Calibrating a data storage system relative to a removable data storage disk mounted in the system

Abstract: The present invention relates to a data storage system (12, 13, 14, 15) of the type which comprises loading means (17,18) for loading a removable data storage disk into the system, driving means for rotating a disk loaded into the system up to an operational speed of rotation, and calibrating means (11) for calibrating the system in accordance with a disc loaded into the system. According to the invention the data storage system is characterised in that the calibrating means comprises sensing means for sensing the speed of rotation of a disk loaded into the system, means responsive to the speed sensing means for indicating when the speed of rotation is at a predetermined value less than the operational speed of rotation, and means for performing selected calibration operations on the system when the speed of rotation of said disk loaded into the system has reached the predetermined value.

Description: The present invention relates to a data storage system including a removable data storage disk which is rotatably mounted within the system and to the automatic calibration of the storage system to the disk mounted in the system. It is known that data storage media can be used in automatic storage medium libraries such as disk or tape libraries which include data storage systems with readers and recorders (drives) for reading and recording data on the storage media. Library apparatus for storing data in optical data storage disks as well as other forms of data storage disks is also known in a storage medium library environment. It is desirable to reduce the time which elapses from the moment a request for access to or recording of data in an unmounted data storage disk is received by the data storage system until the time the data is actually retrieved from or recorded on the storage disk after it has been mounted in a storage medium drive of the data storage system. While the time taken by the accessing mechanism for transferring a selected disk from its storage compartment or "pigeon hole" in the library to the data storage system is significant, another significant time period is the time for the disk to reach operating rotational speed in the system, referred to as "spin up". In optical storage disks particularly, the optical focusing as well as the tracking circuits and the laser control for recording data onto the optical disk have to be calibrated after the disk has been inserted in the storage system. Such calibration can also take a substantial amount of time when measured in terms of the electronic speeds of operation of the data storage system. It is desirable to provide means and methods for reducing the elapsed time for accessing a data storage disk inserted into a data storage system before signals can be exchanged with such a disk. It is known to initialise, i.e. calibrate, focus systems upon power up of an optical disk data storage system. Known focusing systems, such as those shown in US -A- 4,446,546 and US -A- 4,700,056, calibrate the focus system after the disk has reached operating rotational speed. This arrangement of focus system initialisation and calibration requires two serial elapsed times before data can be exchanged with the disk. The disk spin up to operating speed must be completed and the calibration must be completed after the disk has reached its operating speed. US -A- 4,907,212 shows calibration of an optical disk system having the features of the precharacterising portion of claim 1. Again, calibration occurs only when the optical disk is rotating at its desired operating rotational speed. The object of the present invention is to provide an improved data storage system of the type which has a removable data storage disk which needs to be calibrated after being loaded into the system before it can be used. In accordance with the present invention there is now provided a data storage system comprising: loading means for loading a removable data storage disk into the system; driving means for rotating a loaded disk up to an operational speed of rotation; and, calibration means for calibrating said system to said loaded disk; characterised in that system comprises: speed sensing means for sensing the rotational speed of said loaded disk; and means for activating the calibration means to calibrate the system to said loaded disk in response to the rotational speed sensed by the sensing means reaching a predetermined value less than the operational speed. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a data disk recorder/player or drive (data storage system) includes means for indicating that a disk has been inserted into such recorder/player. Actuating means start the rotation of the disk for reaching an operating rotation speed. Speed sensing means senses and indicates that the current disk rotational speed has reached such predetermined value less than a desired operating rotational speed and also indicates when the disk rotational speed has reached the operating rotational speed. Calibrations means operatively associated with the disk responds to the speed sensing means indicating that the disk rotational speed has reached a predetermined value less than the operating rotational speed to calibrate the recorder/player to the just-inserted disk. Operating means in the recorder/player, responds to the indication that the disk rotational speed has reached the operating rotational speed to conduct data reading and recording operations. In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, only the focus and tracking circuits of an optical disk recorder are calibrated during the spin up portion between the predetermined value of the rotational speed and the operating rotational speed. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the laser write calibration is selectably deferred until after the disk has reached the operating rotational speed. Within this last mentioned aspect, laser write calibration is deferred until after all initial reading from the disk has been completed. A menu of laser write calibration controls is provided. In another aspect of the invention, the disk recorder/players are in a storage medium library environment for enhancing overall operation of the storage medium library. In order that the invention may be more readily understood an embodiment will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a simplified diagram showing a data storage medium library including a data storage system in which the present invention can be implemented, Fig. 2 is a simplified flow chart showing the operations of the Fig. 1 illustrated data storage medium library and data storage system implementing the present invention, Fig. 3 is a simplified flow chart showing a write calibration operation in a data storage system employing a menu of the steps of such an operation, Fig. 4 is a simplified flow chart showing a sequence of calibrating an optical disk recorder during disk spin up in a data storage system, and Fig. 5 is a simplified block diagram of an optical disk data storage system in which the present invention can be implemented. Referring now to the drawings, like numerals indicate like parts and structural features in the various figures. An optical data storage disk library 10 (Fig. 1) is controlled and operated by a control system 11. Control system 11 can be a storage medium library controller of known design. A plurality of optical disk recorder/players (optical disk data storage systems), hereinafter called drives 12-15, are spaced adjacent to an array of disk storage slots 16 (two of which are shown) within library 10. Library 10 is constructed with an open faced wall of storage slots 16 which receive optical disk storage disks, each preferably in a respective cartridge. Transfer of the optical storage disks between the drives 12-15 and the storage slots 16 is by a traveling elevator or accessor 17. Accessor 17 moves along the face of the open faced wall of the library 10 and has a movable cartridge carrier 18 for removing and inserting cartridges containing optical disks from and into the storage slots 16 and drives 12-15. Control system 11 controls all four of the drives 12-15 and accessor 17. Of course, any number of drives may be used in the storage medium library, such numerical selection is application dependent. Control system 11 is connected to a host processor (137) over line 202. The host processor 137 requests, via line 202 that a given storage disk residing in one of the storage slots 16 be accessed for a data processing operation. Control system 11 identifies the library location of such a disk and a next available drive 12-15. Accessor 17 is then actuated for moving the desired disk from its assigned storage slot 16 to the available drive 12-15 allocated for performing the required data processing operation. For improving the efficiency of operation of the storage medium library 10, the host processor 137 can give an intent signal to control system 11 indicating the type of disk it wants and the type of ensuing data processing operation required to be performed. A register 19 within control system 11 stores such indications for each of the optical disks to be inserted or currently inserted into drives 12-15. Each such indication may also be recorded on the disk itself so that control system 11 can ascertain the character of the required operations, as will become apparent. In the illustrated embodiment, three classes of data processing operation are used for selecting a later described laser write calibration. Such classes are F, I and S as shown in register 19, one entry for each disk to be mounted in a drive. F indicates that the operations are file folder management, i.e. usual data processing operations. I is a class of image processing operations. S indicates that the disk is a scratch disk i.e., no signal recording thereon. It is to be noted that a scratch disk may already be formatted for enabling data processing operations to be performed or may require formatting before data processing or other signal exchanging in operations can occur with such a disk. Referring now more particularly to figs. 2 and 5, the data storage system operations effected by control system 11 will now be discussed. In implementing the present invention, a single optical disk data storage device is inserted into a one of the drives 12-15 as described. At machine step 20, a selected optical disk is loaded into one of the drives using the medium library data storage system control. At machine step 21 the drive receiving the disk starts rotating the disk using its internal motor 132 as seen in fig. 5. Microprocessor 140, in a known manner, monitors the rotational speed of the loaded disk in the allocated drive 12-15. The allocated drive supplies tachometer signals to microprocessor 140 from RPS 191. Microprocessor 140 calculates rotational speed based on such tachometer signals. It is known that actuating a laser to shine its beam onto a stationary or non-rotating optical data storage disk can damage the recording surface of such a disk, such as a magneto-optic disk. It is desired to preserve the recording surface of the disk, therefore, a minimum rotational speed is required before laser actuation for focus and other calibrations can occur on any mounted optical disk. Microprocessor 140, in relation to the just loaded disk, idles at step 22 calculating the rotational speed of the disk until the minimum rotational speed (RPM--rotations per minute) is reached. When the just-loaded disk reaches a safe rotational speed less than the desired operating rotational speed, the allocated drive 12-15 at step 23 turns on its laser and acquires focus using the normal focus initialisation and acquisition techniques even though the loaded or inserted disk has not yet reached operating rotational speed. Once focus of the laser has been obtained, the laser beam is moved to a data recording area of the disk (calibration areas are not shown) for calibrating (step 24) the amplitude and off-set of the tracking error signal (TES). This TES, which is the position error with respect to the track, is used in the track following and track seeking circuits. Next there may be a focus off-set which is then calibrated at step 25 using the TES. There may be a recalibration of the TES as shown in step 26. Such calibration operations are likely to take less time than that needed to complete the spin up to operating rotational speed of the just loaded disk. At machine step 30, microprocessor 140 does not pursue further calibration until the loaded disk is up to the desired or operating rotational speed. When the disk has reached the operating rotational speed, then at machine step 31, microprocessor 140 determines the type of data processing operation requested by the host processor which caused the loading of the disk into the drive of medium library 10. It is to be noted that control system 11 may load a scratch disk on its own, independent of any connected host processor command for a formatting change during idle times of any of the drives 12-15. In any event, at step 31, which is expanded in Fig. 3 for accommodating a menu of controls, microprocessor 140 ascertains whether or not a read operation (OP) has been requested. Generally, the loading of a disk into a drive first results in a read operation even if just for host requested verification that the just loaded disk is the desired disk. Note that control system 11 may identify the disk independently of host processor 137. Such verification in the present embodiment is not a host-requested read operation. When a read operation is indicated at machine step 31, then the data on the loaded disk is read at machine step 32. At machine step 33, microprocessor 140 checks for errors in the data just read. If no errors are detected, then machine operations for accessing the disk ensue. If a read error occurs and the retry procedures have not been exhausted, then at machine step 34 the storage system is calibrated for again attempting to read the data. Step 34 in Fig. 2 is equivalent to steps 23-26. Such recalibration can involve recalibrating the focus, the track following, laser power and the like. Then machine step 32 is re-executed for reading the data. If, however, the data is still in error and the retry procedures have been exhausted, i.e., too many retries, then the error is recorded and recovery procedures beyond the scope of the present description are effected. Returning now to machine step 31, if there is no read operation queued or pending from the host processor, then microprocessor 140 effects machine step 38 for calibrating the focus run out, the focus off-set, the laser write power and the track following run out. Then machine operations proceed to the usual operations of a recorder/player (storage system) employing storage disks. Fig. 3 shows a menu of controls for calibrating a laser for a data recording operation. When there are no read errors, this menu replaces steps 31, 32 and 38 of Fig. 2. At machine step 40, control system 11 examines register 19 to see if the required data processing operation for the just inserted optical disk is for folder management (MGM'T). If folder management is indicated by the F indicator of register 19, then at machine step 42 control system 11 examines the queue of host processor requested read operations in the register 19 portion for the current drive 12-15 in which the required disk has been loaded. If the read queue is not empty, then of course host processor requested reading ensues as indicated by machine step 43. Such reading occurs until the read queue is in fact empty. As soon as the read queue is empty then at machine step 45 the storage system is calibrated for writing or recording with or without a write request. Machine step 45 is similar to machine step 38 of Fig. 2. Upon completing machine step 45, reading, erasing and recording operations can ensue as indicated by "any operation". If, at machine step 40, folder management is not the indicated required data processing operation, then at machine step 44, control system 11 determines whether or not image operations (OP's) have been indicated by the I indicator of register 19 for the current drive. If "yes", then machine step 47 is executed. In this instance, laser write calibration is deferred until a host processor write request is received At machine step 47, the write queue (Q) of register 19 for the current drive is examined. If there is an entry in the write queue for the current drive, then step 45 is performed in preparation for writing an image onto the just loaded optical disk. If, on the other hand, the write queue is empty (the "no" exit of step 47) then read related and other operations are performed in machine step 48. Machine operations repeatedly return to machine step 47 as long as the image containing optical disk resides in the current drive and the write queue is empty. It is to be understood that the machine operations set forth in Fig. 3 are exited when the image storing optical disk is removed from the current drive. Returning now to machine step 44, if an image operation is not indicated, then, by default, the disk is a scratch disk indicated by the S in register 19 for the current drive. For a scratch disk to be used, write calibration is first required and machine step 45 is then performed. Fig. 4 is a machine operations chart showing, in simplified form, a sequence of machine operations for focus and calibration during disk spin up as performed in steps 23-25 of Fig. 2. At machine step 50 of Fig. 4, the laser power is checked to ensure that it is not excessive yet is sufficient for acquiring the focus. At this time, the laser beam is moved onto the disk as explained later with respect to Fig. 5, either to a laser calibration area, as is known, or to a mirror or grooved area, also as is known. At machine step 51, the focus condition is actually acquired i.e., the objective lens shown in Fig. 5 is moved to an in-focus position for focusing the laser beam onto the disk. After focus has been acquired at machine step 52 the laser beam is moved onto a grooved area of the disk and is dithered radially by dithering fine actuator 146 for enabling calibration of the tracking system at step 53. The track crossing rate of the dithering is between 2 KHZ and 10 KHZ, with 6 KHZ the typical rate. A plurality of areas of the disk may be chosen for such dithering. For example, five areas of the disk are chosen. In order to get the average calibration of the disk, the high and low values are discarded and the average calculated from the remaining three values. As to the last two described steps, if the laser beam is held at a radial position stationary relative to a partially spun up disk, an accurate calibration cannot be achieved because of the insufficient rotational speed of the disk during spin up. When a formatted disk, such as a magneto-optic disk, is still being accelerated towards an operating rotational speed, dithering the beam radially simulates track crossings i.e., crossing the grooves and land areas of the disk. All of the above described machine operations occur when any optical disk is inserted into any one of the drives 12-15. It is to be appreciated that these machine operations can be overlapped with respect to one drive or another. Therefore, the lines of Fig. 1 extending from control system 11 to the individual drives 12-15 not only represent the electrical connections between the control system and the drives, but also the independent and interleaved machine operations as shown and described for Figs. 2-4 above. In addition to all of the above, the disks may contain control information which is readable by microprocessor 140 through one of the drives 12-15 for use in initialising and calibrating each particular disk. Such details are beyond the present description. An optical disk data storage system or drive 12 with which the present invention may be advantageously employed is shown in Figure 5. A removable magneto-optic record disk 130 is removably mounted for rotation on spindle 131 by motor 132. Optical head-carrying carriage generally denoted by numeral 134 moves radially of disk 130. A frame 135 of the system suitably mounts carriage 134 for reciprocating radial motions. The radial motion of carriage 134 enables access to any one of a plurality of concentric tracks or circumvolutions of a spiral track on the disk for recording and recovering data on and from the disk. Linear actuator 136 suitably mounted on frame 135, radially moves carriage 134 for enabling track accessing. The storage system is suitably attached via cable or bus 116 to one or more host processors 137. Such host processors may be control units, personal computers, large system computers, communication systems, image signal processors, and the like. Attaching circuits 138 provide the logical and electrical connections between the optical recorder and the control system 11. Microprocessor 140 controls the data storage system 12. Control data, status data, commands and the like are exchanged between attaching circuits 138 and microprocessor 140 via bidirectional bus 143. Included in microprocessor 140 is a program or microcode-storing, read-only memory (ROM) 141 and a data and control signal storing random-access memory (RAM) 142. The machine operations shown in Figs. 2 and 4 are controlled, in part, under automatic supervision of microprocessor 140. The optics of the storage system include an objective or focusing lens 145 mounted for focusing and radial tracking motion of carriage 134 via fine actuator 146. This fine actuator includes mechanisms for moving lens 145 towards and away from disk 130 for focusing and for radial movements parallel to carriage 134 motions; for example, for changing tracks within a small range of tracks typically 100, so that carriage 134 need not be actuated each time a track adjacent to a track currently being accessed is to be accessed. Numeral 147 denotes a two-way light path between lens 145 and disk 130. In magneto-optic recording, magnet 148, which can be either an electromagnet or permanent magnet, provides a weak magnetic steering or bias field for directing the remnant magnetisation direction of a small spot on disk 130 illuminated by laser light from lens 145. The laser light spot heats the illuminated spot on the record disk to a temperature above the Curie point of the magneto-optic layer (not shown, but can be an alloy of rare earth and transitional metals as described in US -A- 3,949,387. This heating enables magnet 148 to direct the remnant magnetisation to a desired direction of magnetisation as the spot cools below the Curie point temperature. Magnet 148 is shown as oriented in the "write" direction, i.e., binary ones recorded on disk 130 normally are "north pole remnant magnetisation". To erase disk 130, magnet 148 rotates so the south pole is adjacent disk 130. Magnet control 149, which is operatively coupled to rotatable magnet 148 as indicated by dashed line 150, controls the write and erase directions. Microprocessor 140 supplies control signals over line 151 to control 149 for effecting reversal of the magnetic steering field. It is necessary to control the radial position of the beam following path 147 such that a track or circumvolution is faithfully followed and that a desired track or circumvolution is quickly and precisely accessed. To this end, focus and tracking circuits 154 control both the coarse actuator 136 and the fine actuator 146. The positioning of carriage 134 by actuator 136 is precisely controlled by control signals supplied by circuits 154 and microprocessor 140 over lines 155 and 159 to actuator 136. Additionally, the fine actuator 146 control by circuits 154 is exercised through control signals travelling to fine actuator 146 over lines 157 and 158 respectively for effecting focus and track following and seeking actions. Sensor 156 senses the relative position of fine actuator 146 to headarm carriage 134 to create a relative position error (RPE) signal 119. This signal goes to circuits 154. Line 157 consists of a conductor for carrying focus error signals from circuits 154 to the focus mechanisms in fine actuator 146. The focus and tracking position sensing is achieved by analysing laser light reflected from disk 130 over path 147, thence through lens 145, and through one-half mirror 160 so as to be reflected by half-mirror 161 to a so-called "quad detector" 162. Quad detector 162 has four photoelements which respectively supply signals on four lines collectively denominated by numeral 163 to focus and tracking circuits 154. Aligning one axis of the detector 162 with a track centre line, track following operations are enabled. Focus and tracking circuits 154 analyse the signals on lines 163 to control both focus and tracking. Recording or writing data onto disk 130 is next described. It is assumed that magnet 148 is rotated to the desired position for recording data. Microprocessor 140 supplies a control signal over line 165 to laser control 166 for indicating that a recording operation is to ensue. This means that laser 167 is energised by control 166 to emit a high-intensity laser light beam for recording; in contrast, for reading, the laser 167 emitted laser light beam is at a reduced intensity for not heating the laser illuminated spot on disk 130 above the Curie point. Control 166 supplies its control signal over line 168 to laser 167 and receives a feedback signal over line 169 indicating the laser 167 emitted light intensity. Control 166 adjusts the light intensity to the desired value. Laser 167, a semiconductor laser, such as a gallium-arsenide diode laser, can be modulated by data signals so the emitted light beam represents the data to be recorded by intensity modulation. In this regard, data circuits 175 supply data indicating signals over line 178 to laser control 166 for effecting such modulation. This modulated light beam passes through polariser 170 (linearly polarising the beam), thence through collimating lens 171. This collimated beam 172 is directed through circularising optical element 173 to change the laser beam from an elliptical to a circular profile. Then the beam strikes half mirror 160 for being reflected toward disk 130 through lens 145. Data circuits 175 are prepared for recording by the microprocessor 140 supplying suitable control signals over line 176. Microprocessor 140 in preparing circuits 175 is responding to commands for recording received from a host processor 137 via attaching circuits 138 and control system 11. Once data circuits 175 are prepared, data is transferred between host processor 137 and data circuits 175 through attaching circuits 138 and control system 11. Data circuits 175, also ancillary circuits (not shown), relating to disk 130 format signals, error detection and correction and the like. Data circuits 175, during a read or recovery action, strip the ancillary signals from the readback signals before supplying corrected data signals over bus 177 to host processor 137 via attaching circuits 138 and control system 11. Reading or recovering data from disk 130 for transmission to a host processor requires optical and electrical processing of the laser light beam from the disk 130. That portion of the reflected light (which has its linear polarisation from polariser 170 rotated by disk 130 recording using the Kerr effect) travels along the two-way light path 147, through lens 145 and half-mirrors 160 and 161 to the data detection portion 179 of the headarm 133 optics. Optical element 173 is a polarisation dependent element which processes the polarisation state of the reflected beam. When the reflected beam has no Kerr rotation, optical element 173 balances the beam intensity equally between two orthogonal polarisation states. The reflected beam then travels into polarising beam splitter 180 which divides the beam into two beams which have the relative intensities of the two orthogonal polarisation states coming in. Lenses 181 and 183 respectively focus the two beams onto the two photo-detectors 182 and 184. Differential amplifier 185 senses the difference between the two photodetector supplied signals. When the remanent magnetisation on disk 130 spot being accessed has a "north" or binary one indication the polarisation of the reflected beam is rotated. This "north" rotated reflected beam is then processed by optical element 137. The rotation of the incoming beam results in the intensity of the beam in the first polarisation state being increased and the intensity of the beam in the first polarisation state being increased and the intensity of the beam in the second polarisation state being decreased. The intensity of the light falling on the photo-detector 182 is increased; the intensity of the light falling on the photo-detector 184 is decreased. A "south" rotated reflected beam gives the opposite effect -- the intensity in the first polarisation state and onto photo-detector 182 is decreased and the intensity in the second polarisation state and onto photo-detector 184 is increased. Amplifier 185 creates a signal representing the polarisation rotation of the reflected beam by amplifying the difference between the intensity of the light falling on photo-detectors 182 and 184. The amplifier 185 supplies the resulting difference or data representing signal to data circuits 175 for detection. The detected signals include not only data that is recorded but also all of the so-called ancillary signals as well. The term "data" as used herein is intended to include any and all information-bearing signals, preferably of the digital or discrete value type. The rotational position and rotational speed of spindle 131 is sensed by a suitable tachometer or emitter sensor 190. Sensor 190 can be on any sensing system such as a head effect system or optical-sensing type that senses dark and light spots on a tachometer wheel (not shown) of spindle 131, etc. Sensor 190 supplies the "tach" signals (digital signals) to RPS circuit 191 which detects the rotational position of spindle 131 and supplies rotational information-bearing signals to microprocessor 140. Microprocessor 140 employs such rotational signals for controlling access to data storing segments on disk 130 as is widely practised in the magnetic data storing disks. Additionally, the sensor 190 signals also travel to spindle speed control circuits 193 for controlling motor 132 to rotate spindle 131 at a constant rotational speed. Control 193 may include a crystal-controlled oscillator for controlling motor 132 speed, as is well known. Microprocessor 140 supplies control signals over line 194 to control 193 in the usual manner. Line 204 is used to control load and unload operations better by interfacing directly with control system 11 rather than using attaching circuits 138.

Claims: A data storage system comprising: loading means (17,18) for loading a removable data storage disk (130) into the system; driving means (132) for rotating a loaded disk up to an operational speed of rotation; and, calibration means (140) for calibrating said system to said loaded disk; characterised in that system comprises: speed sensing means (140,191) for sensing the rotational speed of said loaded disk; and means for activating the calibration means to calibrate the system to said loaded disk in response to the rotational speed sensed by the sensing means reaching a predetermined value less than the operational speed. A data storage system as claimed in claim 1 characterised in that said data storage disk is an optical storage disk (130) and said storage system comprises a light beam (147) for use with said optical storage disk, an optical system (133) for focusing said beam on said disk and a tracking system (134) for causing said light beam to follow data storage tracks on said disk, and in that said calibrating means comprises means for focusing said light beam on said storage disk, and means for calibrating the amplitude and offset of a tracking error signal relating to the following of tracks on said disk by said light beam. A data storage system as claimed in claim 2 characterised in that said calibrating means comprises means for calibrating a focus offset using the tracking error signal and calibrates the tracking error signal. A data storage system as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3 characterised in that it comprises means for calibrating the power of said light beam when said disk loaded in said system has reached its operational speed of rotation.

Inventors: BACA FRANCISCO ANTONIO, FENNEMA ALAN AUGUST, HANCOCK REED ALAN, JAQUETTE GLEN ALAN, TIPTON LAWRENCE DAVID, WINARSKI DANIEL JAMES, BACA, FRANCISCO ANTONIO, FENNEMA, ALAN AUGUST, HANCOCK, REED ALAN, JAQUETTE, GLEN ALAN, TIPTON, LAWRENCE DAVID, WINARSKI, DANIEL JAMES
Applicants: IBM, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G11B7
IPC codes: G11B33, G11B19, G11B7, G11B11, G11B27