Apparatus and method for controlling an internal combustion engine

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for controlling an internal combustion engine comprising a fuel injector for supplying fuel to said engine, operator controlled speed means for controlling the speed of said engine, sensor means for sensing certain engine running conditions and a control means for controlling the operation of the engine in response to the condition sensed by said sensor means. More particularly an engine load responsive parameter of the engine is detected and compared with a desired target value, or is discriminated for determining the rate of change of said parameter, to derive a control signal for controlling at least one engine running parameter in a manner approaching the detected engine load responsive parameter to said target value thereof.

Description: The present invention relates to the field of direct fuel injection in internal combustion engines. More specifically the present invention relates to an apparatus and to a method for controlling an internal combustion engine. The use of fuel injection and particularly direct cylinder fuel injection seems to be a viable way of coping with the control of exhaust gas emissions and the achievement of high fuel efficiency with internal combustion engines. This is particularly true in conjunction with two cycle, crankcase compression internal combustion engine. However, it is essential to provide an adequate and yet relatively simple control for the amount of fuel and timing of the fuel injected by the fuel injector to achieve the desired results. The amount of fuel injected by the fuel injector and the timing of the injection is controlled in many injection systems in response to two sensed engine parameters, intake air amount and engine speed. Where these two control parameters are employed there are certain difficulties, however, particularly in conjunction with two cycle engines. In the low load low speed range, such as at idling or when trolling with an outboard motor, it is difficult to stabilize the engine speed because the intake air amount fluctuates. Also, if the fuel control is varied in response to sensed engine speed and intake air amount, there is a time delay between the measuring of these parameters and the calculating of the engine fuel control parameters which can cause a delay in speed change response. This is particularly likely to cause a delay in speed increase when the engine is abruptly accelerated. In order to eliminate some of the difficulties noted, it has been proposed to provide a fuel injection control system that has control phases relating to the load on the engine. For example, the engine can have control phases which differ depending upon whether the engine is operating in a low, medium or high load ranges. With such systems, when the throttle opening is set to a relatively small value, the engine is determined to be in the low load mode and the fuel control is only determined on the basis of engine speed without relation to intake air amount. As a result, the fluctuations resulting from the changes in intake air amount are eliminated. However, when the engine throttle is opened to a larger extent such as to indicate high load, then the fuel control is determined only on the basis of intake air amount regardless of actual engine speed. When the engine is operating in the mid range, the fuel control is determined by a mixture of the engine speed and intake air amount. It should be understood that it would be possible, to provide a system that measures all parameters of the engine and contains a plurality of maps so as to provide the ideal fuel control under all conditions. However, such an arrangement would employ an extremely expensive and complicated computer and hence is not practical for large volume usage. A system of control where the engine is operated by a control strategy as aforedescribed depending upon the load range, there are still some problems. These problems occur during transient conditions when the engine is being abruptly accelerated or decelerated. For example, when the engine is operating at a high speed and is abruptly decelerated, if the deceleration brings the speed of the engine into the low load range, then the control parameters are changed at once to values for lowering the engine speed and may cause the engine to be stalled. If the deceleration is into the medium load range and the fuel control parameters are varied relating to intake air amount and engine speed, the reaction time is slow due to the delay of measuring of the intake air amount and the engine speed will not be reduced smoothly from high speed to a lower speed. Problems also can occur when the engine is operating at low speeds and is abruptly accelerated. If the acceleration is into the medium load range and the engine fuel control is then varied relative to intake air amount and engine speed, the reaction time again is slow due to the delay in the amount of intake air detection and the speed is not raised in a smooth manner. There are also systems which do not divide the load conditions into three loads, as aforenoted, but only two loads, high load and low load. These systems also have the disadvantages already noted. Moreover, waves and water level fluctuations cause the load on the propulsion system of a boat to vary. This variation may be significant when the boat is trolling and even while a boat is idling. This in turn causes the engine speed to rise and fall. This variation in engine speed causes irregular combustion, fuel wastage, and may cause the engine to stall. JP-A-1-294936 has disclosed a fuel injection control system which purports to prevent fuel blowby by scavenging the intake air supplied through an intake passage separate from the fuel-air mixture supply system. The system purports to prevent misfire through combustion, under stratified condition around the ignition plug, of fuel-air mixture in the inflammable state. US-A-4,955,341 shows a system for controlling the idling speed of a direct fuel injected, crank case scavenged, two stroke engine. The system controls the engine speed by either advancing or retarding the fuel injection to the cylinders based on the difference between the actual idling speed and a target idling speed. However, this system controls fuel injection timing only when the throttle is detected in the closed position. Thus there is felt a need for a fuel injection control system for controlling engine speed at all times during operation of the engine. As the engine load is varied by waves or water level fluctuations while the boat is running with the throttle opening kept fixed, the engine revolution speed also varies and the passengers may feel unpleasant. To stabilize the engine revolution speed of a crank case scavenged, two stroke engine, prior fuel injection control systems have adjusted the intake air amount by adjusting the throttle opening, and the intake passage cross-sectional area. However, this requires the installation of actuators for adjusting the throttle opening, and the intake passage cross-sectional area, to stabilize the engine revolution speed by adjusting the intake air amount. The performance of these systems may deteriorate over time due to salt damage to the actuators. From EP-A-0 216 111 a fuel injection system and control method is known. There, the opening time of a fuel injection valve is controlled by valve opening time determining means on the basis of a pre-stored program and in accordance with various operation parameters such as the intake air flow rate, engine speed and engine temperature. Further the system has means for detecting at least one of the offset of the engine speed from a command speed and the engine speed variation per unit time, the data being used together with the above-mentioned operation parameters in controlling the operation time of the fuel injection value. However, if the fuel control is varied in response to the engine speed and intake air amount there will be a time delay between the measuring of these parameters and the calculation of the engine fuel control parameters which causes a delay in speed change response. Further, from US-A-4 344 397 a method for operation of a spark ignited internal combustion engine and arrangement for execution of this method is known, wherein the engine idle speed is stabilized by a successive three stage control system which sequentially regulates ignition timing, fuel quantity and air through put volume. Further, from WO 89/11028 a vehicle speed control system comprising two controllers is known wherein the amount of fuel and/or air supplied to the vehicle engine is determined on the basis of vehicle speed signals and engine speed signals. US-A-4 509 477 discloses : Idling speed of the internal combustion engine is controlled to a predetermined engine speed by correcting an engine operating parameter, such as, an ignition timing, the quantity of fuel injection, etc., to suppress a variation rate of the engine torque. Instead of detecting the torque variation rate directly, an engine speed variation rate is detected, and a correction value of the engine parameter is determined as a function of the engine speed variation rate. Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide an apparatus and method for controlling an internal combustion engine as indicated above, specifically for controlling the engine speed or coping with transient load conditions of the engine such that variations of the engine revolution speed due to load variations caused by waves and water level fluctuations are controlled and irregular combustion in the engine is prevented without sacrificing either fuel efficiency or exhaust gas purification, requiring only a minimum number of sensed conditions for appropriately controlling a system, such as a fuel control system, governing the engine performance and resulting is a relatively simple and uncomplicated structure and operation of said apparatus. According to the present invention the afore-indicated objective is acquired by means of an apparatus comprising the features of claim 1. Preferrably the sensor means comprises a throttle position sensor for sensing the opening degree of throttle valve and a means for sensing the engine speed, a means for determining a desired engine speed based on the throttle position to feed the control means for generating a signal corresponding to the difference between the engine speed sensed and the desired engine speed with said signal being supplied to a control unit for adjusting the engine running parameter, preferably the timing or amount of fuel being injected to a cylinder of the engine, the reduce the difference between said sensed and desired engine speeds. According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention the apparatus comprises a first throttle position sensor for detecting the opening degree of throttle valve, a second speed sensor for sensing the revolution speed of the engine, a means for sensing whether the amount of intake air is in an air excess range, a discrimination means coupled to the air excess range detection means for determining whether the throttle position has been substantially held constant for a predetermined period, a means for determining a desired engine speed based on the throttle position, all said afore-indicated means being connected to the control means for producing a signal corresponding to the difference between the engine speed sensed and the desired engine speed when the throttle position has been held substantially constant for the predetermined period, feeding said signal to a control unit for adjusting at least one engine running parameter to reduce the difference between said sensed and desired engine speeds. In order to cope with transient load conditions to stabilize engine running performance, the control means of the apparatus is adapted to control the operation of the fuel injector in response to engine running conditions sensed by the sensor means, wherein a means is provided for sensing an abrupt change in the condition of the operator controlled speed means and the control means feeds a signal to adjust the operation of the control unit to control the operation of the fuel injector in response to a sensed abrupt change in the condition of said operator control speed means. Preferably, in addition to said injection timing the amount of fuel being injected to a cylinder of the engine is controlled. In view of the method aspects of the present invention the above objective is performed by a method as indicated in claim 20. Further preferred embodiments of the present invention both in view of apparatus features and method steps are laid down in the further related subclaims, respectively. In the following the present invention is explained in greater detail by means of several preferred embodiments thereof in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view taken through a power head of an outboard motor having an internal combustion engine with an apparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention operating the fuel injection system, showing a portion of the control means thereof schematically, Figure 2 is a top plane view of the outboard motor of Figure 1 with a portion of the protective cowling removed, Figure 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken through one cylinder of the internal combustion engine showing a fuel injector and its relationship to the combustion chamber of the engine, Figure 4 is a graphical view showing the fuel and injection valve timing of the embodiments of the present invention, Figure 5 is a graphical view of pressure in relation to crank angle indicating how the injection timing can vary the amount of fuel injected according to the embodiments of the present invention, Figure 6 is a block diagram showing a control routine in accordance with a control method according to the first embodiment of the present invention, Figure 7 is a block diagram showing another control routine according to a modification of said first embodiment of the present invention, Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view through the power head of an outboard motor corresponding to Figure 1 including an apparatus for controlling same according to a second embodiment of the present invention, operating the fuel injection system, showing a portion of the control means thereof schematically, Figure 9 is a graphical view representing the relation between the difference the detected and desired engine speeds and the advancing or retarding of injection timing, Figure 10 is a block diagram showing a control routine in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention shown in Figure 8, Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view taken through the power head of an outboard motor similar to Figures 1 and 8 with a control apparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention, Figure 12 is a cross-sectional view similar to Figure 11 according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, Figure 13 and Figure 14 is a block diagram showing the control routine in accordance with the third embodiment of the present invention according to Figure 11. Referring first to Figures 1 and 2, a portion of an outboard motor is shown partially and is identified generally by the reference numeral 11. The invention is described in conjunction with an outboard motor because outboard motors frequently employ two cycle, crankcase compression, internal combustion engines and the invention has particular utility in conjunction with such engines. It will be understood, however, by those skilled in the art that the invention or at least certain facets of it can be employed with engines operating other than on the two stroke principle and also engines other than reciprocating engines. The outboard motor 11 includes a power head, indicated generally by the reference numeral 12 which is comprised of a lower tray portion 13 and a main cowling portion 14 which is removed in Figure 2 so as to more clearly show the construction. Contained within the protective cowling 12 is an internal combustion engine, indicated generally by the reference numeral 15, and which as aforenoted operates on a two stroke crankcase compression principle. The engine 15 is, in the illustrated embodiment, of the V-6 type although it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art how the invention can be employed with engines having different numbers of cylinders. The engine 15 includes a cylinder block 16 having angularly disposed cylinder banks each of which is formed with three cylinder bores 17. Each cylinder bore slideably supports a piston 18 which is connected to a connecting rod 19 which, in turn, drives a crankshaft 21. As is conventional in outboard motor practice, the crankshaft 21 rotates about a vertically extending axis and drives a drive shaft 22 which extends through the lower unit of the outboard motor (not shown) to drive a propulsion device in a well known manner. The crankshaft 21 is rotatably journalled within a crankcase formed by the lower end of the cylinder block 16 and a crankcase member 23 which is affixed to the cylinder block 16 in a known manner. The chambers of the crankcase are divided so that there is a single chamber for each cylinder bore 17, as is well known in two cycle engine practice. An air charge is delivered to each of the crankcase chambers from an air intake device 24 that is contained within the protective cowling 12. The air intake device 24 delivers air to a manifold 25 in which a plurality of flow controlling throttle valves 26 are positioned for controlling the speed of the engine 15 in a well known manner. The throttle valves 26 are all connected together by means of a linkage system 27 and are operated from a remotely positioned operator control mechanism of a well known type. The air charge which is delivered to the crankcase chambers by the induction system described is then transferred to the area above the pistons 18 through a plurality of scavenge passages 28. This charge is then further compressed between the heads of the pistons 18 and a cylinder head assembly 29 which is affixed to the cylinder block 16 in a known manner. Fuel is injected into the combustion chambers by air/fuel injector units, indicated generally by the reference numeral 31 and which have a construction which will be described later by particular reference to Figure 3. This charge is then fired by spark plugs 32 to drive the pistons 18 downwardly. The burnt charge is then exhausted through exhaust ports 33 into an exhaust manifold (not shown) for discharge to the atmosphere through an underwater exhaust gas discharge, as is typical with outboard motor practice. Referring now to Figures 3 and 4, as has been noted the injector 31 is an air/fuel injector. Of course, the invention can be employed in conjunction with injectors that inject only fuel as well as injectors that inject fuel and air. The injector 31 includes a housing assembly 34 having a lower portion 35 that is fixed into the cylinder head 29 and which defines a valve seat with which an injector valve 36 cooperates. The injector valve 36 is electrically operated by means of a solenoid 37 positioned within the upper end of the housing 34 and which cooperates with an armature 38 that is affixed to the upper end of the injector valve 36. A coil compression spring 39 acts to urge the armature 38 and injector valve 36 to its closed position. Fuel is supplied to a chamber of the housing assembly 34 by a high pressure fuel injector 41 that receives fuel under pressure from a high pressure pump (not shown). In addition, compressed air is also delivered to this or another chamber from a high pressure air pump (not shown). The chamber is normally charged with air under pressure at all times and fuel is delivered to the chamber by the fuel injector 41 as shown in Figure 4 upon the initiation of a fuel injection pulse at the point in time A. The amount of fuel injected is varied by changing the duration of the pulse. The injector valve 36 is opened at a time B by energizing the solenoid 37 and the injector valve 36 is held open for a predetermined time period to permit the fuel and air charge to be admitted to the combustion chamber. The described construction assumes that fuel is delivered to the chamber before the injector valve 36 is opened. It should be obvious that other types of strategies can be employed wherein fuel is injected only at the time when the injector valve 36 is opened. The actual type of injector employed is not critical to the invention inasmuch as the invention relates to the manner in which the fuel injection is controlled. While the afore-indicated design of the outboard motor 11 is more or less conventional in the art and is the same for all embodiments of the present invention described hereinafter the apparatus for controlling the internal combustion engine 15 is not and several embodiments thereof are described hereinafter starting with Figure 1 related to a control arrangement which adjusts the operation of the control means, preferably of the air/fuel injectors 31 is response to a sensed abrupt change in the load condition of the engine 15, for example as caused by a sudden acceleration or deceleration of the engine. Finally, in this case, also the strategy for providing the amount of fuel required for a given running condition may be of any conventional type and preferably is one that is divided into load ranges such as low load-low speed, medium load-medium speed and high load-high speed ranges. In such a system the low load fuel requirements are provided primarily in response to the sensing of the engine speed of the engine while at the high load-high speed condition, the requirements are met by sensing primarily the throttle position. In the intermediate or mid-range, a combination of these signals are employed to provide the fuel control. Alternatively, the first embodiment of the present invention may be employed in systems that divide the engine control int only low and high speed ranges and sense parameters, as aforenoted. The present first embodiment as exemplified in Figs 1 to 7, however, is concerned with adjusting the amount of fuel supplied in response to sudden acceleration or deceleration under certain conditions, as will be described. The amount of fuel supplied may be adjusted either by adjusting the duration of fuel injection from the injector 41 or the timing of the injection. Figure 5 is a graphical view showing how the timing of injection will be effective to change the amount of fuel which is actually injected. Figure 5 is a graphical view wherein the curve shows the combustion chamber pressure in relation to crank angle. If it is assumed that the pressure of the air supplied by the fuel/air injector 41 is constant and, therefore, it should be readily seen that if the injector valve 26 is opened at the time t 1 there will be a pressure difference P1 that is relatively small and hence a relatively small amount of fuel and air will be injected for a given duration of injection. If, however, the injection time is advanced to the time t 2 then there will be a greater pressure difference P2 and hence a greater amount of fuel and air will be injected during a given period of injection. In addition to changing the amount of fuel and air injected either by changing duration or timing, a combination of these two methods may be employed. Referring again primarily to Figure 1, the engine 15 is provided with a control system embodying certain components, shown in block form, and certain sensors for sensing engine operating characteristics. These engine condition sensors include a throttle position sensor 42 that is associated with one of the throttle valves 26 and which outputs a signal to the control circuit, indicated generally by the reference numeral 43 and specifically to a load range condition sensing unit 44 and a transient operation recognizing unit 45. The load range unit 44 determines the load range that the engine 15 is operating. That is, if the control system 43 operates during three distinct load ranges (low, medium and high) or one with only two range (low and high) the unit 44 determines which range the engine is operating in from the degree opening of the throttle valves 26. The transient condition sensing unit 45, on the other hand, senses actual position of the throttle valves 26 at selected time increments and hence will provide an indication of when the throttle valve 26 is being opened or closed rapidly to indicate rapid acceleration or deceleration. The units 44 and 45 output their signals to an engine control parameter determining unit 46 which will determine the necessary amount of fuel. The unit 46 also receives a speed and crank angle signal from a pulser coil 51 of a magneto type ignition system 48 and a pressure signal P from a crankcase pressure sensor 49. Under steady state running conditions, the unit 46 outputs a fuel control signal to a driver or injection control unit 47 which controls the air/fuel injectors 31 and also the fuel injector portion 41 thereof so as to provide the desired fuel/air mixture. As previously noted, under steady state running conditions, the amount of fuel supplied is determined solely by the engine load as determined either by the position of the throttle valve 26 or the air flow as determined by the sensor 49 or a combination thereof, depending upon the specific strategy. However, when the transient condition sensing unit 45 senses a rapid acceleration or deceleration through rapid opening or closing of the throttle valves 26, as determined by the position sensor 42 and the time in the unit 45, then the amount of fuel supplied is adjusted so as to improve running in accordance with a control strategy, for example as shown in Figure 6. The routine of Figure 6 is that that is employed when the main control system operates in three different load ranges, low, medium and high. The program starts at the step S1 and reads the throttle position by the throttle position sensor 42 and the transient load condition unit 45 then at the step S2 makes a determination whether the throttle position is being held constant or is changing. If there is not a transient condition, the program moves to the step S3 so as to set the fuel control by the fuel parameter control unit 46 from an ordinary map of the type employed to set the fuel control for steady state conditions. If, however, as the step S2 it is determined that the engine is in a transient condition, the program moves to the step S4 to determine if there is acceleration or deceleration. If at the step S4 it is determined that the engine is accelerating, the program moves to the step S5 to determine which load range the engine is operating in. If the engine is already in the high load range, no adjustment is required in the amount of fuel supplied in order to obtain smooth running and the program moves to the step S6 so as to have fuel control accomplished by the ordinary map in the engine control parameter unit 46. If, however, the engine is not operating in the high load range, then the program moves to the step S7 so as to increase the amount of fuel injected by either increasing the duration or advancing the timing of the fuel injection or a combination of both. By adding the amount of fuel, it will be insured that smooth and prompt acceleration will occur. If the amount of fuel injected is not increased and/or the timing of the fuel injection is advanced, there will be hesitation in the acceleration. If at the step S4 it is determined that the engine is not accelerating, then it is obvious that the engine is being decelerated and the program moves to the step S8 to determine if the engine is operating in the low load range. If the engine is in the low load range and it is being decelerated, the supply of the amount of fuel determined by the actual load range may be so low as to cause the engine to stall. To avoid this, the program moves to the step S9 so as to add an amount of fuel correction either by increasing the duration of the time of fuel injection or advancing the initiation of fuel injection or both. If at the step S8, it is determined that the engine is not operating in the low load range, then the program moves to the step S10 to decrease either the amount of fuel injected or retard the timing of the starting of fuel injection so as to provide a smoother decrease in engine speed. As has been previously noted, the system may also be employed in conjunction with engines that have fuel control systems that only operate over two ranges, low load and high load. Figure 7 shows such a control routine which has certain steps which are the same as those of the control routine for a three range operations and where that is the case those steps have been identified by the same reference numerals. Like the previous program, this program starts at the step S1 to determine the throttle valve position data and then moves to the step S2 wherein the transient condition sensing unit 45 determines if the engine is operating at a transient condition or not. If not, the program moves to the step S3 so as to set the fuel control by the ordinary map in the engine control parameter unit 46. If at the step S2 it is determined that the engine is not in a transient condition, then the program moves to the step S4 to determine if the engine is accelerating or not. If the engine is not accelerating then the program moves to the step S8, as with the previously described control routine, to see if the engine is operating in the low load range. If the engine is in the low load range, then the program moves to the step S9 to increase the fuel supply either by increasing the duration or advancing the timing of the beginning of injection so as to prevent stalling, for the reasons noted in connection with the description of the embodiment of Figure 6. If, however, at the step S8 it is determined that the engine is not operating in the low load range, then the program moves to the step S10 so as to either decrease the amount of fuel injected or retard the timing of initiation of fuel injection or a combination of them to provide a smooth engine speed decrease. If at the step S4 it has been determined that the engine is accelerating, then the program moves to a step S11 so as to either increase the amount of fuel injected or advance the fuel injection initiation or a combination thereof so as to provide a smooth and rapid acceleration. It should be readily apparent from the foregoing description that the described embodiments of the invention are extremely effective in providing good fuel control for an engine during transient condition so as to preclude stalling and promote smooth operation. Another, second embodiment of the present invention in the following is explained referring to Figures 8 and 9, respectively. Same portions and features of the outboard motor 11 again are denoted by the same reference numerals as explained in the preceding first embodiment and a detailed explanation thereof is not repeated again. Accordingly, the explanation of said second embodiment of the present invention is focussed on the aspects of the control circuit 43. The above-mentioned Figures 2 to 5 also embody this second embodiment and an explanation of these Figures is also not repeated here again. As shown in Figure 8 the same outboard motor 11 including a direct fuel injected, scavenaged two-cycle engine 15 is shown as in Figure 1. In the engine 15 air is taken into the combustion chmaber 55 through the air intake device 24 comprising a throttle valve 26 installed in an intake pipe 52 connected with the crankcase 23, a reed valve 53, crank chamber 54 and a scavenging passage 28, while a fuel/air-mixture is directly injected into a portion of the combustion chamber 55 around the spark plug 24 by the air/fuel injector 31 mounted on the cylinder head 29 (Figure 3). Each air/fuel injector or other injector device 31 meters fuel fed by a fuel pump (not shown) through a pressure regulator with the metering device of the high pressure fuel injector 41 and supplies the metered fuel to the metering chamber 56 at the supply starting timing A shown in Figure 4. The metering chamber 56 is kept supplied with compressed air from an air compressor at a pressure regulated by a pressure regulator and the fuel supplied to the metering chamber 56 is injected as an air/fuel-mixture into the combustion chamber 55 when the injection valve 36 is opened at the injection starting timing B shown in Figure 4. According to this second embodiment of the present invention the engine 15 comprises a fuel injection control circuit 43 for controlling the high pressure fuel injectors 41 composed of a revolution speed detector 57, a revolution speed comparator 58, an injection timing computer 59 and an injection signal generator 60, the two latter mentioned units correspond to the injector control unit 47 of the first embodiment of Figure 1. The revolution speed detector 57 detects the current engine revolution speed through a pulser coil 51 installed on the engine 15 around the upper end portion of the crankshaft 21, and the revolution speed comparator 58 compares the current engine revolution speed detected by the revolution speed detector 57 with the desired revolution speed obtained from the throttle opening detected by the throttle opening sensor (detector) 42. The desired revolution speed is stored as a two-dimensional map in the memory integrated in the fuel injection control system 43, and is calculated based on the throttle opening angle. The injection timing computer 59 adjusts the injection starting timing A of the injection device 31 in response to the comparison result of the revolution speed comparator 58 as shown in Fig. 9; it advances the injection starting timing when the detected engine revolution speed is lower than the desired revolution speed, and it retards the injection starting timing when the detected engine revolution speed is higher than the desired revolution speed. In addition, other engine parameters such as the amount of fuel injected to the cylinder and the timing of the spark, may be adjusted in response to the comparison result of the revolution comparator 58. The injection signal generator 60 (corresponding to the injector control unit 47 of Figure 1) delivers an injection valve opening signal to the injection device 31 at the injection starting timing A based on the computing result of the injection timing computer 59. The injection valve opening signal is generated when the throttle opening angle is smaller than a constant angle stored in the memory integrated in the fuel injection control system 43. In operation of the 2-cycle engine 15, a fuel-air mixture including at least Q mm 3 of fuel per cycle is injected from the injection device 31 to provide the appropriate fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber portion around the spark plug 32. In addition, excessive air sufficient for improving fuel consumption and exhaust gas purification is taken into the combustion chamber 55. This allows the injection starting timing to be retarded so that the revolution speed can be lowered even if the Q mm 3 of fuel per cycle is perfectly combusted and develops a great amount of energy. In engine 15, the larger the pressure difference between the fuel-air mixture and the combustion chamber interior the more complete is the atomization of the fuel. That is, the more advanced the injection starting timing as shown in Fig. 5, the better the fuel atomization. This in turn improves fuel combustion. Therefore, when the engine load increases due to waves or water level fluctuations while idling or trolling and the engine revolution speed is lowered, the control system 43 advances the injection starting timing in response to the drop in engine revolution speed. By this timing advance, fuel atomization and accordingly fuel combustion are improved, energy development is increased, and the engine revolution speed is raised. Figure 10 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of this second embodiment of the present invention. In step 1 of Figure 10 the current throttle opening level is detected and in step 2 shows the current engine revolution speed is detected. In step 3 a desired engine revolution speed based on the detected level of throttle opening is compared with the detected current engine revolution speed. When the current engine revolution speed is greater than the desired engine revolution speed the injection start timing is retarded in step 4. When the detected engine revolution speed is equal to the desired engine revolution speed injection start timing is adjusted based on a predetermined normal value in step 6. Finally, when the detected engine revolution speed is less than the desired engine revolution speed, the injection start timing is advanced in step 5. other engine control parameters may also be varied in response to the detected difference between the detected and desired engine revolution speeds, to achieve the desired engine revolution speed. That is, the engine revolution speed drop caused by the load increase can be prevented without sacrificing fuel consumption and exhaust gas purification. In the following a third and fourth embodiment of the present invention is explained referring to Figures 11 to 13 and 14. Again all explanations provided with respect to the proceeding embodiments according to Figures 1 and 8 apply as far as the structure of the outboard engine 11 itself is concerned and in view of the operation of the control apparatus explained for said further embodiments hereinafter, Figures 2 to 5 also reflect the effects of said fourth and fifth embodiments of the control apparatus for controlling an internal combustion engine, specifically a direct injected, scavenged two-cycle engine. The following embodiments aim to provide a control system effectively reducing engine speed variations without requiring the installation of additional actuators, thus providing an appropriate engine speed regulating system. Again, as in the preceding embodiments Figure 11 discloses a two-cycle engine 15 as explained in greater detail above, having a fuel injection control circuit 43 for controlling the injection device (air/fuel-injectors) 31. In this case the control circuit 43 comprises an air excess range judging unit 63, again a engine control parameter unit (computer) 46 and an injection signal generator 60 (corresponding to the injector control unit 47 in Figure 1). The air-excess range judging unit 63 judges whether or not the amount of air taken in the combustion chamber 55 is in the air-excess range on the basis of the engine revolution speed as represented by the detection signal of a pulser coil 51 installed on the engine 15 around the upper end portion of the crankshaft 21 and the air intake amount based on the opening of throttle valve 26 as represented by the detection signal of the throttle position sensor 42, or as represented by the detection signal of a crank chamber pressure sensor installed in the crank chamber. An engine output recognizing unit 64 is incidentally provided with a load uniformity detector 65 which judges that the engine 15 is in the fixed throttle opening state on the basis of the detection signal of the throttle position sensor 42. The load uniformity detector 65 generates a signal indicating a fixed throttle state whenever the throttle opening is kept fixed for more than a predetermined time. A load detector 66 detects the engine revolution speed on the basis of the detection signal of the pulser coil 51 while the engine 15 is in the fixed throttle opening state. When the engine 15 is in the fixed throttle opening state, a desired revolution speed is calculated based on the degree to which the throttle is open as represented by the signal from the throttle opening detector (throttle position sensor) 42. When the air-excess range judging unit 63 judges that the intake air amount is in the air-excess range, the engine control parameter computer 46 adjusts the fuel injection amount and the injection starting timing so that the desired output recognized by the output recognizing unit may be realized. More specifically, the memory integrated in the air-excess range judging unit 64 stores a three-dimensional map of data for the air-excess ratios that are optimized in response to the throttle opening angle and the engine speeds detected. Based on this map, the air-excess range judging unit 64 judges, immediately upon receiving the signals for the throttle opening angle and the engine speed from the respective sensor 42, 51, whether the air amount detected is in the excess range. In this particular engine, the air-excess ratios over 1 are applied only for relatively small throttle opening angles at low engine speed operation. The ratios 1 and less are applied for all other conditions. The injection signal generator 60 delivers an injection valve opening signal with the injection amount and injection starting timing based on the computing results of the engine control parameter computer 46 More specifically, the air intake amount data, which is experimentally determined to correspond to certain throttle openings and engine speeds, is stored in the engine control parameter computer 46. The engine control parameter computer 46 operates on this data, in light the air-excess ratios, to calculate the fuel injection amount. The fuel injection timing, on the other hand, is predetermined in correspondence with the engine speeds. The engine control parameter computer 46 may be such that it adjusts the ignition timing. In the fuel-air mixture injection type engine 15 according to this invention, the larger the pressure difference between the fuel-air mixture and the combustion chamber interior, the better the fuel atomization and fuel combustion. This, consequently, increases the engine revolution speed. Assuming that the fuel-air mixture pressure is fixed, the lower the combustion chamber pressure, that is, the nearer the injection starting timing is to bottom dead center (the more is advanced the injection starting timing), the larger the pressure difference (see Fig. 5). That is, the output of the engine 15 is increased by advancing the injection starting timing. In the engine 15 since appropriate fuel-air mixture is fed into the combustion chamber 55 portion around the spark plug 32 while sufficient excessive air is taken into the combustion chamber 55 to improve fuel consumption and exhaust gas purification, especially under the condition of small throttle opening angle and low engine speed, the combustion chamber 55 interior is in an air-excess state and excessive air remains there even after the completion of fuel combustion. Figs. 13 and 14 are a flow chart illustrating the operation of an engine control system according to this fourth embodiment of the invention. The degree to which the throttle valve 26 is open is detected in step 1, and the engine speed of revolution is detected in step 2. In step 3 these values are used to determine whether the amount of intake air is in the air-excess range. If the intake air is not in the air-excess range the engine is controlled by predetermined parameters in step 4. If the intake air is in the air-excess range, the system determines whether or not the degree to which the throttle is open has been constant for a predetermined amount of time in step 5. If the throttle has not been in a constant position for a predetermined amount of time, the engine 15 is controlled by the predetermined parameters in step 4. If the degree to which the throttle is open has been constant for a predetermined tine, the system compares the engine speed of revolution with a desired engine speed of revolution based on the degree to which the throttle is open in step 6. When the detected engine speed is greater than the desired engine speed various engine running parameters are modified and the amount of fuel injection is reduced and the injection starting timing and spark timing are retarded in step 7. If the detected engine speed is equal to the desired engine speed, the engine 15 is controlled based on predetermined parameters in step 8. Finally, when the detected engine speed is less than the desired engine speed the amount of fuel injected is increased and the injection starting timing and the spark timing are advanced in step 9. Therefore, the control means 43 adjusts the engine output by adjusting the fuel injection amount and injection starting timing without adjusting the intake air amount by adjusting the throttle opening or the like, and realizes the fixed throttle opening running at a desired engine output while preventing fluctuation of the engine revolution speed. The output of engine 15 may be increased by increasing the fuel injection amount increment, or through higher injection speed achieved by the increased pressure difference corresponding to the advanced injection starting timing, or through the more complete combustion associated with the advanced injection starting timing. That is, the control means 43 stabilizes the engine revolution speed without using actuators for the throttle opening adjustment or the like to realize the desired fixed throttle opening running, as ( especially under conditions of small throttle opening angle and low engine speed) the stable running of the engine is not affected by external disturbances such as waves and water level fluctuations. Another fourth embodiment of the invention as shown in Figure 12 has a control circuit 43 as described hereafter for controlling the injection devices 31 in the engine 15 which is the same as the engine 15 in Figure 11. The control circuit 43 is different from that of Figure 11 in that the output recognizing unit 64 is provided with an output setting switch 67 in place of the load uniformity detector 65 and the load detector 66 as shown in Fig. 15. The output setting switch 67 recognizes the driver's desired output in response to the driver's manual operation of the output setting switch 67 and actuates the engine control parameter computer 46 according to this desired output. The engine output of the engine according to the second embodiment is adjusted toward the driver's desired output and the engine revolution speed is stabilized by changing the engine control parameters in the air-excess range without using actuators for adjusting the intake air amount.

Claims: Apparatus for controlling an internal combustion engine comprising a fuel injector (31) for directly injecting fuel into a combustion chamber, operator controlled speed means for controlling the speed of said engine, sensor means (42,51) for sensing certain engine running conditions and a control means (43) for controlling the operation of the engine in response to the condition sensed by said sensor means, wherein the engine speed as an engine load responsive parameter of the engine (15) is discriminated for determining the rate of change of said parameter, to derive a control signal for controlling an injection start timing and a spark timing in a manner approaching the detected engine load responsive parameter to a target value thereof. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the sensor means comprises a throttle position sensor (42) for sensing the opening degree of a throttle valve (26) and a means (51) for sensing the engine speed, in that a means for determining a desired engine speed based on the throttle position is provided, and in that the control means (43) provides for generating a signal corresponding to the difference between the engine speed sensed and the desired engine speed, said signal being supplied to a control unit (47; 59, 60) for adjusting the engine running parameter to reduce the difference between said sensed and target engine speeds. Apparatus as claimed in claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the sensor means comprises a first throttle position sensor (42) for detecting the opening degree of a throttle valve, a second speed sensor (51) for sensing revolution speed of the engine (15), a means (63) for sensing whether the amount of intake air is in an air excess range, in that a discrimination means (64) coupled to the air excess range detection means is provided for determining whether the throttle position has been substantially constant for a predetermined period, in that a means (46) for determining a desired engine speed based on the throttle position is provided and in that the afore-indicated means are connected to the control means (43) for producing a signal corresponding to the difference between the engine speed sensed and the desired engine speed when the throttle position has been substantially constant for the predetermined period, said signal being supplied to a control unit (60) for adjusting said at least one engine running parameter to reduce the difference between said sensed and target engine speeds. Apparatus as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 3, characterized in that in addition to said fuel injection timing the amount of fuel being injected to a cylinder of the engine is controlled. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that the fuel injection timing is advanced when the engine speed is lower than the desired engine speed, and is delayed when the engine speed is greater than the desired engine speed. Apparatus as claimed in claims 4 or 5, characterized in that the amount of fuel injected to the cylinder is increased when the engine speed is lower than the desired engine speed, and is decreased when the engine speed is greater than the desired engine speed. Apparatus as claimed in claim in one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the spark timing is advanced when the engine speed is lower than the desired engine speed, and is delayed when the engine speed is greater than the desired engine speed. Apparatus as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the means for sensing the engine speed includes a pulser coil (51). Apparatus as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the control means includes an injection timing computer. Apparatus as claimed in one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that a control unit (47 ; 59,60) is adapted to control the operation of the fuel injector (31) in response to said engine running conditions sensed by said sensor means (42), in that a means (45) is provided for sensing an abrupt change in the condition of the operator controlled speed means, and in that the control means (43) provides for a control signal adjusting the operation of said control unit (47) in response to a sensed abrupt change in the condition of said operator controlled speed means. Apparatus as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the control unit (47) for controlling the operation of the fuel injector operates during sensed load ranges of the engine and provides a different control strategy depending upon the range of engine load. Apparatus as claimed in claims 10 or 11, characterized in that the control means (43, 46) for adjusting the operation of the control unit (47) in response to a sensed abrupt change in the condition of said operator controlled speed means is operative to activate the control unit (47) only when the engine (15) is operating is certain load ranges. Apparatus as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 10 to 12, characterized in that said control means (43) is non-operative for activating the control unit (47) when the engine is accelerating and is the high load range. Apparatus as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 10 to 13, characterized in that said control means (43) provides either fuel increase or advancing in the timing of fuel injection when the engine is decelerating and the low load range. Apparatus as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 10 to 14, characterized in that said control means (43) decreases the amount of fuel injected or retards the timing of fuel injection when the engine is decelerating and is not in the low load range. Apparatus as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 10 to 15, characterized in that said control means (43) increases the duration or advances the timing of fuel injection when the engine is accelerating. Apparatus as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that the duration of fuel injection is increased or the timing is advanced only when the engine is not in the high load range. Apparatus as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 10 to 17, characterized in that , the control means (43) comprises a load range condition sensing unit (44) and a transient operation recognizing unit (45) outputting their signals to an engine control parameter determining unit (46 ; 57,58) which, in turn, feeds a injector control unit (47 ; 59,60). Apparatus as claimed in claim 18, characterized in that a throttle position representing signal is supplied to the load range condition sensing unit (44) and the transient condition recognizing unit (45) whereas the pulser coil (51) of the magneto type ignition system (48) supplies engine speed and crank angle responsive signals to the engine control parameter determining unit (46) receiving also a pressure signal (P) from a crankcase pressure sensor (49) to supply a control signal to the injector control unit (47). Method for controlling an internal combustion engine comprising a fuel injector (31) for directly injecting fuel into a combustion chamber of said engine, operator controlled speed means for controlling the speed of the engine, sensor means (42,51) for sensing certain engine running conditions and a control means (43) for controlling the operation of the engine in response to the conditions sensed by said sensor means, comprising the steps of: sensing the engine speed as an engine load responsive parameter of the engine (15), discriminating same for determining the rate of change thereof, to derive a control signal for controlling an injection start timing and spark timing and adjusting same in a manner to approach the detected engine load responsive parameter to a desired target value. Method as claimed in claim 20, characterized by the method steps of: sensing the engine speed, sensing the throttle position, generating a desired engine speed based on the throttle position, comparing the engine speed sensed to said predetermined desired engine speed to determine the difference between the sensed and desired engine speeds, and adjusting an engine running parameter to reduce the difference between said sensed and desired engine speeds. Method as claimed in claims 20 and 21, characterized by the method steps of: sensing the throttle position, sensing the engine speed and determining whether the throttle position has been held substantially unamended for a predetermined period, controlling the engine based on a predetermined set of parameters corresponding to the sensed throttle position in case the sensed throttle position has been changed and has not been substantially held unamended for the predetermined period, generating a desired engine speed corresponding to the sensed throttle position in case the throttle position has been held substantially unamended for the predetermined period, and adjusting at least one engine running parameter to reduce the difference between the sensed and desired engine speeds. Method as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 20 to 22 characterized in that in addition to said fuel injection timing the amount of fuel being injected to a cylinder of the engine is controlled. Method as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 20 to 23, characterized in that the fuel injection timing is advanced when the engine speed lower than the desired engine speed and is delayed when the engine speed is greater than the desired engine speed. Method as claimed in claim 24, characterized in that the amount of fuel injected to the cylinder is increased when the engine speed is lower than the desired engine speed and is decreased when the engine speed is greater than the desired engine speed. Method as claimed in one of claims 20 to 25, characterized in that the spark timing is advanced when the engine speed is lower than the desired engine speed and is delayed when the engine speed is greater than the desired engine speed. Method as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 20 to 26, characterized in that, the engine running parameter is adjusted on the basis of the difference between the sensed and desired engine speeds and on whether the amount of intake air is in the air excess range. Method as claimed in one of claims 20 to 27, characterized by sensing an abrupt change in the condition of said operator controlled speed means and adjusting the operation of said fuel injector in response to a sensed abrupt change in the condition of said operator controlled speed means. Method as claimed in claim 28, characterized in that the operation of the fuel injector is varied in response to the changes in load ranges of the engine and provides a different control strategy depending upon the range of engine load sensed. Method as claimed in claims 28 or 29, characterized in that an adjusting operation of the fuel injector is performed only when the engine (15) is operating is certain load ranges. Method as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 28 to 30, characterized in that an adjusting of the fuel injector is performed when the engine (15) is accelerating and is in the high load range. Method as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 28 to 31, characterized in that adjusting of the fuel injector provides either fuel increase or advancing the timing of fuel injection when the engine (15) is decelerating and in the low load range. Method as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 28 to 32, characterized in that adjusting of the fuel injector decreases the amount of fuel injected or retards the timing of fuel injection when the engine (15) is decelerating and is not in the low load range. Method as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 28 to 33, characterized in that adjusting of the fuel injector increases the duration or advances the timing of fuel injection when the engine is accelerating. Method as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 28 to 34, characterized in that the duration of fuel injection is increased or the timing is advanced only when the engine (15) is not in the high load range.

Inventors: NONAKA KIMIHIRO, NONAKA, KIMIHIRO, NONAKA, KIMIHIRO C/O SANSHIN KOGYO K. K.
Applicants: YAMAHA MOTOR CO LTD, YAMAHA HATSUDOKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1991
Main classification: F02D31
IPC codes: F02B23, F02B75, F02D31, F02F3, F02D41, F02B61