Motion dependent video signal processing

Abstract: In, for example, a motion compensated video standards converter (Figure 1) wherein blocks in a first field or frame of a video signal are each compared with a plurality of blocks in the following field or frame of the video signal for deriving a plurality of motion vectors representing the motion of the content of respective blocks between the first field or frame and the following field or frame; firstly (30, 31, 38 in Figure 38) a respective motion vector is derived, from the plurality of motion vectors, for each pixel in each block of each input field or frame by luminance matching each pixel in an input field or frame with the pixel pointed to by the respective motion vectors in the previous and following input fields or frames, and secondly (49, 52 in Figure 39), a respective motion vector is derived for each pixel in each block of each output field or frame by comparing the motion vectors so derived for the two input field or frames which are temporally nearest to the output field or frame.

Description: This invention relates to motion dependent video signal processing. More particularly, the invention relates to video standards converters using such signal processing, and to methods of deriving motion vectors representing motion between fields or frames of a video signal. Video standards converters are well known devices used to convert video signals from one standard to another, for example, from a 625 lines per frame, 50 fields per second standard to a 525 lines per frame, 60 fields per second standard. Video standards conversion cannot be achieved satisfactorily merely by using simple linear interpolation techniques, because of the temporal and vertical alias which is present in a video signal. Thus, simple linear interpolation produces unwanted artefacts in the resulting picture, in particular, the pictures are blurred vertically and judder temporally. To reduce these problems it has been proposed that video standards converters should use adaptive techniques to switch the parameters of a linear interpolator in dependence on the degree of movement in the picture represented by the incoming video signal. Patent Application EP-A-0 294 961 describes a motion compensated video standards converter, comprising means for initially comparing blocks in a first field or frame of a video signal with a plurality of blocks in the following field or frame of the video signal for firstly deriving motion vectors representing the motion of the content of respective said blocks between said first field or frame and said following field or frame; and means secondly to derive a respective motion vector, from said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors, for each pixel in each said block of each input field or frame by luminance matching each pixel in an input field or frame with the pixels in the previous and following input fields or frames, pointed to by the respective motion vectors. That application also discloses a corresponding method of deriving motion vectors. Having obtained motion vectors for the input fields, the same portion of an object, as indicated by the motion vectors, is taken from a pair of input fields and combined to produce the portion of that object in an output field interpolated between the input fields. Patent Application EP-A-0 294 957 discloses a development in which motion vectors for three consecutive input fields are compared to try to detect discontinuities in the motion of an object. The present invention is particularly concerned with the problem of selecting from motion vectors so generated, motion vectors appropriate to each pixel of an output field or frame. One aspect of the present invention a motion compensated video standards converter, comprising: means for initially comparing blocks in a first field or frame of a video signal with a plurality of blocks in the following field or frame of the video signal for firstly deriving a plurality of motion vectors representing the motion of the content of a respective said block between said first field or frame and said following field or frame; and means secondly to derive a respective motion vector, from said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors, for each pixel in each said block of each input field or frame by luminance matching each pixel in an input field or frame with the pixels in the previous and following input fields or frames, pointed to by the respective motion vectors; characterised by: means thirdly to derive from said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors a respective motion vector for each pixel in each block of an output field or frame temporally offset from the input fields or frames by comparing each of said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors with said secondly derived motion vectors, for the pixels in the two input fields or frames temporally nearest to the output field or frame, which are pointed to by the firstly derived motion vector under test when assigned to the output pixel, and selecting the firstly derived motion vector giving the best match as the motion vector for the output pixel. Another aspect of the present invention provides a corresponding method. The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, throughout which like parts are referred to by like references, and in which: Figure 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of motion compensated video standards converter according to the present invention; Figure 2 shows diagrammatically progressive scan conversion; Figures 3 to 6 show diagrammatically sequences of lines in sequences of fields for explaining progressive scan conversion; Figure 7 is a block diagram showing the steps in motion adaptive progressive scan conversion; Figure 8 shows diagrammatically progressive scanning, in particular the required estimate and difference value between successive fields; Figures 9 and 10 are diagrams used in explaining the technique of Figure 8 in more detail, Figure 9 showing a progressive scan normalizing function and Figure 10 showing a progressive scan nonlinear function; Figure 11 shows diagrammatically the creation of pixels in missing lines in progressive scan conversion; Figure 12 and 13 show diagrammatically search blocks and search areas, and the relationships therebetween; Figure 14 shows a correlation surface; Figures 15 and 16 show diagrammatically how a search block is grown; Figure 17 shows the areas of a frame in which search block matching is not possible; Figure 18 shows diagrammatically a moving object straddling three search blocks; Figures 19 to 21 show three resulting correlation surfaces, respectively; Figures 22 and 23 show further examples of correlation surfaces, used in describing a threshold test; Figures 24 and 25 show still further examples of correlation surfaces, used in describing a rings test; Figure 26 shows diagrammatically how the direction in which a search block is to grow is determined; Figure 27 shows diagrammatically how a correlation surface is weighted; Figure 28 shows the relationship between sample blocks and search blocks, and a frame of video; Figure 29 shows motion vector regions in a frame of video; Figures 30 to 32 show diagrams used in explaining motion vector reduction in respective regions of a frame of video; Figures 33 and 34 show diagrammatically a first stage in motion vector selection; Figures 35 and 36 show diagrammatically how a threshold is established during the motion vector selection; Figure 37 shows diagrammatically a second stage in motion vector selection; Figures 38 to 41 show respective parts of the embodiment in more detailed block diagrammatic form; Figures 42 to 48 show arrays of pixels with associated motion vectors, used in explaining motion vector post-processing; and Figure 49 shows diagrammatically the operation of an interpolator. The embodiment of motion compensated video standards converter to be described is particularly intended for use in the conversion of a high definition video signal (HDVS) having 1125 lines per frame, 60 fields per second, to 24 frames per second 35mm film. However, it will be understood that the invention is not limited in this respect, and that the standards converter can readily be adapted to effect conversions between other standards. Figure 1 is a block diagram of the standards converter. The standards converter comprises an input terminal 1 to which an input video signal is supplied. The input terminal is connected to a progressive scan converter 2 in which the input video fields are converted into video frames which are supplied to a direct block matcher 3 wherein correlation surfaces are created. These correlation surfaces are analysed by a motion vector estimator 4, which derives and supplies motion vectors to a motion vector reducer 5, wherein the number of motion vectors for each pixel is reduced, before they are supplied to a motion vector selector 6, which also receives an output from the progressive scan converter 2. Any irregularity in the selection of the motion vectors by the motion vector selector 6 is removed by a motion vector post processor 7, from which the processed motion vectors are supplied to and control an interpolator 8 which also receives an input from the progressive scan converter 2. The output of the interpolator 8, which is a standards-converted and motion-compensated video signal is supplied to an output terminal 9. Each part of the standards converter and the operation thereof will be described in more detail below. The progressive scan converter 2 produces output frames at the same rate as the input fields. Thus, referring to Figure 2 which shows a sequence of consecutive lines in a sequence of consecutive fields, the crosses representing lines present in the input fields and the squares representing interpolated lines, each output frame will contain twice the number of lines as an input field, the lines alternating between lines from the input video signal and lines which have been interpolated by one of the methods to be described below. The interpolated lines can be regarded as an interpolated field of the opposite polarity to the input field, but in the same temporal position. Progressive scan conversion is preferably carried out, for two main reasons; firstly, to make the following direct block matching process easier, and secondly in consideration of the final output video format. These two reasons will now be considered in more detail. Direct block matching is used to obtain an accurate estimation of the horizontal and vertical motion between two successive video fields, as described in more detail below. However, due to the interlaced structure of the video signal on which direct block matching is performed, problems can arise. Consider the image represented by Figure 3, which indicates a sequence of successive lines in a sequence of successive fields, the open squares representing white pixels, the black squares representing black pixels, and the hatched squares representing grey pixels. This, therefore, represents a static picture with a high vertical frequency component which in a HDVS would be 1125/3 cycles per picture height. As this image has been sampled by the usual interlace scanning procedure, each field appears to contain a static vertical frequency luminance component Y of 1125/6 cph, as indicated in Figure 4. However, the frequency components in each field are seen to be in antiphase. Attempts to perform direct block matching between these two fields will lead to a number of different values for the vertical motion component, all of which are incorrect. This is indicated in Figure 5, in which the abbreviation LPF means lines per field. From Figure 5 it is clear that direct block matching will not give the correct answer for the vertical motion component, which component should in fact be zero. This is because the direct block matching is in fact tracking the alias component of the video signal rather than the actual motion. Consider now Figure 6, which depicts the same static image as Figure 3, except that now each input field has been progressive scan converted to form a frame, the triangles representing interpolated pixels. It can be seen that each frame now contains the same static vertical frequency component as the original input fields, that is 1125/3 cph. Thus, direct block matching between two successive frames can now give the correct value for the vertical motion, that is, zero, and the tracking of the vertical alias has been avoided. Moreover, there is the point that direct block matching on progressive scan converted frames will result in a more accurate vertical motion estimate, because the direct block matching is being performed on frames which have twice the number of lines. Concerning consideration of the final output video format, in the case of the present embodiment, the converted video is supplied via tape to an electron beam recorder, and needs to consist of frames corresponding to the motion picture film rate of 24 frames per second. For this reason, therefore, the production of progressive scan converted frames is necessary, and moreover the progressive scan converted frames can also be used as a fall-back in the case where motion compensated standards conversion is deemed to be producing unacceptable results, for example, where the motion is too diverse to be analysed satisfactorily. In that case the use of the nearest progressive scan converted frame as the required output frame can produce reasonably acceptable results. Progressive scan conversion can be carried out in a number of ways, such as by previous field replacement, median filtering in which three spatially consecutive lines are examined (temporally these three lines will come from two consecutive fields), or a motion compensated technique which utilizes multi-gradient motion detection followed by multi-direction linear interpolation. However, in the present embodiment the preferred method is motion adaptive progressive scan conversion, the steps of which are indicated in the block diagram of Figure 7. The concept is to use inter-field interpolation in wholly static picture areas to retain as much vertical information as possible, and to use intra-field interpolation when significant motion is present. This also aids smooth portrayal of motion. In scenes where the motion is somewhere between these two extremes, an estimate of the local motion present in the picture is made, and this is then used to mix together different proportions of inter- and intra-field interpolation. In more detail, the modulus of the frame difference between previous and next fields is first generated, this being indicated in Figure 8. To generate the required estimates, the modulus inter-frame difference array from the previous and the next fields is generated at each point: Δ U (pixel, current line, current field) = |Y(pixel, current line, next field) - Y(pixel, current line, previous field)| where: Δ U is the unnormalized modulus difference array, and Y is the luminance array corresponding to the 3D picture. The modulus of difference is then normalized to adjust for the significance of changes in lower luminance areas: Δ N (pixel, current line, current field) = F( Y (pixel, current line) ) * Δ U (pixel, current line, current field) where: Δ N is the normalized modulus difference array Y is the inter-frame average luminance value Y (pixel, current line) = (Y (pixel, current line, previous field) + Y(pixel, current line, next field) )/2, and F( Y ) (the normalizing function) is derived as indicated in Figure 9. The difference array Δ is then vertically filtered together with the previous field difference by a three-tap filter (examples of coefficients are a quarter, a half, a quarter or zero, unity, zero) to reduce vertical alias problems, and in particular to minimize the problems encountered with temporal alias. Thus: Δ F (pixel, current line, current field) = Δ N (pixel, current line-1, previous field)*C 1 + Δ N (pixel, current line, current field)*C 2 + Δ N (pixel, current line+1, previous field)*C 1 where: Δ F is the filtered normalized difference array, and C 1 and C 2 are filter coefficients, and 2C 1 +C 2 =1 so that unity dc gain is maintained. A vertical and horizontal intra-field filter of up to five taps by fifteen taps is then used to smooth the difference values within the current field. In practice, a filter of three taps by three taps is satisfactory. Finally, in order to produce the actual motion estimation, a non-linear mapping function is applied using a function to provide the motion estimate (ME): ME (pixel, current line) = γ(spatially filtered Δ F (pixel, current line) ) The non-linear function γ is derived as shown in Figure 10, the static picture ME is zero, for full motion ME is one, and for intermediate motions a controlled transition occurs. To produce an interpolated pixel, the pixels in the missing line are created by taking proportions of the surrounding lines as indicated in Figure 11. The motion estimate ME is then applied to the intra-frame interpolated value (generated from a two, four, six or preferably eight tap filter), and 1-ME is applied to the inter-field average (or alternatively to a more complex interpolated value), and these are summed to derive the progressive scan pixel estimate: where: C 0 , C 1 , C 2 and C 3 are the intra-frame filter coefficients, and 2(C 0 +C 1 +C 2 +C 3 ) = 1 so that unity dc gain is maintained. This method of progressive scan conversion is found to produce high quality frames from input fields, in particular because a moving object can be isolated and interpolated in a different manner to a stationary background. Referring back to Figure 1, the frames of video derived by the progressive scan converter 2 are used to derive motion vectors. The estimation of motion vectors consists of two steps. Firstly, correlation surfaces are generated by correlating search blocks from consecutive frames. Then, having obtained these correlation surfaces, they have to be examined to determine the position or positions at which correlation is best. Several different methods of obtaining a correlation surface exist, the two main methods being phase correlation and direct block matching. There are, however, a number of problems associated with the use of phase correlation, these being very briefly problems relating to the transform mechanism, the windowing function, the block size and the variable quality of the contour of the surface produced. In the present embodiment, therefore, direct block matching is preferred. The direct block matcher 3 operates as follows. Two blocks, respectively comprising a rectangular array of pixels from consecutive frames of the progressive scan converted video signal are correlated to produce a correlation surface from which a motion vector is derived. Referring to Figure 12, firstly a small block called a search block of size 32 pixels by 23 lines is taken from a frame as shown in Figure 12. Then a larger block called a search area of size 128 pixels by 69 lines is taken from the next frame. The search block (SB) is then placed in each possible position in the search area (SA) as shown in Figure 13, and for each location the sum of the absolute difference of pixel luminance levels between the two blocks is calculated. This value is then used as the height of the correlation surface at the point at which it was derived. It can then be used in conjunction with other similarly derived values for each possible location of the search block in the search area to obtain a correlation surface, an example of which is shown in Figure 14. For clarity the surface is shown inverted, and as it is in fact the minimum that is required, the required point in Figure 14 is the main peak. The size of the search block is selected by examining the minimum size of an object that may require motion compensation. For PAL 625 lines per frame, 50 fields per second signals a search block of 16 pixels by 8 lines has been found suitable for tracking a small object without allowing any surrounding information not within the object, but still within the search block, to affect the tracking of the object. This approach has therefore been adopted in the present embodiment, but modified to take account of the different numbers of active pixels per line, active lines per frame, and aspect ratio of a HDVS as compared with PAL 625/50. The comparative figures, the HDVS being put first, are as follows; 1920 (720) active pixels per line, 1035 (575) active lines per frame, 3:5.33 (3:4) aspect ratio. It should be added that there is an argument for using a larger search block, since this means that a large object can be tracked. On the other hand, there exists an argument for using a smaller search block, to prevent a small object being over-shadowed by the effect of a large object or background area. Also, however, there is the advantage that with small search blocks there is no requirement for the derivation of more than one motion vector from each of them. Because having a single motion vector is so much easier than having more than one, the present embodiment starts with a small search block as described above, and then causes the search block to grow into a bigger search block if no satisfactory result has been obtained. This then encompasses the advantages of both a small and a large search block. The criteria for a satisfactory result is set by the motion vector estimator 4 (Figure 1) referred to in more detail below and which determines the motion vector from a given correlation surface. This technique of causing the search block to grow is not only advantageous for tracking large objects. It can also help to track the movement of an object having the shape of a regular pattern of a periodic nature. Thus, consider Figure 15 where a search block A will match up with the search area B at locations V1, V2 and V3, with each of them giving a seemingly correct measure of motion. In this case, however, the motion vector estimation, that is the process that actually analyses the correlation surface, will show that good correlation occurs in three locations which are collinear. The search block will therefore be caused to grow horizontally until it is three times its original width, this being the direction in which multiple correlation occurred in this case. The search area will also be correspondingly horizontally enlarged. As shown in Figure 16, with the enlarged search block 3A, there is only a single correlation point, which correctly relates to the motion of the object. In this particular case the search block and the search area both have to grow horizontally, because the direction of multiple correlation is horizontal. It is equally possible, however, for the search block and the search area to grow vertically, or indeed in both directions, if the correlation surface suggests it. It should be noted that block matching cannot be applied to all the search blocks in the frame, because in the border area there is not enough room from which a search area can be drawn. Thus, block matching cannot be effected in the border area of the frame shown hatched in Figure 17. This problem is dealt with by the motion vector reducer 5 (Figure 1) described in more detail below, which attempts to supply search blocks in this hatched area with appropriate motion vectors. From the correlation surface (Figure 14) generated for each search block in a frame the motion vector estimator 4 (Figure 1) deduces the likely inter-frame motion between the search block and its corresponding search area. It should again be mentioned that for clarity all diagrams of correlation surfaces are shown inverted, that is, such that a minimum is shown as a peak. The motion vector estimator 4 (Figure 1) uses motion vector estimation algorithms to detect the minimum point on each correlation surface. This represents the point of maximum correlation between the search block and the search area, and hence indicates the probable motion between them. The displacement of this minimum on the correlation surface with respect to the origin, in this case the centre of the surface, is a direct measurement, in terms of pixels per frame, of the motion. For the simplest case, where the correlation surface contains a single, distinct minimum, the detection of the minimum point on the correlation surface is sufficient to determine accurately the motion between the search block and the search area. As previously mentioned, the use of small search blocks improves the detection of motion and the accuracy of motion estimation, but unfortunately small single search blocks are unable to detect motion in a number of circumstances which will now be described. Figure 18 shows an object with motion vectors (5, 0) straddling three search blocks 1A, 2A and 3A in a frame (t). den the search blocks 1A and 3A are correlated with respective search areas (1B and 3B) in the next frame (t+1) a correlation surface shown in Figure 19 results showing a minimum at (5, 0). (This assumes a noiseless video source.) However, when the search block 2A is correlated with its respective search area 2B, the correlation surface shown in Figure 20 is produced, in which the search block 2A correlates with the search area 2B at every point in the y-axis direction. There is therefore no single minimum in the correlation surface, and hence the motion between the search block 2A and the search area 2B cannot be determined. However, now consider the situation if the search block 2A is grown such that it encompasses all three of the original search blocks 1A, 2A and 3A. When the grown search block 2A is correlated with a search area covering the original search areas 1B, 2B and 3B, the resulting correlation surface is as shown in Figure 21. This shows a single minimum at (5, 0) indicating the correct motion of the original search block 2A. This example illustrates the need for some unique feature in the source video, in order accurately to detect motion. Thus, the search blocks 1A and 3A both had unique vertical and horizontal features, that is the edges of the object, and hence motion could be determined. In contrast, the search block 2A had a unique vertical feature, but no unique horizontal feature, and hence horizontal motion could not be determined. However, by growing the search block until it encompasses a unique feature both horizontally and vertically, the complete motion for that search block can be determined. Moreover, it can be shown that growing the search block is beneficial when noise in the source video is considered. A further example will now be considered with reference to Figure 22. This shows a correlation surface for a search block where the motion vector is (5, 3). However, due to the numerous other correlations which have taken place between the search block and the search area, the true motion is difficult to detect. An example of source video which might produce such a correlation surface would be a low contrast tree moving with the wind. It is now assumed that the search block and the search area are grown. The growing can take place in the horizontal direction, as in the previous example, or in the vertical direction, or in both directions. Assuming that the neighbouring search blocks have the same motion, the mean effect on the resulting correlation surface will be to increase the magnitude of the minima at (5, 3) by a greater proportion than the magnitude of the other correlation peaks. This is shown in Figure 23, which indicates that it is then easier to detect the correct motion vector. The way in which search blocks are grown will now be further considered with reference to Figure 18. Here it was required to grow the area of the search block 2A to encompass the areas of the search blocks 1A and 3A, and to produce the resulting correlation surface. In fact, the resulting correlation surfaces are produced directly by adding together the elements of the three correlation surfaces corresponding to the search blocks 1A, 2A and 3A. In effect, if each correlation surface is considered as a matrix of point magnitudes, then the correlation surface of the enlarged search block 2A is the matrix addition of the correlation surface of the original search blocks 1A, 2A and 3A. The area of the search block 2A could also be grown vertically by adding correlation surfaces of the search blocks above and below, whilst if the search block 2A is to be grown both horizontally and vertically, then the four neighbouring diagonal correlation surfaces have to be added as well. From this it will be seen that the actual process of growing a search block to encompass neighbouring search blocks is relatively easy, the more difficult process being to decide when growing should take place, and which neighbouring search blocks should be encompassed. Basically, the answer is that the area of the search blocks should be grown until a good minimum or good motion vector is detected. It is therefore necessary to specify when a motion vector can be taken to be a good motion vector, and this can in fact be deduced from the examples given above. In the example described with reference to Figures 18 to 21, it was necessary to grow the search block horizontally in order to encompass a unique horizontal feature of the object, and hence obtain a single minimum. This situation was characterized by a row of identical minima on the correlation surface of Figure 20, and a single minimum on the correlation surface of Figure 21. From this the first criteria for a good minimum can be obtained; a good minimum is the point of smallest magnitude on the correlation surface for which the difference between it and the magnitude of the next smallest point exceeds a given value. This given value is known as the threshold value, and hence this test is referred to herein as the threshold test. It should be noted that the next smallest point is prevented from originating from within the bounds of a further test, described below, and referred to herein as the rings test. In the case of a rings test employing three rings, the next smallest point is prevented from originating from a point within three pixels of the point in question. In the example of Figures 18 to 21, the correlation surface of Figure would have failed the threshold test; the search area 2A is therefore grown and, given a suitable threshold value, the correlation surface of Figure 21 will pass the threshold test. The threshold test can also be used to cause growing in the example described above with reference to Figures 22 and 23. Prior to growing the search block, the correct minimum is undetectable, due to the closely similar magnitudes of the surrounding points. Given a suitable threshold value, however, the correlation surface will fail the threshold test, and the search block will be grown. As a result, it will then be possible to detect the minimum among the other spurious points. It will be seen that the use of a threshold is a subjective test, but the correct threshold for the correlation surface under test can be selected by normalizing the threshold as a fraction of the range of magnitudes within the correlation surface. This also lessens the effect of, for example the contrast of the video source. The rings test, referred to briefly above, and which is far less subjective, will now be further described. The basis of the rings test is to assume that a good minimum (or maximum) will have points of increasing (or decreasing) magnitudes surrounding it. Figure 24 illustrates this assumption, showing a minimum at (0, 0) where the surrounding three rings of points have decreasing mean magnitude. This is as opposed to the correlation surface shown in Figure 25, where the rings, and in particular the second inner-most ring, are not of decreasing mean magnitude. In this case the criteria for a good minimum as defined by the rings test, is that the average slope is monotonic. Therefore for a pre-defined number of rings of points surrounding the minimum in question, the mean magnitude of each ring when moving from the innermost ring outwards, must be greater than that of the previous ring. Returning again to the example described with reference to Figures 18 to 21, it will be seen from Figures 20 and 21 that the correlation surface of Figure 20 would have failed the rings test, but that the correlation surface of Figure 21 would have passed the rings test. Since the rings test compares mean, and not absolute, magnitudes, it is far less subjective than the threshold test, and indeed the only variable in the rings test is the number of rings considered. Having described the mechanism for growing a search block, it is now necessary to consider how by examining the shape of the correlation surface it is possible to determine the most effective direction in which the search block should grow. Referring again to Figure 20, this correlation surface resulted where there was a unique vertical feature, but no unique horizontal feature. This is mirrored in the correlation surface by the minimum running horizontally across the correlation surface, due to the multiple correlations in this direction. From this it can be deduced that the search block should be grown horizontally. Conversely, should a line of multiple correlations run vertically, this would indicate the need to grow the search block vertically, whilst a circular collection of multiple correlations would indicate a need to grow the search block both horizontally and vertically. Using this criteria, a quantative measure of the shape of the correlation surface is required in order to determine in which direction the search block should be grown. This measure is determined as follows. Firstly, a threshold is determined. Any point on the correlation surface below the threshold is then considered. This threshold, like that used in the threshold test, is normalized as a fraction of the range of magnitudes within the correlation surface. Using this threshold, the points on the correlation surface are examined in turn in four specific sequences. In each, the point at which the correlation surface value falls below the threshold is noted. These four sequences are illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 26 in which the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 at the top, bottom, left and right refer to the four sequences, and the hatched area indicates points which fall below the threshold: Sequence 1 Search from the top of the correlation surface down for a point A which falls below the threshold. Sequence 2 Search from the bottom of the correlation surface up for a point C which falls below the threshold. Sequence 3 Search from the left of the correlation surface to the right for a point D which falls below the threshold. Sequence 4 Search from the right of the correlation surface to the left for a point 8 which falls below the threshold. The locations of the four resulting points A, B, C and D are used to calculate the two dimensions X and Y indicated in Figure 26, these dimensions X and Y indicating the size of the hatched area containing the points falling below the threshold value. Hence from the dimensions X and Y, it can be deduced whether the shape is longer in the x rather than the y direction, or vice versa, or whether the shape is approximately circular. A marginal difference of say ten percent is allowed in deducing the shape, that is, the dimension X must be a minimum of ten percent greater than the dimension Y for the shape to be considered to be longer in the x direction. Similarly for the y direction. If the dimensions X and Y are within ten percent of each other, then the shape is considered to be circular, and the search block is grown in both directions. In the example of Figure 26 the dimension X is greater than the dimension Y, and hence the search block is grown in the x or horizontal direction. The growing of the search block continues until one or more growth limitations is reached. These limitations are: that the minimum in the correlation surface passes both the threshold test and the rings test; that the edge of the video frame is reached; or that the search block has already been grown a predetermined number of times horizontally and vertically. This last limitation is hardware dependent. That is to say, it is limited by the amount of processing that can be done in the available time. In one specific embodiment of apparatus according to the present invention, this limit was set at twice horizontally and once vertically. If the minimum in the correlation surface passes both the threshold test and the rings test, then it is assumed that a good motion vector has been determined, and can be passed to the motion vector reducer 5 (Figure 1). However, if the edge of the frame is reached or the search block has already been grown a predetermined number of times both horizontally and vertically, then it is assumed that a good motion vector has not been determined for that particular search block, and instead of attempting to determine a good motion vector, the best available motion vector is determined by weighting. The correlation surface is weighted such that the selection of the best available motion vector is weighted towards the stationary, that is the centre, motion vector. This is for two reasons, firstly, if the search block, even after growing, is part of a large plain area of source video, it will not be possible to detect a good motion vector. However, since the source video is of a plain area, a stationary motion vector will lead to the correct results in the subsequent processing. Secondly, weighting is designed to reduce the possibility of a seriously wrong motion vector being passed to the motion vector reducer 5 (Figure 1). This is done because it is assumed that when a good motion vector cannot be determined, a small incorrect motion vector is preferable to a large incorrect motion vector. Figure 27 shows an example of how the weighting function can be applied to the correlation surface. In this example, the weight applied to a given point on the correlation surface is directly proportional to the distance of that point from the stationary, centre motion vector. The magnitude of the point on the correlation surface is multiplied by the weighting factor. For example, the gradient of the weighting function may be such that points plus or minus 32 pixels from the centre, stationary motion vector are multiplied by a factor of three. In other words, as shown in Figure 27, where the centre, stationary motion vector is indicated by the black circle, the weighting function is an inverted cone which is centred on the centre, stationary motion vector. After the correlation surface has been weighted, it is again passed through the threshold test and the rings test. If a minimum which passes both these tests is determined, then it is assumed that this is a good motion vector, and it is flagged to indicate that it is a good motion vector, but that weighting was used. This flag is passed, together with the motion vector to the motion vector reducer 5 (Figure 1). If on the other hand, neither a good motion vector nor a best available motion vector can be determined, even after weighting, then a flag is set to indicate that any motion vector passed to the motion vector reducer 5 (Figure 1) for this search block is a bad motion vector. It is necessary to do this because bad motion vectors must not be used in the motion vector reduction process, but must be substituted as will be described below. Thus, in summary, the operation of the motion vector estimator 4 (Figure 1) is to derive from the correlation surface generated by the direct block matcher 3 (Figure 1), the point of best correlation, that is the minimum. This minimum is then subjected to the threshold test and the rings test, both of which the minimum must pass in order for it to be considered to represent the motion of the search block. It should, incidentally, be noted that the threshold used in the threshold test and the rings test may be either absolute values or fractional values. If the minimum fails either test, then the search block is grown, a new minimum is determined, and the threshold test and the rings test re-applied. The most effective direction in which to grow the search block is determined from the shape of the correlation surface. Referring initially to Figure 1, the process of motion vector reduction will now be described. Using a HDVS, each search block is assumed to be 32 pixels by 23 lines, which can be shown to lead to a possible maximum of 2451 motion vectors. The choice of the search block size is a compromise between maintaining resolution and avoiding an excessive amount of hardware. If all these motion vectors were passed to the motion vector selector 6, the task of motion vector selection would not be practicable, due to the amount of processing that would be required. To overcome this problem, the motion vector reducer 5 is provided between the motion vector estimator 4 and the motion vector selector 6. The motion vector reducer 5 takes the motion vectors that have been generated by the motion vector estimator 4 and presents the motion vector selector 6 with only, for example, four motion vectors for each search block in the frame, including those in border regions, rather than all the motion vectors derived for that frame. The effect of this is two-fold. Firstly, this makes it much easier to choose the correct motion vector, so long as it is within the group of four motion vectors passed to the motion vector selector 6. Secondly, however, it also means that if the correct motion vector is not passed as one of the four, then the motion vector selector 6 is not able to select the correct one. It is therefore necessary to try to ensure that the motion vector reducer 5 includes the correct motion vector amongst those passed to the motion vector selector 6. It should also be mentioned that although four motion vectors are passed by the motion vector reducer 5 to the motion vector selector 6, only three of these actually represent motion, the fourth motion vector always being the stationary motion vector which is included to ensure that the motion vector selector 6 is not forced into applying a motion vector representing motion to a stationary pixel. Other numbers of motion vectors can be passed to the motion vector selector 6, for example, in an alternative embodiment four motion vectors representing motion and the stationary motion vector may be passed. Hereinafter the term 'sample block' refers to a block in a frame of video in which each pixel is offered the same four motion vectors by the motion vector reducer 5. Thus, a sample block is the same as a search block before the search block has been grown. As shown in Figure 28, in a frame of video the initial positions of the sample blocks and the search blocks are the same. The motion vector reducer 5 (Figure 1) receives the motion vectors and the flags from the motion vector estimator 4 (Figure 1) and determines the quality of the motion vectors by examining the flags. If the motion vector was not derived from an ambiguous surface, that is there is a high degree of confidence in it, then it is termed a good motion vector, but if a certain amount of ambiguity exists, then the motion vector is termed a bad motion vector. In the motion vector reduction process, all motion vectors classed as bad motion vectors are ignored, because it is important that no incorrect motion vectors are ever passed to the motion vector selector 6 (Figure 1), in case a bad motion vector is selected thereby. Such selection would generally result in a spurious dot in the final picture, which would be highly visible. Each of the motion vectors supplied to the motion vector reducer 5 (Figure 1) was obtained from a particular search block, and hence a particular sample block (Figure 28), the position of these being noted together with the motion vector. Because any motion vectors which have been classed as bad motion vectors are ignored, not all sample blocks will have a motion vector derived from the search block at that position. The motion vectors which have been classed as good motion vectors, and which relate to a particular search block, and hence a particular sample block, are called local motion vectors, because they have been derived in the area from which the sample block was obtained. In addition to this, another motion vector reduction process counts the frequency at which each good motion vector occurs, with no account taken of the actual positions of the search blocks that were used to derive them. These motion vectors are then ranked in order of decreasing frequency, and are called common motion vectors. In the worst case only three common motion vectors are available and these are combined with the stationary motion vector to make up the four motion vectors to be passed to the motion vector selector 6 (Figure 1). However, as there are often more than three common motion vectors, the number has to be reduced to form a reduced set of common motion vectors referred to as global motion vectors. A simple way of reducing the number of common motion vectors is to use the three most frequent common motion vectors and disregard the remainder. However, the three most frequent common motion vectors are often those three motion vectors which were initially within plus or minus one pixel motion of each other vertically and/or horizontally. In other words, these common motion vectors were all tracking the same motion with slight differences between them, and the other common motion vectors, which would have been disregarded, were actually tracking different motions. In order to select the common motion vectors which represent all or most of the motion in a scene, it is necessary to avoid choosing global motion vectors which represent the same motion. Thus, the strategy actually adopted is first to take the three most frequently occurring common motion vectors and check to see if the least frequent among them is within plus or minus one pixel motion vertically and/or plus or minus one pixel motion horizontally of either of the other two common motion vectors. If it is, then it is rejected, and the next most frequently occurring common motion vector is chosen to replace it. This process is continued for all of the most frequently occurring common motion vectors until there are either three common motion vectors which are not similar to each other, or until there are three or less common motion vectors left. However, if there are more than three common motion vectors left, then the process is repeated this time checking to see if the least frequent among them is within plus or minus two pixel motion vertically and/or plus or minus two pixel motion horizontally of another, and so on at increasing distances if necessary. These three common motion vectors are the required global motion vectors, and it is important to note that they are still ranked in order of frequency. den considering the motion vector reduction process and the sample blocks of a frame of video, it is necessary to look at three different types of sample blocks. These types are related to their actual position in a frame of video, and are shown in Figure 29 as regions. Region A comprises sample blocks which are totally surrounded by other sample blocks and are not near the picture boundary. Region B contains sample blocks which are partially surrounded by other sample blocks and are not near the picture boundary. Finally, region C contains sample blocks which are near the picture boundary. The motion vector reduction algorithm to be used for each of these regions is different. These algorithms will be described below, but firstly it should be reiterated that there exist good motion vectors for some of the sample blocks in the frame of video, and additionally there are also three global motion vectors which should represent most of the predominant motion in the scene. A selection of these motion vectors is used to pass on three motion vectors together with the stationary motion vector for each sample block. Figure 30 illustrates diagrammatically motion vector reduction in the region A. This is the most complex region to deal with, because it has the largest number of motion vectors to check. Figure 30 shows a central sample block which is hatched, surrounded by other sample blocks a to h. Firstly, the locally derived motion vector is examined to see if it was classed as a good motion vector. If it was, and it is also not the same as the stationary motion vector, then it is passed on. However, if it fails either of these tests, it is ignored. Then the motion vector associated with the sample block d is checked to see if it was classed as a good motion vector. If it was, and if it is neither the same as any motion vector already selected, nor the same as the stationary motion vector, then it too is passed on. If it fails any of these tests then it too is ignored. This process then continues in a similar manner in the order e, b, g, a, h, c and f. As soon as three motion vectors, not including the stationary motion vector, have been obtained, then the algorithm stops, because that is all that is required for motion vector selection for that sample block. It is, however, possible for all the above checks to be carried out without three good motion vectors having been obtained. If this is the case, then the remaining spaces are filled with the global motion vectors, with priority being given to the more frequent global motion vectors. Figure 31 illustrates motion vector reduction in the region B. Sample blocks in the region B are the same as those in the region A, except that they are not totally surrounded by other sample blocks. Thus the process applied to these sample blocks is exactly the same as those for the region A, except that it is not possible to search in all the surrounding sample blocks. Thus as seen in Figure 31, it is only possible to check the motion vectors for the sample blocks a to e, and any remaining spaces for motion vectors are filled, as before, with global motion vectors. Likewise, if the hatched sample block in Figure 31 were displaced two positions to the left, then it will be seen that there would only be three adjacent surrounding blocks to be checked before resorting to global motion vectors. Figure 32 illustrates motion vector reduction in the region C. This is the most severe case, because the sample blocks neither have a locally derived motion vector nor do they have many surrounding sample blocks whose motion vectors could be used. The simplest way of dealing with this problem is simply to give the sample blocks in the region C the global motion vectors together with the stationary motion vector. However, this is found to produce a block-like effect in the resulting picture, due to the sudden change in the motion vectors presented for the sample blocks in the region C compared with adjoining sample blocks in the region B. Therefore a preferred strategy is to use for the sample blocks in the region C the sample motion vectors as those used for sample blocks in the region B, as this prevents sudden changes. Preferably, each sample block in the region C is assigned the same motion vectors as that sample block in the region B which is physically nearest to it. Thus, in the example of Figure 32, each of the hatched sample blocks in the region C would be assigned the same motion vectors as the sample block a in the region B, and this has been found to give excellent results. Referring again to Figure 1, the purpose of the motion vector selector 6 is to assign one of the four motion vectors supplied thereto to each individual pixel within the sample block. In this way the motion vectors can be correctly mapped to the outline of objects. The way in which this assignment is effected is particularly intended to avoid the possibility of the background surrounding fine detail from producing a better match than that produced by the correct motion vector. To achieve this the motion vector selection process is split into two main stages. In the first stage, motion vectors are produced for each pixel in the input frames. In other words, there is no attempt to determine the motion vector values for pixels at the output frame positions. The second stage uses the motion vector values produced by the first stage to determine the motion vector value for each pixel in the output frame. Referring now to Figure 33, each pixel of the input frame 2 is tested for the best luminance value match with the previous and following input frames 1 and 3 of video data, using each of the four motion vectors supplied. The pixel luminance difference is determined as: where: P1 nm is the luminance value of a frame 1 pixel within a 4x4 block of pixels surrounding the pixel whose location is obtained by subtracting the coordinates of the motion vector being tested from the location of the pixel being tested in frame 2 P2 nm is the luminance value of a frame 2 pixel within a 4x4 block of pixels surrounding the pixel being tested P3 nm is the luminance value of a frame 3 pixel within a 4x4 block of pixels surrounding the pixel whose location is obtained by adding the coordinates of the motion vector being tested to the location of the pixel being tested in frame 2 The minimum pixel difference then indicates the best luminance match and therefore the correct motion vector applicable to the pixel being tested. If the correct motion vector is not available, or there are uncovered or covered areas, referred to in more detail below, then a good match may not occur. The indication of a poor match is achieved when the average pixel difference within the block of pixels being used is above a certain threshold. This threshold is important, because high frequency detail may produce a poor match even when the correct motion vector is tested. The reason for this poor match is the possibility of a half pixel error in the motion vector estimate. To determine what threshold should indicate a poor match, it is necessary to relate the threshold to the frequency content of the picture within the block of data which surrounds the pixel for which the motion vector is required. To achieve this, an auto-threshold value is determined where the threshold value equals half the maximum horizontal or vertical pixel luminance difference about the pixel being tested. To ensure that the threshold value obtained is representative of the whole block of data which is compared, an average value is obtained for the four central pixels of a 4x4 block used. Referring to Figure 35, which shows a 4x4 block, the required threshold value T is given by: T = (T1 + T2 + T3 + T4)/8 where T3, for example, is determined as indicated in Figure 36 as equal to the maximum of the four pixel luminance difference values comprising: the two vertical differences |B2 - B3| and |B4 - B3| , and the two horizontal differences |A3 - B3| and |C3 - B3| In this way a frame of motion vectors is obtained for input frame 2, and in a similar manner a frame of motion vectors is obtained for input frame 3 as indicated in Figure 34. Apart from scene changes, it is the phenomenon of uncovered/covered surfaces that causes a mis-match to occur in the above first stage of motion vector selection. If an object, say a car, drives into a tunnel, then the car has become covered, while when it drives out, the car is uncovered. If the part of the car that was uncovered in frames 1 and 2 is covered in frames 3 and 4, then the basic vector selection process is not able to determine the correct vector. Moreover, whilst the car going into the tunnel becomes covered, the road and objects behind the car are being uncovered. Likewise the car leaving the tunnel is being uncovered, but the road and objects behind the car are being covered. In general therefore both covered and uncovered objects will exist at the same time. The end of a scene will also have a discontinuation of motion that is similar to an object becoming covered. In an attempt to determine a motion vector even in such circumstances, the luminance value block match is reduced to a two frame match, instead of the three frame match of Figures 33 and 34. The frame that the motion vectors are required for (say frame 2) is block-matched individually to the previous and the next frame (frame 1 and frame 3 respectively, in the case of frame 2), using the four motion vectors supplied. The motion vector which produces the best match is chosen as the motion vector applicable to the pixel being tested. In this case, however, a flag is set to indicate that only a two frame match was used. Particularly with integrating type television cameras, there will be situations where no match occurs. If an object moves over a detailed background, then an integrating camera will produce unique portions of picture where the leading and trailing edges of the object are mixed with the detail of the background. In such circumstances, even the two frame match could produce an average pixel difference above the threshold value. In these cases the motion vector value is set to zero, and an error flag is also set. The second stage of motion vector selection makes use of the two frames of motion vectors, derived by the first stage. One frame of motion vectors (input frame 2) is considered to be the reference frame, and the following frame to this (input frame 3) is also used. The output frame position then exists somewhere between these two frames of motion vectors. Referring to Figure 37, for each output pixel position the four possible motion vectors associated with the sample block of input frame 2, are tested. A line drawn through the output pixel position at the angle of the motion vector being tested will point to a position on both the input frame 2 and the input frame 3. In the case of odd value motion vectors, for example, 1, 3 and 5, a point midway between two input frame pixels would be indicated in the case where the output frame is precisely half way between the input frames 1 and 2. To allow for this inaccuracy, and also to reduce the sensitivity to individual pixels, a 3x3 block of motion vectors is acquired for each frame, centred on the closest pixel position. In effect a block-match is then performed between each of the two 3x3 blocks of motion vectors and a block containing the motion vector being tested. The motion vector difference used represents the spatial difference of the two motion vector values as given by: √ (( x1-x2) 2 + (y1-y2) 2 ) where: x1 and y1 are the Cartesian coordinates of the motion vector in one of the blocks x2 and y2 are the Cartesian coordinates of the motion vector being tested An average vector difference per pixel is produced as a result of the block match. A motion vector match is first produced as above using only motion vector values which were calculated using three input frames; that is, input frames 1, 2 and 3 for input frame 2 (Figure 33), and input frames 2, 3 and 4 for input frame 3 (Figure 34), and the result is scaled accordingly. Preferably there are at least four usable motion vectors in the block of nine. When both the motion vector block of frame 2 and frame 3 can be used, the motion vector difference values are made up of half the motion vector difference value from frame 2 plus half the motion vector difference value from frame 3. Whichever motion vector produces the minimum motion vector difference value using the above technique is considered to be the motion vector applicable to the output pixel being tested. If the motion vector difference value produced by the three frame match input motion vector (Figures 33 and 34) is greater than unity, then a covered or uncovered surface has been detected, and the same process is repeated, but this time ignoring the error flags. That is, the motion vector values which were calculated using two input frames are used. Theoretically this is only necessary for uncovered/covered surfaces, although in fact improvements can be obtained to the picture in more general areas. If after both of the above tests have been performed, the minimum motion vector match is greater than two, the motion vector value is set to zero, and an error flag is set for use by the motion vector post processor 7 (Figure 1). The form and operation of the motion vector selector 6 (Figure 1), with which the present invention is particularly, but not exclusively concerned, will now be described in more detail with reference to Figures 38 to 41. The complete vector selection process is effected in the two stages referred to above, and Figures 38 and 39 correspond to the two stages respectively. Moreover, for convenience of hardware implementation the vector selection process is, in this particular embodiment, demultiplexed nine ways, so that the circuit arrangements to be described are replicated nine times, although clearly other forms of demultiplexing to achieve convenient operating speeds are possible. However, with a HDVS and nine-way demultiplexing, the circuit arrangements to be described must each produce the motion vectors for 115 lines of video; as there are 1035 active lines in a HDVS frame. The stage 1 circuit arrangement of Figure 38 comprises a reference read address generator 20, address shift circuits 21 and 22, a mapping store 23, picture segment stores 24 to 27, selectors 28, 29 and 34, block matchers 30 and 31, reference sample block stores 32 and 33, an adder 35, a minimum finder circuit 36, an auto-threshold circuit 37, and a threshold test circuit 38, interconnected as shown and operating as will now be described. First a corresponding segment of each of four successive input frames is acquired in the picture segment stores 24 to 27 respectively. To provide the required overlap each segment is 256 lines. In this particular embodiment (other arrangements are possible) the incoming HDVS has been previously processed so that a 14.85 MHz pixel clock can be used. At 1125 lines per frame, 2200 samples per line and 60 fields per second, this is one fifth normal frequency. The output operates at one tenth normal frequency, so that effectively there are 2250 lines in the incoming frames, although only 1035 are active. As soon as all the picture segment stores 24 to 27 have stored their 256 lines, processing of the central 115 lines thereof begins. Each sample block has the four motion vectors associated therewith by the motion vector reducer (Figure 1) stored in the mapping store 23. Data is read from the picture segment stores 24 to 27 on a sample block by sample block basis. That is, the first line of a sample block is read, followed by the second line and so on to the last line, and then the first line of the next sample block is read, and so on. To allow sufficient data for the block matching, 39 pixels are read horizontally and 30 lines are read vertically, which with a sample block of 32 pixels by 23 lines allows a block match size of up to eight pixels by eight lines. As the circuit arrangement of Figure 38 processes only a small portion of the incoming video, it is possible to read each sample block nine times before new frame data must be acquired, and so up to nine operations can be performed. To keep track of each operation a sequence count up to nine is generated and supplied to the mapping store 23, and to the selectors 28 and 29. The operation will be described under the headings sequence states 1 to 9. Sequence state 1 The first sample block is read from the picture segment stores 24 to 27 with zero shift applied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22, but the selectors 28 and 29 pass only data from the picture segment stores 25 and 26 respectively to be stored in the reference sample block stores 32 and 33, respectively. Sequence state 2 The reference sample block store 32 is read and the data are supplied to the block matchers 30 and 31, and also to the auto-threshold circuit 37. Simultaneously the first motion vector for the sample block is read from the mapping store 23, is suitably scaled and is supplied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22. If the motion vector value was x,y then the address from the address shift circuit 21 would be modified to read the sample block x pixels further to the left and y lines further up, while the address from the address shift circuit 22 would be modified to read the sample block x pixels further to the right and y pixels further down. The selectors 28 and 29 are set to allow through only data from the picture segment stores 24 and 26 to the block matchers 30 and 31, respectively. A block match value is generated for the sample blocks by the 4 x in pixel block matchers 30 and 31. The resulting block match values are also combined by the adder 35, and the results are supplied to the minimum finder circuit 36. The result of the block matching by the block matchers 30 and 31 is a single value for each individual pixel in the sample block, the value being a measure of how well the luminance value of that pixel as stored in the reference sample block store 32 or 33 matched with the previous frame and the succeeding frame if it was assumed to be moving with the velocity indicated by the motion vector value read from the mapping store 23. Sequence state 3 The reference sample block store 32 is read again, and the data are supplied to the block matchers 30 and 31. Simultaneously the second motion vector for the sample block is read from the mapping store 23, is suitably scaled, and is supplied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22. The selectors 28 and 29 still allow through only data from the picture segment stores 24 and 26 to the other inputs of the block matchers 30 and 31, respectively. The block matched values using this second motion vector are again supplied to the minimum finder circuit 36. The minimum finder circuit 36 effects comparisons to find the minimum pixel block match value. If the previous state value is smaller then it is retained, but if the present state value is smaller it is retained. In addition, the state number of the minimum is stored to indicate which motion vector produced the best match. This is done separately for each pixel in the sample block, and for each of the three buses entering the minimum finder circuit 36. Sequence state 4 The reference sample block store 32 is again read and data are supplied to the block matchers 30 and 31. Simultaneously the third motion vector for the sample block is read from the mapping store 23, is suitably scaled, and is supplied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22. The selectors 28 and 29 still allow through only data from the picture segment stores 24 and 26, and the block matched values using this third motion vector are again supplied to the minimum finder circuit 36. The minimum finder circuit 36 effects further comparisons to determine the minimum pixel block match value. If the previously stored value is the smallest then it is retained, and if the present value is the smallest it is retained. Again the state number is stored to indicate which motion vector produced the minimum, and this is done for each of the three buses entering the minimum finder circuit 36. Sequence state 5 The reference sample block store 32 is again read and the data are supplied to the block matchers 30 and 31. Simultaneously the fourth motion vector for the sample block is read from the mapping store 23, is suitably scaled, and is supplied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22. The selectors 28 and 29 still allow through only data from the picture segment stores 24 and 26, and the block matched values using this fourth motion vector are again supplied to the minimum finder circuit 36. The minimum finder circuit 36 effects further comparisons to determine the minimum pixel block match value. If the previously stored value is the smallest then it is retained, and if the present value is the smallest it is retained. Again the state number is stored to indicate which motion vector produced the minimum, and this is done for each of the three buses entering the minimum finder circuit 36. As before this is done for every pixel in the sample block, and as the motion vector value for each pixel is chosen it is compared in the threshold test circuit 38 with the value generated (as described below) by the auto-threshold circuit 37 for each pixel in the sample block. If the minimum value which was supplied by the adder 35 is below the threshold value then the chosen motion vector, as indicated by the stored state number for the corresponding bus, is assumed to be correct. If it is above the threshold then the result of comparing the minimum values originally supplied by the block matchers 30 and 31 individually are checked. If the smaller of these two values is below the threshold then the chosen motion vector, as indicated by the stored state number for the corresponding bus, is assumed to be correct. If neither is below the threshold, an error flag is set. These results, including the error flags, are stored, as described below, in a vector number store (Figure 38). Sequence state 6 The reference sample store 33 is now read and the data are supplied to the block matchers 30 and 31, and to the auto-threshold circuit 37. Simultaneously the first motion vector for the sample block is again read from the mapping store 23, is suitably scaled, and is supplied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22. The selectors 28 and 29 now allow through data from the picture segment stores 25 and 27 to the other inputs of the block matchers 30 and 31, respectively. The block match values produced by the block matchers 30 and 31 are supplied to the minimum finder circuit 36 directly and by way of the adder 35, and are stored as described above. Sequence state 7 The reference sample block 33 is read again, and the data are supplied to the block matchers 30 and 31. Simultaneously the second motion vector for the sample block is read from the mapping store 23, is suitably scaled, and is supplied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22. The selectors 28 and 29 still allow through only data from the picture segment stores 25 and 27 to the other inputs of the block matchers 30 and 31, respectively. The block matched values using this second motion vector are again supplied to the minimum finder circuit 36. The minimum finder circuit 36 effects comparisons to find the minimum pixel block match value. If the previous state value is smaller then it is retained, but if the present state value is smaller it is retained. In addition the state number of the minimum is stored to indicate which motion vector produced the best match. This is done separately for each pixel in the sample block, and for each of the three buses entering the minimum finder circuit 36. Sequence state 8 The reference sample block store 33 is again read and the data are supplied to the block matchers 30 and 31, and also to the auto-threshold circuit 37. Simultaneously the third motion vector for the sample block is read from the mapping store 23, is suitably scaled, and is supplied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22. The selectors 28 and 29 still allow through only data from the picture segment stores 25 and 27, and the block matched values using the third motion vector are again supplied to the minimum finder circuit 36. The minimum finder circuit 36 effects further comparisons to determine the minimum pixel block match value. If the previously stored value is the smallest then it is retained, and if the present value is the smallest it is retained. Again the state number is stored to indicate which motion vector produced the minimum, and this is done for each of the three buses entering the minimum finder circuit 36. Sequence state 9 The reference sample block store 33 is again read and the data are supplied to the block matchers 30 and 31. Simultaneously the fourth motion vector for the sample block is read from the mapping store 23, is suitably scaled, and is supplied to the address shift circuits 21 and 22. The selectors still allow through only data from the picture segment stores 25 and 27, and the block matched values using this fourth motion vector are again supplied to the minimum finder circuit 36. The minimum finder circuit 36 effects further comparisons to determine the minimum pixel block match value. If the previously stored value is the smallest then it is retained, and if the present value is the smallest it is retained. Again the state number is stored to indicate which motion vector produced the minimum, and this is done for each of the three buses entering the minimum finder circuit 36. As before this is done for every pixel in the sample block, and as the motion vector value for each pixel is chosen it is compared in the threshold test circuit 38 with the value generated (as described below) by the auto-threshold circuit 37 for each pixel in the sample block. If the minimum value which was supplied by the adder 35 is below the threshold value then the chosen motion vector, as indicated by the stored state number for the corresponding bus, is assumed to be correct. If it is above the threshold then the result of comparing the minimum values originally supplied by the block matchers 30 and 31 individually are checked. If the smaller of these two values is below the threshold then the chosen motion vector, as indicated by the stored state number for the corresponding bus, is assumed to be correct. If neither is below the threshold, an error flag is set where results, including the error flags, are stored, as described below, in a vector number store (Figure 39). The stage 2 circuit arrangement of Figure 39 comprises a reference read address generator 40, frame 2 and frame 3 read address generator 41 and 42, vector number stores 43 and 44 each comprising four stores, mapping stores 45 and 48, selectors 46 and 47, a block matcher 49, an error counter 50, a block match results store 51 comprising eight stores, a minimum finder circuit 52 and an output random access memory (RAM) 53, interconnected as shown and operating as will now be described. Over a period of a frame, two of the stores in each of the vector number stores 43 and 44 are filled with stage 1 motion vectors as described above, while the other two stores in each of the vector number stores 43 and 44, and containing the previous frame stage 1 motion vectors, are being read. The two pairs of stores are written in and read from alternately. A pair of stores is required because stage 2 of the motion vector selection requires access to stage 1 motion vectors from the picture segments immediately above and below the picture segment for which the final motion vectors are to be produced. This requires the nine circuit arrangements which correspond respectively to the nine-way demultiplexing, and which can conveniently be mounted on nine circuit boards 60 to 68 respectively, to be interconnected as indicated in Figure 40. Each of the circuit boards 60 to 68 grabs 256 lines of the video signal and processes five rows of sample blocks, that is 115 lines of the video signal. The lines processed are indicated in the respective circuit boards 60 to 68. So, returning to Figure 39, while one of the pair of stores in the vector number stores 43 and 44 is being written with the stage 1 motion vectors from the first part of the corresponding one of the circuit boards 60 to 68 (Figure 40), the other store is simultaneously being written in first by the circuit board processing the picture segment above and then by the circuit board processing the picture segment below. The pair of stores are however, read as if they were one store. Motion vectors values for each sample block as supplied to the mapping store 23 (Figure 38) are delayed by one frame and then supplied to the mapping store 45, the functions of which are identical with those of the mapping store 23. The vector number stores 43 and 44 are read sample block by sample block under control of the reference read address generator 40. As in stage 1, there is time to read each sample block nine times, allowing a further nine sequence states in which operations are performed as follows. Sequence state 1 The first motion vector value for the sample block is read from the mapping store 45 and is supplied to the frame 2 read address generator 41 which is an address shift circuit, similar to the address shift circuits 21 and 22, although the motion vector value is multiplied by zero or - 1/2 depending on whether a signal interp is low or high, respectively. When the signal interp is low the output is being generated in line with the reference input frame B, and when the signal interp is high the output is being generated mid-way between the frames 2 and 3. The selector 47 selects motion vector numbers only from the vector number store 43, and supplies them to the mapping store 48 which maps the motion vector numbers to the motion vector value. The mapping stores 48 and 45 are similar. The motion vector value from the mapping store 48 is supplied to the block matcher 49. The 3 x 3 motion vector block match is performed with respect to the motion vector values from the mapping store 45. The vector number stores 43 and 44 also include the error flag from stage 1, and the error flag is also selected by the selector 47 and passed through the mapping store 48 to the error counter 50, as well as to the block matcher 49. If an error flag is set, the motion vector difference produced in the motion vector block match is set to zero. The error counter 50 determines how many good motion vector differences were used to produce the motion vector block match. The result is then used to scale correspondingly the output of the motion vector block match, and the result is stored in the block match results store 51. Sequence state 2 The second motion vector value for the sample block is read from the mapping store 45 and is supplied to the frame 2 read address generator 41. The selector 47 still selects motion vector numbers only from the vector number store 43 to be mapped by the mapping store 48 and supplied to the block matcher 49. The motion vector block match is performed with respect to the motion vector values from the mapping store 45. The error flag from the vector number store 43 is selected by the selector 47 and is passed through the mapping store 48 to the error counter 50 and also to the block matcher 49. The scaled motion vector block match produced by the block matcher 49 is also stored in the block match results store 51. Sequence state 3 The third motion vector value is read form the mapping store 45 and is supplied to the frame 2 read address generator 41. The selector 47 still selects motion vector numbers only from the vector number store 43, to be mapped by the mapping store 48 and supplied to the block matcher 49. The motion vector block match is performed with respect to the motion vector values from the mapping store 45. The error flag from the vector number store 43 is selected by the selector 47, and is passed through the mapping store 48 to the error counter 50 and also to the block matcher 49. The scaled motion vector block match produced by the block matcher 49 is again stored in the block match results store 51. Sequence state 4 The fourth motion vector value is read from the mapping store 45 and is supplied to the frame 2 read address generator 41. The selector 47 still selects motion vector numbers only from the vector number store 43, to be mapped by the mapping store 48 and supplied to the block matcher 49. The motion vector block match is performed with respect to the motion vector values from the mapping store 45. The error flag from the vector number store 43 is selected by the selector 47 and is passed through the mapping store 48 to the error counter 50 and also to the block matcher 49. The scaled motion vector block match produced by the block matcher 49 is again stored in the block match results store 51. Sequence state 5 The first motion vector value for the sample block is read again from the mapping store 45 and is supplied to the frame 3 read address generator 42, where the motion vector value is multiplied by 1 or 1/2 depending on whether the signal interp is low or high, respectively. The selector 47 now selects motion vector numbers only from the vector number store 44, to be mapped by the mapping store 48 and supplied to the block matcher 49. The 3 x 3 motion vector block match is performed with respect to the motion vector values from the mapping store 45. The error flag from the vector number store 44 is selected by the selector 47, and is passed through the mapping store 48 to the error counter 50 and also to the block matcher 49. The scaled motion vector block match produced by the block matcher 49 is again stored in the block match results store 51. Sequence state 6 The second motion vector value for the sample block is read again from the mapping store 45 and is supplied to the frame 3 read address generator 42. The selector 47 still selects motion vector numbers only from the vector number store 44 to be mapped by the mapping store 48 and supplied to the block matcher 49. The motion vector block match is performed with respect to the motion vector values from the mapping store 45. The error flag from the vector number store 44 is selected by the selector 47 and is passed through the mapping store 48 to the error counter 50 and also to the block matcher 49. The scaled motion vector block match produced by the block matcher 49 is also stored in the block match results store 51. Sequence state 7 The third motion vector for the sample block is read again from the mapping store 45 and is supplied to the frame 3 read address generator 42. The selector 47 still selects motion vector numbers only from the vector number store 44 to be mapped by the mapping store 48 and supplied to the block matcher 49. The motion vector block match is performed with respect to the motion vector values from the mapping store 45. The error flag from the vector number store 44 is selected by the selector 47 and is passed through the mapping store 48 to the error counter 50 and also to the block matcher 49. The scaled motion vector block match produced by the block matcher 49 is also stored in the block match results store 51. Sequence state 8 The fourth motion vector for the sample block is read again from the mapping store 45 and is supplied to the frame 3 read address generator 42. The selector 47 still selects motion vector numbers only from the vector number store 44 to be mapped by the mapping store 48 and supplied to the block matcher 49. The motion vector block match is performed with respect to the motion vector values from the mapping store 45. The error flag from the vector number store 44 is selected by the selector 47 and is passed through the mapping store 48 to the error counter 50 and also to the block matcher 49. The scaled motion vector block match produced by the block matcher 49 is also stored in the block match results store 51. Sequence state 9 No action occurs at this time. The conclusion of stage 2 then proceeds as follows. The block match results store 51 comprises two RAMs such that while one is being written into as described above, the other, containing the results for the previous sample block can be read. The reading is in sequence of the eight motion vector values, produced as described above for each pixel of the sample block, into the minimum finder circuit 52, which finds the minimum of the eight. If the minimum value is chosen from the first four values, then it is possible that interpolation should only use frame 2 to produce the results. This could occur for covered surfaces in the picture. If the minimum value is chosen from the second four values then it is possible that interpolation should only use frame 3 to produce the results. This could occur for uncovered surfaces in the picture. Within the minimum finder circuit 52 the first four values are delayed by four samples. By adding these delayed values to the second four values and dividing by two, four vector block match results are produced which have used all four input frames for their derivation. The minimum of these four values will therefore most accurately indicate which motion vector from the choice of four represents the motion of the single pixel under consideration. However, if the minimum vector block match produced by this combined result is above a pre-set threshold, then for some reason motion was not similarly estimated over the four input frame sequence. One reason for this would be due to covered or uncovered surfaces in the picture, or a cut form one scene to another. If the first minimum found from the original eight values is below the threshold in this case then the indication of whether the pixel is an uncovered or covered pixel can be obtained as previously described. If none of the minimum values determined in the minimum finder circuit 52 are below the threshold, then no accurate estimate for the pixel can be determined. In this case the chosen motion vector will have a value of zero and error flag is set. The auto-threshold circuit 37 (Figure 38) will now be further described with reference to Figure 41. The circuit arrangement comprises line delays 70, 72 and 80, subtracters 71 and 76, adders 73, 78, 79, 81 and 83, pixel delays 74, 75, 77 and 82, and a multiplier 84, interconnected as shown and operating as will now be described. As the reference sample block is received it is delayed by precisely one sample block line in the line delay 70. The modulus of the difference of the delayed and non-delayed data is produced by the subtracter 71, the output of which is further delayed by one sample block line in the line delay 72 and summed with the direct output of the subtracter 71 in the adder 73. The output of the adder 73 is a measure of the vertical frequency/amplitude about the pixel at the output of the line delay 70. Similarly the pixel delayed value at output of the pixel delay 75 represents the vertical frequency/amplitude of the pixel at the output of the pixel delay 74. The subtracter 76 determines the modulus of the difference of the output of the pixel delay 74 and the output of the line delay 70. The output of the subtracter 76 is delayed by the pixel delay 77 and then the output thereof is added to the output of the subtracter 76 by the adder 78. The output of the adder 78 is then a measure of the horizontal frequency/amplitude about the pixel at the output of the pixel delay 74. By combining the output of the adder 78 with the output of the pixel delay 75 in the adder 79, a value which represents the frequency/amplitude content of the pixel at the output of the pixel delay 74 in both the horizontal and vertical directions is produced. The value is then further delayed by the sample block line delay 80 and summed with the non-delayed value in the adder 81. The output of the adder 81 is delayed by the pixel delay 82 and summed with the non-delayed value by the adder 83. The resulting value is similar to that at the output of the adder 79, but represents the average vertical/horizontal frequency/amplitude of a small area of the incoming sample block. A separate value is produced for each pixel in the sample block, and by suitable scaling the output of the multiplier 84 forms the required auto-threshold values for supply to the threshold tester 38 (Figure 38) described above. Following motion vector selection, there will almost certainly be in any real picture situation, some remaining spurious motion vectors associated with certain pixels. Figures 42 to 47 show what are taken to be spurious motion vectors, and in each of these figures the triangles represent pixels having associated therewith the same motion vectors, whilst the stars represent pixels having associated therewith motion vectors different those associated with the surrounding pixels, and the circle indicates the motion vector under test. Figure 42 shows a point singularity where a single pixel has a motion vector different from those of all the surrounding pixels. Figure 43 shows a horizontal motion vector impulse, where three horizontally aligned pixels have a motion vector different from those of the surrounding pixels. Figure 44 shows a vertical motion vector impulse where three vertically aligned pixels have a motion vector different from those of the surrounding pixels. Figure 45 shows a diagonal motion vector impulse where three diagonally aligned pixels have a motion vector different from those of all the surrounding pixels. Figure 46 shows a horizontal plus vertical motion vector impulse, where five pixels disposed in an upright cross have a motion vector different from those of all the surrounding pixels. Figure 47 shows a two-diagonal motion vector impulse where five pixels arranged in a diagonal cross have a motion vector different from those of all the surrounding pixels. It is assumed that pixel motion vectors which fall into any of the above six categories do not actually belong to a real picture, and are a direct result in of an incorrect motion vector selection. If such motion vectors were used during the interpolation process, then they would be likely to cause dots on the final output picture, and it is therefore preferable that such motion vectors be identified and eliminated. This is done using an algorithm which will detect and flag all of the above motion vector groupings. The algorithm uses a two-pass process, with each pass being identical. The need for two passes will become apparent. Figure 48, to which reference is made, shows an array of pixels, all those marked with a triangle having the same motion vector associated therewith. The block of nine pixels in the centre has motion vectors designated vector 1 to vector 9 associated therewith, which motion vectors may or may not be the same. Vector 5 is the motion vector under test. In the first pass, vector 5 is checked to determine whether it is the same as, or within a predetermined tolerance of: firstly vector 1 or vector 3 or vector 7 or vector 9 and secondly vector 2 or vector 4 or vector 6 or vector 8 This checks to see if vector 5 is the same as at least one of its horizontal or vertical neighbours, and the same as at least one of its diagonal neighbours. If this is not the case, then a flag to set to indicate that pixel 5 is bad. The first pass will flag as bad those motion vectors relating to point singularities, horizontal motion vector impulses, vertical motion vector impulses, diagonal motion vector impulses and two diagonal motion vector impulses (Figures 42 to 45 and 47), but not the motion vectors corresponding to horizontal plus vertical motion vector impulses (Figure 46) for which pass 2 is required. The second pass checks for exactly the same conditions as in the first pass, but in this case motion vectors which have already been flagged as bad are not included in the calculation. Thus, referring to Figure 46, after the first pass only the centre motion vector is flagged as bad, but after the second pass all five of the motion vectors disposed in the upright cross are flagged as bad. Having identified the bad motion vectors, it is then necessary to repair them, this also being effected by the motion vector post processor 7 (Figure 1). Although various methods such as interpolation or majority replacement can be used, it is has been found that in practice simple replacement gives good results. This is effected as follows (and it should be noted that the 'equals' signs mean not only exactly equal to, but also being within a predetermined tolerance of): If vector 5 is flagged as bad then it is replaced with: vector 4 if (vector 4 equals vector 6) else with vector 2 if (vector 2 equals vector 8) else with vector 1 if (vector 1 equals vector 9) else with vector 3 if (vector 3 equals vector 7) else do nothing Referring again to Figure 1, the finally selected motion vector for each pixel is supplied by the motion vector post processor 7 to the interpolator 8, together with the progressive scan converted frames at 60 frames per second from the progressive scan converter 2. The interpolator 8 is of relatively simple form using only two progressive scan converted frames, as indicated in Figure 49. Using the temporal position of the output frame relative to successive input frames, frame 1 and frame 2, and the motion vector for the pixel in the output frame, the interpolator 8 determines in known manner which part of the first frame should be combined with which part of the second frame and with what weighting to produce the correct output pixel value. In other words, the interpolator 8 adaptively interpolates along the direction of movement in dependence on the motion vectors to produce motion compensated progressive scan frames corresponding to 24 frames per second. Although the motion vectors have been derived using only luminance values of the pixels, the same motion vectors are used for deriving the required output pixel chrominance values. An 8x8 array of pixels are used from each frame to produce the required output. Thus the interpolator 8 is a two-dimensional, vertical/horizontal, interpolator and the coefficients used for the interpolator 8 may be derived using the Remez exchange algorithm which can be found fully explained in 'Theory and application of digital signal processing', Lawrence R Rabiner, Bernard Gold. Prentice-Hall Inc., pages 136 to 140 and 227. Figure 49 shows diagrammatically the interpolation performed by the interpolator 8 (Figure 1) for three different cases. The first case, shown on the left, is where there are no uncovered or covered surfaces, the second case, shown in the centre, is where there is a covered surface, and the third case, shown on the right, is where there is an uncovered surface. In the case of a covered surface, the interpolation uses only frame 1, whilst in the case of an uncovered surface, the interpolation uses only frame 2. Provision can be made in the interpolator 8 to default to non-motion compensated interpolation, in which case the temporally nearest progressive scan converted frame is used.

Claims: A motion compensated video standards converter, comprising: means (3, 4, 5) for initially comparing blocks in a first field or frame of a video signal with a plurality of blocks in the following field or frame of the video signal for firstly deriving a plurality of motion vectors representing the motion of the content of a respective said block between said first field or frame and said following field or frame; and means (30, 31, 38) secondly to derive a respective motion vector, from said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors, for each pixel in each said block of each input field or frame by luminance matching each pixel in an input field or frame with the pixels in the previous and following input fields or frames, pointed to by the respective motion vectors; characterised by: means (49, 52) thirdly to derive from said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors a respective motion vector for each pixel in each block of an output field or frame temporally offset from the input fields or frames by comparing each of said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors with said secondly derived motion vectors, for the pixels in the two input fields or frames temporally nearest to the output field or frame, which are pointed to by the firstly derived motion vector under test when assigned to the output pixel, and selecting the firstly derived motion vector giving the best match as the motion vector for the output pixel. A converter according to claim 1 wherein said motion vector for each pixel in each said block of each output field or frame is derived by comparison with the secondly derived motion vectors for a 3x3 pixel block in said two input fields or frames which are temporally nearest to said output field or frame. A converter according to claim 2 wherein when the minimum motion vector block match obtained in said comparison for a pixel in said output field or frame is above a predetermined threshold value, the motion vector for the output pixel is set to zero. A converter according to claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 wherein said initial comparison is effected by comparing the sums of the luminance levels of the pixels in the respective said blocks to be compared. A method of deriving motion vectors representing motion between successive fields or frames of a video signal, the method including the steps of: initially comparing blocks in a first field or frame of the video signal with a plurality of blocks in the following field or frame of the video signal for firstly deriving a plurality of motion vectors representing the motion of the content of a respective said block between said first field or frame and said following field or frame; and secondly deriving a respective motion vector, from said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors, for each pixel in each said block of each input field or frame by luminance matching each pixel in an input field or frame with the pixels in the previous and following input fields or frames, pointed to by the respective motion vectors; characterised by: thirdly deriving from said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors a respective motion vector for each pixel in each block of an output field or frame temporally offset from the input fields or frames by comparing each of said firstly derived plurality of motion vectors with said secondly derived motion vectors, for the pixels in the two input fields or frames temporally nearest to the output field or frame, which are pointed to by the firstly derived motion vector under test when assigned to the output pixel, and selecting the firstly derived motion vector giving the best match as the motion vector for the output pixel. A method according to claim 5 wherein said third deriving step comprises comparison with the secondly derived motion vectors for a 3x3 pixel block in said two input fields or frames which are temporally nearest to said output field or frame. A method according to claim 6 wherein when the minimum motion vector block match obtained in said comparison for a pixel in said output field or frame is above a predetermined threshold value, the motion vector is set to zero. A method according to claim 5, claim 6 or claim 7 wherein said initial comparison is effected by comparing the sums of the luminance levels of the pixels in the respective said blocks to be compared.

Inventors: GILLARD CLIVE HENRY, GILLARD, CLIVE HENRY
Applicants: SONY CORP, SONY CORPORATION
Application year: 1990
Main classification: H04N7
IPC codes: G06T7, H04N7