METHOD FOR FORMING FIXING END PORTION OF COMPOSITE ROPE AND COMPOSITE ROPE HAVING FIXING END PORTION

Abstract: A method for forming an fixing end portion of a composite rope comprises the steps of mounting a mold (20, 26, 40, 60) on an end portion of the rope (10, 12, 14), pouring a molten metal in a cavity (22, 27, 42, 62) defined between the end portion of the rope (10, 12, 14) and the mold (20, 26, 40, 60) under pressure, covering a predetermined part of the end portion of the rope (10, 12, 14) with a cast metal (15, 29, 44, 64, 70, 82, 92) formed from the molten metal, cold-pressing the cast metal (15, 29, 44, 64, 70, 82, 92) and fixing the por­ tion coated with the cast metal (15, 29, 44, 64, 70, 82, 92) to a fixing member (16, 17, 18, 19, 51, 72, 82, 95).

Description: The present invention relates to a method for forming a fixing end portion of a composite rope used for suspending marine-transportation equipment or for anchoring a boat, as a cable for controlling an automobile or an aircraft, as a member for reinforcing a concrete structure or a structure which must be prevented from becoming magnetized, or a non-loosened member for reinforcing a cable. The present invention also relates to a composite rope having a fixing end portion used in combination with the above-mentioned rope, cable, or reinforcing member. US-A-4,677,818, JP-B-57-25679 and JP-B-62-18679 disclose a technique of impregnating filaments having a high tensile strength and a low elongation with a thermosetting resin to manufacture composite ropes which are lighter in weight and more corrosion-resistant than wire ropes and have the substantially same tensile strength and elongation as the latter. A composite rope is not only very light in weight and highly corrosion-resistant but also has a high tensile strength, a low extension, and a low relaxation. Because of these excellent physical and chemical properties, attempts have been made to use a composite rope as a tightening member for prestress concrete, pretension type concrete, and post-tension type concrete, and as an outcable, in place of a steel wire rope. When the composite rope made of filaments having a high tensile strength and a low elongation, it is important to securely connecting an end portion of the composite rope with a fixing member of a composite rope with ease, at a high accuracy and at a low cost. Conventional, methods by which the ends of composite ropes are formed include an eye splicing method or a rope slicing method. These conventional methods, however, can be applied to easily loosened/flexible ropes but are not applicable to the above-mentioned composite ropes as hard unloosened/non-flexible. According to another conventional fixing method, a wedge type cone (male cone) is directly fixed to an end portion of a rope and is inserted in a socket (a female cone), to connect the end portion with the socket. In the case of this third conventional method, however, a local shearing stress is directly applied from the cones to the composite rope, with the result that the composite rope can easily be broken at its fixing end portion. Thus, a required fixing strength cannot be obtained using this method. Further, since the composite rope is imperfectly stuck to the male cone, its diameter is reduced when a pulling force is applied thereto, with the result that it can easily be pulled out of the male cone. JP-A-1-272889 discloses a technique of coating, with a resin layer, an end portion of a composite rope to which a cone is fixed, in order to reduce the local shearing stress applied to the composite rope. This method, however, has drawbacks in that it takes several days for the coating resin to fully cure, and the resin cannot with stand high temperatures. Patent Abstracts of Japan, vol. 9, No. 326 (M441), 21st December, 1985; & JP-A-60158968 (NIHON FURETSUKUSU) 20-08-1985, upon which the preamble of claim 1 is based, disclose a casting method for forming a terminal part for a steel wire rope in which an end portion of the steel wire rope, which has an enlarged tip, is inserted into a split mold defining a cavity. Molten metal is poured under pressure into the cavity through a sprue of the mold. An object of the present invention is to provide a method for fast forming a fixing end portion on a multi-filament resin impregnated non-metallic composite rope which is small and lightweight and has a high fixing strength. According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of forming a fixing end portion of a rope, comprising the step of mounting mold means, having molten metal supply means, on an end portion of the rope, the step of supplying a molten metal from the molten metal supply means to a cavity defined by the end portion of the rope and the mold means, and coating a predetermined area of the end portion with a cast metal formed form the molten metal. The method is characterized by said rope is a multifilament composite rope, said cast metal has a melting point at which said composite rope is not thermally deteriorated, the step of pressing the cast metal, and the step of fixing the end portion, coated with the cast metal, to a fixing member. On one hand, it is preferable that the length of end portion coated with the cast metal be as short as possible. On the other hand, it is desirable that the length of the area be as great as possible in order to obtain a fixing strength greater than a predetermined value. In order to meet these two conflicting requirements, it has been determined that the length of end portion coated with the cast metal should be within the range of 15 to 40 times the diameter of the composite rope. It is recommended that the cast metal be selected from metals having a low melting point, i.e., between 200 to 600°C; in particular, zinc alloy, aluminum alloy, or lead alloy. The upper limit of the melting point of is set to 600°C in order to reduce thermal deterioration of the composite rope, since if a metal having a melting point of over 600°C is cast on an end portion of a composite rope and even if rapidly cooled, the tensile strength of the composite rope will be drastically reduced. The lower limit of the melting point is set to 200°C because there is no metal or metal alloy having the required mechanical strength whose melting point is less than this value. It is preferred that the pressure applied to the fixing portion of the rope be that produced by a pressing machine, in order to ensure that the strength of adhesion of the cast metal to the composite rope is as high as possible. This invention can be more fully understood from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a front view of an end portion of a composite rod; Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the composite rod of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a front view of an end portion of a composite rod surrounded by a coating layer; Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the composite rode of Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a front view of an end portion of a composite rope formed by twisting a plurality of composite rodes together; Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a composite rope of Fig. 5; Fig. 7 is a flow chart showing the processes for forming a fixing end portions of composite ropes of the present invention; Fig. 8 is a longitudinal sectional view of an end portion of a composite rope of the first embodiment inserted in a metallic mold; Fig. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the end portion of Fig. 8; Fig. 10 is a front view of a die-cast end portion of the composite rope of the first embodiment; Fig. 11 is a front view of an end portion of the composite rope mounted in a metallic mold of a cold pressing machine; Fig. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the composite rope mounted in the metallic mold of the cold pressing machine of Fig. 11; Fig. 13 is a front view of a combination of an end portion of the composite rope, a male cone, and a female cone; Fig. 14 is a longitudinal sectional view of the end portion of the composite rope inserted in the female and male cones of Fig. 13, with the female cone shown in a longitudinal sectional view; Fig. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a three-split type male cone of the first embodiment; Fig. 16 is a graph showing a relationship between compressing forces of the cold pressing machine and rope cutting loads, in order to explain the technical advantages of the first embodiment; Fig. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a die-cast end portion of a composite rope of the first embodiment; Fig. 18 is a longitudinal sectional view of the end portion of the composite rope inserted in a female cone and a male cone of Fig. 17; Fig. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a double-split type male cone of the first embodiment; Fig. 20 is a longitudinal sectional view of an end portion of a composite rope inserted in a metallic mold in the second embodiment; Fig. 21 is a front view of a die-cast end portion of the composite rope of the second embodiment; Fig. 22 is a longitudinal sectional view of an end portion of a composite rope inserted in a metallic mold of the third embodiment; Fig. 23 is a partially broken view of an end portion (ball-like die-cast portion) of the third embodiment; Fig. 24 is a partially broken view of an end portion of a composite rope securely connected to a fixing member; Fig. 25 is a partial broken view of an end portion of a composite rope inserted in a metallic mold modified from the third embodiment; Fig. 26 is a partially broken view of the end portion (conical-shaped die-cast portion) modified from the third embodiment; Figs. 27 and 28 are front views of an end portion of a composite rope of the fourth embodiment; Figs. 29 and 30 are longitudinal sectional views of an end portion of a composite rope of the fifth embodiment; Figs. 31 and 32 are longitudinal sectional views of an end portion of a composite rope of the sixth embodiment; and Figs. 33 and 34 are cross-sectional views of the end portion of a composite rope of the sixth embodiment. This invention will now be described in detail, by way of embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Various types of composite ropes (include rods) - such as are shown in Fig. 1 to 6 -- are commercially available. A composite rode 10 as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 is formed by impregnating a bundle of fabric fibers 11, having a high tensile strength and a low elongation, with thermosetting resin and thereafter thermally curing the same. Carbon fiber, aramid fiber, silicon carbide fiber, or the like is used as the fabric fiber 11 having a high tensile strength and a low elongation, while epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin, polyurethane resin, or the like is used as the thermosetting resin. A composite rode 12 as shown in Figs. 3 and 4 is manufactured by way of a plurality of bundles of fabric fibers impregnated with thermosetting resin being twisted together, and thereafter composite fibers 13 made of polyester and nylon are wound around the assembly, so as to cover it, to solidify the resin by heating. A composite rope 14 as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 is formed by twisting seven coated rods 12 and then solidifying the resin by heating. Referring to Figs. 7 to 19, the first embodiment of the method of this invention will now be explained. FIRST EMBODIMENT (I) As is shown in Fig. 8, a metallic mold 20 comprises an upper metallic mold half (or upper metallic mold section) 20a and a lower metallic mold half (or lower metallic mold section) 20b. These mold halves are mounted on a predetermined part of an end portion of the composite rope 14 (STEP 101 in Fig. 7), and their inner surfaces are coated with a separating material. As is shown in Fig. 9, an annular space is formed between the tip portion 14a of the rope and the metallic mold halves 20a and 20b, so that the separation therebetween is substantially the same in all radial directions. The tip portion 14a of the rope 14 projects a predetermined length out of the metallic mold halves 20a and 20b. Spiral grooves (not shown) are formed in the inner peripheral surfaces of rope insertion holes 25 formed in both ends of the metallic mold halves 20a and 20b. Projecting portions of the uneven surface of the rope 14 are fitted in the grooves to maintain in an air-tight state a cavity 22 formed in the metallic mold. As shown in Figs. 10 and 17, the rope 14 has an outer diameter of 7.5 mm, and the cavity has an outer diameter of 12.7 mm and a length of 90 mm. (II) A molten metal pouring hole 23 is formed in the upper metallic mold half 20a, and a pair of vent holes 24 are formed in the lower metallic mold half 20b. The holes 23 and 24 communicate with the cavity 22. A molten metal resource 8 which contains molten zinc alloy is connected via a passage 9 with the molten metal pouring hole 23. The molten metal resource 8 has a heating unit (not shown) and a pressurization unit (not shown) which is provided with a pressure regulating valve. Zinc alloy (having a melting point of 390°C is heated to a temperature of approximately 430°C in the resource 8, and consists of 3 to 4 weight % of Aℓ, 3 to 4 weight % of Cu, 0.02 to 0.06 weight % of Mg, at most 1 weight % of Ti, at most 1 weight % of Be, with the balance being Zn. Molten zinc alloy is poured through the molten pouring hole 23 into the cavity 22 at a supply pressure of approximately 150 kgf/cm² (STEP 102), is rapidly cooled by the metallic mold 20, and quickly solidifies. The faster the solidification time, the higher the quality of the fixing portion obtained. As far as cooling speed is concerned, it is sufficient to cool a rope having a small size at rate of natural air cooling, but it is preferred that a large size rope be cooled quickly as possible. (III) The metallic mold 20 is removed from the end portion of the rope 14 (STEP 103), and a fixing portion 15 made of zinc alloy is formed thereon. Thereafter, the fixing portion 15 is burred. In this embodiment, the fixing portion 15 is cylindrical, but may also be polygonal in cross section. (IV) As is shown in Figs. 11 and 12, the fixing portion 15, on the tip portion 14a of the rope 14, is sandwiched by a pair of metallic molds 30 and 31 and is cold-pressed by a cold pressing machine, with these molds (STEP 104) interposed therebetween. The pressing force applied by the pressing machine is at most 7 tons/cm². This cold pressing process causes the fixing portion 15 to be tightly and firmly connected with the end portion of the rope 14. Although cold pressing is preferable to obtain a predetermined fixing strength, a hot pressing process can also be employed. (V) As is shown in Figs. 13 and 14, a male cone comprising three male cone sections, 16a, 16b, and 16c, of the same shape and size (see Fig. 15), is mounted on the fixing portion 15, and a socket (female cone) 17 fixed to a fixing member of a structure (not shown) is inserted in the male cone. As the rope 14 is pulled in the direction opposite to that toward its tip portion 14a, the male cone sections 16a, 16b, and 16c, guided by the tapered inner surface of the socket 17, are pressed against the outer peripheral surface of the fixing portion 15 of the rope 14 such that they are fixed to the end portion of the rope 14 by a chucking action (STEP 105). Fig. 16 is a graph showing the relationship between the cold pressing forces and the rope breaking loads, where the cold pressing forces are taken along the abscissa and the rope breaking loads are taken along the ordinate. As is apparent from this graph, the actual rope breaking loads exceed the rated rope breaking load of 5.8 tons within the range of the cold pressing forces spanning 6.12 to 7.00 tons/cm². Cyclic forces having an average value of 60% of the rated rope breaking load and an amplitude of 12.5 kgf/mm² were applied to the fixing portion on the end portion of the ropes, in order to test their fatigue characteristic. From the results of this experiment, it can be seen that the fixing portions were not broken when the forces were repeatedly applied thereto 2 × 10⁶ times. The same fixing method can be applied to the composite rodes 10 and 12. As are shown in Figs. 18 and 19, two male cone sections, 18a and 18b, forming a male cone, and a socket (female cone) 19 used with the thick rope, are longer than those used in the case of the above-mentioned. The inner surfaces of the male cone sections 18a and 18b and the socket 19 are tapered gently so as to reduce the shearing stress exerted on an end portion of the rope 14. The second embodiment will now be explained, with reference to Figs. 20 and 21, with description of portions of this embodiment common to those of the first embodiment being omitted. SECOND EMBODIMENT (I) That end portion of a composite rope 14 has been previously inserted in a socket (not shown). Referring to Fig. 20, a die-casting metallic mold 26 has a tapered cavity 27 and is mounted on a predetermined part of the end portion of the composite rope 14 in such a manner that the end of the cavity 27 having the larger diameter is positioned close to the tip portion 14a of the rope 14 (STEP 101). (II) As is shown in Fig. 20, a molten metal pouring hole 28a and a pair of vent holes 28b are formed in the metallic mold 24 so as to communicate with the cavity 27. A molten metal is poured through the molten metal pouring hole 28a into the cavity 27 (STEP 102) and is rapidly cooled so as to solidify quickly. The shorter the solidification time, the better the quality of the fixing portion 29 obtained. (III) The metallic mold 26 is removed from the end portion of the rope 14 (STEP 103), and as is shown in Fig. 21, the conical fixing portion 29 is formed on a predetermined part thereof. (IV) The fixing portion 29, on the end portion of the rope 14, is cold-pressed (STEP 104) so as to be tightly and firmly connected with the rope 14. (V) As the rope 14 is pulled towards direction from the tip portion 14a to the fixing portion 29, the fixing portion 29 is held and pressed by a socket (not shown) such that the end portion of the rope 14 is fixed together. The method of the second embodiment has the advantage in that a male cone does not have to be provided. The third embodiment will now be explained, with reference to Figs. 22 to 26, with description of portions of this embodiment common to those of the first embodiment being omitted. THIRD EMBODIMENT (I) As is shown in Fig. 22, a ball-like cavity 42 is formed in a metallic mold 40, having an upper metallic mold half 40a and a lower metallic mold half 40b. A molten metal pouring hole (passage) 43a and a vent hole 43b, which also acts as a rope-end-portion inserting hole, are formed in the metallic mold assembly so as to communicate with the cavity 42. An end portion of the composite rope 14 is inserted in the vent hole 43a so that the tip portion 14a of the rope 14 is disposed in the cavity 42 (STEP 101). It is preferable that spacers (not shown) be placed in the vent hole 43b to provide a uniform gap between the end portion of the rope 14 and the metallic mold 40. (II) A molten metal is poured from the molten metal pouring hole 43a into the cavity 42 (STEP 102), and is quickly cooled and solidified. A short solidification time is recommended in order to obtain a fixing portion of high quality. (III) The metallic mold 40 is removed from the end portion of the rope 14, and then the solidified metal portion is burred (STEP 103) so as to form a ball-like fixing portion 44 which wraps around the tip portion of the rope 14, as is shown in Fig. 23. (IV) The ball part 44a and the neck part 44b of the fixing portion 44 are simultaneously cold-pressed (STEP 104) so that the fixing portion 44 is tightly and firmly connected to the end portion of the rope 14. In this example, the diameter of the ball part 44a is 30 mm and the length of the neck part 44b is 60 mm. Preferably, the length of the neck part 44b should be as long as possible in order to maximize the fixing strength with which the fixing portion is connected to the end portion of the rope. (V) As is shown in Fig. 24, the end portions of the ropes 14 are fixed to a frame 50 for forming a prestress concrete pillar. Specifically, an end metallic member 51 having recesses 51a engaged with the fixing portions 44 of the ropes 11 is threadably engaged with the inner wall of the frame 50 and is fixed to a plate 52 disposed on the upper surface of the end metallic member 51. As the plate 52 is rotated in the direction in which it moves upwardly with respect to the frame 50, the end metallic member 51 is also displaced upwardly to pull the ropes 14. As is shown in Figs. 25 and 26, a split type mold 60 having a conical cavity 62 may be used. The tip portion 14a of a rope 14 is inserted in the cavity 62 through a vent hole 61 and then a molten metal is poured into the cavity 62, whereby a conical fixing end portion 64 is formed on an end portion of the rope 14. In the third embodiment, neither a male cone nor a socket is required. Further, since only the tip portion 14a of the rope 14 is wrapped in the fixing portion 44 or 64, a short and compact fixing portion can be obtained. The fourth embodiment will now be explained, with reference to Figs. 27 and 28, with description of portions of this embodiment common to those of the first embodiment being omitted. FOURTH EMBODIMENT (I) As is shown in Fig. 27, a spiral groove 71 is formed in the outer peripheral surface of a fixing portion 70 formed by means of the same processes as used in the first embodiment. A nut 72 is provided having inner threads 73 engageable with the spiral groove 71. (II) As is shown in Fig. 28, the fixing portion 70 is inserted in the insertion hole of a fixing member (not shown), from the end of the fixing portion 70 remote from the tip portion 14a of a rope 14, so as to be threadably engaged therewith, and the nut 72 is screwed into the fixing portion 70 from the tip portion side of the rope 14. The fixing portion 70 is connected to the fixing member by means of the nut 72. If a longer fixing portion 70 is formed on the end portion of the rope 14, a number of the nuts 72 can be mounted on the fixing portion 70 to increase the fixing strength to a required value. FIFTH EMBODIMENT (I) As is shown in Fig. 29, a fixing portion 82 is formed by means of the same processes as used in the fourth embodiment. Thereafter, a part of the end portion of a rope 14 projecting from the end of the fixing portion 82 at the tip portion side of the rope 14 is cut so that the new tip portion 14a of the rope 14 is flush with the tip side end of the fixing portion 82. (II) As is shown in Fig. 30, two fixing portions 82 are screwed one into either end of a nut 84, whereby two ropes 14 are connected together. Thus, in the fifth embodiment, the ropes can be quickly connected together by means of a simple connecting operation. SIXTH EMBODIMENT (I) As is shown in Fig. 31, a fixing portion 92 is formed by means of the same processes as used in the first embodiment. Then, the end portion of a rope 14 projecting from the end of the fixing portion 82 at the tip portion side of the rope 14 is cut so that the new tip end 14a of the rope 14 is flush with said tip side end of the fixing portion 82. (II) As is shown in Fig. 32, two fixing portions 82 are screwed one into either end of a grip 95. (III) The grip 95 is then squeezed by a squeezing tool 95, as is shown in Fig. 33, so that the grip 95 and two fixing portions 92 are deformed and fixed together. Thus, in the sixth embodiment also, the ropes can be connected to each other quickly and simply. The technical advantages of the present invention can be summarized as follows: Fixing end portions are fast formed on various sizes of composite ropes in a short time, and the end portions of the ropes can be connected with fixing members rapidly and firmly. Shearing stresses imposed on the end portions of the ropes by fixing members including cones and sockets are reduced by way of a metal layer coated on the end portions of the rope. Fast cooling and solidification of a molten metal reduces the adverse thermal effects imposed on the ropes. Therefore, the mechanical strength of the end portions of the ropes is higher than in the case of conventional ropes, and the intensity (strength) of concrete structures, etc. are, accordingly, greatly enhanced. The heat-resistance of the end portions of the ropes is increased, with the result that such ropes can be used in heat-resistance structures employed in a fairly high-temperature environment. When ball-shaped end portions or conical end portions are used, neither a male cone nor a socket is required, whereby the size of the rope fixing portions can be kept to a minimum. In particular, when such end portions are employed in the manufacturing of prestress concrete pillars, the composite ropes can be arranged close to the outer lateral surfaces of the concrete pillars, and the deposit portions of the concrete pillars can be rendered thinner than conventionally, with the result that the concrete pillars can be rendered lighter in weight.

Claims: A method for forming a fixing end on an end of a composite rope, said method comprising the steps of: a) placing an end portion of the rope (10, 12, 14) into mold means (20, 26, 40, 60) having molten metal supply means (8, 9), said mold means and said end portion of said rope placed in said mold means defining a cavity (22, 27, 42, 62); and b) supplying a molten metal from said molten metal supply means (8, 9) into said cavity to cover a predetermined area of said end portion with a cast metal (15, 29, 44, 64, 70, 82, 92), said method being characterized by c) said rope is a multifilament resin impregnated non-metallic composite rope, d) said cast metal has a melting point at which said composite rope is not thermally deteriorated, and by the further steps of: e) pressing said cast metal, and f) fixing a fixing member (16, 17, 18, 19, 51, 72, 82, 95) on said end portion coated with said pressed cast metal. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said supplying step comprises supplying said molten metal into said cavity (22, 27, 42, 62) under pressure. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said pressing step comprises cold-pressing said cast metal (15, 29, 44, 64, 70, 82, 92). The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said supplying step comprises casting said molten metal on said end portion of said composite rope (10, 12, 14), except for a tip portion (10a, 12a, 14a) thereof. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said supplying step comprises casting said molten metal on a tip portion (10a, 12a, 14a) of said composite rope (10, 12, 14). The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said pressing step comprises forming said cast metal (15, 70, 82, 92) into a cylindrical form. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said pressing step comprises forming said cast metal (29, 64) into a conical form. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said pressing step comprises forming said cast metal (44) into a ball shape. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said pressing step comprises a process of forming a spiral groove (71, 82a) on an outer peripheral surface of said cast metal (70, 82). The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said pressing step comprises mounting a male cone (16, 18) on a part of said end portion of said rope (10, 12, 14) which is coated with said cast metal (15), and a process of fixing said end portion of said composite rope (10, 12, 14) to a female cone (17, 19) by means of said male cone (16, 18). The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said fixing step comprises directly fixing a part of said end portion of said composite rope (10, 12, 14) which is coated with said cast metal (15, 70, 82) to said fixing member (51, 72, 84). The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said cast metal (15, 29, 44, 64, 70, 82, 92) has a melting point within a range of 200 and 600°C. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said cast metal (15, 29, 44, 64, 70, 82, 92) is zinc alloy. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said molten metal is rapidly cooled. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said mold means (20, 26, 40, 60) comprises a split type mold consisting of a plurality of mold sections. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that said mold means (20, 26, 40, 60) has at least one vent hole (24, 28b, 43b, 61). A composite rope having a fixing end portion obtained by the method according to claim 1.

Inventors: ENDO, RYUICHI, KIMURA, HIROSHI, TAKAKI, HIROSHI, Endô, Ryuichi, c/o Tokyo Rope MFG., CO., Ltd., KIMURA, HIROSHI, C/O TOKYO ROPE MFG., CO., LTD., TAKAKI, HIROSHI, C/O TOKYO ROPE MFG., CO., LTD.
Applicants: TOKYO ROPE MANUFACTURING CO., LTD.
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B22D19
IPC codes: B22D19