PREPARATION OF PHOSPHOMOLYBDOVANADATE POLYOXOANIONS

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the preparation of acidic aqueous solutions consisting essentially of phosphomolybdovanadate salts. Certain processes of the present invention dissolve in water an oxide, oxoacid, or mixtures thereof, and at least one oxoanion salt of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium, wherein the sum of salt cationic charges does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges in the solution. Other processes of the present invention dissolve in water a) an oxide, oxoacid, oxoanion salt, or mixtures thereof of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium and b) a carbonate salt, bicarbonate salt, hydroxide salt or mixtures thereof, wherein the sum of salt cationic charges does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges in the solution. The present invention also provides processes for the preparation of solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts by evaporating the so produced aqueous solutions to recover essentially all the dissolved phosphomolybdovanadate salt in solid form.

Description: PREPARATION OF PHOSPHOMOLYBDOVANADATE POLYOXOANIONS (PA-0047) CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S, patent application Ser. No. 489,806 filed March 5, 1990, which is incorporated by reference entirely. Related U.S, patent applications Ser. Nos. (PA-0044), (PA-0045), and (PA-0046), co-filed with this application, are each incorporated by reference entirely. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to preparation of heteropolyoxoanions comprising phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium. More specifically, it relates to preparation of aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadate salts. It further relates to preparation of solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Polyoxoacids and polyoxoanions are useful in a variety of catalytic reaction processes. Polyoxoacids and polyoxoanions comprising vanadium are particularly useful in catalytic oxidation processes. Among the polyoxoacids and polyoxoanions which have proven most useful in catalytic oxidations are the phosphomolybdovanadic acids and phosphomolybdovanadate anions. These materials are useful oxidizing agents whose reduced forms can be re-oxidized by reaction with dioxygen. Accordingly, they can mediate or catalyze the oxidation of reaction substrates by molecular oxygen. Oxidation processes have been described which use these materials dissolved in a solution, usually an aqueous solution, and as a solid, either bulk or supported on an inert support. U.S, patent applications Ser. No. 489,806 filed March 5, 1990, and Ser. Nos. (PA-0044), (PA-0045), and (PA-0046), co-filed with this application, disclose the use of polyoxoanions comprising vanadium, and specifically phosphomolybdovanadates, in aqueous catalyst solutions and processes for the oxidation of olefins to carbonyl products. In certain of the inventive solutions and processes, the aqueous catalyst solutions are essentially free of sulfuric acid and sulfate ions. In other inventive solutions and processes, the solutions and related processes are essentially free of mineral acids and acid anions other than of the polyoxoacid. Background methods for the preparation of phosphomolybdovanadate salts in aqueous solution free of other mineral acids and salts, from starting materials of the component elements, are wasteful, protracted, or inefficient. Background methods for the preparation of solid phosphomolybdovanadic acid and salts therefrom are likewise wasteful, protracted, or inefficient. Zh. Obshch. Khim. 24 (1954), p. 966 (English translation edition p. 967) discloses the synthesis of a phosphomolybdenovanadic acid said to have the probable formula H7[P(Mθ2θ7)5V2θβ] from sodium vanadate, phosphoric acid, and molybdic acid, in which the phosphoric acid and molybdic acids were used in stoichiometric proportions, and the sodium vanadate was used in 2- and 3- fold excess. These starting materials were placed in water and the mixture was boiled to dissolve the molybdic acid. The cooled resulting solution was acidified with concentrated HCI up to 3.3 N (which corresponds to >25% by volume concentrated HCI added to the solution) and extracted with ether. The separated ether solution was washed with aqueous HCI, then water was added and the ether was removed to crystallize the product. The crystals were isolated by filtration. The yield was 80% of theoretical. The method of Zh. Obshch. Khim. 24 (1954), p. 966 is wasteful in that the sodium vanadate is provided in 2- to 3- fold excess of the stoichiometric proportion and only 80% of the theoretical yield is obtained. Moreover, the method consumes large amounts of concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is also inconvenient in its use of ether extraction to separate the product from excess vanadate, hydrochloric acid, and other unextracted components in the aqueous solution. Inorg. Chem., 7(1968), p. 137 discloses the method of Zh. Obshch. Khim. 24 (1954), p. 966 modified by the substitution of molybdenum trioxide for molybdic acid, Moθ3-2H2O. It also discloses a method for the preparation of the free molybdovanadophosphoric acids H PM011 VO40], H5IPM010 v 2θ40- > and H6[PMogV3θ4o] by acidification of aqueous solutions of a2HPO4, sodium metavanadate, and Na2Moθ4-2H2θ with concentrated sulfuric acid and, after cooling, extraction with ethyl ether. Vanadyl species are said to be probably retained in the water layer. The ether was evaporated, the resulting solid dissolved in water and the solution concentrated for crystallization and filtration of the product. The experimental descriptions reveal that for the preparations of H5[PMoιoV2θ4o] and two-fold sodium metavanadate is added over the stoichiometric ratios of the product formulas. Moreover, no more than a 30% of the theoretical yield of the crystalline product was obtained in any of the described preparations. This reference also discloses a method for the preparation of Na4[PMoιι VO40] by dissolving H4[PMo-|i 04o] in water and passing the solution through a column of ion-exchange resin in the sodium form. Zh. Neorg. Khim., vol. 75 (1973), p. 413 (English translation edition pp. 216- 219) discloses the preparation of vanadomolybdophosphoric acids by essentially the same method as Inorg. Chem., 7(1968), p. 137. Na2HPO4, Na2MoO4-2H2O, and NaVO3-2H2O in water at "pH" 2 was boiled, cooled, and extracted with ether. The method of acidification of these basic salts in water to "pH" 2, when stated, is with sulfuric acid. Crystalline products were obtained in 18-27% yield and the experiments indicated that to obtain a heteropoly-complex containing three or four vanadium atoms, an excess of vanadate is required. To obtain the product with the composition ratio P:Mo:V = 1 :8:4, the starting materials were taken in the ratio 1 :8:12. The methods of Inorg. Chem., 7(1968), p. 137 and Zh. Neorg. Khim., vol. 18 (1973), p. 413 are wasteful in that the sodium vanadate is usually provided in excess of the stoichiometric proportion and the yields of product obtained from the starting materials are very poor. Moreover, the method consumes large amounts of sulfuric acid. It is also inconvenient in its use of ether extraction to separate the product from excess sulfuric acid and other unextracted components in the aqueous solution. United Kingdom Patent No. 1 ,376,432 discloses a process for the preparation of 12-heteropolyphosphate having the general formula Z n H m (PMo a VV " βV c θ4o).xH2θ where a+b+c=12, c<6, and Z is an alkali metal or ammonium ion. In the disclosed process, an alkali metal phosphate or orthophosphoric acid is reacted in aqueous medium with one or more metal compounds selected from molybdic oxide, molybdic acid, tungstic acid, tungstic oxide, vanadium pentoxide, and sodium metavanadate; an alkali hydroxide or ammonia are then added in order to obtain a substantially clear liquor; and a mineral acid, preferably hydrochloric acid, is then added to give a "pH" of less than 1. The products are then crystallized from the resulting aqueous medium. In the only exemplification for preparing a molybdovanadophosphate, a product said to be Na5H(PMogV3θ4o).6H2θ was prepared from orthophosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, molybdic acid, and sodium metavanadate ( aV03) slurried in 500 ml water. The slurry was heated and additional sodium hydroxide was then added in order to convert the slurry to a clear solution. 250 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid was then added, the volume of the liquor was reduced by evaporation, and the product was crystallized. The reported yield was 87%. The method of United Kingdom Patent No. 1,376,432 is wasteful in that it consumes large amounts of concentrated hydrochloric acid after adding sodium hydroxide in order to convert the slurry to a clear solution, and in that it gives an incomplete yield of product from the starting materials. It is also inconvenient in its reliance on crystallization to separate the product from the hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride in the synthesis solution. Belgian Patent No. 828,603 and corresponding United Kingdom Patent No. 1 ,508,331 (hereafter "Matveev patents") disclose a method of preparing an aqueous solution of a heteropolyacid or mixed iso-poiyacid or a salt therof, which polyacid contains both molybdenum and vanadium, by dissolving in water oxides, salts, and/or acids of the elements forming the polyacid and then adding to the solution an organic or mineral acid other than the polyoxoacid and which is free of halide ions. H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, and CH3COOH are listed as suitable acids and the most preferable is said to be sulfuric acid. Matveev patents disclose preparations of heteropolyacids of the formula H n [PMθpVqθ4o], in which n=3+q, p=12-q, by dissolving in water Na3PO4 (or Na2HPO or NaH2PO4, or H3PO4, or P2θs), M0O3 (or Na2Moθ4, or H2M0O4), V2O5 (or NaVO3), and Na2CO3 (or NaOH) to form a solution, and then adding the other acid. In the examples, the "pH" of the solution is said to be adjusted to "1.0" by adding sulfuric acid. Heteropolyacids in the series designated H4[PMo-j 1 VO40] to H-j 1 [P 04V8O40] are said to be obtained in the resulting solutions. (We have discovered that such solutions prepared according to the methods disclosed in Matveev patents are not truly represented as solutions of free heteropolyacids, as indicated by the recited formulas of the type H n [PMθpVqθ4o}. Instead, they were determined to be solutions of sodium salts of partially or completely neutralized heteropolyacids - that is, solutions of sodium polyoxoanion salts - and contain high concentrations of sodium bisulfate and sulfate salts resulting from the addition of sulfuric acid to solution of basic salts.) In certain examples in Matveev patents (Example 7) NaH2PU4, H2 0O4, V2O5, and NaHCO3 are said to be reacted in ratios such that the g-atoms of sodium ions is less than the g-atoms of vanadium plus three times the g-atoms of phosphorus. Sulfuric acid is added to these reaction mixtures in order to adjust the "pH" to "1.0" Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, 1980, p. 1469 (English translation edition p. 1017) discloses that heteropolyanions were obtained "in the form of aqueous solutions by reacting stoichiometric amounts of H3PO4, M0O3, and aVθ3 * 2H2θ with heating in the presence of Na2CO3". Neither the molar ratio of Na2CO3 to other starting materials, the absolute amount or concentration of any starting material, the concentration of the heteropolyanion in the resulting solution, the identity and concentration of any other components of the resulting solution, nor the hydrogen ion concentration or any pH measurement of the resulting solution is revealed. This reference does not reveal the composition of any product solution nor give any indication as to the what product solutions may or may not be obtained by the mentioned process. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, 1980, p. 1469 further discloses the addition of vanadium(IV) in the form of VOSO4-2H2O to the aqueous solutions. Subsequently, solutions are mentioned which contain heteropolyanion at 5-10" 3 -3.78-10-2 M, VO 2+ at 4.8 * 10- 4 -2.05-10 "3 M, and "pH" 1.60-2.98 in buffer solution of NaHSO4 and Na2SO4. Neither the concentration of NaHSO4 and Na2SO4 nor any accounting of their origin is revealed. Numerous other references by authors of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, 1980, p. 1469, including Matveev patents mentioned above, employ excess Na2CO3 and sulfuric acid in combination to prepare solutions of heteropolyacids or heteropolyanions. United States Patent No. 4,146,574 discloses a process for the preparation of free molybdovanadophosphoric acids by hydrothermally reacting an aqueous slurry which contains an oxide and/or oxyacid each of molybdenum, vanadium, and phosphorus, thereby forming an aqueous solution of a heteropolyphosphoric acid containing molybdenum and vanadium. The Examples describe only the preparation the H5PM010 2O40 heteropolyacid from molybdenum trioxide, vanadium pentoxide, and phosphoric acid. In typical Examples (see Examples 1 and 2), vanadium pentoxide is typically provided in 20% excess over the stoichiometric proportions obtained in the H5PM010 2O40 product and after 20 days of refluxing the slurry, 16-18% of the vanadium pentoxide is recovered as insoluble residue by filtration. Only using very dilute slurries (Example 9, ~0.03 M phosphoric acid) was substantially more complete incorporation of the vanadium pentoxide into the product obtained so that the vanadium pentoxide could be introduced in near the stoichiometric proportion of the product. The method of United States Patent No. 4,146,574 is inefficient in that weeks of reflux are required to obtain the desired incorporation of vanadium pentoxide into the solution product, and even then, either the solution or the undissolved residue must be analyzed for mass and elemental composition in order to know the composition of the solution product. Alternatively, if more complete incorporation of the starting materials into the solution product is accomplished by using a dilute slurry, larger volume equipment is required to make the same amount of dissolved free heteropolyacid and then the resulting solution must be concentrated by evaporation. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION The. present invention is directed towards one or more of the following objects. It is not intended that every embodiment will provide every one of these recited objects. Other objects and advantages will become apparent from a careful reading of this specification. An object of this invention is to provide an effective and efficient process for the preparation of a heteropolyoxoanions comprising phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium. Another object of this invention is to provide an effective and efficient process for the preparation of aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadate salts. Another object of this invention is to provide an effective and efficient process for the preparation of solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts. A further object of this invention is to provide an effective and efficient process for the preparation of acidic aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadic acid salts which are essentially free of acids and acid anions other than of phosphomolybdovanadic acids. A further object of this invention is to achieve the preceding objective without first preparing a free phosphomolybdovanadic acid. Another object of this invention is to provide an effective and efficient process for the preparation of aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadate salts which are essentially free of salts other than of said phosphomolybdovanadate salts. Another object of this invention is to provide an effective and efficient process for the preparation of solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts by simple evaporation of an aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadate salts which are essentially free of salts other than of said phosphomolybdovanadate salts resulting from their preparation by the process of the present invention. A further object of this invention is to achieve any of the above objectives with essentially complete incorporation of the provided starting materials into the phosphomolybdovanadate salt product. Another object of this invention is to achieve any of the above objectives so that the yield of the phosphomolybdovanadate salt product is essentially quantitative from the starting materials. Another object of this invention is to achieve any of the above objectives without providing any substantial excess of any starting material over the stoichiometric proportions in the phosphomolybdovanadate salt product. Another object of this invention is to achieve any of the above objectives so that the elemental composition of the phosphomolybdovanadate salt solution or solid is precisely set by the amounts of starting materials provided. Another object of this invention is to achieve any of the above objectives so that the elemental composition of the phosphomolybdovanadate salt solution or solid is precisely known by simple gravimetric and volumetric measurements of the starting materials or product or both, an not requiring any elemental analysis of the product or any by-products. SUMMARY OF INVENTION The present invention provides processes useful for the preparation of aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadate salts essentially free of acids and salts other than of phosphomolybdovanadates. It also provides processes useful for the preparation of aqueous solutions consisting essentially of phosphomolybdovanadate salts. It also provides processes useful for the preparation of solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts. In certain processes of the present invention, the aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadate salts are prepared by dissolving in water oxides, oxoacids, oxoanion salts, or mixtures thereof, of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium, and optionally a carbonate salt, bicarbonate salt, hydroxide salt, or oxide salt, such that the sum of the salt cationic charges in the solution does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges. In other processes of the present invention, the sum of the salt cationic charges in the solution does not exceed the sum of the moles of vanadium plus three times the moles of phosphorus in the solution. In other processes of the present invention, the sum of the salt cationic charges in the solution does not exceed the sum of the moles of vanadium in the solution. In certain processes of the present invention, the aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadate salts are prepared by dissolving in water oxides, oxoacids, or mixtures thereof of molybdenum and phosphorus and a soluble oxoanion salt of vanadium. Optionally, a carbonate salt, bicarbonate salt, hydroxide salt, or oxide salt is also added provided the sum of the salt cationic charges in the solution does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges. In certain other processes of the present invention the aqueous solutions of phosphomolybdovanadate salts are prepared by dissolving in water oxides, oxoacids, oxoanion salts, or mixtures thereof, of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium, and optionally a carbonate salt, bicarbonate salt, hydroxide salt, or oxide salt, such that the resulting ratio of hydrogen ions and salt countercations balancing the negative charge of the resulting polyoxoanions in the solution -5 provides a hydrogen ion concentration greater than 10 moles/liter. In other processes of the present invention, the resulting ratio of hydrogen ions and salt countercations balancing the negative charge of the resulting polyoxoanions in the _3 solution provides a hydrogen ion concentration greater than 10 moles/liter. In still other processes of the present invention, the resulting ratio of hydrogen ions and salt countercations balancing the negative charge of the resulting polyoxoanions in the solution provides a hydrogen ion concentration greater than 10 moles/liter when essentially all of the vanadium is in the vanadium(V) state In other processes of the present invention, solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts are prepared by evaporation of aqueous solutions consisting essentially of phosphomolybdovanadate salts prepared by the aforementioned processes of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION PhQsphQmplybdo-yanadate Acids and Salts Phosphomolybdovanadate polyoxoanions which can be prepared by the present invention have the Keggin structure and are represented by the following general formula when in the oxidized state: [H y PMo (1 2-χ)VχO 4 o]( 3+χ -y>- wherein: x and y are integers; 0<x<12; and, 0<y<(3+x). More specifically, 0<y<(3+x) for polyoxoanion species (phosphomolybdovanadate anions) and 0<y<(3+x) for polyoxoacid species (phosphomolybdovanadic acids). Except when a polyoxo species is completely deprotonated (i.e., y=0) or completely protonated (i.e., y=(3+x)), it is both a polyoxoanion species and a polyoxoacid species. However, protons dissociated into solution may also be considered in designating a solution as comprising a polyoxoacid, even though all the polyoxo species present may be fully deprotonated in the solution. The Keggin phosphomolybdovanadates have been found to be anions of very strong acids, and are believed never to be fully protonated in aqueous solution. The net negative charge of the polyoxoanions is balanced by countercations which are protons and/or salt cations. When only protons are present as countercations (when y=(3+x) for the Keggin phosphomolybdovanadic acid), one has a "free acid" polyoxoacid (a free phosphomolybdovanadic acid). When one or more salt cations are present as countercations, in place of protons, one has a polyoxoanion salt, also called a salt of the polyoxoacid. When both protons and salt cations are present, one has a partial salt of the polyoxoacid; the free polyoxoacid is partially neutralized. The phosphomolybdovanadate salts of the present invention include both partial salts and full salts, having 0<y<(3+x) Suitable salt cations are those which are inert, or in some way advantageous for some purpose (for example, Pd(H2θ)4 2+ in olefin oxidation reactions). Preferred salt countercations are alkali metal cations and alkaline earth cations which do not precipitate insoluble polyoxoanion salts; for example: lithium, sodium, potassium, beryllium, and magnesium cations, or mixtures thereof. Most preferred are lithium (Li+), sodium (Na+), and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) cations. Ammonium cations may also be used. Mixtures of salt countercations may be present. The Keggin phosphomolybdovanadates exist in aqueous solution as equilibrium mixtures of anions varying in vanadium and molybdenum content (varying in x). Moreover, for each value x such that 1 <x<11 , there are a number of positional isomers for the placement of the vanadium and molybdenum in the Keggin structure: for x=2 there are five isomers, for x=3 there are 13 isomers, for x=4 there are 27 isomers, and so on. Each of these compositional and isomeric species has its own acid dissociation constants which determine the extent to which it is protonated at a given hydrogen ion concentration is solution. (That is, each compositional and isomeric species can have its own average y value in a given solution.) Accordingly, the compositions of aqueous Keggin phospho¬ molybdovanadate solutions are not generally easily characterized in terms of a their component species [H y PMo(i 2-x) v x°4θ]^ 3+x"y ^ " and tnΘ ' r individual concentrations. The present inventors have adopted a simplified, yet definitive, method of designating the elemental constitution of solutions containing Keggin phospho¬ molybdovanadate free acids or alkali metal salts in the oxidized state, in terms of the general formula: {Ap H (3+n-p)PMθ( 1 2-n) n θ4θl wherein: A is an alkali metal cation (Li+, Na + ); the designated concentration of the solution is its phosphorus concentration, usually reported in moles/liter (molar, M); phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium are present in the concentration ratios defined by n, and 0<n<12; alkali metal is present in solution in a concentration ratio to phosphorus defined by p, and 0<p≤(3+n). Accordingly, the negative charge of the designated Keggin formula in fully deprotonated form, 3+n, is balanced in solution by p+q monocations. Since this designation refers to a mixture of polyoxoanions, n and p may be non-integral. This designation completely defines the elemental constitution of an aqueous solution. A given elemental constitution will have one thermodynamic equilibrium distribution of species comprising its component elements. When the phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium in these solutions are predominantly present in Keggin heteropolyanions of formula [HyPMθ(i2-x) v x°4θ]( 3+x~y ) ~ (which is usually the case in the preferred solutions of the present invention), then n is approximately equal to the average value of x among the distribution of species. The concentration of free hydrogen ions in such a solution is approximately the concentration of phosphorus multiplied by the difference between p and the average value of y among the distribution of species. When the phosphomolybdo- vanadates are the only acids in solution, the acidity of the solution can be set by the phosphomolybdovanadate concentration, its identity (n), and the ratio of alkali cations (p) to hydrogen ions (3+n-p). Preferred phosphomolybdovanadate solutions following this method of designation have 0<n<12. Especially preferred solutions have 2<n<6. The concentration of the polyoxoanion can be varied over a broad range, typically within 0.001 to 1.0 moles/liter. Preferred concentrations depend strongly on the intended use of the solution. Typically, preferred polyoxoanion concentrations are 0.1 to 1.0 molar. Process for the Preparation of Phosphomolybdovanadate Salt Solutions: According to the present invention, acidic aqueous solutions consisting essentially of of phosphomolybdovanadate salts of are prepared by dissolving in water oxides, oxoacids, and/or salts of oxoanions of the phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium, and optionally carbonate salts, bicarbonate salts, hydroxide salts, or mixtures thereof. In the context of the present invention, solutions consisting essentially of phosphomolybdovanadate salts are essentially free of salts other than of phosphomolybdovanadate salts and acids other than of phosphomolybdovanadic acids. In this context, however, excess phosphoric acid in solution is not excluded; it is considered "of phosphomolybdovanadic acids". In the context of the present invention, dissolving in water means adding the reactants to water under conditions sufficient for their hydrothermal reaction to form soluble phosphomolybdovanadate salts. Preferably the vanadium, molybdenum, and phosphorus reactants are added in ratios corresponding to the average phosphomolybdovanadate salt composition in the intended solution. According to this preference, the mole sum of the vanadium and molybdenum should be about twelve times the phosphorus concentration, although the invention broadly encompasses other ratios. The ratio of vanadium to phosphorus is preferably not greater than 6, more preferably not greater than 5, still more preferably not greater than 4, and most preferably less than 4. The invention is particularly effective for the preparation of phosphomolybdovanadate salt solutions having vanadium to phosphorus ratios of 1 to 3. The ratio of salt cations to the resulting phosphomolybdovanadate anion is limited so that the sum of the salt cationic charges in the solution does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges. That is, the total amount of salts provided is such that after the phosphomolybdovanadate salts are formed, there are no remaining salts in the solution other than the phosphomolybdovanadate salts. Said another way, the sum of the salt countercation charges added in the solution is not to exceed the sum of the g- atoms vanadium plus three times the g-atoms phosphorus in the solution. Preferably, the ratio of salt cation charges to the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges (which is p/(3+n) in the above formula for alkali cations and single charged cations in general), is less than 1. More preferably, the average phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charge, if fully deprotonated (3+n in the above formula) is balanced in solution by at least one proton, which may or may not be bound by the phosphomolybdovanadate anion. This gives a ratio of salt cation charges to the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges of no greater than (2+n)/(3+n), where n is the average vanadium content of the phosphomolybdovanadate anions in solution. Most preferably, the sum of the salt countercation charges added in the solution does not exceed the g-atoms vanadium in the solution. Phosphomolybdovanadate salts are preferably prepared in solution by dissolving in water vanadium oxide and/or a vanadate salt, molybdenum oxide and/or a molybdate salt, phosphoric acid and/or a phosphate salt, and optionally a carbonate salt, a bicarbonate salt, and/or a hydroxide salt, such that the ratio of protons (3+n-p) and other salt countercations (p) balancing the negative charge of the phosphomolybdovanadates (3+n) in the solution provides the desired nydrogen ion concentration in the solution. Generally, the resulting ratio of protons and salt countercations balancing the net negative charge of the resulting polyoxoanions in the solution provides a hydrogen ion concentration in solution greater than 10" 5 moles/liter. Preferably, the resulting hydrogen ion concentration is greater than 10" 4 moles/liter, more preferably greater than 10" 3 moles/liter, still more preferably greater than 10 "2 moles/liter, and most preferably greater than 0.1 moles/liter. The temperature of the preparation process may be within the range 50 to 120 °C. It is most conveniently operated in boiling water at about 100 °C. There is no particular upper or lower pressure for operating the process. The process is most readily conducted at least at 1 atmosphere pressure or at the vapor pressure of water at the reaction temperature, whichever is greatest. When carbonate or bicarbonate salts are added in the preparation, the resulting pressure of carbon dioxide should be vented. Specific examples of suitable oxides, oxoacids, and oxoanion salts to be used as raw materials include molybdenum trioxide, molybdic acid, and alkali molybdates, vanadium pentoxide, alkali decavanadate, alkali metavanadate, and alkali orthovanadate, phosphoric acid, phosphoric anhydride, and alkali phosphates. Ammonium salts may also be used in place of alkali salts. Molybdenum trioxide, phosphoric acid, alkali metavanadate, and alkali decavanadate are preferred. Specific examples of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide salts are the alkali carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides, all of which are essentially functionally equivalent in the process. Again, ammonium salts may also be used in place of alkali salts. Typically, a solution of an alkali vanadate, for example sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) or hexasodium decavanadate (NagVioC^s). is prepared in water. This solution can be prepared by dissolving these solid salts into water, but is prepared most economically by adding at least a stoichiometric amount of alkali carbonate (e.g. Na2CO3), alkali bicarbonate (e.g. NaHCO3), or alkali hydroxide (e.g. NaOH) to a suspension of vanadium oxide (V2O5) in water and heating to complete the reactive dissolution. Then, molybdenum oxide and phosphoric acid (or alkali phosphate salt) are added to the alkali vanadate solution and heating is continued to complete the preparation of an acidic aqueous phosphomolybdovanadate salt solution. Finally, the solution is adjusted to the desired concentration by evaporation and/or volumetric dilution. Additional basic alkali salt (carbonate, bicarbonate, of hydroxide) can be added at any point during or after the preparation to further neutralize the resulting polyoxoacid solution and obtain decreased acidity; that is, to adjust the value p in the designation {ApH(3 +n _p)PMθ(i2-n) v nθ4θ}- However, the total amount of alkali cations introduced in the preparation should not exceed the level needed to obtain p; that is less than (3+n). One or more starting materials may contain a fraction of the metal element in a reduced state. For example, vanadium pentoxide often contains a percent or so of vanadium(IV). When it is desired that the product is essentially completely in the oxidized state, it is convenient to add a effective amount of hydrogen peroxide in the process. Excess hydrogen peroxide in the solution is decomposed by the solution when heated. Hvdropen Ions: Hydrogen ions and hydrogen ion concentrations, as used herein, have their usual meaning. Hydrogen ions in aqueous solution are free, aquated protons. Hydrogen ion concentration is not meant to include protons bound in other solute -13- species, such as in partially protonated polyoxoanions. In the solutions prepared by the inventive process, free of acids other than of phosphomolybdovanadate partial salts, hydrogen ions are present in solution by their dissociation from the phosphomolybdovanadate . 5 Hydrogen ion concentrations of phosphomolybdovanadate solutions, as recited herein, refer to the hydrogen ion concentration when essentially all the polyoxoanion is in its fully oxidized state, which is when essentially all the vanadium in the polyoxoanion solution is in the vanadium(V) state. It has been determined that the acidity of the preferred polyoxoanion solutions change with 10 reduction, and these changes are not yet completely understood and predictable. . (For example, 0.30 M {Na3H3PMogV3θ4j} solution has a hydrogen ion concentration greater than 0.10 moles/liter in equilibrated fully oxidized state, but less than 0.01 moles/liter in equilibrated fully reduced state, when all the vanadium is in the vanadium(V) state.) The preferred polyoxoanions of the 15 present invention are most readily prepared essentially fully oxidized, and can be readily returned to that condition by reaction with dioxygen according to processes of the present invention. In the context of determining hydrogen ion concentrations, the phrase "when essentially all the oxidant is in its oxidized state" means when the solution of oxidant is sufficiently oxidized so as to have the 20 hydrogen ion concentration which is obtained when it is fully oxidized. The hydrogen ion concentration is sufficient to provide an acidic solution having a hydrogen ion concentration greater than 10" 5 mole/liter. Preferably, the hydrogen ion concentration is greater than 10" 3 moles/liter, and most preferably, greater than 0.1 moles/liter. 25 Hvdroσen Ion Concentration Measurement: Background references for polyoxoanion solutions generally recite "pH" values for the solution but do not specify methods for determining them. pH is technically defined as -log[aH+], where a\- + is the hydrogen ion activity. The hydrogen ion activity is identical to the hydrogen ion concentration in otherwise 30 pure water. The hydrogen ion activity and hydrogen ion concentration are still good approximations of each other in aqueous solutions which are low in ionic strength and otherwise approximately ideal. Solutions of polyoxoacids at decimolar concentrations, typical in background references and in the present invention, have high ionic strength and are very non-ideal solutions, especially 35 when they also contain high concentrations of other mineral acid salts. The common method to obtain pH measurements of aqueous solutions uses pH-sensitive glass electrodes, monitored with an electrometer (a "pH meter"). Such electrodes are known to exhibit an "acid error", measuring increasingly incorrect "pH"s as pH is decreased below 2 and especially at real pH 1 and below. Moreover, successful measurement at any pH level requires calibration with solutions of similar ionic media and ionic strength. Common calibration solutions for pH meters are at relatively low ionic strength and of very different ionic media compared to decimolar polyoxoanion salt solutions. We have found that using different common calibration solutions can lead to different "pH" measurements for the same polyoxoanion solution. Unless a disclosure contains a recitation of the method of "pH" measurement for these solutions, including the methods of calibration, one having ordinary skill does not know what a reported "pH" value really means, nor how to reproduce it. We have developed a more definitive method of measuring hydrogen ion concentration in the polyoxoanion solutions of the present invention. It is based on the observation (by 31 P- and 51 v-NMR studies) that in solutions designated {ApH(4_p)PMoι ι yθ4n}, PMo-| 1 VO40 4" is essentially the only species present. It was further determined that PM011 VO40 4 " remains completely unprotonated even in concentrated solutions (>0.3 M) of the free acid {H4PM011 VO40}. (Species having two or more vanadia do become protonated in acidic aqueous solutions.) Accordingly, for solutions of {A p H(4_p)PMoι 1 VO40}, the hydrogen ion concentration is the phosphorus concentration multiplied by (4-p). Such solutions were prepared and used to calibrate glass pH electrodes for measurement of the hydrogen Ion concentration of solutions of undetermined acidity, having the same phosphorus concentration. This method is illustrated in co-filed U.S. Patent Application No. (PA-0044), incorporated by reference. Splid Fhpsphpmplybdpvanadate Salts; Solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts which can be prepared by the present invention have the Keggin structure and are represented by the following general formula when in the oxidized state: ZpH(3 +n -p)PMo( 1 2-n)Vnθ40-mH 2 0 wherein: Z is a salt cation having positive charge z, preferably an alkali cation; 0<n<12; 0<p≤(3+n)/z; and m>0. Process for the Preparation of Solid Phosphomolybdovanadate Salts: In the inventive processes for the preparation of solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts, an aqueous solution of phosphomolybdovanadate salts is first prepared according to the methods described herein, and it is evaporated to recover the solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts entirely. Since the aqueous solution is essentially free of acids and salts other than of said phosphomolybdovanadate, the dissolved phosphomolybdovanadate salt can be recovered quantitatively as a solid from the solution by evaporation. There is no need to provide for separation from other dissolved acids or salts, as in the extraction and crystallization/filtration processes of the background references. Evaporation of the aqueous solution may be accomplished at room temperature and pressure, but is preferably accelerated by heating or removal of water vapor at reduced pressure or both. Preferred methods of evaporation include rotary thin film evaporation, spray drying, and the like. The aqueous solution may also be frozen and lyophilized to recover the product. The first obtained solid salt is typically highly hydrous, often with m greater than about 20. Drying under dynamic vacuum, over a dessicant, or in a flow of dry gas at room temperature can reduce the water content of the solid to <20. If desired, the solid can be heated under dynamic vacuum or in a flow of dry gas to remove essentially all of the waters of hydration. EXAMPLES Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific examples are, therefore, intended to be merely illustrative, and not limitative of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. Further exemplification is provided in co-filed patent applications PA-0044, PA-0045, and PA-0046, each of which is incorporated by reference entirely. Every -log[H+] value recited in these examples is the base 10 logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in units of mole/liter. Thus, -log[H + ]=1.0 corresponds to a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.10 mole/liter, and a -log[H + j<1.0 corresponds to a hydrogen ion concentration greater than 0.10 mole/liter. -log[H+] values recited herein were measured by the procedure exemplified in co-filed patent application PA-0044. Example 1 An aqueous solution of the phosphomolybdovanadate full salt Na4PMo-| 1 VO40 was prepared according to the following reaction equations: 0.5 V 2 0 5 + 0.5 Na 2 CO 3 — ÷NaVO 3 (aq) + 0.5 CO 2 T 1.5 Na 2 CO 3 + NaVO 3 (aq) + 11 MoO 3 + H 3 PO 4 > Na 4 PMo 11 VO 4 o + 1.5 CO 2 T + 3/2 H 2 O 109.13 grams granular V2O5 (0.60 mole) was suspended in 1.0 liter distilled water in a Morton flask with overhead stirring. The mixture was heated to ca. 60 °C and 63.59 grams, granular Na2CO3 (0.60 mole) was slowly added in portions to the rapidly stirred suspension, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of the V2O5 to give an essentially homogeneous solution. The solution was heated at reflux for 60 minutes. Approximately 1 ml of 30% H2O2 was added dropwise to the mixture, which was maintained at reflux for an additional 60 minutes, them cooled to room temperature. The solution was clarified by vacuum filtration, and the resulting clear, orange sodium vanadate solution was then returned to a Morton flask with additional distilled water. 1900.01 grams M0O3 (13.2 mole) was added with rapid stirring, the mixture was heated to about 60° C, and 190.78 grams granular Na2CO3 (1.80 mole) was slowly added in portions to the rapidly stirred suspension, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of M0O3. 137.70 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (1.20 mole) was then slowly added to the mixture, and the mixture was heated at the reflux and thereby converted to a clear, dark, burgundy-brown solution. After 3 hours at reflux, the homogenous solution was cooled to room temperature and volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 4.0 liters, giving 0.30 molar {Na4PMo-| 1 VO40}. Example 2 Preparation of 0.30 M {Li/|PMo-| 1 YΩ40I. The procedure was the same as for {Na4PMo-| 1 VO40} in Example 1 except that 133.00 grams granular U2CO3 (1.80 mole) was substituted for the Na2CO3. These solutions of 0.30 M {A4PM011 VO40}, A=Na, Li, were found to be reproducibly slightly acidic, having hydrogen ion concentrations ~0.001 M. Presumably, a minute fraction of the Keggin polyoxoanion is hydrolytically dissociated, with release of hydrogen ions from water, at equilibrium. 162 MHz 31 P-NMR and 105 MHz 51 V- NMR spectra of these solutions were essentially identical to those of 0.30 M {H4PM011 VO40}, showing substantially only the PMo-|iVO4o 4 " ion. Example 3 An aqueous phospho- molybdovanadic acid partial salt solution designated 0.30 M {Na2H3PMo-| o v 2θ4θ} was prepared according to the following reaction equations: V 2 O 5 + Na 2 CO 3 >2 NaVO 3 (aq) + CO 2 T 2 NaVO 3 (aq) + 10 MoO 3 + H 3 PO 4 >Na 2 H 3 PMθι 0 V 2 O 0 (aq) 218.26 grams granular V2O5 (1.20 mole) was suspended in 2.0 liters distilled water in a Morton flask with overhead stirring and the mixture was heated to about 60° C. 127.19 grams granular Na2CO3 (1.20 mole) was slowly added in portion to the rapidly stirred mixture, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of the V2O5 to give and essentially homogeneous solution. The solution was heated at the reflux for 60 minutes. The solution was then lime green color due to dissolved V JV which was originally present in the V2O5. Approximately 1 ml of 30% H2O2 was added dropwise to the mixture causing the dark, black-blue green color to fade, leaving a slightly turbid, pale-tan sodium vanadate solution. The solution was maintained at reflux for an additional 60 minutes to ensure the decomposition of excess peroxide and then cooled to room temperature. The solution was clarified by vacuum filtration to remove the small amount (<0.1 grams) of brown solid which contained almost all the iron and silica impurities originally present in the V2O5. The clear, orange sodium vanadate solution was then returned to a Morton flask, and 1727.28 grams M0O3 (12.00 mole) was added with rapid overhead stirring. The mixture was heated to about 60° C and 137.7 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (1.20 mole) was added. The mixture was heated at the reflux and thereby converted to a clear, dark, burgundy-red solution. After 3 hours at reflux, the homogenous burgundy-red solution was cooled to room temperature and volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 4.00 liters, giving 0.30 M {Na2H 3 PMoioV2O 4 o}. The hydrogen ion concentration of 0.30 M {Na2H3PMoι o v 2θ4θ) was measured to be 0.67 mole/liter; -log[H+]=0.18. Example 4 Preparation of 0.30 M {Na5PMo-| 0Y2O-40I: An aqueous phosphomolybdo- vanadate full salt solution designated 0.30 M {NasPMoi o v 2°4θ) was prepared according to the following reaction equations: V 2 O 5 + Na 2 CO 3 >2 NaVO 3 (aq) + CO 2 T 1.5 Na CO 3 + 2 NaVO 3 (aq) + 10 MoO 3 + H 3 PO 4 > Na 5 PMo 10 V 2 O 40 + 1.5 CO 2 T + 1.5 H 2 O The procedure was the same as in Example 3 except that after the addition of the M0O3, the mixture was heated to the reflux and an additional 190.78 grams granular Na2CO3 (1.80 mole) was slowly added in portions to the stirred suspension, causing CO2 liberation, before the addition of the H3PO4. Example 5 The procedure was the same as for 0.30 M {Na2H3PMo-j o v 2 0 4θ) ' n Example 3 except that granular U2CO3 was substituted for the Na2CO3 and the preparation was scaled to give 10.0 liter product solution. 545.64 grams granular V2O5 (3.00 mole) was suspended in 2.0 liters distilled water in a Morton flask with overhead stirring and the mixture was heated to about 60° C. 221.67 grams granular U2CO3 (3.00 mole) was slowly added in portions to the rapidly stirred mixture, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of the V2O5 to give and essentially homogeneous solution. The solution was heated at the reflux for 60 minutes. The solution was then dark green due to dissolved VlV which was originally present in the V2O5. Approximately 1 ml of 30% H2O2 was added dropwise to the mixture causing the dark, black-blue green color to fade, leaving a slightly turbid, pale-tan sodium vanadate solution. The solution was maintained at reflux for an additional 60 minutes to ensure the decomposition of excess peroxide and then cooled to room temperature. The solution was clarified by vacuum filtration to remove the small amount (~0.1 grams) of brown solid which contained almost all the iron and silica impurities originally present in the V2O5. The clear, orange sodium vanadate solution was then returned to a Morton flask, and 4318.20 grams M0O3 (30.00 mole) was added with rapid overhead stirring. The mixture was heated to about 60° C and 344.24 ' grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (3.00 mole) was added. The mixture was heated at the reflux and thereby converted to a clear, dark, burgundy-red solution. After 3 hours at reflux, the homogenous burgundy-red solution was cooled to room temperature and volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 10.00 liters, giving 0.30 M {Na2H3PMo-| o v 2°4θ} > having -log[H+]=0.10. Example 6 Preparation of 0.30 M {Li/|HPMoι QV2Q/|Q}: An aqueous phosphomolybdo¬ vanadate partial salt solution designated 0.30 M {Li4HPMo-|o v 2θ4θ} was prepared according to the following reaction equations: V 2 O 5 + Li 2 CO 3 >2 LiVO 3 (aq) + CO 2 t 1 Li 2 CO 3 + 2 LiVO 3 (aq) + 10 MoO 3 + H 3 PO 4 > Li 4 HPMo 10 V 2 O 40 + 1 CO 2 T + 1 H 2 O The procedure was the same as in Example 5 except that after the addition of the M0O3, the mixture was heated to the reflux and an additional 221.67 grams granular U2CO3 (3.00 mole) was slowly added in portions to the stirred suspension, causing CO2 liberation, before the addition of the H3PO4. The hydrogen ion concentration was of 0.30 M {U4HPM010 2O40} measured to be -log[H+]=0.63 Example 7 Preparation of 0.30 M { a3H3PMogV3O/|n}: The phosphomolybdovanadic partial salt solution designated {Na3H3PMogV3θ4o} was prepared according to the following reaction equations: 1.5 V 2 O 5 + 1.5 Na 2 CO 3 >3 NaVO 3 (aq) + 1.5 CO 2 T 3 NaVO 3 (aq) + 9 MoO 3 + H 3 PO 4 — >Na 3 H 3 PMo 9 V 3 O 40 (aq) 818.46 grams granular V2O5 (4.50 moles) was suspended in 3.5 liters distilled water in a Morton flask with overhead stirring and the mixture was heated to about 60° C. 476.95 grams granular Na2CO3 (4.50 moles) was slowly added in portions to the rapidly stirred mixture, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of the V2O5 to give and essentially homogeneous solution. The solution was heated at the reflux for 60 minutes. The solution was then dark, blue-green due to dissolved V ,v which was originally present in the V2O5. Approximately 1 ml of 30% H2O2 was added dropwise to the mixture causing the dark, black-blue green color to fade, leaving a slightly turbid, pale-tan sodium vanadate solution. The solution was maintained at reflux for an additional 60 minutes to ensure the decomposition of excess peroxide and then cooled to room temperature. The solution was clarified by vacuum filtration to remove the small amount (<0.2 grams) of brown solid which contained almost all the iron and silica impurities originally present in the V2O5. The clear, orange sodium vanadate solution was then returned to a Morton flask, diluted with 4.0 liters distilled water, and 3886.38 grams M0O3 (27.00 moles) was added with rapid overhead stirring. The mixture was heated to about 60° C and 344.25 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (3.00 moles) was added. The mixture was heated at the reflux and thereby converted to a clear, dark, burgundy-red solution. After 3 hours at reflux, the homogenous solution was cooled to room temperature and volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 10.00 liters, giving 0.30 M {Na3H3PMogV3θ4o}. The hydrogen ion concentration of 0.30 M {Na3H3PMogV3θ4Q} was measured to be 0.35 mole/liter; -log[H+]=0.45 Example 8 Preparation of 0.30 M ^HgPMoo^O^}: The procedure was the same as for 0.30 M {Na3H3PMogV3θ4o} in Example 7 except that 332.51 grams granular U2CO3 (4.50 moles) was substituted for the Na2CO3- The hydrogen ion concentration of the solution was measured as -log[H+]=0.38 Example 9 Preparations of 0.30 M {Na H3PMogV3θ>| 0 } solutions from solid NaVO 3 : Solutions of 0.30 M {Na3H3PMogV3θ4o} were prepared according to the second reaction equation under Example 7, starting with solid sodium metavanadate, as follows. 219.5 grams NaVO3 (1.80 moles) was pulverized and added to 0.40 liters distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask and the mixture was stirred and heated until all the NaVO3 dissolved. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and clarified by vacuum filtration using distilled water rinses to ensure quantitative recovery of the dissolved sodium vanadate in the filtrate. The pale green-yellow solution was transferred to a Morton with distilled water added to a total volume of about 2.0 liters. 777.38 grams M0O3 (5.40 moles) was added with rapid overhead stirring. The mixture was heated to about 60°C and 68.855 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (0.60 moles) was added. The mixture was heated at the reflux and thereby converted to a clear, dark, burgundy-red solution. After about 3 hours at reflux, the homogenous solution was cooled to room temperature and its volume was volumetrically adjusted to 2.00 liters, giving 0.30 M {Na 3 H3PMogV 3 O4o}. Example 10 The polyoxoacid partial salt solution 0.30 M {U4H3PM08V4O40} was prepared analogously to 0.30 M {L,3H3PMθgV3θ4Q} (Example 8) and 0.30 M {U2H3PM010V2O40} (Example 5), according to the following reaction equations: 2 V 2 O 5 + 2 Li 2 CO 3 >4 LiVO 3 (aq) + 2 CO 2 T 4 LiVO 3 (aq) + 8 MoO 3 + H 3 PO 4 — >Li4H 3 PMθ8V θ4o(aq) 1091.28 grams granular V2O5 (6.00 mole) was suspended in 2.0 liters distilled water in a Morton flask with overhead stirring and the mixture was heated to about 60° C. 443.34 grams U2CO3 chips (6.00 mole) was slowly added in portions to the rapidly stirred mixture, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of the V2O5 to give and essentially homogeneous solution. The solution was heated at the reflux for 60 minutes. The solution was then dark green due to dissolved V ,v which was originally present in the V2O5. Approximately 1 ml of 30% H2O2 was added dropwise to the mixture causing the dark, black-blue green color to fade, leaving a slightly turbid lithium vanadate solution. The solution was maintained at reflux for an additional 60 minutes to ensure the decomposition of excess peroxide and then cooled to room temperature. The solution was clarified by vacuum filtration to remove the small amount (~0.1 grams) of brown solid which contained almost all the iron and silica impurities originally present in the V2O5. The clear, orange lithium vanadate solution was then returned to a Morton flask, and 3454.56 grams M0O3 (24.00 mole) was added with rapid overhead stirring. The mixture was heated to about 60° C and 344.24 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (3.00 mole) was added. The mixture was heated at the reflux and thereby converted to a clear, dark, burgundy-red solution. After 3 hours at reflux, the homogenous burgundy-red solution was cooled to room temperature and volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 10.00 liters, giving 0.30 M {U4H3PM08V4O40}, having -log[H+]=0.88 Example 11 Preparation of 0.30 M {U7PM03V4Q4Q}: The polyoxoanion full salt solution 0.30 M {U7PM08V4O40} was prepared analogously to 0.30 M {U4PM011 VO40} (Example 2), according to the following reaction equations: 2 V 2 O 5 + 2 Li 2 CO 3 >4 LiVO 3 (aq) + 2 CO 2 T 1.5 Li 2 CO 3 + 4 LiVO 3 (aq) + 8 MoO 3 + H 3 PO 4 > Li 7 PMo 10 V 2 O 40 + 1.5 CO 2 t + 1.5 H 2 O The procedure was the same as in Example 10 with the exceptions that the preparation was scaled to give 4.0 liter product solution (1.2 mole dissolved polyoxoanion salt) and after the addition of the M0O3, the mixture was heated to the reflux and an additional 133.00 grams U2CO3 chips (1.80 mole) was slowly added in portions to the stirred suspension, before the addition of the H3PO4. Example 12 (Cpmparatiye) Preparation.of 0.317 M {H | g PMo 10 .1 Yi .g^ol; Preparation of a desired phosphomolybdϊc free acid solution 0.30 M {H5PM01 o v 2°4θ} bv tnΘ following reaction equation was attempted by adapting the procedures exemplified in U.S. Patent 4,156,574: H 3 PO 4 + V 2 O 5 + 10 MoO 3 + H 2 O > H5PMo 10 V2θ4o(aq) 545.64 grams granular V2O5 (3.00 mole) and 4318.20 grams M0O3 (30.00 mole) were suspended in 4.0 liters distilled water with moderate stirring. 344.23 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (3.00 mole) was added, the mixture was diluted to a total volume of 10.0 liters with an additional 4.7 liters of distilled water, and the stirring mixture was heated to reflux. The mixture was maintained at reflux for 7 days, after which it was cooled to room temperature, the stirring was stopped, and the undissoived solids were allowed to fall for five days. The burgundy-red supernatant solution was decanted from yellow residue. Repeatedly, the residue was suspended in water, the suspension was centrifuged, and the supernatant was decanted. These wash supematants were combined with the original supernatant and the resulting solution was clarified by vacuum filtration. The volume of the solution was reduced to about 9 liters by rotating-film evaporation at 50°C under vacuum. The yellow residue was dried over CaCl2 dessicant under vacuum. The dry mass was 39.46 grams and was analyzed to be essentially completely V2O5 by quantitative elemental analyses for P, Mo, and V. The vanadium content of the polyoxoacid solution was determined by difference. The solution was volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 9.379 liters to provide the desired vanadium concentration of 0.600 gram-atoms per liter. Accordingly, the composition of this solution is designated 0.317 M {H4.gPM010.1 1.9O4n} + 0.003 M H3PO4. Alternatively, the solution may be viewed as 0.285 M H5PM010V2O40 + 0.032 M H4PM011 VO40 + °- 003 M 3 p θ4- This example shows that the process exemplified in U.S. Patent 4,156,574 for the preparation of the free phosphomolybdovanadic acid H5PM010V2O40 leaves a substantial fraction of the V2O5 starting material as an unreacted residue even after protracted refluxing so that the composition of the product cannot be set by the amount of V2O5 provided and can only be known except by careful analyses after the preparation. Compare Example 3 wherein the conversion of V2O5 to soluble NaVO3 provides for its complete incorporation into the partial salt solution of {Na2H3PMo rjV2θ4o} whose composition is precisely known from the quantities of starting materials used. Example 13 (Comparative) Preparation of 9.6 liters of a desired phosphomolybdovanadic free acid solution 0.30 M {H6PMogV3θ4ø} by the following reaction equation was attempted by adapting the procedures exemplified in U.S. Patent 4,156,574: H 3 PO 4 + 1.5 V 2 O 5 + 9 MoO 3 + 1.5 H 2 O > H 6 PMo 9 V 3 O 40 (aq) 785.8 grams granular V2O5 (4.32 mole) and 3,730.9 grams M0O3 (25.92 mole) were suspended in 4.0 liters distilled water with moderate stirring. 330.5 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (2.88 mole) was added, the mixture was diluted to a total volume of 8.5 liters with an additional 4.5 liters of distilled water, and the stirring mixture was heated to reflux. The mixture was maintained at reflux for 7 days, after which it was cooled to room temperature, the stirring was stopped, and the undissolved solids were allowed to fall for 24 hours. The burgundy-red supernatant solution was decanted from a yellow residue. Repeatedly, the residue was suspended in water, the suspension was centrifuged, and the supernatant was decanted. These wash supernatants were combined with the original supernatant and the resulting solution was clarified by vacuum filtration. The volume of the solution was adjusted with distilled water to a total volume of 9.60 liters. The yellow residue was dried to constant mass over P2O5 dessicaπt under vacuum. The dry mass was 203.39 grams and was determined to be essentially completely V2O5 by quantitative elemental analyses for P, Mo, and V. This is about 25% of the V2O5 introduced to the reaction and intended for incorporation into the product. Accordingly, the vanadium content of the polyoxoacid solution was determined by difference as 0.668 gram-atoms per liter, and the composition of this solution is designated 0.280 M {H5.4PMog.6V2.4O40} + 0.0195 M H3PO4. This example demonstrates that the process disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,156,574 for incorporation of V2O5 starting material into free phosphomolybdovanadic acids becomes more severe as the desired vanadium content of the product phosphomolybdovanadic acid is increased. Example 14 Preparation of 0.30 M { ai .2-d4.8P o °Y2Q. 0_}; Preparation of an aqueous 0.30 M {H6PM08V3O40} solution from stoichiometric quantities of H3PO4, V2O5, and M0O3 in water was attempted by adapting the method described in U.S. Patent 4,156,574, analogous to the preparation of {H4 # gPMo o.ι V1.9O40} solution in Example 13. However, Na2CO3 was ultimately added to achieve complete incorporation of the V2O5 into the polyoxoanion solution, as described below. The overall equation for the synthesis became as follows: H3PO4 + 1.5 V 2 O 5 + 9 MoO 3 + 0.6 Na 2 CO 3 + 0.9 H 2 O > Na 1 . 2 H 4 . 8 PMo 9 V 3 O 40 + 0.6 CO 2 t 163.69 grams granular V2O5 (0.9 mole) and 777.28 grams M0O3 (5.4 mole) were suspended in 3.0 liters distilled water in a Morton flask with moderate stirring. 68.85 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (0.60 mole) was added, the mixture was diluted to a total volume of 6.0 liters with an additional 2.73 liters of distilled water, and the stirring mixture was heated to reflux. The mixture was maintained at reflux for 7 days, after which it was cooled to room temperature, the stirring was stopped, and the undissolved solids were allowed to fall for two days. The burgundy-red supernatant solution was removed from a yellow residue (ca. 50 grams, composed principally of V2O5, corresponding to about 30% of the V2O5 supplied to the reaction). The yellow residue was suspended in about 0.25 liters distilled water and the mixture was heated to about 60° C. 38.16 grams anhydrous Na2CO3 powder (0.36 moles) was slowly added in portions to the rapidly stirred mixture, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of the V2O5. The resulting mixture was heated at the reflux for 30 minutes, giving a brown-red, slightly turbid solution. Approximately 1 ml of 30% H2O2 was added dropwise to the solution which was then refluxed for an additional 60 minutes to ensure the decomposition of excess peroxide. The orange sodium metavanadate solution was cooled to room temperature, clarified by vacuum filtration, then combined with the original supernatant solution in the Morton flask. The entire solution was heated to reflux for about 2 hours, then cooled to room temperature. The volume of the solution was reduced to about 1.8 liters by rotating-film evaporation at 50°C under vacuum. The homogeneous, dark burgundy-red solution was volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 2.0 liters, giving 0.30 M {Na .2H4.βPMogV3θ4o}. This example demonstrates that the limitations of the process disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,156,574 for V2O5 incorporation into polyoxoanions can be overcome by converting some of the V2O5 into a soluble vanadate salt (sodium metavanadate) and producing a phosphomolybdovanadate partial salt solution instead of a phosphomoybdovanadic free acid solution. By this procedure, essentially all starting material was incorporated into the product solution. Example 15 Preparation Pf Q,3Q M {Li 1.15H5.85P θ8V4 Q '1θk Preparation of an aqueous 0.30 M {H7PM08V4O40} solution from stoichiometric quantities of H3PO4, V2U5, and M0O3 in water was attempted by adapting the method described in U.S. Patent 4,156,574, analogous to the preparation of {H4.gPM010.1V1.gO40} solution in Example 13. However, U2CO3 was ultimately added to achieve complete the incorporation of the V2O5 into the polyoxoanion solution, as described below. The overall equation for the synthesis became as follows: H 3 PO 4 + 2 V 2 O 5 + 8 MoO 3 + 0.575 Li 2 CO 3 + 1.425 H 2 O > LI 1 . 1 5H5. 8 5PMθ 8 V 4 θ4o + 0.575 CO 2 T 218.26 grams granular V2O5 (1.20 mole) and 690.91 grams M0O3 ( - 80 mole) were suspended in 2.3 liters distilled water in a Morton flask with moderate stirring. 68.85 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (0.60 mole) was added, the mixture was diluted to a total volume of 6.0 liters with an additional 3.44 liters of distilled water, and the stirring mixture was heated to reflux. The mixture was maintained at reflux for 7 days, after which it was cooled to room temperature, the stirring was stopped, and the undissolved solids were allowed to fall for two days. The burgundy-red supernatant solution was decanted from a yellow residue (composed principally of V2O5). Repeatedly, the residue was suspended in water, the suspension was centrifuged, and the supernatant was decanted. These wash supernatants were combined with the original and returned to the Morton flask. The V2O5 residue was transferred into another flask with about 0.5 liters distilled water and the mixture was heated to about 60° C. 25.49 grams U2CO3 chips (0.60 moles) was slowly added in portions to the rapidly stirred mixture, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of the V2O5. The resulting mixture was heated at the reflux for 60 minutes, giving a brown-red, slightly turbid solution. Approximately 1 ml of 30% H2O2 was added dropwise to the solution which was then refluxed for an additional 60 minutes to ensure the decomposition of excess peroxide. The orange lithium vanadate solution was cooled to room temperature, clarified by vacuum filtration, and added to the original supernatant solution in the Morton flask. The entire solution was heated to reflux for about 3 hours, then cooled to room temperature. T e volume of the solution was reduced to about 1.8 liters by rotating-film evaporation at 50°C under vacuum. The homogeneous, dark burgundy-red solution was volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 2.0 liters, giving 0.30 M {Liι .15H5.85PM08V4O40}. This example again demonstrates that the limitations of the process disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,156,574 for V2O5 incorporation into polyoxoanions can be overcome by converting some of the V2O5 into a soluble vanadate salt (sodium metavanadate) and producing a phosphomolybdovanadate partial salt solution instead of a phosphomoybdovanadic free acid solution. Example 16 Preparation of this phosphomolybdovanadate partial salt solution followed the general procedure described in Example 15, wherein a free phosphomolybdovanadic acid preparation according to the method disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,156,574 is followed by dissolution of the residual V2O5 with Na2C03 and reintroduction of the resulting NaVO3 to the preparation. In this case, excess Na2CU3 was used to set a desired product partial salt composition. The overall equation for the synthesis became as follows: H 3 PO 4 + 2 V 2 O 5 + 8 MoO 3 + 1.2 Na 2 CO 3 + 0.8 H 2 O > Na2.4H 4 . 6 PMo 8 V 4 O 40 + 1.2 CO 2 T 291.04 grams granular V2O5 (1.60 mole) and 921.3 grams M0O3 (6.40 mole) were suspended in 4.0 liters distilled water in a Morton flask with moderate stirring. 91.81 grams 85.4% (w/w) H3PO4 (0.80 mole) was added, the mixture was diluted to a total volume of 8.0 liters with an additional 3.66 liters of distilled water, and the stirring mixture was heated to reflux. The mixture was maintained at reflux for 7 days, after which it was cooled to room temperature, the stirring was stopped, and the undissolved solids were allowed to fall for two days. The burgundy-red supernatant solution was decanted from a yellow residue (composed principally of V2O5). The residue was suspended in water in about 0.5 liter distilled water and the mixture was heated to about 60° C. 101.75 grams granular Na2CU3 (0.96 moles) was slowly added in portions to the rapidly stirred mixture, causing CO2 liberation and dissolution of the V2O5. The resulting mixture was heated at the reflux for 30 minutes, giving a dark red solution. This solution was added to the original supernatant solution in the Morton flask and the entire solution was heated to reflux for about 2 hours, then cooled to room temperature. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and clarified by vacuum filtration. The volume of the solution was reduced to less than 4.0 liters by rotating-film evaporation at 50°C under vacuum. The homogeneous, dark burgundy-red solution was volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 4.0 liters, giving 0.20 M {Na2.4H4.ePMθ8V4θ4o}. Example 17 (Comparative) Preparation of Q.3Q M {Napfcl(5-p)EMo.ι o 2°io} solution with -logfH+H.oo using sulfuric acid: An aqueous solution comprising 0.30 M {Na p H(5.p)PMoι 0V2O40} was prepared from Na3PO4, M0O3, V2O5, Na2CO3, and H2SO4 generally following the method of the Matveev patents' Example 5 (designated H5PM010V2O40] therein), with the following modifications: 27.28 grams granular V2O5 (0.15 mole) and 215.91 grams M0O3 (1.50 mole) were suspended in 0.75 liter distilled water at about 60° C in a beaker. 37.02 grams Na3PO4 * 12H2O (0.15 mole) was added to the rapidly stirring mixture, followed by 23.85 grams granular Na2CO3 (0.225 mole), which was slowly added in portions, causing CO2 liberation. The beaker was covered with a watchglass and the mixture was boiled for 90 minutes, resulting in a dark burgundy-red solution. The watch glass was removed and the solution was boiled uncovered an additional 90 minutes to reduce its volume to about 0.5 liter. The solution was then cooled to room temperature, and its hydrogen ion concentration was measured to be -log[H+]=5.2. 96% (w/w) H2SO4 was added in portions to the stirring solution to adjust its -log[H+] to 1.10, requiring 8.47 milliliters (0.153 mole). The solution was then boiled uncovered for 60 minutes, cooled to room temperature, and clarified by vacuum filtration to remove a small amount of brown solid. It was then volumetrically diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 0.500 liter. Its -log[H+] was readjusted to 1.00 by adding 0.14 milliliter 96% (w/w) H2SO4. The total amount of sulfuric acid added into the solution was 0.155 mole. This example demonstrates that the provision of a sum of sodium cations in solution in excess of the sum of vanadium plus three times phosphorus results in a solution having a hydrogen ion concentration less than 10"5 prior to the addition of the sulfuric acid. Example 18 Preparation of solid hvdrous {Na^H^PMo^V^Q^}: 1.0 liter of 0.30 M {Na3H3PMogV3θ4Q} (Example 7) was volumetrically transferred into a flask of known weight and evaporated to visual dryness by rotating-film evaporation at 50°C under vacuum. The solid in the flask was then further dried under pump vacuum for several days. The mass of the solid in the flask, containing all 0.30 mole of the salt, was then 586.1 g, corresponding to an equivalent weight (per P) of 1954 grams/mole. The water content of the solid was calculated as the difference between this equivalent weight and the formula weight for the salt (1759 grams/mole anhydrous salt). Accordingly the solid was {Na3H 3 PMo 9 V 3 θ4o}-10.8H2θ. This example demonstrates the simple preparation of solid phosphomolybdovanadate salts by simple evaporation of aqueous phosphomolybdovanadate salt solutions prepared the inventive process, which are free of acids or salts other than of the phosphomolybdovanadate. The yield of the solid is quantitative, all the way from the starting materials used to prepare the phosphomolybdovanadate salt solution. The solid's composition is precisely known from simple volumetric (aqueous solution) and gravimetric (solid product) measurements. Solids corresponding to many other exemplified phosphomolybdovanadate salt solutions were readily obtained by this simple procedure. The present inventions have been shown by both description and exemplification. The exemplification is only exemplification and cannot be construed to limit the scope of the invention. Ones of ordinary skill in the art will envision equivalents to the inventive solutions and processes described by the following claims which are within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.

Claims: WE CLAIM AS OUR INVENTION : 1. A process for preparing an acidic aqueous solution consisting essentially of dissolved phosphomolybdovanadate salt, consisiting essentially of: dissolving in water an oxide, oxoacid, or mixtures therof, and at least one oxoanion salt of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium, wherein the sum of salt cationic charges does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges in the solution, and the ratio of salt cationic charges to phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges is effective for the hydrogen ion concentration of the aqueous solution to be greater than 10" 5 mole per liter; and recovering the aqueous solution. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said oxoanion salt is a vanadium oxoanion salt. 3. The process of claim 2 wherein said vanadium oxoanion salt is a metavanadate salt. 4. The process of claim 3 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide. 5. The process of claim 1 , 2, 3 or 4 wherein the ratio of salt cationic charges to phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges is effective for the hydrogen ion concentration of the aqueous solution to be greater than 10 "3 mole per liter. 6. The process of claim 1 , 2, 3 or 4 wherein the ratio of salt cationic charges to phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges is effective for the hydrogen ion concentration of the aqueous solution to be greater than 0.10 mole per liter. 7. A process for preparing an acidic aqueous solution consisting essentially of dissolved phosphomolybdovanadate salt, consisting essentially of: dissolving in water a) an oxide, oxoacid, oxoanion salt, or mixtures therof of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium and b) a carbonate salt, bicarbonate salt, hydroxide salt or mixtures therof, wherein the sum of salt cationic charges does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges in the solution, and the ratio of salt cationic charges to phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges is effective for the hydrogen ion concentration of the aqueous solution to be greater than 10" 5 mole per liter; and recovering said aqueous solution. 8. The process of claim 7 wherein said oxide, oxoacid, or oxoanion salt of vanadium is vanadium pentoxide. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide. 10. The process of claim 7 wherein said oxide, oxoacid, or oxoanion salt of vanadium is an oxoanion salt. 11. The process of claim 10 wherein said vanadium oxoanion salt is a metavanadate salt. 12. The process of claim 11 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide. 13. The process of claim 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 wherein the ratio of salt cationic charges to phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges is effective for the hydrogen ion concentration of the aqueous solution to be greater than 10 "3 mole per liter. 14. The process of claim 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 wherein said ratios are effective for the hydrogen ion concentration of the aqueous solution to be greater than 0.10 mole per liter. 15. A process for preparing an acidic aqueous solution consisting essentially of dissolved phosphomolybdovanadate salt, consisiting essentially of: dissolving in water an oxide, oxoacid, or mixtures therof, and at least one oxoanion salt of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium, wherein the sum of salt cationic charges does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges in the solution and the ratio of vanadium to phosphorus does not exceed six; and recovering said aqueous solution. 16. The process of claim 15 wherein said oxoanion salt is a vanadium oxoanion salt. 17. The process of claim 16 wherein said vanadium oxoanion salt is a metavanadate salt. 18. The process of claim 17 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide. 19. The process of claim 15, 16, 17 or 18 wherein the ratio of vanadium to phosphorus is less than four. 20. A process for preparing an acidic aqueous solution consisting essentially of dissolved phosphomolybdovanadate salt, consisiting essentially of: dissolving in water a) an oxide, oxoacid, oxoanion salt, or mixtures therof of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium and b) a carbonate salt, bicarbonate salt, hydroxide salt or mixtures therof, wherein the sum of salt cationic charges does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges in the solution, and the ratio of vanadium to phosphorus does not exceed six; and recovering said aqueous solution. 21. The process of claim 20 wherein said oxide, oxoacid, or oxoanion salt of vanadium is vanadium pentoxide. 22. The process of claim 21 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide. 23. The process of claim 20 wherein said oxide, oxoacid, or oxoanion salt of vanadium is an oxoanion salt. 24. The process of claim 23 wherein said vanadium oxoanion salt is a metavanadate salt. 25. The process of claim 24 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide. 26. The process of claim 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24 or 25 wherein the ratio of vanadium to phosphorus is less than four. 27. A process for preparing a solid phosphomolybdovanadate salt, consisiting essentially of: dissolving in water an oxide, oxoacid, or mixtures therof, and at least one oxoanion salt of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium, wherein the sum of salt cationic charges does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges in the solution; and evaporating the aqueous solution to recover essentially all the dissolved phosphomolybdovanadate salt in solid form. 28. The process of claim 27 wherein said oxoanion salt is a vanadium oxoanion salt. 29. The process of claim 28 wherein said vanadium oxoanion salt is a metavanadate salt. 30. The process of claim 28 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide. 31. A process for preparing a solid phosphomolybdovanadate salt, consisiting essentially of: dissolving in water a) an oxide, oxoacid, oxoanion salt, or mixtures therof of phosphorus, molybdenum, and vanadium and b) a carbonate salt, bicarbonate salt, hydroxide salt or mixtures therof, wherein the sum of salt cationic charges does not exceed the sum of the phosphomolybdovanadate anionic charges in the solution; and evaporating the aqueous solution to recover essentially all the dissolved phosphomolybdovanadate salt in solid form. 32. The process of claim 30 wherein said oxide, oxoacid, or oxoanion salt of vanadium is vanadium pentoxide. 33. The process of claim 32 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide. 34. The process of claim 30 wherein said oxide, oxoacid, or oxoanion salt of vanadium is an oxoanion salt. 35. The process of claim 33 wherein said vanadium oxoanion salt is a metavanadate salt. 36. The process of claim 34 wherein said oxide or oxoacid of phosphorus is phosphoric acid and said oxide or oxoacid of molybdenum is molybdenum trioxide.

Inventors: GRATE JOHN H, HAMM DAVID R, SAXTON ROBERT J, GRATE, JOHN, H., HAMM, DAVID, R., SAXTON, ROBERT, J.
Applicants: CATALYTICA INC, CATALYTICA, INC.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: B01J27
IPC codes: B01J23, B01J27, B01J31, C07B61, C07C29, C07C45, C07C47, C07C49