Acceleration sensing and measurement

Abstract: It is possible to determine acceleration using an array of micro-machined elements. The invention described herein details how to do so by fabricating an array of structures with a substrate (610), addressing circuitry (612), a spacer layer (604) forming a well over the addressing circuitry, and a deflection element (606) over the well. The deflection elements are configured so each element is deflected by a higher acceleration. The invention also shows one embodiment of the invention.

Description: 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a structure having the features of claim 1. This structure is suitable for being used as an accelerator sensor element. Further, the invention relates to a process for fabrication of such a sensor element. 2. Description of the Prior Art Current accelerometers in use are typically of one of two types. The first type uses strain-sensing techniques. These have piezo-electric or piezo-resistive material that senses either the stress induced by the inertial mass, or the strain induced by the spring supporting the mass. The second type are position-sensing. These measure the displacement of an accelerated mass connected to a restoring spring. Both of these methods measure the analog response of the transducer to the acceleration to output a proportional signal. Therefore, the linearity and range of these accelerometers is dependent on the materials, architecture and transduction phenomena of the sensor. These types of accelerometers typically have a sensor element with a mass on the order of a gram. Hybrid techniques are necessary to integrate the transducer with the readout circuitry. These two factors contribute to two problems with this type of accelerometers. They are large in size, by integrated circuit standards. Also, they require expensive tail-end processing, making them expensive by semiconductor industry standards. These problems have led to the manufacture of a new type of accelerometers. These typically have masses and springs fabricated from single crystal or polycrystalline silicon. The sensors are on a silicon dioxide membrane. The silicon substrate is etched away with an anisotropic or orientation-dependent etch. The supporting oxide is then freed by wet-etching with hydrofluoric acid. While this technique is an improvement over the hybrid techniques discussed above, this method produces a single element that is 1 millimeter in size. That measurement does not include the addressing circuitry, which must be put on the side, since the substrate has been removed underneath. Document US-A-4,855,544 discloses a micro-mechanically produced accelerator consisting of a plurality of individual sensor cells responsive to different levels of acceleration. This structure containing the sensor cells is not provided with any additional circuitry for addressing the cells and for processing the signals generated by the cells. Document FR-A- 2 626 077 discloses a plurality of deflection elements which are connected to an evaluation circuit which is not described to be fabricated in the substrate on which the deflection elements are formed. Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide micro-machined accelerometers. It is another object of this invention to provide an inexpensive process for manufacturing micro-machined accelerometers including the addressing circuitry. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Other objects and advantages will be obvious, and will in part appear hereinafter and will be accomplished by the present invention which provides a structure for the detection and quantification of acceleration. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a complete understanding of the invention, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIGURE 1 shows the block diagram of the accelerometer chip. FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of a single accelerometer element showing the circuit. FIGURE 3 shows a portion of the addressing and encoding circuitry. FIGURE 4 shows the fault tolerant circuitry. FIGURE 5 shows the top view of a portion of the accelerometer element array. FIGURE 6 shows the processing levels in a cross-section of a single element. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a block diagram of the accelerometer. The CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) shift register 102 pulses the array of deflection elements 104. If an element is deflected, it grounds the shift register pulse, causing a high signal to be passed to the comparator array 106. If an element is not deflected, the a low pulse is passed. The deflection elements are constructed such that they progress from a higher mass to a lower mass. This enables the elements in the array to be deflected by lower accelerations and the elements with a lower mass require higher accelerations. Each acceleration then has a set of masses it is capable of deflecting, and a set that it is not capable of deflecting. The comparator array 106 then compares the incoming signals for a difference between two, one low and one high. This is the transition point of the acceleration. The transition point is then passed on as a high signal to the decoder 108. The decoder then takes the high signal and generates a unique seven-bit word corresponding to the value of the acceleration. Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of one of the elements in the deflection array. Line 210 is pulsed high from the shift register. If mass 202 is sufficiently deflected on hinge 204, it touches contact 206. This then grounds the line 212, sending a low signal. This causes the transistor 214 to turn off and pass a high signal onto line 208. Line 208 connects to the comparator array circuitry, which includes latches to hold the deflection element output. A portion of the NMOS (N-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor) decoding and addressing circuitry is shown in Figure 3. The CMOS shift register 302 pulses high signals. If element 304B is deflected and touches grounded contact 306B, the high signal is grounded and a high signal is passed. Latch 308B is used to hold the signals for the comparator array. After the signal is latched at 308B, it is passed into the exclusive OR gates (XOR) 310B and 310A. At the same time the signal from deflection element 304A is latched into 308A. The signal from 308A is then passed to the XOR gate 310A. If the signals from 308A and 308B ar both low, 310A will output a low signal. If 308B is low (deflected), and 308A is high (undeflected), and the fault checking shows this to be a true transition, the output will be a high signal. The high signal is then passed into the decoding circuitry. Through a series of transistors uniquely jumpered together as seen by 312, the single high signal is used to generate a unique digital word. This word is output through the wires 314. Figure 4 shows an embodiment of fault tolerant circuitry using the redundant elements 402A, 402B and 462C. The monolithic manufacture of these elements reduces the possibility of defective elements and increases the chip yield. Yet it is still wise to incorporate some method for checking for stuck elements. The increased yield allows for redundant columns of elements to be produced. If two transitions are detected, and the signals are latched, then redundant elements of both transitions can be checked. If, for example, element 402A deflects but 402B and 402C do not. Latch 404A holds a high signal, while 404B and 404C hold lows. AND-gates 406A, 406B and 406C then output a low. OR-gate 408 takes the low signal from 406A and the low signal for 406B and produces a low. OR-gate 410 then takes the low from 408 and the low from 406C and outputs a low. Two of the elements in the column are low signals, meaning undeflected elements, and one is high meaning a deflected element. Since they are all supposed to be the same state, this leads to the conclusion that 402A is stuck in the deflected position. This eliminates a false reading for the transition point. A top view of a few of the deflection elements is shown in Figure 5. The mass 506, in this case tungsten is supported on hinges 502. The hinges are sitting on support metal 508. The support posts used in typical flexure beam deformable mirror devices (DMDs) can be used, but are not necessary. Since the only output of interest is the contact made at the underlying surface, the degree of deflection is not important, as long as contact is made. A side view of the sensor elements are shown in Figure 6. The fabrication process is very similar to that of DMDs. The address circuitry 612 is built upon the ground plane 610. The oxide contact 608 is then fabricated upon the address circuitry. A polymer spacer 604 is spun on the entire wafer. A thin layer of hinge aluminium 602 is deposited and the deflection element 614, including hinges and plate is photolithographically patterned and plasma etched. A thick layer of tungsten is deposited and formed differently for each element as the deflection mass 606. The deflection differences can be done in one of many ways. According to one method, the tungsten can be patterned so a different mass is on each deflection element. Alternately, different thickness of hinges can be used with the same masses on each. Either method will achieve the desired effect of a different deflection for each element, dependent on the acceleration. In the preferred embodiment, the element consists of a square of aluminum alloy approximately 50 µm on a side. The square is supported on four sides by narrow hinges. This causes the square to be limited to movement only up and down in a piston-like movement. Modelling of the architecture indicates that sensitivity to accelerations in the range 1 m/s² to 100 m/s² can be obtained with hinges approximately 50 µm long, 1 µm wide and 650 Å thick. The mass of the element is determined by a photolithographically patterned tungsten mass 1-2 µm thick deposited on the aluminum element. Thus, although there has been described to this point a particular embodiment for a circuit to be used as an accelerometer, it is not intended that such specific references be considered as limitations upon the scope of this invention except in-so-far as set forth in the following claims.

Claims: A structure comprising the following: a) a substrate; b) addressing circuitry comprising a shift register for generating a signal, a transistor for receiving said signal, a latch for receiving any signal generated from said transistor; c) a ground plane located upon said substrate; d) a spacer layer defining a well located over said address circuitry; e) a thin layer of metal supported by said spacer layer, said thin layer of metal including hinges supported by said spacer layer, said hinges further defining a central portion connected to said hinges; f) an electrical contact formed upon said address circuitry such that when said central portion of said thin metal layer deflects, it makes electrical connection with said electrical contact, generating a signal, said well defined by said spacer layer being also located over said electrical contact; and g) a layer of heavy metal formed upon said thin metal layer, said heavy metal layer patterned to cover only said central portion of said thin metal layer. The structure of claim 1, wherein said substrate is silicon. The structure of claim 1, wherein said address circuitry is CMOS. The structure of claim 1, wherein said contact point is aluminum alloy. The structure of claim 1, wherein said spacer is polymer removable by plasma etching. The structure of claim 1, wherein said thin metal is aluminum alloy. The structure of claim 1, wherein said heavy metal is tungsten. A process for fabrication of sensor elements consisting of structures according to any of claims 1-7 comprising the following: a) forming a ground plane layer upon a wafer substrate; b) fabricating addressing circuitry and electrical contacts upon said ground plane, said addressing circuitry comprising a shift register for generating a signal, a transistor for receiving said signal, a latch for receiving any signal generated from said transistor, and a logic gate for interpreting said transistor signal; c) spinning a spacer layer upon the entire wafer; d) depositing a layer of thin metal upon said spacer layer; e) patterning said thin metal layer such that a plurality of central portions connected to hinges supported by the thin metal layer - each representing a deflection element - are formed; f) depositing a layer of heavy metal upon said thin metal layer; g) defining a plurality of chip on said wafer; h) patterning and forming said heavy metal layer so that several deflection elements of a single chip have a different mass; i) dividing said wafer into individual chips j) undercutting said thin metal layer in the region of each deflection element so that said spacer layer defines a well located over said address circuitry and electrical contact associated with each deflection element. The process of claim 8, wherein said substrate is silicon. The process of claim 8, wherein said addressing circuitry is CMOS and said electrical contacts are oxide. The process of claim 8, wherein said spacer is a polymer. The process of claim 8, wherein said thin metal is aluminum. The process of claim 8, wherein said undercutting is a plasma etch. The process of claim 8, wherein said heavy metal is tungsten. The process of claim 8, wherein said patterning of the thin metal layer is done photolithographically.

Inventors: BOYSEL ROBERT M, SAMPSELL JEFFREY B, BOYSEL, ROBERT M., SAMPSELL, JEFFREY B.
Applicants: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC, TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED
Application year: 1991
Main classification: G01P15
IPC codes: H01L29, G01P15, B81C1, B81B3