Process for producing gasoline components

Abstract: Process for producing gasoline components from a hydrocarbonaceous feed containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 4 carbon atoms, and hydrocarbons obtained thereby. The process comprises the following steps: a) separating feed into a heavy fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, an intermediate fraction containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 or 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms, b) isomerizing at least part of the light fraction, c) combining effluent of step b) with intermediate fraction, and separating off a stream containing normal hydrocarbons and a stream containing branched hydrocarbons, and d) passing at least part of the stream containing normal hydrocarbons to isomerization step b).

Description: The present invention is concerned with producing gasoline components from a hydrocarbonaceous feed containing hydrocarbons comprising 4 carbon atoms and higher boiling hydrocarbons. In US patent specification 3,761,392 a process is described for the production of gasoline components. In this process a hydrocarbonaceous feed is separated into a first fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising 5 carbon atoms and a second fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 6 carbon atoms. The first fraction is subjected to catalytic isomerization. The second fraction is subjected to catalytic reforming. By reforming the second fraction containing 6 carbon atoms, a considerable amount of benzene is formed. In German patent specification 1,125,102 a prior art process is acknowledged for reducing aromatics formation in gasoline reforming by separating hydrocarbons comprising 5 and 6 carbon atoms by means of fractional distillation from a gasoline fraction, isomerizing the separated hydrocarbons and combining the isomerisate with the gasoline reformate. The process of the German patent 1,125,102 relates to an improved process wherein by employing molecular sieves a further separation is achieved of normal paraffins comprising 5 and 6 carbon atoms, which normal paraffins are isomerized, from isoparaffins comprising 5 and 6 carbon atoms, which isoparaffins are combined with the isomerisate and gasoline reformate. It is now foreseen that for environmental reasons the allowed benzene content of gasoline will have to be reduced. On the other hand, benzene has a relatively high octane number. Hence, it will become increasingly necessary to replace benzene by other less harming, high octane components. Such components are produced in accordance with the present process. Therefore, the present invention relates to a process for producing gasoline components from a hydrocarbonaceous feed containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 4 carbon atoms, which process comprises the following steps: a) separating the feed by fractional distillation into a heavy fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, an intermediate fraction containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms, b) isomerizing at least part of the light fraction, c) combining at least part of the effluent of step b) with at least part of the intermediate fraction, and separating off a stream containing normal hydrocarbons and a stream containing branched hydrocarbons, and d) passing at least part of the stream containing normal hydrocarbons to isomerization step b). Suitably the process further comprises step e), in which at least part of the heavy fraction is catalytically reformed. In an embodiment of the present invention, the process further comprises isomerizing at least part of the intermediate fraction, before the intermediate fraction is separated in separation step c) together with effluent of step b). In the process according to the present invention, the heavy fraction which can be subjected to catalytic reforming has a lower content of compounds which will be present in the product stream as benzene, such as (cyclo)hexanes and benzene itself, in comparison with a conventional isomerization process. However, the intermediate fraction of the process according to the present invention contains relatively heavy compounds which enhance coke make in conventional isomerization, resulting in deactivation of the catalyst. In the process according to the present invention the amount of hydrocarbons comprising 7 carbon atoms present in the intermediate fraction, is reduced by passing the fraction containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms to the separation step before isomerization. As the branched as well as the cyclic hydrocarbons comprising 7 carbon atoms are removed in the separation step, the amount of hydrocarbons comprising 7 carbon atoms sent to the isomerization step, is reduced. Preferably, the intermediate fraction is isomerized before being sent to the separation step, resulting in an increased amount of branched C₇-hydrocarbons. In order to prevent coke formation and subsequent catalyst deactivation, the isomerization of the intermediate fraction is preferably carried out at lower temperature than applied in conventional isomerization. The feed which is sent to fractionation step a) contains hydrocarbons comprising at least 4 carbon atoms. Generally, the feed contains mainly hydrocarbon comprising at least 5 carbon atoms. Small amounts of lighter hydrocarbons can in some cases be present. For economic reasons, it can be advantageous that the separation carried out in the fractionation step is not carried out very strictly, which makes that some lighter and/or heavier compounds are also present in the heavy, the intermediate and/or the light fraction. Further, it can be advantageous to carry out the separation such that the non-cyclic hydrocarbons present in the intermediate fraction are mainly hydrocarbons containing 7 carbon atoms. The catalytic reforming can suitably be carried out at a temperature of between 400 and 600 °C and a pressure of between 1 and 50 bar. Preferably, the heavy fraction is catalytically reformed by contacting with a reforming catalyst containing platinum and optionally at least one other metal. For product finishing, effluent from reforming step e) is suitably distilled and separated into at least a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms and a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 4 carbon atoms. A further enhancement of the octane number of the gasoline components finally obtained in the process according to the present invention, can be obtained by further processing at least part of the effluent of the reforming step to the separation step c), with or without previous isomerization. Preferably, at least part of the effluent of reforming step e) is distilled and separated into a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms, a reformate stream containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 5 to 7 carbon atoms and a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, at least part of which reformate stream is passed to separation step c), with or without previous isomerization. Isomerization step b) is suitably carried out at a temperature between 100 and 320 °C and a pressure between 10 and 60 bar. The catalyst present in the isomerization step suitably is catalytically active in isomerization of hydrocarbons comprising 5 to 7 carbon atoms. The intermediate fraction is suitably isomerized at a temperature between 50 and 300 °C and a pressure between 10 and 60 bar. Suitably, this isomerization is carried out at a lower temperature than isomerization step b). Suitably the isomerization is carried out by contacting with a catalyst which is catalytically active in isomerization of hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms. Preferably, the catalyst is catalytically active in isomerization of hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms and in hydrogenating aromatic compounds. The catalyst employed in the isomerization step(s) suitably is a heterogeneous hydroisomerization catalyst having an acid activity and a hydrogenation activity and comprising one or more metals from Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements on a carrier material. The carrier material has acidic properties and may suitably consist of silica-alumina, in particular zeolites (e.g. mordenite, faujasite or zeolite Y) in the hydrogen form or exchanged with rare earth ions, or of alumina rendered acidic by combination with halogen (e.g. chlorine). Preferably, the employed catalyst comprises at least one noble metal from Group VIII (in particular platinum) on mordenite as carrier material. Most preferably, a catalyst is used containing H-mordenite which is prepared by treating mordenite one or more times with an aqueous solution of an ammonium compound (e.g. ammonium nitrate), followed by drying (e.g. at 100-200 °C) and calcining (e.g. at 400-700 °C) of the treated mordenite. The catalyst can comprise a binder material such as alumina, silica or silica-alumina. Suitably in separation step c) use is made of a separatory molecular sieve capable of separating a hydrocarbon species via selective adsorption. Suitably the molecular sieve which is applied is selective with respect to the degree of branching of the hydrocarbons applied, i.e. unbranched hydrocarbons should be substantially adsorbed, whereas branched and cyclic hydrocarbons should not be retained in any substantial amount in the molecular sieve. The selectivity is dependent to a large extent on the pore diameters of the molecular sieve. Suitably, in the separation step use is made of a separatory molecular sieve having a pore size which is sufficient to permit entry of normal hydrocarbons containing 4-7 carbon atoms, but restrictive to prohibit entry of such cyclic, mono-methyl branched and dimethyl branched hydrocarbons. Suitable pore diameters are in the range from 0.3-0.8 nm, and preferably from 0.4-0.6 nm. Synthetic or natural zeolites can be used as molecular sieve; preferably zeolite 5A is used. The particles which comprise molecular sieve material may in addition comprise a binder material such as alumina, silica or silica-alumina, in order to improve the crushing strength of the particles; said particles may also be mixed with particles which do not contain molecular sieve material. The process of the present invention can be carried out in a number of alternative ways, and some process schemes according to the present invention will be elucidated more fully hereinafter, with reference to the accompanying figures. The processes of the figures are carried out with the help of a fractionation unit (10), a first isomerization unit (20), a separation unit (30), a reforming unit (40) and optionally a distillation unit (50) and/or a second isomerization unit (60). In the process schematically shown in figure 1 a feed (1) is passed to fractionation unit (10). In fractionation unit (10) the feed is separated into a heavy fraction (9), containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, an intermediate fraction (5), containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction (2), containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms. Light fraction (2) is sent to first isomerization unit (20) together with recycle stream (7), discussed hereinafter. Effluent of the isomerization unit (4) is sent to separation unit (30) together with intermediate fraction (5). Separation unit (30) comprises a separatory molecular sieve, with the help of which normal hydrocarbons are separated from cyclic and mono- and multi-branched hydrocarbons, thereby producing a stream (8), mainly comprising cyclic and branched hydrocarbons and a stream (7), mainly comprising normal hydrocarbons. Stream (7) is combined with stream (2) and sent to the isomerization unit (20). The heavy fraction (9) is sent to reforming unit (40), where the fraction is contacted with a reforming catalyst at reforming conditions. The process schematically shown in figure 2 resembles the process schematically shown in figure 1. The processes differ in that in the process shown in figure 2 the effluent of the reforming unit (40) is sent to distillation unit (50), in which stream (10) is separated into a stream (11) containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms, a reformate stream (12) containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 5 to 7 carbon atoms and a stream (13) containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms. The reformate stream (12) is sent, possibly together with streams (4) and/or (5) to separation unit (30). In the process schematically shown in figure 3 a feed (1) is passed to fractionation unit (10). In fractionation unit (10) the feed is separated into a heavy fraction (9), containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, an intermediate fraction (5), containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction (2), containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms. Light fraction (2) is sent to first isomerization unit (20) together with recycle stream (7), discussed hereinafter. Intermediate fraction (5) is sent to second isomerization unit (60). The effluent of the second isomerization unit (14) is sent, together with the effluent of the isomerization unit (4), to separation unit (30). Separation unit (30) comprises a separatory molecular sieve, with the help of which stream (8), mainly comprising branched and cyclic hydrocarbons, and a stream (7), mainly comprising normal hydrocarbons, are produced. Stream (7) is sent to the isomerization unit (20). Heavy fraction (9) is sent to reforming unit (40), in which the fraction is contacted with a reforming catalyst at reforming conditions. The effluent of the reforming unit (40) is sent to distillation unit (50), in which stream (10) is separated into a stream (16) containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms and a product stream (17). The process shown in figure 4 differs from the process of figure 3, in that the effluent of reforming unit (40) is sent to distillation unit (50), in which stream (10) is separated into a stream (11) containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms, a reformate stream (12) containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 5 to 7 carbon atoms and a stream (13) containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms. Reformate stream (12) is sent, together with streams (2) and (7), to the first isomerization unit (20). The invention will now be further illustrated with the aid of the following examples, in which hydrogen addition and removal have not been indicated. The hydrocarbon feed used had a RON of 58 and a benzene content of 1.1 % by weight. EXAMPLE 1 (according to the process scheme of figure 1) A feed containing 100 pbw of hydrocarbons which hydrocarbons comprise at least 4 carbon atoms, which feed had a final boiling point of 200 °C was split by fractional distillation into a heavy fraction boiling above 93 °C and containing 52 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, and an intermediate fraction, boiling between 70 °C and 93 °C and containing 20 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction boiling below 70 °C and containing 28 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms. The light fraction was combined with stream (7) and isomerized at a temperature of 260 °C and a pressure of 25 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on mordenite, amount of metal on amount of mordenite. Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed from the effluent obtained and the remaining effluent was combined with the intermediate fraction and separated in a separation unit with the help of 5A zeolite as separatory molecular sieve, by which a stream containing branched and cyclic hydrocarbons was separated off, containing 45 pbw of hydrocarbons and 2.1 % by weight (%wt) of benzene, and a stream containing normal hydrocarbons containing 14 pbw of hydrocarbons. The stream containing normal hydrocarbons was combined with the light fraction. The heavy fraction was reformed at a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 8 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on alumina (amount of metal on amount of alumina). Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed, and effluent containing 47 pbw of hydrocarbons and 0.8 % by weight of benzene was obtained. In the above process in total 92 pbw of hydrocarbons comprising at least 5 carbon atoms was produced, which hydrocarbons had a benzene content of 1.4 %wt and a RON of 90. EXAMPLE 2 (according to the process scheme of figure 2) A feed containing 100 pbw of hydrocarbons which hydrocarbons comprise at least 4 carbon atoms, which feed had a final boiling point of 200 °C, was split by fractional distillation into a heavy fraction boiling above 93 °C and containing 52 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms and an intermediate fraction, boiling between 70 °C and 93 °C and containing 20 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction boiling below 70 °C and containing 28 bw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms. The light fraction was combined with stream (7) and isomerized at a temperature of 260 °C and a pressure of 25 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on mordenite (amount of metal on amount of mordenite). Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed from the effluent obtained and the remaining effluent was combined with the intermediate fraction and reformate stream (12), discussed hereinafter, and separated in a separation unit with the help of 5A zeolite as separatory molecular sieve, by which a stream containing branched and cyclic hydrocarbons was separated off, containing 53 pbw of hydrocarbons and 2.5 %wt of benzene, and a stream containing normal hydrocarbons, containing 17 pbw of hydrocarbons. The stream containing normal hydrocarbons was combined with the light fraction. The heavy fraction was reformed at a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 8 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on alumina (amount of metal on amount of alumina). Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed, which stream contained 3 pbw of hydrocarbons; a reformate stream containing hydrocarbons comprising 5 to 7 carbon atoms, which stream contained 9 pbw of hydrocarbons; and a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, which latter stream contained 38 pbw of hydrocarbons and 0.0 %wt of benzene. In the above process in total 91 pbw of hydrocarbons comprising at least 5 carbon atoms was produced, which hydrocarbons had a benzene content of 1.5 %wt and a RON of 91. EXAMPLE 3 (according to the process scheme of figure 3) A feed containing 100 pbw of hydrocarbons which hydrocarbons comprised at least 4 carbon atoms, which feed had a final boiling point of 200 °C was split by fractional distillation into a heavy fraction boiling above 93 °C and containing 52 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms and an intermediate fraction, boiling between 70 °C and 93 °C and containing 20 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction boiling below 70 °C and containing 28 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms. The light fraction was combined with stream (7) and isomerized at a temperature of 260 °C and a pressure of 25 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on mordenite, amount of metal on amount of mordenite. The intermediate fraction was isomerized at a temperature of 220 °C and a pressure of 25 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on mordenite. Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed from the effluents obtained, and the remaining effluents were combined and separated in a separation unit with the help of 5A zeolite as separatory molecular sieve, by which a stream containing branched and cyclic hydrocarbons was separated off, containing 45 pbw of hydrocarbons and 0.0 %wt of benzene, and a stream containing normal hydrocarbons, containing 12 pbw of hydrocarbons. The stream containing normal hydrocarbons was combined with the light fraction. The heavy fraction was reformed at a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 8 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on alumina (amount of metal on amount of alumina). Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed, and effluent containing 47 pbw of hydrocarbons and 0.8 % by weight of benzene was obtained. In the above process in total 92 pbw of hydrocarbons comprising at least 5 carbon atoms was produced, which hydrocarbons had a benzene content of 0.4 %wt and a RON of 90. EXAMPLE 4 (according to the process scheme of figure 4) A feed containing 100 pbw of hydrocarbons which hydrocarbons comprised at least 4 carbon atoms, which feed had a final boiling point of 200 °C was split by fractional distillation into a heavy fraction boiling above 93 °C and containing 52 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms and an intermediate fraction, boiling between 70 °C and 93 °C and containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction boiling below 70 °C and containing 28 pbw of hydrocarbons, mainly hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms. The light fraction was combined with stream (7) and stream (12) discussed hereinafter, and were together isomerized at a temperature of 260 °C and a pressure of 25 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on mordenite, amount of metal on amount of mordenite. The intermediate fraction was isomerized at a temperature of 220 °C and a pressure of 25 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on mordenite. Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed from the effluents obtained, and the remaining effluents were combined and separated in a separation unit with the help of 5A zeolite as separatory molecular sieve, by which a stream containing branched and cyclic hydrocarbons was separated off, containing 51 pbw of hydrocarbons and 0.0 % by weight (%wt) of benzene, and a stream containing normal hydrocarbons, containing 13 pbw of hydrocarbons. The stream containing normal hydrocarbons was combined with the light fraction. The heavy fraction was reformed at a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 8 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on alumina (amount of metal on amount of alumina). Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed, which stream contained 3 pbw of hydrocarbons; a reformate stream containing hydrocarbons comprising 5 to 7 carbon atoms, which stream contained 9 pbw of hydrocarbons; and a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, which latter stream contained 38 pbw of hydrocarbons and 0.0 %wt of benzene. In the above process in total 90 pbw of hydrocarbons comprising at least 5 carbon atoms was produced, which hydrocarbons had a benzene content of 0.0 %wt and a RON of 91. EXAMPLE 5 (not according to the present invention) A feed containing 100 pbw of hydrocarbons comprising at least 4 carbon atoms, which feed had a final boiling point of 200 °C, was split by fractional distillation into a heavy fraction boiling above 70 °C and containing 72 pbw of hydrocarbons, substantially all of which hydrocarbons comprised at least 6 carbon atoms and a light fraction boiling below 70 °C and containing 28 pbw of hydrocarbons, substantially all of which hydrocarbons comprised at most 6 carbon atoms. The light fraction was isomerized in a first isomerization step at a temperature of 260 °C and a pressure of 25 bar in the presence of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on mordenite (amount of metal on amount of mordenite). Hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms were removed from the effluent obtained and the remaining effluent was separated with the help of zeolite 5A as separatory molecular sieve. A stream containing branched and cyclic hydrocarbons was separated off, which stream contained 26 pbw of hydrocarbons and 0.0 %wt of benzene, and a stream containing normal hydrocarbons, which latter stream contained 9 pbw of hydrocarbons. The heavy fraction was reformed at a temperature of 500 °C and a pressure of 8 bar, with the help of a catalyst containing 0.3 pbw of platinum on alumina (amount of platinum on amount of alumina). The effluent obtained was distilled to give a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms, which stream contained 4 pbw of hydrocarbons, and a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 4 carbon atoms, which latter stream contained 66 pbw of hydrocarbons and 9.7 % by weight of benzene. In the above process in total 92 pbw of hydrocarbons comprising at least 5 carbon atoms was produced, which hydrocarbons had a benzene content of 6.9 %wt and a RON of 93.

Claims: Process for producing gasoline components from a hydrocarbonaceous feed containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 4 carbon atoms, which process comprises the following steps: a) separating the feed by fractional distillation into a heavy fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, an intermediate fraction containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms, b) isomerizing at least part of the light fraction, c) combining at least part of the effluent of step b) with at least part of the intermediate fraction, and separating off a stream containing normal hydrocarbons and a stream containing branched hydrocarbons, and d) passing at least part of the stream containing normal hydrocarbons to isomerization step b). Process according to claim 1, which process further comprises step e) in which at least part of the heavy fraction is catalytically reformed. Process according to claim 1 or 2, which process further comprises isomerizing at least part of the intermediate fraction, before the intermediate fraction is separated in separation step c) together with effluent of step b). Process according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the intermediate fraction mainly contains hydrocarbons comprising 7 carbon atoms. Process according to any one of claims 2-4, wherein at least part of the effluent of reforming step e) is distilled and separated into a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms, a reformate stream containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 5 to 7 carbon atoms and a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, at least part of which reformate stream is passed to separation step c). Process according to any one of claims 2-4, wherein at least part of the effluent of reforming step e) is distilled and separated into a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 4 carbon atoms, a reformate stream containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 5 to 7 carbon atoms and a stream containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, at least part of which reformate stream is passed to isomerization step b). Process according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein isomerization step b) is carried out at a temperature between 100 and 320 °C and a pressure between 10 and 60 bar. Process according to any one of claims 3-7, wherein the intermediate fraction is isomerized at a temperature between 50 and 300 °C and a pressure between 10 and 60 bar. Process according to claim 8, wherein the isomerization of the intermediate fraction is carried out by contacting with a catalyst which is catalytically active in isomerization of hydrocarbons comprising 6 and 7 carbon atoms and in hydrogenating aromatic compounds. Process according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein in separation step c) use is made of a separatory molecular sieve capable of separating a hydrocarbon species via selective adsorption. Process according to claim 10, wherein the pore size of the separatory molecular sieve is sufficient to permit entry of normal hydrocarbons comprising 4-7 carbon atoms, but restrictive to prohibit entry of such mono-methyl branched, dimethyl branched and cyclic hydrocarbons.

Inventors: DEN OTTER GERRIT JAN, MAXWELL IAN ERNEST, DEN OTTER, GERRIT JAN, MAXWELL, IAN ERNEST
Applicants: SHELL INT RESEARCH, SHELL INTERNATIONALE RESEARCH MAATSCHAPPIJ B.V.
Application year: 1991
Main classification: C10L1
IPC codes: C10G59, C10G35, C10L1, C07B61, C07C9, C10G61, B01J23, B01J29, C07C5