Optical fiber coupler

Abstract: An optical fiber coupler constructed of single-mode optical fibers having claddings of differing refractive indices. The fibers are fused together and the fused portion is elongated in order to achieve the desired coupling and branching characteristics.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an optical fiber coupler, and more particularly to a single-mode optical fiber coupler in which biconical optical fibers are coupled with each other. Description of the Related Art In a conventional optical fiber coupler, longitudinal coatings of the same kind of optical fibers are partly removed and exposed glass fiber portions of the optical fibers are fused with each other and elongated at the fused portion in order to accomplish optical branching and coupling. Generally, multi-mode optical fibers are used. Another conventional optical fiber coupler of the single mode type is described in prior art EP-A-0 293 289. The optical fiber coupler which is wavelength independent comprises two single mode fibers positioned side by side which are fused in a manner such that they taper down into a substantially circular cross section coupling region wherein the two cores of the fibers run therethrough. However, with this type of device coupling of light is achieved across a relatively broad range of wavelengths. However, as seen in the paper by Morishita entitled "Design of Optical Fibers for Wave-length Selective Melt-type Optical Couplers", in Extended Abstracts, The Spring Meeting, 1989, the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers of Japan, No. 4 - Pages 427, an optical coupler for combining and branching light at a specified wavelength is being studied. In the optical coupler proposed in the above paper, optical fibers to be used are of different core diameters and have a difference in refractive indices between the core and the cladding of each optical fiber so as to combine and branch light of 1.53 µm and 0.83 µm. That is, single-mode optical fibers, having wavelengths which are comparatively far from each other, are used to thereby produce coupling of light in a cladding mode at a long wavelength by utilizing the fact that the optical fibers greatly differ from each other in distribution of light propagated. It is therefore impossible to perform combining and branching of light with wavelength selectivity at wavelengths close to each other. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to solve the foregoing problems in the prior art. It is another object of the present invention to provide an optical fiber coupler which performs branching and combining of light only at a specified wavelength. To attain the foregoing objects, the present invention presents an optical fiber coupler comprising the features set out in claim 1. The present invention also provides a method for the manufacture of such an optical fiber coupler comprising the steps set out in claim 6. In the present invention, a plurality of single-mode optical fibers having respective claddings which are different in refractive index are fused with each other and then elongated at the fused portion. Thus, a branching characteristic like a band pass filter is shown at a wavelength at which the respective light propagation constants of the different optical fibers agree with each other and the optical fiber coupler exhibits wavelength selectivity. Other objects, features and characteristics of the present invention, as well as the methods of operation and function of the related elements of the structure, and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will become more apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings all of which form a part of this specification. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURE 1 is a graph of the propagation constant versus wavelength of the fibers to be coupled; FIGURE 2 is a schematic representation of the optical fiber coupler of the preferred embodiment; FIGURE 3 is a schematic diagram of the optical fiber coupler of the present invention; FIGURE 4 is a graph of the distribution of refractive index of the optical fibers of the preferred embodiment; FIGURE 5 is a graph of wavelength versus insertion loss of the optical fiber coupler of the preferred embodiment in FIGURE 3; and FIG. 6 is a graph of the branching ratios versus wavelength in the preferred embodiment. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. In a tapered portion of an optical fiber coupler, a light distribution/combination state results from an evanescent field spreading out of the core of an optical fiber so that the cladding thereof functions as a core, and the air which is an ambient medium functions as a cladding. In such an optical fiber coupler, the branching and combining of light are both performed in the tapered portion. The characteristics of the coupler depend on the condition of fusion between the two optical fibers and the cladding structure such as the shape of the tapered portion, refractive indices of the claddings and cores, and cladding diameter. Generally, two optical fibers having the same structure are often used. In this case, the propagation constants β of the two optical fibers are equal to each other and, therefore, if the coupling length in the tapered portion is selected properly, it is possible to branch all light power propagating in one of the optical fibers into the other optical fiber at a desired wavelength. However, if the two optical fibers are made different in structure, the constants β thereof are different from each other, so that the light power which can be branched is limited in proportion to the difference between the constants β. FIGURE 1 shows that respective wavelength characteristics of propagation constants β of an optical fiber A having a large difference in refractive index between the cladding and core thereof and having small core diameter, and another optical fiber B having a small difference in refractive index between the cladding and core thereof and having a large core diameter. That is, the optical fiber A has a steeper inclination in its characteristic curve and a larger wave-length dependency in its propagation constant. On the other hand, the optical fiber B has a gentle inclination. There should be an accordant point between both the curves. Assuming the wavelength of the accordant point is λ P , the difference in propagation constant β between the optical fibers becomes large as the wavelength becomes far from the wavelength λ P . In the wavelength λ P , at the accordant point, if coupling length in the tapered portion is selected appropriately, it is possible to branch all the light power propagating in one of the optical fibers into the other optical fiber. As described above, if the wavelength of the propagating light is far from the wavelength λ P , the difference in constant β between the two optical fibers becomes large, so that the branching is limited and eventually becomes impossible. As shown in FIGURE 2, the input light power P₀ is propagated from an input terminal of optical fiber 1 and the output light power P₁ is propagated to an output terminal thereof. The branch light power P₂ is branched to the branch optical fiber 2 and propagated to an output terminal thereof. In this case, the wavelength dependency of the branching ratio is shown in Fig. 6. With respect to the branch light power P₂ in the branch optical fiber 2, it is understood that the output shows a characteristic like a band pass filter at the wavelength of 1.31 µm. A specific example of the optical fiber coupler on the basis of the above discussion will be described below. An optical fiber having a portion of pure silica acting as a cladding and another portion Ge-doped so as to increase its refractive index difference by 0.3% to thereby act as a core was used as the optical fiber 1. Another optical fiber having a portion of pure silica acting as a core and another portion F-doped so as to decrease its refractive index difference by 0.3% to thereby act as a cladding was used as the branch optical fiber 2. The parameters of each of the optical fibers were such that the mode thereof was a single-mode, the mode field diameter was about 10 µm, the cut-off wavelength was 1.2µm, and the outer diameter of the cladding was 125 µm. The coating of the optical fiber 1 having the Ge-doped core was partly removed and etched with a fluoric acid so that the outer diameter of the cladding thereof became about 49 µm, and the optical fiber 1 was combined with the branch optical fiber 2 having the pure silica core and an outer diameter of 125 µm. The two optical fibers were fused with each other and then elongated at the fused portion using heat generated by an oxy-hydrogen burner. In elongation, a semiconductor laser with a oscillating wavelength of 1.31 µm was connected to one end of the optical fiber 1 as an input source thereof, and a power meter was connected to the remote end of branch optical fiber 2. The elongation was performed while simultaneously monitoring the branch light power P₂ output of the branch optical fiber 2. The elongation was continued until the branch light power P₂ at the power meter reached a maximum value. The fused and elongated portion was fixed to a quartz case with an adhesive agent and then taken out, thereby making up a coupler. In the fixation to the quartz case, the adhesive agent was applied to the opposite ends of the fused and elongated portion so as not to allow the adhesive agent to make contact with the tapered portion 3. FIGURE 3 shows a schematic view of an optical fiber coupler according to the present invention. The length of the tapered portion 3 is about 30 mm, and the minimum diameter of the fused portion is about 20 µm. FIGURE 5 shows the result of measurement of the wavelength dependency of the insertion loss of this optical fiber coupler. In this measurement, as shown in FIGURE 2, a monochrometer was connected to one end of the optical fiber 1 having the Ge-doped core, and a power meter was connected to the side of the other end of the optical fiber 1 and branch optical fiber 2. While changing the wavelength of incident light, by varying the monochrometer, the output of the power meter was measured so as to measure the wavelength dependency. Thereafter, the optical fiber 1 at the input terminal was cut off and a power meter is connected to the cut-off portion of the optical fiber 1, and the incident power P₀ was measured while changing the wavelength of the incident light in the same manner. Then, the differences (P1-P0) and (P2-P0) were calculated. Thus, an optical fiber coupler showing the same characteristics as that in the above discussion was obtained. As for the propagation constant β, in order to make the wavelength dependency different, it is not always necessary to make the cladding diameters different. As is apparent from the above description, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain an optical fiber coupler having a wavelength selectivity. While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

Claims: An optical fiber coupler comprising: at least first (1) and second (2) constituent single-mode optical fibers for propagating light, each optical fiber having a core and cladding, said claddings having different refractive indices; said constituent fibers having a fused portion (3) at which said optical fibers have been laterally fused together and elongated, the cladding of said first optical fiber (1) having a comparatively high refractive index relative to the cladding of said second optical fiber (2) characterized in that the outer diameter of said first constituent optical fiber being smaller than that of said second optical fiber whereby the resulting fused portion (3) combines and branches propagated light only at a single specified wavelength, said optical fiber coupler thereby acting as a band pass filter. An optical fiber coupler as claimed in claim 1 said first optical fiber has a smaller core diameter than said second optical fiber. An optical fiber coupler as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core of said first optical fiber is Ge-doped so as to increase its refractive index, and the cladding of said second optical fiber is F-doped so as to decrease its refractive index. An optical fiber coupler as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fused portion is of a predetermined length such that the optical coupler has a predetermined performance characteristic at said single specified wavelength. An optical fiber coupler as claimed in claim 1, wherein the coupling length of the tapered portion is such that all input light power propagating in said single specified wavelength is coupled from one of said first and second optical fibers into the other optical fiber. A method of making an optical fiber coupler, comprising the steps of: selecting first and second constituent optical fibers, said optical fibers each having a core and a cladding; fusing together respective lateral portions of said first and second optical fibers together; elongating said fused portion; and monitoring the characteristics of said optical coupler during elongation so as to achieve a desired performance, characterized by further comprising the steps of, initially Ge-doping the core of said first constituent optical fiber so as to increase the refractive index of said core of said fist optical fiber; initially F-doping the cladding of said first optical fiber so as to decrease the refractive index of said cladding of said second optical fiber; and by removing a portion of said cladding of said first optical fiber so as to reduce the outer diameter of said first optical fiber before carrying out said fusing step; and carrying out said monitoring step at only a single specified wavelength thereby enabling the production of an optical fiber coupler which acts as a band pass filter for said single specified wavelength. A method of making an optical fiber coupler as claimed in claim 6, further comprising the step of: stopping the elongation of the fused portion when light propagating through said fused portion at a single specified wavelength reaches a maximum.

Inventors: FUKUMA MASAUMI C O YOKOHAMA WO, SHIGEMATSU MASAYUKI C O YOKOHA, FUKUMA, MASAUMI, C/O YOKOHAMA WORKS OF, SHIGEMATSU, MASAYUKI, C/O YOKOHAMA WORKS OF
Applicants: SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD.
Application year: 1990
Main classification: G02B6
IPC codes: G02B6