A developing apparatus

Abstract: A developing apparatus having a developing sleeve (10b) for carrying developer to a developing station. The developing sleeve (10b) contains therein a magnet (10a). A magnetic member (21) is disposed closely to the developing sleeve, extending along a circumference of the sleeve. The magnetic member cooperates with said magnet to form a magnetic brush in a gap (9) between the sleeve and the magnetic member itself. The magnetic brush is effective to prevent possible leakage of the developer to the outside of a developer container at longitudinal ends of the sleeve. The magnetic member (21) is made of a ferromagnetic material.

Description: FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART The present invention relates to a developing apparatus for developing an electrostatic latent image formed on an image bearing member through an electrophotographic process or an electrostatic recording process, more particularly to a developing apparatus using a one component developer containing as a major component magnetic toner particles and a two component developer containing magnetic carrier particles and toner particles. U.S. Patent No. 4,387,664 and European Patent Application 0,219,233A disclose that a magnetic member is disposed extending along the length of a developer carrier member at a developer layer thickness regulating portion in the outlet of the developer where a developer carrying member displaces the developer from the container toward a developing station. The magnetic member is disposed in a magnetic field provided by a magnet contained within the developer carrying member to regulate the thickness of the developer layer. U.S. Patents Nos. 4,563,978 and 4,838,200, and European Patent Application No. 0,219,233A disclose a developing apparatus including a magnetic member length of the developer carrying member at an inlet for the developer where the developer carrying member returns into the container the developer having passed through the developing station. The magnetic member is also disposed within the magnetic field of the magnet within the developer carrying member to prevent the developer from flowing out through the inlet to the outside. U.S. Patents Nos. 4,341,179 and 4,373,468 disclose means for preventing the developer from leaking out from the longitudinal ends of the developer carrying member. In this developing apparatus. as shown in Figure 1. sealing members 14 made of mode plane or non-woven fabric at the opposite longitudinal ends of the developer carrying member 10b. As shown in Figure 2, an elastic sealing members 16 having elastic contact tongues 16a for assuring the contact thereof with the developer carrying member 10b are contacted to the longitudinal opposite ends of the developer carrying member 10b. Using such end sealing members, the developer is prevented from leaking out of the container beyond the longitudinal ends of the developer carrying member, or the developer from being introduced into the bearings 12 of the developer carrying member. However, with such conventional structure, the developer can go into the contact portion between the end seal members 14 and 16 and the developer carrying member 10b although the amount thereof is small. Therefore. when the developing apparatus is operated for a long period. the developer is rubbed by the press-contact portion with the result of agglomeration of the developer. A part of the agglomeration is taken into the other developer, but in the case where the agglomeration is large, it is blocked by the developer layer thickness regulating blade with the result of occurrence of the developer non-application portion on the developer carrying member 10b, by which a white stripe appears on the resultant image. When the agglomeration is small, it is consumed for the developing operation together with the other developer particles. This results in non-transfer portion about the agglomerated developer, particularly in the case of a solid black image. which appears as white dots in the transferred image, thus deteriorating significantly the image quality. If the contact pressure between the end seal member and the developer carrying member is increased in an attempt to prevent this, a remarkably strong stress is applied to the developer carrying member with the result of increase of the load of the developer carrying member driving motor. Therefore, it has been difficult to completely prevent the entering of the developer for a long period of time. The recent demand in the field of printers and copying machines is directed to color images and graphic images, in which case the reproducibility of a half tone image or a solid image become important. In order to accomplish the high image quality suitable for them, the grain size of the developer is reduced, and on the other hand. an alternating electric field is applied at the developing position for improving the developing performance, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,395,476 or in a European Patent Application No. 0,219,233A. By reducing the size of the developer. particularly the toner particles, it generally becomes more easily agglomerated, and the application of the alternating electric field tends to promote the agglomerated developer deposition on the developed image. In the case of the color image formation, the agglomeration of the developer is a significant problem from the standpoint of further improvement in the image quality. This is because in the color image, subtle colors are represented by overlaying plural color toners, and therefore, if the above-described defect is involved in one of the color images, the resultant image involves the defect which is remarkable. US-A-4213617 discloses a developing station including a seal comprising a magnetic ring and a magnet for establishment of a magnetic brush at end portions of a developer carrying member. The seal serves to prevent developer from escaping in the axial direction. The disclosure of JP-U-62-143968 is similar. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a developing apparatus having the features set out in claim 1 of the accompanying claims. Embodiments of the invention subject the developer to reduced stress by the end sealing members and by the developer carrier member and thereby reduce or prevent developer at moderation and fusing. Embodiments of the invention enable leakage of the developer from the longitudinal ends of the developer carrying member to be effectively prevented without significantly increasing the load required to drive the developer carrier member. Because agglomeration of the developer attributable to the provision of the sealing members is reduced or prevented, in embodiments of the invention the quality of the image is improved and images of high resolution can be obtained. In particular, embodiments of the invention can provide developing apparatus which is suitable for the production of high quality colour images. How the invention may be put into effect will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a partly sectional view of a part of a conventional developing apparatus. Figure 2 is a partly sectional view of a conventional developing apparatus. Figure 3 is a sectional view of a color copying apparatus to which the present invention is applicable. Figure 4 is a sectional view of a developing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 5 is a sectional view of the developing apparatus illustrating behavior of the developer. Figure 6 is a partly sectional view of a longitudinal end portion of the developing sleeve in a developing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 7 illustrates magnetic brush formed adjacent a longitudinal end of the developing sleeve. Figure 8 is a partly sectional view of a part of the developing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 9 is a partly sectional view of a developing apparatus according to a further embodiment of the present invention. Figure 10 is a partly sectional view of a developing apparatus according to a yet further embodiment of the present invention. Figure 11 is a partly sectional view of a part of a developing apparatus according to a further embodiment of the present invention. Figure 12 is a partly sectional view of a part of a developing apparatus according to a further embodiment of the present invention. Figure 13 is a cross-sectional view of a developing apparatus according to a further embodiment of the present invention. Figure 14 is a cross-sectional view of a part of the developing apparatus of Figure 13. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to Figure 3, the description will first be made as to a full-color electrophotographic copying apparatus to which the present invention is applicable. Generally at the center of the copying machine, there is disposed a photosensitive drum 100 functioning as an image bearing member and having a surface electrophotographic photosensitive layer. It is rotatable in the direction indicated by an arrow x direction (counterclockwise direction). Above the photosensitive drum 100, a primary charger A is disposed: to the left of the photosensitive drum 100, a rotary type developing device B is disposed; below the photosensitive drum 100, a transfer device 5 is disposed; and to the light of the photosensitive drum 1, a cleaning device C is disposed. At the top portion of the electrophotographic copying machine, there is an optical system D which functions to project an image of an original O on a transparent platen 7 (glass or the like) onto the photosensitive drum 100 (through a slit) at an exposure station 3 disposed between the primary charger A and the rotary developing device 100 the optical system D may be of any known type. In this embodiment, it comprises a first scanning mirror 11, second and third scanning mirrors 12 and 13 movable in the same direction as the first scanning mirror 11 and at a speed which is one half that of the first scanning mirror 11. Since such an optical system D constitutes a known slit exposure optical system, and therefore. the detailed description thereof is omitted for simplicity. The original illuminating light source 10 is movable together with the first scanning mirror 11, and a color separation filter 17 is disposed between a fourth fixed mirror 15 and the exposure station 3. The color separation filter 17 includes red, green, blue and ND filters are selectively introduced into the optical path. The light image by the light reflected by the original O scanned by the first. second and third mirrors 11. 12 and 13 is passed through a lens 14, and is reflected by the fourth fixed mirror 15, and is color-separated by a color separation filter 17. It is imaged on the photosensitive drum 100 at the exposure station. At the right portion in the full-color electrophotographic copying apparatus, there are an image fixing device I and a sheet feeding device 10. Between the image transfer device 5 and the fixing device I and the sheet feeding device J. there are transfer material conveying systems 25 and 35. With the structure described above. the photosensitive drum 100 is subjected to charging. image exposure. developing, transferring and cleaning operations (image forming process operations) by the primary charger A, the optical system D, the rotary developing device B. the transfer device 5 and the cleaning device C, for each of the separated colors. The rotary developing device B includes a rotatable supporting member 300 and developing units supported on the supporting member 300 at 90 degrees intervals. In this embodiment, the supporting member 300 supports four developing units. more particularly. a developing unit 101Y containing yellow toner, a developing unit 101M containing a magenta toner. a developing unit 101C containing cyan toner and a developing unit 101BK containing black toner. An electrostatic latent image corresponding to each of the colors formed on the surface of the photosensitive drum 100 is visualized with the developer contained in the corresponding developing unit. By controlling the rotational angular position of the supporting member 300 at the increment of 90 degrees, the developing sleeve of a desired developing unit is presented to the predetermined developing position where it is faced to the photosensitive drum 100 to permit developing action by the developing unit. During the developing operation, the developing sleeve is supplied with a developing bias voltage which is a vibratory voltage such as an AC voltage or a substantially DC biased AC voltage provided by the voltage source E (Figure 4) so that an altemating or vibratory electric field is formed at the developing position, by which the toner is repeatedly transferred to the photosensitive drum or transferred back to the developing sleeve to finally develop the latent image. The waveform of the bias voltage may be sine wave, rectangular wave, triangular wave or the like. In the state shown in Figure 3. the black developing unit 101BK is presented to the photosensitive drum 100. The developing device may be of a regular development type wherein a dark potential portion of the latent image receives the toner or a reverse-development wherein a light potential portion of the latent image receives the toner. When the reverse-development type is used, the portion of the photosensitive member to receive the toner is exposed to laser beam modulated in accordance with an image signal or LED radiation or the like. The visualized image thus provided is transferred onto a transfer material P such as a sheet of paper supplied from the sheet feeding device J, at the image transfer station. The transfer device 5 is provided with a transfer drum 5b having a gripper 5a for gripping and retaining the transfer material P on the periphery of the transfer drum 5b. The gripper 5a of the transfer drum 5b grips the leading edge of the transfer material P supplied from the transfer material cassette 31 or 32 of the feeding device J through the transfer material conveying system 35. and the transfer drum 5b rotates, carrying the transfer material P to transfer the visualized (toner) color images from the photosensitive drum 100. In the image transfer station, there is a transfer charger 5c disposed within the transfer drum 5b. In this manner, the transfer material P receives the color visualized images sequentially and superposedly, and is released from the gripper 5a and is separated from the transfer drum 5b by a separating pawl. Then. the transfer material P is conveyed by the transfer material conveying system 25 to an image fixing device I, by which the toner image on the transfer material P is heated, fused and fixed on the transfer material P. Thereafter, the transfer material P is discharged to a tray K. Figure 4 is a sectional view of one of the developing units shown in Figure 3. The image bearing member 100 (photosensitive drum) is rotated in a direction indicated by an arrow a by an unshown driving device. A developing sleeve 10b is faced to the photosensitive drum 100 at the developing position. It is made of non-magnetic material such as aluminum. stainless steel (SUS 316). Substantially left half circumferential surface of the developing sleeve 12 is placed in a developer container 2 through a longitudinal opening thereof. The substantially right half thereof is exposed outside the container 2. It is rotatably supported and is driven to rotate in a direction b. Within the developing sleeve 10b a stationary permanent magnet is provided to produce a stationary magnetic field. When the developing sleeve 10b is rotated, the magnet 10a maintains its position and pose. The magnet 10a has five magnetic poles ("N" indicates N-polarity; and "S" indicates S-polarity). The magnet 10A is not limitedly a permanent magnet, but may be an electromagnet. At the top edge of the opening of the developer supply opening in which the developing sleeve 10b is disposed, a developer layer regulating member in the form of a non-magnetic blade 30 is fixed on a wall of the container 2 at its base portion, and the leading edge of the blade 30 is disposed spaced apart from the developing sleeve 10b with a small clearance along the length of the sleeve. The non-magnetic blade 30 is made of SUS 316, for example. A developer guiding member L has a surface closely disposed to a side of the non-magnetic blade 30 and has a bottom surface functioning as a developer guiding surface M. A developer layer thickness regulating portion is constituted by the non-magnetic blade 30, the developer guiding member L or the like. The regulating station regulates the thickness of a layer of the developer discharged from the container 2 and carried to the developing station F. By the rotation of the sleeve 10b. The thickness of the developer layer on the sleeve 10b is preferably small such that the developer layer is in contact with the drum 100 at the developing station F where the toner is applied from the sleeve 10b to the drum 100. However, in the case where plural color toner images are formed on the drum 100 superposedly, the developer layer is preferably regulated into such a thickness that it is not contacted to the drum 100 at the developing station F. In this embodiment, the developing device is provided with a developer container 2 for containing a developer 8 which may be a one component magnetic developer containing magnetic toner particles each of which is a mixture of a magnetic particle and resin or may be a two component developer which is a mixture of magnetic carrier particles containing as a major component magnetic particles and toner particles. In the developer container 2, there are screws 4 and 6 for reciprocating, circulating and stirring the developer within the developer container 2. In Figure 4, the developer is omitted for the sake of simplicity. The developer used for the color image forming apparatus described above is preferably the two component developer containing the non-magnetic toner particles and the magnetic carrier particles. As shown in Figure 6, the developing sleeve 10b is provided with a shaft projecting outwardly from longitudinal opposite ends thereof (only one end is shown in Figure 6). The shaft is rotatably supported on the side wall 2a of the developer container 2 by bearings 12. The sleeve 10b is rotationally driven by a motor through an unshown gear train. Similarly to the conventional apparatus, when the developing sleeve 10b rotates, the developer caught on the surface of the sleeve by the magnetic force of the pole N2 is conveyed to the pole S2, the pole N1 and to the pole S1. The developer is regulated by the regulating member 30 so that a thin developer layer is formed. A magnetic pole S1 functions as a main developing magnetic pole, and is effective to erect chains of the developer particles by its magnetic field. The chains of the developer develops the electrostatic latent image on the image bearing member 100. Thereafter, by the repelling magnetic field formed by the cooperation of the same polarity N3 and N2 poles, the developer having the development hysteresis on the developing sleeve 10b fall into the developing container 2. After the developer is sufficiently stirred by the screw 6, it is supplied to the sleeve again. The behavior of the developer 8 is shown in Figure 5. As shown in Figures 4 and 6, at each of the longitudinal ends of the developing sleeve 10b, a plate-like magnetic member 21 is disposed to enclose such a portion of the developing sleeve 10b as is within the container 2, and is mounted on a side wall 2a of the developer container 2. The plate-like magnetic member 21 is provided at each of the longitudinal ends of the sleeve 10b, extending along the circumferential direction of the sleeve 10b with a small clearance from the sleeve 10b. The magnetic member 21 is within the influence of the magnetic field provided by the magnet 10a. In Figure 6, for example, only one longitudinal end of the sleeve 10b is shown. The magnetic member 21 is preferably made of ferromagnetic material such as steel, nickel, cobalt or an alloy of two or more of them, having a thickness (t) of 0.2 - 1 mm. These materials have (1/2)(BH)max of not more than 0.7 J/m 3 , where (BH)max is the maximum of B x H, where B is residual magnetic flux density, and H is coercive force, wherein (BH)max is a maximum energy multiple. The gap g from the developing sleeve 10b is not limited, but may be properly selected within the range of 0.3 - 2 mm. In this embodiment, the magnetic member 21 has a part annular configuration concentric with the developing sleeve 10b and having a width w to provide a uniform gap G from the developing sleeve 10b. However, the configuration is not limited to this, but may be determined properly by one skilled in the art. It should be noted that the magnetic plate 21 extends along the periphery of the developing sleeve 10b without contact thereto. An angle formed between a side surface of the magnetic plate 21 and a line perpendicular to the circumferential surface of the developing sleeve 10b is not more than 45 degrees in order to assure prevention of the leakage of the developer. It is preferable that the magnetic plate 21 extends covering the entire circumferential surface of the developing sleeve 10b, but it is not inevitable. As shown in Figure 4, it may cover a part of the entire circumferential surface of the developing sleeve 10b. By disposing the magnetic plates at the longitudinal opposite end portions of the developing sleeve 10b, the magnetic plates 21 is magnetized by the magnetic force of the magnetic roller 10a in the developing sleeve 10b, so that a magnetic circuit is established between the magnetic roller 10a and the magnetic plates 21. This is effective to concentrate the magnetic field to the free edge of the magnetic plate 21 adjacent to the developing sleeve 10b. Therefore, as shown in Figure 7, a high density magnetic brush m of the developer particles is formed in the gap g between the magnetic plate 21 and the developing sleeve 10b. The magnetic brush m functions to prevent the developer from leaking along the developing sleeve 10b through the clearance between the developer container side wall 2a and the developing sleeve 10b surface into the bearing 12 and to prevent the developer from scattering externally. In other words, the magnetic brush m of the developer formed in the gap g between the magnetic plate and the developing sleeve 10b, functions as an end seal (where the developer is the two component developer, the brush m is a magnetic brush of the magnetic carrier particles; and where it is a one component developer, the magnetic brush m is the brush of the magnetic toner). Referring to Figure 8, another embodiment of the present invention will be described. In this embodiment, an auxiliary sealing member 23 is disposed adjacent to the magnetic plate 21. The auxiliary sealing member 23 is made of an elastic sheet having an inside edge resiliently contacted to the developing sleeve 10b at a position between the magnetic plate 21 and the bearing 12, while the elastic sheet being bent. A preferable example of the auxiliary sealing member 23 is made of polyethylene terephthalate, urethane rubber sheet or the like having a thickness of 0.1 - 0.5 mm, for example. By the provision of the auxiliary sealing member 23, it can be avoided that a part of the magnetic brush formed in the gap between the magnetic plate 21 and the developing sleeve 10b scatters toward the bearing 12 with further certainty. The auxiliary sealing member 23 is preferably extended circumferentially within the range in which the magnetic plate 21 circumferentially extends. Referring to Figure 9, a further embodiment of the present invention will be described. The number and arrangement of the magnetic poles of the magnet roller 10a are not limited to those shown in Figure 4. If the number and arrangement of Figure 4 are used, the formation of the magnetic brush of the developer is not so strong in the portion of the gap g adjacent to the portion where the repelling magnetic field is formed by the poles N3 and N2 as the other portions. Therefore, if the developer moves toward the bearing 12 through the portion of the gap g, the developer is caught by a magnet 25 which is an alternative of the auxiliary sealing member. The magnet 25 is a part annular permanent magnet extending along the peripheral surface of the developing sleeve 10b in the region where the magnetic plate 21 exists. at a longitudinal position between the magnetic plate 21 and the bearing 12. The part annular magnet may be a rubber magnet containing magnetic powder dispersed therein or a plastic magnet or the like. In this embodiment, the inside surface of the part annular magnet is magnetized to S polarity. and the outer surface side is magnetized to N polarity. It is particularly effective to prevent the leakage of the developer through the region where the repelling magnetic field is formed by the magnetic poles N3 and N2. According to this embodiment, the developer once caught by the magnet 25 is formed into a magnetic brush in the gap between the magnet 25 and the developing sleeve 10b surface, and thereafter, the magnetic brush functions to seal the developer against the possible leakage in the region where the repelling magnetic field is formed by the magnetic poles N3 and N2. The weight average particle size of the magnetic carrier particles in the two component developer usable with the developing apparatus according to the present invention is 30 - 100 microns. Preferably, however, it is 35 - 65 microns. and further preferably it is 40 - 65 microns. The weight distribution is preferably such that the component of particle size of not more than 26 microns is not more than 2 - 6 %. that the component of the particle size of 35 - 43 microns is 5 - 25 % and that the component of the particle size not less than 74 microns is not more than 2 %. The electric resistance of the carrier is not less than 50 7 ohm.cm, preferably not less than 10 8 ohm.cm, and further preferably 10 9 - 10 12 ohm.cm, and is preferably provided by coating ferrite particles (maximum magnetization) 60 emu/g coated with resin material. The resistance of the magnetic particle, for example ferrite particles or ferrite particles coated with resin material is measured using a sandwich type cell having a measuring electrode area of 4 cm 2 and a clearance of 0.4 cm between electrodes. wherein the weight of 1 kg is applied on one of the electrodes. A voltage E (V/cm) is applied across the electrodes, and the resistance of the magnetic particles is obtained on the basis of the current through the circuit containing the electrodes. The preferable toner used in this embodiment satisfy that more than 90 % by volume toner particles are within the range of (1/2)M < r < (3/2)M, where M is a volume average particle size, and r is a particle size of a toner particle: and that more than 99 % by volume is within the range of 0 < r < 2M. In addition, the volume average particle size M is preferably not more than 10 microns and not less than 4 microns (for the purpose of higher resolution image formation, preferably not more than 10 microns, and further preferably not more than 8 microns). The volume distribution and the volume average particle size of the toner are measured in the following manner: The measuring device is Callter Counter TA-II (available from Callter) to which an interface (Nikkaki) and CX-i Personal Computer (available from Canon Kabushiki Kaisha. Japan) for outputting number average distribution and volume average distribution. As for the electrolytic solution, a first class natrium chloride is used to prepare 1 % NaCI solution. The electrolytic solution (100 - 150 ml) is added with 0.1 - 5 ml of surface active agent (dispersing agent) (preferably alkylbenzene sulfonate) and further added with 0.5 - 50 mg of the material to be measured. The electrolytic solution suspending the material is subjected to the dispersing operation approximately 1 - 3 min. using an ultrasonic dispersing device. Using TA-II with 100 micron aperture, the particle size distribution for the particles having the particle size of 20 - 40 microns, and the volume distribution is obtained therefrom. From the volume distribution, the volume average particle size of the sample material can be obtained. When the distribution exceeds the above-described range, the image quality improving effect can not be sufficiently expected even if the average particle size is changed when the toner particles having larger particle sizes increase, it is difficult to remove the image roughness at the portion where the image density is low because the large size toner particles contributable to the scattering of the toner are present at the time of the image transfer, however, the average particle size of the toner is reduced. When the toner particles having the smaller particle size includes the toner particles stuck to the magnetic particles includes, and therefore, the magnetic particles becomes unable to apply the triboelectric charge efficiently to the toner with the result of increased toner scattering or the foggy background. In addition, the toner particles having small particle size tends to be fused, and therefore, they are fused on the magnetic particles (carrier) with the result of the foggy background and the toner scattering attributable to the carrier deterioration. For the reasons described above, the sharp volume distribution is desired. The toner contains binder resin, coloring agent and additives such as electrification controlling agent as desired. It is preferable that hydrophobic colloidal silica fine particles are added to the toner. Examples of the binder resin materials are styrene-acrylic acid-ester resin, styrene-methacryl acid-ester resin or other styrene copolymer or polyester resin. Particularly when the color mixture in the fixing operation of the toner image by the non-magnetic color toner in an image forming apparatus, the polyester resin is preferable since it provides a sharp fusing property. The developer described above is contained in the developing device of Figures 4 and 6, and the images have been formed under the following conditions: Drum: 80 mmø, OPC. peripheral speed of 160 mm/sec Sleeve: 32 mmø, stainless steel having the surface sand-blasted Peripheral speed: 280 mm/sec Latent image contrast (difference in the dark portion potential and the light portion potential): 300 V Fog removing potential: 150 V (difference between the light portion potential and the DC component of the developing bias) AC component of the developing bias: 2.0 KVpp 2.0 kHz Gap between sleeve and drum: 500 microns Gap between sleeve and developer layer regulating blade: 800 microns Developing magnetic pole: 1000 Gauss When the apparatus was operated for a long period of time, the above-described image defects attributable to the agglomeration of the toner were suppressed in the produced images. When the small particle size toner having the volume average particle size of not more than 10 microns, the binder of which was polyester resin was used, it had the sharp fusing property, but on the other hand, it was so soft that it was easily agglomerated and fused into a mass with slight stress. In addition, the agglomeration was strong because the particle size was small. Despite the AC electric field application at the developing station for the purpose of increasing the developing power, the good images without remarkable white spots or white stripes were produced from the start of the operation for a long period (more specifically, several hundreds thousands copies on A4 size sheets). The developing devices shown in Figures 8 and 9 were operated under the same conditions. and it was confirmed that the image defects were not remarkable. and the developer did not leak to the bearing 12 even after the along term operation thereof. The inconvenience that the developer entered the bearing 12 to increase the driving load for the sleeve 10b became too large. When the ten point average roughness Rz (Japanese Industrial Standard) of the surface of the developer carrying member is not less than 1 micron, the developer containing the toner having the particle size around 10 microns were so influenced by the surface roughness that the toner conveying power is steeply increased. In consideration of this. the portion A of the sleeve carrying the developer to be supplied to the image formation region of the photosensitive member is sand-blasted to provide the surface roughness Rz of not less than 1.5 microns and not more than 5.0 microns in order to increase the developer conveying power under any ambient condition. In place of the sandblasting treatment, it may be treated by sand paper or the like (U.S. Patent Nos. 4,377,332 and 4.380.966). However. if the sealing effect by the magnetic brush at the end portions is desired. it is not preferable that the developer is moved strongly by the conveying force provided by the developer carrying member at the free ends of the magnetic brush formed by the magnetic plate 21. This is because the end sealing effect is reduced by the strong movement of the developer at the free ends of the magnetic brush adjacent the longitudinal ends of the sleeve. and because the strong movement of the developer separates the toner and the carrier with the result of easily toner scattering. The toner having a sharp fusing property using the polyester resin as the binder moves strongly together with the carrier at the same portion adjacent to the ends of the magnetic brush for a long period of time. When the separated toner increases, the toner becomes easily agglomerated around the separated toner. Then, the non-contact type sealing effect is not sufficiently used as the case may be. In consideration of these points, the surface portions B (Figs. 10, 11, 12) of the developer carrying member which is contacted with the high density magnetic brush m functioning as the end seal is made such a smooth surface as has the ten point average roughness Rz of not more than 1 microns. More particularly, the surface roughness in the longitudinally end regions B of the sleeve 10b to which the magnetic member 21 is faced is made so smooth as Rz not more than 1 microns. This suppresses the force applied from the sleeve to the free ends of the magnetic brush and therefore, the end seals function properly for a long period of time, with sufficient stability even if the small size polyester toner having the sharp fusing property is used. In the example of Figures 10. 11 and 12, above paragraph, the auxiliary sealing members 23 and 25 are faced to the regions B. The surface portion B at each of the opposite longitudinal ends to which the magnetic brush m is contacted is such a portion that through it. the lines of magnetic force from each of the longitudinal end of the magnet 10a to the magnetic plate 21 are concentrated. and it includes at least the closest point between the magnetic plate 21 and the developing sleeve 10b. The region B is magnetically influenced to a significant degree by the magnetic permeability of the magnetic member 21 and the magnetic force of the magnet 10a, and therefore, it is as large as possible, provided that the image is not adversely influenced. The developer described above was contained in the developing device of Figure 10, and the image was produced under the following conditions: Drum: 82 mmø, OPC. 160 mm/sec of peripheral speed Sleeve: 32 mmø, stainless steel. 280 mm/sec of peripheral speed Latent image contrast: 300 V Fog removing potential: 150 V (difference between the light portion potential and the DC component of the developing bias) Region A of the sleeve: sandblasted to Rz = 1.8 microns Region B of the sleeve surface: Rz = 0.8 microns AC component of developing bias: 2.0 KVpp, 2.0 KHz Sleeve-drum gap: 500 microns Sleeve-blade gap: 800 microns Developing pole S1: 1000 Gauss When the apparatus was operated for a long period of time, the above-described image defects attributable to the agglomeration of the toner were suppressed in the produced images. When the small particle size toner having the volume average particle size of not more than 10 microns, the binder of which was polyester resin was used, it had the sharp fusing property, but on the other hand, it was so soft that it was easily agglomerated and fused into a mass with slight stress. In addition, the agglomeration was strong because the particle size was small. Despite the AC electric field application at the developing station for the purpose of increasing the developing power, the good images without remarkable white spots or white stripes were produced from the start of the operation for a long period (more specifically, several hundreds thousands copies on A4 size sheets). The developing devices shown in Figures 11 and 12 were operated under the same conditions, and it was confirmed that the image defects did not occur, and the developer did not leak to the bearing 12 even after the along term operation thereof. Toner particles deposited on the magnetic particles with small deposition force, the toner not sufficiently charged and the toner charged to the opposite polarity are easily separated from the carrier and are scattered. Particularly, the toner particles for the full-color image formation has a small toner particle size in consideration of the high quality image and the high color mixing property. In addition, the sharp melting property is desired. Therefore, polyester binder toner is used. The toner is excellent in the quality of the image, but involves the drawback that in the changed ambient condition (particularly under the high humidity condition, the triboelectric charging ability of the toner itself changes (decreases) with the result of being easily scattered). In addition, such toner is easily deteriorated under the strong mechanical stress at the developer discharging outlet of the container and the developer inlet thereof. Therefore, the prevention of the scattering or the deterioration of the toner is prevented at the outlet and the inlet. The embodiment of Figure 13 provides the solution to this problem, too. In Figure 14, the developer container 2 is provided with an opening at a position close to the latent image bearing member 100, and in the opening, the developing sleeve 10b is rotatably disposed. Above the developing sleeve 10b, a developer layer thickness regulating member 32 is mounted with a predetermined gap from the sleeve. Below the developing sleeve 10b. a magnetic member 33 is mounted with a predetermined gap from the sleeve 10b. The regulating member 32 includes an integrated non-magnetic blade 30 and a magnetic blade 31. The non-magnetic blade 30 is made of non-magnetic material such as aluminum, non-magnetic stainless steel or the like. The blade 31 is made of magnetic material such as steel or magnetic stainless steel. An end of the non-magnetic blade 30 is closer to the sleeve 10b than the end of the magnetic blade 31. As described hereinbefore, a predetermined gap is formed from the surface of the developing sleeve 10b and is extended along the length of the sleeve. The gap regulates the quantity of the developer carried on the developing sleeve 10b to the developing station, that is, the thickness of the developer layer formed on the developing sleeve 10b. The magnetic blade 31 is influenced by the lines of magnetic force provided by the magnetic pole S2 slightly upstream of the regulating member 32 with respect to the rotational direction of the sleeve 10b to form a magnetic brush, by which the layer thickness regulating function by the non-magnetic blade 30 is assisted, thus reducing the stress applied to the developer during the regulating action. In addition, the passage of excessive developer can be prevented, and therefore, the toner scattering in the region downstream of the outlet is suppressed. In this embodiment, both of the non-magnetic toner and the magnetic particles are passed through the gap between the free end of the blade 30 and the surface of the developing sleeve 10b and are carried to the developing station. Below the sleeve 10b and slightly downstream of the magnetic pole N3 with respect to the rotational direction of the sleeve, a magnetic member 33 is extended along the length of the sleeve. It may be made of magnetic material such as steel or magnet. In this embodiment, the magnetic member 33 has a thickness of 0.5 mm and a width of 5 mm made of steel. In a developing apparatus using a repelling magnetic field provided by the same polarity magnetic poles N2 and N3, the lines of magnetic force by the magnetic pole N3 does not extend toward the magnetic pole N2, and are significantly concentrated on the opposite polarity magnetic pole S1, and therefore, the magnetic flux density from the magnetic pole N3 to the magnetic pole S1 is increased. Therefore, in the structure as in this embodiment wherein the magnetic member 33 is not used, the erection of the magnetic brush of the developer 8 formed on the developing sleeve adjacent the magnetic pole N3 is large and long toward the magnetic pole S1. and it is of high density, and therefore, it obstructs the developer returning into the developer container 2 having been conveyed on the sleeve 10b from the developing station F. This can result in that the toner is scattered, or that the developer is not properly returned into the developer container. In the experiments using the polyester binder toner (color toner described in the foregoing) which is easily painted. the brush of the developer having the high density and having large size and length adjacent to the magnetic pole N3 is strongly contacted with and rubbed with the bottom sealing member 34 covering a part of a sleeve with the result that the toner is separated, fused and agglomerated, and that the agglomerations are sequentially enters the developer container 2 and can be deposited on the image. However, when the magnetic member 33 is used as in this embodiment, the lines of magnetic force by the magnetic pole N3 are partly concentrated on the magnetic member 33, and then directed to the magnetic pole S1 with large arcuation, and therefore, no strong magnetic flux is not formed from the magnetic pole N3 to the magnetic pole S1. Therefore, adjacent the magnetic pole N3, the magnetic brush of the developer 8 formed on the sleeve 10b by the corporation between the magnetic pole N3 and the magnetic member 33 is concentrated on the magnetic member 33 so that the magnetic brush provides the magnetic sealing effects to prevent the leakage through the inlet. The magnetic brush of the developer extending from the magnetic pole N3 position toward the magnetic pole S1 is small, and therefore, the developer having been conveyed from the developing station F on the sleeve 10b and being returned into the container 2 does not increase in the layer thickness thereof, and the magnetic brush of the developer does not contact the bottom sealing member 34. This is confirmed in the experiments. The magnetic brush formed between the magnetic member 33 and the magnetic pole N3 is partly retained on the magnetic member 33 due to the balance between the confining force such as the magnetic confining force or the mirror force or the like and the friction force provided by the rotation of the sleeve 10b, and the other is sequentially taken into the developer container 2. and it falls into the container by the repelling magnetic field. The magnetic brush formed between the magnetic pole N3 and the magnetic member 33 acts softly on the developer which has been confined and carried on the sleeve 10b from the developing position and which is being returned into the developer container 2, and therefore, the toner is not separated for scattered by impact, and the toner is not separated or scattered by impact, and the proper returning of the developer into the container is maintained. Thus, the good sealing effect can be maintained. As contrasted to the comparison example without the member 33, the problem that the toner is separated and agglomerated, that the agglomerations are sequentially enters the developer container and that the agglomerations are deposited on the image has not occurred. The description will be made as to the position of the magnetic member 33. In Figure 14, 1 is an angle formed between the line connecting the rotational center of the sleeve 10b and the center of the magnetic pole N2 and the line connecting the center of the sleeve 10b and the center of the magnetic pole N3, and 2 is an angle formed between the line connecting the rotational center of the sleeve 10b and the pole center of the magnetic pole N3 and the line connecting the center of the sleeve 10b and the position where the magnetic member 33 and the sleeve 10b are closest. In the case where the  is zero or negative ("negative" means that the magnetic member 33 is upstream of the magnetic pole N3 with respect to the rotational direction of the sleeve 10b), the lines of magnetic force by the magnetic pole N3 are strongly concentrated on the magnetic member 33. Therefore. the magnetic brush of the developer formed on the sleeve 10b adjacent to the magnetic pole N3 is large and of high density. and therefore, is a bar to the developer which has been carried on the sleeve 10b from the developing position F and which is being returned into the developer container 2, with the result that the developer is not returned, and spilled outside the container. On the other hand, with the magnetic member 33 approaching the magnetic pole N2, the concentration of the magnetic lines of force of the magnetic pole N3 becomes weaker, so that the magnetic sealing effect becomes weaker. The experiments of the Inventors have revealed that the above-described magnetic sealing effect, the developer receiving effect and the toner scattering preventing effect are not satisfactory when 0 < 2 < 5 degrees. In the range of (1 3)1 < 2, the magnetic member 33 does not have any effect. The range in which the magnetic sealing effect, the developer receiving effect and the toner scattering preventing effect are all sufficient in the following range: 5 degrees ≦ 2 ≦ (1/3)1. This has been empirically confirmed. The description will be made as to the relation between the gap g 2 between the magnetic member 33 and the developing sleeve 10b and the gap g 1 between the developer regulating blade 30 and the developing sleeve 10b. The amount of the developer 8 (thickness t) on the sleeve 9b is regulated by the gap g 1 , so that the thickness t is generally equal to the gap g 1 . At the magnetic brush formed between the magnetic pole N3 and the magnetic member 33. as described hereinbefore, a part of the developer is retained on the magnetic member 33, and therefore, the thickness of the developer passing through the gap between the sleeve 10b and the magnetic member 33 is smaller than the gap g 2 . Therefore, in order to accomplish the proper receiving of the developer by the container 2. it has been found that g 1 < g 2 . The embodiments of Figures 10, 11 and 12 may be incorporated to the apparatus of Figures 13 and 14. The present invention is applicable to a monochromatic image forming apparatus as well as the full-color image forming apparatus.

Claims: A developing apparatus, comprising a container (2) for accommodating a developer (8) containing magnetic particles, a rotatable developer carrying member (10b) of cylindrical shape disposed at least partly in the container (2) for facing an image bearing member (100) at a developing position (F) and for carrying the developer thereon to the developing position (F), a magnet (10a) disposed in the developer carrying member (10b), and a magnetic member (21) disposed at an end portion of the developer carrying member and extending along a circumferential surface of the developer carrying member with a predetermined gap (g) therebetween, said magnetic member (21) cooperating with the magnet (10a) to form a magnetic brush (m) of the developer (8) in the gap (g) between the magnetic member (21) and the developer carrying member (10b), characterised in that the magnetic member (21) is made of a ferromagnetic material and is plate-like, with an angle formed between a side surface of the plate (21) and a radial line perpendicular to the surface of the developer carrying member (10b) of not more than 45°, and with a thickness (t) of 0.2 - 1mm. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the magnetic member (21) is directed at right angles to the surface of the developer carrying member (10b). An apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that a gap (g) between said magnetic member (21) and said developer carrying member (10b) is 0.3 - 2mm. An apparatus according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that a bearing (12) for rotatably supporting said developer carrying member (10b) at said end is disposed longitudinally outside said magnetic member (21). An apparatus according to claim 4, characterised in that an auxiliary sealing member (23, 25) is disposed at a position between said magnetic member (21) and said bearing (12) with respect to a longitudinal direction of said developer carrying member (10b). An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, characterised in that said auxiliary sealing member comprises an elastic sheet (23) in contact with said developer carrying member (10b). An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, characterised in that said auxiliary sealing member is a sealing magnet (25) facing said developer carrying member (10b) with a gap therebetween. An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, 6 or 7, characterised in that said magnet (10a) has magnetic poles (N2, N3) of the same polarity adjacent each other, at a position corresponding to the interior of said developer container (2). A developing apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that said developer carrying member (10b) has a rough surface region (A) for carrying the developer (8) to be conveyed to the developing position (F) and a less rough region (B) which said magnetic member (21) faces. An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, characterised in that the less rough region (B) of said developer carrying member (10b) which said magnetic member (21) faces has a surface roughness R Z not more than 1 micron. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, characterised in that said rough surface region (A) has a surface roughness R Z of more than 1.5 microns. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11, characterised by a second magnetic member (31) extending along a length of said developer carrying member (10b) and disposed closely to said developer carrying member (10b) at a developer outlet where the developer layer is discharged from said container (2) by said developer carrying member (10b), wherein said second magnetic member (31) is disposed within the influence of the magnetic field provided by said magnet (10a); and a third magnetic member (33) disposed in close proximity to said developer carrying member (10b) along a length thereof adjacent an inlet where the developer having passed through the developing position (F) is introduced into said container (2) by said developer carrying member (10b), said third magnetic member (33) being within the influence of the magnetic field of said magnet (10a). An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 12, comprising a developer (8) which contains magnetic carrier particles and toner particles, wherein not less than 90% of the toner particles have particle sizes satisfying (1/2)M < r < (3/2)M, and not less than 99% by volume of the toner particles satisfy 0 < r < 2M where M is a volume average particle size of the toner and is not more than 12µm and r is a particle size of a toner particle. An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, characterised in that an average particle size of the toner particles is not more than 10 µm. An apparatus as claimed in claim 14, characterised in that a binder resin of the toner particle is polyester resin material. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 15, characterised by a power source (E) for applying a developing bias voltage including an AC component to said developer carrying member (10b) to form an alternating electric field in the developing position (F).

Inventors: ITOH MASAHIRO, SAKEMI YUJI, SATOMURA HIROSHI, WATANABE AKIRA, ITOH, MASAHIRO, SAKEMI, YUJI, SATOMURA, HIROSHI, WATANABE, AKIRA, Itoh, Masahiro, c/o Canon K.K., Sakemi, Yuji, c/o Canon K.K., Satomura, Hiroshi, c/o Canon K.K., Watanabe, Akira, c/o Canon K.K.
Applicants: CANON KK, CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1990
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15