Non-invasive examination apparatus and methods

Abstract: A patient (B) is disposed in a region of interest of a magnetic resonance apparatus (A). During an imaging sequence, changing magnetic field gradients and radio frequency pulses are applied to the region of interest. The changing magnetic field gradients induce a corresponding electrical response in the patient. Electrodes (40) of a cardiac monitor (C) sense the electrocardiographic signal of the patient as well as the electrical response to the magnetic field gradient changes, and the monitor (C) produces an output signal having a cardiac component and a noise component. The bandwidth of the noise component varies in accordance with the changes of the magnetic field gradients. An adaptive filter (80) filters the output signal to remove the changing magnetic field gradient induced noise. The bandwidth of the filter function with which the output signal is filtered is varied or adjusted in accordance with the magnetic field gradient changes. The magnetic field gradient changes are monitored (84), their rate of change determined (88), and the bandwidth of the filter function is adjusted (92) in accordance with the rate of change. Alternately, the magnetic field gradient changes are determined a priori from a knowledge of the imaging sequence. As the imaging sequence progresses, a look-up table (150) is addressed to retrieve preprogrammed filter function information for various views or stages of the imaging sequence.

Description: This invention relates to non-invasive examination apparatus and methods. It finds particular application in conjunction with cardiac and respiratory gated magnetic resonance imaging and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it is to be appreciated that the invention has application in other non-invasive examination techniques in which the examination is controlled, gated, or modified in accordance with anatomical motion. Magnetic resonance imaging sequences commonly include the application of a radio frequency pulse concurrently with a slice select pulse in order to excite magnetic resonance in a selected slice of the patient or subject. A phase encode gradient pulse is applied to encode phase into the resonating nuclei. Another radio frequency pulse is applied, either before or after, the phase encode gradient pulse, to invert the magnetic resonance and cause a magnetic resonance echo. A read gradient pulse is applied during the echo to provide a second dimension of encoding in the retrieved magnetic resonance signal or view. Commonly, this sequence is repeated a multiplicity of times, each time with a different amplitude phase encode gradient in order to generate a corresponding multiplicity of differently phase encoded views. Anatomical movement, such as cardiac and respiratory motion tend to degrade the resultant images. The amount of degradation is related to the amount or magnitude of physiological displacement from view to view, the rate of movement, and the like. Various anatomical condition monitors have been utilized to control the collection, processing, or use of magnetic resonance and other non-invasive imaging data in accordance with physiological motion. See for example U.S. Patent Nos. 4,763,075 (Weigert) and 4,545,384 (Kawachi). A patient's cardiac cycle is normally sensed with electrocardiographlc electrodes mounted to the patient's skin and connected by electrical leads with processing circuitry. In magnetic resonance imaging, the changing gradient magnetic fields induce an electrical response in the patient as well as in the electrocardiographic leads. This electrical response becomes superimposed on the electrocardiographic signal. Conventionally, the magnetic resonance field gradients were applied as square pulses. A square pulse is the sum of sine waves - predominantly high frequency sine waves. The frequency content of the noise induced by square gradient pulses was significantly higher than the R-wave portion of the cardiac signal, the highest frequency portion of a normal cardiac signal. This difference in frequency enabled the R-wave and the gradient pulse induced noise to be separated, e.g. with a slew rate filter. One of the problems with square gradient pulses is that they are relatively energy consumptive. It has been found that utilizing more rounded gradient pulses produces equally good images, but with significantly less energy. However, rounding the square wave pulses has reduced their frequency content. More significantly, the electrical response induced in the patient and leads by the rounded gradient pulses includes significant components that have a frequency in the same range as the frequency of the R-wave. It is an object of the present invention to provide a non-invasive examination apparatus and method wherein the above problems are overcome. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a non-invasive examination apparatus comprising: means for non-invasively examining an internal region of a subject and generating examination signals indicative of said region; condition monitoring means for monitoring a condition of said subject and producing an output signal that includes a monitored condition signal component and a noise component, which noise component is attributable to said means for non-invasively examining and has a frequency bandwidth which changes with changing parameters of the non-invasive examination; and filter means for filtering said output signal, characterised in that said filter means comprises adaptive filter means,which filters said output signal with a filter function, and filter function changing means, which adjusts the frequency bandwidth of the filter function of the adaptive filter means in accordance with the frequency bandwidth of said noise component. According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a non-invasive examination method comprising the steps of: subjecting a region of interest of a subject to a main magnetic field, magnetic field gradients across the region of interest, and radio frequency signals to excite selected dipoles within the region of interest to magnetic resonance; monitoring an anatomical condition of the subject and producing an output signal which includes an anatomical condition component and a noise component, which noise component is attributable to the non-invasive examination and has a frequency bandwidth which changes with changing parameters of the non-invasive examination; filtering said output signal with a filter function to filter said noise component and pass said anatomical condition component; and monitoring magnetic resonance signals emanating from the resonating dipoles in the region of interest, characterised in that the filter function with which said output signal is filtered has a frequency bandwidth which is varied in accordance with said frequency bandwidth of the noise component. One advantage of the present invention is that the imposed filtering is adaptive. That is, the amount of filtering varies as needed for each monitored cardiac cycle. Another advantage of the present invention is that it facilitates the use of less power consumptive rounded gradient pulses in conjunction with anatomical monitoring and gating. Another advantage of the present invention is that it eliminates over filtering. Each cardiac pulse is filtered only to the extent necessary. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 6 (1988), pages 240-245 describes the use of a time-varying filter electrocardiographic gating device to reduce NMR-induced gradient artifacts during NMR imaging of cardiac patients. The device switches between high and low pass filters such that the time of onset and duration of the filtering of the low pass filter is controlled to coincide with the time of onset and duration of the induced gradient artifacts. WO-A-87/00922 describes an NMR imaging apparatus wherein NMR scans are initiated in response to the detection of a preselected portion of a patient's cardiac cycle. A signal indicative of the NMR magnetic field gradients is provided to the gating means to prevent the initiation during the application of magnetic field gradients. The respiratory cycle of the patient is monitored, and processing of image data only permitted during a window of the cycle selected as a function of the phase encoding. One non-invasive examination apparatus and method in accordance with the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of the apparatus; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a cardiac and pulmonary monitoring apparatus of the apparatus of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a cardiac and pulmonary signal processing apparatus of the apparatus of Figure 1; and Figure 4 illustrates a modification of the signal processing apparatus of Figure 3. Referring to FIGURE 1, a non-invasive examination apparatus A , such as a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, receives a subject, particularly a patient B who is to undergo a non-invasive examination. A monitoring means C is disposed adjacent the subject and interconnected with a remote condition signal processing means D . The monitoring means monitors a preselected condition of the subject, such as cardiac and respiratory cycles or other anatomical conditions. An output signal from the monitor conveys monitored condition information on which a noise component attributable to changing non-invasive examination parameters is superimposed. The processing means D derives monitored condition information, such as anatomical motion and cardiac gating information from the received data. The processing means also filters the output signal with an adaptive filter function that is regularly readjusted during each examination to provide the most appropriate filter function for removing the currently induced noise component. The information is conveyed to the magnetic resonance imaging apparatus A for use in controlling the timing of the imaging sequence, the processing of collected resonance data, the collection or filtering of magnetic resonance data, and the like. The magnetic resonance imaging apparatus includes a main magnetic field controller 10 which controls resistive or superconducting main magnetic field coils 12 to generate a substantially uniform magnetic field longitudinally through an imaging region. A magnetic field gradient control means 14 applies appropriate current pulses to gradient field coils 16 to create gradients across the main magnetic field. The exact nature and sequence of the gradients is determined by which of the many magnetic imaging sequences is chosen. A radio frequency transmitter 20 generates magnetic resonance excitation, inversion, and manipulation pulses which are applied to a radio frequency coil 22 . The gradient and radio frequency pulse sequences are conventional in the art. A radio frequency receiver 24 receives radio frequency magnetic resonance signals from the subject in the examination region. The resonance signals may be picked up by the radio frequency coil 22 or by localized reception coils (not shown). A reconstruction means 26 utilizes a two dimensional inverse Fourier transform or other known algorithm to construct an electronic image representation from the received magnetic resonance signals. Generally, each echo or other signal is reconstructed into one view, which views are summed into an image memory 28 . Completed images in the image memory may be displayed on a video display monitor 30 , subject to further processing, or archived on tape or disk. A magnetic resonance sequence control means 32 controls the timing with which the gradient field control means and the radio frequency transmitter apply gradient and radio frequency pulses in order to implement one of the conventional magnetic resonance imaging sequences. The timing or spacing between repetitions of the pulse sequence may be adjusted such that each sequence is taken within a preselected range of anatomical motion. Alternately, the radio frequency receiver 24 or the reconstruction means 26 may be controlled to discard data taken during inappropriate ranges of anatomical movement, subject such data to heavier filtering, replace such data with the average of adjoining views, or the like. With reference to FIGURE 2, the patient monitor means C includes a first condition detector, in the preferred embodiment, ECG electrodes 40 for monitoring the patient's cardiac cycle and generating an electrocardiogram signal indicative thereof. The electrodes, which are attached to the patient in a known manner, pick up not only electrocardiogram signals but also electrical signals induced in a current loop including the patient's body and the electrodes by the changing magnetic field gradients. The output signal of the monitor thus has this gradient induced noise superimposed on the cardiac information. A second anatomical condition detector, in the preferred embodiment a respiratory cycle monitoring means 42 , monitors the patient's respiratory cycle. The respiratory monitor is an air-filled elastomeric belt which expands and contracts with the patient's breathing. The expansion and contraction causes corresponding changes in air pressure that are converted into electrical signals indicative of the patient's respiratory cycle by a bridge circuit 44 . A protection circuit 46 filters RF signals sensed by the electrodes, as well as limits the amount of current that would flow through the leads in the event of defibrillation of the patient. An amplifier 48 adjusts the magnitude of the cardiac signals. A slew rate limiting means 50 filters or removes high frequency components that are not normally found in cardiac signals but which are commonly induced as noise in the magnetic resonance imaging environment. A DC correction means 52 removes DC offset. The balanced bridge pressure to electrical signal transducer 44 includes a bridge circuit 54 across which an oscillator 56 applies a two kilohertz carrier signal. The carrier signal modulates the respiratory signal to bring it into a frequency range that is readily separated from the cardiac signals. A beat pattern or amplitude variation of the modulated signal carries the encoded respiratory cycle data. An amplifier 58 amplifies the modulated signal and a band pass filter 60 removes noise and distortion signal components. A summing means 62 adds or combines the respiratory and cardiac signals with other superimposed noise to produce the output signal. A fiber optic transmitter 64 converts the output signal into an optical signal for generating a light or other non-electric signal. In the preferred embodiment, the frequency of light signals from a light source is modulated in proportion to the magnitude of the voltage of the output signal from the combining means 62 and conveyed along a fiber optic transmission line 66 . With reference to FIGURE 3, a light signal receiver 70 receives the light signal from the optic transmission cable 66 and produces a corresponding electrical combined respiratory and cardiac data with superimposed gradient noise signal. A low pass filter 72 and a high pass filter 74 separate the cardiac and respiratory signal components. Optionally, when other anatomical conditions are monitored or when the anatomical conditions are digitally or differently encoded, other signal component separating means may be employed. An adaptive filter means 80 filters the received cardiac signal with an adjustable filter function in accordance with the concurrently occurring view. A filter function changing means 82 adjusts the filter function of the filter means in accordance with the correspondingly changing gradient. The electrical pulses from the gradient field control means 14 to the x, y, and z-gradient coils are monitored and adjusted to an appropriate magnitude by differential amplifiers 84x , 84y , and 84z . A summing means 86 sums the three gradients to provide an output signal indicative of the total gradient applied. The induced patient voltage and the monitored noise component vary in proportion with the rate of change of the gradient field. Hence, the amount of noise superimposed on the corresponding cardiac signal also varies with the rate of change of the gradients. A gradient field rate of change determining means 88 , such as a differentiator, determines the rate of change of the total of the gradient fields. A low pass filter 90 removes stray, high frequency components and a full wave rectifier 92 rectifies the rate of change signal to produce a filter selection signal whose voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the gradient magnetic fields. The bandwidth of the noise varies with the rate of gradient change. Hence, the rate of change determining means 88 effectively determines the bandwidth of the noise component. The filter function selected by the filter changing means 82 is selected or varied in accordance with the frequency components of the magnetic field gradient pulses and varies with the nature of the gradient field pulses applied by each individual magnetic resonance scanner. In the preferred embodiment, the signal processing is performed using analog components. Alternately, the signal processing may be performed on a digitized signal using digital signal processing components. Appropriate guidelines and mathematics for calculating an appropriate filter function for each gradient pulse are to be found in Oppenheim, Alan V. and Shafer, Ronald W., Digital Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall, 1975, or numerous other texts on digital signal processing. In general, the bandwidth of the filter function or the amount of filtering around the frequencies of the R-wave is adjusted in proportion to the filter selection signal from the filter selection means 82 . When the rate of gradient change is large, the cardiac signal is heavily filtered to remove what is anticipated to be substantial noise. When the gradient change rate is relatively small, the cardiac signal is lightly filtered or not filtered at all because the anticipated noise components are relatively small. The filter selection means 82 varies the bandwidth of the filter function proportionally to the bandwidth of the noise. In this manner, the filter function is adjusted to match the bandwidth of the noise that is superimposed on the cardiac signal. In the preferred embodiment, detection of the occurrence of an ECG R-wave is based on the derivative of the ECG signal and three detection criteria. A derivative means 100 detects the rate of change of the filtered cardiac signal. A rectifier means 102 provides an output signal that is proportional to the rate of change and an indication of the polarity of the change. The first detection criteria consists of a threshold detector 104 which detects when the magnitude of the rectified signal from rectifier 102 exceeds a predetermined value indicating the imminent occurrence of an R-wave. Once the threshold has been exceeded, a second detection criteria consisting of a timing means 106 is started which is preset for a period of time during which a zero crossing of the derivative should occur. A zero window means 108 searches for the next occurrence of the derivative signal within a prescribed value around zero. An AND means 110 produces an output signal if a zero occurs as detected by the zero window means 108 within the time prescribed by the timing means 106 . A polarity change detection means 112 receives the polarity signal from the rectifier means. Once the threshold detector 104 is enabled, the polarity of the derivative of the ECG signal is saved in the polarity change detection means 112 . The output of the change detection means 112 changes to a high logic state when the polarity of the derivative of the ECG signal has changed from positive to negative or negative to positive. The output of the AND means 110 starts a third detection criteria consisting of a second timing means 114 which is preset for a period of time during which the derivative of the ECG signal must change polarity. A second AND means 116 produces an output if the polarity of the ECG signal changes polarity within the time period prescribed by the timing means 114 such that only the apex of the R-wave and not other portions of the cardiac cycle provide an output signal. The respiratory signal from the high pass filter 74 is separated from the carrier signal by a demodulator 120 . DC correction circuit 122 establishes a zero level for subsequent peak detection. A comparator means 124 provides logic high output when the respiratory signal is negative in polarity. A negative peak detection means 126 detects the negative peaks of the inverted respiratory signal and gates a sample and hold circuit 128 in accordance therewith. A multiplying means 130 reduces the sampled peak signal by a preselected percentage, e.g. 70%. A second sample and hold circuit 132 stores the percentage of the peak value when a one shot circuit 134 is triggered by a change in polarity of the respiratory signal from negative to positive as indicated by the comparator means 12 4. A comparing means 136 compares the present value of the respiratory signal with the threshold value from the second sample and hold 132 . When the actual respiratory signal is less than the threshold, an enable or high signal is produced which allows data to be taken, accepted, or processed. When the actual respiratory signal is greater than the threshold level, a low signal is produced to block the collection of data or cause collected data to be discarded. This enable/blocking or respiratory gating signal provides a window within which received data may contribute to the resultant image representation. optionally, data from outside the window may be filtered or otherwise subject to different processing and still contribute to the resultant image. A selector switch means 140 selects whether the monitor supplies the cardiac signal and the cardiac gating signal or the respiratory signal and the respiratory gating signal to the scanner A . Buffer amplifiers 142 and 144 amplify the selected signals which are transmitted to the sequence control means 32 or other parts of the scanner. With reference to FIGURE 4, in a given magnetic resonance imaging sequence, the gradients which are being applied with each view are known in advance. Thus, rather than deriving the filter function adjustment on the fly from the sensed gradients, filter functions may be precalculated and retrieved in accordance with the most recently preceding view. That is, the sequence control means 32 may provide a digital signal indicative of the view number to a filter function look-up table 150 . The look-up table is preprogrammed in accordance with the magnetic field gradients that are to be applied in each of the numbered views to designate the appropriate corresponding filter function. The corresponding filter function is retrieved from a filter function memory or calculating means 152 . The entire filter function may be stored in the memory 152 , selected filter functions may be stored, and others interpolated, or the guide lines for calculating the filter function may be stored in the memory 152 . For example, the view number may be the most significant bits of the look-up table address and the least significant bits may be from a timing clock that is reset at the beginning of each view. The filter function retrieved from the filter function memory or source 152 is loaded into the filter means 80 and used to process portions of the cardiac signal that are received until the next filter function is addressed or designated.

Claims: A non-invasive examination apparatus comprising: means (A) for non-invasively examining an internal region of a subject (B) and generating examination signals indicative of said region; condition monitoring means (C) for monitoring a condition of said subject (B) and producing an output signal that includes a monitored condition signal component and a noise component, which noise component is attributable to said means (A) for non-invasively examining and has a frequency bandwidth which changes with changing parameters of the non-invasive examination; and filter means (82, 80) for filtering said output signal, characterised in that said filter means (82, 80) comprises adaptive filter means (80), which filters said output signal with a filter function, and filter function changing means (82), which adjusts the frequency bandwidth of the filter function of the adaptive filter means (80) in accordance with the frequency bandwidth of said noise component. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein: said means (A) for non-invasively examining comprises means (A) for subjecting said region to changing magnetic fields and radio frequency signals in order to induce magnetic resonance of selected nuclei in said region; said condition monitoring means (C) comprises cardiac monitoring means (40, 46, 48, 50, 52, 64) operatively connected with said subject (B), said monitored condition signal component comprising an electrocardiographic signal, said changing parameters comprising said changing magnetic fields; and said means (A) for non-invasively examining further comprises receiving means (22) for receiving magnetic resonance signals from said region, and sequence control means (32) for controlling the application of magnetic field gradients and radio frequency pulses and the processing of received magnetic resonance signals, the sequence control means (32) being operatively connected with said filter means (82, 80) to control at least one of said processing and said application in accordance with the filtered output signal. An apparatus according to Claim 2 wherein said filter function changing means (82) includes: means (84x, 84y, 84z) for monitoring magnetic field gradients applied to said region; means (86, 88) for determining a noise bandwidth corresponding to the gradients; and means (90, 92) for adjusting the bandwidth of the filter function of said adaptive filter means (80) in accordance with the corresponding noise bandwidth. An apparatus according to Claim 2 wherein the sequence control means (32) causes the application of a preselected sequence of gradient pulses across said region and wherein the filter function changing means (82) includes look-up table means (150) which is addressed by the gradient pulses of said sequence to designate a corresponding filter function and a filter function source (152) for supplying the filter function designated by the look-up table means (150) for filtering said output signal. An apparatus according to Claim 2 or Claim 3 or Claim 4 wherein said cardiac monitoring means (40, 46, 48, 50, 52, 64) is disposed within the changing magnetic fields closely adjacent said region, said cardiac monitoring means (40, 46, 48, 50, 52, 64) including an optical transmitter (64) for converting said output signal into an optical signal which is transmitted to optical receiving means (70) disposed remote from said region, the optical receiving means (70) converting the optical signal back to an electrical signal, the optical receiving means (70) being operatively connected with said filter means (82, 80). An apparatus according to Claim 5 further including: second anatomical condition monitoring means (42, 44, 54, 56, 58, 60) which generates a second output signal comprising a second anatomical condition signal; combining means (62) for combining the first mentioned output signal and the second output signal, the combining means (62) being operatively connected with the optical transmitter (64) such that the first and second output signals can be transmitted to the optical receiving means (70); and separating means (72, 74) operatively connected with the optical receiving means (70) for separating the first and second output signals. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein: said means (A) for non-invasively examining comprises a magnetic resonance apparatus (A) including main magnetic field means (10, 12) for creating a substantially uniform main magnetic field through said region, gradient field means (14, 16) for causing magnetic field gradients across said region, a radio frequency transmitter (20, 22) for transmitting radio frequency signals into said region for exciting magnetic resonance, receiving means (24) for receiving magnetic resonance signals emanating from said region, and reconstruction means (26, 28, 30) for reconstructing an image representation from the received magnetic resonance signals; said parameters comprise said magnetic field gradients across said region; and said filter means (82, 80) filters said noise component from said condition signal component. An apparatus according to Claim 7 wherein the filter function changing means (82) includes gradient monitoring means (84x, 84y, 84z, 86, 88, 90, 92 or 32) operatively connected with the gradient field means (14, 16) for providing a gradient signal that varies in accordance with changes in the magnetic field gradients across said region, the changes in the magnetic field gradients being indicative of the bandwidth of said noise component of said output signal, the filter function of the adaptive filter means (80) including a band pass filter function that is adjusted in accordance with said bandwidth of said noise component. An apparatus according to Claim 8 wherein said gradient signal adjusts the bandwidth of the filter function of the adaptive filter means (80). An apparatus according to Claim 8 wherein said filter function changing means (82) further includes a preprogrammed look-up table (150) which is addressed by said gradient signal to select a filter function for the adaptive filter means (80) corresponding to the applied magnetic field gradients; and filter function source means (152) for supplying the selected filter function for the adaptive filter means (80). A non-invasive examination method comprising the steps of: subjecting a region of interest of a subject (B) to a main magnetic field, magnetic field gradients across the region of interest, and radio frequency signals to excite selected dipoles within the region of interest to magnetic resonance; monitoring an anatomical condition of the subject (B) and producing an output signal which includes an anatomical condition component and a noise component, which noise component is attributable to the non-invasive examination and has a frequency bandwidth which changes with changing parameters of the non-invasive examination; filtering said output signal with a filter function to filter said noise component and pass said anatomical condition component; and monitoring magnetic resonance signals emanating from the resonating dipoles in the region of interest, characterised in that the filter function with which said output signal is filtered has a frequency bandwidth which is varied in accordance with said frequency bandwidth of the noise component. A method according to Claim 11 further including the step of reconstructing an image representation from magnetic resonance signals received from excited dipoles in the region of interest. A method according to Claim 11 or Claim 12 further including the step of controlling at least one of the application of magnetic field gradients and RF signals and the processing of magnetic resonance signals in accordance with said anatomical condition component. A method according to Claim 11 or Claim 12 or Claim 13 wherein the anatomical condition monitoring step includes electrically sensing electrocardiographic signals from the subject (B) and noise signals induced in the subject (B) by changing the magnetic field gradients. A method according to any one of Claims 11 to 14 wherein said frequency bandwidth of said filter function is varied in accordance with the rate of change of the magnetic field gradients.

Inventors: BLAKELEY DOUGLAS M, ROGERS JAMES J, BLAKELEY, DOUGLAS M., ROGERS, JAMES J.
Applicants: PICKER INT INC, PICKER INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Application year: 1990
Main classification: G01R33
IPC codes: A61B5, G01R33