ORAL COMPOSITION FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES

Abstract: An oral pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases and the use of certain glucocorticosteroids in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment by the oral route of ulcerative colitis and certain aspects of Crohn's disease.

Description: ORAL COMPOSITION FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES Field of the Invention The present invention relates to oral pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases and the use of certain glucocorticosteroids in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment by the oral route of certain inflammatory bowel diseases. Background of the Invention Inflammatory bowel disease is the term generally applied to two diseases, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology afflicting only the large bowel and, except when very severe, limited to the bowel mucosa. The course of the disease may be continuous or relapsing, mild or severe. It is curable by total colecto y which may be needed for acute severe disease or chronic unremitting disease. Most patients with ulcerative colitis are managed medically rather than surgically. Crohn's disease is also a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology but, unlike ulcerative colitis, it can affect any part of the bowel. Although lesions may start superficially, the inflammatory process extends through the bowel wall to the draining lymph nodes. As with ulcerative colitis, the course of the disease may be continuous or relapsing, mild or severe but, unlike ulcerative colitis it is not curable by resection of the involved segment of bowel. Most patients with Crohn's disease come to surgery at some time, but subsequent relapse is common and continuous medical treatment is usual. For treatment of acute attacks of ulcerative colitis, glucocorticosteroids such as prednisone or prednisolone acetate are almost invariably used and given by mouth for the average acute attack or relapse, or locally, by enema. After remission has been achieved, sulphasalazine is the maintenance treatment of choice in treating ulcerative colitis. This drug, however, has a significant number of side effects chiefly due to absorption of the sulpha- pyridine moiety from the colon. Recently compounds which contain only 5-aminosalicylic acid have been developed; these are as effective as sulphasalazine and do not have the su3.phapyridine side effects but do have side effects of their own, notably diarrhoea. Glucocorticosteroids are, however, not used for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis; doses that do not produce unacceptable side effects are ineffective, and patients who need chronic high dose glucocortico¬ steroids for control of their disease almost invariably are treated by colectomy. As with ulcerative colitis, glucocorticosteroids are the treatment of choice for severe active Crohn's disease, but ideally only to achieve remission, after which they should be stopped. However, all too frequently the disease does not satisfactorily remit, and glucocorticosteroids may be necessary to maintain control of symptoms. Sulphasalazine is also useful in less severe cases, particularly for disease involving the colon. Very often in Crohn's disease, however, primary medical treatment of the disease process is ineffective, and only symptomatic treatment is of value i.e. analgesics for pain and opiates for diarrhoea. Most patients eventually require surgery. Disclosure of the Invention Our studies indicate that the compositions according to the present invention may advantageously be used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis including idiopathic proctitis and certain aspects of Crohn's disease by the oral route. In ulcerative colitis the compositions can be used for the treatment of both active and chronic continuous disease and as relapse preventing treatment (i.e. maintenance therapy once remission has been achieved) . In Crohn's disease the compositions can be used for the treatment of Crohn's colitis in its active phase and as relapse preventing therapy (i.e. maintenance therapy once remission has been achieved) , and for the treatment of the small intestine as relapse preventing treatment (i.e. maintenance therapy) . It has been found that the diseases defined above can be treated using the anti-inflammatory steroids (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregna-l,4- diene-3,20-dione [I], the 22R-epimer of [I], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-9α-fluoro-llβ,21-di- hydroxy-pregna-l,4-diene-3,20-dione [II] , the 22R-epimer of [II], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α, ' 9α-difluoro-llβ,21- dihydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione [III], the 22R-epimer of [III], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ-hydroxy- pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione [IA], the 22R-epimer of [IA], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-9α-fluoro-llβ- hydroxy-pregna-l,4-diene-3,20-dione [IIA], the 22R-epimer of [IIA], the 21-acetate of (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidene- dioxy-6α,9α-difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-fluoropregna-1,4-diene- 3,20-dione [IIIA], the 22R-epimer of [IIIA], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4- ene-3,20-dione [IV], the 22R-epimer of [IV], (22RS)-16α,17α-pentylidenedioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4- ene-3,20-dione [V], the 22R-epimer of [V], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ,21- dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [IVA], the 22R-epimer of [IVA], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-pentylidenedioxy-llβ,21- dihγdroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [VA] , the 22R-epimer of [VA], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ-hydroxy- androsta-1,4-diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VI] , the 20R-epimer of [VI], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-9α-fluoro-llβ- hydroxy-androsta-l,4-diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VII] , the 20R-epimer of [VII], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9α-difluoro-llβ- hγdroxy-androsta-1,4-diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VIII] , the 22R-epimer of [VIII], methyl (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9 -difluoro-llβ- hydroxy-3,20-dioxypregna-l,4-diene-21-oate [IX] and the 22R-epimer of [IX]. Compound [I] has the approved name "budesonide". Compound [I] and its 22R-epimer are particular preferred compounds. Budesonide and compounds [II], [III], [IA], [IIA] and [IIIA] are described and claimed in Swedish Patent Specification 378 109. Budesonide is known to have an anti-inflammatory activity and, compared to prednisone, prednisolone and other glucocorticosteroids, an advantageous ratio between local and systemic effect when administered topically to the skin or to the lungs by inhalation. Budesonide is a potent steroid, which is successfully used when locally treating (via aerosol) asthma and rhinitis. Also controlled trials of budesonide enema for locally treating proctitis and distal ulcerative colitis are in progress (Danielsson A et al: A controlled randomized trial of budesonide versus prednisolone retention enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis, Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 22 :987-992, 1987 and Danielsson A et al: Controlled trial of budesonide enema and placebo in proctitis and distal ulcerative colitis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 24. supplement 159:88). The use of oral budesonide in the treatment of small bowel Crohn's disease in its active phase has been described (Wolman SL: Use of oral budesonide in a patient with small bowel Crohn's disease and previous pseudotumor cerebri secondary to steroids. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 24, Supplement 158:146-147). The characteristic profile of budesonide when used for the treatment of these diseases is a high anti-inflammatory effect at the place of application but a low degree of unwanted systemic glucocorticoid side effects. The low degree of systemic side effects of budesonide is a result of a high first pass liver metabolism transferring budesonide into substantially less active metabolites. Especially the 22R-epimer of budesonide seems to be very promising in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases as hereinbefore defined when orally administered because, compared to budesonide it is more potent, is more rapidly metabolised by the liver and thus less available in the systemic circulation and thereby causing less unwanted systemic effects. The 22R-epimers of compounds [I], [II], [III], [IA], [IIA] and [IIIA] are described and claimed in Swedish Patent. Specification 378 110. Compounds [IV], [V], [IVA], [VA] and the 22R-epimers thereof are described and claimed in European Patent Specification 54010. Compounds [VI], [VII], [VIII] and the 20R-epimerε thereof are described and claimed in European Patent Application 143 764. Compound [IX] and the 22R-epimer thereof are described and claimed in European Patent Application 232 690. We have surprisingly found that the above identified glucocorticosteroids administered by the convenient oral route are of great potential benefit in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases as hereinbefore defined. The above mentioned compounds thus potentially represents a very significant advance over other glucocorticosteroids which exert their effects systemically and other drugs' previously used for the management of Crohn's disease. particularly in avoiding the systemic side effects normally associated with glucocorticosteroid therapy. The high first pass liver metabolism of the drug renders possible its safe use in the maintenance therapy of the disease as well as achieving remission in the acute phase. Although Crohn's disease is not a very common condition, it is a chronic and often debilitating disorder that can benefit from a safer and more effective treatment. In ulcerative colitis, the drug may help to reduce the number of patients having to undergo surgery and in addition, its lack of systemic effects makes it possible to use the drug for maintenance therapy once remission has been achieved. The invention therefore provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the glucocorticosteroids hereinbefore defined for use in the treatment by the oral route of bowel diseases as hereinbefore defined. The invention also provides the use of the glucocortico¬ steroids as hereinbefore defined in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment by the oral route of bowel diseases as hereinbefore defined. The invention further provides a method of treatment of bowel diseases as hereinbefore defined wherein an effective dose of a glucocorticosteroid as hereinbefore defined.is administered by the oral route to a human or animal subject suffering from said bowel disease. In order for the oral composition containing the glucocorticosteroids as hereinbefore defined to be applicable for the treatment of the bowel diseases as hereinbefore defined the composition must be adjusted to this particular purpose. The adjusted composition is a further aspect of the present invention, and it can be used generally when treating ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The transit time through the gastro-intestinal canal for different dosage forms are rather well known. When the dosage form has been emptied from the stomach the transit through the small intestine takes 3 to 5 hours. The residence time in the large intestine is considerably longer, 25 to 50 hours. Ideally, as long as the dosage form remains in the stomach no release should occur. If Crohn's disease in small intestine is going to be treated the release should continue during about 5 hours after the dosage form has left the stomach. If the large intestine is going to be treated the release should ideally start at ceakum, and continue for up to 50 hours. The present invention utilises pharmaceutical formulation techniques to provide compositions of a glucocortico- steroid for treating the inflammatory diseases of the bowel as hereinbefore defined. The glucocorticosteroid must have a chance to reach the inflamed part of the bowel in sufficient concentration and for a sufficient long time to exert it's local action, in the case of Crohn's disease the whole bowel or only the small intestine and in the case of ulcerative colitis the ceakum, colon and the rectum. A multiple unit composition in a capsule has been found suitable for fulfilling the above-mentioned demands. In ulcerative colitis, the composition should be formulated so that the glucocorticosteroid is released preferentially during the passage of the colon. In Crohn's disease in the ileum the composition should be formulated so that the glucocorticosteroid is released preferentially during the passage of the small intestine. This can be accomplished by enteric and/or slow release coating of the units containing the glucocorticosteroid. Such formulations of glucocorticosteroids are novel. The dosage range for treatment of the bowel diseases as hereinbefore defined is suitably 2-20 mg divided into 1 to 4 doses during a 24-hour period. Detailed description The units will have a size between 0.3 and 5 mm, prefer¬ ably a size between 0.5 and 2 mm. The units will be administered in hard gelatine capsules, the size of which will depend on the dose administered. Each unit comprises a core, a first layer on the core and a second layer on the first layer. The core consists of a non-pareil seed to which the glucocorticosteroid is applied or a seed in which the glucocorticosteroid is homogeneously distributed. The excipientε used to prepare the seeds comprise one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable materials, e.g. sugar, starch, icrocrystalline cellulose, waxes and polymeric binding agents. The first layer on the non-pareil seeds comprises the glucocorticosteroid and a water-soluble or water-insoluble polymer which acts both as binder for the glucocorticosteroid and as a rate-limiting layer for release of the glucocorticosteroid. Such polymers may be selected from cellulose derivatives, acrylic polymers and copolymers, vinyl polymers and other high molecular polymer derivatives or synthetic polymers such as methylcelluiose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylme hylcellulose, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, poiyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvidone acetate, poiyvinyl acetate, polymethacrylates and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer or a combination thereof. Preferred film-forming polymers are ethylcellulose or copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters (Eudragit NE, Eudragit RL, Eudragit RS) in aqeuous dispersion form. The optionally first rate-limiting layer on the seeds with homogeneously distributed glucocorticosteroid comprises a water insoluble polymer or a mixture of water insoluble polymers or a mixture of water soluble and water insoluble polymers mentioned above. The polymers in the second layer may be selected from the group of anionic carboxylic polymers suitable for pharma- ceutical purposes and being difficulty soluble at a low pH bu being soluble at a higher pH, the pH limit for solubility being in the interval of pH 4 to pH 7.5, said group comprising cellulose acetate phtalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phtalate, poiyvinyl acetate phtalate and acrylic acid polymers e.g. partly esterfied methacrylic acid polymers such as Eudragit L, Eudragit L100-55 and Eudragit S. These polymers may be used alone or in combination with each other or in combination with water insoluble polymers mentioned before. Preferred polymers are the Eudragits in aqeuous dispersion form. The anionic carboxylic polymer comprises 25 to 100 % of the total polymer content. The coatings may optionally comprise other pharmaceutic- ally acceptable materials which improve the properties of the film-forming polymers such as plasticizers, anti- adhesives, surfactants, and diffusion-accelerating or diffusion-retarding substances. Suitable plasticizers comprise phtalic acid esters, triacetin, dibutylsebacate, monoglycerides, citric acid esters and polyethylenglycols. Preferred plasticizers are acetyltributyl citrate and triethyl citrate. Suitable antiadhesives comprise talc and metal stearates. The amount of the first coating applied on the units is normally in the range between 0.5% and 30% by weight, preferably between 1% and 15%. This amount includes in the relevant case the weight of the steroid as well. The amount of the second coating applied on the units is normally in the range between 1% and 50% by weight, preferably between 2% and 25%, calculated on the weight of the coated units. The remainder constitutes the weight of the seed. The preparation of the controlled release pellet formulation according to the present invention is characterized in that a non-pareil seed is enclosed in a layer of a glucocorticosteroid as hereinbefore defined and a water soluble or water insoluble polymer or a seed with homogeneously distributed glucocorticosteroid as hereinbefore defined is optionally enclosed in a layer of a water insoluble polymer or a mixture of water insoluble polymers or a mixture of water soluble or water insoluble polymers which in turn is enclosed in a membrane of a film-forming anionic carboxylic polymer or a mixture of a film-forming anionic carboxylic polymer and a water insoluble polymer which permits release of the gluco¬ corticosteroid as hereinbefore defined in a manner set out below. The controlled release pellet formulation according to this invention is thus characterized in that the pellet comprises a core consisting of a non-pareil seed or a seed in which a glucocorticosteroid as defined below is homogeneously distributed and in case of a core consisting of a non-pareil seed, a layer of a) a glucocorticosteroid selected from the group consisting of (22RS)-16α,17α- butylidenedioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregna- l,4-diene-3,20-dione [I], the 22R-epimer of [I], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-9α- fluoro-llβ,21-dihydroxy-pregna-l,4- diene-3,20-dione [II], the 22R-epimer of [II], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9α- difluoro-llβ,21-dihydroxy-pregna-l,4- diene-3,20-dione [III], the 22R-epimer of [III], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butγlidene- dioxy-llβ-hydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20- dione [IA], the 22R-epimer of [IA], (22RS)-21-acetoxγ-16α,17α-butγlidene- dioxy-9α-fluoro-llβ-hydroxy-pregna-1,4- diene-3,20-dione [IIA], the 22R-epimer of [IIA], the 21-acetate of (22RS)-21-acetoxy- 16α,17α-butγlidenedioxy-6α,9α-difluoro- llβ-hydroxy-fluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20- dione [IIIA], the 22R-epimer of [IIIA], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxγ-llβ,21- dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [IV] , the 22R-epimer of [IV], (22RS)-16α,17α-pentylidenedioxy-llβ,21- dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [V] , the 22R-epimer of [V] , (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidene- dioxγ-llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20- dione [IVA], the 22R-epimer of [IVA], 5 (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-pentylidene- dioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20- dione [VA] , the 22R-epimer of [VA] , methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 10 llβ-hydroxγ-androsta-l,4-diene-3-one- 17β-carboxγlate [VI], the 20R-epimer of [VI], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 9 -fluoro-llβ-hydroxy-androsta-1,4- 15 diene-3-one-17B-carboxylate [VII], the 20R-epimer of [VII], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 6α,9α-difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-androsta-1 ,4- diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VIII] , 20 the 22R-epimer of [VIII], methyl (22RS)-16 ,17α-butylidenedioxy- 6α,9α-difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-3,20-dioxy- pregna-l,4-diene-21-oate [IX] and the 22R-epimer of [IX] and 25 b) a pharmaceutical acceptable film forming water insoluble or water soluble polymer, or in case of a core consisting of a seed in which a glucocorticosteroid as defined above is 30 homogeneously distributed, an optionally layer of a pharmaceutically acceptable film forming water insoluble polymer or a mixture of water insoluble polymers or a mixture of water soluble and water insoluble polymers and 35 iii) a membrane surrounding said core and layer and containing a pharmaceutically acceptable film- forming anionic carboxylic polymer being difficulty soluble at low pH but being soluble at a higher pH, either alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable film- forming water insoluble polymer, the thickness of said layer or said membrane and/or the ratio of said anionic carboxylic polymer to said insoluble polymer being effective to prevent release of said glucocorticosteroid from said pellet in gastric fluids, but to permit release of said glucocorticosteroid from said pellet in intestinal fluids at a rate allowing treatment of the part of the intestinal tract where the disease resides, i.e. at a rate corresponding to a release time of 1 to 50 hours, preferably 5 to 10 hours when treating the small intestine and 25 to 50 hours when treating the large intestine, said rate being measured in vitro as a dissolution rate of said unit in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, when measured in a flow through cell at 8 mL/min and 37°C substantially corresponds to the following for units intended for treating the small intestine: a) not more than 10%, preferably not more than 5%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after two hours in simulated gastric fluid in said assembly, b) from 15 to 55%, preferably from 20 to 50%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after two hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, c) from 35 to 80%, preferably from 40 to 70%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after four hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly. d) not less than 60, preferably 60 to 90%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after eight hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, e) not less than 80% of the total glucocorticoid steroid is released after twelve hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, and for units intended for treating the large intestine: a) not more than 10%, preferably not more than 5%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after two hours in simulated gastric fluid in said assembly, b) from 5 to 30%, preferably from 10 to 30%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after four hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, c) from 20 to 65%, preferably from 35 to 55%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after twelve hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, d) from 40 to 95%, preferably from 55 to 85%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after twenty-four hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, e) not less than 70%, preferably not less than 80%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after forty-eight hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly. In one embodiment of the composition there is a layer which comprises budesonide or the 22R epimer thereof and a water soluble or water insoluble polymer beneath the membrane surrounding the pellet. In another embodiment of the composition the polymeric material in which budesonide or its 22R epimer is embedded is selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or alternatively from ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters. In still another embodiment of the composition the layer which comprises budesonide or its 22R epimer and a water soluble or water insoluble polymer includes one or more additional components selected from plasticizers, anti- adhesives and surfactants. Working examples The following pharmaceutical compositions can be used in the treatment of bowel diseases according to the invention. Example 1 Budesonide (32.2 g) was suspended in the Aquacoat ECD 30 dispersion (0.70 kg) with the aid of the Poiysorbate 80 (0.42 g) together with acetyltributyl citrate (15.8 g) . The mixture was sprayed on to sugar spheres (10.2 kg) in a fluid bed apparatus. The enteric coating consisting of the Eudragit L100-55 dispersion, ( Eudragit L100-55 (0.558 kg), triethylcitrate (55.8 g) , talc (0.279 kg), Antifoam MMS (0.44 g) and Poiysorbate 80 (2.79 g) ) was then sprayed on the spheres. The pellets were dried in the fluid bed apparatus, sieved and filled in hard gelatine capsules. The finished pellets were then subjected to a dissolution test as follows: Apparatus: Flow-through cells (Sotax Dissotest CE6, equipped with 12 mm cells) at a flow rate of 8 mL/min and at 37°C. Medium: Simulated gastric fluid (SGF), pH 1.2 and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), pH 7.5 according to USP without enzymes. Method: For the dissolution test in simulated gastric fluid, 2.8 g of pellets, and for the test in simulated intestinal fluid, 1.4 g of pellets were placed in the cells and the test commenced. For specified time periods fractions were collected and analyzed for budesonide by a liquid chromatographic method. The percentage dissolution at each time point was calculated. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Dissciution of budesonide of Example 1 Example 2 mg/capsule Budesonide micronized 2.0 Sugar spheres 292 Auquacoat ECD 30 4.8 Acetyltributyl citrate 0.4 Poiysorbate 80 0.01 Eudragit NE30D 17.5 Eudragit S100 17.5 Talc 17.5 Budesonide (3.5 g) was suspended in the Aquacoat ECD 30 dispersion (28.0 g) with the aid of the Poiysorbate 80 (0.02 g) together with acetyltributyl citrate (0.63 g) . The mixture was sprayed on to sugar spheres (510 g) in a fluid bed apparatus. The rate-limiting and enteric coating consisting of Eudragit S100 (30.0 g) and talc (30.0 g) suspended in the Eudragit NE30D dispersion (100 g) with the aid of Poiysorbate 80 (0.3 g) was then sprayed on the spheres. The pellets were dried, sieved and filled in hard gelatine capsules. The finished pellets were then subjected to a dissolution test as follows: Apparatus: Flow-through cells (Sotax Dissotest CE6, equipped with 12 mm cells) at a flow rate of 8 mL/min and at 37°C. Medium: Simulated gastric fluid (SGF), pH 1.2 and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), pH 7.5 according to USP without enzymes. Method: For the dissolution test in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid, 2.8 g of pellets were placed in the cells and the test commenced. For specified time periods fractions were collected and analyzed for budesonide by a liquid chromatographic method. The percentage dissolution at each time point was calculated. The results are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Dissolution of budesonide of Example 2 Example 3 Budesonide (6.69 g) was suspended in the Aquacoat ECD 30 dispersion (56.0 g) with the aid of the Poiysorbate 80 (0.04 g). together with acetyltributyl citrate (1.26 g) . The mixture was sprayed on to sugar spheres (1020 g) in a fluid bed apparatus. The rate-limiting and enteric coating consisting of Eudragit S100 (42.0 g) and talc (42.0 g) suspended in the Eudragit NE30D dispersion (140 g) with the aid of Poiysorbate 80 (0.42 g) was then sprayed on the spheres. The pellets were dried, sieved and filled in hard gelatine capsules. The finished pellets were then subjected to a dissolution test as follows: Apparatus: Flow-through cells (Sotax Dissotest CE6, equipped with 12 mm cells) at a flow rate of 8 mL/min and at 37°C. Medium: Simulated gastric fluid (SGF), pH 1.2 and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), pH 7.5 according to USP without enzymes. Method: For the dissolution test in simulated gastric fluid, 2.8 g of pellets, and for the test in simulated intestinal fluid, 2.1 g of pellets were placed in the cells and the test were placed in the cells and the test commenced. For specified time periods fractions were collected and analyzed for budesonide by a liquid chromatographic method. The percentage dissolution at each time point was calculated. The results are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Dissolution of budesonide of Example 3 Example 4 Budesonide micronized Sugar spheres Auquacoat ECD 30 Acetyltributyl citrate Eudragit NE30D Eudragit S100 Talc Budesonide (0.90 g) was suspended in the Aquacoat ECD 30 dispersion (144 g) together with acetyltributyl citrate (1.82 g). The mixture was sprayed on to sugar spheres (510 g) in a fluid bed apparatus. The rate-limiting and enteric coating consisting of Eudragit Si00 (22.5 g) and talc (22.5 g) suspended in the Eudragit NE30D dispersion (75.0 g) was then sprayed on the spheres. The pellets were dried, sieved and filled in hard gelatine capsules. The finished pellets were then subjected to a dissolution test as follows: Apparatus: Flow-through cells (Sotax Dissotest CE(_, equipped with 12 mm cells) at a flow rate of 8 mL/min and at 37°C. Medium: Simulated gastric fluid (SGF), pH 1.2 and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), pH 7.5 according to USP without enzymes. Method: For the dissolution test in simulated gastric fluid, 2.8 g of pellets, and for the test in simulated intestinal fluid, 2.1 g of pellets were placed in the cells and the test were placed in the cells and the test commenced. For specified time periods fractions were collected and analyzed for budesonide by a liquid chromatographic method. The percentage dissolution at each time point was calculated. The results are shown in Table 4. Table 4 Dissolution of budesonide of Example 4 Absorption data for the budesonide formulation prepared in Example 1 Each of two healthy volunteers took the formulation in Example 1 corresponding to 9 mg of budesonide. Blood samples were drawn at different time-points up to 48 hours after drug administration. Plasma samples were analysed for budesonide by a specific HPLC-RI method. The absorption process was estimated by the numerical point to point deconvolution method on plasma concentration data. The absorption values were scaled to the same final level by dividing the values with the absorption value at the last time-point when absorption was considered complete. The values are presented in Table 1. The absolute bioavailability was 10.8% and 9.6% for the two subjects, respectively. For comparison, the absolute bioavailability of a fast releasing budesonide capsule is 10 to 15%, and the mean absorption time is less than 2 hours. Of the dose absorbed about 30% and 55% was absorbed in the time interval 2 - 12 hours in the two subjects, respectively. Absorption in this time interval probably occurs during the passage of the formulation through ileum, caecum and proximal colon. Table IA Absorption of budesonide of Example 1 Absorption data for the budesonide formulation prepared in Example 2 Each of two healthy volunteers took the formulation in Example 2 corresponding to 20 mg of budesonide. Blood samples were drawn at different time-points up to 72 hours after drug administration. Plasma samples were analysed for budesonide by a specific HPLC-RIA method. The absorption process was estimated by the numerical point to point deconvolution method on plasma concentration data. The absorption values were scaled to the same final level by dividing the values with the absorption value at the last time-point when absorption was considered complete. The values are presented in Table 2. The absolute bioavailability was 3.1% and 2.3% for the two subjects, respectively. For comparison, the absolute bioavailability of a fast releasing budesonide capsule is 10 to 15%, and the mean absorption time is less than 2 hours. Of the dose absorbed about 68% and 67% was absorbed in the time interval 6 - 36 hours in the two subjects, respectively. Absorption in this time interval probably occurs during the passage of the formulation through caecum and colon-rectum. Table 2A Absorption of budesonide of Example 2 Absorption data for the budesonide formulation prepared in Example 3 Each of two healthy volunteers took the formulation in Example 4 corresponding to 20 mg of budesonide. Blood samples were drawn at different time-points up to 72 hours after drug administration. Plasma samples were analysed for budesonide by a specific HPLC-RIA method. The absorption process was estimated by the numerical point to point deconvolution method on plasma concentration data. The absorption values were scaled to the same final level by dividing the values with the absorption value at the last time-point when absorption was considered complete. The values are presented in Table 4. The absolute bioavailability was 6.3% and 4.9% for the two subjects, respectively. For comparison, the absolute bioavailability of a fast releasing budesonide capsule is 10 to 15%, and the mean absorption time is less than 2 hours. Of the dose absorbed about 67% and 71% was absorbed in the time interval 6 - 36 hours in the two subjects, respectively. Absorption in this time interval probably occurs during the passage of the formulation through caecum and colon-rectum. Table 3A Absorption of budesonide of Example 3 Absorption data for the budesonide formulation prepared in Example 4 Each of two healthy volunteers took the formulation in Example 5 corresponding to 20 mg of budesonide. Blood samples were drawn at different time-points up to 72 hours after drug administration. Plasma samples were analysed for budesonide by a specific HPLC-RIA method. The absorption process was estimated by the numerical point to point deconvolution method on plasma concentration data. The absorption values were scaled to the same final level by dividing the values with the absorption value at the last time-point when absorption was considered complete. The values are presented in Table 5. The absolute bioavailability was 16.2% and 3.4% for the two subjects, respectively. For comparison, the absolute bioavailability of a fast releasing budesonide capsule is 10 to 15%, and the mean absorption time is less than 2 hours. Of the dose absorbed about 71% and 44% was absorbed in the time interval 6 - 36 hours in the two subjects, respectively. Absorption in this time interval probably occurs during the passage of the formulation through caecum and colon-rectum. Table 4A Absorption of budesonide of Example 4

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A controlled release pellet formulation for oral administration in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases characterized in that the pellet comprises i) a core consisting of a non-pareil seed or a seed in which a glucocorticosteroid as defined in this claim is homogeneously distributed and ii) in case of a core consisting of a non-pareil seed, a layer of a) a glucocorticosteroid selected from the group consisting of (22RS)-16α,17α- butylidenedioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregna- l,4-diene-3,20-dione [I], the 22R-epimer of [I], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-9α- fluoro-llβ,21-dihγdroxy-pregna-l,4- diene-3,20-dione [II], the 22R-epimer of [II], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9α- difluoro-llβ,21-dihydroxy-pregna-l,4- diene-3,20-dione [III], the 22R-epimer of [III], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidene- dioxy-llβ-hγdroxypregna-1,4-diene- 3,20-dione [IA], the 22R-epimer of [IA], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidene- dioxy-9α-fluoro-llβ-hγdroxy-pregna- 1,4-diene-3,20-dione [IIA], the 22R-epimer of [IIA], the 21-acetate of (22RS)-21-acetoxy- 16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9α- difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-fluoropregna-1,4- diene-3,20-dione [IIIA], the 22R-epimer of [IIIA], (22RS)-16α,17α-butγlidenedioxy-llβ,21- dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [IV] , the 22R-epimer of [IV], (22RS)-16α,17α-pentylidenedioxy- llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 5 [V], the 22R-epimer of [V] , (22RS)-21-acetoxγ-16α,17α-butylidene- dioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene- 3,20-dione [IVA], 10 the 22R-epimer of [IVA], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-pentylidene- dioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene- 3,20-dione [VA] , the 22R-epimer of [VA] , 15 methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxγ- llβ-hydroxy-androsta-l,4-diene-3-one- 17β-carboxylate [VI], the 20R-epimer of [VI], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 20 9α-fluoro-llβ-hydroxy-androsta-l,4- diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VII] , the 20R-epimer of [VII], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 6α,9α-difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-androsta- 25 l,4-diene-3-one-17β-carboxγlate [VIII], the 22R-epimer of [VIII], methyl (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 6α,9α-difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-3,20-dioxy- pregna-l,4-diene-21-oate [IX] and 30 the 22R-epimer of [IX] and b) a pharmaceutical acceptable film forming water insoluble or water soluble polymer or in case of a core consisting of a seed in 35 which a glucocorticosteroid as defined in this claim is homogeneously distributed, an optionally layer of a pharmaceutically acceptable film forming water insoluble polymer or a mixture of water insoluble polymers or a mixture of water soluble and water insoluble polymers, and iii) a membrane surrounding said core and layer and containing a pharmaceutically acceptable film- forming anionic carboxylic polymer being difficulty soluble at low pH but being soluble at a higher pH, either alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable film-forming water insoluble polymer, the thickness of said layer or said memfcrane and/or the ratio of said anionic carboxylic polymer to said insoluble polymer being effective to prevent release of said glucocorticosteroid from said pellet in gastric fluids, but to permit release of said glucocorticosteroid from said pellet in intestinal fluids at a rate allowing treatment of the part of the intestinal tract where the disease resides, i.e. at a rate corresponding to a release time in vivo of 1 to 50 hours, preferably 5 to 10 hours when treating the small intestine and 25 to 50 hours when treating the large intestine. 2. A controlled release pellet formulation for oral administration in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases characterized in that the pellet comprises i) a core consisting of a non-pareil seed or a seed in which a glucocorticosteroid as defined in this claim is homogeneously distributed and ii) in case of a core consisting of a non-pareil seed, a layer of a) a glucocorticosteroid selected from the group consisting of (22R3)-16α,17α- butylidenedioxy-llβ,21- ihydroxypregna- l,4-diene-3,20-dione [Ij, the 22R-epimer of [I], (22RS)-16α,17 -butylidanedioxγ-9α- fluoro-llβ,23-dihγdroxy-pregna-1,4- diene-3,20-dione [II], the 22R-epimer of [II], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9α- 5 difluoro-llβ,21-dihydroxy-pregna-l,4- diene-3,20-dione [III], the 22R-epimer of [III], (22RS)-21-acεtoxy-16α,17α-butγlidene- dioxγ-llβ-hydroxypregna-l,4-diene-3,20- 10 dione [IA], the 22R-epimer of [IA], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidene- dioxy-9α-fluoro-llβ-hydroxy-pregna-1,4- diene-3,20-dione [IIA], 15 the 22R-epimer of [IIA], the 2I-aσetate of (22RS)-21-acetoxy- 16α,17α-butγlidenedioxy-6α,9α-difluoro- llβ-hydroxy-fluoropregna-1,4-diene-3,20- dione [IIIA], 20 the 22R-epimer of [IIIA], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxγ-1lβ,21- dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [IV] , the 22R-epimer of [IV], {22RS)-16α,17 -pentylidenedioxy-llβ,21- 25 dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [V], the 22R-epimer of [V], (22RS)-21-acetoxγ-16α,17α-butylidene- dioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20- dione [IVA], 30 the 22R-εpimer of [IVA], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-pentylidene- dioxy-llβ, 1-dihγdroxypregn-4-ene-3,20- dione [VA] , the 22R-epιmer of [VA], 35 methyl ( 0RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- llβ-hydroxy-androsta-l,4-diene-3-one- 17β-carboxy] te [VI], the 20R-epimer of [VI], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 9α-fluoro-llβ-hydroxγ-androsta-1,4- diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VII] , the 20R-epimer of [VII], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 6α,9α-difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-androsta-1,4- diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VIII], the 22R-epimer of [VIII], methyl (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy- 6α,9α-difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-3,20-dioxy- pregna-l,4-diene-21-oate [IX] and the 22R-epimer of [IX] and b) a pharmaceutical acceptable film forming water insoluble or water soluble polymer or in case of a core consisting of a seed in which a glucocorticosteroid as defined in this claim is homogeneously distributed, an optionally layer of a pharmaceutically acceptable film forming water insoluble polymer or a mixture of water insoluble polymers or a mixture of water soluble and water insoluble polymers, and iii) a membrane surrounding said core and layer and containing a pharmaceutically acceptable film- forming anionic carboxylic polymer being difficulty soluble at low pH but being soluble at a higher pH, either alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable film-forming water insoluble polymer, the thickness of said layer or said membrane and/or the ratio of said anionic carboxylic polymer to said insoluble polymer being effective to prevent release of said glucocorticosteroid from said pellet in gastric fluids, but to permit release of said glucocorticosteroid from said pellet in intestinal fluids at a rate allowing treatment of the part of the intestinal tract where the disease resides, i.e. at a rate corresponding to a release time in vivo of 1 to 50 hours, preferably 5 to 10 hours when treating the small intestine and 25 to 50 hours when treating the large intestine, said rate being measured in vitro as a dissolution rate of said unit in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, when measured in a flow through cell at 8 mL/min and 37°C substantially corresponds to the following for units intended for treating the small intestine: a) not more than 10%, preferably not more than 5%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after two hours in simulated gastric fluid in said assembly, b) from 15 to 55%, preferably from 20 to 50%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after two hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, c) from 35 to 80 %, preferably from 40 to 70% of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after four hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, d) not less than 60, preferably 60 to 90%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after eight hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, e) not less than 80% of the total glucocorticoid steroid is released after twelve hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, and for units intended for treating the large intestine: a) not more than 10%, preferably not more than 5%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after two hours in simulated gastric fluid in said assembly, b) from 5 to 30%, preferably from 10 to 30%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after four hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, c) from 20 to 65%, preferably from 35 to 55%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after twelve 5 hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly, d) from 40 to 95%, preferably from 55 to 85%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after twenty-four hours in simulated intestinal fluid in iθ said assembly, e) not less than 70%, preferably not less than 80%, of the total glucocorticosteroid is released after forty-eight hours in simulated intestinal fluid in said assembly. 15 3. A formulation according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the said membrane is composed of an anionic carboxylic polymer and optionally a water insoluble polymer. 20 4. A formulation according to claim 3, characterized in that the anionic carboxylic polymer comprises 25 to 100% of the total polymer content. 25 5. A formulation according to claims 3 to 4 characterized in that the anionic carboxylic polymer is selected from cellulose acetate phtalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, poiyvinyl acetate phtalate, hydroxy¬ propylmethylcellulose phtalate and partly esterified 30 methacrylic acid polymers. 6. A formulation according to claims 3 to 4 characterized in that the water insoluble polymer is selected from ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, poiyvinyl acetate, 35 ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters. 7. A formulation according to claims 3 to 6 characterized in that the membrane includes one or more additional components selected from plasticizers, anti-adhesives and surfactants. 8. A formulation according to claims 3 to 7 characterized in that the membrane comprises between 1 and 50% and preferably between 2 and 25% of the total weight of the coated pellets. 9. A formulation according to claim 1 characterized in that the glucocorticosteroid is budesonide or the 22R epimer thereof. 10. A formulation according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that beneath said membrane there is a layer which comprises budesonide or the 22R epimer thereof and a water soluble or water insoluble polymer. 11. A formulation according to claim 1 or 2 characterized in that beneath said membrane there is optionally a layer which comprises a water insoluble polymer or a mixture of water insoluble polymers or a mixture of water insoluble and water soluble polymers. 12. A formulation according to claim 10 characterized in that the polymeric material in which budesonide or the 22R epimer thereof is embedded is selected from polyvidone acetate, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or alternatively from ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, poiyvinyl acetate, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer, and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters. 13. A formulation according to claim 11 characterized in that the polymeric material is selected from polyvidone acetate, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or alternatively from ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, poiyvinyl acetate, ethylenevinylacetate copolymer, and copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid esters. 14. A formulation according to claims 10 to 13 characterized in that the layer includes one or more additional components selected from plasticizers, anti- adhesives and surfactants. 15. A formulation according to claims 10 to 14 characterized in that the layer comprises between 0.5 and 30% and preferably between 1 and 15% of the total weight of the coated pellets. 16. A pellet formulation according to claim 1 or 2 charac¬ terized in that said core comprises budesonide or the 22R epimer thereof homogeneously distributed in pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or a non-pareil seed having a diameter preferably between 0.2 and 1.0 mm. 17. A process for the production of a pellet formulation according to any one of claims 1 to 16, which comprises making a core of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients with the glucocorticosteroid as defined in claim 1 homogeneously distributed therein and optionally enclosing this core with a water insoluble polymer or a mixture of water insoluble polymers or a mixture of water soluble and water insoluble polymers or of enclosing a core of a non- pareil seed in a layer of a glucocorticosteroid as defined in claim 1 and a water soluble or water insoluble polymer, and thereafter enclosing the thus coated core in a membrane of a film-forming anionic carboxylic polymer or a mixture of a film-formic anionic caboxylic polymer and a water insoluble polymer which permits release of the glucocorticosteroid in a manner set out in claim 1 or 2. 18. A capsule comprising a formulation of pellets according to any one of claims 1 to 16. 19. Use of a glucocorticosteroid selected from the group consisting of (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregna-l,4- diene-3,20-dione [I], the 22R-epimer of [I], (22RS)-16α,17α-butγlidenedioxy-9α-fluoro-llβ,21-di- hydroxy-pregna-l,4-diene-3,20-dione [II], the 22R-epimer of [II], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9α-difluoro-llβ,21- dihydroxy-pregna-l,4-diene-3,20-dione [III] , the 22R-epimer of [III], (22RS)-21-acetoxγ-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ- hydroxypregna-l,4-diene-3,20-dione [IA], the 22R-epimer of [IA], (22RS)-21-acetoxγ-16α,17α-butylidenedioxγ-9α-fluoro-llβ- hydroxy-pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione [IIA] , the 22R-epimer of [IIA], the 21-acetate of (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidene- dioxy-6α,9α-difluoro-llβ-hydroxy-fluoropregna-1.4-diene- 3,20-dione [IIIA], the 22R-epimer of [IIIA], (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ,21-dihγdroxγpregn-4- ene-3,20-dione [IV], the 22R-epimer of [IV], (22RS)-16α,17α-pentylidenedioxy-llβ,21-dihydroxypregn-4- ene-3,20-dione [V], the 22R-epimer of [V], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-llβ,21- dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [IVA], the 22R-epimer of [IVA], (22RS)-21-acetoxy-16α,17α-pentylidenedioxy-lIβ,21- dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione [VA] , the 22R-epimer of [VA], methyl (20RS)-16α,17 -butylidenedioxy-llβ-hydroxy- androsta-1,4-diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VI] , the 20R-epimer of [VI], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-9α-fluoro-llβ- hydroxy-androsta-l,4-diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VII] , 5 the 2OR-epimer of [VII], methyl (20RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9α-difluoro-llβ- hydroxy-androsta-1,4-diene-3-one-17β-carboxylate [VIII] , the 22R-epimer of [VIII], methyl (22RS)-16α,17α-butylidenedioxy-6α,9α-difluoro-llβ- iθ hydroxγ-3,20-dioxγpregna-l,4-diene-21-oate [IX] and the 22R-epimer of [IX] in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment by the oral route of a bowel disease selected from the group consisting of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's colitis in its 15 active phase, Crohn's colitis in its chronic phase as relapse preventing therapy and Crohn's disease in the small intestine as relapse preventing treatment. 20. Use of a glucococorticoid steroid as claimed in claim 20 19 wherein the bowel disease is ulcerative colitis. 21. Use of a glucocorticosteroid as claimed in claim 19 wherein the glucocorticosteroid is budesonide or the 22R epimer thereof. 25 22. Use of a glucocorticosteroid as claimed in claim 19 wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a controlled release pellet formulation for oral administration as defined in any of claims 1-18. 30

Inventors: ULMIUS JAN, ULMIUS, JAN
Applicants: DRACO AB, AKTIEBOLAGET DRACO
Application year: 1990
Main classification: A61K31
IPC codes: A61K9, A61K31, A61K47, A61P1, A61P29