Hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode

Abstract: A hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode consists of a hydrogen-occlusion alloy whose composition is expressed by a general formula of Ti x Zr 1-x V y Fe z Ni 2-y-z , wherein 0.1 ≦ X ≦ 0.9, 0.3 ≦ Y ≦0.9 and 0.05 ≦ Z ≦ 0.5, or a hydride of said alloy. The foregoing hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode has a large discharge capacity and a long cycle life.

Description: Industrial Field of Application: This invention relates to a hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode which is capable of electrochemically occluding and releasing hydrogen and used as a negative elecrode in a secondary cell or battery. Prior Art: Secondary cells or batteries well known heretofore include a nickel-cadmium battery, a lead acid battery and the like. However, they have a common drawback that the energy density per unit weight or unit volume is comparatively low. For this reason, there has been proposed a nickel-hydrogen cell or battery in which the negative electrode is an electrode made of a hydrogen-occlusion alloy capable of electrochemically occluding and releasing a large quantity of hydrogen, the positive electrode is made of a nickel oxide, and the electrolyte is an alkaline aqueous solution, thus giving a higher energy density. In the above cell, the negative electrode is made of such a hydrogen-occlusion alloy as LaNi₅. Problems That the Invention Is To Solve: However, in the case of the above mentioned hydrogen-occlusion alloy, it is difficult for it to electrochemically occlude hydrogen sufficiently under the atmospheric pressure, because its hydrogen dissociation pressure at the room temperature is more than 2 atms., and in addition, its service life is very short or only about 30 cycles or so in terms of repeated charge-discharge cycles, all these combining to make it rather an impractical one. Means for Solving the Problems: The object of the present invention is to provide a new hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode which is capable of occluding hydrogen sufficiently under the atmospheric pressure and gives a large discharge capacity and long life, said electrode being characterized in that it consists of a hydrogen-occlusion alloy whose composition is expressed by a general formula of Ti x Zr 1-x V y Fe z Ni 2-y-z , wherein, 0.1 ≦ X ≦ 0.9, 0.3 ≦ Y ≦ 0.9, and 0.05 ≦ Z ≦ 0.5; or a hydride of said alloy. Embodying Examples: Embodying examples of the present invention are described in detail in the following: Powdered zirconium, titanium, vanadium, nickel and iron were weighed and mixed for a predetermined composition ratio, for instance, Ti 0.5 Zr 0.5 V 0.5 Fe 0.2 Ni 1.3 , and this mixture was heated and molten by means of an arc melting process so as to obtain a hydrogen-occlusion alloy. This alloy was then pulverized into coarse grains and heated at 900°C in a vacuum heating device. After introducing hydrogen of one atmospheric pressure into the vacuum heating device, the alloy therein was cooled down to the room temperature to carry out hydrogenation and activation thereof. The hydrogenated alloy so obtained was again pulverized into fine powder of less than 400 mesh. The fine powder of the hydrogen-occlusion alloy obtained through the above process was formed under 5 t/cm² into circular pellets, each measuring 1 cm in diameter, and then those were sintered at 900°C in a vacuum condition. A lead wire was then attached thereto to obtain a hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode. The hydrogen-occlusion alloy powder in the electrode was about 1 gram in weight. In the manner as described above, various electrodes consisting of various hydrogen-occlusion alloys made to different specifications were prepared. Using as a working pole each of these hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrodes in combination with a nickel plate electrode serving as a counter pole and 30% wt. % water solution of potassium hydroxide as the alkaline electrolyte, open type test cells were prepared. The charging to each of the test cells was carried out with the charge current having a current density of 6 mA/cm² until the charge amount thereof reached 130% of the electrochemical hydrogen occlusion amount of each of said hydrogen-occlusion-alloy electrodes, and the discharging was carried out with the discharge current of 6 mA/cm² until the voltage was dropped to -0.75 V vs. Hg/HgO. In this condition, the charge -discharge operation for each test cell was repeated until the capacity thereof became stable, and then the capacity thereof in this stable condiion was measured, and also the number of the charge-discharge cycles required until the capacity thereof was dropped to 60% of the stable capacity as above to determine the cycle life of each of the test cells. The results of the discharge capacities and the cycle lives of the test cells having the hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrodes of various compositions ratios are as shown in Table 1 below. As clearly seen from this table, the hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrodes (Cell Nos. 1 to 7) according to the present invention all showed satisfactory performance including the discharge capacity exceeding the 200 mAh/g level generally required of a practical hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode as well as the service life extending over more than 100 cycles. In constract thereto, with the electrode of an alloy containing no zirconium therein (Cell No. 12), the discharge capacity was lower than the 200 mAh/g level. This indicates that substitution of zirconium by titanium has to be within the range of 0.1 ≦ X ≦ 0.9. Further, With the alloy electrode containing no iron (Cell No. 13), the discharge capacity was large, but the service life lasted for only 50 cycles, which is viewed as too short for a practical battery. In addition, when the iron content was too high (Cell No. 11), it resulted in the decreased discharge capacity. When the iron content was too low (Cell No. 10), there resulted a shorter cycle life. These indicate that the iron content has to be within the range of 0.05 ≦ Z ≦ 0.5. Furthermore, it has been found out that the quantity of vanadium in the alloy has much to do with both the discharge capacity and the cycle life; when it was too much (Cell No. 9 ) the cycle life became shorter while the discharge capacity became low when it was too small (Cell No. 8), so that the quantity of vanadium should be within the range of 0.3 ≦ Y ≦ 0.9. With a cylindrical type nickel-hydrogen cell so prepared as to have an electrode made of the alloy according to the present invention used as the negative electrode, a publicly known sintered type Ni electrode used as the positive electrode and 30% water solution of potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte, the equally good performance has been obtained as well. Although sintered type hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrodes were used in the foregoing embodying examples, there may be used any other type ones such as a paste type one made by mixing and kneading fine powder of hydrogen-occlusion alloy with a bonding agent into a paste thereof, and then applying the paste to a collector or carrier so that the paste is filled therein and coated thereon. Effects of the Invention: As described in the foregoing, a hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode according to the present invention consists of a hydrogen-occlusion alloy whose composition is expressed by a general formula of Ti x Zr 1-x V y Fe z Ni 2-y-z , wherein 0.1 ≦ X ≦ 0.9, 0.3 ≦ Y ≦ 0.9 and 0.05 ≦ Z ≦ 0.5, or a hydride thereof, so that the electrode is capable of occluding or releasing hydrogen sufficiently under the atmospheric pressure and thus serving as a hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode giving high discharge capacity and long cycle life, these being the effects of the present invention.

Claims: A hydrogen-occlusion alloy electrode consisting of: a hydrogen-occlusion alloy whose composition is expressed by a general formula of Ti x Zr 1-x V y Fe z Ni 2-y-z wherein, 0.1 ≦ X ≦ 0.9, 0.3 ≦ Y ≦ 0.9 and 0.05 ≦ Z ≦ 0.5. A hydride of the hydrogen-occlusion alloy defined in claim 1.

Inventors: WAKAO SHINJIRO, WAKAO, SHINJIRO
Applicants: FURUKAWA BATTERY CO LTD, FURUKAWA DENCHI KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1991
Main classification: H01M4
IPC codes: C25B11, H01M4, C22C30, C22C19, C22C14