CALCIFICATION MITIGATION OF BIOPROSTHETIC IMPLANTS

Abstract: Calcification resistant bioprosthetic implants are made from tanned biological materials, such as porcine heart valves, bovine pericardium, human dura mater or the like, which has been impregnated with a calcification-mitigating effective amount of a ferric and/or stannic salt, and having been treated with one or more diamines in combination with one or more activating factors. The impregnated biological materials and processes are particularly advantageous for the preparation of bioprosthetic heart valves. These implants have been found to be highly resistant to calcification in vivo.

Description: CALCIFICATION MITIGATION OF BIOPROSTHETIC IMPLANTS Related Applications This is a continuation-in-part of application serial no. 339,787, filed on April 18, 1989, which is a continuation-in- part of application originally filed under serial no. 312,542 on February 17, 1989. Background of the Invention This invention relates to calcification-resistant bioprosthetic implants and to a process for preparing them. More particularly, the invention concerns calcification-resistant bioprosthetic heart valves prepared from naturally derived biological materials. Bioprosthetic heart valves, such as glutaralcfehyde preserved porcine heart valves, have overcome numerous problems associated with mechanical and homograft heart valves. These bioprosthetic valves are quite stable and non-antigenie, have a remarkable durability and have physical characteristics which closely mimic the natural valves. An alternative technique for the tanning or preservation of animal hides and tissues involves the use of metallic salts. Chrome tanning, for example, has been employed for many years in the leather industry. (See, e.g., U.S. patent 1,892,410.) Ferric, chromium and aluminum salts have been used for tanning naturally derived collagen, which may be used for preparing implantable prosthetic articles. (See U.S. patent 4,097,234.) Dardik, et al., in U.S. patent 3,974,526, describe the preparation of bioprosthetic vascular grafts from veins and arteries obtained from the umbilical cord. Among the reagents disclosed for hardening or tanning the vessels is chromium oxide. 5 A recurrent problem with such bioprosthetic heart valves has been their tendency toward calcification in vivo. This problem has been particularly prevalent in children, leading some to recommend against the use of bioprosthetic heart valves in 10 children. Various procedures for mitigating calcification of bioprosthetic heart valves have been proposed. For example, Lentz et al., in U.S. patent 4,323,358, disclose the treatment of implantable 5 glutaraldehyde-fixed natural tissues (including porcine heart valves) with a soluble salt of a sulfated higher aliphatic alcohol to inhibit calcification after implantation. Nimni et al., in U.S. patent 4,378,224, disclose a procedure for inhibiting calcification of bioprosthetic tissues which involves 2ø cross- linking the tissue with a sulfated protein- polysaccharide, such as chondroitin sulfate. In United States patent 4,481,009, A. S. Nashef discloses a calcification mitigation procedure which comprises incorporating a biocompatible polymer into a bioprosthetic tissue prior to •5 implantation tissue. Dewanjee et al., in U.S. patent 4,553,974, describe a multi-step procedure for treating biological tissues to inhibit calc fication. This procedure involves treating the tissue with a surfactant, washing to remove the surfactant, fixing the tissue with glutaraldehyde, treating with a 3 Q calcification inhibitor, such as an amino diphosphonate and treating the tissue with a reducing agent. U.S. patent 4,648,881, Carpentier et al., teaches that calcification of implanted biological tissue can be mitigated by avoiding contact of the tissues with phosphate- containing solutions, at least during the latter stages of their preparation. This patent also teaches that treatment of the tissue with a calcium-competitive divalent cation inhibits calcification of the implanted tissue. A need continues to exist for a convenient, reliable and effective process for preparing calcification-resistant bioprosthetic implants, such as heart valves. Such a procedure should not deleteriously affect the durability, biocompatibility or physical characteristics of the bioprosthesis, and should be amendable to use in a commercial production process. Summary of the Invention In accordance with the present invention, a calcification- resistant bioprosthetic implant comprises a tanned biological material, which is impregnated with a calcification- inhibiting amount of ferric or stannic ions or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the invention resides in a process for preparing a bioprosthetic implant, which comprises treating a biological tissue with a tanning agent to produce a biologically compatible, durable tissue, treating the biological tissue, either before or after tanning, with an impregnation effective amount of a solution of a ferric or stannic salt, and forming the treated biological tissue into a prosthetic implant. In another embodiment, the biological tissue is provided with additional amine groups by the application of a solution containing one or more diamines. The diamines react with free carboxylic residues of proteins and other constituents of the tissue. The additional amine groups are free to react with either the aldehyde used in the tanning process, or the ferric and/or stannic ions. The dia ine is applied either prior o, during or subsequent to the first treatment step, whether such treatment step is the tanning or calcification mitigation process step. An activating factor is utilized with the diamine solution to initiate the reaction with the carboxylic residues. One particularly preferred activating factor is a carbodiimide. The bioprosthetic implants of this invention exhibit excellent resistance to calcification for long periods of implantation. The calcification mitigation process does not deleteriously ø affect the physical characteristics, the durability or biocompatibility of the implants. Description of the Preferred Embodiments Calcification is a particularly troublesome problem when it 5 occurs in prosthetic heart valves. To function effectively, such heart valves must retain the high degree of flexibility and durability of the tissues from which they are made. The valves must not only be substantially non-antigenie, thus resistant to host rejection reactions, but they also must not be thrombogenic ø or stimulate inflammatory reactions. Such bioprosthetic valves should provide many years of trouble-free performance. If they do fail, their failure should be attended by a gradual decrease in performance, rather than by a catastrophic loss of function. 5 Calcification can compromise many of these desired characteristics. Calcification reduces the flexibil ty of the valvular materials, and can result in sudden, unpredictable failure of the valve. Mineral deposits on the valves may cause the formation of thrombi, which, if suddenly released can cause 0 serious complications, including cerebrovascular or cardiovascular blockage. Calcification often requires premature replacement of bioprosthetic valves, thus exposing the patient to the risks of additional surgery. It has now been discovered that by impregnating the biological materials used for making bioprosthetic heart valves with an effective amount of ferric or stannic ions or a mixture thereof, calcification can be substantially reduced. The heart valves that may be prepared by this procedure include all of the common types of valves prepared from natural tissues, including those prepared from porcine heart valves, bovine pericardium, human dura matter and the like. 0 The process of the invention is generally employed in combination with any suitable process of sterilizing and fixing (tanning) the biological tissue. These tanning processes improve the durability and reduce the antigenicity of the biological tissue. Any of the conventional tissue tanning or fixing procedures can be employed. A preferred procedure is to treat the tissue with 0.625% glutaraldehyde in either phosphate-buffered solutions or ø phosphate- free buffers. Phosphate-free buffers are preferred, and include, for example, borate, carbonate, bicarbonate, cacodylate, and other synthetic, artificial or organic buffers, such as N-2- Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-3thanesulphonic acid (HEPES), 2-(N- morpholino)propane-sulphonic acid (MOPS) and 1,4- 5 piperazinebis (Ethanesulphonic acid) (PIPES). Any of a variety of sterilizing procedures can be employed for sterilizing the bioprosthetic implants of this invention. A preferred procedure includes contacting the biological tissue 0 with a sterilization-effective amount of a solution of formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, an alcohol and a surfactant. The sterilization and tanning procedures may be performed before or after the calcification mitigation procedure of the invention. The aldehydes used in the tanning process covalently cross-link with protein amine groups. Cross-linking of these groups, e.g., with glutaraldehyde, is important to reduce the antigenicity of the bioprosthesis. Ferric or stannic ions are believed to form stable, covalently bound complexes or ligands with amine groups, when in the presence of an aldehyde or other substance which will form Schiff bases with the amine groups. Thus, the reaction of the ferric and/or stannic ions with the amine groups directly competes with the tanning process. Various methods have been devised to measure the extent to which the amine groups have become cross-linked. One method of determining the extent of the cross-linking of the amine groups is measuring of the temperature at which the biological tissue experiences shrinkage (T$). Natural tissue typically has a T$ of about 65°C. As the cross-linking increases the T$ increases. Glutaraldehyde fixed tissue has a T$ of about 84oC to 85oC. This increase in hydrothermal stability of the tissue is believed to be important in terms of increased biological stability. Hence, it is desirable to insure that the impregnation with ferric and/or stannic ions does not significantly interfere with this T$. A high concentration of ferric or stannic salt may adversely affect the biological material. Such adverse effects range from a stiffening of the tissue to an actual increase in the tendency toward calcification. On the other hand, if the concentration of the ferric or stannic salt is too low, the treatment will not achieve the desired efficacy. The concentration of the ferric or stannic salt in solution may also affect the uniformity and depth of the penetration of the metallic ions throughout the biological material. In general, a uniform, deep penetration of the ferric or stannic ions in the biological material is preferred. - 7 - If the biological tissue is subjected first to the tanning solutions, then care must be taken to ensure that the biological tissue can be impregnated with a calcification mitigation amount of the ferric or stannic ions. Contrarily, if the biological tissue is first subjected to the treatment with the ferric or stannic ion solution, care must be taken to prevent the δ impregnation of such a large concentration of the ferric and/or stannic ions to prevent either adequate tanning, or to cause the biological material to become stiff. As stated, there are many factors which influence the degree of impregnation. Firstly, the concentration of the ferric or stannic ions in the impregnation solution wi,ll influence the quantity of ions available for impregnation. The extent of impregnation is influenced by the amount of contact time between the impregnation solution and the biological material, the impregnation solution pH, and the sequence of performing the impregnation process and the tanning process. These factors are controlled to obtain the desired impregnation level of ferric or stannic ion in the tissue. The precise level of ferric and/or stannic ion impregnation for a specific biological tissue is dependent upon the desired end use. As stated, the ferric and stannic ion impregnation competes with the cross-linking action of the aldehydes during the tanning process. This will directly affect the T$, which is dependent upon the degree of cross-linking obtained during the tanning process. Tissue impregnation with the ferric and/or stannic ions may also effect other characteristics of the tissue, such as flexibility of the tissue. The importance of any one characteristic is dependent upon the desired end usage for the tissue. Accordingly, the effective amount of ferric and/or stannic ion impregnation is dependent upon the desired end usage. Biological tissue materials used to form tissue heart valves are usually required to possess a certain degree of flexibility. As the level of ferric and/or stannic ion impregnation increases, the tissue loses flexibility. However, a sufficient amount of ferric and/or stannic ions must be incorporated to provide the necessary degree of calcification mitigation. As stated, the impregnation with ferric and/or stannic ions is highly dependent upon the concentration in the impregnating solution and the conditions under which the biological tissue material is subjected to the impregnation process. As stated, one indicator used to measure the usefulness of biological material subjected to the tanning process is the measurement of the temperature of shrinkage (T$). T$ is measured by holding the tissue within two clamps. One of the clamps is mounted in a manner to allow the clamp to slide in direction generally parallel to the direction in which the tissue is being held. This clamp is coupled to a device capable to indicating movement of the clamp. The tissue is immersed in a bath. The temperature of the bath is slowly raised until observing movement of the clamp. The process of the invention is performed in conjunction with a tanning process until the tissue is sufficiently impregnated with a calcification mitigating amount of ferric and/or stannic ions to achieve the desired calcification mitigation, while remaining sufficiently pliable for the intended end use. Once the desired degree of impregnation and pliability is obtained for a desired end use a measurement of the T$ provides an adequate reference point for tissue stabilization. For example, it has been determined that biological tissue tanned using glutaraldehyde should have a T$ of from about 85°C to possess the desired stability. Accordingly, the degree to which the tissue is impregnated with ferric and/or stannic ion should be maximized while maintaining this desired T$. The process of the invention is generally performed by contacting the biological material with a solution of a water-soluble ferric or stannic salt. This contact typically requires immersing the biological materials in the treatment solution. Alternatively, the solution may be sprayed, roll ø coated or applied to the biological materials using any suitable procedure. In a preferred embodiment, the biological material is immersed in the ferric or stannic salt solution for a period of time ranging from about 24 hours to about 200 hours. 5 The solvent or vehicle for the ferric or stannic salt may,be an organic solvent system or an aqueous solvent. Examples of organic solvents which may be used include lower Cj-Cβ aliphatic alcohols, glycols, triols, aldehydes and the like. 0 Preferred solvent systems are aqueous solutions of water-miscible alcohols, glycols, triols and aldehydes. These aqueous solvent systems not only serve as a vehicle for the ferric or stannic salts, but also serve as protein denaturants and bacteriocidal agents. Examples of such solvent systems are 5 aqueous solutions of ethanol , formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, glycerol or mixtures thereof. These aqueous solvent systems have the added advantage that they have long been used in the treatment of implantable biological tissues, and their safety and effectiveness are well- established. The aqueous solvent . Q systems advantageously contain up to about 30% ethanol, up to about 5% formaldehyde, up to about 0.625% glutaraldehyde,. or up to about 30% glycerol, or mixtures thereof. These solvent systems can also advantageously contain conventional buffering agents. The ferric or stannic ions are in the form of a soluble, substantially non-toxic salt. Examples of such salts include the nitrate, sulfate, borate, carbonate, halide, citrate and acetate salts. Preferred salts are ferric nitrate, stannic nitrate, ferric sulfate, stannic sulfate, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, ferric citrate, stannic citrate, ferric acetate and stannic acetate. Ferric salts are particularly preferred. The ferric or stannic salt is employed in the solution in an impregnation effective concentration. Such concentration is an amount sufficient to impregnate the biological material with a calcification- mitigating amount of the ferric or stannic ions upon treatment with the solution. Generally, the concentration of the ferric or stannic salts in the solution which are applied to the tissue, will range from about 0.01% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, preferably from about 0.05% by weight to about 1.5% by weight. The ferric or stannic concentration in the tissue prior to implantation ranges from about 0.001% to about 3.0%, preferably from about 0.005% to about 1.0% by weight. The pH of the ferric or stannic salt solution has been found to affect the rate at which the ferric and/or stannic ions are absorbed by the biological tissue. The lower the pH, the faster the absorption. The pH of the solution generally ranges from about 2 to about 7, with the pH preferably ranging from about 4.5 to about 6 being preferred. While the invention is particularly advantageous for preparing bioprosthetic heart valves, the biological materials and processes of this invention may be applied to the preparation of other types of implants. Examples of such implants are materials for bladder reconstruction, repair of blood vessels, and orthopedic implants, to name but a few. The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting. The discovery that led to the present invention was made by accident. Porcine heart valve leaflets were treated with glycerol prior to implantation into experimental animals. The leaflets were removed after several weeks, and were observed to have significantly lower levels of calcification than expected from prior experience. In investigating the cause of this result, it was noted that the glycerol used for treating the heart valve leaflets was taken from a metal container. This container of glycerol was quite old, and the glycerol was later found to contain relatively large amounts of iron and tin. Analysis of the glycerol for metals revealed that it contained 10 parts per million ("ppm") calcium, 90 ppm iron and 30 ppm tin. Follow- up experiments suggested that the lower degree of calcification was attributable to the contaminated glycerol. A series of experiments was conducted to establish the effect of the "aged glycerol" on calcification mitigation and development of alternate solution that would achieve this effect. EXAMPLES 1-5 Standard tanning and calcification mitigation procedures were followed in each of the Examples 1-5. Each example included two or more samples. Example 1 involved the use of the aged glycerol discussed above, and demonstrates that the aged glycerol provided a degree of calcification mitigation. The remaining examples established that the providers of this calcification mitigation were ferric and stannic ions. The only differences in the procedures between Examples 2-5 is in the type and concentration of ferric compound used during the calcification procedure. The specific compound and concentration level is indicated for each sample of the various examples. The standard procedures for the Examples 2-5 were as follows: Freshly extracted porcine aortic heart valve leaflets were thoroughly rinsed with isotonic saline solution. The leaflets were then subjected to tanning and calcification procedures, with the calcification mitigation procedure, unless otherwise indicated, being performed first. In one of the samples of Example 2 the procedures were reversed. This demonstrated that the calcification procedure would work whether performed before or after the tanning procedure. The calcification procedure involved immersing the leaflets in one of two types of glycerol solutions. The first type of solution, designated as aaa B in the examples, is the aged glycerol solution discussed above, while the second type of solution, designated as aaaς, is commercial grade glycerol solution consisted of 1/3 ethanol (90%), 1/3 aqueous formaldehyde (prepared by mixing 4 parts 37% formaldehyde and 6 parts H2O) and 1/3 glycerol. The aaaς glycerol solution was either used alone or spiked with a ferric or stannic compound. This is designated in the several examples by an indication along with the designation aaaς of a percent concentration, as a weight/volume percent, of the selected ferric or stannic compound. The ferric or stannic compounds used were either salts or oxides. The tanning procedure (indi cated in the various exampl es by "Glut Mg") involved immersing the leaflets i n a solution consi sted of 0.625 percent, on a weight/volume basi s , gl utaraldehyde havi ng a pH of 7.4 + 0.1 contai ning 0.02 molar N-2-Hydroxyethylpiperazi ne- N^-Ethane- sulfoni c aci d (HEPES) , 0.26 weight/volume percent magnesi um chloride and a suffi ci ent amount of sodium chloride to prepare an i sotonic sol ution. Both the tanning and calcification procedures were performed by immersing the leaflets in the respective solutions for a one week period. After the tanning and calcification procedures were completed the leaflets were surgically implanted subcutaneously it Various locations into the backs of growing rats (Examples 2-5) or growing rabbits (Example 6). These leaflets were left implanted for those periods of time indicated for each example. Three leaflets were implanted in each rat used for the examples 1-5, with two rats being sacrificed for each time interval. After the rats were sacrificed the leaflets were removed and observed for calcification. The calcification was measured qualitatively in Examples 2-5. The qualitative procedure used for Examples 2-5 involved visual, inspection and recording of the extent of calcification using a calcification scale of: no observable calcification (0), some calcification (+), average amount of the calcification (++) or severe calcification (+++). A letter F indicates minute degree of calcification observed under microscope. A letter E indicates that calcification was in the cells only, and represents only minor calcification. Generally, the samples being observed at each time interval possessed different degrees of calcification. As seen in the following charts, two different indications are given for each sample. This represents different degrees of calcification between the six different leaflets. However, except for certain examples, marked accordingly, no attempt was made to record the precise number of leaflets having each type of calcification. In Example 3 the respective number of leaflets for each grade is provided, while in Examples 2 and 5, two grade is provided for the leaflets. The grading was performed by visual observation. First, an X-ray of each sample was observed to provide a general indication of calcification. If a greater degree of differentiation was needed then a leaflet section was stained and examined for calcification. The stained section was prepared by embedding the leaflets in a paraffin block, sectioning the blocks and staining the sections with Von Kossa stain. EXAMPLE 1 This example illustrates the benefit provided by the aged glycerol described above. Treatment 1 included the immersing of the leaflets in the aged glycerol without the tanning procedure, while treatment 2 is merely leaflets subjected to the fanning procedure alone. T N . 1 MONTH 2 MONTHS 3 MONTHS 4 MONTHS The number of leaflets observed is indicated for the treatments. This example demonstrates the calcification iti gation effect of the aaaB, but that without tanning the resulting tissue is unstable. The indication of "lost" means that the tissue was digested and absorbed by the animal. EXAMPLE 2 This example demonstrates that, the anti-calcification treatment when coupled with tanning of the tissue, provides for a biologically stable tissue having a good degree of calcification mitigation. Treatment 1 was not subjected to tanning. TREATMENT NO. 2 MONTHS 3 MONTHS 4 MONTHS (1) aaβ 0/+++ 0/+++ 0/+++ (2) Glut Mg/aaa B 0/E 0/E 0/+++ (3) aaaβ/Glut Mg EXAMPLE 3 This example demonstrates that commercial glycerol aaaς does not provide the calcification mitigation as does aaaβ. In this example three rats were sacrificed for the first three time intervals for treatment (1). EXAMPLE 4 This example demonstrates that the calcification mitigation is provided by the ferric ions as ferric salts. The use of ferric oxide (treatment 5) did not provide for calcification mitigation. TREATMENT NO. 2 MONTHS 4 MONTHS 6 MONTHS (2) aaac/Glut Mg +++ (3) aaac/Glut Mg + FeCl3(50mg/100mlaaac) (4) aac/Glut Mg + Fe2(S04) 3n H 2 0:2.6%w/v + Fe2θ3,2H θ(50mg/100mlaaac) (6) aaac/Glut Mg + Fe(N0 3 )3,3H 2 0:2.6%w/v EXAMPLE 5 Thi s exampl e demonstrates the useful ness of both ferri c and stanni c sal ts (ions) i n provi di ng the cal ci fi cati on mi ti gation . TREATMENT NO. 4 MONTHS 6 MONTHS 8 MONTHS 10 MONTHS (1) aaaβ/Glut Mg 0/F F/++ 0/H (2) aaa c /Glut Mg ++ +++ (3) aaa c /Glut Mg 0/F 0/+++ +FeCl 3 :3.3% w/v (4) aaa Qlut Mg 0/++ 0/+++ + SnCl 5 :6% w/v (5) aaac/Glut Mg +++ + ,2H 2 0:2% w/v (6) aaac +++ + CaC 2% w/v + SnCl 5 6% w/v + FeCl 3 3.3% w/v The last two samples 5 and 6 indicate that presence of calcium ions negates the calcification mitigation effect of stannic and ferric ions. EXAMPLE 6 6 quantitatively measured the concentration of both calcium (Ca) and Iron (Fe) in the implanted leaflets. The calcification and tanning procedures used to prepare the leaflets for the samples of this example were as performed above. The treatment Godes listed for the samples indicate two types of treatment. — I o — Treatment E is with the aged glycerol aaaB followed by the tanning procedure discussed above. Treatment F uses commercial grade glycerol spiked with 0.1 weight/volume percent ferric nitrate followed by the tanning procedure discussed above. The complete procedure for this example involved taking a saline stored leaflet, subjecting the leaflets to the calcification procedure described above, using the indicated solutions, for one week, followed by the described tanning procedure with glutaraldehyde for one week. The leaflets were then sterilized 0 in a FETH (4% Formaldehyde-22.5% ethanol-1.2% Tween (a polysorbate 80 anionic surfactant -0.02 Molar HEPES with the solution having a pH of 7.4) for nine hours at 35oC. The procedure used for implanting and observing calcification of 5 the leaflets in Example 6 were also different than those described above. First, the leaflets were implanted subcutaneously in the backs of six growing rabbits. Secondly, twelve leaflets were implanted in each rabbit six on each side of the s pine. For each time interval, three leaflets were Q removed and the quantitative measurement was performed on each leaflet. The quantitative measurement of Ca and Fe used in Example 6 is as follows: At each indicated time interval the leaflets were explanted and rinsed with saline to remove the blood. X- rays of the leaflets were made to allow for visual 5 observation. The tissue growth about the leaflets was then removed by suitable mechanical means. The cleaned leaflets were then subjected to a lyophilisation procedure until dried. This typically requiring sixteen hours. The dry weight for each leaflet was recorded, and then the leaflets were digested in 3 Q Normal nitric acid, with the remaining volume adjusted to 10 millimeters of distilled H£θ in a volumetric flask. The percentage of calcification, or calcium content, and also iron content, was determined using elemental analysis by atomic absorption for each leaflet. The percentage of calcium and iron as indicated in Table 1 below is the average for the three leaflets from each rabbit. The percentage of calcium and iron in the tissue of treatment E before implantation was measured to be 0.012 for calcium and 1.295 for iron and for treatment F, 0.005 for calcium and 1.662 for Fe. As can be seen the amount of calcium uptake was minimal over the twelve week period. TABLE 1 Sample Treatment Implant time (weeks) Number Code 12 Ca Fe Ca Fe Ca Fe Ca Fe As demonstrated by the above examples, the method of the invention provides an effective means for mitigating the calcification of tissue implants. However, one difficulty in practicing the method of the invention relates to the two reactions which compete for the free protein amine groups. That is, the calcification mitigation procedure involving the reaction between the amine groups and ferric and/or stannic ions and the tanning procedure involving the reaction between the amine groups and an aldehyde, e.g. glutaraldehyde. The balancing of these two reactions directly affects the final properties of the tissue. For example, if the calcification mitigation procedure is not regulated, the concentration of the ferric and/or stannic ions binding with the amine groups will restrict the available amine sites for reaction with the aldehyde which will stiffen the final tissue product. If the tanning procedure is not regulated, not enough amine groups will be available for binding with the ferric and/or stannic ions, thus negating any calcification mitigation effect. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention one or more different types of diamines are introduced into the tissue in the presence of an activating factor. Diamines bind to the free carboxylic residues on proteins and mucopolysaccharides present in the tissue, and in particular the tissue collagen. A more detailed explanation of the coupling of diamines to carboxylic residues and useful activating factors is disclosed in Journal of Polvmer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, by Lloyd and Burns, Vol. 17, pp. 3459-348^9 (1979), which is generally incorporated herein by reference and specifically with respect to the useful types of activating factors. The treatment of fixed tissue with a diamine is also taught in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,729,139, issued on March 8, 1988, and 4,481,009, issued on November 6, 1984, both of which are issued to Aws Nashef. The incorporation of diamines in tissue, as disclosed by the procedures discussed in these two patents is to assist in the covalent bonding of monomers, which are subsequently polymerized, to the carboxylic residues of proteins and mucopolysaccharides of tanned tissue. The general purpose of the procedures taught by these two patents is the inhibition Q of calcification in implantable tissue through the impregnation of the tissue with a polymer. The application of the diamine may be performed at any step of the process of the invention. For example, the diamine solution 5 may be applied as the first step of the process. That is, the diamine solution is applied before either the tanning procedure or the calcification mitigation procedure. This provides additional amine groups for linkage with the aldehyde and the ferric and/or stannic ions. Alternatively, the diamine solution 0 may be applied in between the first and second steps of the invention. That is, the diamine solution may be applied after the tanning procedure and before the calcification mitigation procedure, or vice versa depending upon the sequence of the two primary steps. 5 The preferred process of the invention involves tanning the tissue and then subsequently performing the calcification mitigation procedure. In this preferred embodiment the application of the diamine application is performed between the Q tanning and the calcification mitigation steps. The diamine is typically applied to the tissue in an aqueous solution, with the diamine being water soluble. Preferred diamines are those having the formula R-(NH2)2, wherein R is a cyclic or noncyclic alkyl, aryl, alkylene, arylalkyl, - 23 - arylalkylene radical having from one to ten carbons. The selected diamine should readily diffuse through the tissue protein network and preferably be water soluble. A particularly preferred diamine is ethylenedia ine. The activating factor is typically added directly to the aqueous solution containing the diamine. Accordingly, the useful activating factors are also water soluble. The preferred activating factor is one or more types of carbodiimides, with a 0 particularly preferred activating factor being l-ethyl-3(3-di ethylaminopropyl)- carbodiimide-HCL. Typically, the tissue is soaked in the aqueous solution containing the diamines and the activating factors for about five to about thirty minutes, with the pH of the solution adjusted to about 4.75. The concentration of the diamine should be selected ' to ensure the availability of at least one-hundred fifty moles of diamine ø to every one mole of collagen present in the tissue. This molar ratio is theorized to ensure the effective binding of diamines to available carboxylic residues. This theory is based upon the assumption that one mole of collagen exists for every 00,000 grams dry weight of tissue, and that one hundred fifty 5 carboxylic residues are present for every one mole of collagen. The amount of activating factor applied with the diamine is also dependent upon this theorized concentration of free carboxylic acid residues in the collagen. The amount of activating factor Q used is generally at least greater than about five times the theorized number of available carboxylic acid residues in thie collagen. EXAMPLES 7-10 The following examples demonstrate this preferred embodiment of the invention. The results of Examples 7-10 are shown in the following tables 2-5, with the Treatment Codes E and C designating the Experimentally treated tissue and the Control Tissue. EXAMPLE 7 The following example demonstrates the treatment of implantable 0 porcine heart valve leaflets with ethylenediamine (ED). The valve tissue was previously fixed by treatment with glutaraldehyde-HEPES. The treatment with ED was performed prior to the calcification treatment with ferric nitrate in a 5% aqueous formaldehyde solution. 5 Test leaflets were treated for one week with glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer (as described above for Examples 1-5). Next the leaflets were soaked in an aqueous solution containing 0.1 molar ED. This aqueous solution also contained 5 ø grams of l-ethyl-3(3 dimethylaminopropyD-carbodiimide- HCL per grams dry weight of tissue. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 4.75 while the leaflets soaked for thirty minutes. The leaflets were then rinsed in saline and soaked for one week in 5% aqueous formaldehyde containing 0.1% ferric nitrate, then for 5 three weeks in glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer without ferric nitrate. The leaflets were sterilized by soaking in 4% formaldehyde for twelve hours at room temperature followed by rinsing in 0.625% glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffered saline (pH 7.4). Control leaflets were tanned with the Q glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer solution and were sterilized with FETH. The calcium and iron contents of the test leaflets prior to implantation were 0.005% and 0.93% respectively. The calcium and iron contents of the control leaflets prior to implantation were 0.019% and 0.024% respectfully. The leaflets were implanted in rabbits, then removed and analyzed after ia _ specified period of time in accordance with the procedures discussed above for Examples 1-5. The period of time for 4 each test was three, six, nine and twelve weeks as stated in the following Table 2. The calcium and iron contents and standard deviations for the removed leaflets are shown in Table 2. This experiment demonstrates that the sequential treatment with ED and with ferric nitrate in aqueous formaldehyde results *inr substantial calcification mitigation. TABLE 2 Rabbit Treatment Implant time (weeks) # Code 3 12 Ca Fe Ca Fe Ca Fe Ca Fe E 0.121 0.895 STUDY TERMINATED C 0.382± 0.680± 0.860± 0.474± 0.350± 0.597± 0.668 0.126 1.030 0.125 0.421 0.072 n = 6 n = 6 n = 5 n = 5 n = 5 n = 5 Mean C 0.125± 0.188± 0.289± 0.066± 0.545± 0.030± ± S.D. 0.068 0.374 0.112 0.041 0.696 0.017 n = 4 n = 4 n = 3 n = 3 n = 5 n = 5 - 27 - EXAMPLE 8 The following example demonstrates the treatment of previously fixed implantable porcine heart valve leaflets first with- ethylenediamine (ED) and then with ferric nitrate in an aqueous formaldehyde/ethanol solution (calcification mitigation). Test leaflets were treated for one week with glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer as described in Examples 1-5. The leaflets were then incubated in 0.1 M ED solution, adjusted to a ø pH of 4.75 for thirty minutes followed by the addition of five grams of 1-ethyl- 3(3 dimethylaminopropyD-carbodiimide- HCL per gram (dry weight) of tissue). The reaction proceeded at a pH of 4.75 for thirty minutes. The leaflets were subsequently rinsed in saline(0.9%). The leaflets were then treated for one week in 5 an aqueous solution containing 5% formaldehyde, 30% ethanol and 0.1% ferric nitrate, then for three weeks in a glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer solution without ferric nitrate. The leaflets were sterilized with 4% formaldehyde for twelve hours at room temperature followed by rinsing in 0.625% ø HEPES/glutaraldehyde solution maintained at a pH» of 7.4. Control leaflets were tanned with the glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer solution and were sterilized with FETH. The calcium and iron contents of the test leaflets prior to implantation were 0.006% and 1.983% respectively. The calcium and iron contents 5 of the control leaflets prior to implantation were 0.019% and 0.024% respectfully. The leaflets were implanted in rabbits, then removed and analyzed after a specified period of ti . ώe. in accordance with the procedures discussed above for Examples s 1-5. The period of time for each test was three, six, nine and 0 twelve weeks as stated in the following Table 3. The calcium and iron contents and standard deviations for the removed leaflets are shown in Table 3. This experiment demonstrates that the sequential treatment with ED and with ferric nitrate in aqueous formaldehyde/ethanol results in substantial calc fication mitigation. TABLE 3 Fe EXAMPLE 9 The following example demonstrates the treatment of impla.n able porcine heart valve leaflets first fixed with glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer and then treated with ethylenedia ine (ED) prior to the calcification treatment' with ferric nitrate in an aqueous formaldehyde/glycerol solution. Test leaflets were treated for one week with glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer (as described in Examples 1-5). They were then soaked in an aqueous solution (pH 7.45) of 0.1 molar ED and 5 grams of 1- ethyl-3(3 d ethylaminopropyD-carbodi mide- HCL/gra (dry weight) of tissue for thirty minutes, with the leaflets subsequently rinsed in saline. The leaflets were then treated for one week in ^ an aqueous solution of 5% formaldehyde, 24% glycerol and 0.1% ferric nitrate, then for three weeks in a glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffered solution without ferric nitrate. The leaflets were sterilized with 4% formaldehyde in HBS for twelve hours at room temperature as described for Examples 7 and 8. Control leaflets were tanned with the glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer solution and were sterilized with FETH. The calcium and iron contents of the test leaflets prior to implantation were 0.004% and Q.307% respectively. The calcium and iron contents of the control leaflets prior to implantation were 0.019% and 0.024% respectfully. The leaflets were implanted in rabbits, then removed and analyzed after a specified period of time in accordance with the procedures discussed above for Examples 1-5. The period of time for each test was three, six, nine and twelve weeks as stated in the following Table 4. The calcium and iron contents and standard deviations for the removed leaflets are shown in Table 4. This experiment demonstrates that the sequential treatment with ED and with ferric nitrate in aqueous formaldehyde/glycerol results in substantial calcification mitigation. TABLE 4 Rabbit Treatment Implant time (weeks) # Code 12 Ca Fe Ca Fe Ca Fe Ca Fe E 0.109 0.163 C 0.079 0.088 0.084± 0.207± 0.367± 0.156± 0.405± 0.140± 1.599± 0.137± 0.016 0.092 0.446 0.011 0.348 0.070 1.600 0.029 n = 5 n = 5 n = 4 n = 4 n = 3 n = 3 n = 4 n = 5 Mean C 0.145± 0.034± 0.776± O.Olδ± 0.497± 0.042± 0.746± 0.043± ± S.D. 0.083 0.047 0.740 0.012 0.549 0.007 0.467 0.019 n = 5 n = 5 n = 4 n = 4 n = 4 n = 4 n = 3 n = 3 EXAMPLE 10 The following example demonstrates the treatment of implantable porcine heart valve leaflets first fixed with glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer and then treated with ethylenediamine (ED) prior to the calcification treatment with ferric nitrate in an aqueous ethanol/formaldehyde/glycerol . Test leaflets were treated for one week with glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer (as described in Examples 1-5). They were then soaked in an aqueous solution (pH 7.45) of 0.1 molar ED and 5 grams of 1- ethyl-3(3 r dimethylaminopropyD-carbodiimide- HCL/gra (dry weight) of tissue for thirty minutes, with the leaflets subsequently rinsed in saline. The leaflets were then treated for one week in an aqueous solution of ethanol/formaldehyde/reagent grade glycerol (as described for Examples 1-5) containing 0.1% ferric nitrate, then for three weeks with the glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer without ferric nitrate. The leaflets were sterilized with 4% formaldehyde in HBS for twelve hours at room , temperature as described for Examples 7 and 8. Control leaflets were tanned with the glutaraldehyde/HEPES buffer solution- and were sterilized with FETH. The calcium and iron contents of the test leaflets prior to implantation were 0.007% and 1.609% - respectively. The calcium and iron contents of the control leaflets prior to implantation were 0.019% and 0.024% . respectfully. The leaflets were implanted in rabbits, then removed and analyzed after a specified period of time in accordance with the procedures discussed above for Examples 1-5. The period of time for each test was three, six, nine and twelve weeks as stated in the following Table 5. The calcium and iron contents and standard deviations for the removed leaflets are shown in Table 5. These experiments demonstrate that the sequential treatment with ED and with ferric nitrate in aqueous ethanol/formaldehyde/glycerol results in substantial calcification mitigation. TABLE 5 Rabbit Treatment Implant time (weeks) # Code 3 6 9 12 Ca Fe Ca Fe Ca Fe Ca Fe 1 E 0.339 1.625 0.491 1.365 0.558 1.288 0.477 1.398 C 0.105 0.006 0.561 0.025 0.248 0.062 6.637 0.037 E 0.269± 1.552+ 0.544± 1.473± 0.591± 1.342± 0.625± 1.392± 0.059 0.178 0.084 0.086 0.143 0.101 0.108 0.180 n = 5 n = 5 n = 6 n = 6 n = 3 n = 3 n = 5 n = 5 Mean 0.144± 0.005± 0.743± 0.024± 2.648± 0.053± 2.700± 0.028± ± S.D. 0.049 0.006 0.991 0.012 2.334 0.024 3.410 0.008 n = 6 n = 6 n = 5 n = 5 n = 5 n = 5 n = 3 n = 3 While the preferred embodiments have been described, various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention has been described by way of illustration and not limitation.

Claims: What is claimed is: 1. A process of preparing biologically derived tissue comprising treating said biological material with a tanning solution, a diamine, an activating factor and a solution of a soluble, substantially non-toxic ferric salt, stannic salt or a combination thereof. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said activating factor is a 0 carbodiimide. 3. The process of claim 2 wherein the salt is a nitrate, sulfate, borate, carbonate, halide, citrate or acetate of ferric or stannic. 5 4. The process of claim 2 wherein the salt is ferric nitrate, stannic nitrate, ferric sulfate, stannic sulfate, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, ferric citrate, stannic citrate, ferric acetate or stannic acetate. 0 5. The process of claim 4 wherein the salt is dissolved in an aqueous solution of water-miscible alcohol, glycol , triol, or aldehyde. 5 6. The process of claim 4 wherein the salt is dissolved in an aqueous solution of ethanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or glycerol . 7. The process of claim 3 wherein the solution contains up to Q about 30% ethanol, up to about 5% formaldehyde, up to about 1% glutaraldehyde, or up to about 30% glycerol, or mixtures thereof. 8. The process of claim 6 wherein the pH of said ferric or stannic salt solution ranges from about 2 to about 7. 9. The process of claim 6 wherein the pH of said ferric or stannic salt solution ranges from about 2 to about 3. - 35 - 10. The process of claim 6 wherein the said ferric or stannic salt solution contains from about 0.01% to about 2.5% by weight of the ferric or stannic salt. , 11. The process of claim 10, wherein the said ferric or stannic salt solution contains from about 0.05% to about 1.5% of the ferric or stannic salt. 12. The process of claim 1 wherein said diamine and said activating factor are applied to said tissue in a single aqueous solution. 13. The process of claim 2 wherein said diamine and said activating factor are applied to said tissue in a single aqueous solution. 14. The process of claim 5 wherein said diamine and said activating factor are applied to said tissue in a single aqueous solution. 15. The process of claim 6 wherein said diamine and said activating factor are applied to said tissue in a single aqueous solution. 16. The process of claim 14 wherein said diamine is selected from those having the formula: R- ( NH 2 ) 2 Wherein: R is a C]- CIQ cyclic or noncyclic alkyl, aryl, alkylene, arylalkyl, arylalkylene radical. ,, 17. The process of claim 15 wherein said diamine is selected from those having the formula: R- ( NH 2 ) 2 Wherein: R is a C-|- Cio cyclic or noncyclic alkyl, aryl, alkylene, arylalkyl, arylalkylene radical. 18. The process of claim 16 wherein R is a straight chain aliphatic group. 19. The process of claim 17 wherein R is a straight chain aliphatic group. 0 20. The process of claim 14 wherein said diamine is ethylenediamine. 21. The process of claim 15 wherein said diamine is ethylenediamine. 5 22. The process of claim 14 wherein said carbodiimide is 1 -ethyl -3 ( 3-di meth l ami nopropy 1 )-carboi i mi de-HCL . 23. The process of claim 15 wherein said carbodiimide is ø l-ethyl-3(3-dimethyl ami nopropyD-carboiimi de-HCL. 24. The process of claim 1 wherein said biological tissue is in the form of a porcine heart valve. 5 25. The process of claim 2 wherein said biological tissue is in the form of a porcine heart valve. 26. The process of claim 14 wherein said biological tissue is in the form of a porcine heart valve. 0 27. The process of claim 15 wherein said biological tissue is in the form of a porcine heart valve. 28. The process of claim 16 wherein said biological tissue is in the form of a porcine heart valve. 29. The process of claim 1 wherein said diamine is applied to said tissue at a rate of one-hundred fifty moles diamine to every one mole of said tissue collagen. 30. The process of claim 2 wherein said diamine is applied to said tissue at a rate of one-hundred fifty moles diamine. to every one mole of said tissue collagen. , 31. The process of claim 14 wherein said diamine is applied to said tissue at a rate of one-hundred fifty moles diamine to every one mole of said tissue collagen. 32. The process of claim 15 wherein said diamine is applie4 to said tissue at a rate of one-hundred fifty moles diamine to every one mole of said tissue collagen. 33. The process of claim 16 wherein said diamine is applied jto said tissue at a rate of one-hundred fifty moles diamine to every one mole of said tissue collagen. 34. The process of claim 29 wherein said activating factor is applied to said tissue at a rate of five times that amount of carboxylic residues of said tissue collagen. 35. The process of claim 30 wherein said activating factor is applied to said tissue at a rate of five times that amount of carboxylic residues of said tissue collagen. 36. The process of claim 31 wherein said activating factor is applied to said tissue at a rate of five times that amount of carboxylic residues of said tissue collagen. 37. The process of claim 32 wherein said activating factor is applied to said tissue at a rate of five times that amount of carboxylic residues of said tissue collagen. 38. The process of claim 33 wherein said activating factor is applied to said tissue at a rate of five times that amount of carboxylic residues of said tissue collagen. 39. A process of preparing biologically derived tissue comprising the steps of tanning said tissue, treating said tanned tissue with an aqueous solution of one or more diamines in combination with an aqueous solution of one or more activating factors, and then treating said tanned tissue with a solution of a soluble, substantially non-toxic ferric salt, stannic salt or combination thereof. 40. The process of claim 39 wherein said diamine and said activating factor are applied in a single aqueous solution. 41. The process of claim 39 wherein said activating factor is a carbodiimide. 42. The process of claim 40 wherein said activating factor is a carbodiimide. 43. The process of claim 41 wherein said diamine is applied to said tissue at a rate of one-hundred fifty moles diamine to every one mole of said tissue collagen. 44. The process of claim 42 wherein said activating factor is applied to said tissue at a rate of five times that amount of carboxylic residues of said tissue collagen. 45. The process of claim 44 wherein the salt is a nitrate, sulfate, borate, carbonate, halide, citrate or acetate of ferric or stannic. 46. The process of claim 44 wherein the salt is ferric nitrate, stannic nitrate, ferric sulfate, stannic sulfate, ferric chloride, stannic chloride, ferric citrate, stannic citrate, ferric acetate or stannic acetate.

Inventors: CARPENTIER ALAIN, CARPENTIER SOPHIE, NASHEF AWS, CARPENTIER, ALAIN, CARPENTIER, SOPHIE, NASHEF, AWS
Applicants: BAXTER INT, BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC.
Application year: 1990
Main classification: A61L27
IPC codes: A01N1, A61F2, A61L27