NON-THROMBOGENIC SURFACES

Abstract: A process for coating a blood-contacting surface comprising applying a solution of a fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline in an organic solvent to the surface and removing the solvent, provides a non-thrombogenic coating of phosphatidyl choline di-ester to the surface. Material for use in a blood-contacting device having such a coating and a blood-contacting device having such a coating.

Description: Non-Thrombogenic Surfaces The present invention relates to the treatment of the surfaces of blood-contacting materials and devices to reduce the thrombogenicity of the materials. Many modern surgical and other medical procedures, sampling techniques and test procedures involve the use of blood- contacting devices, such as catheters, drains and extracorporeal circuitry. These devices are used only once and then discarded for hygiene reasons and must therefore be constructed from the most economical materials available, usually polymeric plastics or glass. However glass and most synthetic and natural polymers tend to induce platelet aggregation and initiate the fibrinolytic clotting cascade leading to blockage of tubing and clogging of other apparatus such as filtration and dialysis membranes, interference with test procedures and, in certain cases, may have disastrous consequences for patients. With existing technology, extra-corporeal circulation for hae odialysis, long term gas exchange at states of severe respiratory failure and cardiac support, e.g. after cardiac surgery, all require systemic heparinisation. Owing to the risk of excessive bleeding after systemic anticoagulant treatment many patients are disqualified for possible therapeutic measures. Likewise, commercial catheter sensors, e.g. for continuous determination of arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide tension, and of pH in the critically ill patient require systemic heparinisation to prevent microclotting on the sensor membranes and failure of the device. It has been suggested that heparinisation of apparatus, particularly involving end point attachment of heparin fragments, will result in anti-thrombogenic coating of surfaces and thereby overcome the need for systemic heparinisation. Thus a method was developed in which heparin was coupled by end point attachment [Hoffman, J. et aJL. , Carboyhdr. Res., 117:328(1983). Lar , O. et aJL. , Bio at. Med. Dev. Art. Orσ.. 11:161(1983) ] . The resulting surfaces adsorbed antithrombin and large amounts of thrombin which were rapidly inhibited in the presence of antithrombin [Pasche, B, et al. , Thromb. Res.. 44 739(1986)]. It is interesting to note that end-point attached heparin and the endothelium behave both quantitatively and qualitatively alike with respect to the inhibition of thrombin in the presence of plasma [Arnander C. , et al. , J. Bio ed. Mat. Res. , 20:235(1986) 1 and that a polyethylene surface furnished with end-point attached heparin showed considerable capacity to inhibit Factor Xa [Kodama, K. et al.. Thromb. Haemostas. (1987)]. Rigid polyethylene tubing sections with end-point attached heparin have been kept in the thoracic aorta of pigs for up to four months [Arnander C. , et al.. Biomat. Res.. (1987)]. When applied to vascular grafts of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and to polyurethanes and implanted in the arteries of the sheep [Esquivel, C. 0. et al. r Surerery, 5:102(1984)], the end-point attached heparin surface substantially reduced the platelet and fibrin deposition. The extra-corporeal circulation of blood through surface- heparinised devices offered the possibility to discriminate between the role of platelets and the plasma coagulation system as the main determining factor for achieving thror oresistance. In these experiments, it was demonstrated that coatings with other sulfated polymers were as platelet compatible as the heparin coatings, but still thrombogenic. Using the radioimmunoassay for fibrinopeptide A [Nossel, H. L. et al. , J. Clin. Invest. , 54:43(1974) ] it was shown that only coatings on which the heparin molecules could interact with plasma constituents were able to prevent conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin on contact with blood [Larsson R. and Lindahl U. Artif. Orq.. Vol 3. Suppl. Proc. of the second meeting of the Intern. Soc. Artif. Org., (1979); Larsson R., et al. r Thromb. Res. , .19:43(1980); arm, 0. et al.. Biomat. Med. Dev. Art, orσ. . 111.161 (1983 ) ] . Thus the presence of intact functional groups on the immobilised heparin appeared mandatory for achieving thromboresistance and heparin coatings on blood-contacting medical devices could eliminate hazardous systemic anticoagulant treatment. Experimental haemodialysis has been performed on dogs without systemic heparinisation and with cellulose acetate hollow fibers filters with end-point attached heparin surfaces. The efficiency of the coating on the total extra-corporeal system was demonstrated by the fact that the levels of fibrinopeptide A in the dialysed animals were not higher than in anaesthetised control animals with no surgery [Arnander C, et al.. Proc. Eur. Soc. Art. Org.. £1312(1982) , Lins, L.- E et a , Proc. EDTA-ERA. 21:270(1984). When end-point attached heparin surfaces were used in the extra-corporeal circuit, veno-venous by-pass for carbon dioxide elimination was easily performed for 24 h on dogs in a steady-state condition. After a small release of heparin, the coagulation system seemed unaffected as determined by fibrinopeptide A levels in the circulating blood [Larm, O. et al.. An approach to antithrombosis by surface modification. Progress in artificial organs, ISAIO Press, Cleveland 1986, p313. Inacio, J. et al.. Extracorporeal elimination of carbon dioxide using a surface heparinised vein-to-vein bypass system. EUROXY Workshop on design and techniques of extracorporeal gas exchange. Paris, June 20, 1985. Bindsley L. , et al. , Trans. Am. Soc. Art. Int. Org. 32:530(1986). Although heparinisation can reduce or prevent fibrinolytic clotting, this is at the expense of interference with the blood biochemistry, for instance the complexation of antithrombin and other subtle alterations. The heparinised surfaces are exerting many of the effects of heparin when administered as an anti-coagulant drug and the adverse side effects of heparin must, therefore, be taken into account when this technique is employed to improve haemocompatibility of blood-contacting devices. Much effort has been devoted in recent years to the development of surface treatments, especially by covalent bonding of haemocompatible organic groups which improve the biocompatibility of blood-contacting surfaces and to the production of more biocompatible materials for use in blood- contacting devices such as surgical implants, prostheses and artificial hearts (see, for instance EP-A-0032 622 and EP-A-0 157 496) . However, being intended to provide long term biocompatibility, these tend to be relatively expensive and are therefore less suitable for use in low-cost, single-use disposable devices. The present invention provides a simple and cost effective means for reducing the thrombogenicity of blood-contacting surfaces using readily available materials. The coatings of the present invention do not interfere with blood biochemistry in any manner and are therefore regarded as non-thrombogenic rather than as anti-thrombogenic. In addition to avoiding the side-effects of heparinisation, the present treatment offers the further advantages in many applications in that the coated surfaces have improved wetability and improved lubricity. This assists in, for instance, avoiding the formation of gas bubbles in tubing and facilitating insertion of catheters via surgical incisions. According to the invention there is provided a process for coating a blood-contacting surface comprising applying a solution of a fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline in an organic solvent to the surface and removing the solvent. Figure I shows a comparison between a piece of medical tubing treated using the process of the invention and a similar tube of untreated medical tubing. The surface to be treated may optionally be prepared for coating by washing to remove surface contaminants and, to improve the adhesion of the coating, by silylation or otherwise increasing the hydrophobicity of the surface. The thickness of the coating will be selected according to the intended use of the blood-contacting device. Thus surfaces subjected to shear forces, such as tubing carrying a flow of blood, will generally receive thicker coatings than those for static applications such as sample phials or holders. The thickness of the coating will also be selected according +Ό the intended duration of use of the coated device since thicker coatings will last longer. Typical thicknesses envisaged for coatings according to the invention are in the order of 1 to 1000 nanometres, preferably 10 to 500 nanometres and most preferably about 100 nanometres. The blood-contacting surface may be a surface of a finished blood-contacting device or it may be the surface of a material to be used in forming a blood-contacting device. In the latter case subsequent forming steps are selected to avoid disrupting the coating formed by the process of the invention in blood-contacting portions of the device and to avoid chemical damage, for instance due to high temperatures, to the phosphatidyl choline ester. The surface being treated will hereinafter be referred to as the "substrate". Substrates which may be coated according to the invention include glasses (eg soda glass and silica glass) , metals such as silver, natural polymers, such as cellulose and se isynthetic cellulose derivatives, and artificial polymers such as polyurethanes (eg Pellethane) , vinyl polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) , polyesters such as polyethylene terephthaHate (eg Dacron) , polyalkenes such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polycarbonates and fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and other poly(fluoroalkenes) including fluorinated ethylene polymer (FEP) which is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. The fatty acid diesters of phosphatidyl choline which may be used in the process of the invention include esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and may be pure single compounds such as dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) and dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline (DMPC) , mixtures of such compounds and purified natural products such as the fatty acid diesters of phosphatidyl choline from egg yolk or soya bean lecithin. Mixed diesters of phosphatidyl choline may be used. Preferably the fatty acid side chains will be straight as opposed to branched and will have from 12 to 20 carbon atoms. Purified natural products may contain a small proportion of components other than fatty acid diesters of phosphatidyl choline but these should not be present in sufficient amount to impair the thrombogenicity-reducing effect of the coating. In particular, phosphatidyl serine, and other anionic phospholipids which would cause clotting, should be avoided. The solvent may be any conventional organic solvent which will dissolve the saturated fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline. Preferably the solvent will be selected for lack of toxicity and environmental hazards, for ease of removal, for compatibility with the material to be treated and for pharmacological acceptability. The solvent may be one which swells a polymeric substrate and this will aid the treatment process by permitting the phosphatidyl choline diester to penetrate the surface of the substrate. Alternatively the solvent may be selected to avoid swelling of a polymer substrate, particularly where there are fine dimensional tolerances to be maintained or other useful properties of the polymer would be thereby impaired. Preferred solvents include the lower alkanols such as methanol, ethanol and iso- or n-propanol, halogenated alkanes such as chloroform and mixtures thereof. A particularly preferred solvent is a mixture of ethanol and chloroform, such as from 20:1 to 80:1 preferably 40:1 ethanol:chloroform by volume. Another preferred solvent is a mixture of Freon and ethanol such as from 50:50 to 99:1, preferably 90:10 Freon: ethanol by volume. The concentration of phosphatidyl choline diester in the solvent will be selected to avoid use of unduly large quantities of solvent (and ensuing technical difficulties with removal thereof and economic penalties) whilst enabling efficient coating of the substrate. Preferred concentrations are in the range of from 0.5 to 20 mg/ml, preferably 2, 5 or 10 mg/ml. The solution of phosphatidyl choline diester may be applied by any conventional coating technique such as immersion in a coating bath, spraying, painting or, for flat substrates, spin-coating, the coating conditions being varied according to the desired thickness of coating and the hydrophobicity of the substrate since the phosphatidylcholine diesters adhere more strongly to more hydrophobic substrates. Preferably coating is achieved by immersion of the substrate in a bath of a phosphatidyl choline fatty acid diester solution in a suitable solvent at an appropriate concentration and temperature for sufficient time to cover the surfaces to be coated. The solvent may be removed by conventional techniques, preferably by evaporation under reduced or ambient pressure, in a gas stream and/or at elevated temperature. By careful selection of the solvent, concentration of the solution and coating and solvent-removal techniques, the thickness of the phosphatidyl choline diester coating may be controlled within a desired range. Particularly preferred solvents, concentrations and coating and solvent removal techniques are described below and illustrated by the Examples. Pre-washing of the surface may be effected using a suitable solvent such as those described above which may be the same as or different to the solvent or solvent system used to apply the coating. Pre-treat ent of the surface by silylation is preferably effected using a reactive alkyl silane such as a halo silane, for instance trichlorooctadecyl silane or chlorodimethyl octadecylsilane in a suitable solvent such as hexane or chloroform. Excess reagent may be removed by a further washing step. It will be appreciated that for some surfaces, such as glass, it will be necessary to pre-treat the surface for example by silylation to obtain a surface to which the fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline will adhere. The present invention further provides a process for reducing the thrombogenicity of a blood-contacting surface comprising forming a coating on the surface of a fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline. The invention also provides a material having a non- thro bogenic coating of a fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline on at least a portion of the surface thereof. Preferably the material is, or is a part of, a blood- contacting device. Typical blood contacting devices include tubing such as catheters, for instance central venous catheters, thoracic drain catheters, and angioplasty balloon catheters, tubing used in extracorporeal circuitry such as in heart and/or lung bypasses and entire extracorporeal circuits such as whole blood oxygenators, cannulae, vascular grafts, sutures, membranes such as those used in blood separation, apheresis and donorpheresis units, gas exchange membranes such as used in whole blood oxygenators, polycarbonate membranes and haemodialysis membranes and membranes used in diagnostic and biosensor devices, biosensors and other devices used in diagnosis such as cuvettes used in blood clotting time determinations. A particular example of a blood contacting device which may be treated according to the invention is a PVC thoracic drain catheter. Figure I shows a comparison between a piece of medical tubing treated by the process of the invention and a similar untreated piece of tubing. In each case the tubing has been exposed to a flow of blood. In the case of the untreated tube the formation of blood clots in the tube leading to blockage of the tube can be seen whereas the tube treated according to the invention is free of clots. Thus the presence of a non-thrombogenic surface inside the tube which was treated according to the invention is demonstrated. The following Examples serve to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit it in any way. Example 1 Treatment of PVC Tubing Samples of hard and soft PVC tubing of the type which is used in extra-corporeal circuitry were either washed with warm ethanol or filtered deionised water and thoroughly dried prior to coating. Both types of tubing were coated, in a dust free area to avoid contamination, by pipetting the coating solution (DPPC in ethanol (Analar) at 5mg/ml or lOmg/ml) into the hollow tube and gently working the solution backwards and forwards (for sections up to 120cm in length) until the whole of the inside of the tubing was evenly coated. Excess coating solution was then allowed to drain into a collection bath and the tubing allowed to dry at room temperature. Example 2 Treatment of thoracic drain catheters The type of thoracic drain catheter used in this example contained a frosted and a clear region and was made from PVC. The clear region is the part of the catheter which is normally inserted into the pericardium and contacts the body tissue. Coating of the two areas was carried out by separate processes as follows: (a) Coating of frosted area A 10mg/ml solution of either DPPC or DMPC in ethanol was prepared and 3ml pipetted into the interior surface of the catheter. The catheter was manually rotated in order that all of the region to be coated came into contact with the solution. Excess solution was allowed to drain out and the catheters were further treated by process (b) below. (b) Coating of clear region A 10mg/ml solution of either DPPC or DMPC in chloroform was prepared and poured into a test tube. The clear end of the catheter was immersed in the solution for approximately 5 seconds and then quickly removed. The catheter was then air dried by hanging vertically for 24 hours. EXAMPLE 3 Coating Polyester Yarn Suture material Samples of dyed and undyed braided polyester yarn suture material were washed in warm ethanol and air dried prior to coating. The washed and dried samples were coated by total immersion in a lOmg/ml DPPC solution in ethanol, followed by air drying at room temperature after removal from the coating solution. EXAMPLE 4 Spin-Coating Petri-dishes (Sterilin polystyrene microbiological plates produced aseptically) were spun at 1500 r.p.m. and a 1ml solution of either DPPC or DMPC in ethanol at concentrations of lOmg/ml were applied to the spinning dishes using a Gilson lml pipette. Samples were kept spinning for 30 seconds and then allowed to dry in air at room temperature. Using the above method coatings were homogeneous as judged by surface analytical techniques. EXAMPLE 5 Coating of Polyethylene Ribbon Polyethylene (PE) ribbon was first washed in ethanol and dried. Material was then dipped briefly into ethanolic solutions of DPPC or DMPC (at lOmg/ml concentration) and then air dried. EXAMPLE 6 Coating of Polyethylene Ribbon PE was silylated, prior to treatment with DPPC or DMPC to render the surface very hydrophobic, resulting in a layer of silane on which a very stable coating is formed. Silylation is carried out by immersion of the PE ribbon in a solution (0.01%w/v in hexane) of octadecyltrichlorosilane for 10 seconds, followed by air drying. The DPPC or DMPC coating is then applied according to Example 5. EXAMPLE 7 Treatments of Polypropylene hollow fibre membranes Polypropylene hollow fibre membranes of the type used in oxygenators were first washed using Freon and dried prior to coating. DPPC solutions at 2 and lOmg/ml were used to coat the material. In this case the DPPC was dissolved in a Freon/ethanol mixture (90:10 vol/vol) . The fibres were coated by slowly drawing them through a 'U'- shaped glass tube filled with the DPPC solution and allowed to air dry. EXAMPLE 8 Treatment of IV Catheters IV Catheters made of FEP (fluorinated ethylene polymer) were coated with DPPC using a dipping technique. DPPC was dissolved in ethanol at a concentration of lOmg/ml and samples immersed in this solution for a few seconds. Catheters were air dried. EXAMPLE 9 Treatment of Central Venous Catheters An identical method to that of Example 8 was used to treat polyurethane (Pellethane) central venous catheters. EXAMPLE 10 In vitro haemocompatibility testing of treated materials A quantitative platelet adhesion test was carried out by immersing samples in fresh citrated whole human blood at room temperature for 30 minutes. Tubing samples were prepared in 3 cm lengths sealed at both ends (the blood being introduced into the sample by hypodermic needle) , and constantly mixed using a spiral mixer (tests were carried out in triplicate) . Blood used in this assay was obtained using the double syringe method. After incubation the samples were washed in isotonic phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and extracted into 1% trichloro acetate (TCA) (w/v) in 2mM ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) to liberate ATP from any platelets adhering to the walls of the tubing. The amount of ATP present in the extractant was estimated using the LKB Pharmacia ATP assay kit and a luminometer. The number of platelets adhering to the samples was estimated from a standard curve using ATP levels associated with a known number of platelets. The results for tubing coated according to Example 1 are recorded in Table 1: Table 1 DONOR % Reduction (a) HARD PVC Uncoated Control 5.62 19.54 1.32 8.83 Coated 5mg/ml DPPC 0.72 0.13 0.19 0.35 94 Coated lOmg/ml DPPC 0.51 0.14 0.10 0.25 97 (b) SOFT PVC Uncoated Control 15.01 26.51 0.58 14.03 Coated 5mg/ml DPPC 0.76 0.72 0.30 0.59 96 Coated lOmg/ml DPPC 0.97 1.89 1.25 1.37 90 results expressed as no. of platelets xlO 6 per 3cm lengths of tubing Substantial reductions in platelet adhesion to coated PVC is observed indicating that there is a large reduction in the thrombogenicity of PVC tubing after coating with DPPC. The results for catheters coated according to Example 2 are recorded in Table 2. Table 2 DONOR Sample Reduction Frosted region 6.83 4.61 7.45 6.30 (uncoated) Frosted region/ 0.88 1.05 0.59 0.84 87 lOmg/ml DPPC Frosted region/ 0.31 0.11 0.56 0.33 95 lOmg/ml DMPC Clear region 37.79 47.55 6.00 30.45 (uncoated) Clear region/ 0.53 1.38 0.60 0.84 97 lOmg/ml DPPC Clear region/ 15.26 8.09 16.78 13.38 56.1 lOmg/ml DMPC Results expressed as platelets adhered xlO 6 per 3cm lengths of catheters. The results for petri dishes coated according to Example 4 are recorded in Table 3. Table 3 DONOR % Reduction Petri dish 47.43 50.23 56.92 51.52 (Uncoated) Petri dish 5.54 3.55 3.08 4.06 92 (lOmg/ml DPPC) Petri dish 1.20 0.28 3.78 1.75 97 (lOmg/ml DMPC) Results expressed as no. of platelets xlO 6 adhered per petri dish (50mm diameter) The results for PE ribbon coated according to Example 5 are given in Table 4. Table 4 DONOR Reduction Uncoated PE 32.89 25.04 55.87 37.93 DPPC-Treated 1.58 3.76 1.72 2.35 94 PE (lOmg/ml) DMPC-Treated 0.91 1.38 3.99 2.09 94 PE (lOmg/ml) Results expressed as no. of platelets xlO 6 per 22mm 2 area of material The results for membranes treated according to Example 7 are shown in Table 5. Table 5 DONOR % Reduction Hollow Fibre Untreated 4.08 4.07 16.95 8.36 DPPC @2mg/ml 0.91 0.89 0.53 0.78 91 DPPC _10mg/ml 0.41 10.08* 0.52 3.67 56 ♦Result thought to be an outlier but included for completeness. Results expressed as no. of platelets xlO 6 per 20cm length of fibre. The results for catheters treated according to Example 8 are shown in Table 6. Table 6 DONOR Reduction Untreated 4.10 9.36 11.98 8.48 Catheters DPPC-treated Catheters (at lOmg/ml in ethanol 1.89 1.24 5.84 2.99 65 Results expressed as platelets xlO 6 per 5cm length of catheter Central venous catheters treated according to Example 9, showed greater than 90% reduction in platelet adhesion. EXAMPLE 11 In-Use Simulation Three 15 cm segments of catheter (frosted region) coated according to Example 2 were prepared with the ends sealed using Eppendorf tubes. 40 ml of blood was collected from a female adult volunteer into tri-sodium citrate (32 g/1) using the double syringe technique (the first 5ml were discarded) . 2ml of 0.025M calcium chloride in 0.15 M sodium chloride was added to 10ml of citrated blood. 4ml of recalcified blood was then added to each of the three catheter segments. The tubes were placed in a 37°C incubator for 150 minutes. The samples were turned every 30 minutes. After this incubation the blood was drained from each of the catheters. They were then rinsed using PBS to remove any loosely bound material.The results are as follows: Untreated frosted region When drained a small amount of plasma was obtained. There was a strongly adhered clot along the length of the catheter. DPPC-treated catheter frosted region When blood drained easily. One small clot remained attached to the surface. DMPC-treated catheter frosted region Whole blood drained easily. One small clot remained attached to the surface. EXAMPLE 12 Haemocompatibility of suture materials Samples of the braided material treated according to Example 3 were incubated in fresh, citrated whole blood as described in Example 10 above. After removal from the blood these materials were washed using PBS and prepared for scanning electron microscopy by fixing in an aliquot of the following solution: 2ml 25% glutaraldehyde 83ml 0.15M PBS (pH 7.4) 15ml saturated picric acid The samples were washed in PBS and dehydrated using 70% ethanol, followed by absolute ethanol. Finally samples were sputter coated with gold (at 30 mA for 3 minutes) and observed under the electron microscope. Results Electron microscopy shows that the DPPC-coated materials adhere fewer blood cells than untreated materials and that platelet cells are not activated by the treated materials. - The DPPC-coated materials therefore appear less thrombogenic than the untreated braided yarns. EXAMPLE 13 Testing of the spreading of water on treated surfaces A few drops of deionised water were applied to the coated surface using a pipette. With petri dishes coated according to Example 4, applied water drops spread completely over the surface showing that the coating rendered the normally very hydrophobic polystyrene extremely wettable. EXAMPLE 14 Wettability of treated materials The wettability of materials coated with DPPC according to the preceding examples was assessed by measurement of static contact angles using distilled water drops after 5 minutes in contact with the surface. The results were as shown in Table 7 Material tested Contact angles (°) Conclusion (average) Soft PVC tubing 77,71,84, (77) Non-wetting (control) surface Soft PVC tubing 9,<5,10,(8) Wettable surface (coated as Ex.l) PVC thoracic drain 76,82,70, (76) Non-wetting catheter (control) surface PVC thoracic drain 26,26,19, (24) Marked increase in catheter wettability (coated as Ex.2 at lOmg/ml DPPC) Polyethylene 67,80,78,76,(75) Non-wetting (control) surface Polyethylene 12,12,21, (15) Wettable surface (coated as Ex 5, at lOmg/ml DPPC)

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A process for coating a blood-contacting surface comprising applying a solution of a fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline in an organic solvent to the surface and removing the solvent. 2. A process according to claim l wherein, prior to coating with the fatty acid diester, the surface is washed to remove surface contaminants. 3. A process according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein, prior to coating with the fatty acid diester, the surface is silylated. 4. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the surface is coated with a solution of the fatty acid diester in a lower alkanol or a halogenated alkane or a mixture thereof. 5. A process according to claim 4 wherein the solvent comprises methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol or n-propanol. 6. A process according to claim 4 or claim 5 wherein the solvent comprises chloroform or freon. 7. A process according to claim 6 wherein the solvent comprises ethanol and chloroform in proportions of 20:1 to 80:1 by volume. 8. A process according to claim 7 wherein the solvent is a mixture of ethanol and chloroform in proportions of 40:1 by volume. 9. A process according to claim 5 wherein the solvent comprises freon and ethanol in proportions of 50:50 to 99:1 by volume. 10. A process according to claim 9 wherein the solvent is a mixture of freon and ethanol in proportions of 90:10 by volume. 11. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 10 wherein the solution comprises from 0.5 to 20 mg/ml of the fatty acid diester. 12. A process according to claim 11 wherein the solution comprises from 2 to 10 mg/ml of the fatty acid diester. 13. A process according to claim 11 wherein the solution comprises 2 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml or 10 mg/ml of the fatty acid diester. 14. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 13 wherein the fatty acid diester is selected from pure esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, mixtures thereof and purified natural fatty acid diesters of phosphatidyl choline. 15. A process according to claim 14 wherein the fatty acid diester is selected from dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline and fatty acid diesters of phosphatidyl choline purified from egg yolk or soya bean lecithin. 16. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 15 wherein the solution is applied by immersion in a coating bath, spraying, painting or spin coating. 17. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 16 wherein the solvent is removed by evaporation under reduced or ambient pressure, in a gas stream or at elevated temperature. 18. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 17 wherein the coating has a thickness of from 1 to 1000 nm. 19. A process according to claim 18 wherein the coating has a thickness of from 10 to 500 nm. 20. A process according to claim 19 wherein the coating has a thickness of 100 nm. 21. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 20 for coating a surface of a blood-contacting device or a portion thereof comprising coating a glass, metal or a natural, semisynthetic or artificial polymer surface of the device or portion thereof. 22. A process according to claim 21 comprising coating a soda glass, silica glass, silver, cellulose, a semisynthetic cellulose derivative, polyurethane, a vinyl polymer, a polyester, a polyalkene, a polycarbonate or a fluoropolymer- surface of the device or portion thereof. 23. A process according to claim 22 comprising coating a polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthallate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polytetrafluoroethylene or fluorinated ethylene polymer surface of the device or portion thereof. 24. A process for reducing the thrombogenicity of a blood-contacting surface comprising forming a coating on the surface of a fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline. 25. A material for use in a blood-contacting device having a non-thrombogenic coating of a fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline on at least a portion of the surface thereof. 26. A blood contacting device having a non-thrombogenic coating of a fatty acid diester of phosphatidyl choline on at least a blood-contacting portion of the surface thereof. 27. A device according to claim 26 selected from tubing; catheters; central venous catheters; thoracic drain catheters; angioplasty balloon catheters; tubing for extracorporeal circuitry, heart and/or lung bypasses; entire extracorporeal circuits; whole blood oxygenators; cannulae; * vascular grafts; sutures; membranes for blood separation, apheresis or donorpheresis; gas-exchange membranes; polycarbonate membranes; haemodialysis membranes; membranes for use in diagnostic and biosensor devices; biosensors; diagnostic devices and cuvettes for blood clotting time determinations. 28. A device according to claim 27 which is a polyvinyl chloride thoracic drain catheter.

Inventors: YIANNI YIANNAKIS PETROU, YIANNI, YIANNAKIS, PETROU
Applicants: BIOCOMPATIBLES LTD, BIOCOMPATIBLES LIMITED
Application year: 1991
Main classification: A61L33
IPC codes: A61L33