Industrial robot

Abstract: The industrial robot comprises two lower arms arranged parallel to each other and pivotably supported on a lower base (2); an upper base (10) pivotably mounted on upper ends of these two lower arms (6, 7) , respectively so as to form a parallelogram together with the two lower arms; at least one first driving source (8) for driving the parallelogrammic link; an upper arm (11) pivotably supported on one side of the upper base so as not to interfere with the parallelogrammic link and driven by a second driving source. Since the upper arm can be moved horizontally by inclination motion of the parallelogrammic link mechanism and further the upper arm is pivoted on one side of the upper base, the upper arm can be moved frontward, rearward and upward without any interference with the lower arms. Further, since a moment of the lower arm generated when a load is applied to the wrist of the upper arm is not subjected to the influence of the length and pivotal angle of the upper arm, the motor torque and reduction gear capacity for driving the lower arms can be reduced markedly.

Description: The present invention relates to an industrial robot, and more specifically to a multijoint link industrial robot improved in both operating space and load capacity. The multijoint industrial robots can be classified into horizontal multijoint robots provided with joint members movable mainly in a horizontal plane and vertical multijoint robots provided with joint members movable in a vertical plane. In the case of the vertical multijoint robots, there are some ones whose operating space is limited due to interference of driven links with each other. In the case of a robot as shown in Fig. 1, however, since an upper arm member 21 having a wrist member 20 at an end thereof can be pivoted sufficiently upward and rearward, it is possible to increase the operating space. In other words, in the vertical multijoint robot as shown in Fig. 1, since the supporting member and the supported member are not interfered with each other in each pivotably constructed joint portions J a and J b (between a base member 24 and a rotary trunk member 23 or between a lower arm member 22 and an upper arm member 21), it is possible to increase the operating space. In the vertical multijoint robot as shown in Fig. 1, however, when the lower arm 22 is pivoted since the upper arm 21 is pivoted together, the load torque of a driving motor for pivoting the lower arm 22 greatly inevitably increases. In the case of heavy load robot (which implies a robot which can handle heavy goods), in particular, when the lower arm 22 is pivoted to nearly a horizontal position, the load torque of the driving motor 25 for pivoting the lower arm 22 increases greatly. In more detail, with reference to a model diagram shown in 2, when a load of W kgf is applied to an end of the upper arm 21 (the arm length is ℓ 2 and the pivotal angle is  2 ), the moment M generated at the pivotal axis of the lower arm 22 (the arm length is ℓ 1 and the pivotal angle is  1 ) can be expressed as M = W × (ℓ 1 sin 1 + ℓ 2 sin 2 ) = W × ℓ Therefore, the load torque increases greatly in proportion to the horizontal distance ℓ between the pivotal axis and the load (W) action line. Accordingly, it is practically impossible to adopt such a structure as described above to the heavy load robot. On the other hand, in the case of the vertical multi joint robots, there are two types of direct acting robot (in which each arm is directly driven by each driving motor to increase the operating space) and a parallel link robot (in which the arm is driven by a parallel link mechanism from the arm side of the base to reduce the drive torque). In a conventional parallel link robot, however, there exist problems in that the links interfere with each other and further a dead point is easily produced in the parallel links, so that it has been difficult to increase the operating angle. To overcome these problems, Japanese Patent Laid-open (Kokai) No. 62-228385 (1987) discloses a robot as shown in Figs. 3A and 3B, for instance, in which an upper arm 26 is pivotably supported by a lower arm 27; a driven rotary plate 28 is rotatably supported at the pivotal axis O 1 of the upper and lower arms 26 and 27; another driving rotary plate 29 is rotatably supported at the pivotal axis O 2 of the lower arm 27 and the rotary trunk 32 for supporting the lower arm 27; the two rotary plates 28 and 29 are connected via two links 30 and 31; and the upper arm 26 is moved or oscillated about the pivotal axis O 1 via the two links 30 and 31 when the driven rotary plate 29 is driven by a driving motor 33. Further, the lower arm 27 is driven by another driving motor 34 so as to be pivoted or inclined about the pivotal axis O 2 . In the case of the parallel link robot, however, there exist problems in that three links including the lower arm 27 are required and therefore the structure is complicated. In addition, since these links interfere with each other, the rearward movement of the arms is inevitably restricted. That is, when two rotary plates 28 and 29 rotate by a predetermined angle, the two links 30 and 31 are interfered with each other, with the result that the motion of the upper arm 26 is restricted. In practice, the upper arm 26 cannot pivot perfectly rearward. Therefore, when the operating space is changed from the front space to the rear space, the rotary trunk 32 must be pivoted relative to a base member (not shown). However, when the rotary trunk member 32 is rotated for rear side work as described above, there arises another problem in that a broad arm pivoting space is required around a single robot, because the lower arm 27, the upper arm 26 and the links 30 and 31 extending from the pivotal axis O 3 move within each operating space determined by each large locus or each large radius, respectively. On other words, when a great number of robots are arranged along an automotive vehicle assembly line, for instance, it is necessary to have a large space to instal the robot. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION With these problems in mind, therefore, it is the primary object of the present invention to provide an industrial robot which can simultaneously decrease both the operating space and increase the load capacity. To achieve the above-mentioned object, an industrial robot according to the present invention comprises: (a) a lower base; (b) first and second lower arms arranged parallel to each other and pivotally supported on said lower base at each lower end thereof; (c) an upper base pivotally mounted about first and second pivotal axes on upper ends of said first and second lower arms; (d) said first and second lower arms and said upper base, together with said lower base, defining a parallelogram arranged in a first plane; (e) said first and second lower arms and said upper base being movable in said first plane with respect to said lower base; (f) at least one first driving means for driving said movements in said first plane; (g) an upper arm pivotally supported on said upper base about a third pivotal axis and arranged on one side of the upper base, such that said upper arm is movable in a second plane, parallel to said first plane, so as not to interfere with said first and second lower arms and said upper base; (h) said first, second and third pivotal axes being arranged substantially in a common plane, said third pivotal axis lying between said first and second pivotal axes or in alignment with one axis thereof; (i) and second driving means for driving said movement of said upper arm in said second plane. An industrial robot having a number of features in common with the robot of the invention is disclosed in GB-A-2 109 337 (closest prior art). The known robot has the features (a) to (f). Instead of a single pivotally supported upper arm there is a further parallelogram arrangement of two upper arms. There is no third pivotal axis being arranged substantially in a common plane with the first and second pivotal axes. A driving means is provided for driving the movement of the upper parallelogram arrangement. EP-A-0 184 833 shows a training arm for programming a manipulator. Apart from this fundamental distinction, the training arm has all the features (a) to (g) and (i). However, the third pivotal axis is substantially offset from the plane of the first and second pivotal axes. In the industrial robot according to the present invention, since the upper base is translated (moved horizontally) by the inclination motion of quadrate links and additionally the upper arm can be pivoted on one side of the upper base, the operation angle of the upper arm is not limited by interference between the links for driving the upper arm and further the upper arm can be pivoted not only frontward but also upward and rearward, being different from the case with the conventional robots. In the conventional robot in which the upper and lower arms are driven by a parallel link mechanism, it has been impossible to sufficiently pivot the upper arm from above to below due to link interference. In the robot of the present invention, however, it is possible to pivot the upper arm sufficiently frontward, upward and rearward, so that a broad operating space can be realized. In other words, since the pivotal motion of the lower base can be minimized, it is possible to remarkably reduce the space between the two adjacent robots according to the present invention. Further, since the operating locus of the robot arm required for various work can be reduced markedly, it is possible to improve the robot workability. Further, when a heavy load is applied to the wrist of the upper arm end, since the moment generated about the pivotal axis of the lower arm is not subjected to the influence of the length and the pivotal angle of the upper arm; that is, since the moment generated about the upper arm will not be transmitted to the lower arm as a moment to pivot the lower arm (transmitted to the lower arm ends only as load), it is possible to markedly reduce the capacity of the reduction gear and the motor torque for driving the lower arms. As described above, the present invention provides an economical industrial robot provided with both the features of the direct acting robot and the link robot, which can grip and move not only light goods but also heavy goods within a broad operating space. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the attached drawings, Fig. 1 is a diagrammatical front view showing a prior-art vertical multijoint robot; Fig. 2 is a force action diagram of the prior-art robot shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 3A is a diagrammatical right side view showing a prior-art parallel link robot; Fig. 3B is a partially cross-sectional, front view showing the same as shown in Fig. 3A; Fig. 4 is a diagrammatical right side view showing an embodiment of the industrial robot according to the present invention; Fig. 5 is a front view showing the same as shown in Fig. 4; Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A shown in Fig. 4; Fig. 7 is an operation diagram for assistance in explaining the operation of the industrial robot according to the present invention; and Figs. 8, 9A and 9B are force action diagrams of the industrial robot according to the present invention, in which a load w is applied to the upper arm end thereof. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT An embodiment of the present invention will be described hereinbelow with reference to the attached drawings. Fig. 4 is a right side view showing the embodiment of the industrial robot according to the present invention, and Fig. 5 is a front view thereof. In Figs. 4 and 5, a rotary babe (lower base) 2 is supported on a fixed base 1 via a bearing 3 so as to be pivotable around a pivotal axis J 1 and driven by a driving motor (i.e. actuator) 4 and through a reduction gear 5 both mounted on the rotary base 2. The reduction gear 5 is composed of a small-diameter gear 4b fixed to a shaft 4a of the driving motor 4 and a large-diameter gear 4c supported on the fixed base 1 in mesh with the small-diameter gear 4b 1 as shown in Figs. 4 and 5, for instance. A first lower arm 6 and a second lower arm 7 are pivotably supported in parallel to each other by the rotary base (lower base) 2. That is, the lower ends of the first and second lower arms 6 and 7 are pivotably supported about two horizontal pivotal axes J 2a and J 2b , respectively, and further only the first lower arm 6 is pivotably driven by the driving motor 8 and through the reduction gear 9 mounted on the rotary base 2 via a bearing 9a. Further, the upper ends of the first and second lower arms 6 and 7 are supported by a U-shaped section upper base 10 so as to be pivotable about pivotal axes J 2c and J 2d , respectively. Therefore, a quadrate link (parallelogrammic link in this embodiment) can be formed by the rotary base (lower base) 2, the first lower arm 6, the second lower arm 6, and the upper base 10. The parallelogrammic link L can be inclined to translate the upper base 10 horizontally frontward or rearward as shown in Fig. 8, when the first lower arm 6 is driven or pivoted about the horizontal pivotal axis J 2a by the driving motor 8 and the reduction gear 8 both mounted on the rotary base 2. Further, in this embodiment, the same translation movement can be obtained by driving the second lower arm 7, instead of driving the first lower arm 6. Further, it is also possible to drive the first and second lower arms 6 and 7 simultaneously by a single or two actuators (i.e. driving sources) in synchronism with each other. On the other hand, as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 (cross-sectional view taken along line A-A in Fig. 4), a base portion 11a of an upper arm 11 is supported by a bearing 14 on one side of the upper base 10 so as to be pivotable about a pivotal axis J 3 . Therefore, the upper arm 11 can be pivoted in a plane different from the pivotal (inclination motion) plane of the parallelogrammic link L, so that when the upper arm 11 is pivoted, the first and second arms 6 and 7 will not be interfered with the upper arm 11. Further, since the upper arm 11 is a so-called direct acting arm, the upper arm 11 is directly driven or pivoted relative to the upper base by another driving motor 12 (actuator or driving source) and a reduction gear 13 mounted on the base portion 11a of the upper arm 11. However, it is also possible to mount the driving source directly on the upper base 10. Further, a wrist 14 is attached to an end of the upper arm 11 so as to be driven by a wrist driving motor 15 mounted on the base portion 11a of the upper arm 11. Further, in this embodiment, although the horizontal pivotal axis J 3 of the upper base 10 about which the upper arm 11 is pivoted is a little offset from the horizontal pivotal axis J 2c of the upper base 10 about which the first lower arm 6 is pivoted. However, it is also possible to align these two horizontal pivotal axes with each other. Fig. 7 shows an operating space of the robot constructed as described above, in which the horizontal pivotal axis J 3 and the horizontal pivotal axis J 2c are aligned with each other and further the rotary base (lower base) is assumed to be fixed. In Fig. 7, a range enclosed by an outer curve S 1 and an inner curve S 2 is a vertical operating space. Fig. 7 indicates that the operating space can be increased upward and rearward, as compared with the conventional link robot, Therefore, it is possible to obtain a broad rearward working area without pivoting the rotary base (lower base). The feature that the robot of the present invention can be preferably used for heavy load goods will he verified by the following calculation with reference to a skeletal diagram shown in Fig. 8. Here, a moment M generated about the horizontal pivotal axis J 2a of the lower arm 6 will be calculated, when the loner arm 6 of the quadrate link L is pivoted by an angle  and where a length of the first arm 6 is denoted as ℓ 1 ; a length of the upper arm 11 is denoted as ℓ 2 ; and a load applied to the wrist of the upper arm 11 is denoted as W kgf. As shown in Fig. 9B, in the case of the upper arm 11 and the upper base 10, the following formulae can be obtained on the basis of force balances: F 2x = F 1x F 2y = F 1y + W F 1x = F 1y × tan where F 2x and F 1x denote horizontal components of the forces applied to the horizontal pivotal axes J 2c and J 2d of the upper base 10, respectively; and F 2y and F 1y denote the vertical components thereof. As shown in Fig. 9A, in the case of the first lower arm 6, a moment generated about the lower horizontal pivotal axis J 2a of the lower arm 6 can be expressed as M = F 2y × ℓ 1 × sin - F 2x × ℓ 1 × cos By substituting the above formulae (1) to (3) for (4), the following formula can be obtained as M = [(F 1y +W)×sin-F 1y ×tan×cos] × ℓ 1 = W × ℓ 1 × sin Therefore, in the case of the robot according to the present invention, the moment M generated about the horizontal pivotal axis at the lower end of the lower arm 6 due to the load W applied to the upper end of the upper arm 11 is not subjected to the influence of the length ℓ 2 and the pivotal angle of the upper arm 11, as indicated by the above formula (5). In other words, the moment of the upper arm 11 is not transmitted to the lower arms 6 and 7 as moment to pivot these lower arms, but transmitted to the lower ends of these lower arms 6 and 7 as gravity load. It should be noted that the above-mentioned feature is not obtained in the prior-art vertical multijoint robot (as shown in Fig. 2), because the horizontal distance between the load action point of the upper arm and the pivotal axis of the driving portion at the lower end of the lower arm becomes an arm (or lever) length of moment generated about the pivotal axis of the base in relation to the lengths of the upper and lower arms. In the present invention, however, since a parallelogrammic link mechanism is adopted, it is possible to provide the above-mentioned effect for the robot. Therefore, the driving motor power can be reduced markedly and therefore the robot is suitable for use as industrial heavy load robots, in particular.

Claims: An industrial robot, comprising: (a) a lower base (2); (b) first and second lower arms (6,7) arranged parallel to each other and pivotally supported on said lower base at each lower end thereof; (c) an upper base (10) pivotally mounted about first and second pivotal axes (J 2c ,J 2d ) on upper ends of said first and second lower arms; (d) said first and second lower arms and said upper base, together with said lower base, defining a parallelogram arranged in a first plane; (e) said first and second lower arms and said upper base being movable in said first plane with respect to said lower base; (f) at least one first driving means (8) for driving said movements in said first plane; (g) an upper arm (11) pivotally supported on said upper base about a third pivotal axis (J 3 ) and arranged on one side of the upper base, such that said upper arm is movable in a second plane, parallel to said first plane, so as not to interfere with said first and second lower arms and said upper base; (h) said first, second and third pivotal axes (J 2c ,J 2d ,J 3 ) being arranged substantially in a common plane, said third pivotal axis (J 3 ) lying between said first and second pivotal axes (J 2c ,J 2d ) or in alignment with one axis thereof; (i) and second driving means (12) for driving said movement of said upper arm in said second plane. The industrial robot according to claim 1, wherein said first driving means (8) is an actuator for driving said first and/or second lower arms (6,7), so as to be inclined. The industrial robot according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said lower base (2) is pivotably supported to a fixed base (1). The industrial robot according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said second driving means (12) is provided on said upper arm (11) or on said upper base (10).

Inventors: HASHIMOTO YASUHIKO, HASHIMOTO, YASUHIKO
Applicants: KAWASAKI HEAVY IND LTD, KAWASAKI JUKOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B25J9
IPC codes: B25J9