Bank quantity monitoring method and apparatus, sheet forming method and apparatus, and sheet temperature measuring method and apparatus

Abstract: A plastic material controlled at a desired temperature is fed on an upstream side of a gap (13) between a pair of rotating forming rolls (11, 12) arrayed almost in parallel and controlled at a desired temperature from a flat die (10) connected to an extruding machine and having a slit outflow portion, the plastic material is pressed and formed into a sheet (15) by the forming rolls (11, 12) therebetween while forming a bank (14a) or an accumulation of the plastic material on an upstream side of the gap (13) of the forming rolls and is carried out on a downstream side of the gap. The bank quantity monitoring is performed by measuring a temperature of the sheet (15) carried out through the gap (13) of the forming rolls (11, 12) and estimating the quantity of the bank (14a) in accordance with measured temperature information. The sheet formation is performed by measuring a temperature of the sheet carried out through the gap (13) of the forming rolls (11, 12) and controlling various forming conditions according to a measured temperature information.

Description: The present invention relates to a method of monitoring a sheet forming process and a sheet forming apparatus wherein a plastic material, such as plastics, rubber or the like is fed on an upstream side of a gap between a pair of forming rolls arrayed almost in parallel. The material is pressed and formed into a sheet by the forming rolls, while forming a bank or an accumulation of the plastic material on an upstream side of the gap of the forming rolls. In the aforementioned sheet forming method, one of the essentials to exert an influence on a quality of the sheet obtained through the sheet forming method is to keep a quantity of bank or a height of the bank from the center of the gap at an appropriate value. Insufficient quantity of bank may cause a surface defect called "shrink mark", and in a case where the quantity of bank is excessive on the contrary, a surface defective of wavy mark called "bank mark" which extends breadthwise of the sheet at intervals in the direction where the sheet runs, arises, and further the forming rolls are bent to deteriorate a thickness distribution in the cross direction of the sheet. To produce the sheet having desired characteristics without causing the surface defects and the deterioration of thickness distribution as mentioned above, it is necessary that the quantity of bank be controlled more accurately. GR-A-851420 discloses a method of monitoring a sheet forming process, wherein a plastic material is fed from a flat die connected to an extruding machine and having a slit outflow portion to an upstream side of a gap between a pair of rotating forming rolls, arrayed substantially in parallel, and is pressed in the gap and formed into a sheet by the forming rolls, while forming a bank of the plastic material on the upstream side of the gap of the forming rolls; the method comprising measuring the temperature of the plastic material, the temperature measurement being functionally related to the quantity of bank; controlling the temperature of the plastic material leaving the die and the temperature of the forming rolls; and measuring the temperature of the sheet leaving the downstream side of the gap with a non-contact temperature measuring means; and according to the present invention, such a method is characterised in that the temperature measuring means is directed into a wedge-shaped space formed by a surface of the sheet leaving the downstream side of the gap and a surface of the forming roll opposite to the surface of the sheet, and towards the gap to measure the temperature of the surface of the sheet immediately after it has come out of the gap. The invention also includes sheet forming apparatus comprising a pair of rotating forming rolls arranged substantially in parallel to provide a gap therebetween; a flat die connected to an extruding machine having a slit outflow portion for feeding plastic material to the upstream side of the gap, whereby, in use, the plastic material is pressed in the gap and formed into a sheet by the forming rolls, while forming a bank of the plastic material on the upstream side of the gap; means for measuring the temperature of the plastic material whereby the temperature measurement is functionally related to the quantity of bank; means for controlling the temperature of the plastic material leaving the die and the temperature of the forming rolls; and non-contact temperature measuring means for measuring the temperature of the sheet leaving the downstream side of the gap; characterised in that the temperature measuring means is directed into a wedge shaped space formed, in use, by a surface of the sheet leaving the downstream side of the gap, and a surface of the forming roll opposite to the surface of the sheet, and towards the gap to measure the temperature of the surface of the sheet immediately after it has come out of the gap. It is desirable that temperature of the sheet leaving the gap is measured at positions across the width of the sheet. The temperature measuring means may be arranged to measure the temperature of the sheet leaving the gap at positions across the width of the sheet, and may generate outputs in relation to each measuring position across the width of the sheet. There may be computing means responsive to the sheet temperature measurement for dispaying the sheet temperature and/or the quantity of bank. The measured sheet temperature may be used to provide at least one control signal to control at least one sheet forming condition, such as a supply of the plastic material, a rotational speed of the forming rolls, a gap of the forming rolls and/or an adjustment to the distribution of the plastic material across the width of the sheet, at the outflow from the die. The temperature of the plastic material, fed to the upstream side of the gap may be measured and the control signal(s) is/are modified to take account of the measurement. Also, the temperature of the forming rolls may be measured and the control signal(s) is/are modified to take account of this measurement. There may be means responsive to the control signal(s) for controlling at least one of (a) plastic material feed parts; (b) cross flow distribution adjusting mechanisms; (c) forming roll driving parts; (d) forming roll gap adjusting parts; (e) roll cross controlling motors; and (f) roll bending controlling driving devices. The thickness of the sheet may be measured downstream of the forming rolls and the gap adjusted across the length of the rolls to compensate for variations in this thickness measurement. The non-contacting measuring means may be an infrared-ray radiating thermometer, such as one arranged to measure infrared-rays in an absorbing wave band of the sheet. In one construction, the extruding machine incorporates a feed screw, and a gear pump for delivering the plastic material to the die, the control signal controlling the rotational speed of the screw and gear pump. According to the characters of the present invention described above, a plastic material controlled at a desired temperature and fed on an upstream side of a gap of forming rolls from a flat die connected to an extruding machine is drawn into the gap on rotations of the forming rolls as cooled down by the forming rolls controlled at a desired temperature suitable for forming and lower than a temperature of the plastic material, pressed and so formed therebetween, and carried out on a downstream side of the gap as a sheet. In this case, a cooling of the plastic material on the forming rolls relates to the quantity of bank. That is, the plastic material forming a bank is drawn into the gap to a sheet by the surfaces of the forming rolls on rotations, therefore the plastic material having reached the gap is further cooled down for a long time of contacting with the forming rolls according to a large quantity of the bank, but is cooled down a little where the quantity of bank is small on the contrary. Thus, a temperature of the sheet carried out of the gap is high if the quantity of bank is small, but becomes low if the quantity of bank is large. The invention therefore comprises monitoring the quantity of bank according to such knowledge. With a relation between a temperature of the sheet carried out of the gap and a quantity of the bank, or a relation between the aforementioned temperature without relating directly to the quantity of the bank and a quality of a produced sheet grasped beforehand, the sheet forming method according to the invention comprises measuring a temperature of the sheet carried out of the gap, and controlling a portion relating to the quantity of bank which will be described next so as to adjust, for example, the temperature to a desired temperature according to a measured temperature information. That is, since the quantity of the bank changes according to a supply of the plastic material from the flat die, a rotational speed of the forming rolls and a size of the gap of the forming rolls, any one or plurality of the forming conditions will be controlled. A sheet temperature can be measured from a downstream side of the gap, and since there is no obstacle present on the downstream side, it can be measured with ease, and a more accurate measurement will be secured by means, for example, of an infrared-ray radiating thermometer without contact therefor. The sheet temperature is measured at a plural portion in the cross direction or in full width continuously by scanning measuring positions in the cross direction thereof, a mean value is obtained thereby to the aforementioned control, and it is preferable in this case that a temperature distribution in the cross direction be further obtained to adjust a mechanism for adjusting a distribution of flow in the cross direction which is provided near the outflow portion of the flat die or a distribution in the cross direction of the gap of the forming rolls, thereby controlling a distribution in the cross direction of the quantity of bank. From measuring the inner part of a wedge-shaped space formed by a surface of the sheet carried out of the gap and a surface of the forming roll opposite to the sheet surface at a slight interval, a sheet temperature can be measured more accurately by the infrared-ray radiating thermometer on a cavity radiant effect as the forming roll surface is reflexible. Then, in the case of measurement on the infrared-ray radiating thermometer, a disturbance can be suppressed by measuring infrared-rays of an absorbing wave band of the sheet. In the accompanying drawings: Fig. 1 is a block diagram of an operative example according to the present invention; Fig. 2 is a fragmentary enlarged view of a sheet forming part and a sheet temperature measuring part; Fig. 3 is a main control block diagram; Fig. 4 is a block diagram showing a processing system for temperature detection; Fig. 5 is a drawing showing a relation between a temperature  of sheet carried out and a quantity of bank h; Fig. 6 is a drawing showing one example of a sheet temperature (χ) corresponding to a measuring position χ in the cross direction of sheet; Fig. 7 is a drawing of a flat die viewed from below in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2; Fig. 8 is a schematic plan view of a bending control part for forming rolls; Fig. 9 is a sectional view taken on line IX - IX of Fig. 8; Fig. 10 is a flow-chart representing one example of a forming process; and Figs. 11A to 11C are views showing a relation between sheet temperature (χ) and sheet thickness t(χ) in a process for flattening the sheet temperature (χ). Preferred embodiments according to the present invention will now be described with reference to Fig. 1 to Fig. 10. In Fig. 1, a reference numeral 1 denotes an extruding machine, wherein as delivering a raw material 3 fed into a hopper 2 directly or by a measuring feeder which is not indicated therein on a screw 4, the raw material 3 is fused by heating on a shearing action according to the delivery and temperature control by a heating/cooling heat exchanger 5, and is then delivered to a flat die 10 by a gear pump 7 through a screen 6. A reference numeral 8 denotes a rotation driving motor for the screw 4, and 9 denotes a rotation driving motor for the gear pump 7. A heater (not indicated) is mounted on the flat die 10, the plastic material 14 such as fused plastics, rubber or the like which is delivered from the gear pump 7 is controlled at a desired temperature and fed to an upstream side of the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12 as shown in Fig. 2. The heater mounted on the flat die 10 is constructed so as to determine a cross temperature distribution properly as known well hitherto. Then, mechanisms for adjusting a distribution of flow in the cross direction such as well-known lip adjusting device 17a, choke bar 17b, the heater and others are provided near a lip 10a which is an outflow portion of the flat die 10 as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 7, and thus a cross (horizontal in Fig. 7) distribution of the plastic material 14 discharged from the lip 10a can be adjusted. The forming roll 12 is supported rotatably by bearings 31, 32 on its opposite ends as shown in Fig. 8, and the bearings 31, 32 are fixed on a frame which is not indicated therein. The forming roll 11 is supported rotatably by main bearings 33, 34 on the opposite ends thereof. Both the forming rolls 11, 12 flow a thermally regulated fluid to the interior, which is controlled at a desired temperature. As shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 9, the main bearings 33, 34 are mounted on moving beds 39, 40 movable vertically against the frame (not indicated) by elevating devices 37, 38 such as screw or the like which are driven by motors 35, 36 rotated equivalently each other in the counter direction, and thus are ready for so-called roll cross control. As shown in Fig. 1 in which only the main bearing 34 side is shown, the main bearings 33, 34 are mounted movably by guides 41, 42 of the moving beds 39, 40 in the direction coming near to the forming roll 12. Stoppers 43, 44 are mounted on the moving beds 39, 40, taper blocks 45, 46 facing on the stoppers 43, 44 are provided on the main bearings 33, 34, and wedge-shaped gap adjusting members 47, 48 are interposed therebetween. The gap adjusting members 47, 48 are moved vertically by motors 49, 50 and, hence, when the main bearings 33, 34 are pushed on a side of the forming roll 12 by pressure devices 51, 52 such as cylinder or the like, a size of the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12 is set at a desired value. As shown in Fig. 8, auxiliary bearings 53, 54 are mounted rotatably on end portions of the forming roll 11 coming further outward of the main bearings 33, 34. These auxiliary bearings 53, 54 are pulled downward as viewed in Fig. 8 by driving devices 55, 56 such as cylinder or the like which are mounted on the moving beds 39, 40, generate a force to bend the forming roll 11 in the direction indicated in Fig. 8 against a bank rolling force, and thus adjust a cross distribution of the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12, which is ready for so-called roll bending control. The forming rolls 11, 12 are then rotated by motors 57, 58 shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, temperature measuring means 20 is provided on a downstream side of the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12. The temperature measuring means 20 is that for measuring a temperature of the sheet 15 carried out of the gap 13, and a non-contacted infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21 is used in the example. The infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21 is directed against the inner part of a wedge-shaped space 16 (Fig. 2) formed by a surface of the sheet 15 carried out of the gap 13 and a surface of the forming roll 11 opposite thereto, and is constructed to measure a temperature of the sheet 15 on infrared-rays radiated from the surface of the sheet 15 immediately after coming out of the gap 13, or a surface temperature of the sheet 15 in the strict sense of the word. In case the infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21 is employed as temperature measuring means 20 like the example, while depending on an absorbing wave band of the sheet 15 or a kind of the plastic material 14, it is preferable that the infrared ray about 3.4 µm or so in wave length be measured generally in plastics so as to suppress a disturbance to be caused by infrared rays radiated from those other than the sheet 15. As shown in Fig. 2, the infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21 is mounted on a scanning head 24 shifting along a guide rail 23 provided on a frame 22. The guide rail 23 extends in parallel with the forming roll 12 and moves the infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21 along the gap 13 according as the scanning head 24 shifts. The temperature measuring means 20 consisting of the infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21, the scanning head 24 and others generates a sheet temperature (χ) intermittently in series or at proper intervals as temperature information as relating to a position of the scanning head 24 or a measuring position χ in the cross direction of the sheet 15. The output or the sheet temperature (χ) is given to a control part 60 as shown in Fig. 1. A desired value or set value s(χ) is given to the control part 60 from a set temperature storage part 61, as shown in Fig. 1, correspondingly to the sheet temperature (χ). Then, outputs of a temperature sensor 62 such as infrared-ray radiating thermometer or the like for detecting continuously a discharge temperature t(χ) of the plastic material 14 discharged from the flat die 10 covering a plural portion in the cross direction or full width thereof, a temperature sensor 63a for detecting a temperature r of the forming roll 11 from, for example, exit temperature of a fluid which controls the temperature and others, or a temperature sensor 63b for detecting a surface temperature r(χ) of the forming roll 11 at a plural portion or continuously in the cross direction are loaded in the control part 60. As shown in Fig. 4, the control part 60 compares the sheet temperature (χ) from the temperature measuring means 20 with the set value s(χ) of the set temperature storage part 61 on a comparison part 60-2, obtains a deviation Δ(χ) corresponding to the measuring position χ and computes a deviation Δ  of a mean value of the two in the cross direction of the sheet on a control and arithmetic part 60-3. In this case, the sheet temperature (χ) changes according to the discharge temperature t(χ) and roll temperature r(χ) (or r; hereinafter called simply r(χ)) and, therefore, in order to avoid an influence due to a change in these temperatures t(χ), r(χ), it is preferable that a correction is made to the sheet temperature (χ) (or the set value s(χ) otherwise) by a count processing part 60-1 shown in Fig. 4 according to these temperatures t(χ), r(χ). The aforementioned deviations Δ  and Δ(χ) are displayed on display means 70. The display means 70 may display the sheet temperature (χ) or '(χ) obtained through the aforementioned correction, or may display a value obtained through conversion into the quantity of bank h on the control and arithmetic part 60-3. When the sheet temperature (χ) differs from the set value s(χ) in the deviation Δ  of mean values, the control and arithmetic part 60-3 of the control part 60 controls at least one set of various forming conditions such as rotational speeds of the motors 8, 9 for the screw 4 and the gear pump 7, rotational speeds of the driving motors 57, 58 for the forming rolls 11, 12, and rotational speeds of the shifting motors 49, 50 for the gap adjusting members 47, 48. Further, when there is the deviation Δ(χ) corresponding to the measuring position χ, the control and arithmetic part 60-3 controls at least one of cross flow distribution adjusting mechanisms such as lip adjusting device 17a, choke bar 17b and others, the roll cross controlling motors 35, 36, and the driving devices 55, 56 for controlling the roll bending. Fig. 3 is a main control block diagram, in which the temperature measuring means 20, the temperature sensors 62, 63, a detector 64 for detecting a bank rolling force and a thickness gauge 65 which will be described hereinalter are connected to the control part 60, and measured values of temperature and thickness of the sheet 15 carried out of the forming rolls 11, 12 are inputted thereto as electrical signals. These signals are subjected to an arithmetic processing by CPU and others in the control part 60, and control signals are outputted to controlled systems 80 coming in the cross flow distribution adjusting mechanisms such as the screw motor 8 for the extruding machine 1 working as a plastic material feed part, the gear pump motor 9, the lip adjusting device 17a and others, the forming roll driving motors 57, 58, the motors 49, 50 for adjusting a gap between the forming rolls, the roll cross controlling motors 35, 36 and the driving devices 55, 56 for controlling the roll bending. A control of the motors 49, 50 for adjusting a gap between the forming rolls, the roll cross controlling motors 35, 36, and the driving devices 55, 56 for controlling the roll bending relates to a bend of the forming rolls 11, 12 due to a bank rolling force generated in relation to the quantity of bank h, namely a force of the forming rolls 11, 12 for pressing the plastic material 14 therebetween and exerts an influence directly on a thickness of the produced sheet 15. Therefore, it is preferable that whether or not to control is set with reference to outputs from the detector 64 for detecting the bank rolling force and the thickness gauge 65. In Fig. 1, reference numeral 66 represents a storage part for the thickness set on the sheet 15. The detector 64 for detecting the bank rolling force including a detection of a force working on the stopper 44 from the pressure device 52 through the taper block 46 and the gap adjusting member 48. In the embodiment, a system for obtaining the bank rolling force by deducting the force working on the stopper 44 which is detected on the detector 64 from an output or pressure of the pressure device 52 is exemplified, though it is not necessarily limitative. A function of the apparatus will be described hereunder. The plastic material 14 fused on heat by the extruding machine 1 and controlled at a desired temperature by a heater provided on the flat die 10 which is not illustrated is discharged in sheet from the flat die 10 in the quantity according to rotational speeds of the screw 4 and the gear pump 7. The flat die 10 discharges the plastic material 14 on the cross flow distribution adjusting mechanisms such as the lip adjusting device 17a and others so as to have an almost equal supply distribution covering the full width. As indicated in Fig. 2, the plastic material 14 discharged from the flat die 10 forms the bank 14a on an upstream side of the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12, and is thrust half forcedly into the gap 13 on a luffing force of the forming rolls 11, 12 arising according to the quantity of bank h, pressed therebetween to the sheet 15, and is carried out on a downstream side of the gap 13. In this case, the forming rolls 11, 12 are controlled normally at temperature r suitable for sheet forming which is lower than the discharge temperature t of the plastic material 14 discharged from the flat die 10 from having a fluid controlled at a predetermined temperature passed therebetween, therefore the plastic material 14 forming the bank 14a is cooled down by the forming rolls 11, 12 to the sheet 15. In this case, since a contact length of the plastic material 14 with the forming roll 11 is almost equal to the quantity of bank h, a surface temperature  of the sheet 15 on a side of the forming roll 11 which is carried out of the gap 13 after passing through a portion of the bank 14a relatively at high speed takes a value relating to the quantity of bank h. Fig. 5 shows a relation between the surface temperature  and the quantity of bank h. Then, the quantity of bank h is obtainable through the following equation: h = f(, t, r, t, T, A, B) where , t, r denote a sheet temperature, a discharge temperature, a roll temperature respectively, t denotes a thickness of the sheet 15, T denotes a contact time of the plastic material 14 with the forming rolls 11, 12 which is determined according to a rotational frequency thereof, the letter A denotes a constant determined according to properties of the plastic material 14 such as specific heat, specific gravity, thermal conductivity and others, and letter B denotes a constant determined according to properties of the forming rolls 11, 12. The sheet 15 carried out of the gap 13 parts from the forming roll 11 and is delivered on a side of the forming roll 12. The surface temperature  of the sheet 15 carried out of the gap 13 on a side opposite to the forming roll 11 is measured by the temperature measuring means 20. The infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21 of the temperature measuring means 20 is directed against the inner part of the wedge-shaped space 16 formed by a surface of the forming roll 11 and a surface of the sheet 15 opposite thereto. However, since both the surfaces are almost opposite to each other and the surface of the forming roll 11 is reflective against infrared rays, the aforementioned portion indicates a state akin to a so-called cavity radiation. Thus, the surface temperature  of the sheet 15 is measured more accurately by the infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21. From having the measuring head 24 shifted repeatedly by the guide rail 23, the infrared-ray radiating thermometer 21 is scanned in the cross direction of the sheet 15, generates a sheet temperature (χ) (Fig. 6) relating to the cross measuring position χ, which is provided to the control part 60. As shown in Fig. 4, the control part 60 compares the sheet temperature (χ) with the set value s(χ) of the set temperature storage part 66 at the comparison part 60-2 while correcting it at the measurement processing part 60-1 according to a deviation of the temperature t(χ) of the plastic material 14 discharged from the flat die 10 which is provided from the temperature sensors 62, 63 shown in Fig. 1 and the temperature r(χ) of the forming roll 11 to the set values thereof, outputs the deviation Δ(χ) corresponding to the measuring position χ of the two and computes the deviation Δ  of a mean value of the two. Then, a correction of change in the sheet thickness t and the contact time T which are variables in the equation of the quantity of bank h is omitted in this embodiment. In case, for example, a mean value  1 of the sheet temperature  is higher than a mean value s (χ) of the set value s(χ), a quantity of bank h 1 at the time of measurement indicates a value lower than a desired value h s , as will be apparent from Fig. 5. Now, therefore, the quantity of bank h is increased in full width, in this case, by reducing an interval of the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12 according to an absolute value of the deviation Δ. Accordingly, a similar effect is obtainable from increasing rotational speeds of the screw 4 and the gear pump 7 to increase a supply of the plastic material 14, or decreasing rotational speeds of the forming rolls 11, 12. In a case, where there is the deviation Δ(χ) corresponding to the measuring position χ, the quantity of bank h will be changed in part by adjusting the cross flow distribution adjusting mechanisms such as the lip adjusting device 17a shown in Fig. 7 and others, thereby adjusting a cross distribution of the quantity of bank h(χ) to a predetermined distribution. The above-described embodiment has referred to a method for controlling the quantity of bank h(χ) at a desired value by measuring the temperature (χ) of the sheet 15 carried out of the gap 13. While the quantity of bank h(χ) is the most important parameter for obtaining the quality sheet 15, it goes without saying that a similar effect is obtainable from grasping beforehand the temperature (χ) of the sheet 15 at which the quality sheet 15 is obtained, and taking the temperature itself as an object to control instead of the quantity of bank h(χ) directly therefor. Here, as factors to exert an influence on a final thickness of the sheet 15, the quantity of bank h(χ), the cross thickness of the plastic material 14 fed from the flat die 10 and curves of the forming rolls 11, 12 are interrelated with each other as described hereinbefore. Accordingly, for constructing an automation system for forming a sheet more uniform in thickness and warpless, it is necessary to carry out orderly (1) an adjustment of the cross flow distribution by the flat die 10, (2) an adjustment of the cross thickness distribution of the sheet 15 (roll cross, roll bending), and (3) an adjustment of the quantity of bank h. Fig. 10 represents one example of a flowchart of a further concrete forming process using the apparatus described. First, the sheet thickness as a forming target is set (Step 100). Correspondingly to a set point of the thickness, rotational speeds of the screw motor 8 of the extruding machine 1 and the gear pump motor 9, and the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12 are initialised at predetermined values (Step 101). Next, the extruding machine 1 is actuated to feed the plastic material 14 to the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12, which is pressed and formed into sheet by the forming rolls 11, 12 therebetween and carried out on a downstream side of the gap 13 for the initial forming, and then the thickness t of the sheet formed initially is measured (Step 102). Then, rotational speeds of the forming rolls 11, 12 are controlled according to the thickness t of the measured sheet 15, thus deciding the basic sheet thickness t (mean value) (Step 103). After these steps, the temperature (χ) of the sheet 15 carried out of the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12 is measured by the temperature measuring means 20. Then, as described above with reference to Fig. 4, a fine control is made so as to adjust the measured temperature information (χ) to the value s(χ) given beforehand correspondingly to the desired quantity of bank hs(χ) by the cross flow distribution adjusting mechanisms suchas lip adjusting device 17a of the flat die 10 and others (Step 104, Step 105). Further, a thickness t(χ) of the sheet 15 is measured and a control is carried out for the roll bending and the roll cross as occasion demands (Step 106, Step 107). An initial set sheet thickness is obtained finally through these steps. Figs. 11A to 11C represent synchronization measuring position taken from measuring the sheet temperature (χ) and the sheet thickness t(χ) at time difference when a sheet forming test was carried out by means of the temperature measuring means 20 and the sheet thickness gauge 65. For easy understanding of a correlation between the sheet temperature  and the sheet thickness t, the directions in which a graduation increases are inverted in Figs. 11A to 11C. The plastic material used for the test was polycarbonate (PC), a width and discharge of the flat die 10 were 1,100 mm and 160 kg/H respectively, and a discharge temperature t from the flat die 10 and a temperature r of the forming rolls 11, 12 were set and so controlled at 275°C and 140°C respectively. Essentially, it is desirable that a correlation between the quantity of bank h(χ) and the temperature (χ) of the sheet 15 measured on the temperature measuring means 20 is ensured directly through a test. However, since it is very difficult to measure the quantity of bank h(χ) directly for the reason mentioned hereinabove, a distance between the flat die 10 and the forming rolls 11, 12 was kept appareciably longer than that at the time of practical sheet forming, thereby ensuring the quantity of bank h(χ) with the naked eye. Further, a pressure of the forming rolls 11, 12 was controlled to be lower than that at the time of practical sheet forming so as to minimize a flexure of the forming rolls 11, 12, and thus the test was carried out with a size of the gap 13 between the forming rolls 11, 12 kept as constant as possible. Thus, the thickness t of the sheet 15 was allowed to have a high positive correlation with the quantity of bank h, being thick almost proportionally when the quantity of bank h was large but thin when small. Fig. 11A represents an initial state of the sheet forming under special forming conditions as described above. As will be apparent therefrom, the sheet thickness t(χ) and the sheet temperature (χ) have a good negative correlation with each other. Accordingly, for the reason mentioned above, the sheet temperature (χ) can also be regarded as having a good correlation with the quantity of bank h(χ). Practically, the quantity of bank h on opposite end portions of the sheet was noticed large and the quantity of bank h at the center was small by visual observation, and thus a good correlation could be found between the sheet temperature (χ) and the quantity of bank h(χ). Then, in the formed state, since the quantity of bank h at the sheet center was insufficient, a surface loss called "shrink mark" arose and further since the quantity of bank was excessive at opposite end portions of the sheet, there arose a surface loss called "bank mark". Thus, the surface losses can be foreknown by estimating the quantity of bank h(χ) from the sheet temperature (χ),therefore the sheet temperature (χ) is very effective for detection of the sheet surface loss. Fig. 11B represent a state wherein an interval between the flat die 10 and the forming rolls 11, 12 is contracted as compared with the state of Fig. 11A, the gap 13 is minimized to increase the roll pressure, thereby setting to practical sheet forming conditions. A distribution of the gap 13 of the flat die 10 is adjusted and a distribution of the cross thickness at the sheet center is corrected flat. As a result, as will be apparent therefrom, the sheet thickness t is almost flat except opposite end portions of the sheet, but the sheet temperature (χ) is somewhat high in distribution at the sheet center. The reason is that the quantity of bank h is small at the sheet center as compared with opposite end portions, and the quantity of bank h is large at opposite end portions of the sheet as compared with the center. A phenomenon wherein the quantity of bank h(χ) is small at the sheet center but large at opposite end portions thereof as described above is so caused, because the sheet thickness distribution t(χ) is flat, but the forming rolls 11, 12 are bent for the force of pressing the sheet, and the gap 13 is so big as is larger at the roll center than opposite end portions thereof. In such forming conditions, since the sheet thickness is flat to some extent but the quantity of bank h is uneven, a sheet surface loss is easy to arise, and thus a homogeneous sheet is hard to obtain, which is not preferable. That is, while the sheet thickness t(χ) is flat, the sheet surface loss may arise from improper quantity of bank h, and a continuous supervision of the quantity of bank h will be indispensable. Fig. 11C represents a state wherein a cross flow distribution of the flat die 10 is adjusted and rotational speeds of the forming rolls 11, 12 are also adjusted to flatten the sheet temperature (χ) to a certain value for flattening the quantity of bank h(χ) against Fig. 11B. As will be apparent therefrom, while the sheet temperature (χ) is flat, the sheet thickness t(χ) has a convex distribution thick at the sheet center but thin at opposite end portions thereof excluding edge portions. The reason is that since the quantity of bank h is uniform, the aforementioned roll flexure has caused the convex distribution. As described, a quality sheet uniform and free from a surface loss with the quantity of bank h given at a desired value can be formed by flattening the sheet temperature (χ) to a desired value. However, the sheet thickness distribution becomes convex due to the roll flexure. In a formed state of Fig. 11C, an ideal and quality sheet flat in thickness convering the full width can he formed even in a uniform bank state from using a crowning roll or a roll flexure correcting mechanism such as roll bending, roll cross or the like. The above-described embodiment exemplifies a case where the temperature (χ) of the sheet 15 coming out of the gap 13 is measured and the forming conditions are adjusted automatically according to the result obtained therefrom, but it is most important to grasp the quantity of bank h(χ) securely, and, needless to say, the forming conditions may be adjusted by hand accordingly. Further, since the sheet temperature  is measured at a position very near to a sheet outlet from the flat die 10, a time lag in the control is exceedingly short as compared with a sheet thickness gauge or the like. Thus, a precise control is realizable even at the time when a fluctuation may easily arise at the sheet initial forming, and forming conditions for obtaining a desired sheet product at a very short time may be secured. Further, the system is ready for answering to various disturbances, and thus a quality sheet can be formed at an exceedingly high yield.

Claims: A method of monitoring a sheet forming process, wherein a plastic material (14) is fed from a flat die (10) connected to an extruding machine (1) and having a slit outflow portion (10a) to an upstream side of a gap (13) between a pair of rotating forming rolls (11,12), arrayed substantially in parallel, and is pressed in the gap and formed into a sheet (15) by the forming rolls, while forming a bank (14a) of the plastic material (14) on the upstream side of the gap (13) of the forming rolls (11,12); the method comprising measuring the temperature of the plastic material, the temperature measurement being functionally related to the quantity of bank (14a); controlling the temperature of the plastic material leaving the die (10) and the temperature of the forming rolls (11,12); and measuring the temperature of the sheet (15) leaving the downstream side of the gap (13) with a non-contact temperature measuring means (20); characterised in that the temperature measuring means (20) is directed into a wedge-shaped space (16) formed by a surface of the sheet (15) leaving the downstream side of the gap (13) and a surface of the forming roll (11) opposite to the surface of the sheet (15), and towards the gap (13) to measure the temperature of the surface of the sheet immediately after it has come out of the gap. A method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the sheet (15) leaving the gap (13) is measured at positions across the width of the sheet. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the measured sheet temperature and/or quantity of bank deduced therefrom, is/are displayed. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the measured sheet temperature is used to provide at least one control signal to control at least one sheet forming condition. A method according to claim 4, wherein the temperature of the plastic material (14), fed to the upstream side of the gap (13) is measured and the control signal(s) is/are modified to take account of this measurement. A method according to claim 4 or claim 5, wherein the temperature of the forming rolls (11) is measured and the control signal(s) is/are modified to take account of this measurement. A method according to any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein a or the forming condition is a supply of the plastic material (14). A method according to any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein a or the forming condition is a rotational speed of the forming rolls (11,12). A method according to any one of claims 4 to 8, wherein a or the forming condition is a gap (13) of the forming rolls. A method according to any of one of claims 4 to 9, wherein a or the forming condition is an adjustment to the distribution of the plastic material across the width of the sheet, at the outflow from the die (10). A method according to any one of claims 4 to 10, wherein the thickness of the sheet (15) is measured downstream of the forming rolls (11,12) and the gap (13) is adjusted across the length of the rolls to compensate for variations in this thickness measurement. Sheet forming apparatus comprising a pair of rotating forming rolls (11,12) arranged substantially in parallel to provide a gap (13) therebetween; a flat die (10) connected to an extruding machine (1) having a slit outflow portion (10a) for feeding plastic material (14) to the upstream side of the gap, whereby, in use, the plastic material is pressed in the gap and formed into a sheet (15) by the forming rolls, while forming a bank (14a) of the plastic material (14) on the upstream side of the gap (13); means (20) for measuring the temperature of the plastic material whereby the temperature measurement is functionally related to the quantity of bank (14a); means for controlling the temperature of the plastic material leaving the die (10) and the temperature of the forming rolls (11,12); and non-contact temperature measuring means (20) for measuring the temperature of the sheet (15) leaving the downstream side of the gap (13); characterised in that the temperature measuring means (20) is directed into a wedge shaped space (16) formed, in use, by a surface of the sheet (15) leaving the downstream side of the gap (13), and a surface of the forming roll (11) opposite to the surface of the sheet, and towards the gap (13) to measure the temperature of the surface of the sheet immediately after it has come out of the gap. Apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the temperature measuring means (20) is arranged to measure the temperature of the sheet (15) leaving the gap (13) at positions across the width of the sheet. Apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the temperature measuring means (20) generates outputs in relation to each measuring position across the width of the sheet. Apparatus according to any one of claims 12 to 14, comprising computing means (60) responsive to the sheet temperature measurement for displaying the sheet temperature and/or the quantity of bank. Apparatus according to any one of claims 12 to 15, further comprising computing means (60) which is responsive to the measured sheet temperature and provides at least one control signal, and means (80) responsive to the control signal(s) for controlling at least one sheet forming condition. Apparatus according to claim 16, further comprising a temperature sensor (62) for detecting the temperature of the plastic material (14) fed to the gap (13), the computing means (60) being responsive to the plastic material temperature and modifying the control signal(s) accordingly. Apparatus according to any one of claims 12 to 17, further comprising a temperature sensor (63a,63b) for detecting the temperature of the forming rolls (11,12), the computing means (60) being responsive to the forming roll temperature and modifying the control signal accordingly. Apparatus according to claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the respective temperature sensor(s) (62,63a,63b) each detects temperatures at positions across the width of the sheet. Apparatus according to any one of claims 15 to 19, comprising means (80) responsive to the control signal(s) for controlling at least one of (a) plastic material feed parts (8,9); (b) cross flow distribution adjusting mechanisms (17a,17b); (c) forming roll driving parts (57,58); (d) forming roll gap adjusting parts (49,50); (e) roll cross controlling motors (35,36); and (f) roll bending controlling driving devices (55,56). Apparatus according to any one of claims 15 to 19, wherein the extruding machine (1) incorporates a feed screw (4), and a gear pump (7) for delivering the plastic material (14) to the die (10), the control signal controlling the rotational speed of the screw (4) and gear pump (7). Apparatus according to any one of claims 12 to 21, wherein the temperature measuring means (20) is an infrared-ray radiating thermometer (21). Apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the infrared-ray radiating thermometer (21) is arranged to measure infrared-rays in an absorbing wave band of the sheet (15).

Inventors: KUSAGO TOSHIHIKO, YAGI MASAYUKI, KUSAGO, TOSHIHIKO, YAGI, MASAYUKI
Applicants: TOSHIBA MACHINE CO LTD, TOSHIBA KIKAI KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B29D7
IPC codes: G01N11, B29C43, B29C47