High gas flow rate-apparatus

Abstract: High gas flow requirements of large size lines are conveniently provided by a series of high pressure tubes connected to header means adapted to control the storage and distribution of gas to the lines at desired flow rates for relatively short periods of time. Gas thus supplied can conveniently be used as a propelling gas stream for the in-situ cleaning of large size lines under high exit velocity conditions requiring the supply of gas at a high flow rate not conveniently supplied by conventional pumpers.

Description: The invention relates to the flow of gas through lines. More particularly, it relates to such flow through large lines having high flow rate requirements. There are a variety of industrial operations that require the pumping of gases through relatively large size lines. As the diameter of the line increases, the flow rate requirements of the gas are correspondingly increased. For various applications, the providing of such high flow rate capacity can pose a practical problem from an operational viewpoint. In some instances flow rate limitations may preclude the carrying out of a desired operation with conditions requiring relatively high flow rates. The in-situ cleaning of water or gas pipelines is a highly desirable industrial operation in which gas pumper flow rate limitations have tended to preclude application to large size lines. In such in-situ cleaning, an industrial service activity provided by Union Carbide Industrial Services Company (UCISCO) as the Sandjet® process, a high velocity, propelling gas stream (e.g. nitrogen) having cleaning particle entrained therein is injected into the line to be cleaned. The turbulent and swirling motion of the propelling gas stream in the line induces a high radial velocity to the cleaning particles, with sufficient energy to dislodge deposits from the inner walls of the line. Such dislodged deposits are removed from the line with the propelling gas stream and cleaning particles. The in-situ cleaning operation is continued, through a number of relatively short cleaning runs, until the unwanted deposit has been removed, as evidenced by the removal of a clean, substantially deposit-free gas stream from the outlet end of the line. A sufficient supply of propelling gas must be available for this in-situ cleaning process, which is commonly carried out at exit flow velocities of about 4267 to 6096 m/min (14,000 to 20,000 feet per minute), with 4877 m/min (16,000 feet per minute) being a typical exit flow velocity for such applications. The in-situ cleaning process is normally limited to the cleaning of lines having a maximum diameter of 30.48cm (12 inches) due to increasingly higher flow rate requirements for larger lines. Thus, at said 4877 m/min (16,000 feet per minute) exit velocity, a 15.24cm (6 inches line requires a gas flow rate of 88.97 m³/min (3,142 scfm (standard cubic feet per minute)), said flow rate increasing to 355.83 m³/min (12,566 scfm) for a 30.48 cm (12 inches) line, to 800.63 m³/min 28,274 scfm for an 45.72 cm (18 inches) line, and to 1423.34 m³/min (50,265 scfm) for a 60.96 cm (24 inches) line. A conventional pumper for the vapourizing and pumping of liquid nitrogen, as employed in common commercial practice, typically has a maximum flow capacity of about 107.60 m3/min (3,800 scfm). Thus, a 15.24 cm (6 inches) line can be cleaned using one such pumper, while four pumpers are required for a 30.48 cm (12 inches) line. Eight pumpers would be required for an 45.72 cm (18 inches) line, and a total of fourteen pumpers would be required for a 60.96 cm (24 inches) line. Under such circumstances, the use of such pumpers for the cleaning of lines larger than 30.48 cm (12 inches) becomes unduly expensive and presents practical logistical problems because of the large number of pumpers required. For certain cross country pipeline applications, such problems are obviated by the use of a technique referred to as ballasting, wherein a part of a line is pumped to the desired pressure and is then used to supply the required high flow rate needed in the in-situ cleaning of another portion of the line. For plant operations, ballasting has not been found feasible because no suitable line is typically available for ballasting. In order to achieve the required high flow rates of large size lines using pumpers only, a fleet of pumpers would have to be available for a particular job, and all of the pumpers would have to be connected to a common manifold, be supplied with liquid nitrogen and be brought on line simultaneously for each run of the in-situ cleaning process. Such an operation becomes increasingly more difficult and expensive with each additional pumper. For some in-situ cleaning applications, it may be feasible to use air in place of nitrogen as the propelling gas. With respect to supplying high flow rates, however, it was determined that a 10.69 x 10⁶ cal.gm/sec (1,000 hp) compressor will supply about 42.48 m3/min (1,500 scfm) of air. As with the pumpers referred to above, a large number of air compressors would be required for high flow operations, and the cost and space requirements associated with the use of air compressors would be prohibitive. While in-situ cleaning of high flow rate lines has been precluded for the reasons indicated above, there is nevertheless a desire in the art for the use of the in-situ cleaning process for the cleaning of larger diameter lines. The inherent advantages of the in-situ process are such, compared with the alternatives of cutting open sections of the line, cleaning by mechanical means, and re-assembling the line, that it would readily be used for large size lines if a convenient means for providing the high flow rate requirements could be found. In US-A-2 011 347 there is disclosed the delivery of compressed gas cylinders to a place of gas consumption, and to the returning of the cylinders to a gas plant for recharging. The system employed uses a manifold and outlet system, in which three manifolds 35, 36 and 37 are employed and the cylinders in particular positions are connected to one of the manifolds. A staggered and nested relationship of cylinders is employed for compact arrangement of the multiple manifolds and cylinders in a delivery vehicle. It has now been found possible, to provide a process and apparatus for the supply of gas at high flow rates. It has also been found possible to provide a process and apparatus for the supply of gas for in-situ cleaning and other operations requiring high flow rates for relatively short periods of time. Gas for passage to a large diameter, high flow rate line is pumped to tube trailers, from which it is discharged through a common high flow header to said large diameter line. A desirably high flow rate is thereby obtainable for a desirable but relatively short period of time. According to the present invention there is provided an apparatus for the providing of gas to a large size line having high gas flow rate requirements, which comprises: (a) header means for the distribution of gas to be passed to a large size line at high flow rates therein; (b) control valve means at the discharge end of the header means, the discharge end control means being adapted to provide for the discharge of gas at a rate sufficient to provide the desired high flow rate in the downstream large size line; (c) pumping means suitable for the supply of gas to the header means at a desired elevated pressure suitable for the providing of the gas to the large size line at high flow rates; (d) a series of high pressure individual tubes adapted for the storage of gas at elevated pressure for use in providing said high flow rate of gas in the large size line; (e) gas connecting lines extending from each of the individual gas storage tubes to the header means, the lines providing for the flow of gas from the header to the tubes upon application of the pumping means and the control valve means at the discharge end thereof being closed, and for the flow of gas from the tubes to the header for passage of the large size line when the control valve means at the discharge end thereof is open, whereby gas is conveniently pumped through the header means to the individual tubes at an elevated pressure for subsequent discharge through the header means to the large size line having high gas flow requirements. The header means and the individual gas storage tubes are adpated to provide gas to the large size downstream line at a flow rate of at least 339.80 m3/min (12,000 scfm). Preferably they are adapted to provide the gas at a flow rate of at least 566.34 m3/min (20000 scfm), more preferably at least 849.50 m3/min (30000 scfm). There may be, for example, about 6 to about 10 individual gas storage tubes. The gas connecting lines between the individual tubes and the header means comprise lines without any control valves positioned therein. There may be a connecting line extending from the downstream end of the header means to the large size line to which gas is being passed. Such connecting line may extend to a pipeline to be cleaned in-situ, the gas passing therethrough providing the propelling gas stream for the passage of cleaning particles through the pipeline. There may also be a supply pot for cleaning particles to be used for the in-situ cleaning of the pipeline and also a by-pass line to direct a portion of the main body of the propelling gas stream for passage beneath the supply pot for the metering of cleaning particles therein, the by-pass line extending to the pipeline to be cleaned for the passage of the gas stream containing cleaning particles entrained therein to the pipeline. Furthermore there may also be an injection head attached to the large size pipeline to be cleaned, the injection head being adapted to facilitate the passage of the main body of propelling gas and the portion thereof containing cleaning particles entrained therein to the large size line. For example, the large size pipeline to be cleaned may be 45.72 cm (18 inches) in diameter, said apparatus being adapted to provide gas thereto at a flow rate in excess of about 566.34 m3/min (20,000 scfm) in the 45.72 cm (18 inches) line, thereby providing an exit gas velocity of about 48.77 m/min) (16,000 feet per minute) from said line. Utilizing the present invention conventional tube trailers can be modified to serve as a source of ballast to supply a high flow rate of gas for a relatively short period of time. In the practice of the invention, nitrogen can be supplied conveniently at a job site for use as the propelling gas in the in-situ cleaning of large diameter lines requiring high flow rates for the relatively short duration of each run of the in-situ cleaning operation. Other applications requiring high flow rates of gas for short periods of time can likewise be carried out conveniently and efficiently using the process and apparatus of the invention. Tube trailers are well known and are typically used to supply a gas, such as, for example, hydrogen, at relatively low flow rates, over extended periods of time, for various applications. Tube trailers are typically designed to supply gas at withdrawal flow rates of up to about 28.32 m3/min (1,000 scfm). Such tube trailers typically comprise from about 6 to 10 or more tubes mounted on a movable trailer, a common header and cylinder valves to control the loading of gas into the tubes and the desired discharge of gas therefrom through the header and into the processing line. For purposes of the invention, the header, or common manifold for the passage of gas, is generally from about 5.08 to about 10.16 cm (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, with a 7.62 cm (3 inches) diameter header being generally convenient and preferred for the in-situ cleaning application referred to above. The header should be sufficiently long so that the individual tubes can be conveniently attached thereto. While the header length may vary in particular applications of the invention, it is generally convenient to provide about 10.16 cm (4 inches) of header length for each tube employed in a tube trailer unit. The individual tubes attached to the header are typically about 60.96 cm (24 inches) in diameter and 10.67 m (35 feet) long, constructed of carbon steel and capable of withstanding pressures of up to about 17237.5 kPa (2,500 psi) pressure. Such tubes, it should be noted, are generally of the size used in conventional, low flow rate tube trailers, although the size thereof can be varied depending upon the gas flow requirements of any given application. In conventional tube trailer practice, a cylinder valve is provided in each tube. For purposes of the invention, the cylinder valves are removed from each tube, optionally with the installment of full opening ball valves, and a line, referred to as a pig tail, is run from each tube into the large common header. The diameter of the pig tails are typically from about 0.79 to 2.54 cm (5/16 inch to 1 inch), most commonly about 1.91 cm (3/4 inch), for the typical high flow rate, short duration gas flow operations to which the invention is directed. As in conventional low flow rate tube trailer practice, the apparatus of the invention will typically comprise from about 6 to about 10 individual tubes. It will be appreciated, however, that any desired number of individual tubes can be provided depending on the flow requirements of a given high gas flow rate application. The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying single figure drawing that is a schematic representation of the apparatus of the invention as employed in an in-situ process for the cleaning of a large diameter line; but in no manner limited thereto. With reference to the drawing, the header for the passage of gas is represented by the numeral 1. Pumper 2 is provided for the passage of gas through conduit 3 into header 1, which has valve 4 positioned at the gas inlet end thereof. A relief valve 5 is desirably positioned in said line 3. A number of individual trailer tubes 6 are connected to header 1 by means of corresponding individual pig tails 7. Valve 8 is positioned at the gas discharge end of header 1 and controls the flow of gas into line 9 for passage to an in-situ pipeline cleaning application in the illustrated embodiment of the invention. A relief valve 10 is desirably positioned in line 9. Orifice 11 is positioned in line 9 so as to ensure a constant flow of gas in said line prior to the dividing of said gas flow at junction 12. Line 13, having optional orifice 14 positioned therein to ensure a constant flow of gas, extends from junction 12 to tangential gas inlet 15 of gas injection head 16. Line 17 passes from said junction 12 to gas manifold 18 from which line 19 containing pot pressure valve 20 passes to the upper part of cleaning particle supply pot 21. Line 22, desirably containing set valve 23 to ensure a desired pressure, extends to mixing chamber 24. At the bottom of supply pot 21, line 25 containing control valve 26 passes downward to mixing chamber 24. Line 27 extends from said mixing chamber 24 to gas injector head 16 and is positioned for axial injection of gas and particles therein. As illustrated, injection head 16 is connected to pipeline 28 to be cleaned in-situ using gas supplied by the high gas flow rate apparatus of the invention. In the practice of the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the gas supply and cleaning particle supply apparatus shown are connected to injection head 16 attached to pipeline 28, supply pot 21 is filled with flint, grit or other desired cleaning particles, and gas is pumped to the system by means of pumper 2. For this high flow rate, relatively short term in-situ cleaning application, nitrogen is commonly pumped from a source of liquid nitrogen supply and vapourized. The gas is pumped through conduit 3 into header 1, inlet end valve 4 being open and discharge end valve 8 being closed. The gas passes from header 1 into individual trailer tubes 6. Upon the loading of trailer tubes 6 with gas at the desired pressure, valve 8 is opened to provide for the passage of gas for purposes of the desired in-situ cleaning application. Gas from trailer tubes 6 passes through header 1 into line 9, from which a portion of the gas passes to gas injection head 16 through line 13. The remaining gas is diverted through line 17 for use in the controlled entrainment of cleaning particles therein prior to passage to said injection head 16. A portion of the diverted gas passes to the uper part of supply pot 21 to create a positive pressure therein to facilitate the metering of gas particles into the gas from line 22 in mixing chamber 24 to provide a gas stream having a controlled amount of cleaning particles entrained therein for passage to said injection head 16. This latter stream is desirably injected into injection head 16 in an axial manner, with the gas stream into injection head 16 through tangential gas inlet 15 being used to create a swirling position and desired turbulence to enhance the frequency and angle of impact of the cleaning particles with the inner walls of pipeline 28 to be cleaned, particularly at the feed end of said pipeline where the cleaning action is particularly enhanced by such turbulent action. An in-situ pipeline cleaning run, i.e. a run lasting until the exhaustion of the cleaning particles in the supply pot, typically last about five minutes. Thus, the nitrogen required for a single run in 45.72 cm (18 inches) line would be about 3964.36 m³/min (140,000 scfm) to provide a desired exit flow velocity of 4877 m/min (16,000 feet per minute) from the line. A single conventional tube trailer with 8 individual tubes of typical size holds about 3398.02 m³/min (120,000 scfm) of nitrogen. Two such tube trailers would thus hold enough nitrogen for an in-situ cleaning run, but could not supply the required gas flow because of their design typically for a maximum gas withdrawal rate of 28.32 m³/min (1,000 scfm). Upon modification for purposes of the invention, however, such tube trailers can be used as ballast to provide nitrogen gas for the 45.72 cm (18 inches) line at a flow rate of about 736.24 m³/min (26,000 scfm) to provide the desired exit gas flow rate of 4877 m/min (16,000 feet per minute) for a cleaning run of five minutes. Using a 7.62cm (3 inches) diameter header having a 7.62 cm (3 inches) valve on the discharge end, the header provides 1723.75 kPa (250 psi) nitrogen at said 736.24 m³/min (26,000 scfm). The eight individual trailer tubes of 60.96 cm (24 inches diameter and 10.67 m (35-feet) length connected to the header for each tube are located at 16961.7 kPa (2460 psi) pressure to provide the necessary flow of gas for the required time. The high flow rate stream from the header can be divided into two streams, with one portion passing through a 15.24 cm (6 inches) line with a 7.62 cm (3 inches) orifice to provide a feed gas stream to the tangential gas inlet to the injection feed connected to the 45.72 cm (18 inches) line to be cleaned by the in-situ cleaning technique. The remaining portion of gas from the header can be diverted through a 7.62 cm (3 inches) line with a 5.72 cm (2 1/4 inches) orifice to a 10.06 cm (4 inches) manifold from which gas is passed to the upper portion of a cleaning particle supply pot to maintain a positive pressure therein. The remaining gas can be passed to a mixing chamber as a propelling gas stream to be subsequently passed to the injection head for axial injection therein. Clearing particles are discharged from the bottom of the supply pot into the propelling gas stream for entrainment therein at a desired particle density for passage to the injection head and the 45.72 cm (18 inches) line being cleaned in-situ. Upon completion of the run, the discharge valve for the header is closed, and nitrogen gas is pumped through the header into the individual tubes in preparation for another high flow rate run in which the in-situ cleaning operation is continued using additional cleaning particles added to the supply pot. Such runs are continued until the inner walls of the 45.72 cm (18 inches) line being cleaned are sufficiently clean for an intended purpose. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes can be made in the details of the invention without departing from the scope thereof. Thus, the size of the header, the flow capacity of the header, the connecting gas flow lines, valves, orifices and the like can be adjusted depending upon the requirements of a given application. Similarly, the number of individual trailer tubes provided, and the diameter and length of the tubes can be varied depending on the gas flow requirements of a given high flow rate, large diameter pipe application. It will also be understood that the in-situ cleaning operation referred to above is simply illustrative of the practical application of the invention in instances where a high flow rate is desirable in large diameter pipes for relatively short periods of time Various pipeline inerting or purging applications, coke oven applications and other operations can be conveniently carried out using the high flow rate capabilities conveniently provided in the practice of the invention. As indicated above, the desirable in-situ cleaning of pipelines could not be carried out on large diameter lines because, as a practical matter, the high flow rates of such jobs could not be accommodated, on a practical commericial basis, until high flow rates were provided in the practice of the invention. In this and other operations, the invention provides a highly desirable advance in the art. By enabling high gas flow rates to be conveniently obtained in large size lines for a relatively short, but commericially practical period of time, the invention facilitates the carrying out of desired gas flow operations otherwise not feasible, from a technical and economic viewpoint, because of the high flow rate requirements of such operations in large size lines.

Claims: An apparatus for the providing of gas to a large size line having high gas flow rate requirements, which comprises: (a) header means (1) for the distribution of gas to be passed to a large size line (28) at high flow rates therein; (b) control valve means (8) at the discharge end of the header means (1), the discharge end control means (8) being adapted to provide for the discharge of gas at a rate sufficient to provide the desired high flow rate in the downstream large size line (28); (c) pumping means (2) suitable for the supply of gas to the header means (1) at a desired elevated pressure suitable for the providing of the gas to the large size line (28) at high flow rates; (d) a series of high pressure individual tubes (6) adapted for the storage of gas at elevated pressure for use in providing said high flow rate of gas in the large size line (28); (e) gas connecting lines (7) extending from each of the individual gas storage tubes (6) to the header means (1), the lines (7) providing for the flow of gas from the header (1) to the tubes (6) upon application of the pumping means (2) and the control valve means (8) at the discharge end thereof being closed, and for the flow of gas from the tubes (6) to the header (1) for passage to the large size line (28) when the control valve means (8) at the discharge end thereof is open, whereby gas is conveniently pumped through the header means (1) to the individual tubes (6) at an elevated pressure for subsequent discharge through the header means (1) to the large size line (28) having high gas flow requirements. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the header means and the individual gas storage tubes are adapted to provide gas to the large size downstream line at a flow rate of at least 339.80 m³/min (12,000 scfm). An apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the header means and the individual gas storage tubes are adapted to provide the gas at a flow rate of at least 566.34m³/min (20,000 scfm). An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the header means and the individual gas storage tubes are adapted to provide the gas at a flow rate of at least about 849.50 m³/min (30,000 scfm). An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the individual gas storage tubes comprise from about 6 to about 10 tubes. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the gas connecting lines between the individual tubes and the header means comprise lines without any control valves positioned therein. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein there is also a connecting line extending from the downstream end of the header means to the large size line to which gas is being passed. An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the connecting line extends to a pipeline to be cleaned in-situ, the gas passing therethrough providing the propelling gas stream for the passage of cleaning particles through the pipeline. An apparatus according to claim 8, wherein there is a supply pot for clearing particles to be used for the in-situ cleaning of the pipeline and also a by-pass line to direct a portion of the main body of the propelling gas stream for passage beneath the supply pot for the metering of cleaning particles therein, the by-pass line extending to the pipeline to be cleaned for the passage of the gas stream containing cleaning particles entrained therein to the pipeline. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein there is an injection head attached to the large size pipeline to be cleaned, the injection head being adapted to facilitate the passage of the main body of propelling gas and the portion thereof containing cleaning particles entrained therein to the large size line. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the large size pipeline to be cleaned is 45.72 cm (18 inches) in diameter, said apparatus being adapted to provide gas thereto at a flow rate in excess of about 566.34 m³/min (20,000 scfm) in the 45.72cm (18 inches) line, thereby providing an exit gas velocity of about 4877 m/min (16,000 feet per minute) from said line.

Inventors: KNIGHT LARRY FELIX, OGILVIE DANIEL KARL, WORSHAM RONNY WAYNE, KNIGHT, LARRY FELIX, OGILVIE, DANIEL KARL, WORSHAM, RONNY WAYNE
Applicants: PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY INC, PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY, INC.
Application year: 1990
Main classification: F17D1
IPC codes: B08B9