Polyoxometalate intercalated layered double hydroxides

Abstract: This invention relates to an intercalated uniform crystalline layered double hydroxide clay composition interlayered by polyoxometalate anions with Keggin-type structures and having the formula Zn₂Al(OH)₂A x/n n- .yH₂O wherein A is an anionic polyoxometalate of negative charge n, x ranges between 0.12 and 0.8 and the x-ray diffraction basal spacing value is greater than about 14 A. It further relates to the use of such compositions as catalysts in the oxidation of methane, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the preparation of inorganic-oxometalate anion pillared clay compositions having the hydrotalcite type layered double hydroxide crystal structure and more particularly, anionic zinc-aluminum hydrotalcite clays containing large inorganic polyoxometalate anions (POMs) with Keggin-type structures intercalated between positively charged layers of metal hydroxides. In recent years inorganic materials such as pillared smectite clays have been extensively used as catalytic materials in varying applications. These materials comprise negatively charged metal silicate sheets intercalated or pillared with hydrated cations. See Pinnavaia T. J., Science , 220, 365 (1983) for a review on these clays. The techniques for the intercalation of these clays are well-established and a wide variety of cations may be incorporated into clays such as montmorillonite. Through the changes in the size of the pillar used to separate the sheets in the clay structure, the pore size of the pillared clay may be tailored to a particular application. Porous clay materials with a high surface area have been prepared using organic or organometallic cations, metal chelates, polyoxometalate cations and transition metal halide clusters. The synthesis of several such systems has been disclosed in several patent literatures including the ones by Pinnavaia et. al., in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,665,045; 4,665,044 and 4,621,070. Polyoxometalate anions are another class of pillars that are suitable for lamellar solids. POMs containing early transition metals form water soluble anions with the general formula [M m O y ] p- (isopolyanions) and [X x M m O y ] q- (x<m) (heteropolyanions). M is usually molybdenum or tungsten, less frequently vanadium, niobium or tantalum, or mixtures of these elements, in their highest oxidation slates. For general review on polyoxometalate anions see, Pope, M. P., Heteropoly and Isopoly Oxometalates , Springer-Verlag, New York, (1983). POMs forms a structurally distinct class of complexes based predominantly, although not exclusive, upon quasi-octahedral-coordinated metal atoms (MO 6 ). The simplest POMs have the hexametalate structure M 6 O 19 , where the oxygen atoms are in closed-packed arrangement with six MO 6 octahedra (Figure 1A). Some of the isopoly anions include [Nb 6 O 19 ] 8- , [Ta 6 O 19 ] 8- , [Mo 6 O 19 ] 2- etc. The decavanadate anion V 10 O 28 6- has a related structure (Figure 1B). Similarly, seven edge-shared octahedra form the Anderson-type structures (Figure 1C) such as in [Mo 2 O 24 ] 6- . The most extensively studied POM compounds are those with Keggin-type structures (Figure 2). At least two isomers of the Keggin structure are known and Fig 2A represents the α-form. The structure has overall T d symmetry and is based on a central XO 4 tetrahedron surrounded by twelve MO 6 octahedra arranged in four groups of three edge shared octahedra, M 3 O 13 . These groups ("M 3 triplets") are linked by several corners to each other and to the central XO 4 tetrahedron. Most of these types of Keggin ions are either molybdates or tungstates with the general formula [XM 12 O 40 ] n- where M is Mo or W. For M=W, anions with X=H, B, Al, Ga(III), Si, Ge(IV), P(V), As(V), V(V), Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(III), Co(II), Cu(II), Cu(I), or Zn have been reported. Similarly for M=Mo anions with X= Si, Ge(IV), P(V), As(V), V(V), Ti(V), Zr(IV), In (III) are known The second isomer has the β-Keggin structure, where one of the edge-shared M 3 O 13 triplets of the α-structure rotated by 60 0 around the C 3 axis, thereby reduction of overall symmetry of the anion from T d to C 3v (Figure 2B). This structure is known for several tungstates (X=B, Si, Ge, H 2 ) and molybdates (X= Si, Ge, P, As). Another class of POM is known in which a single MO 6 octahedron is deficient (Figure 2C). These are known as lacunary (defect) Keggin POM anions and have the general structures such as [XW 11 O 39 ] n- (represents as XM 11 ) where X=P, As, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, Fe(III), Co(III), Co(II), Zn, H 2 , Sb(III), Bi(III); or [XMo 11 O 39 ] n- where X= P, As, Si, Ge. These anions are stable in aqueous solutions and can be isolated in pure forms. Removal of a trigonal group of three adjacent MO 6 octahedra from the Keggin structure derive an another class of lacunary structures, which lead to the XM g structure (Figure 2D). The anion [PW 9 O 34 ] 9- represents one such example. The POM [P 2 W 18 O 18 O 62 ] 6- consists of two PW 9 lacunary units fused into a cluster of virtual D 3h symmetry (Figure 2E). This unit is now known as the Dawson structure, and has two types of W atoms , six "polar" and twelve "equatorial". Removal of one MO 6 octahedra from this Dawson structure results in [X 2 W 17 O 61 ] 10- type lacunary anions. There are several other POMs which are closely related to Keggin type structure. For example, the anion PV 14 O 42 9- has a "bicapped Keggin" structure. In this POM twelve vanadium atoms form the usual Keggin structure and the remaining two V atoms occupy the pits on the Keggin molecule where a C 4 axis is passing, forming trigonal bipyramidal caps (Figure 2F). The POM anion NaP 5 W 3 O 110 14- has an approximate D 5h symmetry and consists of a cyclic assembly of five PW 6 O 22 units, each derived from the Keggin anion, [Pw 12 O 40 ] 3- , by removal of two sets of three corner-shared WO 6 octahedra which leads to the PW 6 moiety the P 2 W 18 (Dawson) anion. The sodium ion is located within the polyanion on the five fold axis and is 1.25 Å above the pseudomirror plane that contains the five phosphorous atoms. The structures of heteropoly and isopoly oxometalates are not confined to the structure-types described above. There are several other variations. For example, the paratungstate anion [H 2 W 12 O 42 ] 10- has a different arrangement of its twelve MO 6 octahedra than in a typical Keggin-type anion. Here, MO 6 octahedra are arranged in four groups of three edge-shared octahedra to form a central cavity. It has been suggested that the two protons are attached to the oxygen atoms inside the cavity and help stabilize the somewhat open structure by hydrogen-bonding (Figure 1D). Anionic POM compounds have been extensively used as heterogeneous catalysts for a broad variety of reactions. Examples include the oxidation of propylene and isobutylene to acrylic and methacrylic acids, ammoxidation of acrylonitrile; oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons; olefin polymerization and epoxidation, and hydrodesulfurization, Thus negatively charged polyoxometalates would present a wider range of thermally stable, catalytically active pillars, provided a suitable host clay material is utilized. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), which are also referred to as anionic clays, represent a potentially important class of lamellar ionic solids for forming pillared derivatives with anionic POMs. These clays have positively charged layers of metal hydroxides between which are located anions and some water molecules, Most common LDHs are based on double hydroxides of such main group metals as Mg, and Al and transition metals such as Ni, Co, Cr, Zn and Fe etc. These clays have structures similar to brucite (Mg(OH) 2 ) in which the magnesium ions are octahedrally surrounded by hydroxyl groups with the resulting octahedra snaring edges to form infinite sheets. In the LDHs , some of the magnesium is isomorphously replaced by a trivalent ion say Al 3+ . The Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , OH - layers are then positively charged necessitating charge balancing by insertion of anions between the layers. One such clay is hydrotalcite in which the the carbonate ion is the interstitial anion, and has the idealized unit cell formula [Mg 6 Al 2 (OH) 16 ]CO 3 .4H 2 O. However, the ratio of Mg/Al in hydrotalcite can vary between 1.7 and 4 and various other divalent and trivalent ions may be substituted for Mg and Al. The preparation of LDHs is described in many prior art publications, particular reference being made to following review journal articles by S. L. Suib et. al., in Solid State Ionics , 26 (1988), 77 and W. T. Reichel in CHEMITECH , 58 (1986). An important aspect of the synthesis of these materials, which is particularly relevant to this disclosure, is the variation of the nature of the interstitial anion. The preparation of hydrotalcite-like materials with anions other than carbonate in pure form requires special procedures, because LDH incorporates carbonate in preference to other anions. Most of the time the smaller anions are introduced to the LDH structure via the precipitation method by using the desired anion solutions instead of carbonate. In this manner the carbonate anion in the hydrotalcite can be varied in synthesis by a large number of smaller anions such as NO 3 - , Cl - , OH - , SO 4 2- etc. However, in these methods the synthesis has to be carried out in an anaerobic condition to prevent carbonate contamination from the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Miyata et. al. in U. S. Pat. Nos. 3,796,792, 3,879,523, and 3,879,525 describes hydrotalcite-like derivatives with anionic substitution including the smaller transition metal anions like CrO 4 2- , MoO 4 2- , and Mo 2 O 7 2- . The incorporation of larger anions into LDH galleries, such as transition metal polyoxoanions, is not easy. This requires ion-exchange techniques subsequent to the LDH synthesis. The work by Miata et al., in Clays and Clay Minerals , 31, 305 (1983) indicated that the order of ion exchange capability of the gallery anions in hydrotalcite-like derivatives is OH - <F - <Cl - <Br - <NO 3 - <I - and for divalent anions, CO 3 2- <SO 4 2- . Monovalent anions can be easily replaced by di- or poly-valent anions. Using this strategy, Pinnavaia and Kwon in J. Am. Chem. Soc ., 110, 3653 (1988) have demonstrated the pillaring of several polyoxometales including V 10 O 28 6- into the hydrotalcite structure containing Zn and Al metal ions in the layers. This pillared hydrotalcite-like material catalyzes the photooxidation of isopropanol to acetone. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 1, no. 4, July/August 1989, pages 381-383 relates to LDH's of the Zn 2 Al-type with gallery anions selected from α-[H 2 W 12 O 40 ] 6- , α-[SiV 3 W 9 O 40 ] 7- , [PCuW 11 O 39 (H 2 O)] 5- (only partial intercalation), β-[SiW 10 O 39 ] 8- and [PW 9 O 34 ] 9- having pillar heights of greater than about 9Å. Basal spacings of greater than about 14Å are also obtained. According to said document these LDH's can be prepared by exchange of the NO 3 - in [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ]NO 3 ·2H 2 O by the gallery anion(s) at room temperature but with a boiling suspension of Zn 2 Al[NO 3 ] - . Synthetic Metals, Vol. 34, nos. 1-3, 1989, pages 609-615, discloses LDH's of the Zn 2 Al-type wherein the gallery anions are selected from [V 10 O 28 ] 6- , [PCuW 11 O 39 (H 2 O)] 5- (only partial exchange with NO 3 - ), α-[H 2 W 12 O 40 ] 6- and α-[SiV 3 W 9 O 40 ] 7- , all having pillar heights of greater than about 9 Å and some having basal spacings of greater than 14 Å. These LDH's are prepared as in J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 110, 1988, pages 3653-3654, i.e. by ion exchange at pH 4.5 or nearer to neutral conditions. It is disclosed that the LDH's of the Zn 2 Al-type have a "potential utility for shape-selective adsorption and catalysis". U. S. Pat. No. 4,454,244 by Woltermann discloses the preparation of several polyoxometalate-LDH reaction products. However, no XRD or analytical data were given to support his assumption that the POMs were intercalated into the galleries of a crystalline LDH host. During the course of this work, we reproduced some of the synthetic procedures disclosed by Wolterman and found the products to be largely amorphous and impure (see the description of the invention below). Recently, in U. S. Pat. No. 4,774,212 by Drezdon, the preparation of several Mg/Al hydrotalcite-like materials with gallery height about 12 Å containing transition metal polyoxoanions such as V 10 O 26 6- , Mo 7 O 24 6- and W 7 O 24 6- with Anderson type structures (Figure 1), is disclosed. We disclose here a process for preparing Zn/Al LDHs intercalated with transition metal containing large POM anions. The products isolated were pure and gave well-defined XRD peaks corresponding to uniformly crystalline layered double hydroxide products. The basal spacings of these materials agreed with POM-intercalated structures. The replacement of smaller anions, in hydrotalcite-like LDHs with much larger POMs, particularly with POMs with Keggin type structures, produce structures with increased gallery spacings of 14 Å or more. Such materials should exhibit intracrystalline microporosity accessible for the adsorption or diffusion of molecules into the structure from the outside, The accessibility of the intracrystalline structure to guest molecules should provide new opportunities for molecular seiving of gas mixtures and for heterogeneous catalysis. This invention relates to an intercalated uniform crystalline layered double hydroxide clay compositions conforming to the formula [Zn 1-x Al x (OH) 2 ]A x/n· yH 2 O wherein A is a polyoxometalate anion of charge n - , x is between 0.12 and 0.8, and which provides a pillar height greater than 9 Å and an X-ray diffraction basal spacing value greater than 14 Å, A being selected from H 2 W 12 O 42 10- , PV 14 O 9- , NaP 5 W 30 O 110 14- , SiFe(III)(SO 3 )W 11 O 39 7- , BV(V)W 11 O 40 6- , PV 3 W 9 O 40 6- , PMo 2 W 9 O 39 7- , BCo(II)W 11 O 39 7- , BCu(II)W 11 O 39 7- , BW 11 O 39 9- and BCo(III)W 11 O 39 6- and the use thereof as catalyst in the oxidation of methane, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. IN THE DRAWINGS Figures 1A to 1D are perspective views showing the structures of some common POMs and in particular: 1A the structure of [M 6 O 19 ] n- ; 1B structure of V 10 O 28 6- ; 1C structure of an Anderson type anion; 1D structure of [H 2 W 12 O 42 ] 10- . The positions of the protons are marked by open circles. Figures 2A to 2F are perspective views showing Keggin and related structures and in particular isomers of the Keggin structure: 2A alpha-isomer; 2B beta-isomer, where one M 3 O 13 group (shown unshaded) has been rotated by 60°; 2C a lacunary structure derived from alpha-Keggin structure 2A by removal of one MO 6 octahedron to result XM 11 structure; 2D a lacunary structure derived from alpha-Keggin structure 2A by removal of three adjacent MO 6 octahedra to result XM 9 structure; 2E alpha-[P 2 W 18 O 62 ] 6- , the Dawson structure; 2F structure of [PV 14 O 42 ] 9- based on alpha-Keggin structure with two additional vanadium atoms occupying trans-related VO 5 trigonal bipyramids. Figures 3A to 3C are graphs showing x-ray diffraction patterns for oriented film samples of 3A Zn 2 Al-NO 3 LDH and Zn 2 Al-LDH intercalated with 3B Keggin ion alpha-SiV 3 W 9 O 40 7- 3C V 10 O 28 6- . Figures 4A and 4B are graphs showing x-ray diffraction patterns for oriented film samples of Zn 2 Al-LDH intercalated by 2A. Lacunary Keggin ion BCu(II)W 11 O 39 7- 2B POM anion NaP 5 W 30 O 110 14- . Figures 5A to 5D show x-ray diffraction patterns for film samples of 5A Zn 2 Al-NO 3 LDH and the POM-LDH reaction products formed by the reaction of the LDH with 5B V 10 O 28 6- ; 5C PW 12 O 40 3- ; and 5D SiV 3 W 9 O 40 7- intercalates prepared according to the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 4,454,244. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In certain embodiments described in this invention we describe the preparation of POM-intercalated crystalline Zn/Al-LDH compounds of the formula [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ]A 1/n n- .yH 2 O, where A is a POM anion of negative charge n, and y is a positive number. The incorporation of the guest POM anions into the Zn/Al LDH was carried out using LDHs of the type Zn 2 Al(0H) 6 X, [ abbreviated as Zn 2 Al-X] where X - = Cl - or NO 3 - ; and NO 3 - is the preferred anion. The polyoxometalate anions selected contained at least one transition metal and possessed preferably a Keggin or lacunary Keggin-type structure or other POM anions with structures related to Keggin ions. The anion X in Zn 2 Al-X is readily exchangeable with POM to give the desired POM intercalated Zn 2 Al-LDH. The precursor LDHs Zn 2 Al(0H) 6 Cl or Zn 2 Al(0H) 6 NO 3 were prepared using the induced precipitation method. Accordingly, a 0.1M Al 3+ solution containing the desired anion (Cl - or NO 3 - ) was added to 1M NaOH until a pH of 7 was achieved. This white slurry [Al(OH) 3 ] was then treated with a 0.3M Zn 2+ solution while maintaining the pH of the slurry between 6-7, and more preferably between 6.0-6.2. It is desirable to maintain the pH between 6-6.5 in this step to eliminate the formation of undesired products. The resultant slurry was then digested, preferably between 60-100°C, for a period of 18 h to a day to obtain a good crystalline material. This crystallization process for the LDH - chloride or nitrate is important for the subsequent synthesis of well-crystalized pillared POM derivatives from these materials. Shorter durations of digestion resulted in amorphous materials, but extended digestions, for example, through a period of week, increased the crystallinity of the final products. All of the manipulations were carried out under an atmosphere of nitrogen gas and the solvents were degassed prior to the use to avoid possible contamination of CO 3 2- from atmospheric CO 2 . An oriented film sample of the Zn 2 Al-NO 3 LDH reaction product showed a well-defined X-ray powder patterns corresponding to the LDH structure (Figure 3A). Chemical analysis revealed that the Zn/Al ratio of this material to be 2. These Cl - and NO 3 - precursor Zn 2 Al-LDHs were stored as aqueous slurries for the subsequent anion exchange reactions with POM anions as discussed below. Anion exchange reactions were carried out by adding an aqueous hot suspension of [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ]X.zH 2 O (X = Cl - and NO 3 - ) into an aqueous solution containing POM anions under anaerobic conditions. Preferably, a stoichiometric excess of the anion pillaring material over the hydrotalcite-type clay is used, for example, about 1 to about 2 molar excess, although a stoichiometric amount can also be used. The exchange reaction depends on the temperature and the pH of the solution. When the exchange reaction was carried out at ambient temperatures, the products obtained showed incomplete exchange. Zn 2 Al-LDHs are amphoteric and stable only within the pH range of 5.8 to 10. Moreover, most POMs are unstable or undergo hydrolysis at high basic conditions, Therefore, exchange reactions were carried out under slight acidic conditions at a pH in the range of about 6 to 4. Aqueous hot suspensions of [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ]NO 3 .2H 2 O were found to undergo complete intercalative ion exchange reactions with aqueous solutions of POM anions such as SiFe(III)(SO 3 )W 11 O 39 7-, with Keggin structure. These intercalated products were crystallographically well-ordered phases. Similarly, POM anions such as PMo 2 W 9 O 39 7-, Bco(II)W 11 O 39 7-, BCu(II)W 11 O 39 7-, BW 11 O 39 9-, with a lacunary (defect) Keggin structure can be intercalated in Zn 2 Al-LDH structure to give pure products with basal spacings around 14 Å. Furthermore, robust POMs with fused Keggin-type structures such as H 2 W 12 O 42 10- (Figure 1D), PV 14 O 42 9- (Figure 2E). NaP 5 W 30 O 110 14- also readily undergo intercalation to give pure crystalline products. The anions with lower charge, for example a charge less than 7-, such as [PW 12 O 40 ] 3- and [SiW 12 O 40 ] 4- show no ion exchange whereas, intermediate anions show partial intercalation (eg. [PCuW 11 O 39 (H 2 O)] 5- ). Partial intercalation also was observed with several POMs with 6- charge such as BV(v)W 11 O 40 6- , BCo(III)W 11 O 39 6- and PV 3 W 9 O 40 6- . X-ray diffraction patterns of these materials showed the presence of small amounts of non-intercalated starting material Zn 2 Al-NO 3 , along with intercalated product. These observations can be explained considering the guest anion size and host layer charge density. If one assumes a triangular arrangement of Keggin ions with a 9.8 Å diameter in the LDH galleries, then the area needed to accommodate each ion is 83 Å 2 . Since the area per unit layer charge for [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ]NO 3 .2H 2 O is 16.6 Å 2 , Keggin ions with a charge less than 5- such as [PW 12 O 40 ] 3- and [SiW 12 O 40 ] 4- , are spatially incapable of balancing the host layer charge making their intercalation in the LDH structure impossible. It is also apparent that the stacking symmetry of these Keggin ions plays a role in the intercalation reactions. The oxygen frame work of the POM anions with the α-Keggin structure define a polyhedral form with T d symmetry. Thus, there are two plausible orientations for α-isomers of Keggin structure in the LDH galleries. One orientation suggests the C 3 axis is orthogonal to the layers, and the other orientation the C 2 axis is orthogonal. The C 3 orthogonal orientation of the α-isomer allows the hydroxyl groups in the LDH to undergo H-bonding to six oxygens of the upper M 3 triad and to three terminal oxygens on the opposing side of the POM. Conversely, the C 2 orthogonal orientation permits 12 H-bonding interactions to 8 terminal and 4 bridging POM oxygen atoms. Thus, a larger number of H-bonds should favor the C 2 orthogonal orientation. Accordingly, the intercalation of β-isomers of Keggin type POM was slow and incomplete. For example, the β-[SiV 3 W 9 O 40 ] 7- POM anion which has a C 3v oxygen framework symmetry, undergoes partial intercalation in Zn 2 Al-LDHs. As discussed earlier, in the β-Keggin structure, one of the edge-shared M 3 O 13 triplets of the α-structure is rotated by 60° around the C 3 axis (Figure 2B). Thus once the β-isomer is intercalated inside the LDH galleries with an orientation similar to that of the α-isomer, its preferred orientation is one with the C 3 axis inclined. In this orientation the β-Keggin ion is capable of mimicking only half the H-bonding interaction encountered for a C 2 orthogonal orientation of the α-isomer. One face of the POM experiences guest-host interactions equivalent to those found for the C 3 orthogonal orientation of α, but the H-bonding pattern on the opposite face of the POM is completely disrupted. As a result POM anions such as β-SiW 11 O 39 8- , β-SiV 3 W 9 O 40 7- , with β-Keggin type structures undergo only partial intercalation. The anions that posses structures other than Keggin- or lacunary Keggin-type also can be intercalated using this procedure. For example intercalation of smaller POM anions with Anderson type structures such as V 10 O 28 6- give crystalline products with basal spacing of about 12 Å (Figure 3C). This process of incorporating large POM anions into hydrotalcite structure has several novel features. Most importantly, the anion exchange reactions do not require controlled pH conditions, and the methods are convenient and fast. Furthermore, all the products prepared according to this invention afford pure and completely intercalated crystalline products with basal spacings of 14 Å or higher with high surface area values (Table 1). Although not discussed here, all the materials were further characterized by NMR, IR and other techniques. The types of POMs that can be intercalated are not limited to the ones described in this invention. The processes described could be adapted for the intercalation of any suitable POM anion. The preparation of materials prepared by the reaction of polyoxometalate anion with Zn/Al -LDH has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,774,212 by Drezdon. In this latter work pillaring by relatively small POMs with Anderson type structures such as V 10 O 28 6- , Mo 7 O 24 6- and W 7 O 24 6- were disclosed. In the preparation of these materials, controlled acidic conditions and LDH precursors intercalated by dicarboxylate anions were used. Hydrotalcite-like materials were first interlayered by dicarboxylate anions to obtain organic anion derivatives with basal spacings of about 14 Å. These dicarboxylate anion pillared LDHs were then treated with vanadates, molybdates or tungstates at controlled acidic pH conditions to intercalate V 10 O 26 6- , Mo 7 O 24 6- and W 7 O 24 6- anions (Figure 1), with basal spacings of about 12 Å. By following the teachings of our disclosure we can also intercalate these smaller ions into LDH structures (Figure 3C). The emphasis of our invention was the synthesis of POM-intercalated LDHs that result in higher basal spacings of 14 Å or more. The polyoxometalates selected have Keggin-type structures or related ones. A second patent, U.S. Patent No. 4,454,244 by Wolterman, also has claimed the preparation of several POM-LDH reaction products. The POMs used by Wolterman were mostly non-Keggin type anions such as V 10 O 28 6- , Mo 2 O 7 6- , Ta 6 O 18 (OH) 7- etc. His starting materials were either the nitrates or chlorides of ZN/Al or Mg/Al-LDHs. These solid LDHs were slurried in solutions containing POM anions to obtain POM-containing products. However, no XRD or analytical data were given in the patent to support the presence of a pillared crystalline phase. The pillaring of a layered solid by a gallery ion requires that the product be crystalline with the host structure still intact following insertion of the guest. Depending on the pH, however, the reaction of a LDH and a POM can lead to hydrolysis products that are amorphous non-pillared phases and to diffusely crystalline impurities. Thus, we have made several attempts as described below to characterize some of Wolterman's materials by following the teachings of his patent. Following the conditions given in U.S. Patent No. 4,454,244, we have found the reaction products to be largely X-ray amorphous and impure. For example, the yellow product said to be V 10 O 28 6- intercalated into a Zn 2 Al-LDH was found to be X-ray amorphous as judged by the absence of distinct Bragg reflections. The X-ray diffraction pattern for this product is shown in Figure 6B. The diffuse reflection near 10-11 Å are coincident with the reflections for poorly formed Mg or Al salts of the POM; they are not characteristic of a pillared LDH-V 10 O 28 6- . In contrast, the V 10 O 28 6- intercalated Zn 2 Al-LDH prepared according to our teachings as disclosed in this patent was an analytically pure, crystalline layered material. The XRD of the [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ](V 10 O 28 ) 1/6 .xH 2 O product synthesized according to our teachings showed four orders of 00l harmonics corresponding to a basal spacing of 11.9 Å (Figure 3C). This basal spacings corresponded to gallery heights of 7.1 Å (three oxygen planes) and to a V 10 O 28 6- orientation in which the C 2 axis is parallel to the host layers. U.S. Patent No, 4,454,244 further claimed the intercalation of four Keggin-type POM anions. These included, PMo 12 O 40 3- , PW 12 O 40 3- , PMo 6 V 6 O 40 5- and PMo 6 W 6 O 40 5- . We believe that one of these anions, namely PMo 6 V 6 O 40 5- is not known to the public. The known P, Mo, V containing Keggin-type POMs include PMo 11 VO 40 4- , PMo 10 V 2 O 40 5- , and PMo 9 V 3 O 40 6- , but not PMo 6 V 6 O 40 5- . Moreover, a POM that contained six V, six Mo and one P, if it existed, should have an overall anion charge of minus 9, i.e., PMo 6 V 6 O 40 9- . Our attempts to intercalate a Keggin-type polyoxometalate according to Wolterman's method also resulted in an X-ray amorphous materials. For example the reaction of, [PW 12 O 40 ] 3- with Zn 2 Al-NO 3 according to the procedures given in example 5 of U.S. Patent 4,454,244 resulted in a material that was largely X-ray amorphous (Figure 5C). Furthermore, the reaction of Zn 2 Al-NO 3 and the Keggin ion α-SiV 3 W 9 O 40 7- , resulted in a product which showed diffuse scattering features (Figure 5D) that were different from those observed for an authentic sample of pillared [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ](SiV 3 W 9 O 40 ) 1/7 .xH 2 O which we discussed earlier (cf., Figure 3B). The diffuse XRD peaks in Figure 5C and 5D were consistent with those observed for the Mg 2+ or Al 3+ salts of the POM. We have also found that the products prepared according to Wolterman's teachings were not only amorphous and impure, but also exhibited physical properties different from an authentic, crystalline pillared LDH-POM. For example, the N 2 BET surface area of 155 m 2 /g was observed for the crystalline α-SiV 3 W 9 O 40 7- intercalated LDH prepared according to our teachings, when out gassing was done at 150°C under vacuum. However a much lower surface area of 47 m 2 /g was observed under analogous conditions for the amorphous material prepared according to Wolterman's method. The above observations clearly demonstrate that the POM intercalated LDH materials we disclose here have compositions and properties different from the ones resulting from the work of Drezdon (U.S. Patent No. 4,774,212) and the work of Wolterman (U.S. Patent No. 4,454,244). We have presented in this disclosure, evidence to prove that our materials contain Keggin ions intercalated between LDH layers with retention of crystallinity. We believe that the Keggin-anion products claimed in U.S. Patent No. 4,454,244 were amorphous and impure M II and M III -POM sans outside the composition of matter represented by our materials. On the basis of the known catalytic properties of POMs and hydrotalcites, the POM-intercalated hydrotalcites of this invention may be useful as catalysts for many industrially important processes including the oxidation of methane, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides etc., most likely at temperatures in the range of from 100-1000°C. The following examples will serve to illustrate certain embodiments of the herein disclosed invention. EXAMPLE 1 The preparation of [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ]X.zH 2 O (X = NO 3 , Cl) is described in this example. All the manipulations were carried out under a N 2 atmosphere, and the water used as a solvent was pre-boiled for about 2 hours under N 2 before using. To a 200-ml solution of 0.1M Al(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O was added a 1.0 M solution of NaOH until the pH of the solution was 7. The white slurry was stirred for one hour, and a 200-ml solution of 0.3M Zn(NO 3 ) 2 was added drop-wise. The pH of the mixture was maintained at about 6.0, by adding NaOH. The resulting slurry was boiled for 24h under a nitrogen atmosphere. (Boiling this suspension for one week produced products with high crystallinity.) The product, [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ]NO 3. zH 2 O, was washed several times with water by centrifugation, and stored as an aqueous slurry. A portion of the slurry was dried in air. The X-ray diffraction powder pattern of the dried solid corresponds in to a LDH structure with a basal spacing value of 8.9 Å. By employing a similar method, the Cl - derivative, [Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 ]Cl.zH 2 O, can be prepared using AlCl 3 and MgCl 2 as starting materials. EXAMPLE 2 The general preparation of polyoxometalate-intercalated Zn/Al LDH materials is described in this example. A boiling solution containing about a 5 mequiv. portion of a Zn 2 Al-X (X = NO 3 , or Cl) LDH slurry, prepared by the method in Example 1, was added drop-wise to a stirred aqueous solution containing about 7.5 mequiv. of the desired polyoxometalate anion. After the additions were complete, the pH of the resultant slurries were adjusted to about 6 by adding dilute HNO 3 acid. The slurries were stirred for about 1 h and the solid products were isolated and washed thoroughly with water by centrifugation, The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the dried solids correspond to hydrotalcite-like layered structures, with polyoxometalate anions in the gallery (Figures 3B, 3C, 4A and 4B). The basal spacings are given in Table 1. Chemical analyses conformed to the structure Zn 2 Al(OH) 6 [POM ] 1/n .YH 2 O, where POM represent the polyoxometalate with a negative charge of n. The N 2 BET surface area for selected products outgassed at 150°C were also determined (Table 1). Basal Spacings and Surface Areas of Polyoxometalate Pillared Layered Double Hydroxides of the Type [M 1-x M x (OH) 2 ]A x/n · YH 2 O Layer Metals Gallery Anion A n- Basal Spacing Surface Area BET N 2 (m 2 /g) M II M III Zn Al SiFe(III)(SO 3 )W 11 O 39 7- 14.7 ---- PV 14 O 42 9- 14.5 ---- H 2 W 12 O 42 10- 14.1 15 NaP 5 W 30 O 110 14- 16.5 8 PMo 2 W 9 O 39 7- 14.5 ---- BCo(II)W 11 O 39 7- 14.3 ---- BCu(II)W 11 O 39 7- 14.4 ---- BW 11 O 39 9- 14.5 96

Claims: An intercalated uniform crystalline layered double hydroxide clay composition conforming to the formula [Zn 1-x Al X (OH) 2 ]A x/n ·yH 2 O wherein A is a polyoxometalate anion of charge n - , x is between 0.12 and 0.8, and which provides a pillar height greater than 9 Å and an X-ray diffraction basal spacing value greater than 14 Å, A being selected from H 2 W 12 O 42 10- , PV 14 O 42 9- , NaP 5 W 30 O 110 14- , SiFe(III)(SO 3 )W 11 O 39 7- , BV(V)W 11 O 40 6- , PV 3 W 9 O 40 6- , PMo 2 W 9 O 39 7- , BCo(II)W 11 O 39 7- , BCu(II)W 11 O 39 7- , BW 11 O 39 9- and BCo(III)W 11 O 39 6- . The use of an intercalated uniform crytalline layered double-hydroxide clay composition according to claim 1 as catalyst in the oxidation of methane, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides.

Inventors: AMARASEKERA JAYANTHA, DIMOTAKIS EMMANUEL DR, KWON TAEHYUN, PINNAVAIA THOMAS J, AMARASEKERA, JAYANTHA, DIMOTAKIS, EMMANUEL, DR., KWON, TAEHYUN, PINNAVAIA, THOMAS J.
Applicants: UNIV MICHIGAN STATE, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C01B13
IPC codes: B01J20, C01G9, B01J23, B01J29, C01B13, B01D53