BALL MILLING APPARATUS AND METHOD, AND PRODUCTION OF METALLIC AMORPHOUS MATERIALS

Abstract: A ball mill for use in mechanical alloying and grinding comprising a plurality of ferromagnetic balls (22) within a spherical or generally cylindrical chamber or cell (20) of a paramagnetic material. The cell has a substantially horizontal axis of rotation (21). At least one magnet (24) is mounted outside the chamber to produce a magnetic field within the chamber. The or each magnet is moveable between a plurality of locations on an arc (25) centred on the axis of rotation of the chamber. In mechanical alloying with a ball mill, the addition of a surfactant to the powder charge within the ball mill modifies the rate and nature of the reaction(s) within the mill. The surfactant should be added in a quantity sufficient to produce a monomolecular layer over the surface of the particles comprising the powder charge, and with an organic solvent, such as hexane. Metallic amorphous materials can be produced using the ball mill of the invention by (a) obtaining amorphous ribbons from a master alloy of the required chemical composition, (b) crystallising the ribbons by annealing at a temperature of about 600 DEG C, then (c) milling the crystallised ribbons in a slight overpressure of dry helium to produce a fully amorphous material.

Description: TITLE: "BALL MILLING APPARATUS AND METHOD, AND PRODUCTION OF METALLIC AMORPHOUS MATERIALS" Technical Field This invention concerns ball milling and mechanical alloying. More particularly, in a first aspect, it concerns an improved ball mill for use in grinding and in alloying (both low temperature alloying and high temperature alloying) . In a second aspect, it concerns improved technique for wet milling of powders, involving the addition of a surfactant. In a third aspect, it concerns the production of amorphous materials from crystallised metallic glass ribbons by mechanical alloying. Background to the Invention Ball mills and attritors have been used for many years to produce fine powders. In ball mills, the energy input to the powder charge is provided by the rotation of the mill, a cylindrical cell or vial about a horizontal axis, so that hard balls within the mill are tumbled with, or onto, the charge in the mill. In attritors, metal arms are used to stir the ball charge. As noted by Y S Benjamin in his article in Scientific American, volume 234, page 40 (1976), it was appreciated in the early 1970' s that in addition to creating powders, ball milling could be used to produce solid state reactions which result in the synthesis of new alloys from elemental powders. It was also discovered that ball milling can modify an alloy structure. The first of these techniques (the synthesis of alloys) is known as "mechanical alloying"; the second technique has been termed "mechanical grinding". When mechanical alloying is used to produce new materials, there is a combination of repeated welding, fracturing and rewelding of a mixture of powder particles having a fine microstructure together with a rapid interdiffusion process. Both mechanical alloying and mechanical grinding have been effected using either the vibrating milling technique or the rotating milling technique. In vibrating-frame mills, hardened steel balls are caused to impact substantially vertically upon the powder charge. Local overheating of the particles can occur as a consequence of the mill structure. This local overheating is difficult to remove. In addition, the mixing of the particulates is very slow (and in some designs of mill, is almost non-existent). Thus rotating mills, in which the steel balls roll along a circular arc on the inner wall of the mill chamber or vial, are preferred for mechanical alloying. In rotating mills, the powder charge is spread on the inner surface of the chamber. This ensures that heat generated within the chamber is removed by conduction through the cylindrical wall of the chamber and that there is effective mixing of the powder constituents. However, when using rotating mills, it is not possible to provide the impact energy of the balls that is achieved in vibrating-frame mills when a rotating ball mill is used. Some alloys have been difficult to fabricate using ball milling techniques because the ball milling produces excessive cold welding of the components being milled. For example, when ball milling is used to produce alloys containing aluminium and magnesium, the cold welding results in the production of lumps of alloyed material, which act to suppress the solid state reactions. Some success in overcoming this problem by the use of organic solvents has been reported by P S Gilman and W D Nix in their paper in Metallurgical Transactions, volume 12A, page 813 (1981). The use of organic solvents as lubricants by Gilman and Nix enabled them to achieve a balance between cold welding and fracturing, and to keep the particle size small and within a narrow size distribution. Nevertheless, wet milling of aluminium and magnesium powders, and other powders which exhibit excessive cold welding when dry milled, has had only limited success in mechanical alloying. Problems are also experienced when a mixture of titanium and carbon powders, or a mixture of aluminium and titanium powders are ball milled. These powder mixtures, when ball milled, form "nanostructures" (powders with a mean particule size of the order of 100 nanometres) which oxidise explosively when exposed to air or other oxygen-rich atmospheres. A further problem, that is encountered particularly when the mechanical alloying or the production of very fine powder requires long ball milling times, is the contamination of the product alloy or powder with particles from the steel balls used in the ball mill. Metallic amorphous materials have a combination of mechanical, chemical and magnetic properties which indicate that they have a good potential for industrial exploitation. Among their beneficial mechanical properties are high ductility, strength and hardness. Some metallic amorphous materials show excellent corrosion resistance. The magnetic softness exhibited by many metallic amorphous materials is particularly important in various magnetic applications. Metallic amorphous materials have been manufactured using (a) rapid quenching from a melt, (b) vapour deposition, and (c) electrochemical processes. Most metallic glasses (glass here means amorphous, or non-crystalline material) have been manufactured in ribbon form by rapid quenching from a melt using a single roller quenching technique. The thickness of these ribbons is limited by cooling rates and can vary from about 10 micrometres to about 80 micrometres. For industrial applications there is a necessity to produce bulk glassy alloy structures. Several methods have been used to consolidate metallic glass ribbons. Cold and warm pressure consolidation, ultrasonic welding, explosive welding, and dynamic compaction have all be used to convert these special alloys into bulk form. However, all of these consolidation methods are still in an experimental stage and most metallic amorphous materials are produced in the powder form. Among the methods for manufacturing amorphous powders are (a) direct casting from the melt using a modified roller technique, (b) the spark erosion method, (c) a gas-water ato ization process, (d) sputtering and (e) plasma spray deposition methods. These methods all have associated disadvantages, such as the production of undesirable particle shapes (flakes, rough spherical or highly irregular particles with a wide range of sizes varying from 1 micrometre to 40 micrometres) and/or the limited quantity of material hat can be produced. Thus there has been only limited successful production of powders which are entirely amorphous. Disclosure of the Present Invention It is an objective of the first aspect of the present invention to provide an improved ball mill in which the impact energy of the vibrating-frame mill technique can be achieved while the cooling and powder mixing features of the rotating mill technique are maintained. It is a further objective of the first aspect of the present invention to provide a ball mill in which the energy or intensity of the milling process is variable and controllable. These objectives are achieved by constructing the cylindrical chamber of a rotating ball mill from a paramagnetic material and mounting . at least one magnet outside the chamber in a manner such that either (i) the magnet (or magnets) can be moved around the chamber along an arc centred on the axis of rotation of the chamber, or (ii) the location of the magnet (or magnets) can be varied between a number of mounting positions, each located on an arc centred on the axis of rotation of the chamber. Mounting a magnet (or magnets) in this manner creates a perturbation of the normal movement of the steel balls of the ball mill when the chamber is rotated. In particular, when a magnet is positioned vertically below the chamber, there is an increase in both the rotation of the balls in the chamber and their contact time with the powder charge of the chamber. As the magnet is moved to a position high on one side of the chamber, each ball is lifted by the magnet before being dropped on to the charge (including other balls) of the mill, to provide a high energy impact. At intermediate positions of the magnet around the chamber, the steel balls provide a combination of increased impact energy and increased contact with and mixing of the powder charge in the mill. Thus, according to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a ball mill comprising: (a) a substantially spherical or generally cylindrical chamber, the chamber being mounted (i) in the case of a substantially spherical chamber, for rotation about a substantially horizontal axis, and (ii) in the case of a generally cylindrical chamber, with the axis of the cylinder substantially horizontal and for rotation about the axis of the cylinder; and (b) a plurality of steel balls within the chamber; characterised in that (c) the chamber is made of a paramagnetic material; (d) the steel of which the balls are made is a ferromagnetic material; and (e) at least one magnet is mounted outside the chamber, said or each magnet (i) having lines of magnetic force which penetrate into the chamber, and (ii) being moveable between a plurality of locations along an arc having its centre of curvature substantially at the axis of rotation of the chamber. As noted above, and as will be explained in more detail later in this specification, the magnet (or magnets) may be either mounted for movement along an arc having its centre of curvature at the axis of rotation of the chamber, or repositionable at a plurality of discreet locations around the chamber, each of the discrete locations being on an arc having its centre of curvature substantially at the axis of rotation of the chamber. The magnet (or each magnet) may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet. It is an objective of the second aspect of the present invention to provide a method of wet milling which permits the mechanical alloying of powders of aluminium and magnesium, and other powders which tend to produce lumps when dry milled, due to excessive cold welding. It is a further objective of the second aspect of the present invention to provide a method by which powders which normally form nanostructures upon ball milling and explosively oxidise when exposed to air can be safely ball milled. It is yet another objective of the second aspect of the present invention to provide a ball milling method in which contamination of the milled material by the material of the steel balls of the mill is reduced. These objectives of the second aspect of the present invention are achieved by wet ball milling the material being milled, and adding to the mill a surfactant material, usually in an organic solvent. The amount of surfactant added should be sufficient to provide a monomolecular layer of surfactant over the entire surface of the material being ball milled. Some control over the nature of the final product of the ball milling can be achieved by selecting a particular surfactant from a group of alternative surfactants. The use of surfactants in wet ball milling, however, is not limited to the ball milling of problem powders, or long ball milling likely to produce undesirable contamination of the milled product. Thus, according to the second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of wet ball milling a material in a ball mill, characterised by the addition to the material of sufficient surfactant to coat the surface of the material with a monomolecular layer of the surfactant. Normally an organic solvent, such as hexane, will also be added to the ball mill with the surfactant. Both cationic and anionic surfactants may be used. Among the preferred surfactants are: (a) sodium-1,2 bis (dodecyl carbonyl) ethane-1-sulfonate; (b) lithium-1,2 bis dodecyloxycarbonyl sulfasuccinate; (c) didodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide; and (d) ammonium dihexadecyl dimethylacetate. The wet ball milling may be performed in a ball mill constructed in accordance with the first aspect of this invention, or it may be performed in a conventional ball mill. It is an object of the third aspect of the present invention to provide a method for the manufacture, in relatively large quantities, of metallic amorphous materials. This objective is achieved by a method comprising the steps of: (a) producing a master alloy having the chemical composition of the required amorphous material; (b) producing amorphous ribbons of the master alloy; (c) annealing the amorphous ribbons to convert them into crystalline form; then (d) ball milling the crystalline material for a period sufficient to produce a fully amorphous powder. Steps (a) and (b) involve well known techniques. The annealing step (c) is preferably performed under vacuum at a temperature of about 600 C, for a period in the range of from 10 minutes to 20 minutes. The milling step is preferably carried out in a slight overpressure of an inert gas (e.g. helium or argon), using a ball mill constructed in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention, but conventional ball mills may be used for step (d). For a better understanding of the present invention, embodiments of the first, second and third aspects of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional ball mill. Figure 2 illustrates a ball mill constructed in accordance with the present invention, with a single magnet located beneath the chamber of the ball mill. Figures 3 and 4 show the ball mill of Figure 2, with the magnet in different locations along the arc of movement of the magnet. Figure 5 depicts a ball mill with two magnets, on diametrically opposed locations around the chamber, one magnet being directly above the chamber and the other magnet directly below the chamber. Figures 6 and 7 are x-ray diffractograms of different powder mixtures using the ball mill of Figures 2 to 5. Figure 8 is a collection of x-ray diffractograms of the product of mechanically alloyed elemental mixtures of aluminium and magnesium in the proportions l_ 0 + Mg 50 , under different ball milling conditions. Detailed Description of the Embodiments The conventional ball mill shown in Figure 1 has a cylindrical cell or chamber 10 mounted for rotation in the direction of arrow A about a horizontal axis 11. A plurality of steel balls 12 within the chamber are tumbled with the powder charge in the cylinder. Access to the chamber is through an end door 13. The operation of this type of ball mill is well known and further explanation here of its, mode of operation is unnecessary. The ball mills illustrated in Figures 2 to 6 each have a cylindrical or spherical cell 20 made from a hard paramagnetic alloy. The precise shape of the cell or chamber 20 is not important. The chamber 20 is rotatable about a substantially horizontal axis 21 which, in the case of a cylindrical or generally cylindrical chamber, is also the axis of the chamber. Within the cell are a number of balls 22, made from a hard ferromagnetic alloy. At least one magnet 24, which may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, is mounted outside the cell 20 but close enough to the cell for the field of the magnet to have a significant influence upon the ferromagnetic balls 22. As will be apparent from Figures 2 to 6, the magnet or magents 24 can be repositioned relative to the chamber 20 either by movement around an arc which has its centre of curvature substantially coincident with the axis of rotation 21 of the chamber 20 or by physically moving the or each magnet from one discrete mounting location to another of a number of discrete mounting locations which are provided adjacent to the chamber 20. The present invention may be used with a single layer of the balls 22 or the chamber 20 may contain a large number of ferromagnetic balls. When a powder charge is loaded into the chamber 20, the powder will rapidly become uniformly distributed on the internal surface of the cell 20, with a layer of powder also on the balls 22. The mode of operation of the ball mill depends upon the required result. If the magnet 24 is positioned immediately below the chamber 20 as shown in Figure 2, the magnetic field established by the magnet 24 holds the balls 22 in the bottom part of the cell 20. Friction between the surface of the balls and the inner wall of the cell 20 causes the balls 22 to rotate in the same direction with a frequency w, given by the relationship where w is the rotational frequency of the cell, r is the radius of the balls 22 and R is the internal radius of the cell or chamber 20. Periodically, the outer ball 22 on the right side of the assembly of balls in the chamber breaks away from the pack of balls and, under the influence of centrifugal forces, performs an almost complete circular transit, along the path 28 while in contact with the inner wall of the chamber 20, to the other side of the pack of balls. At the end of this transit, it strikes the outer-most ball on the left side of the pack of balls. In this mode of operation, the powder charge in the ball mill is worked both by impact and by a shearing action. The balls 22 may be confined to the bottom part of the chamber 20 for the entire milling process by either (i) increasing the intensity of the magnetic field applied by the magnet 24, or (ii) decreasing the frequency of rotation of the chamber or cell 20. In this operating mode, the balls in the chamber both rotate and oscillate around their equilibrium position at the bottom of the cell 20. The powder charge in the mill, therefore, is worked mostly by shearing. This is the "low energy" mode of the ball mill. In this mode, the magnetic field of the magnet 24 causes the balls to apply a greater force to the layer of powder on the inner surface of the chamber 20 than is applied in a conventional ball mill. In addition, the contact time between the balls is increased. This results in a more effective fracturing process. Thus little welding of the constituents of the powder charge is effected in this mode of operation. However, this mode of operation of the present invention is characterised by very good mixing of the powder particles and low local temperatures, which is useful for grinding materials to reduce their particle sizes or (in the case of alloy particles) to modify their structure. This mode of operation is also useful for low temperature alloying - particularly the alloying of low melting point alloys (for example, aluminium base alloys), which leads to extended solid solubility. If, as shown in Figure 5, a second magnet 29 is positioned diametrically opposite the magnet 24 of Figures 2 and 3 , the circular path of each break-away ball (under centrifugal force) is halted at the highest point inside the cell. A ball trapped by the magnetic field of the magnetic field of the magnet 29 in the uppermost position within the cell can be released to fall vertically on to one of the ferromagnetic balls in the mass at the lower-most part of the chamber or cell. When this occurs, the two colliding balls are rotating in opposite directions at the point of impact, which results in a combination of shearing and uniaxial pressure at the surface of contact. This is the "high energy" mode of operation of the ball mill. Two different modes of operation of the ball mill of the present invention are shown in Figures 3 and 4. By repositioning the magnet 24 and by reducing the cell rotation frequency to a value lower than the cell rotation frequency of the cell 20 when the mill is operated in the Figure 2 or Figure 5 mode, whenever a ball 22 is released from the mass of balls at the lower-most region of the cell, the released ball is not held continuously against the inner wall of the cell by centrifugal force. Instead, the released ball follows an arcuate path in which the ball is partly out of contact with the cell wall and another ball, and then strikes either one of the bottom balls (as shown in Figure 3) or the opposite portion of the cell wall (as shown in Figure 4). When operating in the mode shown in Figure 3, each break-away ball which has descended from the top of its path to strike a lower ball has a high rotational speed in the opposite direction to the lower ball. This is essentially the same mode of operation as that shown in Figure 5. The impact results in a significant increase in the local temperature at the point of impact, to facilitate the effective synthesis of high melting point alloys and intermetallic phases (such as TiB 2 , AlPd, Al g Pdg) and an extension of solid solubility in high temperature alloys (such as titanium in silicon). In the mode of operation illustrated in Figure 4, the magnet 24 is raised higher than in the mode of operation illustrated in Figure 3. However, the Figure 4 mode of operation is comparable to the mode of operation shown in Figure 2. The ball descending from the point of highest lift strikes the internal surface of the chamber, which is rotating in the same direction as the surface of the ball. Thus the local temperature produced on impact is higher than in the mixing and grinding mode of operation but lower than in the mode of operation shown in Figures 3 and 5. The mode of operation shown in Figure 4 is thus particularly suitable for medium melting point reactions, with subdued alloying. There is a combination of, or balance between, welding and fracturing. Amorphization of alloys (for example, magnesium-zinc alloys) and extension of solid solubility and creation of intermetallic phases at low and average melting point elements or alloys (such as aluminium-magnesium, aluminium-iron and magnesium-zinc) can be achieved. Using a ball mill constructed in accordance with the present invention, and operated in the mode illustrated in Figure 3, the alloy AlPd was obtained by the following method. Elemental powders of aluminium and palladium, having a purity of 99.99 per cent and a grain size of about 20 micrometres were milled for 66 hours in a slight overpressure of pure, dry helium. X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from the mechanically alloyed powders after different periods of milling showed the following: after milling for 45 hours, the intermetallic phase AlPd was observed and after 66 hours of milling, the mixture contained no detectable amount of elemental aluminium or palladium. However, a small quantity of the alloy Al,Pd,- was detected after 66 hours of milling. It is believed that the alloy may be due to the presence of a small amount of elemental aluminium powder being deposited on the mill walls during the milling process, so that the remaining powder became aluminium-depleted, and thus rich in palladium. An investigation by the present inventors of the operating parameters of the ball mill of Figures 2 to 6 has shown that, when the ball mill of the present invention is in use, the major milling parameters are as follows; collison time: 6.5 x 10 -5 sec. Hertz radius: 4.6 x 10 -4 m. Maximum impact stress: 37 Kbar. These values are close to the corresponding values quoted for commercial vibrating mills. Thus the energy per impact in the ball mill of the present invention is comparable to the energy per impact of other devices. A significant feature of the ball mill of the present invention, however, is that in every mode of operation, the ball movement pattern is well defined and highly reproducible. This contrasts with the chaotic and generally unpredictable ball movement characteristics of most conventional milling devices. In a further example of the use of the ball mill of the present invention, the mill was used to produce the amorphous phase of nickel-zirconium mixtures. Other workers have shown that the amorphisation of these mixtures, using different milling equipment, occurs by two paths. The amorphous phase is formed directly when either the vibrating frame or a Fritsch "Pulverisette 5" planetary mill is used, but a crystalline intermetallic phase forms initially when a different type of planetary mill is employed. In addition, it has been shown that changing the milling intensity and using different combinations of the planetary mill rotation patterns can influence the outcome of the milling. The present inventors have produced the alloy Ni 6 -Zr 38 by both of the amorphisation paths, using two different modes of operation of the ball mill of the present invention. When the high-energy mode of Figure 3 was used, the amorphous phase was formed directly from a powder mixture of the indicated atomic percentages of nickel and zinc. X-ray diffractrometry revealed that during the milling process, the intensity of diffraction peaks due to the elemental zirconium and nickel decreases, while a peak corresponding to the amorphous phase of the intermetallic material develops. The x-ray diffraction pattern after 60 hours of milling is shown as trace A in Figure 6. When the low-energy milling mode described above was used to mill the elemental powder mix, the crystalline intermetallic material was formed first, then was transformed into the amorphous phase. An x-ray diffraction pattern of the milled material after 180 hours of milling is shown as trace B in Figure 6. After continuing the milling until the elemental powder had been milled for 240 hours, some traces of the crystalline phase remained visible on top of the amorphous phase peak of the x-ray diffraction pattern. The nature of alloys of titanium and boron formed by mechanical alloying are also influenced significantly by the milling conditions under which they are generated. Figure 7 shows two x-ray diffractograms obtained from ball milling mixtures of the nominal composition of 33 atomic per cent of titanium and 77 atomic per cent of boron. The upper trace, trace A, was obtained from a sample milled for 80 hours using the ball mill of the present invention operated in the high energy milling mode of Figure 3. This is the x-ray diffraction pattern of the pure TiB_ phase. The lower trace, trace B, was obtained from a sample milled for 80 hours in the same ball mill, with the same rotational frequency of the chamber of the mill, but with no magnetic field influencing the balls within the chamber (that is, the sample was milled in a conventional ball mill under notionally identical conditions). The lower diffractogram of Figure 7 shows the presence of a mixture of crystalline titanium and a small amount of TiB 2 . Continuing the milling in the "conventional" ball mill until the powder charge had been milled for 400 hours failed to produce a product of pure TiB-. In other experiments using the ball mill of the present invention operating in the Figure 3 mode, powders of silicon and titanium (having a purity of 99.98 per cent and a mean grain size of about 20 micrometres) were milled in an atmosphere of dry helium to produce the alloys Ti ς Si, and TiSi 2 . The former alloy was obtained in the amorphous form, the latter in crystalline form. Similar experiments with the mill operated in the Figure 4 mode produced highly reproducible solid solutions of up to 20 per cent titanium in silicon (this is remarkable in view of the conventional understanding that there is no solid solubility of titanium in silicon in the equilibrium state). The present inventors have also used the ball mill of the present invention to perform amorphization of crystalline alloys. In one experiment, the magnesium-zinc alloy Mg 7f .Zn, π was milled in the ball mill of the present invention, operated in the Figure 2 mode of operation. The Mg 7Q Zn 30 alloy was prepared from 99.99 per cent purity components, which were melted in a tantalum crucible enclosed in a fused silica capsule. The melting was performed in an atmosphere of pure helium. The product alloy was crushed into small pieces and those pieces were milled in the ball mill of the present invention, in the Figure 2 operating mode, with the chamber rotating at the rate of 200 revolutions per minute. Again, a slight overpressure of pure, dry helium was present in the chamber of the mill. Samples of the milled powder were extracted at various stages during the milling and subjected to x-ray diffraction analysis. Initially, the master alloy was shown to be a mixture of crystalline phases of magnesium, MgZn and (traces only) Mg 5 -Zn 2Q . Continued grinding resulted in a decrease in the peaks in the x-ray diffraction pattern due to the crystalline components and the appearance of a broad peak due to the appearance of the amorphous phase. A steady state situation was achieved after 40 hours of grinding, with no change in the x-ray diffraction pattern after further grinding under the same conditions. However, further amorphization was obtained by an additional 17 hours of mechanical grinding with the mill operating under the lower energy conditions of 50 revolutions per minute. Use of Rutherford backscattering and electron microprobe techniques to analyse the amorphous powder showed that the product powder contained the composition Mg 6g Zn 3Q Si , or M 9g7 ς Zn 3 2 5 ' T ^ e different compositions were estimated from the different analysis techniques. No iron or chromium contamination of the alloy from the ball mill was detected. It was concluded that the mechanical grinding had synthesised a binary magnesium alloy. A recent modification of the ball mill of the present invention is the inclusion of means to heat the mill during the milling process, to modify the rate and nature of the reaction(s) within the ball mill. The ball mill of Figures 2 to 5 has also been used to demonstrate the benefits of including a surfactant in the ball milling process, particularly in the production of aluminium-magnesium alloys. However, it is emphasised that the second aspect of the present invention is not limited in its application to milling performed in the ball mill of the present invention. Surfactants are amphiphillic molecules composed of a hydrophillic moiety or headgroup which is coupled chemically to a hydrophobic moiety or tail. The tail is typically a hydrocarbon chain, or is predominantly a hydrocarbon, but it may comprise any other hydrophobic group of molecules (for example, fluorocarbons) . The surfactant molecule may contain one or more chains coupled to the headgroup. The headgroup may be non-ionic (for example, a poly-oxyethylene, which is electrically neutral), zwitterionic (where the net electrically neutral charge on the headgroup is separated by atomic dimensions to form an electrical dipole), or it may be ionic. An ionic surfactant is preferred for the second aspect of the present invention. Ionic surfactants may have a positive charge on the headgroup (in which case they are cationic, or they may have a negative charge (anionic). They carry with them free counterions of the opposite charge (for example, Br or Na ). The results obtained by the present inventors have shown a weak dependence on the size of the tail, which can be varied to optimise the efficiency of the ball milling (for example, the tail may be selected from dodecyl, decyl and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) . The results obtained also vary with the charge, the counterion, the degree of hydration (bound water), and the amount and kind of lubricant (usually termed an "oil") added to the surfactant. Typical lubricants are hexane and decane. The added "oil" affects not only the grinding, cracking and the particle size produced during ball milling, but also the surface activity of the surfactant. It is essential in enhancing solid state reactions involved in the alloying process. In general, non-ionic or weakly ionic surfactants (such as oleic acid and sodium stearate) will have little effect in the enhancing of desired solid state reactions. In this specification the term "surfactant" includes polymers which may have an ionic character. Non-ionic surfactants which have the property of .. +++ chelating charged ions (for example, Zn , Cu and V 5+) can be used to deliver desired additional elements. The amount of surfactant used, and its type, affects (a) the speed of grinding or of a solid state reaction (for example, the amorphisation of TiB, which requires 80 hours of milling without a surfactant, is completed in 30 hours of milling if an ionic surfactant is added to the charge in the mill) ; (b) the shape of nanoparticles produced (for example, nonoparticles of CoSiB can be almost spherical or needle-like, depending upon the surfactant added when the CoSiB particles are milled) ; (c) the particle size of the milled product; and (d) the nature of the product of the milling (some inorganic materials, such as a mixture of zinc sulphide, silica and zirconium can be milled together to produce quartz, amorphous silica or zeolites; it is also possible to obtain either zirconia and zeolite, or zirconia and amorphous ssiilliiccaa wwhheenn 2Zr0 2 .Si0 2 is milled with different surfactants) . When using surfactants in milling, the present inventors have produced new equilibrium phases not hitherto accessible, and metastable phases (which can, in fact, be equilibrium structures). A typical example is the production of the alloy l 5Q Mg 50 by milling an aluminium and magnesium powder mixture with the cationic surfactant, didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide. Although, as noted above, the amount of surfactant added to the charge of a ball mill affects the product of the milling, the surfactant should be added in sufficient quantity to form at least a monomolecular layer of surfactant around the particles being milled. The value and effectiveness of the second aspect of the present invention will be apparent from the following examples of the effect of the addition of a surfactant to the charge of a ball mill. Aluminium-magnesium alloys produced by conventional ingot metallurgy have a maximum solubility of magnesium in aluminium of about 28.9 per cent at a eutectic temperature of 450 C. At a temperature of 100 C, the maximum solubility of magnesium in aluminium is only 2.1 per cent. Rapid quenching of the higher temperature composition has yielded room temperature alloys having a maximum solubility of about 15 per cent of magnesium in aluminium. Nevertheless, the rapidly quenched alloys are characterised by high strength, good corrosion resistance and low density. It has been believed that mechanical and chemical properties of aluminium-magnesium alloys will be enhanced if the maximum solid solubility of magnesium in aluminium could be increased and the grain size of the alloy could be decreased. In a series of experiments, mechanical alloying in the ball mill of the present invention was effected with the mill operated in the mode shown in Figure 4. Pure powder mixtures in quantities sufficient to produce the alloys Al_ 0 Mg 30 , Al 50 Mg_ 0 and Mg 7Q Al 30 were used in the ball mill, which was operated to perform (a) dry milling in a helium atmosphere and (b) wet ball milling with a surfactant mixed with a hydrocarbon fluid. The results obtained by the series of experiments are summarised in Table 1. In Table 1, SI is the anionic double chained surfactant didodecyl sodium sulfosuccinate and S2 is the cationic double chained surfactant didodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide. In each experiment in which surfactant was used, from 0.5 to 2 molecular per cent of surfactant was added per total number of aluminium and magnesium atoms. Other experiments showed that with hexane alone in the wet milling operation, or with any other neutral hydrocarbon in the wet milling process, the result achieved with the addition of a surfactant cannot be obtained. TABLE 1 Powder Milling Obtained Composition Environment Alloy Structure Al 70 Mg 30 Dry + helium Al 2 Mg A1 70 Mg 30 SI + hexane 17% Mg in Al A1 50 Mg 50 Dry + helium Al 2 Mg 3 + BAlMg Al 50 Mg 50 SI or S2 + hexane Al Mg 3 + 30% Al Mg 70 Al 30 Dry + helium Al 2 Mg 3 + Al 2 Mg Mg 70 A1 30 SI + hexane Al 2 Mg 3 + 34% Al It will be seen from the results presented in Table 1 that mechanical alloying of aluminium and magnesium powders results in the formation of equilibrium intermetallic phases. In the presence of the surfactant, however, there is a tendency to form extended solid solutions of magnesium in aluminium. Heating the alloys produced in a calorimeter showed that the solid solutions of magnesium in aluminium, formed by wet milling in the presence of a surfactant, are stable up to the melting point of the alloy. Annealing a sample of Al-.-.Mg,--. alloy by wet milling (produced with a surfactant present) at 400°C for two hours revealed no precipitation of magnesium from the alloy. In contrast, the alloys produced by ball milling in a dry helium atmosphere exhibited very low stability when heated, with a tendency for fast grain growth and recrystallisation from the alloy towards equilibrium structures that were absent from the samples prepared using wet milling with a surfactant present. In other experiments, which demonstrate how different results can be achieved using different surfactants, powders mixed to produce the alloy Al 5Q Mg 50 were milled for 160 hours under different conditions. The results obtained were as follows:- 1. When no surfactant was added to the charge in the mill, the x-ray diffraction pattern shown as trace A of Figure 8 was obtained. The diffraction peaks are very broad, indicating an amorphous-like structure. After annealing for 5 minutes to 350 C, the milled product structure transformed into a mixture of two equilibrium phases, / ^ > (Al 3 Mg 2 ) and V(Al, 2 Mg 17 ) . 2. When the surfactant sodium-1,2 bis (dodecyl carbonyl) ethane-1-sulfonate was added to the charge in the ball mill, the x-ray diffraction pattern shown as trace B of Figure 8 was obtained. This diffractogram shows the presence of fee aluminium, plus a solid solution of 24 atomic per cent magnesium in aluminium, plus a small amount of the equilibrium phase l, 2 Mg, 7 . 3. After 160 hours of milling with the surfactant lithium-1,2 bis dodecyloxycarbonyl sulfasuccinate added to the powder charge in the ball mill, the product had the x-ray diffraction pattern shown by trace C in Figure 8. This trace shows two strong and broad peaks, indicating the presence of a bcc structure characterised by a lattice parameter a = 4.15 Angstrom units. A small amount of fee aluminium can also be identified. The product phases were very stable on heating up to 360°C. 4. When the surfactant didodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide was the added surfactant, the product after 160 hours of milling had the diffraction pattern shown as trace D of Figure 8. This diffractogram shows the presence of the fee aluminium phase and the bcc phase noted for trace C of Figure 8. The milled product was again stable when heated to 360 C. The addition of a surfactant to a ball mill charge has also been shown to be beneficial when the mixture of powders being milled produces nanostructures or nanoparticles (very fine particles of diameter 100 nanometres or less). Nanostructures are characterised by a large percentage of the total number of atoms residing on the particle surface, instead of being in the bulk of the particle. The properties of nanostructures are largely affected by surface phenomena. In particular, when a nanostructure contains easily oxidisable elements, a violent (even explosive) reaction can occur on exposure to air or another oxygen-rich atmosphere. The present inventors have shown that the addition of sufficient surfactant to cover the surface of the nanoparticles with a monomolecular layer, when mixtures of powders of (a) carbon and titanium in the atomic proportions Ti 5f) + C-.^. , and (b) aluminium and titanium in the atomic proportions Al--. + Ti 5Q , are milled, results in the production of particles which can be safely handled in air without further treatment. Normally, milling of such powder mixtures in the absence of a surfactant produces nanoparticles which oxidise explosively on exposure to air. As indicated above, the addition of surfactants has been found to provide control over the size and shape of milled particles of some soft magnetic materials, such as (Co-Fe) 75 Si, ς B.. Q . Circular particles having a diameter of about 100 nanometres are produced when particles of this soft magnetic material are ball milled in the presence of sodium-1,2 bis (dodecyl carbonyl) ethane-1-sulfonate. Needle-like particles having a length of about 100 nanometres are obtained when the surfactant added to the ball mill is ammonium dihexadecyl dimethylacetate. The shapes of the product milled particles affected the values of the maximum saturation magnetisation and the anisotropy field of the soft magnetic materials. A common problem in ball milling, particularly when the milling is used to synthesise alloys, is the contamination of the milled product with the material of which the balls and cell of the mill are made. The level of contamination depends on the type of ball mill used and the conditions under which the milling is effected. The average level of contamination recorded by the present inventors when using the ball mill of the present invention is about 1.0 atomic per cent, when synthesising alloys of silicon and titanium. (When forming magnesium zinc alloys, the contamination was below the detection level.) The present inventors have observed that when a surfactant is added to the particle charge of a ball mill, the level of contamination by the material of the balls and cell of the ball mill of the product is significantly reduced - typically by at least a factor of 10. In another series of experiments performed by the present inventors, it was not possible to produce a solution of iron in aluminium at room temperature by using conventional ball milling. With wet ball milling in the presence of a surfactant, solid solutions of iron in aluminium were obtained at room temperature, with the iron being present in the solution at up to 7 atomic per cent. It is not yet understood why surfactants enhance metal solubility in mechanical alloying with a ball mill. It is suggested that a lowering of the surface energy and the production of changes in surface molecule stoichiometry may be involved. Alternatively, a change in the surface molecule lattice spacing, allowing interdiffusion of components, may be responsible. The presence of intense electric fields at the particle surface, caused by the electrically charged surfactant headgroup, is believed to affect the surface properties of the powder particles when ionic surfactants are used. In a realisation of the third aspect of the present invention, an alloy (a master alloy) of the composition Co 7Q 3 Fe. 7 S ^ i5 B ιo was prepared from high purity elements in an arc furnace under an atmosphere of high purity argon. Amorphous ribbons of the master alloy were spun from a quartz crucible on a single steel wheel in an atmosphere of air. The ribbons typically had a width of about 15 mm and a thickness of about 35 micrometres. The amorphous ribbons were fully crystallised by annealing in vvaaccuuuumm aatt aa tteemmppeerraattuure of 600 C for between 10 minutes and 20 minutes. The crystallised ribbons were then milled in a ball mill constructed in accordance with the first aspect of the present invention. The milling was effected in a slight overpressure of pure, dry helium. In a first experiment, using crystallised ribbon that had been annealed for 10 minutes at 600 C, x-ray diffraction analysis of the milled product showed that after 90 hours of milling, the product had a fully amorphous structure. (Before the milling, only a crystalline structure was revealed by the x-ray diffraction analysis.) In a second experiment, using crystallised ribbon that had been annealed for 20 minutes at 600°C, x-ray diffraction analysis after 250 hours of milling showed that re-amorphization of the ribbon had not been fully achieved. _ It is believed that the incomplete re-amorphization was due to the grain size of the starting material exceeding the diffusing range that can be achieved during the ball milling process. A secondary wet milling of samples of the fully re-amorphized powder, which had a particle size of from 5 to 20 micrometres, was then performed with an appropriate surfactant added to the ball mill charge. The secondary milling reduced the particle size so that it was in the range of from 1 micrometre to 10 micrometres. This reduction in particle size was accompanied by an increase in the magnetic permeability and the remanent magnetisation of the powder, with a decrease in its coercivity. Those familiar with mechanical grinding and alloying techniques will appreciate that in the above description, specific embodiments of each aspect of the present invention have been described. However, modifications to those embodiments can be made without departing from the present inventive concept.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A ball mill comprising: (a) a substantially spherical or generally cylindrical chamber (20), the chamber being mounted (i) in the case of a substantially spherical chamber, for rotation about a substantially horizontal axis (21), and (ii) in the case of a generally cylindrical chamber, with the axis (21) of the cylinder substantially horizontal and for rotation about the axis of the cylinder; and (b) a plurality of steel balls (22) within the chamber; characterised in that (c) the chamber is made of a paramagnetic material; (d) the material of which the balls are made is a ferromagnetic; and (e) at least one magnet (24) is mounted outside the chamber, said or each magnet (i) having lines of magnetic force which penetrate into the chamber, and (ii) being moveable between a plurality of locations along an arc having its centre of curvature substantially at the axis of rotation of the chamber. 2. A ball mill as defined in claim 1, in which said or each magnet (24) is mounted for movement along an or a respective arc (25), said or each arc having its centre of curvature substantially at the axis of rotation of the chamber. 3. A ball mill as defined in claim 1, in which said or each magnet (24) is repositionable at a plurality of discrete locations and around the chamber, each one of the discrete locations being on an arc (25) having its centre of curvature substantially at the axis of rotation of the chamber. 4. A ball mill as defined in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3, in which said or each magnet (24) is an electromagnet. 5. A ball mill as defined in claim 4, including means to vary the strength of the or each electromagnet. 6. A ball mill as defined in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3, in which said or each magnet (24) is a permanent magnet. 7. A ball mill as defined in any preceding claim, including heating means for heating the chamber and its contents. 8. A method of wet ball milling a material in a ball mill, characterised by the addition to the material of sufficient surfactant to coat the surface of the material with a monomolecular layer of the surfactant. 9. A method as defined in claim 8, in which the surfactant is added to the chamber of the ball mill together with a quantity of an organic solvent. 10. A method as defined in claim 9, in which the organic solvent is hexane. 11. A method as defined in claim 8, claim 9 or claim 10, in which the surfactant is a surfactant selected from the group consisting of (a) sodium-1,2 bis (dodecyl carbonyl) ethane-1-sulfonate; (b) lithium-1,2 bis dodecyloxycarbonyl sulfasuccinate; (c) didodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide; and (d) ammonium dihexadecyl dimethylacetate. 12. A method for producing a metallic amorphous material, said method comprising the steps of: (a) making a master alloy having the same chemical composition as the required metallic material; and (b) producing amorphous ribbons of the master alloy; and characterised by the steps of (c) annealing the amorphous ribbons to convert them into crystalline form; then (d) ball milling the crystalline material for a period sufficient to produce a fully amorphous powder. 13. A method as defined in claim 12, in which the annealing step is performed under vacuum at a temperature of about 600 C. 14. A method as defined in claim 13, in which the temperature of 600 C is maintained for a period in the range of from 10 minutes to 20 minutes. 15. A method as defined in claim 12, claim 13 or claim 14, in which the ball milling of the crystalline material is effected in an atmosphere comprising a slight overpressure of inert gas. 16. A method as defined in any one of claims 8 to 15, in which the ball milling is effected in a ball mill as defined in any one of claims 1 to 7. 17. A ball mill substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 6 of the accompanying drawings. 18. A method of wet ball milling with the addition of a surfactant as defined in claim 8, substantially as hereinbefore described. 19. A method for producing a metallic amorphous material as defined in claim 12, substantially as hereinbefore described.

Inventors: CALKA ANDRZEJ, NINHAM BARRY WILLIAM, CALKA, ANDRZEJ, NINHAM, BARRY, WILLIAM
Applicants: UNIV AUSTRALIAN, THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B02C17
IPC codes: B02C17, B22F9, H01F1