Signal encoding method and apparatus

Abstract: A signal encoding apparatus (10; 40) for cutting out blocks of an input signal waveform at a predetermined time interval and converting the in-block signal by mutually independent conversion axes for encoding, wherein the waveform cutting block length along the time axis is changed according to the input signal.

Description: This invention relates to a signal encoding method for digital input signals to be transmitted in encoded form, wherein the input signals dependent on a predetermined property thereof are adaptively grouped as signals blocks of a certain block length, the signals of each block are orthogonally converted and are subjected to encoding, and an apparatus for performing this method, the input signal representing voice (audio) or image (video). In an orthogonal conversion employed in conversion encoding which is among the signal compression encoding techniques, there are a discrete Fourier transform (DFT), Hadamard transform, Karhunen Loeve transform (KLT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and Legendre transform. These orthogonal transforms convert the sample values into mutual orthogonal axes for removing (or reducing) correlation among the sample values or concentrating the signal energies to certain coefficients and represent one of the compression artifices for data, such as sound or video image. Among these orthogonal transforms, the above discrete Fourier transform is such a transform in which the signal after the transform is an expression on the frequency axis of the original signal expression on the time axis, so that the control of the S/N ratio on the frequency axis at the time of quantizing the converted signal is facilitated. Thus, in application to voice signals, encoding under utilization of the characteristics of the frequency axis of the human auditory sense is possible so that the S/N ratio may be improved as long as the auditory sense is concerned. In application to video signals, human visual characteristics differ between the low frequency component and the high frequency component so that, after converting the input video signals into these components, encoding suited thereto may be made to realize effective compression. In such orthogonal compression system, conversion on the block-by-block basis is usual, with input signals being divided at predetermined lengths on the time axis or on the frequency axis, with the block length being of a constant value. This block length has been determined in consideration of the statistic properties of the input signals, that is, the properties of typical input signals. For example, in the case of musical signals, the block length is determined on the basis of the above mentioned human auditory properties, whereas, in the case of video signals, the block length is determined on the basis of the human visual properties. However, in effect, actual input signals, such as voice or image signals, are changed in their properties, such as in levels, so conspicuously with time that the preset block length may not be optimum at a certain time. Therefore, when such input signal is orthogonally converted at the predetermined length of the block and the thus converted signal is decoded, the S/N ratio may be degraded. It is known to adaptively change the block length of the orthogonal conversion according to the properties of the digital input signal. From "ICA SSP '89 Proceedings, Vol. 3, pp. 1854-1857", which article is made the basis of the opening part of claim 1, it is known that for each digital input signal based on an image to be transmitted in encoded form the optimal block length is computed based on the actual property thereof in a real time fashion. The implementation of this method would lead to an extremely impractical apparatus, wherein it is to be further considered that data on the selected block length need be transmitted, too. A similar, very theoretical mathematical consideration with respect to voice signals is discussed in IEEE Transactions on ASSP, Vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 322-330. On the other hand, as discussed above, a simple implementation would be possible if only one and constant block length is used. Thus, it is the object of the present invention to allow transmission of encoded digital input signals based on the idea using a block length of a constant value, but adaptable according to the actual properties of the digital input signal, so that the S/N ratio is improved, despite fluctuations in the input signal properties. The solution according to this invention is set forth in claim 1. An apparatus for performing the method of claim 1 is set forth in claim 4. Further advantageous features are set forth in the subclaims. Fig. 1 is a block circuit diagram showing a schematic construction of an apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 2 is a waveform diagram for illustrating the optimum block length of audio signals; and Fig. 3 is a block circuit diagram showing a schematic construction of another embodiment of the present invention. An embodiment of the present invention will be hereinafter explained by referring to the drawings. Fig. 1 shows a general construction of the apparatus embodying the present invention. The basic flow of the signal processing in the apparatus of the present embodiment is briefly explained. That is, referring to Fig. 1, an input signal is supplied to an input terminal 1 of an encoder 10. The signal waveform of this input signal is sequentially stored in buffer memories 11, 12 so as to be supplied from the memories 11, 12 to an orthogonal conversion circuit 17 as a data group blocked at a predetermined time interval. The data at this time are so arranged that the block length cut out along the time axis is changed in accordance with the input signal. In the orthogonal conversion circuit 17, the signal waveform on the block-by-block basis is converted into a signal on the frequency axis that is orthogonal to the time axis. In the apparatus of the present embodiment, the energy value of the signal stored in the buffer memories 11, 12 is computed in energy value computing circuits 13, 14, the energy value is transmitted to a block length determining circuit 15, where the data indicating the block length based on the energy value is formed. The thus formed block length data are transmitted to the orthogonal conversion circuit 17 where the input signal (buffer memory output) is processed by, for example, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) with the block length based on the above mentioned block length data for conversion into signals on the frequency axis. A DFT coefficient is produced from the orthogonal conversion circuit 17 and transmitted to a quantizer 18 where it is quantized and transmitted via output terminal 2 to a terminal 4 of a decoder 30 over a transmission channel. When data outside of the in-block data are necessitated at the time of window processing for cutting out the input signal waveform based on the above mentioned block length data, data exceeding the range of the intrinsic block may be adapted to be forwarded from the buffer memories 11, 12. In the decoder 30, an operation which is the reverse of the above mentioned quantization and orthogonal conversion is performed at the reverse quantizer 31 and the reverse orthogonal converting circuit 32. That is, at the reverse quantizer 31, the DFT coefficient obtained at the quantizer 18 is reverse-quantized and, in the reverse orthogonal conversion circuit 32, the signal is restored from the reverse quantized DFT coefficient. To the reverse orthogonal conversion circuit 32, the above mentioned block length data found at the block length determining circuit 15 of the encoder 10 is supplied via terminal 3, transmission channel and terminal 5 are supplied at this time, so that, in the signal restoration carried out in the reverse orthogonal conversion circuit 32, the DFT coefficient on the block-by-block basis based on the block length data is converted by orthogonal conversion into a signal waveform on the time axis. The signal waveforms on the time axis are sent to a waveform connecting circuit 33 where the signal waveforms are sequentially interconnected so as to be output at the output terminal 6 as the decoded signal. In general, the orthogonal conversion has the characteristics of removing (or diminishing) correlations among sample values or of concentrating signal energies in certain coefficients. For example, in discrete Fourier transform, there is a property that the S/N ratio may be controlled more easily on the frequency axis when quantizing the post-conversion signals, as mentioned above. Hence, with the apparatus of the present example, encoding may be made with utilization of a human auditory sense, in the case of audio signals, so that the S/N ratio in the auditory sense may be improved. However, the audio and video signals have their properties, such as levels, fluctuated drastically with time, as mentioned above, so that, if the signals at the time of fluctuations of the properties are orthogonally converted, it becomes difficult to remove (or reduce) the correlations among the sample values, while it also becomes difficult to control the S/N on the frequency axis. For example, in the case of an audio signal shown in Fig. 2 wherein the signal waveform level or frequency spectrum is changed significantly within a predetermined block length L on the time axis, that is when the time band of the former L/2 in which the signal level is high and the higher harmonics contents of the frequency spectrum are high and the time band of the latter L/2 in which the signal level is low and higher harmonics contents are low, are within the same block length L, and the orthogonal conversion is performed with such block length L, the spectrum component of the former time band will be dispersed into the latter time band upon encoding such signal. In view thereof, the apparatus of the present example is provided with buffer memories 11, 12 having a memory capacity corresponding to, for example, L/2 of the memory capacity with respect to the block length L. That is, audio signals, for example, are supplied to an input terminal 1 of the present example, and the audio signals are stored by a volume corresponding to the block length L/2 in the buffer memory 11. The data stored in the buffer memory 11 are then supplied to a changeover switch 16 which is opened and closed in a controlled manner based on the block length data from the block length determining circuit 15 and then to a buffer memory 12 having the memory capacity corresponding to L/2 of the block length, where it is stored, at the same time that the next data are stored in the buffer memory 11. The energy values of the signals stored in the buffer memories 11 and 12 are computed in the energy value computing circuits 13, 14 and these energy value data are supplied to the block length determining circuit 15. The two energy values are compared with each other in the block length determining circuit 15. When the difference between the two energy values is more than a predetermined value, that is when one of the energy values is larger by a predetermined value than the other, and when the difference between the two energy values is less than a predetermined value, the corresponding block length data are output. That is, the block length determining circuit 15 outputs data controlling the changeover switch 16 off when the difference between the two energy values is large and controlling the switch 16 on when the difference between the two energy values is small to transmit data. The above mentioned block length data are also supplied to the orthogonal conversion circuit 17 to effect orthogonal conversion on the basis of the block length data. With the above construction, the sample of the block length L is usually subjected to orthogonal conversion with the changeover switch 16 in the "on" state. That is, when the difference between the above two energy values is small, the changeover switch 16 is turned on, so that the data from the buffer memories 11, 12 are supplied simultaneously to the orthogonal converting circuit 17. In this circuit 17, data of the buffer memories 11, 12 are subjected to orthogonal conversion with the block length L on the basis of the block length data. In this case, there are no signals in one and the same block that are fluctuated significantly in their properties so that the correlations between the samples may be removed (or diminished) during orthogonal conversion to improve the S/N ratio. Conversely, when the signal fluctuations within the block length L are increased within the block length L, the samples with the block length equal to L/2 are subjected to orthogonal conversion with the changeover switch 16 off. That is, when the difference between the above two energy values is large, the changeover switch 16 is turned off, so that only data from the buffer memory 12 are supplied to the orthogonal conversion circuit 17, so that signals having the properties markedly changed cannot exist in one and the same block. In this case, too, the correlation between the sample values may be eliminated (or diminished) at the time of orthogonal conversion to improve the S/N ratio. The frequency spectra may similarly be detected and compared besides the energy values per each divided block L/2. Also, with the above mentioned apparatus, the number of the buffer memories may be increased to more than 2 to increase the number of steps of changes of the block length to deal more delicately with fluctuations in the input signal properties. With the above described embodiment, even with the voice or video signals, which are likely to be changed significantly with time as to levels or frequency spectra, the S/N ratio may be improved without degrading the S/N ratio of the decoded signal to obtain high quality decoded signals. Meanwhile, with the above embodiment of Fig. 1, L/2 sample data are supplied in parallel to the orthogonal conversion circuit 17 from the buffer memories 11, 12, for clarifying the variable block length operation. However, the present invention may also be applied to a case in which serial input data are converted into blocks in the orthogonal conversion circuit for orthogonal conversion. An example is shown in Fig. 3. In this figure, input signals via input terminal 1 of the encoder 40 are sequentially stored in the buffer memory 41. In the block length determining circuit 43, signals in the buffer memory 41 are analyzed to determine the block length of the discrete Fourier transform effected in the orthogonal conversion circuit 47 to output the block length data. This block length data is supplied to a waveform cutting circuit 42 where the necessary data are taken out sequentially from the past ones from the buffer memory 41 on the basis of the block length data to perform window processing. The waveform cutting block length may be capable of being switched between L and L/2 as mentioned above while the waveform cutting block length may be divided to be finer than L/2 to increase the number of steps of changes in the block length. The thus cut data are transmitted to an orthogonal conversion circuit 47 adapted to achieve discrete Fourier transform on the basis of the above block length data to produce the DFT coefficient from the circuit 47 and the quantizing operation is performed in a quantizer 48. The encoding operation and the construction in Fig. 3 are the same as those of Fig. 1 so that the same numerals are affixed to the corresponding portions and the description is omitted. As described above, with the arrangement of encoding serial signals into codes, the effect similar to that of Fig. 1 may be realized by changing the block length of orthogonal conversion within the orthogonal conversion circuit 47 on the basis of the block length data. The orthogonal conversion may be made not only by discrete Fourier transform but by Hadamard transformer, Karhunen Loeve transform (KLT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) or Legendre transform.

Claims: A signal encoding method for digital input signals to be transmitted in encoded form, wherein the input signals dependent on a predetermined property thereof are adaptively grouped as signal blocks of a certain block length, the signals of each block are orthogonally converted and are subjected to encoding, characterized in that the input signals are grouped as signal blocks of a predetermined constant block length (L), which depends on the statistic properties of a typical input signal, each signal block is divided into at least two subblocks, actual properties of each subblock are determined separately, the determined actual properties of the subblocks of one signal block are compared, and, if the comparison shows a significant change of properties between the subblocks of one signal block, converting, encoding and transmitting of at least one subblock is inhibited, otherwise all subblocks of one signal block are simultaneously converted, encoded and transmitted. The method of claim 1, wherein the actual property is the energy of the digital input signals. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein each signal block is divided into two subblocks of equal block length (L/2). A signal encoding apparatus for performing the method of any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising a buffer memory means (11, 12; 41) receiving and storing therein subsequent digital input signals to be transmitted in encoded form, the common capacity of said buffer memory means (11, 12) corresponding to a predetermined constant block length (L), which depends on the statistic properties of a typical input signal, computing means (13, 14; 43) connected to said buffer memory means (11, 12; 41) for separately determining and computing the value of an actual property of subblocks of the stored digital input signals, comparing means (15) for comparing the respective values, means (17, 18) for orthogonally converting, encoding and transmitting the digital input signals stored in said buffer memory means (11, 12) and transmitted therefrom to said means (17, 18), selecting means (16; 42) for inhibiting the transmission of at least one subblock of said digital input signals stored in said buffer memory means (11) to said means (17, 18), if the comparison shows a significant change of said computed values. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said buffer memory means comprises at least two buffer memories (11, 12) and said selecting means comprises a switch means (16) switching off the transmission from at least one of said buffer memories (11, 12), if to inhibit said transmission. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said selecting means is a waveform cutting means (42) taking out sequentially the stored digital input signals and performing a window processing based on the comparison. The apparatus of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the actual property is the energy of the digital input signals. The apparatus of any one of claims 4 to 7, wherein the buffer memory means (11, 12; 41) and the selecting means (16; 42) are adapted to inhibit the transmission of the stored digital input signals corresponding to the half (L/2) of one block length (L).

Inventors: AKAGIRI KENZO, AKUNE MAKOTO, FUJIWARA YOSHIHHITO, IWAHASHI NAOTO, NISHIGUCHI MASAYUKI, AKAGIRI, KENZO,, AKUNE MAKOTO,, FUJIWARA, YOSHIHHITO,, IWAHASHI, NAOTO,, NISHIGUCHI, MASAYUKI,, AKAGIRI, KENZO, C/O SONY CORPORATION, AKUNE MAKOTO, C/O SONY CORPORATION, FUJIWARA, YOSHIHHITO, C/O SONY CORPORATION, IWAHASHI, NAOTO, C/O SONY CORPORATION, NISHIGUCHI, MASAYUKI, C/O SONY CORPORATION
Applicants: SONY CORP, SONY CORPORATION
Application year: 1990
Main classification: H03M7
IPC codes: H03M7