DISTILLATION APPARATUS

Abstract: The invention relates to a distillation apparatus (1) which is suitable in particular for the distillation of sea water into fresh water. The apparatus comprises a plurality of flat, bag-like elements (3) formed from a thin film material such as plastic film and placed one against the other, the elements serving as heat exchangers between a vaporizing liquid flowing along the exterior surfaces of the element and a condensing vapor directed to the inside of the element, and a compressor (15) for increasing the pressure and temperature of the generated vapor before it is directed to the inside of the elements. The essential idea of the invention is that the inside of each element (3) is divided into parallel vapor ducts (12) extending vertically from one end of the element to the other, into which ducts the vapor is fed from apertures (25) at the upper edge of the element. At the upper end of each element (3) there may be a honeycomb-structured end strip (4) which contains parallel ducts (25) separated from each other by partition walls, the ducts feeding vapor to the inside of the element over the entire width of the element end. The strip (4) may also contain similarly formed ducts (26) which direct the liquid to be evaporated over the entire width of the element surface. At the lower end of the element there may additionally be a honeycomb-structured end strip (7) for collecting the produced distillate and for removing any unvaporized liquid.

Description: Distillation -apparatus The present invention relates to a distillation apparatus for the evaporation of a liquid and for its subsequent condensa¬ tion, the apparatus comprising a plurality of flat, bag-like elements of a thin film material, such as plastic film, placed one against the other, the elements serving as heat exchangers between a vaporizing liquid which flows along the exterior surfaces of the elements and a condensing vapor which has been directed to the inside of the elements, and a compressor for increasing the pressure and temperature of the generated vapor before it is directed to the inside of the elements. A distillation apparatus according to the above definition is described in, for example, FI Lay-Open Print 79948 and in the corresponding International Application Publication o 90/01977. The primary use of distillation apparatuses of this type has been the production of fresh water from sea water. The tube or plate heat exchangers used in the prior art for the distillation of sea water were susceptible to contamination, and the corrosive nature of sea water caused problems of cor¬ rosion in them, necessitating the use of expensive, non- corrodible materials such as titanium and cupro-nickel. By the use of bag-like distillation elements made of plastic film these disadvantages have been eliminated, since plastic film is inexpensive, non-corrodib e and, owing to its resilience, less susceptible to contamination. Any contaminant possibly adhering to the membranes can be shaken off by varying the pressure pre¬ vailing inside the elements. It has been possible to compensate for the poor thermal conductivity of plastic per se by using in the distillation apparatus a very thin film and a large number of thin elements having a large heat exchange surface. The distillation apparatus according to said FI Lay-Open Print 79948 comprises, above the plastic membrane elements, a common distribution basin for the water to be evaporated, from which the liquid flows via pipes into the passages between the ele¬ ments. The vapor generated on the exterior surfaces of the elements is directed to a blower, which blows it, at a higher pressure and temperature, to the inside of the elements throug apertures in their sides. The system described has the disad¬ vantage that, by means of it, the vapor to be condensed cannot be spread very evenly inside the elements, and subsequently part of the potential condensing efficiency of the apparatus remains unexploited. Also, in the apparatus disclosed, the spreading out of the liquid to be evaporated over the exterior surfaces of the elements does not occur in the best possible manner. Thus, heat exchange between the liquid vaporizing on the exterior surfaces of the elements and the vapor condensing inside the elements remains incomplete. The object of the present invention is to provide a distilla¬ tion apparatus in which heat exchange is enhanced especially b causing the vapor to be condensed to spread more evenly than i prior art inside the elements. The invention is characterized in that the inside of each bag-like element is divided into parallel vapor ducts extending vertically from one end of the element to the other, and that the feeding of vapor into the said ducts is arranged to take place from apertures located at the upper edge of the element and leading to the inside of the element. By the system according to the invention, vapor can be directe to the inside of the elements and be caused to flow in them from the top downwards as an even flow distributed over the entire width of the elements. The condensing efficiency of the elements can thus be exploited maximally. The vapor ducts to be formed in the bag-like elements may, ac¬ cording to the invention, be produced by seaming the opposite membranes of each, element to one another along vertical seaming lines. By leaving in the seaming lines breaks at which the parallel ducts communicate with each other, an evening-out of the flow is further promoted by enabling the vapor and the liquid condensing from it to pass to some extent from one duct ' to another. The feeding in of the vapor to be condensed can advantageously be arranged to take place via a honeycomb-structured end strip having substantially the width of the element and being located at the upper edge of each element. Such an end strip, which contains a plurality of parallel feeding ducts separated from each other by partition walls enables vapor to be fed evenly to the inside of the element and serves at the same time as a support part which facilitates the handling and installation of the element. According to one preferred embodiment of the invention, the honeycomb-structured end strip preferably comprises a honeycomb board in which the space between two opposite walls is divided by transverse, mutually parallel partition walls into parallel ducts of equal width. Such a plastic honeycomb board is a com¬ monly available commercial product, which has so far been used in various support and insulation structures in which the ducts have constituted voids providing insulation and making the structure lighter. In the present invention, however, they serve as a simple and inexpensively produced flow-channel sys¬ tem which feeds the liquid evenly to the inside of the element over the entire width of the end of the element, and is not susceptible to the corrosive action of the liquids being dis¬ tilled. The vapor-feeding ducts contained in the end strip of the ele¬ ment are preferably substantially vertical, the vapor-feeding direction corresponding to the principal flow direction of the vapor in the vapor ducts formed inside the element. The orien¬ tation of the feeding ducts can be achieved simply by cutting the end strip out of a larger honeycomb board made up of two opposite walls and of mutually parallel partition walls betwee them, the cut being at a suitable angle to the said partition walls. One preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the end strip of the element comprises a honeycomb in which the space between two opposite walls is divided into parallel ducts feeding the vapor to be condensed to the inside of the element, and in which at least one of the adjacent spaces between two opposite walls is divided into parallel duc¬ ts feeding the liquid to be evaporated onto the exterior sur¬ face of the element. By this system there is accomplished simultaneously both a maximally even distribution of the vapor to be condensed inside the element and a maximally even dis¬ tribution of the liquid to be evaporated over the exterior surface of the element, thus achieving the best possible heat exchange between the condensing vapor and the vaporizing liquid. The most preferred embodiment of the system referred to above is that the honeycomb constituting the end strip has, on both sides of the vapor-feeding ducts leading to the inside of the elemen r feeding ducts which distribute the liquid to be evapo¬ rated onto both exterior surfaces of the element. In addition to the honeycomb-structured end strips at the upper ends of the elements, the distillation apparatus according to the invention may also have at the lower end of each element a honeycomb-structured end strip having substantially the width of the element, the end strip containing a plurality of outlet ducts for the liquid condensed inside the element. For the end strip of the lower end of the element it is also possible to use commercially available plastic honeycomb boards in which the space between two opposite walls is divided by transverse, mutually parallel partition walls into paralleL ducts of equal width. The end strip at the lower end of the element is preferably made up of a honeycomb in the middle of which the space between two walls is divided into parallel outlet ducts for the liquid condensed inside the element, and in which, on one side, pref¬ erably on both sides of the said space, the space between two opposite walls is divided into outlet ducts for the liquid which has remained unvaporized on the exterior surface of the element. The outlet ducts for the condensed liquid, which con¬ stitutes the distillate obtained, may be directed to a common collection space at the side of the elements, whereas the out¬ let ducts for the unvaporized liquid are preferably vertical, in which case they will discharge the liquid to the bottom of the apparatus by the shortest route. The invention is described below in greater detail with the help of examples, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 depicts a schematic cross section of one distillation apparatus according to the invention, Figure 2 depicts a side view of one bag-like element belonging to the distillation apparatus according to Figure 1, Figure 3 depicts a section through III-III in Figure 2, Figure 4 depicts a section through IV-IV in Figure 2, Figure 5 depicts a section through V-V in Figure 2, and Figure 6 depicts a section through VI-VI in Figure 2. The distillation apparatus according to Figure 1 comprises a frame 2 in the space defined by which there is a plurality of flat, bag-like elements 3 made of thin plastic film, placed one against the other. At the upper end of each element 3 there is a honeycomb-structured plastic end strip 4, one end of which communicates with a distribution basin 5 containing the liquid to be evaporated, common to all the elements, and its upper side communicates with the feeding chamber 6 containing the vapor to be condensed, also common to all the elements. At the lower end of-each element 3 there is a honeycomb-structured plastic end strip 7, one end of which communicates with a col¬ lection vessel 8 for the distillate condensed from the vapor, and under which the bottom of the frame has been formed into a collection basin 9 for the liquid which has remained un¬ vaporized in the apparatus. Between the said end strips 4, 7 each bag-like element 3 is made up of two opposite plastic membranes 11 which have been welded to each other along verti¬ cal zigzagging seaming lines 10. The seaming lines 10 delimit, inside the element 3, vertical ducts 12 extending from one end of the element to the other, in which ducts the vapor condenses into liquid. The seaming lines 10 are not continuous but in¬ clude breaks at which vapor or liquid may to a limited degree pass from on " duct 12 to another. The vapor generated from the liquid fed onto the exterior surfaces of the elements 3 flows from the spaces between the elements, in accordance with arrows 13 in Figure 1, into a suctio chamber 14 surrounding the ele¬ ments, from which chamber a blower 15 serving as the compressor blows the vapor, at a higher pressure and temperature, via a pipe 16 into the vapor-feeding chamber 6 at the upper end of the apparatus. The inlet pipe for the liquid to be distilled, which leads to the distribution basin 5, is indicated by reference numeral 17 in Figure 1. The outlet pipe for the distillate obtained is indicated by numeral 18, and the outlet pipe for the un¬ vaporized liquid by numeral 19. The discharging distillate and the liquid which has remained unvaporized are used in heat exchangers 20 for preheating the liquid to be distilled. The structure and operation of each individual element → of the distillation apparatus ϊ can be seen in greater detail in Fig¬ ures 2-6. The function of the end strip 4 at the upper end of the element is to distribute the vapor to be condensed, blown into the feeding chamber 6, as evenly as possible into the vertical ducts 12 inside the element and to distribute the liquid to be -evaporated, which is in the distribution basin 5, as evenly as possible onto the opposite exterior surfaces 21 of the element. The function of the end strip 7 at the lower end of the element, for its part, is to collect the liquid con¬ densed in the ducts 12 inside he element and to direct it as the obtained distillate to the collection vessel 8 and to allow the liquid which has remained unvaporized on the element sur¬ faces 21 to flow into the collection basin 9 at the bottom of the apparatus. The upper end strip 4 of the element comprises, in accordance with Figures 2-4, a honeycomb produced from three opposite, substantially rectangular plastic honeycomb boards 22. In each of these boards 22 the space between two opposite walls 23 is divided by transverse, mutually parallel partition walls 24 into parallel ducts of mutually equal width. The ducts in the middle honeycomb board of the strip form the ducts 25 leading to the inside of the element, for the vapor to be condensed, and the ducts in the honeycomb boards on their both sides con¬ stitute the feeding ducts 26, leading to the opposite exterior surfaces 21 of the element, for the liquid to be evaporated. As can be seen in Figure 2, the feeding ducts 25 for the vapor to be condensed are vertical, in which case they direct the vapor vertically into the ducts 12 produced inside the element by means of seams, whereas the feeding ducts 26 for the liquid to be evaporated run obliquely from the end 27 of the strip 4 to the side 28 of the strip, from which the liquid discharges onto the element surfaces 21. Both the vapor directed to the inside of the element 3 and the liquid directed onto its surfaces 21 can thus be distributed evenly over the entire width of the element, whereby the best possible heat exchange is accom¬ plished between the vapor phase and the liquid phase. The honeycomb-structured end strip 7 at the lower end of each element is structurally similar to the end strip 4 of the upper end of the element. There is, however, the difference that, of the three opposite honeycomb boards 29 of the strip 7, the mid¬ dle one contains ducts 31 which lead obliquely towards the end 30 of the strip, communicate with the vertical ducts 12 seamed inside the element, and serve as outlet ducts for the liquid condensed inside the element, whereas in the honeycomb boards on both sides of these the ducts 32 are vertical and serve as outlet ducts for the liquid remaining unvaporized. For an expert in the art it is evident that the various embodi¬ ments of the invention are not restricted to the above example but may vary within the scope of the accompanying claims. It is r for example, advantageous if the vertical zigzagging ducts 12 in adjacent elements run cross-wise in relation to .each other, in which case the elements will not adhere to each other and the downward-flowin liquid to be evaporated will remain more evenly distributed on the exterior surfaces 21 of the elements. If the elements 3 are identical, this requires the reversal of every second element, in which case the liquid- distribution basin 5 and the distillate-collection vessel 8 in the apparatus must be connected to both ends of both the upper end strips 4 and the lower end strips 7. The uses of the distillation apparatus according to the inven¬ tion may also vary. In addition to the distillation of sea water, the apparatus is also applicable, for example, to the concentration of various solutions and suspensions, such as the waste waters from bleaching in pulp mills.

Claims: Claims 1. A distillation apparatus (1) for the evaporation of a liquid and for its subsequent condensation, the apparatus com¬ prising a plurality of flat, bag-like elements formed from a thin film material, such as plastic film, and placed against one another, the elements serving as heat exchangers between a vaporizing liquid flowing along the exterior surfaces (21) of the elements and a condensing vapor directed to the inside of the elements, and a compressor (15) for increasing the pressure and temperature of the generated vapor before it is directed to the inside of the elements, characterized in that the inside of each bag-like element (3) is divided into parallel vapor ducts (12) extending vertically from one end of the element to the other, and that the feeding in of vapor into the said ducts has been arranged to take place from apertures (25) located at the upper edge (4) of the element and leading to the inside of the element. 2. A distillation apparatus according to Claim 1, charac- - terized in that the vapor ducts (12) are produced by seaming the opposite membranes (11) of a bag-like element (3) to each other along vertical seaming lines (10). 3. A distillation apparatus according to Claim 2, charac¬ terized in that the seaming lines (10) have breaks at which the parallel vapor ducts (12) communicate with each other. 4. A distillation apparatus according to any of the above claims, characterized in that at the upper edge of each element (3) there is a honeycomb-structured end strip (4) having sub¬ stantially the width of the element, the strip containing pa¬ rallel feeding ducts (25) leading to the inside of the element and being separated from each other by partition walls. 5. A distillation apparatus according to Claim 4, charac¬ terized in that the said ducts (25) leading to the inside of the element (3) are substantially vertical. 6. A distillation apparatus according to Claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the end strip (4) preferably comprises a plastic honeycomb board (22) in which the space between two opposite walls is divided by transverse, mutually parallel partition walls (24) into .parallel ducts (25) of equal width. 7. A distillation apparatus according to any of Claims 4-6, characterized in that the end strip (4) comprises a ho eycomb in which the space between two opposite walls is divided into parallel ducts (25) feeding the vapor to be condensed to the inside of the element (3), and in which at least one adjacent space between two opposite walls is divided into parallel ducts (26) feeding the liquid to be evaporated onto the exterior surface (21) of the element. 8. A distillation apparatus according to any of the above claims, characterized in that at the lower end of each element (3) there is a honeycomb-structured end strip (7) having sub¬ stantially the width of the element, the strip containing a plurality of outlet ducts (31) for the liquid condensed inside the element. 9. A distillation apparatus according to Claim 8, charac¬ terized in that the end strip (7) at the lower end of the ele¬ ment (3) comprises a plastic honeycomb board (29) in which the space between " two opposite walls is divided by transverse, mutually parallel partition walls into parallel ducts (31) of equal width. 10. A distillation apparatus according to Claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the end strip (7) at the lower end of the element (3) comprises a honeycomb in which the space between two opposite walls is divided into parallel outlet ducts (31) for the liquid condensed inside the element and in which at least one adjacent space between two opposite walls is divided into outlet ducts (32) for the liquid which has remained un¬ vaporized on the exterior surface (21) of the element.

Inventors: KOISTINEN PETER, RANTALA REIJO, KOISTINEN, PETER, RANTALA, REIJO
Applicants: AQUAMAX OY
Application year: 1991
Main classification: B01D1
IPC codes: B01D1, C02F1, D21C11, F28F21