Interference detection apparatus for use in digital mobile communications system

Abstract: An apparatus comprising a Viterbi decoder which decodes received convolutional code data in accordance with the Viterbi algorithm and provides path metrics. Among the path metrics, a path metric comparator detects the maximum and minimum path metrics for each data symbol. The path metric comparator selects the minimum difference among differences between the maximum and minimum path metrics. An apparatus also comprises a field strength detector which detects the electromagnetic field strength of a radio signal containing the convolutional code data. Upon the minimum path metric difference and the field strength, an interference detector checks if interference exists in the radio signal. The minimum path metric difference may be used for an antenna diversity system.

Description: The present invention relates to an interference detection apparatus and, more particularly, to an interference detection apparatus for use in a digital mobile communications system. To detect co-channel interference, a conventional apparatus uses a beat phenomenon caused by an interference wave. A reference is made to a paper entitled "A new method of co-channel D/U measurement using squared-law envelope differential detection", vol. 83, No. 3, IEICE Technical Report, by Kozono et al 1983. By detecting and processing a received signal envelope, the apparatus obtains the average power of the received signal and power of the beat component. Based on the obtained powers, the apparatus calculates a desired signal level-to-undesired signal level (D/U) ratio. If the D/U ratio falls below a predetermined level, the apparatus determines that interference exists. Quality of such an interference detection depends on the linearity of the envelope detector. Thus, if manufacturing errors in the envelope detector occur, they deteriorate the interference detection quality. In addition, the conventional apparatus needs a relatively long time to detect interference, because obtaining the D/U ratio involves a complicated calculation. This detection delay adversely affects communications. In a paper entitled "Diversity selection using convolutional coding in a portable radio communications channel" by Li Fung Chang, given at a conference entitled Globecom 87, Tokyo, November 15-18 1987, and published at pages 802-806 of the conference proceedings by the IEEE, New York, USA, there were described studies of a selection method using punctured convolutional codes with a Viterbi decoding algorithm, and a method using BCH block codes. An arrangement to be described below endeavours to provide a generally improved interference detection, which is able to detect interference for a relatively short period, and which is suitable for a digital mobile communications system, and for an antenna diversity system. In a particular example of which will be described there is a receiver section which receives and demodulates a radio signal, including data of convolutional codes. A Viterbi decoder decodes the demodulated data in accordance with the Viterbi algorithm and provides path metrics for the convolutional codes. In response to the path metrics, a path metric comparator selects a minimum difference among differences between maximum ones of the path metrics and minimum ones of the path metrics. By using the minimum difference, an interference detector determines a signal quality of the radio signal. The signal quality may be used for detecting interference existing in the radio signal. Alternatively, the signal quality may be used for an antenna diversity system. The following description and drawings disclose a system to which the invention may be applied and, by means of examples, the invention which is characterised in the appended claims, whose terms determine the extent of the protection conferred hereby. In the drawings:- Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a mobile communications system to which the present invention is applicable; Fig. 2 is a block diagram showing an interference detection apparatus embodying the present invention; Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing a header detector of the Fig. 2 apparatus; Figs. 4A to 4C show received data, decoded data and a header detect pulse, respectively; Fig. 5 is a block diagram showing a path metric comparator of the Fig. 2 apparatus; Fig. 6 is a flow chart demonstrating the operation of an interference detector in Fig. 2; Fig. 7 is a flow chart demonstrating the operation of a signal controller 17 in Fig. 2; Fig. 8 is a graph showing a path metric vs. bit errors characteristic; Fig. 9 is a graph showing an electromagnetic field strength vs. bit error ratio characteristic; and Fig. 10 is a block diagram showing an antenna diversity appararus embodying the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In Fig. 1, a mobile communications system includes a mobile control center 1 connected to a public switched telephone network (PSTN) and to mobile base stations 2a to 2c through wired lines. The base stations 2a to 2c have coverage areas 3a to 3c, respectively, and are to be connected to a mobile subscriber station (MSS) 4 through radio channels. Only one MSS is shown but a plurality of MSSs may be included in the system. An interference detection apparatus according to the present invention may be installed in either MSS 4 or the mobile base station 2a, 2b, 2c. If an interference detection apparatus which is installed in the base station 2b detects interference, the base station 2b changes a communications channel used for communicating with MSS 4 to another communications channel. If an interference detection apparatus which is installed in MSS 4 detects interference, the apparatus informs the base station 2b of the interference detection. In response, the base station 2b changes its communications channel used for communicating with MSS 4 to another channel and transmits a channel designate signal to MSS 4 to cause MSS to change its channel to the another channel. It is to be noted that interference may be interference waves illegally produced from unidentified signal sources. In Fig. 2, an interference detection apparatus 10 includes an antenna 11 picking up a radio signal which may contain data of convolutional codes. The antenna 11 provides the radio signal to a receive section 13 through a band-pass filter (BPF) 12. The receive section 13 demodulates the radio signal to produce baseband data and provide the data to a header detecter 14. The receive section 13 includes a conventional clock recovery circuit 13 which provides necessary timings to various parts of the apparatus 10. The receive section 13 also includes a conventional function to change it radio channel in response to a channel change signal provided from a radio control circuit 19. The receive section 13 provides an intermediate frequency (IF) signal to an electromagnetic field strength (EMFS) detector 21. EMFS detector 21 may be composed of a voltage comparator to detect the field strength of the received radio signal and provides the result to an interference detector 18. The header detector 14, which will be described in detail later, detects a header or start code contained in the baseband data to produce a header detect pulse. The header detect pulse activates a Viterbi decoder 15 and the interference detector 18 and is provided as a reset pulse to a path metric comparator 16. Upon the header detect pulse, the Viterbi decoder 15 decodes the baseband data through the Viterbi algorithm and provides the decoded data to a signal controller 17. In the decoding algorithm, the Viterbi decoder 15 provides path metrics as well known in the art and provides them to the path metric comparator 16. The Viterbi algorithm is disclosed in "Digital Communications", pp. 454-459 written by John G. Proakis and published by McGraw Hill, Inc. 1983. The path metric comparator 16, which will be described in detail later, compares the path metrics with each other to detect the maximum and minimum path metrics among them for each data symbol. The comparator 16 then subtracts the minimum path metric from the maximum path metric to produce a maximum-minimum difference therebetween for each data symbol. The comparator 16 detects the minimum path metric difference PMD MIN from the maximum-minimum differences. The detected PMD MIN is provided to the interference detector 18. It should be noted that the PMD MIN has a very close relationship with the number of errors in the received data, i.e., with a signal quality of the received data, as shown in Fig. 8. The interference detector 18, whose operation will be discussed in detail later, has two tables indicating a PMD MIN vs. number of bit errors characteristic shown in Fig. 8 and an electromagnetic field strength (Eb/No) vs. bit error ratio characteristic shown in Fig. 9. The Fig. 8 table has been obtained through a computer simulation. The Fig. 9 table has been obtained through a field test. Based on the minimum path metric difference PMD MIN and the field strength respectively provided from the path metric comparator 16 and EMFS detector 21, the interference detector 18 determines bit error ratios (BERs) from the Fig. 8 and 9 tables to see if there is interference. More specifically, if BER determined from the Fig. 8 table, i.e., from the signal quality is larger than that from the Fig. 9 table, the interference detector 18 determines that interference exists. Otherwise, the detector 18 determines that no interference exists. The determined result is provided to the signal controller 17. If the determined result indicates that no interference exists, the signal controller 17 transfers the decoded data from the Viterbi decoders 15 to the radio control circuit 19. If, however, the determined result indicates that interference exists, the controller 17 informs the control circuit 19 of this interference existence and transfers the decoded data to the circuit 19. When the interference detection apparatus 10 is installed in a mobile base station, the radio control circuit 19 provides a channel change signal to the receive section 13 and a transmitter 20 to change their communications channel to another channel in response to the interference existence. The transmitter 20 may be a conventional one having a function to change its channel in response to the channel change signal. Regardless of interference existence, the control circuit 19 provides the decoded data to a fixed telephone (not shown) through the PSTN. When the apparatus 10 is installed in a mobile subscriber station, the radio control circuit 19 informs a mobile base station of the interference existence through the transmitter 20 in response the interference existence from the signal controller 17. In response, the mobile base station provides the mobile subscriber station with a channel designate signal indicating an unoccupied radio channel to be used for communications. By receiving the channel designate signal, the apparatus 10 in the mobile subscriber station controls the receive section 13 and transmitter 20 to tune them to the designated channel. Regardless of interference existence, the control circuit 19 provides the decoded data to a speaker (not shown), or the like. In Fig. 3, the header detector 14 is comprised of a serial-to-parallel (S-P) converter 141 and a read-only memory (ROM) 142. The S-P converter 141 is made of a sixteen-stage shift register which receives demodulated baseband data from the receive section 13 and a clock from the clock recovery circuit 131. The outputs of each stages of shift register 141 are respectively applied to the address terminals of ROM 142. ROM 142 stores in advance data which is read therefrom in response to either the start code of 16 bits (see Fig. 4A) or a one-error containing code that is similar to the start code but different from the start code by one bit. If the received data includes either the start or one-error containing code, ROM 142 produces a header detect pulse (Fig. 4C) and provides the pulse to the Viterbi decoder 15, path metric comparator 16 and interference detector 18. Fig. 4A shows a received data which is a convolutional code with code rate 1/2 and constraint length 5 and has a preamble of 16 bits, a start or header code of 16 bits and data of 104 bits. Since the code rate is 1/2, a decoded data has 52 bits, as shown in Fig. 4B. In Fig. 4C, the header detect pulse provided by the header detector 14 (Fig. 3) appears at the end of the start code. The Viterbi decoder 15 decodes the Fig. 4A data to produce the Fig. 4B data and during the Viterbi algorithm produces 16 path metrics. Reference should be made to the above-mentioned Proakis book. In Fig. 5, the path metric comparator 16 comprises a maximum path metric detector 31, a minimum path metric detector 41, a subtractor 51 and a minimum path metric difference detector 61. The maximum path metric detector 31 is composed of an 8-bit magnitude comparator 311, a data selector 312 and a buffer 313. The comparator 311 compares the path metric A from the Viterbi decoder 15 and the output B of buffer. 313. If the path metric A is greater than the output B (A > B), the comparator 311 outputs a control signal indicating A > B to cause the data selector 312 to select the path metric A. Otherwise, the comparator 311 outputs a control signal indicating A < B to cause the data selector 312 to select the buffer output B. The selected output is latched by the buffer 313. The buffer 313 is reset by a reset pulse provided from the clock recovery circuit 131 per data symbol to be loaded with the minimum value 00 H (00000000). Thus, the maximum path metric detector 31 detects the maximum path metric for each data symbol. Similarly, the minimum path metric detector 41 is composed of an 8-bit magnitude comparator 411, a data selector 412 and a buffer 413. The data selector 412 selects the smaller one of data A and B in response to the output of magnitude comparator 411. The buffer 413 is reset by the reset pulse to be loaded with the maximum value FF H (11111111). Thus, the detector 41 detects the minimum path metric for each data symbol. The subtractor 51 comprises an adder 511, a latch 514 and a complementary number generator which includes an inverter 512 and an adder 513. The subtractor 51 subtracts the minimum path metric from the maximum path metric. Suppose that the maximum and minimum path metrics 5 and 3 are outputted from the maximum and minimum path metric detectors 31 and 41, respectively. The inverter 512 inverts 3 (00000011) into (11111100). The adder 513 adds the inverted data (11111100) and 01 H (00000001) to produce the complementary number (11111101) of 3. The adder 511 adds the complementary number (11111101) and 5 (00000101) to produce an added output (100000010). Since the adder 511 has an 8-bit output, the most significant bit (MSB) of the added output is discarded. Thus, the adder 511 produces the subtracted number 2 (00000010). The output of adder 511 is provided to the latch 514 which in response to the reset pulse, latches that output at the end of each data symbol. Thus, the subtracted output is provided to the minimum path metric difference (PMD MIN ) detector 61 per data symbol. PMD MIN detector 61 comprises an 8-bit magnitude comparator 611, a data selector 612 and a buffer 613. Like the minimum path metric detector 41, the detector 61 detects the minimum difference between the maximum and minimum path metric respectively detected by the maximum and minimum path metric detectors 31 and 41. The buffer 613 is reset by the header detect pulse to be loaded with the maximum value FF H (11111111). Thus, the detector 61 outputs the minimum path metric difference PMD MIN for data of 52 bits. PMD MIN is provided to the interference detector 18 (Fig. 2). Each of 8-bit magnitude comparators 311, 411 and 611 may be comprised of two µPD74HC85s. Each of data selectors 312, 412 and 612 may be comprised of two µPD74HC257s. Each of buffers 313, 413 and 613 may be comprised of µPD74HC574. Each of adders 511 and 513 may be comprised of 74HC283. The inverter 512 may be made of µPD74HC240. All the above-mentioned integrated circuits (ICs) are manufactured and marketed by NEC. Next, the operation of interference detector 18 will be described referring to Fig. 6. If the interface detector 18 receives the header detect pulse at step S1, the detector 18 moves on to step S2 at which it calculates an average electromagnetic field strength (Eb/No) A for data period of 51 bits based on the output of EMFS detector 21. The detector 18 reads out of the Fig. 9 table a bit error ratio (BER) FS corresponding to the field strength (Eb/No) A at step S3. At step S4, the detector 18 receives PMD MIN from the detector 61 (Fig. 5). The detector 18 reads out of the Fig. 8 table the number of bit errors which corresponds to the received PMD MIN at step S5. The detector 18 calculates at step S6 a bit error ratio (BER) SQ indicating the signal quality of the received data by dividing the number of bits error by the number of data bits 104. The detector 18 compares (BER) SQ and (BER) FS at step S7 and if (BER) SQ is greater than (BER) FS , the detector 18 goes on to step S8. Otherwise, the operation ends. At step S8, the detector 18 outputs an interference detect pulse indicating that interference exists. The interference detect pulse is provided to the signal controller 17. It is to be noted that (BER) SQ may be compared with a predetermined set value instead of (BER) FS at step S7. In this case, EMFS detector 21 need not be provided in the apparatus 10 (Fig. 2). The operation of signal controller 17 will now be described referring to Fig. 7. At step S11, the controller 17 check if there is decoded data from the Viterbi decoder 15. If yes, the controller 17 sees at step S12 if the interference detect pulse is provided from the interference detector 18. If no, the controller 17 transfers the decoded data to the radio control circuit 19. Otherwise, the controller 17 transfers both the decoded data and the interference detect pulse to the radio control circuit 19. As mentioned earlier, if the control circuit 19 receives the interference detect pulse, it performs the channel change operation. In Fig. 10, the present invention is applied to an antenna diversity apparatus 100. The apparatus 100 includes antennas 11a and 11b, BPFs 12a and 12b, receive sections 13a and 13b, header detectors 14a and 14b, Viterbi decoders 15a and 15b and path metric comparators 16a and 16b. These elements have the same structures as their counterparts in Fig. 2, respectively, and thus their detailed description should not be provided in this specification. Both the outputs PMD MIN of path metric comparators 16a and 16b are supplied to a signal quality (SQ) comparator 22. The comparator 22 compares two PMD MIN to select the better one of them. In response to the output of SQ comparator 22, a switch circuit 23 selects one of decoded data from the Viterbi decoders 15a and 15b.

Claims: An interference detection apparatus including a receiver (13) for receiving and demodulating a radio signal including data of convolutional codes to produce demodulated data, and a Viterbi decoder (15) for decoding the demodulated data and producing path metrics for the convolutional codes, characterised in that there are provided a first comparator (16) responsive to the path metrics for selecting a minimum difference from differences between maximum ones of the path metrics and minimum ones of the path metrics, and an interference detector (18) responsive to the selected minimum difference for determining the signal quality of the demodulated data. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the interference detector (18) includes means responsive to the selected minimum difference for determining a first bit error ratio corresponding to the selected minimum difference, and wherein the apparatus further includes an electromagnetic field strength detector (21) of the radio signal for producing an EMFS signal, the interference detector (18) being responsive to the EMFS signal for determining a bit error ratio corresponding to the electromagnetic field strength, and including a second comparator (18) for comparing the first and the second bit error ratios and producing an interference detect pulse if the first bit error ratio is greater than the second bit error ratio. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the path metric comparator (16) includes maximum path metric detector (31) for detecting the maximum path metric from the path metrics for each data symbol, minimum path metric detector (4) for detecting the minimum path metric from the path metrics for each data symbol, a subtracter (51) for subtracting the minimum path metric from the maximum path metric for each data symbol, and minimum difference detector (61) for detecting the minimum difference signal output from the subtracter (51). An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the maximum path metric detector includes a first magnitude comparator (311) for comparing each of the path metrics with the output of a first buffer (33) for one data symbol to produce a first select signal, and a first data selector (312) responsive to the first select signal for selecting the larger one of each of the path metrics and the first buffer output to produce an output as the output of the maximum path metric detector (31), the first buffer (313) storing the output of the first data selector (312), providing the stored output to the first magnitude comparator (311) as the output of the first buffer (313), and being reset at the end of each data symbol, and wherein the minimum path metric detector (41) includes a second magnitude comparator (411) for comparing each of the path metrics with the output of a second buffer (413) for one data symbol to produce a second select signal, and a second data selector (412) responsive to the second select signal for selecting the larger one of each of the path metrics and the output of the second buffer (413) to produce an output as the output of the minimum path metric detector (41), the second buffer (413) storing the output of the second data selector (412), providing the stored output to the second magnitude comparator as the output of the second buffer, (413) and being reset at the end of each data symbol. An apparatus as claimed in claim 4, wherein the subtracter (51) includes a complementary number generator (512, 513) responsive to the output of the second data selector (412) for generating a complementary number of the minimum path metric, an adder (511) for adding the maximum path metric and the complementary number to produce a subtracted number, and a latch (514) for latching the subtracted number at the end of each data symbol to produce an output as the output of the subtracter (51). An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the minimum difference detector (61) includes a magnitude comparator (611) for comparing each of the outputs of the subtracter (5) with the output of a buffer (613) to produce a select signal, a data selector (612) responsive to the select signal for selecting the bigger one of each of the outputs of the subtracter (51) and the output of the buffer (613) to produce an output as the output of the minimum difference detector (61), and a buffer (613) for storing the output of the data selector (612) and providing the stored output to the magnitude comparator (611) as the output of the buffer (613), the buffer (613) being reset at the beginning of the demodulated data. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the receiver (13) produces baseband data, the Viterbi decoder (15) receives the baseband data and decodes the received data to produce decoded data and the path metrics, the first comparator (16) determines the signal quality of the decoded data, and the detector (18) is responsive to the signal quality for producing a detect signal when the signal quality falls below a predetermined value. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7, further including a field strength detector (21) for detecting an electromagnetic field strength of the radio signal to produce an EMFS signal, and means (17) for changing the predetermined value in accordance with the EMFS signal. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7, further including means (19) responsive to the detect signal for changing a radio channel of the receiver (13). An apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the comparator (16) includes a first path metric detector (31) for selecting a maximum one from the path metrics; a second minimum path metric detector (41) for selecting a minimum one from the path metrics, a subtracter (51) for subtracting the minimum path metric from the maximum path metric to produce a subtracted path metric, and a detector (18) responsive to the subtracted path metric for detecting the signal quality. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, wherein the detector (18) has stored therein a table indicating a signal quality vs. subtracted path metric characteristic, and means for reading out of the table a signal quality corresponding to the subtracted path metric to produce the output of the detector (18). An interference detection apparatus as claimed in claim 1 installed in a mobile subscriber station (1) which is to be connected to a mobile base station (2a)(2b)(2c) through a radio channel, in which the apparatus includes a receiver (10) for receiving and demodulating a radio signal including convolutional codes to produce baseband data, the Viterbi decoder (15) receiving the baseband data and decoding the received data to produce decoded data and providing path metrics, and a transmitter (20) for transmitting the interference detect pulse to the mobile base station (2a)(2b)(2c). An interference detection apparatus as claimed in claim 12 installed in the mobile base station (2a)(2b)(2c) which is connected to a public switched telephone network and is to be connected to the mobile subscriber station (1) through a radio channel, in which the apparatus includes a receiver (10) for receiving and demodulating a radio signal including convolutional codes to produce baseband data, and a Viterbi decoder (15) for receiving the baseband data and decoding the received data to produce decoded data and providing path metrics, a comparator (6) responsive to the path metrics for determining a signal quality of the decoded data, a detector (18) responsive to the signal quality for producing an interference detect signal when the signal quality falls below a predetermined value, and a radio control (19) responsive to the interference detect signal for changing the radio channel of the receiver (10). An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, further including a field strength detector for detecting the electromagnetic field strength of the radio signal to produce an EMFS signal, and means for changing the predetermined value in accordance with the EMFS signal. Interference detector apparatus including a first receiver (11a)(12a)(13a)14a) for receiving and demodulating a first radio signal including convolutional codes to produce first baseband data, and a first Viterbi decoder (15a) for receiving the first baseband data, for decoding the received data to produce first decoded data and for providing a first set of path metrics, characterised in that there is provided a first comparator (16a) responsive to the first set of path metrics for determining a first signal quality of the first decoded data, a second receiver (11b)(12b)(13b) (14b) for receiving and demodulating a second radio signal including convolutional codes to produce second baseband data, a second Viterbi decoder (15b) for receiving the second baseband data, for decoding the received data to produce second decoded data and for providing a second set of path metrics, a second comparator (16b) responsive to the second set of path metrics for determining a second signal quality of the second decoded data, a third comparator (22) for comparing the first and the second signal qualities to produce a first switch signal when the first signal quality is better than the second signal quality and a second switch signal when the second signal quality is better than the first signal quality, and a switch (23) for selecting the first decoded data in response to the first switch signal and selecting the second decoded data in response to the second switch signal. An apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein each of the first and second comparators (16a)(16b) includes a maximum detector (31) for detecting a maximum path metric from the path metrics for each data symbol, a minimum (41) detector for detecting a minimum path metric from the path metrics for each data symbol, a subtracter (51) for subtracting the minimum path metric from the maximum path metric for each data symbol, and a minimum difference detector (61) for detecting a minimum path metric difference from the output of the subtracter (51). A method of determining a signal quality of a radio signal including data of convolutional code, the method including the steps of receiving and demodulating the radio signal to produce demodulated data, decoding the demodulated data to produce decoded data using a Viterbi algorithm, providing path metrics by means of the Viterbi algorithm, selecting, responsive to the path metrics, a minimum difference from the differences between maximum ones of the path metrics and minimum ones of the path metrics for one data symbol of the decoded data, and determining, responsive to said minimum difference, a signal quality of the radio signal. A method as claimed in claim 17, wherein the determining step includes the step of determining a first bit error ratio corresponding to the minimum difference, and wherein the method further includes the step of detecting an electromagnetic field strength of the radio signal, determining a second bit error ratio corresponding to the electromagnetic field strength, and comparing the first and second bit error ratios to produce an interference detect signal when the first bit error ratio is greater than the second bit error ratio. A method of selecting one of first and second radio signals picked up by first and second antennas, respectively, the method including the steps of respectively demodulating the first and second radio signals to produce first and second baseband data, respectively decoding the first and the second baseband data by means of a Viterbi algorithm to produce first and second decoded data, respectively producing from the first and second baseband data, first and second sets of path metrics through the Viterbi algorithm, responsive to the first and second sets of path metrics, determining first and second signal qualities associated respectively with the first and the second decoded data, comparing the first and the second signal qualities to produce a switch control signal indicating which signal quality is better than the other, and responsive to the switch control signal, selectively allowing one of the first and second decoded data to pass. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein each of the determining steps includes the steps of detecting a maximum path metric from the path metrics for each data symbol, detecting a minimum path metric from the path metrics for each data symbol, subtracting the minimum path metric from the maximum path metric for each data symbol to produce subtracted path metrics for the decoded data, responsive to the subtracted path metrics, detecting a minimum path metric difference, and responsive to the minimum path metric difference, calculating the signal quality. A method as claimed in claim 20, wherein the calculating step includes the steps of storing beforehand a table indicating a minimum path metric difference vs. the number of bit errors characteristic, reading out of the table bit errors corresponding respectively to the minimum path metric differences, and responsive to the read-out bit errors, determining the signal qualities.

Inventors: ISODA YOSHIHISA C O NEC MOBILE, KONDOU SEIJI C O NEC CORPORATI, MUTO HIROYASU C O NEC CORPORAT, ISODA, YOSHIHISA, C/O NEC MOBILE RADIO SERVICE LTD, KONDOU, SEIJI, C/O NEC CORPORATION, MUTO, HIROYASU, C/O NEC CORPORATION
Applicants: NIPPON ELECTRIC CO, NEC CORPORATION
Application year: 1990
Main classification: H04L1
IPC codes: H04L1