Brake control device in an antilock brake system

Abstract: For detecting brake locking symptoms separately in right and left wheels and for automatically adjusting a valve to reduce a fluid pressure in a brake cylinder for eliminating a symptom of brake locking, a brake control device in an antilock brake system comprises means for computing a split µ coefficient CTR, which expresses a difference in coefficients of friction of the road surfaces under said right and left wheels, means for outputting a pressure reduction signal K, and means for correcting said pressure reduction signal K such that the pressure reduction signal K for a first wheel, which is on a road surface having a higher coefficient of friction, is decreased proportionally to said split µ coefficient CTR, and that said pressure reduction signal K for a second wheel, which is on a road surface having a lower coefficient of friction, is increased proportionally to split µ coefficient CTR.

Description: The present application is divided from European patent application 90 104 719.1 filed on the 13th March, 1990. The present invention relates to a brake control device in an antilock brake system for detecting brake locking symptoms separately in right and left wheels and for automatically adjusting a valve to reduce a fluid pressure in a brake cylinder for eliminating a symptom of brake locking, said brake control device comprising: means for computing a split µ coefficient CTR, which expresses a difference in coefficients of friction of the road surfaces under said right and left wheels; and means for outputting a pressure reduction signal K. Such a brake control device in an antilock brake system is disclosed in EP-A-0088894. Prior Art: An antilock brake system is a brake control system which automatically reduces the brake cylinder fluid pressure (hereinafter "brake fluid pressure") to lower the brake pressure and cancel wheel locking when the brakes are applied and the wheels lock and begin to slip on the road surface; when this antilock control is applied it overrides the operation of the brakes by the driver. In Fig. 1 is shown a conventional brake pressure control system. When the brake pedal is pressed, the fluid pressure inside the brake cylinder 2 rises, and the brakes 4 are applied by means of the intake solenoid valve 3. If the wheels lock because the brakes are excessively applied, the antilock control system functions: the intake solenoid valve 3 is displaced to the pressure rise buffer position and the exhaust solenoid valve 6 is displaced to the conductivity position for the calculated time period ΔT. The fluid pressure applied to the brakes 4 is thus lowered, the brake 4 pressure decreases, and the wheels can be released from the locked state. In general, brake fluid pressure characteristics vary non-linearly as shown in Fig. 2(a). As a result, the higher the brake fluid pressure is when pressure reduction is first applied, the wider pressure reduction band ΔP becomes for the same time period ΔT. Thus, in order to obtain a given pressure reduction band, the time period ΔT must vary according to the brake fluid pressure. However, since conventional devices do not compensate the pressure reduction time according to the actual or estimated brake fluid pressure, antilock control begins at a low brake fluid pressure on frozen roads, snow-covered roads, and other road surfaces with a low coefficient of friction µ ("low µ surfaces"); this results in excessive tire slipping, as well as reduced steering control on front wheel drive vehicles, and reduced vehicle stability on rear wheel drive vehicles due to insufficient reduction of the brake fluid pressure. Furthermore, on asphalt and other road surfaces with a high coefficient of friction µ ("high µ surfaces"), antilock control begins at a high brake fluid pressure, resulting in excessive brake fluid pressure reduction which may cause vehicle deceleration to fluctuate and the required braking distance to increase. DE-A-3717531 discloses an antiskid control device comprising detectors for measuring circumferential velocities of a plurality of wheels an actuator for operating a braking oil pressure for each of the wheels and an electric circuit for calculating friction coefficients on the road surfaces, to which the wheels are in contact, calculating aimed wheel circumferential velocities from the friction coefficients on the road surfaces and operating the actuator such that each of the aimed wheel circumferential velocities and each of the measured wheel circumferential velocities coincide with each other. The electrical circuit operates the actuator by setting individual aimed wheel circumferential velocities for the plurality of wheels from a vehicle deceleration calculated from an average value for the friction coefficients on the road surfaces with which a plurality of wheels are in contact, respectively, and the slip ratio for each of the plurality of wheels. The present invention has been developed with a view to substantially solving the above described disadvantages and has for its essential object to provide an improved brake control device in an antilock brake system for use on road surfaces where the coefficients of friction µ of the surfaces under the right and left wheels differ (such a surface being referred to as a split µ surface). According to the invention there is provided an antilock brake system as initially defined characterised by: means for correcting said pressure reduction signal K such that the pressure reduction signal K for a first wheel, which is on a road surface having a higher coefficient of friction, is decreased proportionally to said split µ coefficient CTR, and that said pressure reduction signal K for a second wheel, which is on a road surface having a lower coefficient of friction, is increased proportionally to split µ coefficient CTR. For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a known brake fluid pressure system; Fig. 2(a) is a graph showing the change in brake fluid pressure; Fig. 2(b) is a graph showing the brake fluid pressure reduction signal K; Fig. 3 is a block diagram showing the brake control device in an antilock brake control system according to a first realisation, which is not an embodiment of the invention but is nevertheless included for background understanding and forms the subject of European parent application No. 90104719.1; Fig. 4 is a block diagram showing a modification of the device shown in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a flow chart of brake fluid pressure control according to the first realisation; Fig. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between compensation value α and vehicle deceleration; Fig. 7 is a graph showing control on asphalt roads and snow-covered roads; Fig. 8 is a flow chart of brake fluid pressure control for the brake control device in an antilock brake control system for split µ road surfaces according to a first embodiment of the present invention; Fig. 9 is a flow chart of a subroutine used for calculating the split µ coefficient CTR; and Fig. 10 is a graph describing the operation on split µ road surfaces. Referring to Fig. 3, a block diagram of the brake control device in an antilock brake control system not according to the present invention is shown. In this figure, S0, S1, S2 and S3 are the wheel speed sensors which detect the speed of each wheel; CAL is the calculator which computes the wheel deceleration and estimated vehicle deceleration from the wheel speed; L0, L1, L2 and L3 are the lock symptom detectors which detect the locking symptoms for each wheel; T0, T1, T2 and T3 are pressure reduction time setters to which are input the brake pressure for each wheel from the fluid pressure detectors P0, P1, P2, and P3, and which set the pressure reduction time required to apply antilock brake control to each wheel. OUT0, OUT1, OUT2 and OUT3 are solenoid command output devices which output a drive command to the solenoid of the solenoid valve according to the pressure reduction time; and ACT0, ACT1, ACT2 and ACT3 are pressure reduction controllers which include an intake solenoid valve and exhaust solenoid valve. In the above construction, it is preferable that the calculator, lock symptom detector, pressure reduction time setter, and solenoid command output device be comprised of a microcomputer for processing. It is to be noted that the fluid pressure detectors need not necessarily be provided at all four wheels, and it is sufficient to provide one on only one of the right wheels and one on only one of the left wheels. In addition, the fluid pressure detectors may be hydraulic pickups which directly detect the brake fluid pressure, but vehicle deceleration sensors may also be used because the brake fluid pressure and the vehicle deceleration have a proportional relationship. In this case, a pressure signal may be sent from one of the vehicle deceleration sensors to the pressure reduction time setters T0, T1, T2, T3. Also, as shown in Fig. 4, instead of providing an independent fluid pressure detector, the estimated vehicle deceleration may also be computed from the wheel speed by the calculator CAL and the fluid pressure signal output based on this result. The operation of the brake control device in this antilock brake control is described herein below with reference to the flow chart in Fig. 5. It is to be noted this flow chart describes the process for only one wheel, but the same control operation is also executed for the other wheels. At step #1, the wheel speed, wheel deceleration, estimated vehicle deceleration and compensation value α are calculated. Note that the method of calculating the estimated vehicle deceleration may be that described, for example, in U.S. Patent application Serial Number 07/291650, or any other known method. The value obtained from the graph shown in Fig. 6 according to the estimated vehicle deceleration is output as compensation value α. At step #2, it is detected whether there are any symptoms of brake locking. Brake locking may be detected by determining that the wheel deceleration is below a predefined wheel deceleration threshold Dt when the wheel speed is also below a predefined wheel speed threshold St, or by another method of common knowledge. When brake locking symptoms are detected, a flag is set at step #3 and the antilock timer is cleared; when locking symptoms are not detected, a flag is reset at step #4, and the antilock timer is incremented. At step #5, it is detected whether the flag is set or not; if it is not, when the antilock timer is greater than a predefined value, e.g., 128, antilock control is not applied and the operation of the brake pedal is transmitted directly to the brakes. However, if the antilock timer value is less than the predefined value, antilock control is still being applied and the brake fluid pressure is gradually increased. On the other hand, antilock control is required if at step #5 the flag is set, and at step #6 pressure reduction signal K is set for the desired pressure reduction rate R, i.e., desired pressure reduction ΔW per unit time Δt is set (Fig. 2(b)). The pressure reduction signal K may be obtained from, for example, the equation: K = ¦DECEL¦ where DECEL is the wheel deceleration. The desired pressure reduction rate R may be more gradual than the average slope of the normal pressure reduction curve for the brake fluid pressure as shown in Fig. 2(b). When antilock brake control is applied, the pressure does not drop suddenly but intermittently. How this may be achieved is described with reference to Fig. 1. When intermittent pressure reduction is required, the intake solenoid valve 3 is first set to the pressurization buffer state and the exhaust solenoid valve 6 is then intermittently set to the conductive state. The solenoid opening coefficient J which causes the exhaust solenoid valve 6 to open and close intermittently is computed in step #8, but because the duty ratio determining intermittent operation is dependent upon the current brake fluid pressure, it is obtained by the relationship with the brake fluid pressure. Specifically, the solenoid opening coefficient J is obtained as J = K + α. As shown in Fig. 6, the compensation value α is a value obtained from the vehicle deceleration, which has a proportional relationship to the brake fluid pressure. Table 1 shows sample settings of solenoid opening coefficients J and the duty ratio turning the solenoid on/off. Open coef. J Duty ratio Off time On time J≥72 0 (ms) ∞ (ms) 72 > J≥48 6 24 48 > J≥36 6 12 36 > J≥24 6 6 24 > J≥12 12 6 12 > J 24 6 J = 0 ∞ 0 The solenoid command is output in step #9 according to this duty ratio. Fig. 7 is the operation wave form during antilock brake control on asphalt roads and on snow-covered roads. The wheel speed is obtained from the wheel speed sensors, and the wheel deceleration is obtained with a single differentiation of the wheel speed. The flag is set when the wheel speed is less than a predefined threshold St and the wheel deceleration is also less than a predefined threshold Dt. The absolute value of the wheel deceleration when the flag is set is output as the pressure reduction signal K, and the compensation value α is obtained from the vehicle deceleration, the first differential of the estimated vehicle speed. It is to be noted that the estimated vehicle speed can be obtained from the wheel speed. Next, the pressure reduction signal K and compensation value α are added, the solenoid opening coefficient J is obtained, and the duty ratio is obtained from Table 1. Because the exhaust solenoid valve 6 is intermittently opened and closed based on this duty ratio at a speed appropriate to the brake fluid pressure at any given point, appropriate antilock brake control is possible. The case in which, for example, antilock brake control is necessary and the brake fluid pressure reduction signal K required for its execution is 30 is examined. If conditions requiring antilock brake control occur on an asphalt road, the brake fluid pressure shows a relatively high value, and thus the vehicle deceleration, which is proportional to the brake fluid pressure, is high and the compensation value α is either zero or nearly zero. Therefore, the solenoid opening coefficient J is approximately equal to the pressure reduction signal K, and is thus approximately 30. In other words, pressure reduction occurs with a solenoid on/off time of 6/6 msec. On the other hand, if conditions requiring antilock brake control occur on a snow-covered road, the brake fluid pressure shows a relatively low value, and thus the vehicle deceleration, which is proportional to the brake fluid pressure, is also low and the compensation value α is high, for example 20. Thus, the solenoid opening coefficient J is added to the pressure reduction signal K (=30), resulting in approximately 50, and pressure reduction occurs with a solenoid on/off time of 24/6 msec. In other words, because the brake fluid pressure is detected to be a low value on snow-covered roads, the solenoid on time percentage is longer, and the desired pressure reduction band can obtained. According to the present brake system, because the current brake fluid pressure is detected and the pressure reduction signal K is corrected accordingly, even if the same pressure reduction signal K command is output, the solenoid opening coefficient J is determined using a value approximately equal to pressure reduction signal K on asphalt and other high µ roads, while the solenoid opening coefficient J is determined using a value greater than the pressure reduction signal K on snow-covered roads and other low µ roads. Thus, even if the brake cylinder pressure is low, the valve opening time can be made longer, and the desired pressure reduction can be obtained. Therefore, according to the present brake system, even if antilock brake control is begun with a low brake fluid pressure, an unnecessary increase in wheel slipping due to insufficient pressure reduction, reduced steering control occurring with front wheel drive vehicles, and reduced vehicle stability occurring with rear wheel drive vehicles can be avoided. Furthermore, even if antilock brake control begins with a high brake fluid pressure, consistently stable antilock brake control occurs without fluctuating vehicle deceleration caused by excessive pressure reduction or such problems as, for example, increased braking distances. Turning to the first embodiment of the present invention which is now to be described when antilock brake control is applied while driving on a road surface where the coefficients of friction µ of the surfaces under the right and left wheels differ (such a surface is referred to a split µ surface), the brake fluid pressure for the right and left wheels when the wheels begin showing symptoms of locking, is approximately proportional to the coefficient of friction µ of the surface under each wheel on vehicles equipped with a multichannel antilock brake control system for controlling the right and left wheels independently. In other words, if the brakes are applied to the right and left wheels according to the coefficient of friction µ of the respective road surface and locking symptoms are shown, the vehicle deceleration at this time will be a value proportional to the average of the coefficients of friction µ on the right and left sides. If antilock brake control is applied according to this vehicle deceleration, the pressure reduction time for the wheel on the high µ road surface side will be too long and the brake fluid pressure will drop excessively, thus inhibiting adequate vehicle deceleration; and at the same time, the pressure reduction time will be too short for the wheel on the low µ road surface side and the brake fluid pressure will not drop sufficiently, thus resulting in heavy slipping and reduced vehicle stability. The aim of the first embodiment of the present invention is to provide a brake control device in an antilock brake system particularly for split µ road surfaces which can, on the split µ surface where the coefficients of friction µ for the road surfaces under the right and left wheels differ, set the pressure reduction signal low for the wheel on the high µ road surface, and set the pressure reduction signal high for the wheel on the low µ road surface, provided that the antilock brake system detects brake locking symptoms separately in the right and left wheels and automatically adjusts a valve to reduce the fluid pressure in the brake cylinder and cancel symptoms of brake locking. The brake control device in an antilock brake control system for split µ road surfaces according to the first embodiment of the present invention fundamentally has the same structure as that shown in Fig. 3 or 4. The first embodiment differs from the previously described braking system particularly in the operation carried out in pressure reduction time setters T0, T1, T2 and T3. Referring to Figs. 8 and 9, the operation of the brake control device in the antilock brake control for split µ road surfaces is described below. At step #21, the wheel speed, wheel deceleration, and estimated vehicle deceleration VCEL are calculated in the same manner as in step #1. Step #22 is a subroutine which calculates the split µ coefficient CTR. The details of this subroutine are shown in Fig. 9. Referring to Fig. 9 at step S1, it is determined whether antilock brake control is required for the front right wheel based on the results of reading the wheel speed from the wheel speed sensors S0, S1, S2, and S3. If it is determined that antilock brake control is required, step S2 is advanced to and the timer T0 which counts the period during which it is determined that antilock brake control is required for the front right wheel is incremented. When it is determined that antilock brake control is not required, step S3 is advanced to and the timer T0 is reset. Likewise at step S4, it is determined whether antilock brake control is required for the front left wheel, and if it is required, step S5 is advanced to and the timer T1 which counts the required antilock brake control period for the front left wheel is incremented. Furthermore, when it is determined that antilock brake control is not required, step S6 is advanced to and the timer T1 is reset. In other words, when an antilock brake control request is issued for the right and left front wheels, timers T0 and T1 respectively count the required period at each request. At step S7, it is determined whether the count value of timer T0 is an integral multiple of predefined value ΔTa, and if it is an integral multiple, step S8 is advanced to, and if it is not an integral multiple step S10 is advanced to. At step S8 it is determined if the count value CTR of the timer CTR for determining split µ road surfaces is greater than a defined upper limit, e.g., 8. If it is greater, step S10 is advanced to, and if it is less, step S9 is advanced to, the timer CTR is incremented, and step S10 is then advanced to. It is to be noted that the counter value CTR of the timer CTR expresses the split µ coefficient, i.e., the difference in the coefficients of friction of the right and left side road surfaces. When it is zero, it shows that there is no difference in the coefficients of friction on the right and left road surfaces; if it increases in the positive direction, it shows that the coefficient of friction of the right side road surface is changing to a value less than that of the left side road surface; if it increases in the negative direction, it shows that the coefficient of friction of the left side road surface is changing to a value less than that of the right side road surface. At step S10 it is determined whether the count of timer T1 is an integral multiple of predefined value ΔTa; if it is an integral multiple, step S11 is advanced to, and if it is not an integral multiple step S13 is advanced to. At step S11 it is determined if the count value of the timer CTR for determining split µ road surfaces is less than a defined lower limit, e.g., 8; if it is lower, step S13 is advanced to, and if it is greater, step S12 is advanced to, the timer CTR is decremented, and step S13 is then advanced to. In other words, timer CTR is constructed so that it counts in one direction for timer T0 proportionally to the count of timer T0, and for timer T1, counts in the direction opposite said one direction proportionally to the count of timer T1. At step S13, it is determined if the count of timer CTR is zero or not; if it is zero, step S18 is advanced to; if it is not zero, step S14 is advanced to. At step S14, it is determined whether the count of free timer Tm, which continues counting for as long as the computer program is executing, is an integral multiple of predefined value ΔTb (>ΔTa), and if it is an integral multiple, step S15 is advanced to; if it is not an integral multiple, step S18 is advanced to. At step S15, it is further determined whether the count of timer CTR is positive or negative; if it is positive, timer CTR is decremented at step S17; if it is negative, timer CTR is incremented at step S16. Thus, timer CTR approaches zero at a rate slower than the rate of increase or decrease due to timers T0 and T1. Returning back to Fig. 8, at step #23 it is detected whether there are any symptoms of brake locking in the wheels of one side, for example the right side wheels. When brake locking symptoms are detected, a flag is set at step #24 and the antilock timer is cleared; when locking symptoms are not detected, a flag is reset at step #25, and the antilock timer is incremented. At step #26, it is detected whether the flag is set or not; if it is not, step #28 is advanced to; when the antilock timer is greater than a predefined value, e.g., 128, antilock control is not applied and the operation of the brake pedal is transmitted directly to the brakes. However, if the antilock timer value is less than the predefined value, it is determined that antilock control is still being applied and the brake pressure is gradually increased. On the other hand, antilock control is required if at step #26 the flag is set, and at step #27 pressure reduction signal K is set for the desired pressure reduction rate R, as explained above in connection with Fig. 2b. At step #29, if the coefficients of friction µ for the road surfaces under the right and left wheels differ, i.e., if the CTR value is not zero, the absolute value of right side limit vehicle deceleration VCEL0 and the absolute value of left side limit vehicle deceleration VCEL1 may be calculated from the following equations. (Right side) ¦VCEL0¦ = ¦VCEL¦ - 1/8 CTR · ¦VCEL¦ (Left side) ¦VCEL1¦ = ¦VCEL¦ - 1/8 CTR · ¦VCEL¦ The right side limit vehicle deceleration is the vehicle deceleration at which antilock brake control would be expected to begin if the coefficients of friction for the road surfaces under both the right and left wheels were the same as the coefficient of friction for the road surface under the right side wheels, and the left side limit vehicle deceleration is the vehicle deceleration at which antilock brake control would be expected to begin if the coefficients of friction for the road surfaces under both the right and left wheels were the same as the coefficient of friction for the road surface under the left side wheels. It is to be noted that because the wheels on one side (e.g., the right side wheels) are being processed from step #23, the calculation results for said one side (e.g., right side) are selectively used, and at the next step #30 the compensation value α is obtained from the graph shown in Fig. 6 based on those calculation results. For example, if the right side limit vehicle deceleration is 0.4 G, compensation value α will be 5. At step #31, the pressure reduction time, i.e., the solenoid opening coefficient J which causes the exhaust solenoid valve 6 to open and close intermittently, is computed using equation (2). Then, the on/off duty ratio for the solenoid is obtained for example from Table 1 described above. The solenoid command is output in step #32 according to this duty ratio. Next at step #33, it is determined if the processing had been completed for both right and left wheels; if processing had been completed for only one side, step #23 is returned to and the same procedure is repeated for the wheels on the other side. Referring to the graph shown in Fig. 10, what occurs when a split µ road surface begins at point P is discussed. Before point P, even if antilock brake control is applied to the right and left front wheels, because both wheels are on a high µ road surface with a high coefficient of friction, antilock brake control is approximately a high predefined period ΔTa even if it continues for a long period. Therefore, the control procedure in the flow chart is step #21, S1, S3, S4, S6, S7, S10, S13, S18, and repetition from S3 thereafter. If point P is next exceeded, the right wheel continues on a high µ road surface while the left wheel is running on a low µ road surface with a low coefficient of friction. Therefore, the tendency for locking on the left side wheel increases, and to suppress this antilock brake control is required for a long period on the left wheel. In other words, the requirement for antilock brake control is unequal on the right and left wheels. Thus, steps S4 and S5 are repeated, and the count of timer T1 increases. Each time this count T1 becomes an integral multiple of the predefined period ΔTa, timer CTR is decremented (step S12), and the count of timer CTR is used to calculate the left and right limit vehicle deceleration VCEL0 and VCEL1. As shown in the graph in Fig. 10, left and right limit vehicle deceleration VCEL0 and VCEL1 take values symmetrically greater and less than the current vehicle deceleration VCEL at that time. The difference in the values increases as the value of CTR increases. Antilock brake control is thus applied independently for the right and left wheels according to the limit vehicle deceleration values thus obtained using the pressure reduction time information for each wheel (steps #30 - #32). After this, the count of the timer CTR tends to continue positive or negative (negative in the above example) as long as the vehicle is driving on a split µ road surface, and antilock brake control is applied to the right and left wheels according to the coefficient of friction of the road surface on the right and left sides, respectively. It is to be noted that because each time the continuously operating timer Tm counts predefined period ΔTb and the count of timer CTR is incremented (step S16) or decremented (step S17) so that it approaches zero, when the vehicle escapes from the split µ road surface, the count of timer CTR quickly becomes zero, and the left and right limit vehicle deceleration VCEL0 and VCEL1 return to the normal vehicle deceleration VCEL. According to the first embodiment of the present invention, the system is applicable to vehicles that set the pressure reduction signals independently for the right and left wheels based on the coefficients of friction of the road surfaces under the right and left wheels. According to this embodiment, because pressure reduction is controlled independently, for a relatively short period of time for wheels on the high µ road side and for a relatively long period of time for wheels on the low µ road side, locking symptoms can be quickly alleviated even when high and low µ road surfaces are separated on the right and left sides, and maximum vehicle deceleration can be obtained for the possible range.

Claims: A brake control device in an antilock brake system for detecting brake locking symptoms separately in right and left wheels and for automatically adjusting a valve to reduce a fluid pressure in a brake cylinder for eliminating a symptom of brake locking, said brake control device comprising: means (step #22) for computing a split µ coefficient CTR, which expresses a difference in coefficients of friction of the road surfaces under said right and left wheels; and means (step #27) for outputting a pressure reduction signal K; characterised by: means (steps #29 - #31) for correcting said pressure reduction signal K such that the pressure reduction signal K for a first wheel, which is on a road surface having a higher coefficient of friction, is decreased proportionally to said split µ coefficient CTR, and that said pressure reduction signal K for a second wheel, which is on a road surface having a lower coefficient of friction, is increased proportionally to split µ coefficient CTR. A brake control device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said means of computing said split µ coefficient CTR comprises: first timer means (T0) for counting a period from a time an antilock control request for the right wheel begins until it is interrupted; second timer means (T1) for counting a period from a time an antilock control request for the left wheel begins until it is interrupted; and third timer means (CTR) for counting in one direction proportionally to the count of said first timer, for counting in a direction opposite to said one direction proportionally to the count of said second timer, and for counting towards zero after a predetermined period of time.

Inventors: FUJIOKA HIDEAKI, KATAYAMA YOSHIO, FUJIOKA, HIDEAKI, KATAYAMA, YOSHIO, FUJIOKA, HIDEAKI, C/O ITAMI WORKS OF SUMITOMO, KATAYAMA, YOSHIO, C/O ITAMI WORKS OF SUMITOMO
Applicants: SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LIMITED
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B60T8
IPC codes: B60T8