. An apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said sources are divided into a plurality of separately controllable zones. 20. An apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said bed includes at least two layers, including a first layers of coarse particles and a second layer of fine particles, with said coarse layer disposed beneath said sources. 21. An apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said sources are resistance type heating elements. 22. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said bed of fluidizing particles used is foundry sand. 23. An apparatus according to claim 11 wherein said bed of fluidizing particles used is foundry sand. 24. A method for reclaiming used foundry sand in an apparatus having volume defining means for defining a volume sized to receive a bed of said sand with said bed selected to exceed a predetermined elevation within said volume, said apparatus further including a plurality of electrically powered infrared radiation sources; and mounting means for mounting said plurality of sources within said volume beneath said elevation, said method comprising the steps of: admitting said used foundry sand to said volume, energizing said sources to generate a heat sufficient to reclaim said sand; fluidizing said bed while heating said bed with said sources; and discharging heat treated sand from said bed.

Inventors: EPPELAND JOHN ROY, HEATH JAMES E, NELSON JAMES S, EPPELAND, JOHN, ROY, HEATH, JAMES, E., NELSON, JAMES, S.
Applicants: BGK FINISHING SYSTEMS INC, BGK FINISHING SYSTEMS, INC.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: F27D23
IPC codes: B01J8, B22C5, C21D1, F27B15, F27D23, H05B3