Thermally assisted transfer of electrostatographic toner particles to a thermoplastic bearing receiver

Abstract: The invention provides a method of non-electrostatically transferring dry toner particles which comprise a toner binder and which have a particle size of less than 8 micrometers from the surface of an element to a receiver which comprises a substrate having a coating of a thermoplastic polymer on a surface of the substrate characterized in (A) contacting the toner particles on the surface of an element which has a surface layer which comprises a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric resin matrix and a surface energy of not greater than 47 dynes/cm, preferably from 40 to 45 dynes/cm, with the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a thermoplastic addition polymer having a Tg which is less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder and the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating is 38 to 43 dynes/cm; (B) heating the receiver to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver during the transferring is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer; and (C) separating the receiver from the element at a temperature above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer, whereby virtually all of the toner particles are transferred from the surface of the element to the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver in the absence of a layer or a coating of a release agent on the thermoplastic polymer coating or on the element. The method is particularly well suited for providing images having high resolution and low granularity from very small size toner particles.

Description: This invention relates to an improved method of non-electrostatically transferring dry toner particles which comprise a toner binder and have a particle size of less than 8 micrometers from the surface of an element to a receiver. The method is a thermally assisted method of transferring such toner particles where the particles which are carried on the surface of an element which has a surface layer comprising a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric binder resin matrix and a surface energy of not greater than 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm) are non-electrostatically transferred to a receiver which comprises a substrate having a coating of a thermoplastic addition polymer on a surface of the substrate in which the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer is from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder and the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating is 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm) by contacting the toner particles with the receiver which is heated to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating during transfer is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer. After transfer, the receiver is immediately separated from the element while the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating is maintained at a temperature which is above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer. In an electrostatographic copy machine, an electrostatic latent image is formed on an element. That image is developed by the application of an oppositely charged toner to the element. The image-forming toner on the element is then transferred to a receiver where it is permanently fixed, typically by heat fusion. The transfer of the toner to the receiver is usually accomplished electrostatically by means of an electrostatic bias between the receiver and the element. In order to produce copies of very high resolution and low granularity, it is necessary to use toner particles that have a very small particle size, i.e., less than 8 micrometers. (Particle size herein refers to mean volume weighted diameter as measured by conventional diameter measuring devices such as a Coulter Multisizer, sold by Coulter, Inc. Mean volume weighted diameter is the sum of the mass of each particle times the diameter of a spherical particle of equal mass and density, divided by total particle mass.) However, it has been found that it is very difficult to electrostatically transfer such fine toner particles from the element to the receiver, especially when they are less than 6 micrometers in diameter. That is, fine toner particles frequently do not transfer from the element with reasonable efficiency. Moreover, those particles which do transfer frequently fail to transfer to a position on the receiver that is directly opposite their position on the element, but rather, under the influence of coulombic forces, tend to scatter, thus lowering the resolution of the transferred image and increasing the grain and mottle. Thus, high resolution images of low granularity require very small particles, however, images having high resolution and low granularity have not been attainable using electrostatically assisted transfer. In order to avoid this problem, it has become necessary to transfer the toner from the element to the receiver by non-electrostatic processes. One such process is the thermally assisted transfer process where the receiver is heated, typically to 60 to 90°C, and is pressed against the toner particles on the element. The heated receiver sinters the toner particles causing them to stick to each other and to the receiver thereby effecting the transfer of the toner from the element to the receiver. The element and receiver are then separated and the toner image is fixed, e.g., thermally fused to the receiver. For details, see U.S. Patent No. 4,927,727, titled "Thermally Assisted Transfer of Small Electrostatographic Toner Particles" issued May 22, 1990. While the thermally assisted transfer process does transfer very small particles without the scattering that occurs with electrostatic transfer processes, it is sometimes difficult to transfer all of the toner particles by this process. The toner particles that are directly on the element often experience a greater attractive force to the element than they do to the receiver and to other toner particles that are stacked above them, and the heat from the receiver may have diminished to such an extent by the time it reaches the toner particles next to the element that it does not sinter them. As a result, the toner particles that are in contact with the element may not transfer. Attempts to solve this problem by coating the element with a release agent have not proven to be successful because the process tends to wipe the release agent off the element into the developer which degrades both the developer and the development process. Moreover, because the process tends to wipe the release agent off the element, the application of additional release agent to the element is periodically required in order to prevent the toner particles from adhering to the element during transfer. An alternative approach to removing all of the toner particles from the element is to use a receiver that has been coated with a thermoplastic polymer. During transfer, the toner particles adhere to or become partially or slightly embedded in the thermoplastic polymer coating and are thereby removed from the element. However, it has been found that many thermoplastics that are capable of removing all of the toner particles also tend to adhere to the element. This, of course, not only seriously impairs image quality but it may also damage both the element and the receiver. Moreover, until now, it has not been possible to predict with any degree of certainty which thermoplastic polymers will remove all of the toner particles from the element without sticking to the element during transfer and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element and which ones will not. In European Patent Application 0,354,530, published February 14, 1990, entitled "Method of Non-Electrostatically Transferring Toner", it is disclosed that if such small sized toner particles are transferred to a receiver formed of a substrate or a support which has been coated with a thermoplastic polymer having a layer of a release agent on the thermoplastic polymer coating and the receiver is heated above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer during transfer, the release agent will prevent the thermoplastic polymer coating from adhering to the element but it will not prevent the toner from transferring to the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver and virtually all of the toner will transfer to the receiver. This constitutes a significant advancement in the art because it is now possible not only to obtain the high image quality that was not previously attainable when very small toner particles were transferred electrostatically but, in addition, the problem of incomplete transfer is avoided. In addition, several other advantages are provided by this process. One such advantage is that copies made by this process can be given a more uniform gloss because all of the receiver is coated with a thermoplastic polymer, (which can be made glossy) while, in receivers that are not coated with a thermoplastic polymer, only those portions of the receiver that are covered with toner can be made glossy and the level of gloss varies with the amount of toner. Another advantage of the process is that when the toner is fixed, it is driven more or less intact into the thermoplastic polymer coating rather than being flattened and spread out over the receiver. This also results in a higher resolution image and less grain. Finally, in images made using this process, light tends to reflect from behind the embedded toner particles that are in the thermoplastic layer which causes the light to diffuse more making the image appear less grainy. For all of the benefits and advantages provided by this process, however, the application of a release agent to the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver in order to prevent the thermoplastic polymer coating from adhering to the surface of the element during transfer and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element creates several problems. One such problem is that the release agent tends to transfer to and build up on the element or photoconductor thereby degrading image quality and causing potential damage to both the element and the receiver. Another problem is that the release agent tends to allow the thermoplastic polymer coating to separate from the support or substrate, especially during or after finishing, due to a reduction in the adhesion strength of the thermoplastic polymer coating to the receiver support caused by the tendency of the release agent, which has a lower surface energy than the thermoplastic polymer coating and hence a lesser predilection to adhere to the receiver support than the thermoplastic polymer coating, to migrate through the thermoplastic polymer coating to the interfacial region between the thermoplastic polymer coating and the support and to cause the thermoplastic polymer coating to separate from the support. It has also been found that the release agent reduces the gloss of the finished image. Finally, the addition of a release agent to the thermoplastic polymer coating adds to the overall cost of the process. This invention solves the problem of having to use a coating or layer of a release agent on a thermoplastic polymer coating on a receiver substrate (or an element) in a thermally assisted transfer process for transferring dry toner particles having a particle size of less than 8 micrometers from an element to a receiver in which a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver is used in order to prevent the receiver from adhering to the element during transfer and subsequent separation from the element such that all of the benefits and advantages afforded by the use of a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver in a thermally assisted transfer process described previously are retained, including the transfer of virtually all of the toner particles from the element to the receiver, while all of the problems associated with the use of a coating or layer of a release agent on the thermoplastic polymer coating are eliminated including the tendency of the release agent to transfer to and build up on the element or photoconductor thereby degrading image quality and causing potential damage to both the element and the receiver, the tendency of the release agent to allow the thermoplastic polymer coating to separate from the receiver support or substrate, the reduction in gloss of the finished image caused by the use of a release agent and the additional cost to the overall process of having to employ a release agent in the process. The invention provides a method of non-electro-statically transferring dry toner particles which comprise a toner binder and which have a particle size of less than 8 micrometers from the surface of an element to a receiver which comprises a substrate having a coating of a thermoplastic polymer on a surface of the substrate in the absence of a release agent applied to the coating of the thermoplastic polymer. The method is characterized in (A) contacting said toner particles on the surface of an element which has a surface layer which comprises a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric resin matrix and a surface energy of not greater than 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm) with said thermoplastic polymer coating on said receiver wherein said thermoplastic polymer is a thermoplastic addition polymer having a T g which is from below to less than 10°C above the T g of the toner binder and the surface energy of the thermo-plastic polymer coating is 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm); (B) heating said receiver to a temperature such that the temperature of said thermoplastic polymer coating on said receiver during said transferring is at least 15°C above the Tg of said thermoplastic polymer coating; and (C) separating said receiver from said element at a temperature above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer, whereby virtually all of said toner particles are transferred from the surface of said element to said thermoplastic polymer coating on said receiver. In this invention, such fine toner particles can be transferred from the surface of an element to a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver with virtually 100% toner transfer efficiency using the thermally assisted method of transfer without having to apply a coating or a layer of a release agent to the toner contacting surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate prior to toner transfer in order to prevent the thermoplastic polymer coating from sticking or adhering to the element surface during transfer of the toner particles from the surface of the element to the thermoplastic polymer coated receiver and during the subsequent separation of the receiver from the element. In order to achieve these results, it has been found that the surface layer of the element on which the toner particles are carried and from which they are to be transferred to the receiver must comprise a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric binder resin matrix and have a surface energy of not more than 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm), preferably from 0.040 to 0.045 Joules/m² (40 to 45 dynes/cm). Further, the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate to which the very small, fine toner particles are to be transferred must consist of a thermoplastic addition polymer which has a Tg which is from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder and the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating must be in a range of from 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm). Still further, the receiver must be heated to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer during toner transfer and the temperature of the receiver must be maintained at a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating is above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer immediately following transfer during or at the time when the receiver separates from the element. This is a surprising result because it would not be expected that the thermoplastic polymer coating would selectively adhere only to the toner particles during toner transfer without also adhering to the element surface due to the similarities of the surface energies, as expressed in Joules/m² (dynes/cm), of the thermoplastic polymer coating and the element surface, since it is empirically known that, in general, surfaces formed of thermoplastic polymeric materials having similar surface energies tend to adhere or stick to one another when they are brought into intimate contact with one another, as in the situation, for example, where the surface of a toner particle bearing element is brought into intimate contact with and pressed against a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver to effect the transfer of the toner particles from the element surface to the surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating. However, it has now been found, quite unexpectedly, that by carefully selecting, as the thermoplastic polymer coated receiver, a receiver in which the thermoplastic polymer coating material is a thermoplastic addition polymer which has a glass transition temperature that is from below to less than 10°C above the glass transition temperature of the toner binder and the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating is within a range of from 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm) and, as the element on which the toner particles which are to be transferred to the receiver are carried, an element, which has a surface layer which comprises a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric binder resin matrix and has a surface energy not exceeding 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm), and further, by heating the receiver to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate during transfer is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer, it is possible to transfer such very small, fine toner particles (i.e. toner particles having a particle size of less than 8 micrometers) non-electrostatically from the surface of the element to the thermoplastic coated receiver and to obtain high resolution transferred images which were not previously attainable when such small toner particles were transferred electrostatically while at the same time avoiding the problems of incomplete transfer and adherence of the thermoplastic polymer coating to the element during toner transfer in the absence of a layer of a release agent on the thermoplastic polymer coating, i.e., without having to apply a coating or layer of a release agent to the toner contacting surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate prior to contacting the thermoplastic polymer coating with the toner particles on the element surface and transference of the particles to the receiver. Furthermore, by maintaining the temperature of the receiver such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating is maintained above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer immediately after transfer while the receiver is separating from the element surface, the receiver will separate readily and easily from the element, while hot, without the thermoplastic polymer coating adhering to the element surface and without the prior application of a release agent to the thermoplastic polymer coating, as previously discussed. In addition, all of the other previously discussed advantages inherent in the use of a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver in a thermally assisted transfer process are preserved by the process of this invention including the production of copies having a more uniform gloss and images having a less grainy appearance. Still further, it is now possible for the first time to determine in advance, in a thermally assisted transfer process, which thermoplastic polymers can be used as receiver coating materials which will not only remove virtually all of the toner particles from the element during transfer but, at the same time, will not adhere to the element during transfer and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element. Therefore, the present invention provides a method of non-electrostatically transferring dry toner particles which comprise a toner binder and which have a particle size of less than 8 micrometers from the surface of an element which has a surface layer which comprises a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric resin matrix and a surface energy of not greater than 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm)to a receiver which comprises a substrate having a coating of a thermoplastic polymer on a surface of the substrate wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a thermoplastic addition polymer having a Tg which is from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder and the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating is 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm) whereby virtually all of the toner particles are transferred from the surrace of the element to the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate and the thermoplastic polymer coating is prevented from adhering to the surface of the element during transfer and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element in the absence of a layer of a release agent on the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate by contacting the toner particles with the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate and heating the receiver to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver during transfer is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer and thereafter separating the receiver from the element at a temperature above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer. In this invention, the transfer of toner particles from the element to the receiver is accomplished non-electrostatically using a receiver which comprises a substrate having a coating of a thermoplastic addition polymer on a surface of the substrate in which the thermoplastic polymer coating has a surface energy in the range of from 0.038-0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm) and the Tg of the thermoplastic addition polymer is from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder. The upper surface, or surface layer, of the element on which the toner particles which are to be transferred are carried, comprises a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric binder resin matrix and the surface of the element has a surface energy of not greater than 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm), preferably from 0.040 to 0.045 Joules/m² (40 to 45 dynes/cm). The receiver is heated to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate during transfer is at least 15°C above the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the thermoplastic polymer. After transfer, the receiver is immediately separated from the element while the temperature of the receiver is maintained at a temperature which is above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer. As a result of the unique selection and combination of materials which form the thermoplastic polymer coatings and surface layers of the elements used in the practice of the process of the present invention, the interrelationship of the respective surface energies of the thermoplastic polymer coating and element surface used in the practice of the process of the present invention, and the heating temperatures which are employed during contact of the receiver with the element during toner transfer and during the subsequent separation of the receiver from the element, it is possible to transfer virtually 100% of the toner particles from the element to the receiver using the thermally assisted method of transfer without a coating or a layer of a release agent on the thermoplastic polymer coating in order to prevent the thermoplastic polymer coating from adhering to the element surface during transfer and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element. The significance of the interrelationship between the polyester and/or polycarbonate materials which form the thermoplastic polymeric binder resin matrices of the surface layers of the elements which are used in the practice of the process of the present invention, the thermoplastic addition polymers which form the receiver coatings which are used in the practice of the process of the present invention and the respective surface energies of the thermoplastic polymer coatings and the element surface layers to one another to the successful transfer of virtually all of the toner particles from the element to the receiver without the adherence of the thermoplastic polymer coating material to the surface of the element during toner transfer and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element where the receiver is heated to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate during transfer is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer and its temperature immediately following transfer during separation of the receiver from the element is maintained above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer in the absence of a layer or a coating of a release agent on the thermoplastic polymer coating, is demonstrated by the fact that it was found that when receivers were used in the thermally assisted transfer process of the present invention which had a coating of a thermoplastic addition polymer on a surface of the substrate in which the thermoplastic polymer had a Tg of from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder but the coating had a surface energy which was greater than 0.043 Joules/m² (43 dynes/cm), the receiver failed to separate while hot from an element having the above characteristics and properties during transfer immediately upon exiting the transfer nip, and when receivers were used in the thermally assisted transfer process of the present invention which had a coating of a thermoplastic addition polymer on a surface of the substrate in which the thermoplastic polymer had a Tg of from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder but the coating had a surface energy which was less than 0.038 Joules/m² (38 dynes/cm), the receiver readily separated from such an element during transfer immediately upon exiting the transfer nip and did not adhere to the element, but exhibited unacceptable transfer efficiencies. However, when receivers were used in the thermally assisted transfer process of the present invention which had a coating of a thermoplastic addition polymer on a surface of the substrate in which the thermoplastic polymers had a Tg of from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder and the polymer coating had a surface energy which was in a range of from 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm), the receiver did not adhere to the element during transfer and separated readily from the element after transfer (i.e., did not adhere or stick to the element) and allowed virtually 100% transfer of the toner particles from the element to the receiver. The invention constitutes an improvement in the thermally assisted method of non-electrostatically transferring very small toner particles from the surface of an element to a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver where the toner particles which are carried on the surface of the element are transferred non-electrostatically to the receiver which is heated, but not heated sufficiently to melt the particles. As is taught in previously mentioned U.S. Patent No. 4,927,727, it is not necessary or desirable to melt the toner particles in order to achieve their transfer, but that merely fusing the toner particles to each other at their points of contact, i.e. localized regions on the individual toner particle surfaces which are in contact either with one another or with the surface upon which such a particle is transferred or deposited, is adequate to accomplish a complete, or nearly complete, transfer of the particles. Thus, the toner is not fixed during transfer, but instead is fixed at a separate location away from the element. In this manner, the higher temperatures required for fixing the toner do not negatively affect or damage the element. Since the heat required to merely sinter the toner particles at their points of contact is much lower than the heat needed to fix the toner, the element is not damaged by high temperatures during transfer. The term "sinter" or "sintering" as used herein in relation to toner particles employed in the practice of the present invention has reference to bonding or fusion that is thermally achieved at locations of contact existing either between adjacent toner particles or between toner particles and an adjacent surface. The term "sinter" and equivalent forms is distinguished for present purposes from a term such as "melts", "melting", "melt", "melt fusion" or "heat fusion". In heat fusion, in response to sufficiently applied thermal energy, toner particles tend to lose their discrete individual identities and melt and blend together into a localized mass, as when a toner powder is heat fused and thereby bonded or fixed to a receiver. The crux of the present invention resides in the fact that it has now been found that very fine toner particles, i.e. toner particles having a particle size of less than 8 micrometers, and more typically, 3 to 5 micrometers, can be non-electrostatically transferred with virtually 100% transfer efficiency from the surface of an element to the surface of a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver using the thermally assisted method of transfer, but without the necessity of having to apply a coating or a layer of a release agent to the thermoplastic polymer coating prior to toner transfer in order to prevent the thermoplastic polymer coating from adhering to the element surface during and immediately following toner transfer when the receiver separates from the element. This is primarily thought to be the result of the interrelationship between the unique selection and combination of materials which form the thermoplastic polymer coatings, the materials which comprise the thermoplastic binder resin matrices of the surface layers of the elements which are used in the thermally assisted transfer process of the present invention, the interrelationship which exists between the respective surface energies of the thermoplastic polymer coatings and the surface layers of the elements used in the thermally assisted transfer process of the present invention to each other, and the heating temperatures employed during contact of the thermoplastic polymer coated receiver with the element surface during toner transfer and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element. Almost any type of substrate can be used to make the coated receiver used in this invention, including paper, film, and particularly transparent film, which is useful in making transparencies. The substrate must not melt, soften, or otherwise lose its mechanical integrity during transfer or fixing of the toner. A good substrate should not absorb the thermoplastic polymer, but should permit the thermoplastic polymer to stay on its surface and form a good bond to the surface. Substrates having smooth surfaces will, of course, result in a better image quality. A flexible substrate is particularly desirable, or even necessary, in many electrostatographic copy machines. A substrate is required in this invention because the thermoplastic coating must soften during transfer and fixing of the toner particles to the receiver, and without a substrate the thermoplastic coating would warp or otherwise distort, or form droplets, destroying the image. Any good film-forming thermoplastic addition polymer can be used in the practice of the present invention to form a thermoplastic polymer coating on the substrate provided that it has a glass transition temperature or Tg which is from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder and provides a thermoplastic polymer coating which has a surface energy of from 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm). The term "glass transition temperature" or "Tg" as used herein means the temperature or temperature range at which a polymer changes from a solid to a viscous liquid or rubbery state. This temperature (Tg) can be measured by differential thermal analysis as disclosed in Mott, N.F. and Davis, E.A. Electronic Processes in Non-Crystalline Material . Belfast, Oxford University Press, 1971. p. 192. The term "surface energy" of a material as used herein means the energy needed or required to create a unit surface area of that material to an air interface. Surface energy can be measured by determining the contact angles of droplets of two different liquids, e.g., diiodomethane and distilled water on the surface of the material and adding the polar and dispersive contributions to the surface and by using the approximation of Girifalco and Good for the interfacial energy as described in Fowkes, F. "Contact Angle, Wettability, and Adhesion". in: Advances in Chemistry Series (Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society, 1964) p. 99-111. A preferred weight average molecular weight for the thermoplastic addition polymer is 20,000 to 500,000. An especially preferred weight average molecular weight is 50,000 to 500,000. In general, lower molecular weight polymers may have poorer physical properties and may be brittle and crack, and higher molecular weight polymers may have poor flow characteristics and do not offer any significant additional benefits for the additional expense incurred. In addition to the foregoing requirements, the thermoplastic addition polymer must be sufficiently adherent to the substrate so that it will not peel off when the receiver is heated. It must also be sufficiently adherent to the toner so that transfer of the toner occurs. The thermoplastic polymer coating also should be abrasion resistant and flexible enough so that it will not crack when the receiver is bent. A good thermoplastic polymer should not shrink or expand very much, so that it does not warp the receiver or distort the image, and it is preferably transparent so that it does not detract from the clarity of the image. The thermoplastic addition polymer has a Tg that is from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder, which preferably has a Tg of 50 to 100°C, so that the toner particles can be pressed into the surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating during transfer thereby becoming slightly or partially embedded therein, in contrast to being completely or nearly completely encapsulated in the thermoplastic polymer coating. Preferably, the Tg of the thermoplastic addition polymer is below the Tg of the toner binder, but polymers having a Tg up to 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder can be used at higher nip speeds when the toner is removed from the nip before it can melt. Melting of the toner in the nip should be avoided as it may cause the toner to adhere to the element or to damage the element. Since fixing of the toner on the receiver usually requires the fusing of the toner, fixing occurs at a higher temperature than transfer and fixing softens or melts both the toner and the thermoplastic polymer coating. A suitable Tg for the polymer is 40 to 80°C, and preferably 45 to 60°C, as polymers having a lower Tg may be too soft in warm weather and may clump or stick together, and polymers having a higher Tg may not soften enough to pick up all of the toner. Other desirable properties include thermal stability and resistance to air oxidation and discoloration. Thermoplastic addition polymers which can be used in the practice of the present invention can be chosen from among polymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid, including poly(alkylacrylates), poly(alkylmethacrylates), and the like, wherein the alkyl moiety contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms; styrene containing polymers, including blends thereof; and the like. For example, such polymers can comprise a polymerized blend containing on a 100 weight percent combined weight basis, 40 to 85 weight percent of styrene and 15 to 60 weight percent of a lower alkyl acrylate or methacrylate having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, and the like. Typical styrene-containing polymers prepared from such a copolymerized blend as above indicated are copolymers prepared from a monomeric blend which comprises on a 100 weight percent basis 40 to 80 weight percent styrene or styrene homolog, such as vinyl toluene, tert-butyl styrene, α-methylstyrene, and the like, a halogenated styrene such as p-chlorostyrene, an alkoxy-sbustituted styrene in which the alkoxy group contains from 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as, for example, p-methoxy-styrene, and 20 to 60 weight percent of a lower alkyl acrylate or methacrylate. Especially preferred copolymers are polyvinyl(toluene-co-n-butyl acrylate), polyvinyl(toluene-co-isobutyl methacrylate), polyvinyl(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate) and polyvinyl(methacrylate-co-isobutyl methacrylate). A most preferred copolymer is polyvinyl(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate). Examples of such polymers which are presently available commercially include various styrene butylacrylates such as Pliotone 2003 and Pliotone 2015, both of which are available from Goodyear. The thermoplastic coating on the receiver can be formed in a variety of ways, including solvent coating, extruding, and spreading from a water latex. The resulting thermoplastic polymer coating on the substrate is preferably 5 to 30 micrometers in thickness, and more preferably 2 to 20 micrometers in thickness, as thinner layers may be insufficient to transfer all of the toner from the element and thicker layers are unnecessary and may result in warpage of the receiver, may tend to delaminate, may embrittle, or may result in a loss of image sharpness. As mentioned previously, one of the criteria to the successful practice of the process of the present invention is that the surface energies of the thermoplastic polymer coatings on the receiver substrates used in the process of the invention be in a range of from 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm). In general, thermoplastic polymer coatings which meet this requirement can be attained by selecting, as thermoplastic addition polymers for forming the thermoplastic polymer coatings on the receiver substrates, thermoplastic addition polymers which have a glass transition temperature or Tg that is from below to less than 10°C above the Tg of the toner binder and a surface energy of from 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm). In most instances, or generally, this will provide a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver which will have a polymer coating which has the requisite surface energy (i.e., from 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm)). However, it may sometimes happen that when a thermoplastic addition polymer possessing the required glass transition temperature and surface energy is formed on the substrate, a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver may be produced which has a surface energy which is either somewhat greater than 0.043 Joules/m² (43 dynes/cm) or somewhat less than 0.038 Joules/m² (38 dynes/cm) due to a change in surface energy brought about during the application of the polymer onto the substrate, particularly in those instances where the polymer has been melt extruded onto the substrate. While the cause of this change in surface energy is not completely understood at this time, in the situation where the polymer is melt extruded onto the substrate, it is primarily believed to be due to a thermal degradation of the polymer during the melt extrusion process and changes in the degree of crystallinity as the polymeric material cools through its melting point. Therefore, it is recommended that the surface energy for any given thermoplastic polymer coated receiver which is to be used in the practice of the present process be determined or measured using the above mentioned contact angle procedure prior to using it in carrying out the process of the present invention. As was stated previously, in the past a layer or a coating of a release agent was formed on the thermoplastic polymer coating of a coated receiver which was used in a thermally assisted transfer process to prevent the thermoplastic polymer coating from adhering or sticking to the element surface during toner transfer and subsequent separation of the thermoplastic polymer coated receiver from the element. The term "release agent" as used herein has reference to a coatable material or substance which, when present at the time when two surfaces are contacted together, either prevents bonding or sticking from occurring between such surfaces or, if bonding does occur, causes a bond of such a low strength to result that the two surfaces can subsequently be separated without leaving any substantial fragments of one surface embedded in the other. Examples of suitable compounds or substances which were heretofore used as release agents to form a layer or coating of a release agent on such thermoplastic polymer coated receivers include non-polar compounds such as metal salts of organic fatty acids, for example, zinc stearate, nickel stearate and zinc palmitate, siloxane copolymers such as poly[4,4′-isopropylidenediphenylene-co-block-poly(dimethylsiloxanediyl)] sebacate, fluorinated hydrocarbons, perfluorinated polyolefins, and the like. The layer of release agent was formed on the thermoplastic polymer layer or coating by solvent coating, rubbing on a powdered or liquid release agent, or other method. A preferred method was to apply both the release agent and the thermoplastic polymer together to the substrate. This was done by dissolving both the thermoplastic polymer and the release agent in a suitable non-polar solvent. If the release agent had a lower surface energy than the thermoplastic polymer, the release agent came to the surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating as the solvent evaporated. A solution where the release agent was present in concentrations of from 1 to 5% by weight of the combined weight of the thermoplastic polymer and the release agent was typically used. However, formation of the layer of release agent could also be accomplished by mixing the release agent into a melt with the thermoplastic polymer and extruding the melt directly onto the substrate. Such a melt might comprise from 1 to 5% by weight of the release agent and from 95 to 99% by weight of the thermoplastic polymer. As the melt solidified on the substrate, the release agent came to the surface because the release agent had a lower surface energy than that of the thermoplastic polymer and a layer of the release agent was thus formed on the surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating or layer. A release agent was selected which not only had a surface energy which was lower than the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating to which it was applied, but one which also had a surface energy which was less than the surface energy of the element surface on which the toner particles were carried. Typically, a release agent was selected which had a surface energy of less than 0.040 Joules/m² (40 dynes/cm) to insure that the release agent would have a surface energy which was less than both the thermoplastic polymer coating and the element surface. Because the surface energy of the release agent was lower than both that of the thermoplastic polymer coating and the element surface, the release agent was able to form an interface between the surface of the element and the thermoplastic polymer coating which prevented contact or intimate contact between the surface of the element and the polymer coating and thereby prevented the thermoplastic polymer coating from adhering or sticking to the element surface during toner transfer and during the subsequent separation of the receiver from the element. Thus, the thermoplastic polymer coating was prevented from adhering to the element surface during transfer and separation. If the release layer was applied over the thermoplastic coating it was preferably 0.003 micrometer (30Å) to 1 micrometer thick because thinner layers might not prevent the thermoplastic coating from adhering to the element, and the toner may not penetrate into the thermoplastic coating if the layer was thicker. If desired, coating aids, such as polymethylphenylsiloxane having a methyl to phenyl ratio of 23:1 sold by Dow-Corning Company under the trade designation "DC 510", which is a surfactant, can be added to the thermoplastic polymer coating materials used in the practice of the present invention to facilitate a more uniform coating of the polymer onto the substrate. This can be done, for example, by dissolving both the thermoplastic addition polymer and the coating aid in a non-polar solvent, coating the polymer and coating aid containing solvent solution onto the surface of the substrate, and thereafter evaporating the solvent from the receiver, or by mixing the coating aid into a melt with the thermoplastic polymer and extruding the melt directly onto the surface of the substrate. Other materials which may be used as coating aids in the practice of the present invention, in addition to the aforedescribed surfactant, can include many of the same substances or compounds which were previously described herein as being suitable release agents for forming a coating or a layer on a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver, e.g., polysiloxanes, metal salts of organic fatty acids, and the like. However, when such substances or compounds are employed as coating aids in the practice of the present invention, they are used in such small amounts or concentrations that they are precluded from functioning as release agents. For example, if such a material is to be used as a coating aid in the practice of the present invention, it is dissolved in a non-polar solvent along with the thermoplastic polymer coating material in an amount such that the amount of the material present in the solution will be 0.5% by weight of the combined weight of the thermoplastic polymer and the release agent, or less, and preferably from .01 to .05% by weight based on the combined weight of the thermoplastic polymer and the release agent. Likewise, if such a material is to be used as a coating aid in the practice of the present invention and is mixed into a melt with the thermoplastic addition polymer, the material will be present in the melt in an amount not exceeding 0.5% by weight of the melt, and preferably from .01 to .05% by weight of the melt. In both instances, the concentration of the material in the solution and the melt is not sufficient enough to come to the surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating upon evaporation of the solvent or solidification of the melt and form a continuous layer or coating of the material on the thermoplastic polymer coating surface so as to produce a thermoplastic polymer coating having a layer of a release agent on the polymer coating having a surface energy lower than that of the thermoplastic polymer coating. Thus, the material is precluded from serving as a release agent for the thermoplastic polymer coating as it has generally been found that concentrations of such a material of at least 1% by weight of the combined weight of the thermoplastic polymer and the material in a solvent solution of the polymer and a concentration of such a material of 1% by weight of a melt comprising such a material and a thermoplastic polymer is required to form a continuous film or a layer of the material on the surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating upon evaporation of the solvent and solidification of the melt. In no instance, however, will such a compound be present in the thermoplastic polymer coating of a polymer coated receiver used in the practice of the present invention in an amount exceeding 0.5% by weight based on the total weight of the combined thermoplastic polymer coating material and the coating aid material. Thus, although some amount or portion of the coating aid material which is present in the thermoplastic polymer coating may be present at the surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating, it will not be present on the surface of the polymer coating as a continuous film or layer so as to form a layer of a release agent on the polymer coating. Thus, in accordance with the practice of the process of the present invention, toner particles having a particle size of 8 micrometers or less are non-electrostatically transferred from the surface of an element to a thermoplastic polymer coated receiver using a thermally assisted transfer process in the absence of, or in the substantial absence of, a layer of a release agent on the thermoplastic polymer coating. Alternatively, the coating aid material can be applied directly to a suitable substrate, such as paper, for example, as by melt extrusion, for example, prior to the formation or application of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the substrate, to form a coating or a layer of the material on the substrate between the substrate and the subsequently applied thermoplastic polymer layer. Coating materials such as polyethylene and polypropylene are examples of suitable materials which can be so applied to the surface of a substrate to facilitate a more uniform coating of the polymer on the receiver substrate. Such materials also serve as sealing layers for the substrate to impart a smooth surface to the substrate in addition to serving as a coating aid for the thermoplastic polymer. In genral, the thickness of such a coating on the substrate may range from .0001 to 30 micrometer, and preferably from 5 to 30 micrometer. Extrusion is the preferred method of forming the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate. In general, extrusion conditions are determined by the thermal properties of the polymer such as melt viscosity and melting point. In the practice of this invention, one may extrude a molten layer comprised of a thermoplastic addition polymer as above characterized upon one face or surface of a receiver substrate of the type described above using suitable extrusion temperatures. If it is desired to apply a coating aid directly to the substrate prior to applying the thermoplastic polymer coating to the substrate, the coating aid can be melt extruded onto the substrate prior to extruding the thermoplastic polymer onto the substrate, or it can be co-extruded with the polymer. In the process of this invention, the receiver is preheated to a temperature such that the temperature of the receiver during transfer will be adequate to fuse the toner particles at their points of contact but will not be high enough to melt the toner particles, or to cause contacting toner particles to coalesce or flow together into a single mass. It is important also that the receiver be heated to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the substrate is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer during transfer as it has been found that if the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating is not maintained at a temperature which is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer during transfer, less than 50%, and more typically less than 10%, of the toner particles will transfer from the element surface to the thermoplastic polymer coating during transfer. While it is imperative that the receiver be heated to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating will be at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer during transfer, caution must be exercised to make sure that the receiver is not heated to a temperature so high that the toner particles will melt and flow or blend together into a localized mass. In practice, it has generally been found to be prudent not to heat the receiver to a temperature whereby the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating during transfer exceeds a temperature which is 25°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer. This is because the tendency of the thermoplastic polymer coating to adhere to the element surface increases as the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating rises above a level which is 25°C above the Tg of the polymer. The temperature range necessary to achieve these conditions depends upon the time that the receiver resides in the nip and the heat capacity of the receiver. In most cases, if the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating immediately after it contacts the element is below the Tg of the toner binder, but above a temperature that is 20 degrees below that Tg, the toner particles will be fused or sintered at their points of contact and the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating will be at a temperature that is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic addition polymer. Or, stated another way, if the front surface of the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate is preheated to a temperature such that the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating is from 60 to 90°C when it is in contact with the toner particles on the surface of the element during transfer, the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating will be at a temperature that is at least 15°C above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer and the toner particles will be fused or sintered at their points of contact during transfer. However, receiver temperatures up to 10°C the Tg of the toner binder are tolerable when nip time is small or the heat capacity of the receiver is low. Although either side of the receiver can be heated, it is preferable to conductively heat only the back surface of the receiver, i.e., the substrate surface or side of the receiver which does not contact the toner particles, such as by contacting the substrate with a hot shoe or a heated compression roller, as this is more energy efficient than heating the thermoplastic polymer coating surface of the receiver using a non-conductive source of heat such as, for example, a heat lamp or a plurality of heat lamps, or an oven which results in a less efficient absorption of the heat by the thermoplastic polymer coating. Furthermore, it is easier to control the temperature of that surface, and it usually avoids damage to the receiver. The preheating of the receiver must be accomplished before the heated thermoplastic polymer coating portion of the receiver contacts the element because the length of time during which the receiver is in the nip region when the toner particles are being contacted with the receiver and transferred to the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate is so brief (i.e., typically less than 0.25 second, and usually 0.1 second or less), that it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to heat the receiver to the temperatures required for the successful transfer of the toner particles to the thermoplastic polymer coating if the receiver was heated only in the nip. Thus, if a backup roller, which presses the receiver against the element, is used to heat the receiver, the receiver must be wrapped around the backup roller sufficiently so that the receiver is heated to the proper temperature before it enters the nip. The backup or compression rollers which can be used in the practice of the process of the present invention to create an appropriate nip for acceptable toner transfer can be hard or compliant (i.e., resilient) rollers. As with any thermally assisted method of transfer, it has been found that pressure aids in the transfer of the toner to the receiver, and an average nip pressure of 135 to 5000 kPa is preferred, as when a roller nip region is used to apply such pressures, or when such pressure are applied by a platen or equivalent. Lower pressures may result in less toner being transferred and higher pressures may damage the element and can cause slippage between the element and the receiver, thereby degrading the image. As a result of the combination of contact time and temperature, and applied pressure, the toner particles are transferred from the element surface to the adjacent thermoplastic polymer coating surface on the receiver substrate. In all cases, the applied contacting pressure is exerted against the outside face or substrate side of the receiver opposite the thermoplastic polymer coated side or surface of the receiver and the side or face of the element opposite to the element surface on which the toner particles are carried. Also, as mentioned previously, it is important that the temperature of the receiver be maintained at a temperature which is above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer during separation of the receiver from the element immediately after the toner particles are transferred to the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver so that the receiver will separate from the element while hot without the thermoplastic polymer coating adhering to the element surface during separation. In any case, the toner must not be fixed during transfer but must be fixed instead at a separate location that is not in contact with the element. In this way, the element is not exposed to high temperatures and the toner is not fused to the element. Also, the use of the lower temperatures during transfer means that the transfer process can be much faster, with 40 meters/minute or more being feasible. Typically, after transfer of the toner particles from the element to the receiver and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element, the developed toner image is heated to a temperature sufficient to fuse it to the receiver. A present preference is to heat the image-bearing thermoplastic polymer coating surface on the receiver until it reaches or approaches its glass transition temperature and then place it in contact with a heated ferrotyping material which raises the temperature or maintains it above its glass transition temperature while a force is applied which urges the ferrotyping material toward the thermoplastic layer with sufficient pressure to completely or nearly completely embed the toner image in the heated layer. This serves to substantially reduce visible relief in the image and impart a smoothness to the coated layer on the receiver. The ferrotyping material, which conveniently can be in the form of a web or belt, and the receiver sheet can be pressed together by a pair of pressure rollers, at least one of which is heated, to provide substantial pressure in the nip. A pressure of at least 690 kPa should be applied, however, better results are usually achieved with pressures of 2100 kPa, typically in excess of 6,900 kPa, particularly with multilayer color toner images. The ferrotyping web or belt can be made of a number of materials including both metals and plastics. For example, a highly polished stainless steel belt, as electroformed nickel belts, and a chrome plated brass belt both have good ferrotyping and good release characteristics. In general, better results are obtained, however, with conventional polymeric support materials such as polyester, cellulose acetate and polypropylene webs, typically having a thickness of approximately 50-125 micrometer (2-5 mils). Materials marked under the trademarks Estar, Mylar and a polyamide film distributed by Dupont under the trademark Kapton-H, which optionally can be coated with a release agent to enhance separation, are especially useful ferrotyping materials. In addition, metal belts coated with heat resistant, low surface energy polymers, such as highly crosslinked polysiloxanes, also are effective ferrotyping materials. After the image-bearing thermoplastic coated surface has been contacted with the ferrotyping material and the toner image has been embedded in the heated thermoplastic coating or layer, the layer is allowed to cool to well below its glass transition temperature while it is still in contact with the ferrotyping material. After cooling, the layer is separated from the ferrotyping material. Either halftone or continuous tone images can be transferred with equal facility using the process of this invention. Because the electrostatic image on the element is not significantly disturbed during transfer it is possible to make multiple copies from a single imagewise exposure. Toners useful in the practice of this invention are dry toners having a particle size of less than 8 micrometers, and preferably 5 micrometers or less. The toners must contain a thermoplastic binder in order to be fusible. The polymers useful as toner binders in the practice of the present invention can be used alone or in combination and include those polymers conventionally employed in electrostatic toners. Useful polymers generally have a Tg of from 40 to 120°C, preferably from 50 to 100°C. Preferably, toner particles prepared from these polymers have a relatively high caking temperature, for example, higher than 60°C, so that the toner powders can be stored for relatively long periods of time at fairly high temperatures without having individual particles agglomerate and clump together. The melting point or temperature of useful polymers preferably is within the range of from 65°C to 200°C so that the toner particles can readily be fused to the receiver to form a permanent image. Especially preferred polymers are those having a melting point within the range of from 65° to 120°C. Among the various polymers which can be employed in the toner particles of the present invention are polycarbonates, resin-modified maleic alkyd polymers, polyamides, phenol-formaldehyde polymers and various derivatives thereof, polyester condensates, modified alkyd polymers, aromatic polymers containing alternating methylene and aromatic units such as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,809,554 and fusible crosslinked polymers and described in U.S. Reissue Patent No. 31,072. Typical useful toner polymers include certain polycarbonates such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 3,694,359, which include polycarbonate materials containing an alkylidene diarylene moiety in a recurring unit and having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety. Other useful polymers having the above-described physical properties include polymeric esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid such as poly(alkyl acrylate), and poly(alkyl methacrylate) wherein the alkyl moiety can contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Additionally, other polyesters having the aforementioned physical properties also are useful. Among such other useful polyesters are copolyesters prepared from terephthalic acid (including substituted terephthalic acid), a bis(hydroxyalkoxy)phenylalkane having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkoxy radical and from 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety (which also can be a halogen-substituted alkane), and an alkylene glycol having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety. Other useful polymers are various styrene-containing polymers. Such polymers can comprise, e.g., a polymerized blend of from 40 to 100% by weight of styrene, from 0 to 45% by weight of a lower alkyl acrylate or methacrylate having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, etc. and from 5 to 50% by weight of another vinyl monomer other than styrene, for example, a higher alkyl acrylate or methacrylate having from 6 to 20 or more carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Typical styrene-containing polymers prepared from a copolymerized blend as described hereinabove are copolymers prepared from a monomeric blend of 40 to 60% by weight styrene or styrene homolog, from 20 to 50% by weight of a lower alkyl acrylate or methacrylate and from 5 to 30% by weight of a higher alkyl acrylate or methacrylate such as ethylhexyl acrylate (e.g., styrene-butyl acrylate-ethylhexyl acrylate copolymer). Preferred fusible styrene copolymers are those which are covalently crosslinked with a small amount of a divinyl compound such as divinylbenzene. A variety of other useful styrene-containing toner materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,917,460; Re 25,316; 2,788,288; 2,638,416; 2,618,552 and 2,659,670. Especially preferred toner binders are polymers and copolymers of styrene or a derivative of styrene and an acrylate, preferably butylacrylate. Useful toner particles can simply comprise the polymeric particles but it is often desirable to incorporate addenda in the toner such as waxes, colorants, release agents, charge control agents, and other toner addenda well known in the art. The toner particle also can incorporate carrier material so as to form what is sometimes referred to as a "single component developer." The toners can also contain magnetizable material, but such toners are not preferred because they are available in only a few colors and it is difficult to make such toners in the small particles sizes required in this invention. If a colorless image is desired, it is not necessary to add colorant to the toner particles. However, more usually a visibly colored image is desired and suitable colorants selected from a wide variety of dyes and pigments such as disclosed for example, in U.S. Reissue Patent No. 31,072 are used. A particularly useful colorant for toners to be used in black-and-white electrophotographic copying machines is carbon black. Colorants in the amount of 1 to 30 percent, by weight, based on the weight of the toner can be used. Often 8 to 16 percent, by weight, of colorant is employed. Charge control agents suitable for use in toners are disclosed for example in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,893,935; 4,079,014; 4,323,634 and British Patent Nos. 1,501,065 and 1,420,839. Charge control agents are generally employed in small quantities such as 0.01 to 3, weight percent, often 0.1 to 1.5 weight percent, based on the weight of the toner. Toners used in this invention can be mixed with a carrier vehicle. The carrier vehicles, which can be used to form suitable developer compositions, can be selected from a variety of materials. Such materials include carrier core particles and core particles overcoated with a thin layer of film-forming resin. Examples of suitable resins are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,547,822; 3,632,512; 3,795,618; 3,898,170; 4,545,060; 4,478,925; 4,076,857; and 3,970,571. The carrier core particles can comprise conductive, non-conductive, magnetic, or non-magnetic materials, examples of which are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,850,663 and 3,970,571. Especially useful in magnetic brush development schemes are iron particles such as porous iron particles having oxidized surfaces, steel particles, and other "hard" or "soft" ferromagnetic materials such as gamma ferric oxides or ferrites, such as ferrites of barium, strontium, lead, magnesium, or aluminum. See for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 4,042,518; 4,478,925; and 4,546,060. The very small toner particles that are required in this invention can be prepared by a variety of processes well-known to those skilled in the art including spray-drying, grinding, and suspension polymerization. As indicated above, the process of this invention is applicable to the formation of color copies. If a color copy is to be made, successive latent electrostatic images are formed on the element, each representing a different color, and each image is developed with a toner of a different color and is transferred to a receiver. Typically, the images will correspond to each of the three primary colors, and black as a fourth color if desired. After each image has been transferred to the receiver, it can be fixed on the receiver, although it is preferable to fix all of the transferred images together in a single step. For example, light reflected from a color photograph to be copied can be passed through a filter before impinging on a charged photoconductor so that the latent electrostatic image on the photoconductor corresponds to the presence of yellow in the photograph. That latent image can be developed with a yellow toner and the developed image can be transferred to a receiver. Light reflected from the photograph can then be passed through another filter to form a latent electrostatic image on the photoconductor which corresponds to the presence of magenta in the photograph, and that latent image can then be developed with a magenta toner which can be transferred to the same receiver. The process can be repeated for cyan (and black, if desired) and then all of the toners on the receiver can be fixed in a single step. The image-bearing element from which the toner particles are transferred upon contact with the thermoplastic polymer coated receiver sheet of the invention can include any of the electrostatographic elements well known in the art, including electrophotographic or dielectric elements such as dielectric recording elements, and the like with the proviso that the toner contacting surface layer of the element, i.e., the surface layer of the element on which the toner particles are carried comprises a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric binder resin matrix and has a surface energy of not greater than 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm), preferably from 0.040 to 0.045 Joules/m² (40 to 45 dynes/cm). The use of such an element has been found to be essential to the practice of the present process in order to achieve virtually 100 percent transfer of the very small toner particles while at the same time preventing the thermoplastic polymer coated receiver from adhering to the element during transfer and subsequent separation of the receiver from the element without resorting to the use of a release agent coated on or otherwise applied to the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver substrate, prior to toner contact and toner transfer. The image-bearing element can be in the form of a drum, a belt, a sheet or other shape and can be a single use material or a reusable element. Reusable elements are preferred because they are generally less expensive. Of course, reusable elements must be thermally stable at the temperature of transfer. A present preference is to employ a photoconductive element for the element used in toner particle or toner image transfer. The photoconductive element is preferably conventional in structure, function and operation, such as is used, for example, in a conventional electrophotographic copying apparatus. The element is conventionally imaged. For example, an electrostatic latent image-charge pattern is formed on the photoconductive element which can consist of one or more photoconductive layers deposited on a conductive support. By treating the charge pattern with, or applying thereto, a dry developer containing charged toner particles, the latent image is developed. The toner pattern is then transferred to a receiver in accordance with the practice of the present invention and subsequently fused or fixed to the receiver. Various types of photoconductive elements are known for use in electrophotographic imaging processes. In many conventional elements, the active photoconductive components are contained in a single layer composition. This composition is typically affixed, for example, to a conductive support during the electrophotographic imaging process. Among the many different kinds of photoconductive compositions which may be employed in the typical single active layer photoconductive elements are inorganic photoconductive materials such as vacuum evaporated selenium, particulate zinc oxide dispersed in a polymeric binder, homogeneous organic photoconductive compositions composed of an organic photoconductor solubilized in a polymeric binder, and the like. Other useful photoconductive insulating compositions which may be employed in a single active layer photoconductive element are the high-speed heterogeneous or aggregate photoconductive compositions described in U.S. Patent No. 3,732,180. These aggregate-containing photoconductive compositions have a continuous electrically insulating polymer phase containing a finely-divided, particulate, co-crystalline complex of (i) at least one pyrylium-type dye salt and (ii) at least one polymer having an alkylidene diarylene group in a recurring unit. In addition to the various single active layer photoconductive insulating elements such as those described above, various "multi-layer" photoconductive insulating elements have been described in the art. These kinds of elements, also referred to as "multi-active" or "multi-active-layer" photoconductive elements, have separate charge generation and charge transport layers as are appreciated by those familiar with the art. The configuration and principles of operation of multi-active photoconductive elements are known as are methods for their preparation having been described in a number of patents, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,175,960; 4,111,693; and 4,578,334. Another configuration suitable for the imaging of elements in the practice of the process of the invention is the "inverted multi-layer" form in which a charge-transport layer is coated on the conductive substrate and a charge-generation layer is the surface layer. Examples of inverted multi-layer elements are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 4,175,960. It should be understood that, in addition to the principal layers which have been discussed, i.e., the conductive substrate and the charge-generation and the charge-transport layers, the photoconductive elements which can be used in the practice of the present invention may also contain other layers of known utility, such as subbing layers to improve adhesion of contiguous layers and barrier layers to serve as an electrical barrier layer between the conductive layer and the photoconductive composition. The charge-generation and charge-transport layers also can contain other addenda such as leveling agents, surfactants and plasticizers to enhance various physical properties. In addition, addenda such as contrast control agents to modify the electrophotographic response of the element can be incorporated in the charge-transport layers. In all instances, however, it is essential that the surface layer of the electrostatographic element of choice comprise a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric binder resin matrix and have a surface energy of not more than 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm), preferably from 0.040-0.045 Joules/m² (40-45 dynes/cm). As indicated above, the surface energy of the element surface can be readily and easily determined or measured by one skilled in the art using the contact angle procedure disclosed in the aforementioned Fowkes, F. "Contact Angle, Wettability, and Adhesion." in: Advances in Chemical Series (Washington, D.C., American Chemical Society, 1964) p. 99-111. Examples of suitable polymers are the condensation polymers of polyester or polycarbonate resins which may comprise the surface layer of the electrostatographic elements which can be used in the process of the present invention include poly[4,4′-(2-norbornylidene)bis-phenoxy azelate-co-terephthalate] and poly[4,4′-(2- isopropylidene)bisphenoxy carbonate]. Examples of other useful polyester and/or polycarbonate binder resins which may be suitable for use in the present invention, include those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,284,699, 4,175,960; 3,615,414; 4,350,751; 3,679,407; 3,684,502; and 3,873,311. However, since the surface energy of the toner particle carrying surface of the element is largely, if not completely or nearly completely determined by the surface energy of the thermoplastic polyester or polycarbonate materials which comprise the thermoplastic binder resin matrices of the surface layers of the elements used in the practice of the process of the present invention, it is important that the polyester and/or polycarbonate binder resins which comprise the thermoplastic binder resin matrices of the surface layers of the element used in the practice of the present invention have a surface energy not exceeding 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm), and preferably from about 0.040 to 0.045 Joules/m² (40 to 45 dynes/cm). A presently preferred photoconductive element is a near infrared sensitive inverted multi-layer photoconductive element made from fluorine-substituted titanyl tetrafluorophthalocyanine pigments which is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,701,396. The following examples further illustrate the invention. In these examples, transfer was accomplished by simultaneously passing a thermoplastic polymeric coated receiver and an element, the surface of which had thereon a transferable toner image comprised of very fine toner particles through the nip region of a pair of hard compression rollers which were oppositely rotating with respect to each other, whereby the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver was contacted against the toner particles on the element surface while the thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver was heated to a temperature sufficient to sinter the toner particles at their locations of contact to each other. Heating of the receiver was accomplished by heating the roller contacting the opposed face of the thermoplastic polymer coating, i.e., the substrate face or side of the receiver. The other roller, which contacted the opposed face of the element surface, i.e., the face or side of the element on which the toner particles were not carried, was at ambient temperature (i.e., temperatures usually in the range of 20 to 30°C). Suitable contacting pressures were applied to the compression rollers during contact of the element and the receiver as they passed through the nip region created by the rollers. In these examples, the contacting pressures were applied to the compression rollers by means of two piston shafts in contact with and driving the unheated roller against the heated roller. The pressures are expressed as air pressures rather than nip pressures. Air pressures are a more precisely determined quantity and are scaled linearly to the nip pressure. Example 1 A receiver suitable for use in the practice of the present invention was prepared as follows. A thermoplastic addition polymer consisting of a commercially available styrene butylacrylate copolymer having a Tg of 46°C and a weight average molecular weight of 150,000 was dissolved in methylene chloride containing 0.03 percent by weight (based on the total weight of the solution) of polymethylphenylsiloxane having a methyl to phenyl ratio of 23:1 forming a 10 percent by weight solution of the copolymer. Polymethylphenylsiloxane is a surfactant and functions as a coating aid for the thermoplastic polymer. A polyethylene coated flexible paper having a surface roughness average of 0.45 micrometers, as measured by a Surtronic 3 Profilometer obtained from Rank Taylor Hobson, P.O. Box 36, Guthlaxton Street, Leicester LE205P, England, marketed as "Photofinishing Stock 486V" by Eastman Kodak Company which had been corona treated to increase surface tension and therefore adhesion was coated with the solution and the solvent was evaporated to form a thermoplastic coating on the paper 10 micrometers thick. The thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver had a surface energy of 0.041 Joules/m² (41 dynes/cm). An electrostatic latent image of a black and white silver halide negative, consisting of both continuous tone and alpha-numeric regions, was formed by standard electrophotographic techniques on the surface of an inverted multilayer photoconductive element which had a toner contacting surface comprising a polycarbonate binder resin of poly(oxycarbonyloxy-1,4-phenylenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylidene-1,4-pehnylene) and a surface energy of 43 dynes/cm, developed and transferred to the receiver using the thermally assisted transfer method of the present invention. The electrostatic image was developed with a dry electrographic toner in combination with a magnetic carrier consisting of a polymer coated ferrite core material 30 micrometers in diameter. The toner particles were comprised of a polystyrene binder having a Tg of 62°C, and contained 8.0 weight percent carbon black and 0.2 weight percent of a quaternary ammonium charge control agent. The toner particles had a median volume weighted diameter of 3.5 micrometers. Transfer was accomplished by passage through the nip region of a pair of compression rollers. The roller contacting the substrate side or face of the receiver opposite the thermoplastic polymer coated side or face of the receiver was heated to a temperature of 120°C while the other roller which contacted the face or side of the element opposite the element surface on which the toner particles were carried was at ambient temperature so that the front surface of the receiver, i.e., the thermoplastic polymer coating was heated to a temperature that was 120°C prior to transfer. The temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating during transfer was 70°C. The passage speed was 1.25 cm/second. Air pressure to the unheated compression roller was 276 kPa. During passage through the nip region of the rollers, the heated front surface of the receiver, i.e. the thermoplastic polymer coating, was contacted with the toner particles on the surface of the photoconductive element and the particles transferred to the receiver. The receiver and the photoconductive element were separated immediately after transfer while hot and prior to fixing the transferred image. After transfer, the toner image was ferrotyped by casting it against a sheet of Kapton-H and passing the thermoplastic polymer coated receiver bearing the transferred toner image partially embedded in the surface thereof and the Kapton-H™ through a pair of hard compression rollers oppositely rotating with respect to each other one of which was heated to a temperature of 120°C and the other being unheated. The ferrotyping sheet contacted the heated roller. The process speed was 0.5 cm/second. Transfer was excellent and the element readily separated from the receiver after the transfer process was completed. The transfer efficiency, i.e. the percentage of toner that transferred from the element to the receiver, was greater than 99.9 percent. Substantially the same results can be obtained when a photoconductive element which has a toner contacting surface comprising a polyester or a substituted polyester binder resin such as poly[4,4′-(2-norbornylidene)bis-phenoxy azelate-co-terephthalate] is substituted for the photoconductive element used in Example 1 and the process of Example 1 is carried out. Comparative Example 2 Example 1 was repeated except that the thermoplastic addition polymer coating on the receiver substrate consisted of poly(isobutylmethacrylate). The Tg of the thermoplastic addition polymer was 42°C. Its weight average molecular weight was 130,000. The surface energy of the polymer coating was 0.037 Joules/m²) (37 dynes/cm.) Also, the temperature of the front surface of the receiver, i.e., the thermoplastic polymer coating, was 110°C prior to transfer instead of 120°C as in Example 1. Its temperature during transfer was 63°C. Transfer was poor (i.e. transfer efficiency was less than 50 percent). However, the receiver and element did not adhere to each other during transfer or subsequent separation from each other. In fact, the receiver and the element separated readily and easily after transfer. This example does not fall within the scope of the invention because the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating was too low (i.e. less than 0.038 Joules/m² (38 dynes/cm). Comparative Example 3 Example 1 was repeated except that the thermoplastic addition polymer was a terpolymer consisting of styrene, butylacrylate and methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl silane in a weight ratio of 65:20:15 having a Tg of 50°C and a weight average molecular weight of 200,000. The surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating was 0.031 Joules/m² (31 dynes/cm). The receiver and the element did not adhere to each other during transfer and separated readily from each other after transfer, but transfer efficiency was very low (i.e. less than 50 percent). This example is outside the scope of the invention because the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating was too low, i.e. less than 0.038 Joules/m² (38 dynes/cm). Comparative Example 4 Example 3 was repeated except that the weight ratio of styrene to butylacrylate to methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl silane was 65:34:1. The surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating was 0.034 Joules/m² (34 dynes/cm)and the front surface of the receiver, i.e., the thermoplastic polymer coating, was heated such that its temperature was 100°C prior to transfer instead of 120°C as in Example 1. Its temperature during toner transfer was 60°C. The receiver did not adhere to the element during transfer and separated readily from the element after transfer. However, transfer efficiency was poor (i.e., less than 50 percent). This example also is outside the scope of the invention because the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating was too low, i.e., less than 0.038 Joules/m² (38 dynes/cm). Example 5 Example 1 was repeated except that the thermoplastic addition polymer consisted of a commercially available styrene butylacrylate copolymer having a Tg of 57°C and a weight average molecular weight of 139,000. The surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating was 0.040 Joules/m² (40 dynes/cm). In addition, the temperature of the front surface of the receiver, i.e., the thermoplastic polymer coating, was heated such that its temperature was 130°C prior to transfer. Its temperature during transfer was 75°C. The receiver and the photoconductive element did not adhere to each other during toner transfer and separated readily from each other after transfer and prior to fixing the image. Transfer efficiency was greater than 99.9 percent. Comparative Example 6 Example 5 was repeated except that the temperature of the front surface of the receiver, i.e., the thermoplastic polymer coating, was heated such that its temperature was 110°C prior to transfer. Its temperature during transfer was 65°C. The receiver did not adhere to the element during transfer and separated readily from the element after transfer. However, transfer efficiency was less than 50 percent. This example does not fall with the scope of the invention even though the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic addition polymer and the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating were within the limitations required for the successful practice of the process of the invention because the front surface of the receiver, i.e., the thermoplastic polymer coating was not heated to a temperature such that its temperature at the time of toner transfer was at least 15°C above the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Example 7 A color image was made using the techniques described herein. A receiver suitable for use in the practice of the present invention was prepared as follows. A thermoplastic addition polymer consisting of a commercially available styrene butylacrylate copolymer having a Tg of 46°C and a weight average molecular weight of 150,000 was dissolved in methylene chloride containing 0.03 percent by weight (based on the total weight of the solution) of polymethylphenylsiloxane having a methyl to phenyl ratio of 23:1 forming a 10 percent by weight solution of the copolymer. Polymethylphenylsiloxane is a surfactant and functions as a coating aid for the thermoplastic polymer. A polyethylene coated flexible paper having a surface roughness average of 0.45 micrometers, as measured by a Surtronic 3 Profilometer obtained from Rank Taylor Hobson, P.O. Box 36, Guthlaxton street, Leicester LE205P, England, marketed as "Photofinishing Stock 486V" by Eastman Kodak Company which had been corona treated to increase surface tension and therefore adhesion was coated with the solution and the solvent was evaporated to form a thermoplastic coating on the paper 10 micrometers thick. The thermoplastic polymer coating on the receiver had a surface energy of 0.041 Joules/m² (41 dynes/cm). Cyan, magenta, and yellow separations were developed with toner particles which were comprised of a polystyrene binder having a Tg of 62°C, containing 1.0 weight percent of methyl triphenyl phosphonium tosylate as a charge control agent and, the appropriate pigment in concentrations of 12.0 percent by weight for the cyan pigment, 16 percent by weight for the magenta pigment, and 10 percent by weight for the yellow pigment on separate portions of the surface of an inverted multilayer photoconductive element as described in Example 1 and sequentially transferred to the receiver in register using the thermally assisted transfer method of the present invention. The toner particles had a median volume weighted diameter of 3.5 micrometers and were used in combination with a magnetic carrier consisting of a polymer coated ferrite core material 30 micrometers in diameter. Transfer was accomplished by passage through the nip region of a pair of compression rollers. The roller contacting the substrate side or face of the receiver opposite to the thermoplastic polymer coated side or face of the receiver was heated to a temperature of 105°C while the other roller which contacted the face or side of the element opposite the element surface on which the toner particles were carried was at ambient temperature so that the front surface of the receiver, i.e., the thermoplastic polymer coating was heated to a temperature that was 105°C prior to transfer. The temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating during transfer was 65°C. The passage speed was 1.25 cm/second. Air pressure to the unheated compression roller was 276 kPa. During passage through the nip region of the rollers, the heated front surface of the receiver, i.e., the thermoplastic polymer coating, was contacted with the toner particles on the surface of the photoconductive element and the particles transferred to the receiver. The receiver and the photoconductive element were separated immediately after transfer while hot, i.e., while the temperature of the thermoplastic polymer coating was maintained above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer. Transfer was excellent and the thermoplastic polymer coating did not adhere to the element during toner transfer and the receiver readily separated from the element after the transfer process was completed. The transfer efficiency, i.e., the percentage of toner that transferred from the element to the receiver, was 99.9 percent.

Claims: A method of non-electrostatically transferring dry toner particles which comprise a toner binder and which have a particle size of less than 8 micrometers from the surface of an element to a receiver which comprises a substrate having a coating of a thermoplastic polymer on a surface of the substrate in the absence of a release agent applied to the coating of the thermoplastic polymer characterized in (A) contacting said toner particles on the surface of an element which has a surface layer which comprises a film-forming, electrically insulating polyester or polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric resin matrix and a surface energy of not greater than 0.047 Joules/m² (47 dynes/cm) with said thermoplastic polymer coating on said receiver wherein said thermoplastic polymer is a thermoplastic addition polymer having a T g which is from below to less than 10°C above the T g of the toner binder and the surface energy of the thermoplastic polymer coating is 0.038 to 0.043 Joules/m² (38 to 43 dynes/cm); (B) heating said receiver to a temperature such that the temperature of said thermoplastic polymer coating on said receiver during said transferring is at least 15°C above the Tg of said thermoplastic polymer; and (C) separating said receiver from said element at a temperature above the Tg of the thermoplastic polymer, whereby virtually all of said toner particles are transferred from the surface of said element to said thermoplastic polymer coating on said receiver. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer has a Tg of 40°C to 80°C. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 20,000 to 500,000. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer is a poly(alkylacrylate) or a poly(alkylmethacrylate) wherein the alkyl moiety contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer comprises a copolymer of styrene or a derivative of styrene and an acrylate. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer comprises a copolymer of styrene or a drivative of styrene and a methacrylate. The process of claim 5 wherein said acrylate is a lower alkyl acrylate having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety. The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer is polyvinyl(tolueneco-n-butyl acrylate). The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer is polyvinyl(toluene-co-isobutyl methacrylate). The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer is polyvinyl(styrene-co-n-butyl acrylate). The process of claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic addition polymer is polyvinyl(methacrylate-co-isobutyl methacrylate). The process of claim 1 wherein said toner binder has a Tg of 40°C to 120°C. The process of claim 1 wherein said toner particles are transferred to said receiver from a photoconductive element having a surface layer which comprises a polyester thermoplastic polymeric resin matrix. The process of claim 1 wherein said toner particles are transferred to said receiver from a photoconductive element having a surface layer which comprises a polycarbonate thermoplastic polymeric resin matrix. The process of claim 13 wherein said polyester resin is poly[4,4′-(2-norbornylidene)bisphenoxy azelate-co-terephthalate]. The process of claim 14 wherein said polycarbonate resin is poly[4,4′-(2-isopropylidene)-bisphenoxy carbonate].

Inventors: LIGHT WILLIAM A C O EASTMAN KO, RIMAI DONALD S C O EASTMAN KOD, SORRIERO LOUIS J C O EASTMAN K, LIGHT, WILLIAM A., C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, RIMAI, DONALD S., C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, SORRIERO, LOUIS J., C/O EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Applicants: EASTMAN KODAK CO, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Application year: 1990
Main classification: G03G7
IPC codes: G03G16, G03G13, G03G7