AQUEOUS COATING COMPOSITION

Abstract: A water-based coating composition and method of making the same is disclosed. The composition includes a halogenated resin, a polyol, a surfactant, and an amine. It is suitable for coating a variety of substrates including polyolefinic substrates such as polypropylene, and operates without aromatic organic solvents.

Description: AQUEOUS COATING COMPOSITION BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This application is a continuation-in-part of co- pending application U. S. Serial No. 340,845, filed April 20, 1989; said parent application is expressly incorporated herein by reference. This invention relates to coating compositions and systems, and more particularly to aqueous or water- base coating compositions. Coating untreated polyolefin-containing substrates, such as polypropylene substrates, is generally difficult because of poor adhesion of coatings to this type of substrate. In an effort to solve this problem, polyolefinic and other similar plastic or synthetic substrates have been typically coated with coating systems employing an organic solvent base. While the use of organic solvents appears to assist, to some degree, the organic contents of the coatings often render the coating composition or system undesirable from a number of aspects. For example, most organic solvents are derived from petroleum products, and thus are generally expensive and in short supply. Further, unless suitable costly recovery or disposal procedures are used, organic solvents, such as the commonly used aromatic organic solvents, may create a potential pollution problem. Other popularly employed coatings include chromium-containing coatings. And like petroleum-based systems, unless properly controlled costly recovery or treatment methods are also employed, chromium-containing coatings are also potentially undesirable from an environmental standpoint. Aqueous-based primer coatings, additionally employing substantial levels of aromatic organic solvents, have been suggested in the prior art. For example, such compositions have been disclosed by manufacturers or distributors such as Eastman Chemical Products. Likewise Emco Chemical Corporation has disclosed a primer for polypropylene that includes, as initial ingredients 25% by weight of a chlorinated polyolefin having a chlorine content of 30% (25% in xylene) , 24.925% toluene, 0.025% sulfonated castor oil, 0.050% sodium lauryl sulfate, and 50.000% deionized water (as a final ingredient) . The use of chlorinated polyolefin materials as a primer for polyolefin substrates has also been proposed. For instance, U. S. Patent No. 4,303,697 discloses priming a polyolefinic substrate with a chlorinated polymeric material, such as chlorinated polypropylene, containing carboxylic acid anhydride groups, and exposing the primed substrate to ultraviolet radiation. U. S. Patent No. 4,070,421 discloses chlorinated polyolefinic compositions useful as primers for adhesion improvement of decorative or protective coatings to polyolefins. U. S. Patent No. 3,579,485 discloses chlorinated carboxyl group-containing poly-α-olefins, which form primer coatings for use on untreated poly-α-olefin substrates, and have aromatic solvents as a preferred solvent. The following United States patents relate more generally to coating compositions for substrates, including coating compositions for polyolefin substrates: 4,710,408; 4,567,106; 4,417,022; 4,343,925; 4,317,894; 4,314,918; 4,263,411; 4,246,319; 4,214,039; 4,144,363; 4,046,587; 4,028,329; 3,849,148; 3,317,330; 3,218,189; and 2,998,324. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous-based coating composition, with a reduced level of, or substantially free of, volatile organic components or solvents (such as aromatic organic solvents) for coating substrates such as polyolefin-containing substrates. The compositions and methods of the present invention preferably employ: (a) a resin; (b) an ethylene glycol; (c) a surfactant; (d) an aliphatic amine; and (e) water. Other advantages, features and equivalents of these components will become apparent from the following specification. Detailed Description Of The Invention The present invention comprises aqueous or water- based coating compositions or systems useful in coating polyolefinic-containing substrates. The compositions are also useful in coating other troublesome metallic and synthetic substrates, i.e., substrates that are difficult to coat with good adhesion. The compositions or systems preferably comprise: (i) a polyol; (ii) a surfactant, such as a non-ionic surfactant; (iii) a halogenated polyolefinic resin material or other similar halogenated resin, such as a PVC resin; (iv) an aliphatic amine, such as an amino- substituted alkanol; and (v) water. The compositions can be used to efficaciously coat polyolefinic-like substrates while employing substantially reduced levels of volatile organic solvents or volatile organic components (VOC's) . In a preferred embodiment, the compositions and systems of the present invention contain very low levels of volatile organic solvents, especially aromatic solvents, such as benzene, xylene, toluene, or similar materials or components. In a highly preferred embodiment, the compositions and systems of the present invention are substantially-free of volatile organic components or materials, especially aromatic organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and the like. The coatings provided by the compositions and methods of the present invention may be decorative, protective, or act as a base or pre-treatment for another coating or treatment step to come; they may also be employed to perform two or more of these functions. They may be applied or deposited by any convenient method, such as spraying, dipping, roller- coating, electrostatic deposition, or the like. While it may have other functions as well, (and without intending to be bound by theory) the polyols employed in the compositions and methods of the present invention are used primarily, without limitation, as coalescing agents. The polyols employed in the methods and compositions of the present invention are preferably distillable polyols. Thus, several different classes of polyols are suitable for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention. The preferred polyols for use in the present invention are glycol-type polyols, and still more preferably ethylene glycol-type polyols. In particular, preferred glycol-type polyols include alkylene glycols, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and hexylene glycol as well as other glycols such as 1,3-butylene glycol, and ethoxytriglycol. Mixtures of two or more of these materials may also be employed. The most preferred glycols are alkylene glycols. Ethylene glycol is one of the most preferred. Preferably the polyol is generally volatile and has a hydroxyl functionality of at least 2, and preferably about 2 - 6 hydroxy groups, per mole of polyol. Further, the polyol preferably has an average molecular weight of about 50 to about 500, more preferably about 62 to about 500, even more preferably about 62 to about 425, and still more preferably about 62 to about 250. The final coating compositions or systems and methods of the present invention preferably employ the selected polyol at a level of between about 3% to about 40%, by weight of the final composition. In a more preferred embodiment, the polyol constitutes about 3% to about 20%, and still more preferably about 3% to about 10%. In one highly preferred embodiment the polyol comprises about 4.9% of the total weight of the final coating composition or system. The selection of the resin for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention is extremely important. While the skilled artisan will appreciate that its selection will depend upon many factors, such as the nature of the ultimate surface to be coated (or related utility) , processing conditions, the other components selected (i.e., the glycol, amine, surfactant, etc.) , environmental concerns, costs, and the like, the following discussion relates to presently preferred materials. The resins preferred for use in the composition and methods of the present invention include halogenated polyolefinic resin materials, as well as other art- disclosed halogenated materials and resins, such as PVC and related materials, and homo-, co- or terpolymers of such materials. It should be noted, however, that under certain conditions, non-halogen-containing resins may be employed, alone (as homopolymers) or as co- or terpolymers, along with halogenated materials. Rubbers may also be employed. As noted, one class of preferred resins is halogenated polyolefinic materials. The halogenated polyolefinic materials preferred for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention are chlorinated polyolefinic materials. The chlorinated polyolefinic resin materials selected for use in the present coating compositions and methods should preferably have a chlorine content of from about 10 to about 40 weight percent, more preferably about 10 to about 30 weight percent, even more preferably about 18 to about 22 weight percent, and still more preferably about 19 to about 21 weight precent. In a presently highly preferred embodiment, the chlorine content of a resin should comprise about 19.9 weight percent of the material. The chlorinated resin, e.g., chlorinated polyolefin, may be supplied for use in the compositions or systems in any suitable form, with powder or pelletized forms being the preferred forms. The chlorinated polyolefin may be prepared according to known methods, such as those described in U.S * Patent No. 4,070,421, which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference. For use in the present compositions and methods, the chlorinated polyolefin materials can be selected from commercially available materials such as those supplied by Eastman Chemical Products, Rochester, N.Y. under the trade name CPO-343- 1 (100%) . Other commercially available materials that may be employed under certain conditions include PM 12075-00, and 12075-OF, also supplied by Eastman Chemical Products, Rochester, N.Y., and CP-26P, CP-30P and CP- 32P, products of Toyo Kasei Kogyo Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan. As noted in U.S. Patent No. 4,070,421, the resins of the present invention can be admixed with other hydrocarbon-type resins; see Col. 2, 1. 15-38 of said '421 patent. Preferably, the chlorinated polyolefins and other preferred chlorinated resins of the present compositions and methods have a melting point in the range of about 150°F to about 350°F, more preferably about 150°F to about 250°F, and still more preferably in the range of about 180°F to about 210° F. Moreover, the preferred chlorinated polyolefins or other preferred chlorinated resins for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention have average molecular weights in the range of about 10,000 to about 40,000, more preferably about 10,000 to about 30,000, even more preferably about 15,000 to about 30,000, and still more preferably about 22,000 to about 29,000. The chlorinated polyolefins and other preferred chlorinated resins employed in the coating compositions and methods of the present invention preferably constitute about 0.5% to about 30% (and perhaps as high as about 40%) , more preferably about 2% to about 10%, still more preferably about 2% to about 5% by weight of the total composition. In one highly preferred embodiment, it is employed at a level of about 4.3%; in yet another it is about 10%. Another group of useful resins, as noted above, include various polyvinyl resins, preferably chlorinated polyvinyl resins or PVC's; such materials also include PVC-like materials. Examplary materials include polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate or -maleic anhydride resins. Homo-, co- and terpolymeric materials made from such materials may be employed; mixtures of such materials may also be used. Other similar useful materials include resins prepared from polyepichlorohydrins, bro inated epoxies, all rubbers, and the like. These materials may be employed as homopoly ers, copolymers and terpolymers; again, mixtures of such materials may also be employed. As with the polyolefin materials described above, it is preferred that the final resin material employed in the compositions and methods of the present invention be chlorinated and have general physical properties similar to the olefinic materials. For example, an average molecular weight in the range of about 10,000 to about 30,000 is preferred. Likewise, it is highly preferred tha at least a part of the final resin material be chlorinated and have a chlorine content of about 10 to about 30 percent. They are employed in the methods in similar fashions and in the compositions at similar levels. The preferred compositions and methods of the present invention further include surface active agents, such as surfactants. Without intending to be bound by theory, the surface active agent serves primarily as an emulsifying agent in the present compositions. However, the surface active agent may also serve, without limitation, as an agent for wetting the surface of a material coated with the present coating compositions. The surfactants preferred for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include both high molecular weight (average molecular weight of 500 or more) and low molecular weight (average molecular weight of less than 500) nonionic, amphoteric, cationic and anionic materials. Polymeric surfactants may also be employed. Exemplary nonionic materials include, for example, organic materials which contain groups of varying polarity whereby one part of the molecule is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic. Examples of such materials include polyethylene polyols, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethers, polyesters and polyhalides. Preferably, the non-ionic surface active agent or other surface active agent selected is a surfactant and is present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 15%, more preferably about 0.05% to about 10%, still more preferably about 0.1% to about 10%, and still more preferably at a level of about 0.5% to about 7.0%, by weight of the total weight of the composition. A highly preferred class of nonionic surface active agents or surfactants includes those that belong to the series of nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol surfactants. In particular, these highly preferred surfactants preferably contain about 5 to about 25, and more preferably about 7 to about 15, and still more preferably about 7 to about 10 ethylene oxide groups per mole of surfactant. Thus, commercial surfactants suitable for the present invention include, without limitation, Triton N-101™ manufactured by Rohm and Haas; as well as other commercially available materials such as Triton X-100, GAF CO-630 and Makon 10 manufactured by Stepan Chemical, Voeppe, France. Alternative preferred surfactants include fluorosurfactant materials such as FC- 129, 430 manufactured by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing. Exemplary anionic surface - active agents include materials such as those containing a carboxylate group attached directly to a hydrophobic group, or, in the alternative, where there is an intermediate functionality such as an ester, amide, sulfonamide, or the like. Other useful materials include anionic agents derived from sulfuric or sulfonic acids in which the hydrophobic groups are selected from aliphatic or aromatic groups of varying polarity, such as halides, hydroxylε, ether and/or ester groups. A preferred anionic material is a material such as sodium lauryl sulfate. Exemplary cationic surface - active agents are those derived from amino groups (including primary; secondary; and/or tertiary amine salts) wherein the hydrophilic character is obtained by groups of varying polarity. Also exemplary are materials such as quaternary ammonium compounds, guanidine, and thiuronium salts. Exemplary polymeric surfactants would include those manufactured by ICI Americas under the Tradena e designations of Hypermer P52 and Hypermer P53. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, there are a wide variety of such surface-active agents available. They are conveniently listed, by class, in "McCutcheon's E ulsifier's & Detergents," North American Edition, 1982, pp. 322-327, expressly incorporated herein • by reference. They are employed in a similar fashion and at similar levels to the preferred non-ionic materials discussed above. The preferred amines for use in the compositions and methods of the present invention include primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines. In a highly preferred embodiment, the aliphatic amine has an amine functionality of between 1 and 3, and optionally contain other oxygen-containing functional groups as well. Preferred amines include primary, secondary and tertiary alkylamines, alkyldiamines, alkynolamine, dialkynolamine, and poly(oxyalkylene)diamines. A highly preferred group of amines further contains amines having one or more hydroxy or alkoxy (ether) groups and an average molecular weight in the range of about 50 to about 7,000. A highly preferred group of amines are primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines having a functionality of 1 to 3 and can be generally represented by the general formulae: i 2 R, N R 3 ; or R 4 Re R. N R 3 N g N R 7 wherein R - R 7 are independently selected from H or straight or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxylalkyl groups of about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; R^ - R 7 can additionally include a substituted alkyl group, i.e., where one or more of the carbons in the radical is replaced with or has substituted thereon another functionality, e.g., an amine, ether, hydroxy or -mercapto moiety, e.g., tris-(3-aminopropyl) amine. Another group of highly preferred amines within the above classes are those primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic amines of the above Formulae in which R 1 - R 7 is specifically substituted with or contains one or more hydroxyl (-OH) functionalities. Another group of preferred amines can be represented by the formulae: ^9 Rg R 8 _ NH 2 ) n or R 8 - NH) n or R^R^N-R^) wherein n is 1 or 2 and R 8 , R g , R 10 and R.. are independently selected from straight or branched chain alkyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkoxyalkyl groups of about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. These chains may also be substituted with another functionality as described above. Yet another group (or subgroup of the above) which comprise amines preferred in the practice of the present invention are primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines with an amine functionality of about 1- 3 which also contain one or more ether or alkoxy linkages. Such materials are sometimes referred to as poly(oxyalkylene)diamines. Ethoxylated or propoxylated materials are particularly preferred. For example, a useful variety of such materials are those manufactured by Texaco Co. and marketed under the Trade Name or designation of "Jeffamines". Such useful materials are typically poly(oxyethylene) or poly(oxypropylene) amine or diamine materials having molecular weights of about 400 to about 2000. These materials typically carry the Jeffamine mark or designation and include a "series" - 12 - designation of "A"; "M"; "D"; "ED"; and "DU". Many such materials have been found to be useful. Examplary amines preferred for use in the present invention include: 5 2-amino-l-butanol; 4-amino-l-butanol; 2-aminoethanethiol; 2-aminoheptane; 2-amino-l-hexanol; 10 6-amino-1-hexanol; all lamine; 2-amino-3-methyl-l-butanol; 2-amino-2-methyl-l,3-propanediol; 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol; 15 2-amino-l-pentanol; 5-amino-l-pentanol; 3-amino-l-propanol; amylamine; butylamine; 20 N,N'-bis(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine; N,N'-bis(3-amiηopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine; 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol; 1- [N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethy1)amino]-2-propanol; N.N'-bis(2-hydroxy thyl)ethylenediamine; 25 decylamine; 1,4-diamJLnobutane; 1 , 10-diaminodecane ; 1 , 12-diaminododecane ; 1 , 7-diaminoheptane ; 30 1, 3 -diamino-2-hydroxypropane ; 3 , 3 ' -diamino-N-methyldipropylamine ; 1 , 2-rdiamino-2-methylpropane ; 1,9-diaminononane; 1,8-diaminooctane; 35 1,5-diaminopentane; 1,2-diaminopropane; 1,3-diaminopropane; dibutylamine; 3-(dibutylamino)propylamine; diethanolamine; diethylamine; 5-diethylamino-2-pentanol; 3-(diethylamino)-1,2-propanediol; l-diethylamino-2-propanol; 3-diethylamino-l-propanol; 3-diethylaminopropylamine; diethylenetriamine; N,N-diethylethanolamine; N,N-diethylethylenediamine; N,N-diethylmethylamine; N.N'-diethyl-1,3-propanediamine; diisobutylamine; diisopropanolamine; diisopropylamine; 2-(diisopropylamino)ethanol; 3-diisopropylamino-l,2-propanediol; N,N-diisopropylethylamine; l-dimethylamino-2-propanol; 3-dimethylamino-l-propanol; 3-dimethylaminopropylamine; 1,3-dimethylbutylamine; 3,3-dimethylbutylamine; N,N-dimethylethanolamine; N,N-dimethylethylamine; N,N-dimethy1ethylenediamine; N,N-dimethyl-N'-ethylethylenediamine; N.N'-dimethyl-1,6-hexanediamine; 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine; 1,5-dimethylhexylamine; 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-propanediamine; (±)-1,2-dimethylpropylamine; dipropylamine; dodecylamine; ethanolamine; 3-ethoxypropylamine; ethyla ine, 2-(ethylamino)ethanol; N-ethylbutylamine; 2-ethylbutylamine; JV-ethyldiethanolamine; ethylenediamine; hexamethylenediamine; 1,6-hexanediamine; hexylamine; isoamylamine; isopropylamine; N-isopropylethylenediamine; N'-isopropyl-2-methyl-l,2-propanediamine; N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,4-butanediamine; N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiaminomethane; N,N,N'.N'-tetramethylethylenediamine; N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine; N,N,N' ,N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propane-diamine; N,N,2 ,2-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine; tributylamin ; tridecylamine; triethanolamine; triethylamine; triisooctylamine; triisopropanolamine; trimethylamine; methylamine; 2-(methylamino)ethanol; N-Methylbutylamine; 1-methylbutylamine; 2-methylbutylamine; N-methyldiethanolamine; N-methylethylenediamine; N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine; nonyla ine; octylamine; tert-octylamine; propylamine; 2-(propylamino)ethanol; 1-tetradecylamine; and tris(3-aminopropyl)amine. Mixtures of such materials may also be employed. Without intending to be bound by theory, the amine, (especially an amino substituted alkanol) is present to further facilitate emulsification of the coating composition. In a highly preferred embodiment, the amino- substituted alkanol is 2-amino - 2-methyl - 1-propanol, e.g., AMP-95. Alternatively, the a ino-substituted alkanol may be substituted with a constituent selected from the group consisting of triethylamine, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine; dimethyl-amino-ethanol, or a 2-dimethylamino-2-methyl- 1-propanol, and mixtures thereof. Commercial amino-substituted alkanols suitable for the present invention would include, without limitation AMP-95™, and DMAM P-80™, both manufactured by Angus Chemical. Highly preferred materials include: 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol; ethanolamine; dibutylamine; dimethylethanolamine; N-ethyldiethanolamine; and tris-(3-aminopropyl)amine. Highly preferred poly(oxyalkylene)diamines include Jeffamine M600; D230; D400; D200; ED600; ED900; ED2001; ED4000; ED6000; DU700; T3000, and the like. Preferably, the amine, such as an amino- substituted alkanol, is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% percent, more preferably about 0.05% to about 5%, and still more preferably about 0.05% to about 3% of the total weight of the final coating composition or system. The coating compositions and systems of the present invention further include water. Water is preferably present in an amount equal to about 30% to about 95%, more preferably about 50% to 95%, still more preferably about 75% to about 95%, and still more preferably about 90% to about 95%, by weight of the total composition. However, it will be appreciated that the amount of water may be varied to meet the coating properties required for a particular application. For instance, where a more viscous coating is desired, the amount of water may be reduced. The level of water may also be dramatically reduced in order to prepare a concentrate where dilution is intended later. Preferably, the pH of the final coating composition or system is in the range of 7-10.5, and is more preferably about 7.5 to about 9.0. The compositions of the present invention are preferably substantially free of organic solvents, and especially organic solvents, and still more especially aromatic organic solvents, e.g., benzene, or substituted benzene materials such as xylene, toluene, and the like. By "substantially free of aromatic organic solvents," as used herein, it is meant that the solvent is present at less than about 5% by weight, more preferably less than about 2.5%, and still more preferably less than about 1%, by weight of the final coating composition. It will be appreciated that this term does not apply to the required components of the invention, such as the halogenated polyolefin, glycol, etc, disclosed herein. It will be appreciated that all of the above- identified materials and ranges are for preferred compositions. The ultimate level of any component may vary according to many factors such as the type, purpose or function of the desired coating, the coating weight, the substrates to be coated, the shape of the article to be coated, the preparation of surface to be coated, and many other factors recognized and understood by the skilled artisan. For example, it may be desirable to prepare a concentrate that would be later diluted with water after shipment or just prior to use. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the ranges given above will be for the final use composition or system and a concentrate would have correspondingly higher level of the basic components prior to dilution. While it will again be appreciated that any suitable sequence of processing steps may be employed to prepare the compositions of the present invention, or a concentrate thereof, the following is a preferred method. However, the sequence of steps may be varied under some circumstances. As used herein, the phrase "starting material ratio" refers to the ratio of constituent amounts as measured before any admixing steps have occurred i.e. while all materials are still in an initial starting material state. A presently preferred composition may be prepared by admixing, using conventional means, a predetermined amount of the glycol with a predetermined amount of the surfactant. Preferably the starting material ratio of glycol to surfactant is about 4:1 to 8:1, and more preferably about 6:1, by weight. The glycol-surfactant admixture is then heated, while under agitation, to a first predetermined temperature, preferably in the range of about 150°F to about 275°F, and more preferably in the range of 210°F to about 250°F. In a preferred embodiment, this temperature is slightly greater than the melting point of the chlorinated polyolefin employed in the coating composition. When the glycol-surfactant admixture reaches the predetermined desired temperature, the temperature is then maintained relatively constant and the chlorinated polyolefin is added thereto, optionally under a nitrogen blanket. Preferably the starting materials ratio of chlorinated polyolefin to ethylene glycol is about 11:1.5 to about 1:3, and more preferably about 1:1.63. To the resulting admixture, a predetermined amount of amino-substituted alkanol is added. Preferably the starting materials ratio of chlorinated polyolefin to amino-substituted alkanol is about 25:1 to about 40:1. The components are admixed for about 3 to about 5 minutes in a sealed mixing tank, or alternatively in a reflux condenser. The chlorinated polyolefin is next admixed with the glycol surfactant admixture for an amount of time sufficient to permit the chlorinated polyolefin to melt. The temperature of the admixture is then preferably maintained for at least about 10 minutes at a temperature of about 35 β F above the melting point of the chlorinated polyolefin. Thus, the temperature should preferably be maintained at about 205"F to about 250 β F, and more preferably at about 210°F to about 240°F, again, depending upon the melting point of the chlorinated polyolefin. The admixture then forms a molten mass. At this point, preheated water is added to form an emulsion. Water is added to the composition in three separate steps. The first step preferably includes adding hot water i.e. water at a temperature of 125°F to 160"F, in a starting material ratio of chlorinated polyolefin to water of about 2.5:1 to about 4.5:1 and more preferably about 3.4:1. The composition is agitated. As the hot water becomes absorbed into the molten mass, an additional amount of hot water is then added under continued agitation. Preferably the second addition of hot water is added in a starting material ratio of chlorinated polyolefin to water of about 2.5:1.0 to about 4.5:1.0, and more preferably about 3.4:1. At this point an inversion preferably takes place. Throughout the water additions, the temperature of the materials admixture is preferably maintained at a temperature of about 20°F above the melting point of the chlorinated polyolefin. Thus, it is maintained at about 165°F to about 210 β F, and more preferably in the range of about 195°F to about 210° F, depending upon the melting point of the chlorinated polyolefin. To the resulting admixture, and after the second amount of water has been absorbed by the molten mass, a third amount of water is added under increased agitation. Preferably the amount of the third addition of water is sufficient for the addition to have a chlorinated polyolefin to water starting material ratio of about 1:33 to about 1:40, and more preferably about 1:30 to about 1:35. The amount of water, preferably yields a final viscosity at room temperature in the range of about 25 to about 50 CPS. Further, the resulting admixture has a non-volatile organic content of less than about 5%, and preferably about 3.5%. It is also preferably substantially free of volatile organic solvents or components. In a highly preferred embodiment, the organic volatile content is less than about 0.5%. The methods of the present invention may also comprise contacting a prepared (e.g., cleaned and dried) olefinic-based surface, such as polypropylene, with a composition as described above. The above-described compositions and methods are useful for producing a water-based coating composition suitable for coating a variety of substrates. Without limitation, the compositions are suitable for coating plastics, wood, ceramic, metal, wallboard and the like. Particularly useful applications include coating the present coating compositions onto a plastic substrate such as a polyolefinic substrate, including polypropylene substrates and thermoplastic olefin substrates. The present water-based compositions are especially useful as primer compositions because of their ability to adhere well to heretofore difficult substrates, such as polyolefinic substrates, including polypropylene. After suitable preparation of a substrate surface, the compositions may be applied to a substrate surface in any suitable manner including, without limitation, spraying, dipping, brushing, rolling, and flow-coating methods. Moreover, it is contemplated that one or more conventional additives may be included in the present compositions. For instance it is possible that pigment for coloration purposes may be added. Moreover, thickeners, such as a functional polyacrylate, available commercially as Alcoqum L-31™, manufactured by Alco Chemical, can be added to control viscosity and flow of the material. Also, it is possible to add materials, such as carbon black, and conductive pigments, to render the resulting composition conductive for purposes of electrostatic coating application techniques. When an additive that includes carbon black is added to the above-described coating compositions or systems, it is preferred that an additive mixture of carbon black, glycof, surfactant and water is mixed at high speed, dispersed on an apparatus such as a sandmill, and then added to the above-described coating compositions. More preferably the additive mixture includes about ^ 20% to about 25% by weight carbon black, such as commercially available Cabot XC-72R™, about 15% to about 25% by weight ethylene glycol, about 1% to about 3% by weight of a nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol surfactant, and about 50% to about 65% by weight water. After mixing and grinding, the additive is added to the coating composition in a ratio of approximately 9.5 parts additive to 100 parts emulsion. It should also be noted that the compositions of the present invention can be incorporated into coating formulations such as paints and inks to provide a material suitable for simultaneously priming and coating a substrate surface. The following example is illustrative of the described invention. Example Ethylene glycol in the amount of 110 grams is admixed with 17 grams of surfactant, such as Triton N- 101 . The admixture is heated to 210°F under agitation. When the product reaches 210°F, 67.5 grams of a chlorinated polyolefinic resin, such as CPO-343-1 (100 percent) , is mixed in until the chlorinated polyolefin disperses. The temperature is maintained at about 210°F for about 10 minutes. At that time, 2.1 grams of an amine, such as a 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol (AMP 95™) is added. The mixture is mixed for three to five minutes increase temperature to 240 - 250°F. mixture will melt. A hot water supply is heated to about 140°F and is maintained at about 140 ° F throughout the several water additions. Twenty grams of the hot water is added to the admixture at a slow rate. As the hot water becomes absorbed into the molten mass, agitation is increased. Upon absorption of the hot water, 20 additional grams of the hot water from the hot water supply is slowly added to the molten mass. Temperature is maintained at about 200 - 210°F. Agitation is increased, and 1970 grams of hot water, from the hot water supply, is added to the admixture. The coatings are then tested for adhesion by spraying on a polypropylene panel with the above emulsion and drying the coating for a time of 15 minutes at a temperature of 175°F. The coated surface of the substrate can be topcoated with a suitable top coat and cured for about 15 minutes at 160°F. and cooled. The coated surface is then cross-hatched with a sharp blade and tested with pressure sensitive adhesive tape (3M 610 or equivalent) by firmly pressing the tape over the crosshatched region and then quickly removing the tape. Upon removal of the tape, adhesion to the substrate of about 95% to 100% of the coating is observed. Satisfactory test results are also demonstrated using alternative testing methods of the type including test method GM 9502P, described in a July, 1988 publication by General Motors entitled Engineering Materials and Processes, Procedures Manual; and test method ASTM D3359 B; both of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Substantially similar results may be obtained by variation of the above according to the teachings of the present disclosure. For example, the AMP 95 may be replaced, in whole or in part, with another form or brand of 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol; ethanolamine; dibutylamine; N-ethyldiethanol-amine; tris-(3- aminopropyl)amine; dimethylethanolamine triethyla ine; diethanolamine; dimethylaminoethanol; 2-dimethylamino- 2-methyl-1-propanol; DMAM P-80™; Jeffamine™ M600, D230, D400, D2000, ED600, ED900, ED2001, ED4000, ED6000, DV7000 or T3000; mixtures may also be employed. Further, the levels of the various components may be varied. For example, the level of surfactant and/or glycol can be reduced by 50%. Although the invention has been described with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments, variations and modifications can be effected without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.

Claims: What is Claimed is: 1. An aqueous coating composition, comprising: (a) about 3 percent to about 40 percent of a polyol having a molecular weight of at least about 62 to about 500; (b) about 0.5 percent to about 40 percent of a resin selected from halogenated polyolefinic resin materials, halogenated vinyl resins, epihydrin resins, halogenated epoxy resins, and mixtures thereof, said resin having a molecular weight of about 10,000 to about 30,000, or a softening point of about 150 to about 350°F; (c) about 0.05 to about 15 percent of a surfactant; (d) an amine selected from primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines having an amine functionality of 1 to 3, and mixtures thereof; and (e) about 30 to about 95% water, wherein the total non-volatiles content in said composition is less than about 5% by weight, and wherein said composition is substantially free of aromatic organic solvents. 2. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said resin is at least in part a halogenated polyolefinic resin material and said polyolefinic resin is present in an amount of about 2 to about 10 weight percent. 3. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 2 wherein said halogenated polyolefinic material is present in an amount of about 2 to about 5 weight percent. 4. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said halogenated polyolefinic material has a molecular weight of about 15,000 to about 30,000. 5. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 4 wherein said halogenated polyolefinic material has a molecular weight of about 22,000 to about 29,000. 6. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said halogenated polyolefinic material is a chlorinated polyolefin with a chlorine content of about 10 to about 40 percent by weight. 7. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said polyol is a glycol. 8. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said polyol is an alkylene glycol. 9. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said polyol is present at a level of about 3 to about 10 percent. 10. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said surfactant is an alkoxylated nonionic surfactant. 11. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said nonionic surfactant is present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 15%. 12. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said nonionic surfactant has about 7 to about 10 ethylene oxide groups per mole of surfactant. 13. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said amine is selected from the group consisting of alkylamines, alkyldiamines, alkynolamines, dialkynolamines , tertiary amines , poly(oxyalkylene)diamines, and mixtures thereof. 14. A aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said amine further comprises at least one hydroxy, ethoxy, or propoxy group. 15. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said amine is selected from the group consisting of 2-amino-2-methyl-l-proponal, triethylamine, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine; dimethyl-amino-ethanol, 2-dimethylamino-2-methyl-l- propanol, and mixtures thereof. 16. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said amine is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 10% of the total weight of the coating composition. 17. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 wherein said amine is present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 3% of the total weight of the coating composition. 18. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 further comprising an additive mixture including carbon black. 19. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 18 wherein said additive mixture comprises about 20 to about 25% by weight carbon black, about 15% to about 25% by weight glycol, about 1% to about 3% by weight of a nonionic surfactant, and about 50% to about 65% by weight water. 20. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 further comprising a thickener. 21. An aqueous coating composition according to Claim 1 further comprising a conductive pigment. 22. A method of coating a substrate comprising applying to said substrate a composition according to claim 1.

Inventors: EASTON RONALD J, LAURA ALGER E, EASTON, RONALD, J., LAURA, ALGER, E.
Applicants: LINE PRODUCTS CORP A, A-LINE PRODUCTS CORPORATION
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B05D1
IPC codes: B05D7, B32B7, C08G59, C08J3, C08J7, C09D5, C09D123, C09D127, C09D163, C09D171, C09D201