Valve and spring arrangement for engine

Abstract: A cylinder head (24) construction for an internal combustion engine that permits a large number of valves to be employed and good bearing surface without interfering with the insertion or removal of the multiple valve springs. This is accomplished by providing a relief in one of the camshaft journals (51) that is juxtaposed to one of the valves so that the valve spring (34) can be easily inserted and removed. In addition, the seating area (88) for the valve springs in the cylinder head is machined to a diameter smaller than the diameter of the valve springs and a spring seating member (89) is interposed between this cylinder head surface (88) and the adjacent end of the valve spring (34) and has a diameter at least equal to that of the valve spring (34).

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a multi-valve internal combustion engine comprising a cylinder head with valve guides supporting for each cylinder a plurality of intake poppet valves for reciprocation, each one being operated by a seperate cam of an intake camshaft with camshaft journals being provided between adjacent cams, while exhaust poppet valves are operated by an exhaust camshaft. It is well known that the performance off an internal combustion engine can be increased by employing a greater number of valves for each cylinder. The use of additional valves increases the volumetric efficiency of the engine. For that reason it has been the normal practice to employ four valves per cylinder in high performance engines. Recently, however, certain problems associated with the use of more than four valves per cylinder have been overcome through the valve placement that permits a compact combustion chamber and high compression ratios while still permitting the use of five valves per cylinder. However, as the number of valves per cylinder increases, there are additional problems in connection with the engine layout and particularly with the components associated with the valve train. Specifically, if multiple valves are employed and they are all operated by a single camshaft, then the placement of the valve springs and their association with the bearings for the associated camshaft can present some problems. That is, it is important to provide a good bearing support for the camshaft so that it will not distort. However, the normal practice is to form the hearing journals in the cylinder head and bearing caps associated with it. Wharein the valves are closely placed to each other and wherein multiple bearings are employed for the camshaft, the camshaft bearings can interfere with the placement off the valve springs. Although relocation of the valves could solve this problem, it is necessary to correctly position the valves so as to achieve the desired combustion chamber configuration. As has been noted, the use of five valves per cylinder which incorporates three intake valves has been found to provide extremely good performance for an engine. However, if the three intake valves are all operated by independent cam lobes, it is desirable to provide bearings between the cam lobes and on opposite sides of the center cam lobe. However, this is very close to the positioning of the center intake valve. Prior art constructions have made it difficult to locate and install the valve spring for the center intake valve where such a bearing arrangement is employed. With regard to the aforenoted problems, it is also desirable to be able to provide a relatively large diameter spring for operating on the valves. Normally the spring bears directly against the cylinder head and this involves machining the cylinder head surface to a diameter equal to the maximum diameter of the spring to achieve the desired bearing surface. With the aforenoted space problems, this machining can give rise to additional problems. From US-A-4 593 657 a multiple valve engine of the type mentioned as beginning is known having two bearing caps affixed to the cylinder head engaging and supporting an upper part of camshaft bearing surfaces for journaling the camshaft while the medium journals have no bearing surfaces integral with the cylinder head. For servicing the camshaft or the valves both bearing caps have to be removed. Each bearing cap covering two bearings is fixed to the cylinder head at 3 points through fixing bolts while the fixing points are provided at an outlying area of both the cylinder head and the respective bearing cap. Therefore, the fixing bolts are subjected to different stresses when the camshaft is working which also leads to an uneven loading of the bearing portions of each bearing cap causing distortion of the camshaft. The problem underlying the present invention is to provide an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1 with a compact cylinder head and camshaft journaling structure, having an improved rigidity and allowing easy servicing of the intake and output control means. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, there is provided an internal combustion engine having the features of the preamble of claim 1 wherein all camshaft journals are defined through a single cam cover having a plurality of inwardly extending portions that form semi-cylindrical bearing surfaces which co-operate with camshaft bearing surfaces of the cylinder head which for each cylinder defines a relief associated to the camshaft journals for accommodating respective valve coil springs of the intake valves therein, said cam cover being bolted to the cylinder head by paired bearing cap bolts, said bearing cap bolts being provided at both sides of both relief and intake camshaft. A first feature of thin invention is adapted to be embodied in a cylinder head for an internal combustion engine and in which a valve guide is positioned in the cylinder head for supporting a poppet valve for reciprocation along on axis. A camshaft journal is formed integrally by the cylinder head and is juxtaposed to the valve guide. A relief is formed in the camshaft journal for passage of a coil spring to be positioned and removed from a valve slidably supported by the valve guide. Another feature of the invention is also adapted to be embodied in a cylinder head construction for an internal combustion engine that includes a valve guide in the cylinder head for supporting a poppet valve for reciprocation along an axis. The cylinder head has a cylindrical bearing surface that is smaller in diameter than the coil spring associated with the valve and which surrounds the valve guide. A bearing member is interposed between this cylinder head surface and one end of the valve spring and has a diameter larger than the cylinder head surface and at least approximately equal to or greater than the diameter of the valve spring. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a cross sectional view taken generally along the line 1-1 of Figure 5 and shows a portion of a cylinder head assembly constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Figure 2 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 2-2 of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a partial cross sectional view taken along the line 3-3 of Figure 5. Figure 4 is a cross sectional view taken along the line 4-4 of Figure 5 and shows certain components of the cylinder head assembly and the associated cylinder block in phantom. Figure 5 is a top plan view of the cylinder head assembly with the cam cover removed and portions of the camshafts broken away to more clearly show the construction. Figure 6 is a bottom plan view of the combustion chamber configuration. Figure 7 is a top plan view of the can cover of the engine. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION Referring now in detail to the drawings, a multiple cylinder internal combustion engine, constructed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is identified generally by the reference numeral 21. The engine 21 includes a cylinder block 22 which may be conventional and hence is only shown in phantom in Figure 4 in which a plurality of aligned bores 23 are formed. In the illustrated embodiment, the engine 21 is of the four cylinder in line type. It should be readily apparent, however, to those skilled in the art how the invention can be practiced in conjunction with engines having other numbers of cylinders and other cylinder configurations. Since the invention deals primarily with the cylinder head assembly and more particularly to the valve actuating mechanism therefor, the details of the cylinder block, pistons and running component of the engine which may be considered to be conventional are not believed to be necessary to enable those skilled in art to practice the invention. Therefore, the cylinder head and valve train assembly therefor will now be described. A cylinder head assembly, indicated generally by the reference numeral 24 is affixed to the cylinder block 22 by means of a plurality of fasteners 25 that pass through appropriate openings in the cylinder head 24 and which are threaded into threaded openings in the cylinder block. It should be noted that the fasteners 25 are disposed so that they will be located at the four corners of the cylinder bores 23, as indicated by the broken circles in Figure 5, to show the relationship of these fasteners 25 to the cylinder bores 23. The lower face of the cylinder head 24 is provided with a plurality of recesses 26 which have a generally pent roof configuration, as will be described. Three intake valves comprised of a pair of center intake valves 27 and 28 and a side intake valve 29 each have valve stems 30 supported for reciprocation within the cylinder head 24 by respective valve guides 31. It will be noted that the intake valves 27, 28 and 29 are oriented so that the center intake valves 27 and 28 reciprocate along axes Y₁ (Figure 4) that are disposed at a relatively large acute angle α₂ to a plane A₁ containing the cylinder bore, axis X₂ and exending parallel to the axis of rotation of the associated crankshaft. The side intake valve 29 reciprocates about an axis Y₃ which is disposed at a lesser acute angle to this plane, this angle being indicated at α₁ in Figure 4. Each of the intake valves 27, 28 and 29 cooperates with a respective valve seat 32 pressed into the cylinder head 24 and defining an intake port at the termination of an intake passage 33 which extends through one aide of the cylinder head. The intake passages 33 nay be siamese so that one intake opening in the side of the cylinder head cooperates with each of the valve seats 32 or, alternatively, separate passages may be formed for each valve seat. The orientation of the heads of the valves 27, 28 and 29 gives the lower surface of the cylinder head cavity 26 a generally inclined portion 14 which extends across the plane A₁ so that a portion of the heads of the valves 27 and 28 lies on the opposite side of this plane when the valves are closed, as clearly shown in Figure 6. Coil compression springs 34 encircle the stems of the valves 27, 28 and 29 and act against keeper retainer assemblies 35 for urging the valve: 27, 28 and 29 to their closed positions. The mechanism for opening the intake valves 27; 28 and 29 will be described later. A pair of exhaust valves 36 and 37 are supported for reciprocation on the other side of the plane A₁ by valve guides 38 which are pressed into the cylinder head assembly 24. The joust valves 36 and 37 reciprocate about respective axes which are disposed at an acute angle to the plane A₁ which angle is less than the angle α₂ and greater than the angle α₁. The exhaust valves 36 and 37 cooperate with respective valve seats 39 that are pressed into the cylinder head 24 and which form the exhaust ports of exhaust passages 41 that extend through the side of the cylinder head 24 opposite to the intake side. As with the intake passages 33, the exhaust passages 41 may be separate or siamese. It should be noted that the disposition of the heads of the exhaust valves 36 and 37 gives rise to the combustion chamber cavity having a generally inclined surface 42 that intersects the surface 14 on the exhaust side of the plane A₁ so that this intersection is slightly offset to the side of the combustion chamber. Coil compression springs 43 cooperate with keeper retainer assemblies 44 on the stems of the exhaust valves 36 and 37 for urging the exhaust valves 36 and 37 to their closed positions. The mechanism for opening the intake valves 27, 28 and 29 and exhaust valves 36 and 37 against the operation of the respective springs 34 and 43 will now be described. The cylinder head 24 has an upstanding peripheral wall that defines an upwardly facing sealing surface 45 that defines in part a cavity 46 in which the valve actuating mechanism is contained. The cavity 46 is enclosed by means of a cam cover 47 that is affixed to the cylinder head 24 in a manner as will be described. On the intake side of the cylinder head 24 there is provided a plurality of bosses 48 which define generally semi cylindrical shaped bearing surfaces 49. Adjacent the bosses 48, there are provided further bosses 51 that define quarter cylindrical bearing surfaces 52. An intake camshaft, indicated generally by the reference numeral 53 has spaced bearing surfaces 54 that are received within and journaled on the cylinder head bearing surfaces 49 and 52. The cylinder head 24 further has end bosses 55 that define further semi cylindrical bearing surfaces with which bearing portions 56 of the camshaft 53 cooperate so as to rotatably journal it. Unlike conventional arrangements wherein separate bearing caps are provided, in accordance with a feature of the invention, the cam cover 47 has a plurality of inwardly extending portions 58 that define semi cylindrical bearing surfaces 59 which cooperate with the camshaft bearing surfaces 54 and 56, respectively, so as to complete the journaling of the intake camshaft 53 in the cylinder head assembly. The exhaust side of the cylinder head assembly 47 also has a plurality of inwardly extending bosses 61 which have respective bearing surfaces 62 which are of a semi cylindrical configuration. An exhaust camshaft 63 is rotatably journaled on these bearing surfaces by means of bearing portions 64 formed integrally thereon. In addition, end walls 65 of the cylinder head 24 are provided with bearing surfaces 66 which cooperate with end bearing surfaces 67 on the exhaust camshaft 63 for its rotational support. It should be noted that the intake camshaft 53 and exhaust camshaft 63 rotate about parallel axes which are parallel to the axis of rotation of the associated crankshaft. Cooperating with the cylinder head bearing surfaces 62 and 66 are hearing surfaces 68 formed in inwardly extending portions 69 of the cam cover 47. The cam cover 47 is provided with a plurality of appropriately spaced bolt clearance holes 71 that are positioned in a pattern as best shown in Figure 7, and which receive bolts 72 that are threaded into tapped openings formed in the cylinder head 24 so as to secure the bearing caps formed by the cam cover 47 and the cam cover in place. Because of this construction, the head assembly may be made more compact than prior art arrangements and also the use of separate bearing caps for the camshaft may be avoided. A toothed sprocket is affixed to one exposed end of the exhaust camshaft 63 and is driven by a toothed belt 74 in timed relationship with the engine crankshaft (not shown). At the opposite end of the exhaust camshaft 63, and within the cylinder head assembly 24, there is affixed a sprocket 75. A chain 76 encircles the sprocket 75 and drives a sprocket 77 that is affixed to the intake camshaft 53 at this end. In this way, the intake and exhaust camshafts will be driven in timed relationship from the engine output shaft. In order to operate the intake valves 27, 29 and 28, there are provided three cam lobes 78 on the intake camshaft 53 for each cylinder. One of the cam lobes 78 is disposed between the bearing surfaces 49 and 52 and the camshaft bearing surfaces 54. The other of the cam lobes 78 are positioned outwardly of these bearing surfaces. Individual rocker arm assemblies 81 (Figure 4) have an intermediate portion that is engaged by the cam lobe 78 and an end portion that is engaged with the stem of the respective intake valve 27, 28 and 29. The rocker arms 81 are pivotally supported by means of a hydraulically operated lash adjuster, indicated generally by the reference numeral 82. In a similar manner, the exhaust camshaft 63 is provided with a pair of lobes 79 for each cylinder which cooperates with pivotally supported rocker arms 81 that are also associated with hydraulically lash adjusters 82 having the same construction. The cylinder head 24 is provided with a tapped hole 83 (Figures 1 and 3) in which a spark plug (not shown) is received. The spark plug is disposed so that its gap extends into the combustion chamber 26 and lies substantially on the axis X₂ of the cylinder bore 23. However, the tapped hole 83 is disposed along a line X₃ that is at an acute angle to the bore axis X₂ and which is inclined toward the exhaust valves 36 and 37 from this plane. This is to facilitate placement of the spark plug and its removal. Since there are only two exhaust valves, there is a greater space available if it is inclined in this direction. The cylinder head 24 is provided with an enlarged tapering opening 84 that extends upwardly from the tapped opening 83 and which mates with a generally rectangular opening 85 formed in the cam cover 47 so as to facilitate insertion and removal of the spark plugs. As may be seen in Figure 5, the area of the cylinder head 24 that encircles the spark plug opening 84 is defined by an upstanding wall that has bosses 86 that extend toward the intake side of the cylinder head and specifically toward the intake camshaft 53. These bosses 85 receive certain of the fasteners 72 that secure the cam cover 47 to the cylinder head 24. These bosses 86 tend to overlie the area where the valve guides are positioned, particularly on the intake side. In addition, the upstanding walls that define the spark plug recesses 84 also overlie the exhaust valve seats. A similar problem occurs in connection with the placement of the bosses 48 that form the camshaft bearing journals 49 inasmuch as these bosses have portions 87 that extend inwardly and overlie the area where the intake valves are positioned. It is the normal practice to machine the area of the cylinder head where the valve springs 34 and 43 bear so as to provide a good surface against which the springs 34 and 43 act and to prevent cooking of the valve springs. However, the construction as thus far described clearly provides restriction to the portion of the cylinder head where these valves springs will seat. The seating area for the valve springs is defined by raised cylindrical areas, indicated generally by the reference numeral 87 with the same reference numeral being applied to each valve spring seating area. In accordance with a feature of the invention, the valve spring seating areas 87 are formed at a smaller diameter than the actual diameter of the valve springs. This facilitates machining of these areas since a smaller tool is easier to utilize. This tool is employed for machining a surface 88 that surrounds the respective valve guides 31 and 38 and which is slightly smaller in diameter than the diameter of the valve springs 34 and 43. A hardened valve spring bearing member 89, which has a diameter at least equal to the diameter of the valve spring, is supported on the surfaces 88 and provides the actual bearing area for the valve springs 34 and 43. In this way it is possible to have a small machined area of the cylinder head around the respective valve guides 31 and 38 and still have a full bearing area for the coil springs 34 and 43. As may also be seen in the figures and particularly in Figures 1 and 3, the placement of the journal areas for the camshafts also gives rise to valve spring placement. However, in order to facilitate insertion and removal of the valve springs, the cylinder head is provided with a relief such as a plurality of pockets, recesses, or holes 91 in the area where the valve springs lie so as to facilitate insertion and removal of the valve springs without interference from the bearing areas. Thus, the described arrangement easily facilitates the insertion and removal of the valve springs from around the stems of the intake and exhaust valves 27, 28, 29, 36 and 37 without weakening the cylinder head and while, at the same time, permitting the desired valve placement. It should be readily apparent from the foregoing description that the described cylinder head construction permits the use of multiple valves per cylinder of the engine while still affording ease of access for insertion and removal of the valve springs, good camshaft bearing area and also ease of machining of the valve spring seating area in the cylinder head. It is to be understood, however, that the foregoing description is that of a preferred embodiment of the invention.

Claims: Multi-valve internal combustion engine comprising a cylinder head (24) with valve guides supporting for each cylinder a plurality of intake poppet valves (27, 28, 29) for reciprocation, each one being operated by a separate cam (78) of an intake camshaft (53) with camshaft journals being provided between adjacent cams, (78) while exhaust poppet valves (36,37) are operated by an exhaust camshaft (63), characterised in that, all said camshaft journals are defined through a single cam cover (47) having a plurality of inwardly extending portions (58) that form semi-cylindrical bearing surfaces (59) which co-operate with camshaft bearing surfaces (54, 56) of the cylinder head (24) which for each cylinder defines a relief (91) associated to the camshaft journals for accommodating respective valve coil springs (34) of the intake valves (27, 28, 29) therein, said cam cover (47) being bolted to the cylinder head (24) by paired bearing cap bolts (72), said bearing cap bolts (72) being provided at both sides of both the relief (91) and the intake camshaft (53). An engine as claimed in claim 1 wherein there are a plurality of poppet valves (27,28,29,36,37) and valve guides (31,38) for each clyinder of the engine and the relief (91) accommodates the insertion of the valve coil spring (34,43) for at least one of the poppet valves (27,28,29,36,37). An engine as claimed in claims 1 or 2, wherein the camshaft (53,63) has a number of lobes (78,79) equal to that of the poppet valves (27,28,29,36,37) so that each poppet valve (27,28,29,36,37) is operated by a respective cam lobe (78,79). An engine as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 3 wherein a camshaft journal (54,64) is formed between a pair of the cam lobes (78,79). An engine as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 4 wherein at least two of the poppet valves (29,30) reciprocate along axes (Y₁,Y₃) that are not parallel to each other and which are disposed at different acute angles (α₁,α₂) to a plane containing the axis of the associated cylinder bore (23). An engine as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 5, wherein the cylinder head (24) is provided with a machined surface (88) surrounding the valve guide (31,38) and adapted to form a reaction surface for the associated valve coil spring (34,43), said surface (88) having a smaller diameter than the diameter of the valve coil spring (34,43) and further including a spring bearing member (89) having a diameter at least equal to the diameter of the valve coil spring (34,43) interposed between the valve coil spring (34,43) and said machined surface (88). An engine as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, further including means forming a bearing cap (47) affixed to the cylinder head (24) and forming the remainder of the camshaft journal (54,64) said cylinder head (24) having a boss portion (48) for receiving a fastener (72) for affixing the bearing cap (47) to the cylinder head (24), said boss portion (48) being provided with the relief (91) for passage of the valve coil spring (34,43). An engine as claimed in at least one of the preceding claims 1-7, characterized by a valve guide (31,38) in said clyinder head (24) for supporting a poppet valve (27,28,29,36,37) for reciprocation about an axis, a valve coil spring (34,43) encircling said poppet valve (27,28,29,36,37) for urging said poppet valve (27,28,29,36,37) to its closed position, a spring supporting surface (88) formed in said cylinder head (24) around said valve guide (31,38) and having a diameter smaller than the outer diameter of said valve coil spring (34,43), and a bearing member (89) engaged at one side with said spring supporting area of said clyinder head (24) and at the other side with said valve coil spring (34,43), said spring bearing member (89) having a diameter at least equal to the diameter of said valve coil spring (34,43). An engine as claimed in claim 8 wherein there are a plurality of valve guides (31, 38) and poppet valves (26, 27, 28, 36, 37) for each cylinder of the engine and each valve guide (31, 38) is surrounded by a spring supporting surface (88) and a bearing member (89).

Inventors: SAITO TETSUSHI, SAITO, TETSUSHI
Applicants: YAMAHA MOTOR CO LTD, YAMAHA HATSUDOKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1990
Main classification: F01L1
IPC codes: F02B1, F02F1, F01L1