Automated capping means for analyzer pipette

Abstract: In some analyzers, delays may occur in sequential dispensing of patient sample. These delays may be due to rate assays being carried out in the analyzer. This means that stations upstream from a rate assay point cannot offload any other test elements until the rate assay has been completed. As a result, delays are also caused at the dispensing station which causes exposed patient sample retained in the dispensing tip of the pipette to dry up plugging the tip. In addition, analyte concentration of the sample to be analyzed can be changed unacceptably due to evaporation at the tip. Described herein is an arrangement in which capping means (92, 94, 98, 101) are provided which cover the dispensing aperture of the pipette (82) when a test element (E) is not in position to receive a sample. The capping means (92, 94, 98, 101) comprise a cap portion (92, 101) which is mounted in a support (98) and is moved between a first covering position (shown in phantom) and a second uncovering position by an advancing test element (E).

Description: This invention relates to an analyzer for assaying body liquids, and is more particularly concerned with automated capping means for use with the analyzer pipette. Analyzers used to test body liquids for their concentration of analytes often use slide-like test elements. A small amount of a patient sample liquid is dispensed from a pipette on to such a test element. The test element is then incubated and "read" for any detectable change which is indicative of the concentration of analyte. Frequently, "n" dispensing steps occur from the same patient sample, on to "n" different test elements to run "n" different assays. This requires that the pipette containing the patient sample remains at the dispensing station until all the "n" dispensing events are made. (The sample is usually contained in a disposable pipette tip attached to the pipette.) In high speed analyzers, little delay occurs between each of those "n" dispensing events. However, in some newer analyzers, delays as much as 3.5min can occur between sequential dispensing. Analyzers in which such delays can occur include ones in which the detecting or "read" station is located off the incubator, and ones which perform both rate assays and end-point assays. Rate assays require a single test element to remain at the detecting station for 1min or more, during which time as many as 95 separate readings are taken to confirm the rate of change in the signal from the analyte. This means that the incubator upstream from the rate assay point is unable to offload any other test elements. This in turn prevents new test elements from having sample liquid dispensed thereon, since there is no room to place them in the incubator. Thus, the pipette has to delay substantially, with exposed sample in the tip, until the next amount of sample can be dispensed. A delay between sequential dispensing by the pipette is particularly significant if the patient sample has high amounts of protein, as is often the case. Without a cover placed over the exposed dispensing tip, such sample can dry up, plugging the tip to prevent the next dispensing step. Alternatively, the analyte concentration can be unacceptably altered due to sample evaporation at the tip. Pipette tips have been covered in the past to prevent this problem. However, such constructions have involved either operator-handling of the covers (to remove them and replace them), or separate analyzer actuation in response to the operator or a signal indirectly responsive to a new test element entering the system. Separate operator intervention is undesirable as it is a source of errors and delays. Any automated operation of tip covers which is only indirect, is also subject to delays and errors due to separate action required by the analyzer. A problem prior to this invention, particularly in analyzers having significant delays between sequential dispensing of patient sample, has been to provide capping means for the pipette tips which are directly operated, that is, removed by the presence of a test element ready for dispensing. In this way, the tip uncovering is only responsive to the direct presence of the test element to be spotted, and this lessens the chance of error which is possible with less direct actuation or removal of the capping means. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an analyzer having a predetermined path along which a test element traverses during analysis of a patient sample, the analyzer including:- guide means for guiding a test element along the path; a dispensing station positioned along the path and at which patient sample is dispensed on to a test element using a pipette, the pipette having a dispensing tip in which a dispensing aperture is formed; and capping means for blocking off the dispensing aperture to prevent evaporation of patient sample from the dispensing tip; characterized in that the capping means comprises a cap portion and mounting means for mounting the cap portion within the path and allowing the cap portion to move between a first position in which it blocks the path and covers the dispensing aperture, and a second position in which it unblocks the path and uncovers the dispensing aperture, the cap portion being moved to the second position by a test element advancing along the path. Therefore, advantageous features of the invention are that air evaporation around the dispensing orifice of the liquid dispenser is decreased and plugging of the orifice is reduced, even if the dispenser is left quiescent for extended periods. It is a further advantageous feature of the invention that the function of reduced evaporation is achieved by a capping mechanism which uncaps itself only in direct mechanical response to a test element being positioned for dispensing, and not to some less direct signal. The present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is a partially schematic plan view, partially broken away, of an analyzer constructed in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2 is a partly sectioned, fragmentary elevational view taken through the dispensing station of the analyzer and showing capping means in place relative to the pipette tips; Figure 3 is a fragmentary elevational view similar to that shown in Figure 2, but showing the capping means cammed out of the way by a test element; Figure 4 is a sectioned view taken generally along the line IV-IV of Figure 3 and shows the housing of the capping means; Figure 5 is a sectioned view taken generally along the line V-V of Figure 4, which also shows the capping means in phantom in their raised position; Figures 6 and 7 are sectioned views taken generally along the lines VI-VI and VII-VII respectively of Figure 4, but shown without the capping means and springs for clarity; and Figure 8 is a fragmentary elevational view similar to a portion of Figure 2, but showing an alternate form of the capping means of the present invention. The invention is hereinafter described in connection with the preferred embodiments, wherein the liquid dispensing station is part of an analyzer wherein the colorimetric detection is done outside of the incubator at a detection station which can take only one test element at a time, and the dispensing station features a dual pipette. Further, it is described for use with so-called dried test elements. In addition, however, the invention is useful regardless of the type of pipette used, whether liquid is dispensed on to a dried element or into cuvettes, and regardless of the stations, if any, which are positioned downstream from the dispensing station, so long as there is a need to decrease evaporation which occurs at the orifice of the dispensing apparatus. Orientations such as "up", "down" or "vertical" refer to those pertinent to intended uses as shown in the drawings, and are arbitrary if applied to use in a zero-g environment. Referring to Figure 1, an analyzer 20 constructed in accordance with the present invention comprises a sample-dispensing station 22, an incubator 30, means 24 for transferring a test element E containing patient sample from station 22 into the incubator, a potentiometric read station 70 disposed adjacent to one side of incubator 30, a colorimetric read station 100 also disposed adjacent to the incubator and displaced circumferentially from read station 70, a container 80 to receive used test elements, and a guide 90 to direct such used test elements from read station 100 to container 80. Most preferably, transfer means 24 is a pusher blade activated and guided in a conventional manner by motors, etc., not shown, moved over a shuttle 98. Any suitable means can be used to transfer test elements E out of incubator 30 into station 100, for example, pusher blade 25. Considering first the stations downstream from station 22, incubator 30 (as described in more detail in copending European Patent Application No. 90 300 069.3) preferably features a stationary lower support plate 28 and a stationary upper cover plate 29. Either or both of these plates are heated in a conventional manner, with sensors, not shown, to provide feedback to control the incubator temperature as desired. Mounted between plates 28 and 29 is a rotor 32 providing individual test-element holding stations formed as pockets in the rotor. More specifically, indentations 34 are formed in rotor 32, and hold-down leaf springs 35 are attached along the periphery of each indentation. The indentations are shaped and sized to hold a test element E therein, and springs 35 are shaped to press a test element against lower support plate 28. Preferably, springs 34 are dual springs which extend over the top of rotor 32, with a pair of fingers adjacent each indentation. Additionally, an evaporation cap 42 is provided that is attached via a leaf spring 44 to rotor 32 to permit limited vertical movement of cap 42. Spring 44 is attached to rotor 32 and presses on cap 42. Cap 42 is raised, by a suitable mechanism when element E is pushed in by blade 24. Regarding potentiometric read station 70, as shown in Figure 1, such a station is conventional, and features a pair of electrodes 72 which moves into and out of contact with appropriate parts of ion selective electrode (ISE) test elements held by rotor 32. Station 70 is not activated until an ISE test element is positioned thereunder, ready for reading, as controlled by a suitable microprocessor, not shown. (Detection of which kind of test element is at which indentation 34 is done using a bar code reader at station 22, not shown). With respect to container 80, any suitable container can be used to collect used test elements. Preferably, guide 90 is such as to keep such test elements constrained as they are pushed into the container, as described hereinafter, particularly if the analyzer is used in zero gravity environments. Station 100 is the station which incorporates at least the colorimetric read station. Any read station can be used which will detect colorimetric changes in the test element. In accordance with the invention, dispensing of patient sample occurs at station 22, using a pipette 50 as shown in Figure 2. A dual pipette is shown which has two disposable tips 52, 54 for dispensing two different liquids. The pipette is conventional, except that it is preferably, although not necessarily, mounted in a pipette support 56 of the analyzer in an aperture 58, which has a keyway 60 which frictionally engages key 62 of pipette 50. Key 62 features a Y-shape which has two spring fingers 64 biased out from support 66 which is mounted on the pipette (as is described in more detail in copending European Patent Application No. 90 300 068.5). The above-noted key and keyway serve to limit the positioning of pipette 50 in the x-x and y-y direction. The vertical constraint (along the z axis) is provided preferably by a stop bushing 45 threaded into an aperture 46 so that the bushing encompasses one of the tips 54. Aperture 46 is formed in a frame member 48 which pivots for easy access about pivot point 49. Since bushing 45 can be raised or lowered by unscrewing or screwing it within aperture 46, its top surface 74 acts as the Z axis limit for the tip 54, and hence the entire pipette 50. To enclose the pipette tips and to help block air access to them along with the capping means described below, shrouds 76, 78 are built into frame member 48 (either as integral parts or as parts threaded in place). As shown, shrouds 76, 78 each has a bottom surface 84 which extends below the end surface 86 of tips 52, 54. The shrouds 76, 78 include a central shared portion 77 which is positioned between them. To complete the blockage of air access to the tips 52, 54 through shrouds 76, 78, capping means are provided, for example, in the shape of flat paddles 91, 92. The paddles 91, 92 are shown in more detail in Figure 4. Paddles 91, 92 are mounted on the ends of mounting arms 94 which are pivotally attached to pivot point 95 at opposite ends 96, to the test element support shuttle 98, as is shown more clearly in Figures 4 and 5. Pivot point 95 is located below the element support plane 97 of the shuttle as set forth below. Paddles 91, 92 are shaped with a flat contact surface 101 of sufficient surface area and flatness as to generally seal against surfaces 84 of shrouds 76, 78 (Figure 2). This completes the sealing off of tips 52, 54 within shrouds 76, 78. Shuttle 98 includes notches 102, 104 shaped to accommodate respective paddles 91, 92 and arms 94, when the paddles are depressed (Figures 4 and 5). To bias mounting arms 94 upwardly so that capping paddles 91, 92 contact the shrouds (Figure 2), a compression spring 106 is mounted adjacent each arm notch 102, 104 in a bore hole 108, as shown in Figure 7. Springs 106 press against a pin 110 which projects from each arm 94 adjacent ends 96. The upper biased movement of paddles 91, 92 is restricted by shrouds 76, 78, or if those are not present, by shoulder 112 of shuttle 98 (Figure 6). Support shuttle 98 is the mechanism by which a test element E (Figure 5) is properly located in the x-x dimension and the z or vertical dimension (Figures 2 and 3). First, to properly locate a test element E on shuttle 98, the shuttle provides a reference shoulder 120 along one side thereof (Figures 3 and 4). To bias an element E against that shoulder, a spring 122 is mounted on the opposite side of the shuttle 98. Pusher blade 24 (Figure 1) controls how far along the y direction (Figure 4) the element is inserted. In this fashion, an element E is fixed on the shuttle 98. Next, the shuttle 98 itself preferably has freedom of movement in the x-x and the z directions. The reason is that colorimetric test elements are spotted with only one of the tips 52, 54 (Figure 3), whereas elements E which are potentiometric are spotted by both. Furthermore, the vertical spacing (along the z axis) can be different for potentiometric elements E than it is for colorimetric elements. Any mechanism 130 which provides for such movement is useful, and does not comprise part of this invention. A particularly preferred mechanism is that described in copending European Patent Application No. 90 300 070.1. It is not essential that the bottom of the shrouds extend below the tips of the pipette, provided the capping means are suitably altered as shown in Figure 8. Parts similar to those previously described bear the same reference numeral, to which the distinguishing suffix A is appended. Thus, shrouds 76A, 78A have a bottom surface 84A which is constructed to be located generally flush with the end surface 86A of tips 52A, 54A. In such a case, because surfaces 86A are likely to have a meniscus "M" projecting therefrom, which must not contact paddles 91A, 92A lest contamination occur, those paddles are dish-shaped with a lowered center portion 140 spaced away from bottom surfaces 84A and 86A a distance sufficient to avoid contacting meniscii M. Portion 140 is then surrounded by a lip 142, and bottom surfaces 84A preferably are beveled at 144 to mate with the shape of lips 142 to seal off tip surfaces 86A from air access. One skilled in the art will appreciate that, whichever embodiment is used, care should be taken when loading the pipette into the analyzer, not to contact support surface 74 with too much downward inertia, lest some liquid be inadvertently forced out of a pipette tip on to paddle 91, 92, or 91A, 92A. As a result of this invention, the uncapping step is strictly a mechanical step only, which necessarily occurs when a test element is presented for liquid dispensing. Thus, there is no need for electrical actuation of motors in response to a signal generated by a sensing means, such actuation and signal generation being a possible source of error and/or breakdown.

Claims: An analyzer having a predetermined path along which a test element (E) traverses during analysis of a patient sample, the analyzer including:- guide means for guiding a test element (E) along the path; a dispensing station (22) positioned along the path and at which patient sample is dispensed on to a test element (E) using a pipette (50), the pipette (50) having a dispensing tip (52, 54; 52A, 54A) in which a dispensing aperture is formed; and capping means (91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101; 91A, 92A, 140, 142) for blocking off the dispensing aperture to prevent evaporation of patient sample from the dispensing tip (52, 54; 52A, 54A); characterized in that the capping means (91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101; 91A, 92A, 140, 142) comprises a cap portion (91, 92, 101; 91A, 92A, 140, 142) and mounting means (94, 95, 96, 98) for mounting the cap portion (91, 92, 101; 91A, 92A, 140, 142) within the path and allowing the cap portion (91, 92, 101; 91A, 92A, 140, 142) to move between a first position in which it blocks the path and covers the dispensing aperture, and a second position in which it unblocks the path and uncovers the dispensing aperture, the cap portion (91, 92, 101; 91A, 92A, 140, 142) being moved to the second position by a test element (E) advancing along the path. An analyzer according to claim 1, wherein the mounting means (94, 95, 96, 98) are spring-biased to urge the cap portion (91, 92, 101; 91A, 92A, 140, 142) into the first position. An analyzer according to claim 1 or 2, further including housing means (76, 78; 76A, 78A) surrounding the dispensing tip (52, 54; 52A, 54A) except for a dispensing aperture, the housing means (76, 78; 76A, 78A) extending beyond the dispensing tip (52, 54; 52A, 54A) of the pipette (50) so that the cap portion (91, 92, 101; 91A, 92A, 140, 142) contacts the housing means (76, 78; 76A, 78A) but not the dispensing tip, when in the first position. An analyzer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further including a test element support (98, 120, 130) positioned below the dispensing station for positioning a test element (E) to receive liquid from the pipette (50), the mounting means (94, 95, 96, 98) being pivotally attached to the test element support (98, 120, 130).

Inventors: JAKUBOWICZ RAYMOND FRANCIS C O, QUENIN JOHN ANDREWS C O EASTMA, JAKUBOWICZ, RAYMOND FRANCIS C/O EASTMAN KODAK CO., QUENIN, JOHN ANDREWS C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Applicants: EASTMAN KODAK CO, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01N35
IPC codes: B67B5, G01N35, B01L3