Apparatus and method for subaqueous waste disposal

Abstract: The method comprises positioning a ship (1) carrying said material above a selected site for disposal, transferring said material to a container or vehicle (22) adapted to transport said material to the subaqueous ground, conveying said material to a level at, or close to, said subaqueous ground and depositing said material from said container onto said subaqueous ground. The method can be used to deposit two materials one over the other - i.e. by capping - which is valuable where the first material is a contaminated waste product, and the second is an uncontaminated waste product. A ship for use in the method of the invention is also disclosed.

Description: The disposal of waste material is a major problem in the present age of increasing awareness of environmental pollution. In many instances waste materials are disposed of in the sea. Some materials are simply dumped from ships or pumped into the water. Such surface dumping leads to widespread pollution of the surface waters due to dispersal of waste matter as it sinks towards the sea bed. Some contaminants may be carried considerable distances from the dumping site by currents. The marine environment over a wide area may be affected, as may fish and other living organisms in the locality. In order to avoid or substantially reduce the risk of widespread pollution during the disposal of large quantities of waste material in the sea, it is desirable to deposit the waste on or close to the seabed either at deep water sites (e.g. about 4000-5000m depth) which may have little or no marine life and negligible local currents, or in shallow water sites where a regime known as "subaqueous capping" is operated to localise the deleterious effects of dumping waste in such waters. Under this regime, waste with a high contaminant content ("dirty waste") is first dumped from a ship at a chosen shallow water site, and then waste with a relatively low contaminant content ("clean waste") is dumped over the top. This tends to cover the dirty waste with clean waste, thereby "capping" the dump site. U.K. Patent Application 2 184 985 A (General Environmental Technologies Ltd) discloses a deep-sea sewage disposal system in which sewage is pumped from a ship to a deep water site. This method does not address the problem of waste dispersal into the surrounding water. U.S. Patent No. 4,352,520 (Kirby) discloses a method of stabilising erodible marine or fluviatile sediments supporting underwater pipelines and the like, which method involves covering the pipeline and the sediment with a slurry. This method does not address the problem of depositing a relatively uncontaminated material over a relatively contaminated material in a controlled manner. An object of the invention is thus to provide a method and an apparatus for disposing of waste or other material on the seabed in both shallow and deep waters, in which the waste material is delivered directly to the seabed without dispersing in the surrounding water. Another object of the invention is to provide an apparatus which provides an improvement over the known subaqueous capping method. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of disposal of material on subaqueous ground substantially without said material being dispersed into the surrounding water, which comprises positioning a ship carrying said material above a selected site for disposal, transferring said material to a container or vehicle, and conveying said material via the container or vehicle to a depth substantially similar to the depth of the subaqueous ground, characterised in that i) said material comprises first and second types of material, said first material being a relatively contaminated material and said second material being a relatively uncontaminated material; and ii) said first and second materials are deposited in a controlled manner on the subaqueous ground in such a way that said second material covers said first material. Preferably, the ship is positioned and propelled to deposit a second material so as to form a capping layer over the first material. After the ship has deposited the first material the ship can be propelled on a second transverse over the subaqueous ground, during which the second material is deposited on top of the deposited first material. Alternatively, the second material can be deposited over the first material substantially simultaneously with deposition of the first material. The first material and second material can be deposited from a single ship, and may comprise contaminated waste and substantially uncontaminated waste, respectively. For convenience, the term "waste material" will be used hereinafter to refer to a material to be deposited by the method of this invention, regardless of the nature of the material. Preferably, the container or vehicle for transporting the waste material is a hollow tube, which may be divided longitudinally to provide separate channels for passage of the first material and the second material. This hollow tube may be disposed within a frame which may be triangular in section. Advantageously, the tube has cameras mounted thereon for visual monitoring of the disposal of the material. The hollow tube may be lowered to a depth substantially similar to the depth of the subaqueous ground by drive means engaging the periphery of the tube. Alternatively, the container or vehicle is a bucket, which may be arranged to deposit the material through a hinged door at its base. This hinged door may be opened and closed by hydraulic or pneumatic rams. The bucket may be conveyed to the subaqueous ground by a rope, cable or chain and preferably has its internal surface provided with a non-stick coating. During disposal the ship may be held on station at the disposal site by means of satellite navigational aids and thrusters and also by means of sensors comprising sonar transponders. Preferably the material is subjected to chemical processing prior to its transfer into the container or vehicle, but may be subjected to processing either during the step of conveying the material to the subaqueous ground or while it is in the container or vehicle before being conveyed to the subaqueous ground. This treatment is preferably a chemical treatment which may comprise flocculation and/or coagulation. The chemical reagents or additives may be injected into the material through one or more nozzles and may be mixed into the material by a homogenising grating. The material may comprise dredged spoils, contaminated soil, flyash, slurry or sewage. According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a ship adapted for disposal of first and second types of material on subaqueous ground, which ship includes means for transferring said material to a container or vehicle, and means for conveying said material via said container or vehicle to a depth substantially similar to the depth of the subaqueous ground, characterised in that i) said ship is adapted to carry said first and second types of material, said first material being a relatively contaminated material and said second material being a relatively uncontaminated material, in isolation from each other; and ii) said container or vehicle is adapted to deposit said first and second materials on the subaqueous ground in a controlled manner and in such a way that said second material covers said first material. For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which: Figures 1(a) and 1(b) are schematic sections of a first embodiment of a ship for disposal of waste in accordance with the invention: Figure 2 illustrates schematically a section through a container for waste disposal; Figures 3(a) to (d) illustrate a sequence using the container for waste disposal; Figures 4(a) to (d) show in detail part of the sequence for waste disposal using the container. Figure 5 is a schematic sectional view of second embodiment of a ship for disposal of waste in accordance with the invention; Figure 6 is a schematic cross section through a subqueous capped waste diposal site, Figure 7 is a schematic cross sectional view showing details of part of the ship shown in Figure 5; Figure 8 is a plan view of a preferred form of the part shown in Figure 7; and Figure 9 is a schematic cross section showing details of the preferred form of hollow tube of figure 8. Referring now to Figure 1(a), a suitable waste disposal vessel would, for example, be a sea going ship 1 of about 40,000 tonnes displacement. The ship has a dynamic positioning system using thrusters 2 to allow it to hold station over a selected seabed site during disposal operations. The ship also has sensors 3 (such as sonar transponders) mounted beneath the hull which allow monitoring of the seabed and monitoring of any objects beneath the ship. There is a hole or moon pool 4 formed through the hull of the ship and opening into the sea beneath the ship; this moon-pool 4 allows passage of a container or vehicle for waste material through the body of the ship and into the sea below. As shown in Figure 1(a) according to a first embodiment of the invention the ship has storage tanks 5 for carrying waste material. On the deck there is an A-frame gantry 6 which straddles the moon-pool. A container 7 is supported by a tether 8. The tether is a cable, chain or rope (e.g. "Kevlar" (trade mark)). If the tether is a cable, it may be wound on a reel (not shown). Preferably, the tether is a rope, and in this case the rope can be coiled in a rope store 9. The rope passes via a traction unit 10 to be attached to the container at an attachment swivel 11. The tether is sufficiently long to allow lowering of the container to the seabed; the container can be winched back to the ship from the seabed by means of the tether and the traction unit. The tether has a design strength sufficient to support the weight of a container and its contents (e.g. a breaking strain of several thousand tonnes) and should be designed to be capable of withstanding considerable stretching forces. The container 7 shown in Figure 2 has a casing of generally closed cylindrical shape and which defines a space for containing waste materials. The container is designed to be hung from the tether 8 by means of the attachment swivel 11. The base or bottom end of the container, opposite the swivel attachment, is closable by a door 12 mounted on a hinge 13. Seals 14 are provided between the casing ends and the door. A lock mechanism 15 is provided to releasably engage part of the door and there is a ram 16 connected to the lock mechanism to lock or unlock the sealing of the door. A second ram 17 is attached to the door in the vicinity of the hinge and is used to close the door. A loading port 18 is provided in the upper part of the casing by means of which waste material may be loaded into the container. The loading port can be sealed after the container is loaded. Also in the upper part of the container are mounted vent apertures fitted with non-return valves 19. The non-return valves provide passages for access into the interior of the container but prevent the exit of material from the container through the vents. The container of this example is fabricated from steel, has a mass of about 120 tonnes and an internal capacity of about 2500m³. This container could, for example, hold about 4000 tonnes of solid waste such as contaminated soil, dredged spoil, flyash and the like. Alternatively, the container could hold liquid wastes or slurries (e.g. sewage sludge of about 5% solids by weight). A method of waste disposal using the container will now be described by way of example, with reference to the use of a container of the type illustrated by Figure 2. Referring to Figure 3, a general sequence of operation will be described. The ship is loaded with waste material and is taken to a deep water site suitable for waste disposal, Fig. 3(a). Waste material is then loaded into the container whilst the container is held within the moon-pool of the ship, Fig.3 (b). The filled container is sealed and is then lowered towards the seabed on the tether. The ship is maintained in position by the dynamic positioning system. The position of the container relative to the ship and relative to the seabed is monitored during deployment of the container, Fig. 3(c). As the container nears the seabed its descent is slowed so that the descent is arrested before it reaches the seabed. The container should stop about 10-50m above the seabed. The container carries a control pack (Figure 2, numeral 20) which allows remote operation of the ram 16 to unlock the door of the container. As the door drops open under the weight of the contained waste, the waste material drops down to be deposited onto the seabed. The load on the tether is thereby reduced and any stretching of the tether will be reduced tending to allow the container to rise somewhat towards the surface. The tether is winched in to complete the retrieval of the container into the ships moon-pool, Fig. 3(d). Figure 4 shows in more detail some features of the sequence for waste disposal according to this embodiment of the invention. When the descent of the container is arrested just above the seabed, remote signalling can be used to check that the disposal system is ready for operation, Fig. 4(a). As shown in Figure 4(b), as the door is released the contained material drops as a mass to the seabed under the influence of gravity. In order that the release of the waste material is not held back by the creation of a vacuum in the upper part of the container 21, the one way valves open as the waste drops. The cavity formed behind the waste material is flooded with sea water which replaces the expelled material. As the sea water rushes into the container it tends to flush the waste material out through the open door, Fig. 4(c). As shown in Figure 4(d), further flushing of the inside of the container occurs by the passage of seawater through the vents via the one way valves as the container is raised towards the surface with the door remaining open. Any traces of waste material will tend to be washed out of the container before the container gets near to the water surface. By using this form of the invention it is possible to deposit a large mass of waste material directly onto the seabed at great depth without risk of polluting the sea water through which the material has had to pass on its journey from the surface to the seabed. Various additional features may be included within the scope of this embodiment of the invention. For example, the inside surface of the container may be polished or treated with "non-stick" material in order to assist the smooth expulsion of the waste from the container at the seabed. Furthermore, the waste may have added to it various treating agents, e.g. chemical additives such as flocculants and/or stabilizers. The treating agents may be added to the waste material as it is loaded into the container, but alternatively there could be inlet ports in the casing of the container for introducing treating agents directly into the material. In some cases it is envisaged that the container will be filled to maximum capacity with waste material, and in other cases the container might be part-filled with sea water and the waste material then added thereto. In describing a second embodiment of the invention, reference will be made to Figure 5. Passing through a portion of the hull of the ship there is a moon-pool 4. In the moon-pool is mounted an elongate hollow tube 22 of circular cross section. On the deck of the ship, over the moon-pool, there is a gantry 23 housing a driving mechanism 24 which engages the periphery of the tube and can operate to control raising and lowering of the trunk relative to the hull of the ship. The driving mechanism in this embodiment comprises a set of toothed drive wheels 25 which engage notched portions 26 on the outer surface of the tube. At the lower end of the tube there is an exit chute 27 in the form of an extension of the tube angled rearwardly relative to the ships hull. The chute is closable by a hinged door 28. When the tube is raised to its maximum extent a major portion of the tube projects above the deck of the ship, and the chute is received in a correspondingly shaped recess 29 in the underside of the hull. The ship has sensors 3 (e.g. sonar transponders) to measure the water depth below the hull. The information received is used to ensure that when the tube is in a lowered position it does not ever actually touch the bottom. The ship has a dynamic positioning system in which satellite navigational aids are used to accurately locate the ship and thrusters 2 are used to maintain the ship's position over a selected subaqueous site. The ship will travel to and from the selected site with the tube in the raised position and will lower the tube only at the site. When the tube is in the lowered position, waste material may be conveyed from the holds to the tube via conduits 30. In the illustrated embodiment there is a chemical treatment plant 31 on the deck through which waste material passes in the conduit between the hold and the tube. As shown, the tube holds a portion of waste material 60 above which there is a head of water 32. As an alternative the tube could contain waste material only. In any case, when the door of the exit chute is opened, as the ship moves slowly forward the waste material can pass out of the tube to be laid in a continuous strip on the seabed below the ship. Because the positioning system on the ship gives an accurate location for each strip of waste laid on the bottom, it is possible to repeat the process whereby successive strips are laid side by side or one on top of another to achieve subaqueous capping. Alternatively, a single ship may deposit both materials in a single traverse provided that it is suitably equipped, e.g. with two tubes instead of the single tube 22 shown in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows how a capped site could be built up by first laying a surrounding wall 33 of clean waste, then laying successive strips of dirty waste 34, 35 within the wall, and finally covering over the dirty waste with a cap of clean waste 36. The site may be built up on a grid plan by criss-crossing the site with the ship. The disposal site could, for example, be a square with sides about 1 km in length. By using this technique there is an improvement in the chances that the waste material (especially contaminants from the dirty waste) will not be dispersed in the surrounding water. Preferred features of this embodiment of the invention are shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9. Referring to Figure 7, the exit chute 27 is provided with a hydraulic ram 40 to control opening and closing of the door 12. The tube is provided with one way valves 41 which will prevent escape of matter from inside the tube but which can allow the surrounding water to flow into the tube as waste flows out in order to maintain essentially constant the contained total volume inside the tube. It is considered particularly desirable that waste material should be treated prior to laying at the subaqueous site. The presently preferred form of treatment is the incorporation of chemical reagents or additives to stabilise waste. Examples of such additives are flocculants and coagulants. These additives may be mixed with the waste in a plant 31 on deck, but may be added by an injector 42, as shown in Figure 7, as the waste enters the top of the tube. Additional injector nozzles 43 for applying chemical additives may be located at various parts of the tube and adjacent the exit chute. In order to ensure thorough mixing of the waste with any additives a homogenising grating 44 may be placed across a lower part of the tube. It is expected that best results will be achieved in the use of the apparatus and method of this second embodiment of the invention if the waste which exits the chute is in the form of a cohesive coagulated paste like mass. Another preferred form of this embodiment of the invention is shown in Figures 8 and 9. The hollow tube 22 is divided into the two sections down its length, one section containing clean waste 33 (for example, clean dredge spoil) and the other containing dirty waste 34 (for example, flocculated contaminated waste). The tube is housed in a triangular sectioned frame 50, which extends down the tube to the exit chute 27 (Figure 9) where cameras 51 are mounted for monitoring the release of waste and the disposal site. In the exit chute 27 the two sections of the tube are arranged so that the section containing the clean waste is disposed above the section containing the dirty waste. This ensures that as dirty waste is released from the tube clean waste is dumped on top of this dirty waste and it is thereby immediately capped. It is to be understood this second embodiment of the invention may be put into practice either in a batch-mode or as a semi-continuous process. In the first case, as each batch of waste is loaded into the tube it is then laid onto the seabed. In the second case, waste is fed to the tube at a rate which substantially balances the rate at which waste is laid at the subaqueous site. An equilibrium is achieved whereby in operation the tube is kept part-filled. In this case, laying could be carried out continuously until such time as the supply of waste from the holds is exhausted.

Claims: A method of disposal of material on subaqueous ground substantially without said material being dispersed into the surrounding water, which comprises positioning a ship carrying said material above a selected site for disposal, transferring said material to a container or vehicle, and conveying said material via the container or vehicle to a depth substantially similar to the depth of the subaqueous ground, characterised in that i) said material comprises first and second types of material, said first material being a relatively contaminated material and said second material being a relatively uncontaminated material; and ii) said first and second materials are deposited in a controlled manner on the subaqueous ground in such a way that said second material covers said first material. A method according to claim 1, wherein said second material is deposited so as to form a capping layer over said first material. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said first and second materials are deposited onto said subaqueous ground substantially simultaneously. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said material is conveyed to said depth in said container or vehicle via a hollow tube which is divided longitudinally to provide separate channels for passage of said first and of said second material. A method according to claim 4, wherein the transport of said material to said depth is stabilised by the use of a frame within which said tube is disposed. A method according to claim 5, wherein the transport of said material to said depth is stabilised by the use of a frame with triangular cross-section within which said tube is disposed. A method according to claim 4, 5 or 6, wherein said material is conveyed to said depth via said tube, and wherein the method comprises visual monitoring of the disposal method by means of cameras mounted on said tube. A method according to any of claims 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein said hollow tube is lowered to a depth substantially similar to the depth of said subaqueous ground by drive means engaging the periphery of said tube. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said material is conveyed to said depth in said container or vehicle via a bucket. A method as claimed in claim 9, wherein said bucket is arranged to deposit said material through a hinged door at its base. A method as claimed in claim 10, wherein said hinged door is opened and closed by hydraulic or pneumatic rams. A method as claimed in claim 9, 10 or 11, wherein said bucket is conveyed to said depth by a rope, cable or chain. A method as claimed in claim 9, 10, 11 or 12, wherein said material is conveyed to said depth via said bucket, and wherein deposition of said material is facilitated by the provision of a non-stick coating on the internal surface of said bucket. A method according to any previous claim, wherein said ship is held on station at said selected site by means of satellite navigational aids and thrusters. A method according to any previous claim, wherein said ship is held on station at said selected site by means of sensors comprising sonar transponders. A method according to any previous claim, wherein said material is subjected to chemical processing prior to its transfer into said hollow tube. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein said material is subjected to chemical processing during the step of conveying said material to said depth. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein said material is subjected to processing while it is in said container or vehicle before being conveyed to said depth. A method according to claim 16, 17 or 18, wherein said chemical processing comprises flocculation and/or coagulation. A method according to claim 16, 17, 18 or 19, wherein chemical reagents or additives are injected into said material through one or more nozzles. A method according to any one of claims 16 to 20, wherein chemical reagents or additives are mixed into said material by a homogenising grating. A method according to any previous claim, wherein dredged spoils, contaminated soil, flyash, slurry or sewage is conveyed to said depth via said container or vehicle. A ship adapted for disposal of first and second types of material on subaqueous ground, which ship includes means for transferring said material to a container or vehicle, and means for conveying said material via said container or vehicle to a depth substantially similar to the depth of the subaqueous ground, characterised in that i) said ship is adapted to carry said first and second types of material, said first material being a relatively contaminated material and said second material being a relatively uncontaminated material, in isolation from each other; and ii) said container or vehicle is adapted to deposit said first and second materials on the subaqueous ground in a controlled manner and in such a way that said second material covers said first material.

Inventors: COPSON ALEXANDER GEORGE, COPSON, ALEXANDER GEORGE
Applicants: COPSON ALEXANDER GEORGE, COPSON, ALEXANDER GEORGE
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B09B1
IPC codes: B09B1