Magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and methods

Abstract: A whole body RF antenna (22) surrounds an examination region (14). A localized coil array (40) having a plurality of coils (42a, 42b, 42c, 42d, 42e) is mounted in the examination region. A switch array (48) selectively connects a selected one of the coils with an output (46). In a pilot or alignment scan, an imaging sequence is conducted using the whole body antenna (22) to generate an image of a portion of the surface coil array and the patient in the examination region. The coil array includes a marker (82) that is readily identifiable in the resultant image displayed on a video monitor (36). The location of slices for more detailed imaging are selected by positioning a cursor (64) on the video display. The position or coordinate system of the selected slices is aligned with the position or coordinate system of the coil array by positioning the cursor over the image of the marker and noting its position. Properties or parameters of each coil of the array are stored in a look up table (74). The parameters of each selected slice and imaging sequence are compared (72) with the properties in the look up table in order to determine an optimal one or more of the coils (42) for use in each imaging sequence. An imaging sequence along each of the slices is conducted utilizing the corresponding selected coils.

Description: The present invention relates to magnetic resonance imaging apparatus and methods. It finds particular application in conjunction with magnetic resonance apparatus and methods for imaging a patient's spinal column and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the invention will also find application in conjunction with imaging other areas of a human or non-human subject, spectroscopically analyzing regions of a subject, and the like. Conventionally, large, patient encircling whole body coils are utilized when imaging large areas of a patient. When imaging a limited, specific region of the patient, a single surface coil is commonly utilized to receive signals from a smaller region of interest. The single surface coil may have multiple elements, all of which are active and work concurrently as a single receiving coil. Various techniques have been developed which take advantage of a surface coil's sensitivity to only a small region when imaging larger regions. In one technique illustrated in "Coil Holder and Marker System for MR Imaging of the Total Spine", Abrahams, et al., Radiology, Volume 172, No. 3, pages 869-871, September 1989, the surface coil was physically moved from location to location. This enabled each image slice to be positioned appropriately within the field of view of the surface coil. In the technique illustrated in "Parallel Image Acquisition from Non-Interacting Local Coils", Hyde, et al., Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Volume 70, pages 512-517, 1986, two surface coils were active concurrently and their outputs combined. One disadvantage of this technique is that it introduced extraneous noise into the system. Specifically, when data was collected to generate a slice within the field of view of one of the coils, the other coil was active and received noise or extraneous signals that were superimposed on the signals from the one coil. One method to avoid summing the output of plural surface coils, was to provide a manual switch for selecting only a single coil to be active at a time. See for example, "Faraday Shielded Switchable Surface Coils Arrays", Molyneaux, et al., SMRI, 1989 Meeting Program and Abstracts, Abstract No. 340, July 1989, U.S. Patent No. 4,924,868 to Krause, et al. Automated switching was suggested in "Switched Array Coils", Requardt, et al., Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Volume 13, pages 385-397, (1990). One of the disadvantages of the Requardt system is that it utilized a hardware card with fixed precoding. Coil and sequence information were hard coded on the card. Modification of the machine was also required. Another disadvantage of this scheme resided in its lack of flexibility. The user was not allowed to define where to put slices, what type of imaging sequences to be run, and the nature of the coils to be used. No provision was made for user parameter selection. Second, the Requardt, et al. system performed the disclosed imaging operations alone, not in conjunction with a conventional whole body coil. The inability to activate the whole body coil rendered it difficult to determine the exact position of the coils and resultant images relative to the whole patient. EP-A-0374 994 discloses a coil system having several Rf surface coils for detection of magnetic resonance signals to be generated in an object to be examined. The coil system comprises at least two systems of adjoining Rf surface coils stacked one on top of the other. A first system of coils comprises at least two elongate surface coils and the second system of coils comprises more than two surface coils which collectively substantially overlap an area comprised by the first system of coils. The coils of each coil system are mutually uncoupled by mutual overlapping. US-A-4668915 discloses a system which uses NMR techniques for three dimensional imaging of living organisms and in which the static and gradient fields not be uniform. It incorporates an image data processing scheme that permits single static and gradient magnetic field sources to image two different objects or patients concurrently through the use of a data processing technique which sorts and routes imaging data from separate sets of sensing devices in response to two separate control and display means to provide control inputs for the common magnetic field sources while controlling data extraction from separate, independent image data receiving probe systems. Response of the two probe systems to the common magnetic field sources is achieved through non-uniform field analysis techniques of the data received through the individual probe systems. DE-A-3920997 discloses a menu display for the pulse sequences. It is an object of the present invention to provide an imaging method and apparatus which overcomes some of the problems mentioned above. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided an imaging apparatus including: means for creating a primary magnetic field through an examination region; means for creating magnetic field gradients across said examination region; a whole examination region antenna for transmitting radio frequency signals into and receiving radio frequency signals from said examination region; transmitter means for selectively supplying radio frequency signals to said antenna; a coil array disposed in said examination region, the coil array including a plurality of independently operable coils and switching means for interconnecting at least one coil with a radio frequency receiver; image reconstruction means operatively connected with said receiver for processing received data; the examination region having a first coordinate system by which locations of the subject within said region are identified and the coil array having a second coordinate system by which locations of coils in said array are identified, aligning means for aligning said first and second coordinate systems; memory means for storing the processed data for selective display on a video monitor; an operator console on which an operator enters magnetic resonance procedure and sequence information; computer control means for automatically selecting at least one said coil of said coil array in accordance with said procedure and sequence information and controlling said switching means to interconnect said at least one coil with said receiver; said computer control means including coil parameter storage means for storing values of at least one parameter for each coil of the array; and comparing means for comparing stored coil parameters with said procedure and sequence information, said comparing means controlling said switching means in accordance with the comparison. According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of magnetic resonance imaging, the method including: disposing a local coil array in an imaging region including a plurality of independently operable coils of a whole imaging region RF antenna; disposing a portion of a subject to be imaged in the imaging region; causing magnetic field gradients across said imaging region and applying radio frequency signals through said antenna to encode and excite magnetic resonance of selected dipoles of said subject; receiving magnetic resonance signals with said antenna and reconstructing the received signals into a first image representation of a portion of said subject and said coil array in said imaging region; determining a correspondence between coordinate systems of said imaging region and said coil array, selecting at least one additional slice to be imaged in accordance with said first image representation; comparing properties of coils of said coil array with selected slice information and automatically selecting by a computer control system at least one coil of the array in accordance with the comparison; conducting a resonance excitation imaging sequence and monitoring resultant resonance signals with at least one selected coil of said array; and reconstructing the resonance signals monitored with the selected coil into an image representation. One advantage of the present invention is that it eliminates operator error in coil selection. The computer automatically selects the most appropriate coil of the coil array for each slice of an imaging procedure without operator input or control. Another advantage of the present invention resides in its flexibility. Any one of a wide variety of coil arrays may be used in a diagnostic scanner without altering the diagnostic scanner or its control systems. The present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of the surface coil array and interface; and Figures 3A and 3B are a flow chart of a computer program for implementing the present invention. With reference to FIGURE 1, a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus includes a main magnetic field control means 10 for controlling a plurality of superconducting or inductive magnets 12 to create a static, linear main magnetic field through an imaging region 14. A gradient field control means 16 applies current pulses to selected gradient coils 18 in order to create gradients across the main magnetic field along x, y, and z axes. A radio frequency transmitter means 20 selectively provides radio frequency pulses to a whole body antenna coil 22 for inducing magnetic resonance therein. In a whole body mode, a switching means 24 connects the whole body antenna 22 with a radio frequency receiver 26. In this manner, the whole body coil 22 acts as a pick up to receive resonance signals emanating from resonating dipoles within. In the preferred embodiment, the whole body coil 22 is used as a pick up coil for pilot or set up images. An image reconstruction means 30 operates on the received magnetic resonance signals with an inverse two dimensional Fourier transform or other appropriate reconstruction algorithm to generate an electronic image representation that is stored in an image memory 32. Electronic image representation from the image memory 32, generally a DRAM or disk memory, are selectively transferred to a video memory means 34, typically a VRAM. The video memory means communicates image data to a video monitor 36 at video rates. With continuing reference to FIGURE 1 and further reference to FIGURE 2, the switching means 24 connects a surface or localized coil array 40 with the receiver 26. The localized coil array includes a plurality of coils 42a, 42b, 42c, etc. Each coil is connected by a preamplifier with an output lead 46 which extends from the coil array 40 in the imaging region to the external switching means 34. A coil array switching means 48 causes the output of a selected coil or selected coils to be transferred to the output lead 46. In the illustrated embodiment, the switching array includes switches interconnected between the coils and the preamplifier such that only one coil supplies a signal to be amplified. Alternately, the coil array switching means switches an operating potential to a selected one or more of a plurality of preamplifiers each connected with an associated coil such that only a selected one(s) of the preamplifiers amplifies and passes the received signal to the output cable 46. Although illustrated as a planar array, other arrays are contemplated. In one embodiment, a pair of coil arrays are disposed on opposite sides of the head for mouth and jaw examination. A flexible chain of coils are selectively wrapped around a patient's chest or other region of interest. With reference again to Figure 1, an operator inputs appropriate control information on an operator console 50. The input information typically includes the type of imaging sequence to be performed, defines the location of the slice, multiple slices, or volume to be imaged, and the like. A computer control means 52 specifies the timing and properties of gradient fields and RF pulses and determines which coil or coils of the coil array 40 should be active during each portion of an imaging routine, such as during each slice. A computer hardware interface means 54 supplies computer control signals to the gradient field control means 16, the transmitter 20, the switching means 24, the receiver 26, and the switching means 48 of the gradient coil array. The operator control panel 50 includes a trackball 60. Movement of the trackball 60 causes cursor electronics 62 to output appropriate control signals to the video memory 34 to superimpose a cursor 64 on the video image displayed on monitor 36. The cursor might typically be a plus, cross, a dot, or the like whose position is changed by moving the trackball 60. The computer means includes a sequence means 66 which converts the operator selected sequence into timing, gradient, and RF pulse signals. The localized coil selection may be based on any of numerous parameters. Selection of the coil based on its field of view is illustrated in the following description by way of example. The operator inputs on the console 50 the command to generate a pilot scan, such as a longitudinal, vertical slice using the whole body coil 22. The resultant image from the longitudinal slice is displayed on the video monitor 36. The operator uses the trackball to position the cursor at each position through which a transverse slice is to be taken. At each slice position, the operator inputs a slice command to distinguish those positions of the moving cursor at which slices are to be taken. A slice control means 70 receives the designations of the coordinates through which slices are to be taken and produces the appropriate magnetic field gradient control signals. A comparing means 72 compares the coordinates of each selected slice with field of view information for each of the surface coils 42 stored in a look up table means 74. That is, by comparing the selected slice coordinates with the coordinates of the center and width of the field of view of each coil, the comparing means determines in which coil's field of view the selected slice is most nearly centered. The comparing means 72 outputs the determined coil designation to the interface means 54. With regard to the surface coil selection, the interface means includes a fiber optic to electrical switching control means 76 which converts a fiber optic output of the comparing means into an electrical signal which is transmitted on a cable 78 to the switching means 48. An aligning means aligns the coordinate system of the surface coil with the coordinate system of the magnetic resonance scanner, in which coordinate system the slices are designated. The aligning means includes a marker means 82 disposed at a preselected location in the coil array 40. The marker means is preferably a vial of a solution that resonates in the normal imaging sequence to produce a mark that is readily identifiable in the resultant image. The mark can be readily identifiable because of its brightness or other magnetic resonance property. Alternately, the mark can be identifiable based on its shape, such as a cross pattern. The look up table 74 is preprogrammed with the field of view specified in relation to a coordinate system identified by the marker means 82. Preferably, the marker means is located at the origin of the coil array coordinate system. In order to bring the coordinate system of the scanner and the surface coil into alignment, the trackball 60 is operated to place the cursor 64 on the mark of the video monitor image attributable to the marker means 82. This positioning of the cursor designates the relationship of the coil array and scanner coordinate systems, e.g. designates in the scanner coordinate system the location of the origin of the coil array coordinate system. A coordinate adjustment or offset means 84 is provided between the comparing means and one of the look up tables 74 and the slice control means 70. The coordinate offset means adjusts, such as by adding or subtracting, the coordinate values indicated when the cursor overlaid the mark. It is to be appreciated, that the position of the mark on the screen can also be determined automatically if the marker is machine identifiable. With reference to Figures 3A and 3B, the computer means performs a series of preliminary steps 90 to provide the operator with information regarding the selection options and ascertain whether a bilateral or transverse spine scan is to be conducted. The pilot and slice selection positioning scans are conducted utilizing steps 92 to generate the bilateral or longitudinal pilot scan image as discussed above. Once the slices have been designated on the bilateral image, a series of transverse slices are taken using spine imaging steps or means 94. In use, the operator selects the protocol and all the associated parameters including the coil type from the console 50. The operator then runs a localizer scan. The localizer scan activates the whole body antenna 22 as described above for a large field of view image. This large field of view image allows the operator to mark the position of the coil relative to the reference point, preferably as indicated above by noting the position of the image from the small vial 82. The system uses the look up table 74 which contains information about a particular coil array 40 being used including the number of subcoils, dimensions in three planes, the reference point, and the effective fields of view in three imaging planes. The system then requests the operator to run a pilot scan in any of the three imaging planes. The appropriate coil for the pilot scan is activated dependent upon the look up table parameters. In most cases, the pilot field of view is larger than the scan field of view and the whole body antenna 22 is used. The pilot acquisition is reconstructed and the system places grids on the pilot image to show the user where each coil 42 of the coil array 40 is located in relation to the patient. The user freely marks the slice positions on the pilot or localizer images. Spine scans are then run with the computer system 52 automatically selecting the optimal coil for each slice based upon the slice positions and the effective fields of view for each coil. Further acquisitions on the same patient can be run using a similar process with all the switching among coils 42 transparent to the operator. It is to be appreciated, that a complete set of views or data lines need not be collected sequentially. Rather, the system may alternate between two or more slices, preferably physically displaced slices, to allow a longer recovery time between contiguous view or data lines. When alternating among slices, the computer means 52 switches among the coils 42 to select the best coil for each view. Where appropriate, two coils can be selected concurrently and their output summed to produce an optimal response. As yet another alternative, second or additional radio frequency receivers may be provided. With multiple receivers, a corresponding number of coils 43 may be active concurrently, each connected to a different one of the receivers. If the operator attempts to select a slice which is out of the field of view of all coils, an appropriate display appears on monitor 36. The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment focused on matching field of view requirements of the coils. Of course, numerous other coil criteria can be matched, not only imaging criteria but also spectroscopy criteria. For example, the coil with the highest signal to noise ratio may be selected for each slice or view. Other criteria include the highest signal to noise at a given point within the field of view, the size of the slice versus the effective field of view of the coil, the best signal to noise over a user defined region of the field of view, combining multiple slices into a larger weighted slice, and the like. Preferably, the control panel 50 is connected with the Interface 76 such that the operator can override the computer selected coils. As discussed above, the pilot or locating scan images not only the vial within the coils, but also the coil outlines. This provides the operator with an indication of the coil versus body position. The operator may opt to elect a coil based on his own criteria rather than those of the computer. In yet another alternate embodiment, the comparing means 72 determines whether a selected slice is outside of the imaging region. If the slice is outside the imaging region, a display to this effect is caused to appear on the monitor 36. Automatically or with operator interface, the patient support couch can be caused to move such that the selected slice is brought into the imaging region. As yet another alternative, the comparing means 72 can control a patient couch drive to center each slice automatically in the field of view of one of the coils by shifting the patient couch.

Claims: An imaging apparatus including: means (10, 12) for creating a primary magnetic field through an examination region (14); means (16, 18) for creating magnetic field gradients across said examination region (14); a whole examination region antenna (22) for transmitting radio frequency signals into and receiving radio frequency signals from said examination region (14); transmitter means (20) for selectively supplying radio frequency signals to said antenna (22); a coil array (40) disposed in said examination region (14), the coil array (40) including a plurality of independently operable coils (42a, 42b, 42c, 42d, 42e) and switching means (24) for interconnecting at least one coil (42a, 42b, 42c, 42d, 42e) with a radio frequency receiver (26); image reconstruction means (30) operatively connected with said receiver for processing received data; the examination region (14) having a first coordinate system by which locations of the subject within said region (14) are identified and the coil array (40) having a second coordinate system by which locations of coils in said array are identified, aligning means for aligning said first and second coordinate systems; memory means (32) for storing the processed data for selective display on a video monitor (36); an operator console (50) on which an operator enters magnetic resonance procedure and sequence information; computer control means (52) for automatically selecting at least one said coil (42a, 42b, 42c, 42d, 42e) of said coil array (40) in accordance with said procedure and sequence information and controlling said switching means (24) to interconnect said at least one coil with said receiver (26); said computer control means (52) including coil parameter storage means (74) for storing values of at least one parameter for each coil of the array (40); and comparing means (72) for comparing stored coil parameters with said procedure and sequence information, said comparing means (72) controlling said switching means (24) in accordance with the comparison. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the aligning means includes means (82) for determining a location of a preselected point of said coil array (40) in terms of the first coordinate system. An apparatus according to Claim 2 wherein said means (82) for determining the location of said preselected point of said coil array (40) is a small region of material having a preselected magnetic resonance response such that said material is observable on the video monitor display. An apparatus according to Claim 3 wherein said material includes a vial (82) filled with a magnetic resonance responsive solution. An apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, further including coordinate offset means (84) operatively connected between the comparing means (72) and either said coil parameter storage means (74) or said console (50) for offsetting coordinates in one of said coordinate systems before performing the comparing step. An apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, further including: trackball means for moving a cursor (64) displayed on said video monitor (36), which cursor is positionable superimposed on a video monitor display of said material, to indicate the relationship between said first and second coordinate systems. An apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said console (50) and said video monitor (36) have said first coordinate system. A method of magnetic resonance imaging, the method including: disposing a local coil array (40) in an imaging region (14) including a plurality of independently operable coils (42a, 42b, 42c, 42d, 42e) of a whole imaging region RF antenna (22); disposing a portion of a subject to be imaged in the imaging region (14); causing magnetic field gradients across said imaging region (14) and applying radio frequency signals through said antenna (22) to encode and excite magnetic resonance of selected dipoles of said subject; receiving magnetic resonance signals with said antenna (22) and reconstructing the received signals into a first image representation of a portion of said subject and said coil array (40) in said imaging region (14); determining a correspondence between coordinate systems of said imaging region (14) and said coil array (40), selecting at least one additional slice to be imaged in accordance with said first image representation; comparing properties of coils of said coil array (40) with selected slice information and automatically selecting by a computer control system (52) at least one coil of the array in accordance with the comparison; conducting a resonance excitation imaging sequence and monitoring resultant resonance signals with at least one selected coil of said array (40); and reconstructing the resonance signals monitored with the selected coil into an image representation. A method according to Claim 8 wherein the coil array (40) has a marker (82) that is readily identifiable in the resultant image and wherein the coordinate system correspondence determining step further includes moving a cursor (64) on the image display until the cursor (64) and an image of the marker (82) are superimposed. A method according to Claim 8 or 9 further including storing values of at least one parameter of each coil of the array (40) in a look up table (74) and wherein the comparing step includes accessing said look up table (74). A method according to any one of Claims 8 to 10 wherein the slice selecting step includes selecting a plurality of slices and wherein said comparing step includes comparing a field view property of each coil (42a, 42b, 42c, 42d, 42e) with a location of each selected slice to ascertain in which coil field of view each selected slice is most nearly centered.

Inventors: MCLEMORE WILLIAM, MOLYNEAUX DAVID A, MCLEMORE, WILLIAM, MOLYNEAUX, DAVID A.
Applicants: PICKER INT INC, PICKER INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01R33
IPC codes: A61B5, G01R33, H01F7