METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SHAPED PRODUCTS OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYMERIC MATERIAL

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the formation of biaxially oriented thermoplastic articles having flat surfaces or sharp contours, along with the articles themselves, are disclosed by the present invention. Such apparatus and method relate to the heat-shrinking of biaxially oriented intermediates (50) onto male forms (82, 102) to produce articles of exacting dimensions and flat surfaces or sharply defined contours.

Description: METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SHAPED PRODUCTS OF BIAXIALLY ORIENTED POLYMERIC MATERIAL Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an improved apparatus and method for forming terephthalate container-shaped or tubular articles with flat surfaces or sharply defined contours, which are dimensionally stable up to relatively high temperatures and to the articles made thereby. In particular, the invention relates to tubular belts and open-ended contains having superior dimensional, thermal and optical properties. Background of the Invention The prior art relating to the molecular orientation and heat-shrinking processes of thermoplastic saturated linear polymers, such as polypropylene, polyethylene or polyethylene terephthalate ("PET"), is extensive. It is well know in the art that films or tubes of unoriented thermoplastics may be heated to their orientation temperature and "stretched" in order to "orient" the linear polymeric chains. Such orientation greatly increases the strength of the material in the direction of stretching. By simultaneously or serially stretching a film of unoriented linear polymer in two directions perpendicular to each other, a material of consistent superior properties in all directions is obtained. Such products are referred to as being biaxially oriented. Biaxially oriented thermoplastics have many desireable properties including increased tensile strength and elastic modulus. There are two general categories of thermoplastics that are capable of orientation. The mono-1-olefins, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, are crystalline polymers. Other thermoplastics, most predominant among these being PET, are crystallizable polymers. Crystallizable polymers can be produced in an amorphous or non-crystalline solid state capable of being transformed into a crystalline form through heating to temperatures above the orientation temperature of the material. The length of time required to crystallize crystallizable polymers is dependent on the temperature and the degree of crystallinity required. Oriented then crystallized polymers have significantly enhanced thermal dimensional stability over SUBSTITUTE SHEET crystalline polymers because of their heat-setting abilities. The temperature employed in heat-setting a crystallable polymer defines the maximum temperature to which the product may subsequently be heated without causing the polymer to relax toward its unoriented shape. In the case of PET, the optimal orientation temperature range in which biaxial stretching occurs is between 80°C and 110°C. U.S. Patent No. 2,823,421 of Scarlett, for example, describes a method for orienting an amorphous film of PET 3.25 times its original longitudinal width at a temperature between 80°-90°C. The temperature of the film is then raised to between 95°-110°C before it is transversely stretched. The resultant biaxially oriented film is then heat-set at a temperature in the 150°-250°C range. Although raising the temperature of oriented PET during heat-setting will "set" the form of the film, unless restrained by some means such as tenting frames, molds or air pressure, the film tends to shrink significantly during the heat-setting process. Oriented crystalline polymers will also shrink upon heating. The heat-shrinking characteristics of oriented crystalline and crystallizable polymers is exploited by this invention to form products with unique characteristics. For either group of polymers, the shape an article is conformed to during heat-shrinking is maintained by the article after it is cooled to room temperature. A crystalline polymer will lose its shape when heated above its orientation temperature, while crystallizable polymers may be heat-set to temperatures above its orientation temperature but below its melting point. Heat-shrink tubing for the insulation of electrical connections is well know in the prior art. Another example of a process used to capitalize on this property, the heat-shrinking of polyvinyl chloride, a crystalline polymer, for the purpose of placing a hard plastic coating on photoflash lamps, is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,045,530 of Reiber. U.S. Patent No. 2,784,456 of Grabenstein describes the use of bands of PET, a crystallizable polymer, to seal bottles containing beverages and foods by heat shrinking the bands over the bottle and cap juncture. Neither of these patents discloses the use of the heat-shrinking process in order to mold the shape of an article to be later used independent from the coated substrate. Crystallizable polymers, such as PET, also may be heat-set in a non-oriented form. Raising the temperature of amorphous PET above its orientation temperature range will "set the form of the object, producing a strong, hard but somewhat brittle material. Heat set unoriented PET is milky white and translucent and will retain its physical structure on heating t temperatures in the 200° to 250°C range. Due to the excellent strength characteristics of oriented plastics, there are a substantial number of commercially available products composed of these materials. For example, the commonly used two liter bottles of carbonated drinks are generally made of oriented PET. Patents describing processes and apparatus for the efficient production of open ended containers made of biaxially oriented thermoplastics are numerous. See, for example, U.S. Patent No.'s 4,711,624 of Watson; 4,381,279, 4,405,546 and 4,264,558 of Jakobsen; 4,563,325 and 3,532,786 of Coffman; and 3,412,188 and 3,439,380 of Seefluth. The most frequently described method for forming containers utilizes a combination of injection molding and blow forming. According to these procedures, a solution of molten thermoplastic is injection molded into a mold to form a parison or pre-form. Typically, the parison is removed from the injection mold and placed in or surrounded by a female mold. The temperature of the parison is brought into the orientation temperature range, at which time it is blow-molded into a femal mold in order to biaxially orient the thermoplastic and give it its final shape. There are several advantages in utilizing this two- step process. The portion of the parison that will be used as the neck of the container may be injection molded to contain intricate structure such as the ribbing required for a screw-on cap. This neck portion can be positioned so that its shape is retained during the blow-molding. Once shaped, the blow-molded container may be cooled to room temperature to retain its shape. If a crystallizable polymer is used, the container may be heat-set to higher SUBSTITUTESHEET temperatures prior to cooling. If heat setting is desired, a positive pressure must be maintained in the container to prevent shrinkage during heating. For an example of this general type of apparatus and method see U.S. Patent No. 4,108,937 of Martineu. Another series of patents describes the blow-forming or plug-forming of thermoplastic sheets. Blow-forming a sheet requires that a sheet of thermoplastic material be clamped over a mold, heated to its orientation temperature and then conformed to the mold by the action of positive pressure. In plug- molding, a male form is used to assist in the conformational process. U.S. Patent No. 4,420,454 of Kawaguchi describes a method of plug-molding followed by blow-molding to produce biaxially oriented containers. A final series of patents describes the combined extrusion and biaxial orientation of thermoplastic tubing. See for example U.S. Patent No. 3,182,355 of Arnaudin, Jr. In order to produce a thermoplastic laboratory beaker or other open-ended container that will be used to contain fluids that will be heated from the bottom, it is imperative that the bottom of the beaker or container be thin and flat. Typically, fluid containing beakers are heated on a hot plate. To enhance the transfer of heat from the hot plate to the fluid within the container, the more beaker surface contacting the plate and the thinner the walls of the bottom of the container the more efficient the heat transfer. None of the thermoplastic beakers currently available combine all of the following characteristics desireable in such a product: 1) generally chemically inert; 2) heat stable up to 250°C; 3) flat and thin bottom; and 4) generally inexpensive to produce. Another common problem with each of these processes is that the overall dimensions of the oriented articles is very difficult to control within exacting standards. In particular, it is extremely difficult to produce round objects with consistent diameters or non-round objects with consistent perimeter dimensions. For many purposes these variations in dimension are not significant. However, when utilizing such S UB ST ITUTESH techniques to form seamless belts, for example (accomplished by slicing tubular sections of biaxially oriented material) close tolerances can be critical. Summary of the Invention According to the present invention, a blow-molded, biaxially oriented thermoplastic article is heat-shrunk onto a male form. Applying the present invention to the production of can-shaped or beaker-shaped containers, it is possible to produce biaxially oriented products with extremely thin walls and a flat, thin bottom. Utilizing crystallizable polymers, the containers may also be heat-set in order to create a container with excellent thermal stability characteristics. The use of heat-shrinking to form the final shape of a biaxially oriented product is unique to this invention. A process whereby the heat-shrink characteristics of biaxally oriented thermoplastics are used to create exact dimensions is not disclosed in the prior art. Such a process enables the formation of flat surfaces, sharp contours and texture on the interior surfaces of products and has many applications for improved products and novel articles that are not currently obtainable via existing techniques. The containers of the present invention can be made with extremely thin walls, and when coupled with the proper material may have excellent physical, optical and thermal characteristics. Such products, when made of PET, are ideally suited for use in medical, biological or chemical laboratories as inexpensive, disposable, generally chemically inert and high temperature stable beakers. The resistance to chemical attack maybe increased by utilizing polypropylene, although some high temperature stability will be sacrificed. In addition, when using crystallizable polymers the containers of this invention can be made with rigid rims by heating the unoriented rim portions above the orientation temperature prior to the heat- shrinking of the rest of the beaker. Containers may be produced according to the present invention having extremely thin, flat bottoms. The thinner the bottom surface of the container, the better the container's hea transfer properties. Beakers with very thin and flat bottoms SUBSTITUTESHEET produced of biaxially oriented crystallizable polymers according to this invention, may be used for heating or boiling liquids on a laboratory hot plate. The containers of the present invention are extremely light weight, and in some cases—for example, when stirring highly viscous fluids—additional support may be required. The containers of the present invention may be made of sizes and shapes so that they will fit snugly within standard laboratory glassware such as beakers to provide this support. The present invention also describes the production of seamless belts of biaxially oriented thermoplastics. Following the heat-shrinking of a tubular shaped portion of biaxially oriented thermoplastic material onto a round male form, the material may be sliced into belts of any desired width. Belts produced pursuant to this invention have an exact interior diameter corresponding to the outside diameter of the male form. According to this invention it is also possible to place ribbing or other texture on the interior surface of belts. Such belts have numerous applications in various small belt-drive systems. The present invention includes a two step process for the production of biaxially oriented thermoplastic articles wherein either a sheet of unoriented thermoplastic material or an injection-molded preform of unoriented thermoplastic material is blow-molded into a female form creating a biaxially-oriented intermediate that is sized so that it is slightly larger than the male form used in the second step to shape the article during the heat-shrinking process. Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 1 is an exploded elevational view of an embodiment of an intermediate container-forming apparatus of the present invention prior to the blow-molding step. FIG. 2 is a view of the device shown in FIG. 1 at the completion of the blow-molding/orientation process. FIG. 3 is an isometric view of a container according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the rim forming apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention for producing containers. SUBSTITUTE SHEET FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a containe heat-shrinking apparatus of the present invention prior to the heat-shrinking process. FIG. 6 is a view of FIG. 5 following the heat-shrinking process. FIG. 7 is an elevational view of an embodiment of a tube heat- shrinking apparatus of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a belt- forming apparatus of the present invention prior to the blow- molding step. FIG. 9 is a view of FIG. 8 following the blow-molding step. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a parison drawing apparatus of the present invention prior to parison drawing. FIG. 11 is a view of FIG. 10 following parison drawing and blow molding. Description of the Preferred Embodiments This invention relates to methods, apparatus and fina products of manufacture. The materials contemplated for use with this invention generally fall within the general category of saturated linear thermoplastic polymer compounds. Within this general category are two more specific categories of thermoplastics; crystalline polymers and crystallizable polymers. Crystalline polymers are those saturated linear polymers that typically only exist in a crystalline solid state Crystalline polymers may be oriented and will heat shrink after orientation, but cannot be heat-set to "lock" their oriented shape. Examples of crystalline polymers are polymers of the mono-1-olefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, vinylidene fluoride homopolymers, fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene ("Teflon") , and other similar polymer plastics. Crystallizable polymers are those saturated linear polymers that may be produced by standard processing techniques in both amorphous and crystalline forms in the solid state. Amorphous crystallizable polymers are generally produced by rapidly cooling the molten polymer. Crystallizable polymers ma crystallized or "heat set" by raising the temperature of the SUBSTITUTE SHEET amorphous material above the orientation temperature range of the material. The time required to heat set the material is dependent on the temperature and the extent of crystallinity desired. By heat-setting the material it will retain its shape until it reaches the highest temperature at which it was heat- set. Examples of crystallizable polymers are polyethylene terephthalate ("PET") , polyhexamethylene adipamide, polycaprolactam, polyhexamethylene sebacamide, polyethylene 2,6 and 1,5 naphthalate, polytetramethylene-l,2-dioxybenzoate, and copolymers of ethylene-terephthalate, ethyleneisophthalate, polycyclohexyldimethylene terephthalate, other crystallizable polyesters and other similar polymer plastics. Long chain linear polymers are created via the polymerization of monomer units. The polymerization process leads to a relatively randomly oriented mass of intertwined chains of molecules. On a molecular level, it can be appreciated that at some temperature it is possible to pull on two ends of the random mass of intertwined chains in order to straighten out or "orient" many of the chains parallel to the direction of forces exerted on the mass. When such pulling is done twice in perpendicular directions, the unoriented intertwining of chains will become a much more ordered structure with perpendicularly oriented chains. This systematic orientation of chains in the material leads to materials with increased tensile strength and elastic modulus. Following the orientation of crystallizable polymer chains, further heating acts to heat stabilize the physical form of the final product by causing chemical cross linking of the polymer chains. If a sheet of PET, for example, is blow-molded at 120°C and then cooled, the resultant product will retain its shape up to approximately 120°C. If, however, the temperature of the material is raised above 120°C to, for example, 200°C, if the shape of the material is maintained to prevent heat-shrinking during heating, the shape the product had at 200°C will be retained unless it is later reheated above that temperature. The tendency of the molecular chains in oriented materials to try to relax to their unoriented positions when heated tends to "shrink" oriented thermoplastic materials. This general characteristic is often used advantageously to place SUBSTITUTE SHEET heat-shrink coatings or wrappers on articles. The use of heat- shrinking as anything other than a "seal" or coating is not described in the prior art. In the present invention, the heat- shrink process is used in order to shape and form articles of biaxially oriented thermoplastic materials as they exist apart from the male form onto which they are shaped. The present invention utilizes the tendency of oriented thermoplastic material to shrink and retain its geometric dimensions upon cooling in order to produce an article with exacting dimensions that may have flat surfaces, sharp contours or texture on its inner surface. This is accomplished by forming, via known blow-molding processes, a biaxially oriented intermediate. This intermediate is then placed on a male form and the two jointly heated allowing for the formation of flat surfaces, sharp contours and interior texture on the final product via shrinkage of the intermediate onto the male form. For crystallizable polymers, a temperature greater than that required to simply heat-shrink the article may be employed in order to heat-set the shape for increased thermal stability. FIG. *s 1 and 2 show an apparatus 10 of the type envisioned by this invention for the production of the biaxially oriented intermediate container 50. In FIG. 1, the intermediate container forming apparatus 10 is shown. The apparatus 10 consists of a female forming tube 12, and a top clamping portion 14. The forming tube 12 consists of cylindrical side walls 16 and a bottom 18. The top clamping portion 14 consists of a flat surface 20 and a gas inlet port 22. The gas inlet port 22 is connected via conduit to a source of pressurized gas (not shown) . Securing elements 23 for securing a sheet of unoriented thermoplastic material 40 between the forming tube 12 and the clamping portion 14 are required to prevent the escape of gas from the system and to prevent the sheet from being pulled into the form. According to the present invention, the interior dimensions of the cavity of the forming tube are somewhat larger than the desired dimensions of the final product container. For example, if the final product is an open ended container having a desired outside diameter of 2.5 inches and a height of 3.75 inches, the inside diameter of the side walls 16 is 2.75 inches, SUBSTITUTE SHEET and the height of the side wall 16 is 4.125 inches. Such product has been designed to fit snugly within a standard 250 L laboratory beaker. FIG. 1 shows the apparatus 10 prior to the blow-molding process. The sheet of unoriented thermoplastic material 40, preferably having a thickness between .005 and .10 inches and most preferably about .015-.025 inches thick, is held flush against the clamping portion 14 and the mouth 13 of the forming tube 12. A gasket between the two portions of the apparatus may also be desired. The apparatus and thermoplastic material are heated together to the orientation temperature of the thermoplastic material. For PET, a temperature between 70° and 120°C is required and most preferably a temperature between 85° and 95°C is utilized. In a preferred embodiment for the production of open ended containers for use as freestanding laboratory beakers, the sheet of unoriented thermoplastic material 40, preferably has a thickness between .005 and .20 inches and most preferably about.015 to .06 inches. FIG. 2 shows the effect on the unoriented thermoplastic material 40 when pressurized gas, preferably air, is forced through the gas inlet port 22. The thermoplastic sheet "balloons" into the forming tube 12 and in so doing is subject to orienting forces in both the radial and tangential directions. A biaxially oriented intermediate container 50 made of PET may be produced in the time range of .1-120 sees, and preferably in .5-10 sees. A final pressure of approximately 40 p.s.i. is introduced into the cavity of the container 50, via the gas inlet port 22, to assure that a significant amount of conformation to the mold will occur. Of course, the amount of air pressure required to form an intermediate of the desired shape can vary depending on the thickness of the sheet of thermoplastic utilized. The pressure introduced via inlet port 22 is maintained for a period of time ranging from 1-60 sees, after the expansion of the thermoplastic is completed in order to assure that the thermoplastic intermediate 50 will retain its shape upon depressurization of the system. It may also be beneficial to place an air-outlet port (not shown) within the cavity of the forming tube 12 in order to vent or evacuate air from the cavity during the orientation process. SUBSTITUTE SHEET In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the interior of the forming tube 12 includes a thin sleeve 140 and an air inlet port 142 as seen in FIG. 2. The sleeve 140 rests on the bottom surface of the forming tube 12 and fits tightly against the interior walls of the forming tube 12. The sleeve does not extend to the top of the forming tube, but rather has height approximately two-thirds to four-fifths of the side walls of forming tube 12. The air inlet port 142 is located on the upper side wall of the forming tube 12 in the area above the to of the sleeve 140. Air inlet port 142 is connected to a source of pressurized gas by a conduit (not shown) . The sleeve 140 is preferably made of a smooth non-stick compound such as teflon and is about .030 inches thick. In order to prevent the ballooning thermoplastic shee from sticking on the side walls of the forming tube 12, a positive air pressure is introduced into the forming tube 12 vi inlet port 142 during the forming process. As the container intermediate 50 is being formed, the air introduced into the forming tube 12 forms a cylindrical pressurized area between th thermoplastic side walls and the top edge of the sleeve 140. The pressurized area at the top of the forming tube 12 helps cancel out the tendency of the thermoplastic sheet to stick to the forming tube 12 side walls at the very top, and not orient properly in that area. The sleeve 140 serves two purposes in this embodiment. The upper edge creates the bottom seal of the pressurized area. The remainder of the sleeve being a material of low friction characteristics such as teflon helps reduce sticking of the thermoplastic to the side wall in the bottom portions of the forming tube 12. The intermediate container 50 is removed from the apparatus 10 after depressurization of the apparatus 10 and the removal of the clamping portion 14 from the forming tube 12. The can-shaped intermediate 50 has generally retained the dimensions of the interior of the forming tube 122, but will have rounded corners at the interface between the container walls 52 and bottom 54. The unoriented sheet of thermoplastic 40 remains essentially unchanged outside of the area blown into the forming tube 12. SUBSTITUTE SHEET In a preferred embodiment of the present invention relating to the production of PET beaker-like containers, the final product container 70 has a flat rim-like portion 72 and thin biaxially oriented side walls 74 and bottom 76 as seen in FIG. 3. The rim portion 72 of the container 70 consists of a translucent ring of heat-set unoriented thermoplastic radiating out from the top of the side walls 74 and perpendicular to the vertical line of the side walls 74. The rim portion 74 serves two purposes. It acts to stiffen the side walls and entire structure of the container and it services as a lip by which the entire container may be suspended from the users fingers, or from standard laboratory tongs or rings. The size of the rim is small enough that it remains aesthetically proportional to the beaker but large enough to add side wall stability and to facilitate the suspension of the container by the rim alone. Generally, these proportions create a rim dimension between .187 and .625 inches wide. The thickness is determined by the thickness of the sheet of thermoplastic initially utilized. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the heat-set, unoriented rim may be turned upward at an angle such that drops of liquid run back into the container instead of clinging to the rim. In such a beaker the rim may be at an angle from 20 degrees to 70 degrees from horizontal. Also, a V- shaped depression, or pouring spout, may be included to assist in the pouring of liquids from the beaker. The side walls 74 of the final product have an increasing thickness from bottom to top. The bottom portion 76 has a generally consistent gauge that is relatively thinner than any point on the side walls 74. For use as laboratory beakers for heating liquids, the thinner the bottom the better the heat transfer properties of the container. The preferred beaker according to this invention has as thin a bottom as is possible while still being structurally usable. In any event, the side walls 74 and bottom 76 are less than .010 inches thick. Most preferably, the side walls will be less than .005 inches thick, and the bottom will be less than approximately .0015 inches thick. In an additional preferred embodiment of a stand alone SUBSTITUTE SHEET open-ended container or beaker of the present invention, the increased thickness from bottom to top greatly enhances the use of the beaker for heating fluids on a heat source such as a laboratory hot plate. The heavier sidewalls near the rim provide sufficient stability for gripping the beaker, and the thin bottom promotes the heat transfer rate between the plate and fluid in the beaker. In this preferred embodiment the side walls and bottom are less than about .060 inches thick. Most preferably, in a free standing beaker of this invention produced from a sheet of consistent gauge thermoplastic, the side walls are about .010 to .035 at their thickest point near the rim and have bottom thickness of about .001 to .020 inches. The optimal embodiment for a heatable beaker has the thinnest bottom possible to be formed in conjunction with side walls that have sufficient thickness to be structurally stable and feel solid in the hand or in laboratory tongs. In an additional embodiment, the thermoplastic sheet utilized to form the beaker may have an area of decreased thickness near the center of said sheet which, when formed, will become the beaker bottom. In this manner, the bottom thickness may be even further reduced while maintaining acceptable thickness of the beaker walls. As mentioned previously, the thinner the beaker bottom, the better the heat transfer from the hot plate to the fluid in the container. This is also true the flatter the bottom of the beaker. The thin bottom is also valuable, in that it is flexible enough that the weight of the fluid in the beaker will help flatten the bottom and maximize surface contact with the heat source. As discussed, thick sidewalls are preferable for stiffness, and thin bottoms are preferable for rapid and even heating. So, in all preferred embodiments, the thickness of the walls at their thickness point is greater than the thickness of the bottom by a factor of at least about 1.5. In the most preferred embodiment, the wall thickness at its thickest point is at least about 2.0 times the thickness of the bottom surface of the container. The present invention includes the method of heating fluids by introducing fluids into a container or beaker as described above, placing said beaker onto a hot plate or any other suitable source of heat and increasing the temperature of SUBSTITUTE SHEET the fluid in the container. The heating or boiling of fluids in laboratory settings is required in an almost unlimited number of situations in medical, research, environmental and clinical settings. In one embodiment of the present invention, the rim portion of the container may have a single V-shaped depression 75 to assist in the pouring of liquids out of the completed product container 70. The depression 75 is most conveniently formed in the intermediate forming process, by adapting 77 the upper surface of the forming tube 122 and the adjacent surface of the clamping portion 14 to form the V-shaped depression 75 in the rim of the container. During pressurization of the intermediate the heated sheet will be forced into the V-shaped depression 77. FIG. 4 shows a rim forming apparatus 60 that will heat-set the flat portions of the unoriented thermoplastic sheet 40 surrounding the intermediate container 50. The rim forming apparatus 60 consists of a hot plate 62 and a clamping element 64. The hot plate 62 has a circular opening that allows the intermediate container 50 to fit snugly within the opening so that all of the flat unoriented sheet 40 will contact the flat horizontal surface of the hot plate 69, a tubular or cylindrical rim 66 that sits on the upper surface of the amorphous, unoriented sheet to form an air-tight seal, and a gas inlet 68. The gas inlet 68 is associated via a conduit to an air compressor (not shown) . The rim forming apparatus 60 may also be equipped with V-shaped depressions in the hot plate 62 for the heat setting of the V-shaped pouring spout. In order to heat-set the rim portion 55 of the intermediate container 50, the container 50 is placed within the opening of the hot plate 62 and the clamping element 64 is secured in place above the hot plate 62 while holding the flat unoriented sheet 40 tightly against the hot plate. An increased pressure is maintained in the cavity of the rim forming apparatus 60 due to the introduction of gas into the system via the gas inlet 68. The increased pressure helps to assure that the unoriented sheet 40 is held flat against the hot plate 62. The surface temperature of the hot plate, is elevated above the orientation range of the thermoplastic, preferably in the 150°- SUBSTITUTE SHEET 250°C range for PET. In a preferred embodiment, the hot plate 62 of the rim forming apparatus 60 has a step-up ridge 65 surrounding the opening. The ridge has a diameter sufficiently larger than the diameter of the intermediate container 50 so that when the excess sheet is cut away from the final product 70 it will not be included on the rim 72 of the container. The presence of the step-up ridge 65 allows the rim portion to be heat-set without the formation of any wrinkles in the rim 72 by providing an area to accommodate thermal expansion of the rim during heating. Upon cooling, release of the pressure, and removal of the intermediate container 50 from the rim forming apparatus 60, the rim portion 72 is structurally attached to the side walls of the intermediate container 50, is relatively rigid and, if PET is utilized, has a translucent appearance. In the preferred embodiment, the rim 72 is generally perpendicular to the side walls of the container 50. The stiffened rim also facilitates the final heat-shrinking operation by providing a firm surface to grip while heating. In an alternative embodiment of the rim forming portion of the present invention, the unoriented thermoplastic may be pressed between two heated, contoured forms and held until heat set. FIG. 5 shows a heat-shrinking apparatus 80 of the present invention. The apparatus 80 consists of a male form 82 and a clamping ring 83. The male form 82 is shaped according t the desired interior dimensions of the final product container 70. The form 82 may contain flat surfaces, sharp contours, texturing, or raised or depressed printing, in order to create logo or other markings. The portion of the male form 82 that will be in contact and give shape to the bottom of the final container product 70, is equipped with a gas exhaust port 84. The gas exhaust port 84 is associated with a source of compressed gas via a conduit (not shown) . For some configurations of the male form 82, for example when there are sharply contrasted indentations, it may be necessary to encompass the entire apparatus 80 and to provid an exterior air pressure source in order to assist the conformational process (not shown) . SUBSTITUTESHEET The clamping ring 83 consists of a ring that will fit over the container 50 and can be clamped in place in order to tightly hold the preformed rim 72 of the intermediate container 50 against the rim portion 85 of the male form 82. The heat-shrinking process requires that the intermediate container 50 be clamped into place within the heat- shrinking apparatus 80 as shown in FIG. 5. The initial temperature of the male form 82 should be at or below the orientation temperature in order to prevent the formation of localized areas of shrinkage when the intermediate 50 is being placed over the male form. The male form 82 and the container 50 are heated together to a temperature greater than the orientation temperature of the thermoplastic. Preferably, when utilizing PET, the temperature will be raised into the 120°-250°C range. Most preferably, when PET is utilized the heat set/heat shrinking temperature will be in the 180° to 250°C range. The melt temperature of PET is about 250°C. Heat setting will preferably occur for any crystallizable polymer within at least 75°C of the melt temperature of the thermoplastic. Once the desired maximum temperature is reached, the intermediate container 50 will have conformed to the shape of the male form 82, as shown in FIG. 6, and may be immediately cooled. The finished container 70 and the heat-shrinking apparatus 80 is then typically cooled before removal of the container from the male form 82 is attempted. It is also preferred to reduce the temperature below the orientation temperature of the material in order to prevent any unwanted shape distortion when using air pressure to help remove the product from the male form. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the removal of the container 70 is assisted by the introduction of high pressure gas through the gas exhaust port 84 of the male form 82. The introduction of a high pressure gas source to assist in the removal of the container may take any number of actual forms. For example, the male form 82 can have numerous very small exhaust ports over its entire surface. It is also possible to provide the surface of the male form with special coatings, for example "teflon," that assist in the process of removing the final product from the form. It may be desirable to place a female form over the product when "blowing" it off SUBSTITUTE SHEET the male mold to help assure that the overall dimensions are not altered at this stage. The rim 72 of the final product 70 may be trimmed to the desired dimension, and the exterior surface may be painted or labeled via conventional techniques. The container 70 of a final product made of PET consists of a translucent, heat-set, unoriented thermoplastic rim and a cylindrical wall and bottom of a thin, clear, biaxially oriented thermoplastic material. If the thermoplastic is a crystalline polymer, the container will retain its shape up to approximately the orientation temperature of the material. If the thermoplastic is a crystallizable polymer, the container will retain its shape up to approximately the heat-shrink/heat-set maximum temperature. In addition, the biaxially oriented sidewalls and bottom may have flat surfaces, sharp contours and texture or ribbing on its inner surface. In the case of beakers, a flat bottom increases the stability of the article and the contact area for heat transfer. The process described above,and illustrated in FIG.'s 1-6 may also be employed in the production of seamless belts of biaxially oriented thermoplastics. A container 70 produced according to the above procedure may be sliced in order to yield seamless belts of exacting dimensions. The intermediate container 50 may be used, prior to rim formation or heat-shrinking, as the starting material for such belts. The bottom of the container and the top connected to the amorphous sheet may be removed from the intermediate 50 to produce a cylindrical tube 100 of biaxially oriented but not heat-shrunk thermoplastic. The cylindrical tube 100 is placed on a tubular male form 102 as shown in FIG. 7. The ends must be clamped down to prevent axial displacement, and the tube 100 and form 102 heated together to heat-shrink the tube according to the procedure described above. The intermediate 50 may be heat shrunk without removing the bottom or rim portion. In such a case clamping means holding the bottom portion may not be required. After cooling, the heat-shrunk tube may be removed from the male form 102 and placed on a similar form for cutting into belts. This form may consist of an element that can be fitted onto a rotating tool and rotated at a constant speed. A SUBSTITUTE SHEET multi-blade or moveable single blade cutting tool is then used to carefully cut the tube into belts of the desired width. The belts produced according to this embodiment of the invention have a consistent and exact interior diameter corresponding to the exterior diameter of the form 102 used. The form 102 may include contours, ribbing, texture or other elements that will be incorporated onto the inner surface of the belts ultimately produced. FIG. 8 shows an additional embodiment of the biaxially oriented intermediate container forming apparatus 10, that is specifically adapted for blow-molding belt intermediates 160 from sheets of thermoplastic material, to be used in the production of seamless belts. The forming tube 12 no longer consists of a simple open ended tube that will be "filled" by the thermoplastic "bubble" upon blowing. Rather, the opening into the cavity of the tube is restricted by a plate 106 with a circular opening. The circular opening in the plate 106 has a diameter less than the diameter of the forming tube 12. Most preferably, the circular opening has a diameter that is approximately two-thirds the diameter of the forming tube 12. As can be seen in FIG. 9, the blow-molded, biaxially oriented belt intermediate 160 formed in this apparatus does not fill the forming tube to the extent seen when utilizing the apparatus depicted in FIG.'s 1-2. That portion of the generally spherically shaped intermediate 160 that does form against the side walls of the forming tube 12 is referred to as the equatorial stripe 110. The forming tube 12 may contain ridges 111 and its interior walls in order to help differentiate the equatorial stripe from the rest of the article upon removal from the apparatus. Following the cooling and removal of the intermediate 160 from the apparatus 10, the equatorial stripe 110 may be cut from the remainder of the biaxially oriented material in order to be heat-shrunk on the device shown in FIG. 7. The seamless belt products obtained via this embodiment of the invention have two superior qualities relative to the belts produced from the previously described methods. The gauge of the thermoplastic is much more consistent when made from the equatorial stripe, and the degree of circumferential and axial orientation are more nearly equal as desired for many belt SUBSTITUTE SHEET applications. An additional embodiment for the production of biaxially oriented but not heat-shrunk belt intermediate 160 for the ultimate production of seamless biaxially oriented belts is shown in FIG. 's 10 and 11. This embodiment relates to an improved means for producing seamless belts. A preform or parison of unoriented thermoplastic that has been created by well known injection molding or extrusion techniques is used to form a biaxially oriented intermediate that is then heat-shrunk. The thermoplastic parison 110 consists of a tubular body with both ends being open. FIG.'s 10 and 11 depict a blow- molding and drawing apparatus 120 according to the present invention. The apparatus 120 consists of two drawing mandrels 121, 122 and clamping elements 124. The clamping elements 124 are capable of tightly securing the ends of the parison 110 over the inwardly facing end portions 125 of the drawing mandrels 121, 122. One of the drawing mandrels, 122 in FIG. 10, is also equipped with an air inlet port 126. The air inlet port 126 is attached to a supply of pressurized gas via conduit 130. The parison blow-molding and drawing apparatus 120 is designed so that either of the drawing mandrels 121, 122 may be moved or both simultaneously moved, in opposite directions, along centering rails 133, 134 that are positioned parallel to the axis of the parison 110. Utilizing the movable mandrels it is possible to axially "draw" the parison at the same time as it is being "blown" by the introduction of air at high pressure through the air inlet port 126. FIG. 10 shows the parison 110 secured within the drawing apparatus 120 prior to the drawing and blow-molding process. The apparatus 120 and parison 110 are heated to the orientation temperature of the thermoplastic material utilized, and "drawn" and "blown" simultaneously. Preferably, the parison is drawn along its length to approximately 3X-5X its original length, and is blown to approximately 3X-5X its original diameter. In order to make seamless belts that have a minimum amount of gauge variability, it is important to create a parison 110 that has a constant mass along its length. In other words, SUBSTITUTE SHEET the parison should have the same quantity of thermoplastic in any cross-sectional portion along its length. Traditional injection molding techniques to form a parison require that molten plastic be injected into a cavity defined by a male and a female mold. In order to remove the male mold from the center of the formed parison, it is necessary to have a draft of 2-3 degrees in the interior of the parison. According to the present invention, each cross-sectional unit of the parison will contain identical amounts of material. An additional female tubular form or mold (not shown) maybe positioned encircling the apparatus 120 in order to physically support the biaxially oriented intermediate 140 during removal from the apparatus. The utilization of the female form will also assure that the desired extent of inflation has been uniformly attained and temperature uniformity will be maintained if radiant heat sources are nearby. The inflated parison 140 is cooled and at least one end portion not having full diameter is removed before placing on a male form for heat-shrinking. The intermediate produced according to the process depicted in FIG.'s 10 and 11 produces the preferred seamless belts of this invention due to the greatly enhanced control over the longitudinal and axial orientation of the thermoplastic and the ability to produce a more consistently gauged product. The seamless belts of the present invention can be further modified in order to serve specialized needs. For example, in some applications it may be useful to periodically puncture holes through the belt surface. Belts altered in such a way could be used with rollers or belts having pins, the perforations in the belts capable of engaging the pins. For other applications it may be desirable to have a belt, with or without texture on the interior or exterior surfaces, made of a material with a high coefficient of friction such as urethane or other rubbers. Coating a belt of the present invention with such a material would combine the desireable qualities of this invention with the properties provided by a frictional coating. The preceding explanation and the drawings included herewith are provided for purposes of illustrating the various principles of the present invention and are not intended, in any SUBSTITUTE SHEET way, to diminish or limit the scope of the claims as set forth below. SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A process for heating fluids over a heat source comprising: introducing said fluids into a container comprised of an at least partly biaxially oriented, and heat set thermoplastic side wall and bottom; placing said container on said heat source; and thereby raising the temperature of said fluids. 2. The process of Claim 1 wherein said container is further comprised of an unoriented and heat set rim adjacent the mouth of said container. 3. The process of Claim 1 wherein said bottom of said container is substantially flat and less than about .03 inches thick. 4. The process of claim 3 wherein said bottom is about .001 to .020 inches thick. 5. The process of Claim 3 wherein said bottom is about .001 to .01 inches thick. 6. The process of Claim 1 wherein said heat source is a laboratory hot plate. 7. The process of Claim 1 wherein said container is heat set at a temperature at, or with 75°C of its melt temperature. 8. The process of Claim 1 wherein said thermoplastic is PET and is heat set to about 180°C to 250°C. 9. The process of Claim 1 wherein said container is formed by the process comprising blow molding a sheet of thermoplastic material at its orientation temperature to form an intermediate; heat-shrinking said intermediate onto a male form that has a shape corresponding to the desired SUBSTITUTE SHEET shape of said container and continuing to heat until material is fully heat set. 10. The process of Claim 9 wherein said process for forming said container further comprises heat setting an annular rim portion of said sheet of thermoplastic material adjacent the mouth of said blow molded intermediate. 11. The process of Claim 10 wherein said annular rim portion is between .187 and .625 inches wide. 12. The process of Claim 10 wherein said rim portion includes a pouring spout. 13. The process of Claim 1 wherein said bottom of said container is generally consistent in gauge and is thinner than the thickest portion of said oriented side wall by at least a factor of about 1.5. 14. The process of Claim 13 wherein said bottom of said container is thinner than the thickest portion of said oriented side wall by at least a factor of about 2.0. 15. The process of Claim 1 wherein said container is a laboratory beaker. 16. A container comprised of a cylindrical side wall and a bottom, said container formed of at least partly biaxially oriented, thermoplastic material, and said bottom is thin and flat. 17. A container as in Claim 16 wherein said bottom is less than about .03 inches thick. 18. A container as in Claim 16 further comprising an unoriented, heat set thermoplastic rim adjacent the mouth of said container. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 19. A container as in Claim 18 wherein said rim is between .187 and .625 inches wide. 20. A container as in Claim 18 wherein said rim includes a pouring spout. 21. A container as in Claim 16 wherein said container has been heat set at a temperature at, or within 75°C of its melt temperature. 22. A container as in Claim 21 wherein said container is PET and has been heat set to about 180°C to 250°C. 23. A container as in Claim 16 wherein said bottom is generally consistent in gauge and is thinner than the thickest portion of said side wall by a factor of at least about 1.5. 24. A container as in Claim 23 wherein said bottom is thinner than the thickest portion of said side wall by a factor of at least about 2.0. 25. A container as in Claim 17 wherein said bottom is about .001 to .020 inches thick. 26. A container as in Claim 25 wherein said bottom is about .001 to .010 inches thick. 27. A container as in Claim 16 wherein said thermoplastic material is a crystalline polymer. 28. A container as in Claim 27 wherein said crystalline polymer is a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and homopolymers of vinyldidene fluorides. 29. A container as in Claim 16 wherein said thermoplastic material is a crystallizable polymer. SUBSTITUTESHEET 30. A container as in Claim 29 wherein said crystallizable polymer is a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephythalate, polyhexamethylene sebacamide, polyethylene 2,6 and 1,5 naphthalate, polytetramethylene- 1,2,- dioxybenzoate, copolymers of ethylene terephthalate and ethyleneisophthalate, and (acid modified) polycyclohexyldimethylene terephthalate. 31. A container as in Claim 16 wherein said thermoplastic material is polyethylene terephthalate. 32. A container as in Claim 16 shaped like a laboratory beaker. 33. A method for producing a biaxially oriented, thermoplastic article comprising: forming a biaxially oriented intermediate by blow molding a portion of thermoplastic material at its orientation temperature; placing said intermediate on a male form of a predetermined size, shape and texture; heating said intermediate and form above the orientation temperature of said material to heat- shrink said intermediate onto the surface of said form; cooling said heat-shrunk intermediate; and removing said heat-shrunk intermediate from said form. 34. The method described in Claim 33 wherein said thermoplastic material is a crystalline polymer. 35. The method described in Claim 33 wherein said thermoplastic material is a crystallizable polymer. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 36. The method described in Claim 34 wherein said cyrstalline polymer is a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and homopolymers of vinylidene fluorides. 37. The method described in Claim 35 wherein said crystallizable polymer is a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyhexamethylene-l,2,-dioxybenzoate and copolymers of ethylene terephthalate and ethyleneisophthalate. 38. The method described in Claim 33 wherein said thermoplastic material is polyethylene terephthalate. 39. The method described in Claim 38 wherein said blow molding occurs at a temperature between 70° and 120°C. 40. The method described in Claim 38 wherein said heat- shrinking occurs at a temperature greater than 120°C. 41. The method described in Claim 40 wherein the heating of said intermediate and form is effected by raising the temperature from at or below said orientation temperature to the desired maximum temperature of heat-shrinking. 42. The method described in Claim 33 wherein said article is a can-shaped container. 43. The method described in Claim 42 wherein said container has an outside diameter of about 2.5 inches and a height of about 3.75 inches. 44. The method described in Claim 42 wherein said intermediate has the shape of an open-ended container. 45. The method described in Claim 44 wherein said intermediate has an inside diameter of about 2.75 inches and a height of about 4.125 inches. SUBSTITUTESHEET 46. The method described in Claim 33 wherein said portion is shaped as a thin sheet. 47. The method described in Claim 46 wherein said sheet is about .02 inches thick. 48. The method described in Claim 33 wherein said portion is a tubular parison. 49. The method described in Claim 48 wherein said parison is formed by injection molding. 50. The method described in Claim 48 wherein said parison is formed by extrusion. 51. The method described in Claim 33 wherein said article is a tubular seamless belt further comprising slicing said article into seamless belts of a predetermined width. 52. The method described in Claim 51 wherein said male form has ribbing or texture on its exterior surface. 53. The method described in Claim 51 wherein said portion is a sheet of thermoplastic material, and said intermediate formation is performed by blowing said sheet into a cylindrical female form. 54. The method described in Claim 53 wherein the mouth to said female form is covered by a plate having an opening with a diameter less than the diameter of said female form. 55. The method described in Claim 51 wherein sid portion is a tubular parison. 56. The method described in Claim 51 further comprising the periodic perforation of said belt along its length. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 57. The method described in Claim 51 further comprising the coating of said belt with a substance having a high coefficient of friction. 58. An open ended container comprised of a cylindrical side wall and a bottom, said container formed of a biaxially oriented, thermoplastic material, and said bottom is thin and flat. 59. The container of Claim 58 wherein said thermoplastic material is a crystalline polymer. 60. The container of Claim 58 wherein said thermoplastic material is a crystallizable polymer. 61. The container of Claim 59 wherein said crystalline polymer is a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and homopolymers of vinylidene fluorides. 62. The container of Claim 60 wherein said crystallizable polymer is a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyhexamethylene sebacamide, polyethylene 2,6 and 1, 5 naphthalate, polytetramethylene- 1,2,-dioxybenzoate and copolymers of ethylene terephthalate and ethyleneisophthalate. 63. The container of Claim 58 wherein said thermoplastic material is polyethylene terephthalate. 64. The container of Claim 58 having sharp contours. 65. The container of Claim 58 further comprising a rim encircling said side wall. 66. The container of Claim 65 wherein sid rim radiates outwardly from the top of said side wall and generally perpendicular to the vertical plane of said side wall. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 67. The container of Claim 65 wherein said rim is rigid. 68. The container of Claim 67 wherein said rim is formed by heat setting of the unoriented cyrstallizable thermoplastic. 69. The container of Claim 67 wherein said rim is about .02 inches thick. 70. The container of Claim 65 further comprising a pouring spout in said rim. 71. The container of Claim 58 wherein said side wall and said bottom are less than .010 inches thick. 72. The container of Claim 58 wherein said side wall and bottom are formed by the heat-shrinking of a biaxially-oriented intermediate that is somewhat larger than said container onto a male form. 73. The container of Claim 72 wherein said intermediate is formed by blow molding an unoriented sheet of said thermoplastic material. 74. The container of Claim 72 wherein said intermediate is formed by blow molding an unoriented parison of said thermoplastic material. 75. The container of Claim 58 having texture on the interior surfaces of said bottom or said side wall. 76. The container of Claim 58 wherein said side wall and bottom are of a shape that will fit snugly within standard laboratory beakers. 77. The container of Claim 76 having an outside diameter of about 2.5 inches and a height of about 3.75 inches. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 78. A seamless belt comprised of a continuous loop of a biaxially oriented, heat-shrunk thermoplastic material, said belt having an exact predetermined interior diameter. 79. The seamless belt of claim 78 said belt having ribbing or texture on its interior surface. 80. The seamless belt of Claim 78 wherein said thermoplastic material is a crystalline polymer. 81. The seamless belt of Claim 78 wherein said thermoplastic material is crystallizable polymer. 82. The seamless belt of Claim 80 wherein said crystalline polymer is a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and homopolymers of vinylidene fluorides. 83. The seamless belt of Claim 81 wherein said cyrstallizable polymer is a material selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polyhexamethylene sebacamide, polyethylene 2,6 and 1, 5 naphthalate, polytetramethylene- 1,2,-dioxybenzoate and copolymers of ethylene terephthalate and ethyleneisophthalate. 84. The seamless belt of Claim 78 wherein said thermoplastic material is polyethylene terephthalate. 85. The seamless belt of Claim 78 wherein said belt is formed by slicing a tubular, heat-shrunk and biaxially oriented article to a predetermined width. 86. The seamless belt of Claim 85 wherein said article is formed by the heat-shrinking of a biaxially-oriented intermediate that is somewhat larger than said article onto a male form. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 87. The seamless belt of Claim 86 wherein said intermediate is formed by blow molding an unoriented sheet of said thermoplastic material. 88. The seamless belt of Claim 87 wherein said blow forming is performed by blowing said sheet into a cylindrical female form, the mouth of said female form being covered by a plate having an opening with a diameter less than the diameter of said female form. 89. The seamless belt of Claim 78 wherein said intermediate is formed by blow molding an unoriented parison of said thermoplastic material. 90. The belt of Claim 78 further comprising periodic perforations along its length. 91. The seamless belt of Claim 78 further comprising a coating on the surface of said belt of a substance having a high coefficient of friction. 92. Apparatus for heat-shrinking a preformed biaxially oriented thermoplastic article in order to form an article of exact predetermined interior dimensions and having flat surfaces and sharp contours, comprising a male form whose exterior dimensions correspond to said interior dimensions, clamping means for clamping said article onto said male form, means for heating said article and said mold to the heat- shrinking temperature, and means for injecting air through said male form in order to assist in the removal of said article from said form after heat-shrinking. 93. The apparatus of Claim 92 wherein said male form is can- shaped. 94. The apparatus of Claim 92 wherein said article is an open- ended container. SUBSTITUTE SHEET 95. The apparatus of Claim 92 wherein said male form is a cylindrical tube. 96. The apparatus of Claim 92 wherein said article is a hollow tube. 97. Apparatus for biaxially orienting a preformed tubular unoriented thermoplastic article which is open at both ends comprising, first and second movable mandrels that move in opposite directions relative to each other upon a centering rail oriented along the axis of said tubular article, clamping means for clamping said tube onto the ends of said mandrels, means for heating said article and said mandrels, and means for injecting air through one of said mandrels into the interior of said tube so that said tube may be stretched and oriented laterally and longitudinally according to predetermined dimensions. 98. The apparatus of Claim 97 wherein said movement of said mandrels may occur simultaneously with said injection of said air. 99. The apparatus of Claim 97 further comprising a female form surrounding said axis. 100. The apparatus of Claim 99 wherein said female form is a cylindrical tube with a center-line coinciding with said axis. SUBSTITUTE SHEET

Inventors: FORTIN JOHN K, FORTIN, JOHN K.
Applicants: FORTEX INC, FORTEX, INC.
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B29C49
IPC codes: B29B13, B29C49, B29C55, B29C61, B29D31, B29K23, B29K67, B29L22, B29L23, B65D1