Preparation of polyurethane foams without using inert blowing agents

Abstract: A process for making low density and optionally low resilience, soft, flexible polyurethane slabstock foam having a substantially open cell structure without crushing, without requiring auxiliary inert blowing agents, by reacting under a condition which permits the foam to rise freely, a conventional hydroxyl-containing polyether polyol with a polyisocyanate at an isocyanate index of between about 60 and 95 in the presence of a foam processing aid comprising a low equiva­ lent weight crosslinking agent and/or extending agent and, as needed, a cell opening agent.

Description: This invention relates to the production of flexible polyurethane foams. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for producing low density, flexible polyurethane foams at a low isocyanate index. This invention especially relates to a process for producing conventional, free-rise, low density, flexible polyurethane foams, which exhibit a substantially open cell structure without crushing and without using any inert blowing agents such as chlorofluorocarbons, methylene chloride, or other halocarbons. Description of Related Art Polyurethane foams are prepared by reacting a polyisocyanate with an active hydrogen-containing compound, as measured by the Zerewitinoff method, such as a polyol, in the presence of water and other optional ingredients. Catalysts are employed to promote two major reactions. One reaction is primarily a chain extending isocyanate-hydroxyl reaction or gelation reaction by which a hydroxyl-containing molecule is reacted with an isocyanate-containing molecule to form a urethane linkage. The progress of this reaction increases the viscosity of the mixture, and generally contributes to crosslink formation with polyfunctional polyols (i.e. polyols having a nominal functionality above 2). The second major reaction comprises an isocyanate-water reaction wherein an isocyanate-terminated molecule is extended by urea formation and by which carbon dioxide is generated to "blow" or assist in the "blowing" of the foam. The in-situ generation of carbon dioxide by this reaction plays an essential part in the preparation of "one-shot" flexible polyurethane foam. Such foams are often referred to as "water-blown" flexible polyurethane foams. In order to obtain a good urethane foam structure and desired physical properties, these reactions must proceed simultaneously at competitively balanced rates and in properly balanced degrees relative to each other. For example, if the carbon dioxide evolution (i.e. the water reaction) is too rapid in comparison with the chain extension reaction, the foam tends to split or collapse. Alternatively, if the chain extension reaction is too rapid in comparison with the reaction that generates carbon dioxide, foam rise will be restricted, thus resulting in a higher-density foam with a high closed cell content, i.e. a tight foam. It has long been known that tertiary amines, such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, dimethylaminoethanol, tetramethyl propanediamine, triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, methyl triethylenediamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-ethylmorpholine and especially bis-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether are effective for catalyzing the water-isocyanate reaction that causes carbon dioxide evolution. However, tertiary amines are only partially effective as catalysts for the chain extension reaction and thus normally are used in combination with other catalysts, typically an organic tin catalyst. For example, in the preparation of flexible foams, a one-step or "one-shot" free rise process has long been used wherein a tertiary amine is employed for promoting the water-isocyanate reaction; while an organic tin compound is used in synergistic combination with the amine to promote the chain extension reaction. Organic tin compounds particularly useful in making flexible foams from polyether feedstocks include stannous or stannic compounds, such as a stannous salt of a carboxylic acid, i.e., a stannous acylate; a trialkyltin oxide; a dialklyltin dihalide; a dialkyltin oxide, and the like, wherein the organic groups of the organic portion of the tin compound are hydrocarbon groups containing from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. For example, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate, diethyltin diacetate, dihexyltin diacetate. di-2-ethylhexyltin oxide, dioctyltin dioxide, stannous octoate, stannous oleate, etc., or a mixture thereof, have been used. Polyurethane foams are widely employed in the manufacture of a variety of products and, depending on the end use, can be tailor made to fit the particular application and desired physical properties. The polyurethane industry has come to recognize two, generally distinct, categories of flexible foam products: high resilience foams and conventional, lower resilience foams. High resilience (HR) foam is widely used for furniture cushions, mattresses, automotive cushions and padding, and numerous other applications requiring better support and comfort. Conventional foam also is used in these applications and finds additional applications in the areas of carpet underlays and packaging materials. HR foam is differentiated from conventional foam by its higher comfort or support factor and higher resilience. In its strictest definition, as set forth in ASTM Method D-3770-79, an HR foam is one having a ball rebound value (ASTM D-3574) of greater than 60%, though, in practice, foams with a ball rebound value as low as about 55% are often included in the class of HR foams. The lower resilience, conventional foam typically has a ball rebound value of less than about 55% and often below 50%. HR foam also is usually produced using low water levels to provide higher foam densities, typically above 24 kg/m 3 (1.5 pounds per cubic foot (pcf)), and often above 40 kg/m 3 (2.5 pcf), while conventional foam generally has a density below about 1.8 pounds per cubic foot (pcf), and for the most part below about 1.5 pcf. HR foam generally is produced using high ethylene oxide content polyols having equivalent weights above about 1600 and primary hydroxyl contents of above 50%; while conventional foams are made using lower ethylene oxide content polyols of equivalent weights below 1300 and often containing only secondary hydroxyls. These foam types also differ on the surface active agents used in their preparation. Conventional foams normally are made with the highly stabilizing polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene copolymers while HR foams use less stabilizing surfactants, such as dimethylsiloxane oils. Tight, shrinking foams are produced if the highly stabilizing conventional surfactants are used in HR foam formulations. HR foams also can be distinguished from conventional foams on the basis of their cell structure or porosity. When initially produced, HR foams have an essentially closed cell structure with very low porosity. It is thought that this structure is, in part, a consequence of the use of more reactive polyols and the higher level of crosslinking in HR foam formulations. Because this cell structure impairs the physical properties of the foam, HR foam generally is processed further in a separate crushing or mechanical deformation operation to open the cells. This adds additional cost to the ultimate foam product. Conventional foams, in contrast, typically exhibit an open cell structure and relatively high porosity as they are produced. Thus, there is no need to process the foam to alter cell structure. Commercially, water-blown flexible polyurethane foams are produced by both molded and free-rise (slab foam) processes. Conventional foam is almost always made using the free-rise process; where as HR foam often is made using closed molds. Slab foams are generally produced more or less continuously by the free-rise process in large buns which, after curing, are sliced or otherwise formed into useful shapes. For example, carpet underlayment is sliced from large buns of polyurethane foam. Molding is utilized to produce, in what is a batchwise process, an article in essentially its final dimensions. Automotive seating and some furniture cushions are examples of employment of the molding process. Slab foam buns produced using the free-rise process tend to be much larger than molded foams. While molded foam objects are normally less than about 0.28 m 3 (ten cubic feet) in volume, slab foam buns are rarely less than 1.41 m 3 (50 cubic feet) in volume. As a result, the preparation of free-rise foams present some unique problems to those in the polyurethane industry. Commercial, low density and low resilience, free-rise (slabstock) conventional polyurethane foam formulations typically contain (1) a polyether polyol having an equivalent weight below 1500 and having more than 50% secondary hydroxyl groups; (2) toluene diisocyanate at an isocyanate index of between 105 and 120; (3) a highly efficient polyether-silicone copolymer stabilizer; (4) amine and tin catalysts; (5) water between 2 to 6 parts per hundred parts polyol (php); (6) an inert blowing agent such as a chlorofluorocarbon, methylene chloride, or other halocarbons to assist foam blowing and/or to cool the foam and miscellaneous other additives such as fillers and flame retardants. The inert blowing agents also are utilized to soften foams made at densities below about 32 kg/m 3 (2.0 pcf). Isocyanate index is the percentage of the calculated stoichiometric amount of isocyanate needed to react with all active hydrogen components in the formulation. Thus, an isocyanate index of 110 means that 110% of the amount of isocyanate stoichiometrically required to react with all active hydrogen compounds is used. In recent years, processes have been sought by the polyurethane industry for making polyurethane foam products while eliminating, or at least substantially reducing, the amount of inert blowing agents, particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs are known to damage the Earth's protective ozone layer, an effect which is expected to lead to a greater incidence of skin cancer and related maladies caused by solar exposure, as well as possible catastrophic climatic changes. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently has pushed for a complete phaseout of the use of such ozone-depleting chemicals. Another blowing agent, methylene chloride, also has fallen into disfavor due to concerns about short and possibly longer term health effects. Thus, the current trend is to avoid or minimize the use of such inert blowing agents. if possible, in the preparation of polyurethane foams. Unfortunately, for the most part, commercial production of low density and low resilience. conventional flexible foam. e.g. at densities below about 24 kg/m 3 (1.5 pound per cubic foot (pcf)), using the free-Rise process requires using such inert blowing agents to lower foam densities and, in part to provide cooling. Attempts at preparing such low density foams at normal isocyanate indexes, e.g., at indexes of about 100 to 120, by using additional water to "blow" the foam via the isocyanate-water reaction, causes foam over-heating and significantly increases the hazard of fire. The hazard of fire is greatly diminished when producing molded foam due to the small volume of the articles produced which facilitates their rapid cooling. Overheating and load (firmness) in free rise foam might be controlled to some extent by lowering the isocyanate index, and carefully controlling other process parameters such as the catalyst system. However, water-only "blown," conventional, flexible polyurethane foams formulated with "conventional polyols" at isocyanate indexes below about 100, and particularly below about 90 to 95, often experience foam splitting, i.e. sizeable openings or voids in either or both the surface and interior of the foam. The problem with splitting becomes more severe as the isocyanate index is lowered further to control more carefully the potential for foam overheating and/or to produce very soft foams. Thus, increasing the amount of water used to "blow" the foam, while at the same time lowering the isocyanate index, generally does not represent a practical solution to the CFC problem in free-rise foams. A soft flexible foam, apparently produced via a free-rise, one-shot process at isocyanate indexes between about 70 and 100 by using polyols (triols) of lower molecular weight (1000) and lower equivalent weight (350), either alone or in conjunction with some standard, i.e. conventional, 3000 molecular weight polyol (triol), up to 4 php water and slightly lower catalyst levels is described by F. J. Dwyer et al. in the Proceedings of the SPI Cellular Plastics 7th Annual Technical Conference. Densities down to about 24.0-25.6 kg/m 3 (1.5-1.6 pcf) purportedly were produced without auxiliary (inert) blowing agents. However, still lower foam densities required the use of inert blowing agents. T. M. Smiecinski, S. E. Wujcik and O. M. Grace (Polyurethanes 88: Proceedings of the SPI - 31st Annual Technical/Marketing Conference, October, 1988) also describe the lab scale production of soft foam using a lower molecular weight triol and up to 5 php water, at an 85 isocyanate index. Foam with a density as low as 1.38 pcf purportedly was produced without auxiliary (inert) blowing agent. U.S. Patent 4.833,176 describes a procedure for making a cold cure, soft molded polyurethane foam using an isocyanate index of less than 70, and preferably 40 to 60, water in an amount of up to 15 php as a blowing agent, and optionally a chain extender or crosslinking agent. Although a variety of methods and polyurethane formulations have been reported in the literature, to date none has disclosed a process of safely making a conventional, free-rise, flexible polyurethane foam at a low density and over a wide range of low isocyanate indexes, i.e. from as low as 60 up to about 95, using conventional polyols while employing little or no inert blowing agent and avoiding problems with foam splitting or foam tightness. DE-A-36 30 225 discloses the preparation of polyurethane foams having a density of e.g. 22 or 23 kg/m 3 and an open cell structure under a condition which permits the foam to rise freely. EP-A-346 670 discloses a process for the production of PU foams wherein a polyether polyol, a conventional polyisocyanate, water and a cross-linking agent having a molecular weight of 32 - 399 are used. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention broadly relates to a process for producing a low density, and generally low resilience and soft, flexible polyurethane foam which exhibits a substantially open cell structure without crushing in which isocyanate indexes between about 60 and 95 are employed. The foam is prepared using the one-shot, free rise (slabstock) technique. As used throughout the specification and claims, the following terms and phrases are intended to have the noted meanings: "low density" foam is intended to embrace foams having a density at least below 40 kg/m 3 (about 2.5 pcf), preferably below 28.8 kg/m 3 (about 1.8 pcf), more preferably below 24 kg/m 3 (about 1.5 pcf), and most preferably below 20.8 kg/m 3 (about 1.3 pcf); "soft" foam is meant to include polyurethane foams having a 25% indention force deflection (IFD) value (see subsequent Examples) of less than 49.22 g/cm 2 (35), preferably below 35.15 g/cm 2 (25), and more preferably below 28.12 g/cm 2 (20 pounds per 50 square inches); "low resilience" foam, also commonly referred to as "conventional" foam, is intended to include foams having a ball rebound value (ASTM D-3574) of less than 55%, and more usually less than 50%; "open cell structure" refers to foam having sufficient interconnecting cells to allow airflow therethrough and particularly includes those foams having a porosity of greater than 0.566 m 3 /minute (about 20 cubic feet per minute) when measured in accordance with the procedure described in connection with the subsequent examples; this porosity substantially corresponds to a porosity value of at least 0.0283 m 3 /minute (one (1) standard cubic foot per minute) when tested by the NOPCO procedure described by R.E. Jones and G. Fesman, Journal of Cellular Plastics , January 1965; and "without crushing" refers to a foam that has not undergone any significant deformation; i.e. a foam as originally produced-prior to any steps which would tend to alter its cell structure. The process of the present invention broadly involves making flexible conventional polyurethane slabstock foam having a density below 40.05 kg/m 3 (2.5 pcf) and sufficient interconnecting cells to allow air-flow therethrough (open cell structure) without crushing which comprises reacting, in the presence of a highly stabilizing polyurethane foam stabilizer and under a condition which permits the foam to rise freely, a reaction mixture free of chlorofluorocarbon and methylene chloride blowing agents comprising: a) polyether polyol or polyol blend having an equivalent weight between 500 and 1500 and a nominal functionality of at least two, a primary hydroxyl content of less than 50% and an ethylene oxide content of less than 20% by weight; b) water in an amount from 2.0 to 12 parts per hundred parts of polyol a); c) organic polyisocyanate having a nominal functionality of approximately two, present in amount yielding an isocyanate index between 60 and 95. d) polyurethane foam catalyst comprising a combination of a tertiary amine catalyst and an organometallic catalyst, in an amount between 0.001 and 5 percent by weight based on the weight of the reaction mixture; and e) a foam processing aid comprising (i) at least one material selected from crosslinking agents and extending agents having an average of at least two isocyanate reactive groups per molecule, said reactive groups being selected from hydroxyl, primary amino, and secondary amino groups, and having an equivalent weight of less than 200, in an amount between 0.2 and 10 parts per hundred parts of polyol a) to prevent foam splitting; and, optionally (ii) a cell opening agent which comprises a material selected from polyethylene oxide monols and polyols having an ethylene oxide content of greater than 50% by weight and an equivalent weight of 200 to 5000, in an amount between 0.1 and 20 parts per hundred parts of polyol a); with the proviso that at least one polyethylene oxide meeting the definition of e)(i) or e)(ii) is present and optionally, a solid polymer having at Tg of at least 40°C stably dispersed in component a), b), or c) and employed at a level up to 50% by weight of the final foam. Further embodiments of the invention are set forth in the dependent claims. The present invention is based on applicant's surprising finding that by including a small amount of a foam processing aid, particularly including a crosslinking/extending agent, as defined more fully hereinafter, in low isocyanate index formulations for making conventional polyurethane slabstock foam using the free-rise process, foam splitting can be avoided without destroying the open cell structure and high porosity characteristic of conventional foams when preparing low density foams, and particularly soft foams. Thus, the present invention makes it possible to prepare conventional, flexible polyurethane foam, at low densities, using only water to blow and cool the foam. In fact, by using the present invention soft, low density foams can be prepared via the one shot, free-rise procedure without using any inert blowing agents, such as CFCs or methylene chloride, which normally are required to soften and/or cool the foam. POLYOL Polyol compositions (I) which can be utilized in the present invention can include a variety of compounds and encompass, but are not limited to, the following polyether polyols: (a) alkylene oxide adducts of polyhydroxyalkanes; (b) alkylene oxide adducts of nonreducing sugars and sugar derivatives; (c) alkylene oxide adducts of polyphenols; and (d) alkylene oxide adducts of polyamines and polyhydroxyamines. Alkylene oxides having two to four carbon atoms generally are employed, with propylene oxide, ethylene oxide and mixtures thereof being particularly preferred. Illustrative alkylene oxide adducts of polyhydroxyalkanes include, among others, the alkylene oxide adducts of glycerine, 1,2,4-trihydroxybutane, 1,2,6-trihydroxyhexane, 1,1,1-trimethylolethane, 1,1,1-trimethylopropane, pentaerythritol, xylitol, arabitol, sorbitol and mannitol. A further class of polyols which can be employed are the above-mentioned alkylene oxide adducts of the nonreducing sugars and sugar derivatives. Among the nonreducing sugars and sugar derivatives contemplated are sucrose, alkyl glycosides such as methyl glucoside and ethyl glucoside; glycol glycosides such as ethylene glycol glycoside, propylene glycol glycoside, glycerol glucoside or 1,2,6-hexanetriol glycoside as well as the alkylene oxide adducts of the alkyl glycosides as set forth in U.S. Patent 3,073,788. Another class of suitable polyols, as indicated in (c) above, is the alkylene oxide adducts of polyphenols. Among the polyphenols which are contemplated are, for example, condensation products of phenol and formaldehyde, and novolac resins; condensation products of various phenolic compounds and acrolein, the simplest member of this class being 1,2,3-tris(hydroxyphenyl) propane; condensation products of various phenolic compounds and glyoxal, gluteraldehyde, and other dialdehydes, the simplest members of this class being the 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(hydroxylphenol)ethanes. Suitable polyamines and polyhydroxyamines for reaction with alkylene oxides to prepare the polyols of (d) include inter alia ethylenediamine, propylenediamine, trimethylenediamine, triethylenediamine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine and diethanolmonoisopropanolamine. The alkylene oxide adducts of phosphorus and polyphosphorus acids are another useful class of polyols. Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, the epoxybutanes and 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane are preferred alkylene oxides. Phosphoric acid, phosphorus acid, the polymetaphosphoric acids such as tripolyhphosphoric acid, the polymetaphosphoric acids are desirable for use in this connection. Amine-terminated polyether polyols, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene polyols and many others are known and may be used as a minor component in combination with the above-identified conventional polyether polyols. Generally, for use as the polyol component of the present invention the polyol compound (I), i.e. the active hydrogen-containing, polyether polyol component, or blend of polyols should have an equivalent weight in the range of 500 to 1500 and an ethylene oxide content of less than 20%, preferably the equivalent weight is in the range of 500 to 1300, and most preferably between 750 and 1250, and the polyol or polyol blend should have a functionality of at least 2. Equivalent weight is determined from the measured hydroxyl number. Hydroxyl number is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required for the complete hydrolysis of the fully acetylated derivative prepared from one gram of polyol. The relationship between hydroxyl number and equivalent weight is defined by the equation; OH = 56,100 Eq. Wt. where OH equals the hydroxyl number of the polyol. Thus, polyols having hydroxyl numbers preferably in the range of 43 to 110, and more preferably between 45 and 75, are used. Component (I) includes poly(alkylene oxide) polyols with an average (nominal) functionality of greater than two, an equivalent weight between 500 and 1500, less than 50% primary hydroxyl functionality, and an ethylene oxide content of less than 20% by weight. Preferably, poly (alkylene oxide) polyols with an average functionality of between 2 to 6, an equivalent weight between 500 and 1300, less than 50% primary hydroxyl functionality and less than 15% by weight, and particularly below 12% by weight, ethylene oxide content are employed. Using polyether polyols having higher ethylene oxide contents and high levels of primary hydroxyls leads to a tight foam structure and reduced processing latitude. As recognized by those skilled in the art, such polyether polyols will contain a distribution of molecules of differing intrinsic molecular weight and intrinsic hydroxyl contents, and where relevant, a distribution of intrinsic primary hydroxyl functionality and intrinsic ethylene oxide contents. The measured hydroxyl number, the calculated equivalent weight and other polyol characteristics, thus represent an average value for each parameter in a polyol or polyol blend. The ranges recited above are intended to refer to the average value for these parameters in the polyol or polyol blend. The most preferred polyols employed in this invention include the poly(oxypropylene) triols and the poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene) triols. Ethylene oxide, when used, can be incorporated in any fashion along the polymer chain. Stated another way, the ethylene oxide can be incorporated either in internal blocks, as terminal blocks, or may be randomly distributed along the polyol chain. However, the manner of incorporation and the ethylene oxide content of the polyol preferably is as noted above. Thus. ethylene oxide is used at a level below 20% by weight, preferably below 15% by weight, and more preferably below 12% by weight and is located primarily within the interior of the polyol chain. In one particularly useful embodiment, described more fully hereafter, at least a portion of the polyol component is added to the formulation in the form of a polymer polyol, in which reactive monomers have been polymerized within a polyol to form a stable dispersion of the polymer solids within the polyol. Thus, the polyol component in this preferred embodiment may comprise a polyol blend with one constituent being a conventional polyether polyol, e.g. a polyether triol, and the other constituent being a polymer polyol. The polymer polyol also may comprise the only source of polyol in a particular formulation. Use of polymer polyols is particularly useful for low density foam grades, and especially for foams having densities of less than 20.8 kg/m 3 (about 1.3 pcf), in order to increase the firmness of such foams. POLYISOCYANATES Component (II) is an organic isocyanate with functionality of approximately 2.0. The isocyanate is used at a level capable of reacting with only 60 to 95% of the stoichiometric amount of isocyanate reactive groups (i.e.. active hydrogen) within the mixture, i.e. at an isocyanate index of 60 to 95. Preferably, an isocyanate index of 60 to 90 is employed, and more preferably an index of between 65 and 85. A particular advantage of this invention is the wide latitude it affords for varying the isocyanate index while yielding stable, non-splitting, foams with low shrinkage using conventional polyols. The isocyanate index for the commercial production of foam with similar polyol compositions ranges from about 105 to 120. For use in the present invention, the organic isocyanate preferably should not have a functionality of above 2.4 and more preferably has a nominal functionality of between 1.8 and 2.2. Using higher functionality polyisocyanates in the present invention leads to foams having relatively poor physical properties, particularly as regards compression set characteristics. In many applications, foams should exhibit a compression set of less than 20% (90% compression for 22 hours at 65.5°C). Organic polyisocyanates that are useful in producing polyurethane foam in accordance with this invention are organic compounds that contain, on average, about two isocyanate groups. Such compounds are well known in the art. Suitable organic polyisocyanates include the hydrocarbon diisocyanates, e.g., the alkylene diisocyanates and the aryl diisocyanates. Examples of suitable polyisocyanates are 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene (2,4-tolylene diisocyanate), 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene (2,6-tolylene diisocyanate), methylene bis (4-cyclohexylisocyanate), 1,8-diisocyanatooctane, 1,5-diisocyanato-2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 1,9-diisocyanatononane, 1,10-diisocyanatopropylether of 1,4-butylene glycol, 1,11-diisocyanatoundecane, 1,12-diisocyanatododecane bis (isocyanatohexyl) sulfide, 1,4-diisocyanatobenzene, 3,5-diisocyanato-o-xylene, 4,6-diisocyanato-m-xylene, 2,6-diisocyanato-p-xylene, naphthalene-1,4-diisocyanate 2,4-diisocyanato-1-chlorobenzene, and 2,5-diisocyanate-bis (3-methyl -4- isocyanotophenyl) methane 1-nitrobenzene. 4,4'-diphenylmethylene diisocyanate, 2,4'-diphenylmethylene diisocyanate, and 4,4'-diphenylpropane diisocyanate can be used in both their purified or neat forms and their polymeric forms as a minor component in admixture with the above noted difunctional isocyanates, particularly with 2, 4 and 2, 6 tolylene diisocyanate. Preferred polyisocyanates are 2,4 and 2,6 tolylene diisocyanates and their mixtures having a functionality of about 2, which are broadly referred to herein simply as TDI. The most preferred polyisocyanate is 80/20 TDI (i.e., a mixture of 80% 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 20% 2,6-toluene diisocyanate). FOAM PROCESSING AID A key feature of the present invention involves the use of a foam processing aid (III) for enhancing the properties of low density, slabstock foam made at a low isocyanate index, said foam processing aid including a crosslinking agent and/or extending agent and preferably a sufficient amount of a cell opening agent, preferably a polyethylene oxide monol and/or polyol, to yield a polyurethane foam having a porosity greater than about 6 m 3 /minute (20 cubic feet per minute per square foot (CFM-Ft 2 )). Component (III), the foam processing aid, thus contains at least one crosslinking/extending agent, and possibly may also contain a cell opening agent, which preferably is a polyethylene oxide monol and/or polyol. The crosslinking/extending agent component of the foam processing aid is used in an amount needed to eliminate splitting at the low isocyanate indexes of the present invention and generally is used at a level between 0.2 and 10 parts by weight, and preferably between 0.5 and 10 parts by weight, per 100 parts of the polyol component (I). Suitable crosslinking/extending agents are those materials which are reactive with isocyanate groups particularly compounds having hydroxyl and/or primary or secondary amine groups and include: 1) crosslinking compounds of an equivalent weight less than 200, and/or 2) difunctional extender compounds, other than those having only secondary hydroxyl groups, of equivalent weight less than 200. Preferably, the crosslinking/extending agent has a nominal functionality in the range of 2 to 8. A low molecular weight polyfunctional glycolamine crosslinking/extending agent is preferred to make stable, free-rise foams under the conditions of this invention. Diethanolamine (DEOA) is the compound of choice. It preferably is used at levels of from 0.5 up to 3 php. Blends of other crosslinkers and/or extenders with diethanolamine can also provide similar advantages. For example, a blend of 25% diethanolamine (DEOA) and 75% of a low molecular weight ethylene oxide adduct of glycerine is another preferred crosslinker composition. Though diethanolamine or a blend of diethanolamine and a low molecular weight ethylene oxide adduct of glycerine is preferred, other crosslinking/extending agents such as, glycerine itself, triethanolamine, disopropanolamine, ethylene glycol, butanediol, tetraethylenepentamine, polyethyleneimine, the isomers of phenylene diamine, sorbitol, erythritol, sucrose, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, 2,4,6-triaminotoluene, isophorone diamine, diethyl tolylene - diamine, ethanolamine, hydrazine, 4,4'-methylenebis (o-chloroaniline), simple carbohydrates, low molecular weight alkylene oxide, e.g., ethylene oxide, and propylene oxide, adducts of polyfunctional amines or alcohols (e.g., polyfunctional glycols), alkylene oxide adducts of polyfunctional aminoalcohols and polyfunctional alcoholamines, amine-terminated polyalkylene oxides and many other low molecular weight polyfunctional hydroxy and/or amine compounds can be substituted for diethanolamine if desired. An advantage of a blend of DEOA and an ethylene oxide adduct of glycerine lies in its ability to crosslink without appreciably tightening the foam in the absence of additional cell opening agents. The term crosslinking agent generally is reserved for materials having nominal functionalities above 2, and usually 3 and higher; while the term extending agent normally refers to materials having a functionality of two. It is important in accordance with the present invention that in any formulation, at least one of the polyol component (I) or the crosslinking/extending agent have a functionality of above 2. When the polyol has a functionality of above two, crosslinking will occur even in the presence of difunctional extending agents. Preferably, at least one of components (I) and (III) has a nominal functionality of at least 3, and particularly useful formulations are those in which both components have a nominal functionality of 3. Thus, the use of crosslinking agents is preferred in the present invention. The use of crosslinking/extending agents in conventional foam systems of the prior art at standard isocyanate indexes (105 to 120) has long been avoided due to the excessive foam tightness and foam shrinkage that accompanies their use. Thus, it was entirely unexpected that by using such crosslinking/extending agents the problem of foam splitting at low isocyanate indexes could be solved without introducing unacceptable tightness to the foam. Indeed, if the crosslinker/extender is omitted in the present invention, excessive foam splitting occurs normally leading to non-usable foam. A second possible constituent of the foam processing aid (III) comprises a cell opening agent. Polyethylene oxide monols and/or polyols are preferred cell opening agents. Suitable polyethylene oxide monol or polyols are those ethylene oxide adducts which contain greater than 50% ethylene oxide, preferably greater than 60% and most preferably greater than 75% by weight ethylene oxide, and have an equivalent weight of greater than 200, for example an equivalent weight preferably from 200 to 5,000. The polyethylene oxide preferably has a hydroxyl functionality of two or greater. Lower equivalent weight polyethylene oxide polyols (i.e. equivalent weights of 200 to 1000), are preferred since they are liquid and more easy to handle at ambient conditions. Free-rise, slabstock foam produced with the lower equivalent weight polyethylene oxide compounds also are less prone towards splitting during manufacture than foams made with higher equivalent weight polyethylene oxide polyols. Polyethylene oxide monols or polyols included in formulations according to the present invention as a foam processing aid, i.e. those having greater than 50% ethylene oxide content, should not be included in measurements and calculations for determining the equivalent weight, primary hydroxyl content and ethylene oxide content of the polyol component (I). Other cell opening agents include such materials as a mixture of acetone and cyclopentane, alkyl and alkenyl esters, fillers; polyalkylene oxides, preferably the polyethylene oxides noted above. and alkenoic acid-grafted polyalkylene oxides. The cell opening agent, e.g. the polyethylene oxide monol and/or polyol, preferably is used in an amount needed to yield a polyurethane slabstock foam having a porosity of greater than about 6 m 3 /min/m 2 (20 cubic feet per minute per square foot (CFM-Ft 2 ). Depending on the other foam ingredients and particularly on the crosslinking/extending agent(s) employed, cell opening agents such as the polyethylene oxide monols and/or polyols typically may be used in an amount of from 0.1 to 20 parts by weight per hundred parts polyol. In other words, in some formulations there may be no need to include a separate cell opening agent as a component of the foam processing aid since an open cell structure having a sufficient foam porosity will be obtained without crushing using only the crosslinking/extending agent. This is particularly true where the crosslinking agent comprises an ethylene oxide adduct, e.g., ethylene oxide adducts of polyfunctional amines or alcohols. Of course, by using an additional cell opening agent in such formulations foam openness may be enhanced. The cell opening agent, such as polyethylene oxide monol and/or polyol, generally is used at a level of 0.1 to 20% by weight of component (I) and preferably no more than 10% by weight. Using such in the process of the present invention promotes cell opening and improves foam recovery characteristics (e.g. compression set). STABILIZERS Component (IV) includes the highly stabilizing silicone surfactants (polyurethane foam stabilizers) widely used in the polyurethane foam industry, especially those used for conventional (flexible), semi-rigid, rigid, and polyester-based polyurethane foam production. Included within the class of such surfactants are the organo-polysiloxane copolymers, the most common ones being the polysiloxane - polyoxyalkylene copolymers, wherein the polysiloxane contains greater than 10 silicon atoms. The less stabilizing HR foam surfactants, such as the polydimethylsiloxane oils, should be avoided. Highly stabilizing surfactants are available from Union Carbide Corporation as Silicone Surfactants L-520, L-6202 and L-5810. Such stabilizers are employed in small amounts, e.g., from 0.001 percent up to 5 percent by weight, based on the total reaction mixture. Suitable stabilizers for slabstock applications include "hydrolyzable" polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers such as the block copolymers described in U.S. Patents 2,834,748 and 2,917,480. Another useful class of foam stabilizers are the "non-hydrolyzable" polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers such as the block copolymers described in U.S. Patents 3,505,377 and 3,686,254 and British Patent Specification 1,220,471. The latter class of copolymers differs from the above-mentioned polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers in that the polysiloxane moiety is bonded to the polyoxyalkylene moiety through direct carbon-to-silicon bonds, rather than through carbon-to-oxygen-to-silicon bonds. These various polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers preferably contain from 5 to 50 weight percent of polysiloxane polymer, with the remainder being polyoxyalkylene polymer. Other suitable silicone surfactants will be recognized by those skilled in the art and their level of use can be determined using routine experimentation. CATALYSTS Component (V) includes the standard combination of tertiary amine and organometallic polyurethane catalysts. Any of a large number of polyurethane catalysts may be utilized for producing the polyurethane foam. Typical levels are from 0.001 to 5 percent based on the weight of the reaction mixture. Levels of 0.001 to about 2 php are common. Relative proportions are well-known to those skilled in the art. Representative tertiary amine catalysts include: bis(2,2'-dimethylaminoethyl)ether, trimethylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N,N-ethylmorpholine. N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine, pentamethyldipropylenetriamine, triethylenediamine and pyridine oxide. For best results, use of a particularly good "blow" catalyst, i.e. a catalyst especially effective for catalyzing the water-isocyanate reaction, is important. Consequently, bis(2,2'-dimethylaminoethyl) ether is highly preferred as the amine catalyst. Suitable organometallic catalysts include the salts of organic acids with a variety of metals such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al, Sn, Pb, Mn, Co, Bi, and Cu, including, for example, sodium acetate, potassium laurate, calcium hexanoate, stannous acetate, stannous octoate, stannous oleate, lead octoate, manganese and cobalt napthenate, and organometallic derivatives of tetravalent tin, trivalent and pentavalent As, Sb, and Bi, and metal carbonyls of iron and cobalt. Among the organotin compounds that deserve particular mention are dialkyltin salts of carboxylic acids, e.g., dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin maleate, dilauryltin diacetate, dioctyltin diacetate, dibutyltin-bis(4-methylaminobenzoate), dibuytyltin dilaurylmercaptide. dibutyltin-bis(6-methylaminocaproate), and the like. Similarly, there may be used a trialkytin hydroxide, dialkytin oxide, dialkyltin dialkoxide, or dialkyltin dichloride. Examples of these compounds include trimethyltin hydroxide, tributyltin hydroxide, trioctyltin hydroxide, dibutyltin oxide, dioctyltin oxide, dilauryltin oxide, dibutyltin-bis(isopropoxide), dibutyltin-bis(2-dimethylaminopentylate), dibutyltin dichloride and dioctyltin dichloride. Other known polyurethane catalysts also can be use in combination with the amine and organometallic catalysts described above. For example, strong bases such as alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkoxides. and phenoxides; acidic metal salts of strong acids such as ferric chloride, stannous chloride. antimony trichloride. bismuth nitrate and chloride; chelates of various metals such as those which can be obtained from acetylacetone, benzoylacetone, trifluoroacetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate, salicylaldehyde, cyclopen tanone-2-carboxylate, acetylacetoneimine, bis-acetylaceone-alkylenediimines, salicyladehydeimine, with the various metals such as Be, Mg, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ti, Zr, Sn, As, Bi, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or such ions as MoO 2 ++ and UO 2 ++ ; alcoholates and phenolates of various metals such as Ti(OR) 4 , Sn(OR) 4 , Sn(OR) 2 , Al(OR) 3 , wherein R is an alkyl or aryl, and the reaction products of alcoholates with carboxylic acids, beta-diketones, and 2-(N,N-dialkylamino)alkanols, such as the well known chelates of titanium obtained by this or equivalent procedures; all can be employed in the process of the present invention. BLOWING AGENTS Water (Component (VI)) is preferably used as the sole blowing agent to produce carbon dioxide by reaction with the isocyanate. In the process of the present invention, water is used in an amount from 2.0 php up to 12 php, preferably in an amount between 3.0 (e.g. 3.2 php) and 10 php, more preferably in an amount between 4.0 and 10 php and most preferably between 5.0 and 10 php. In the present invention, water in excess of that needed to blow the foam is used. The level of excess water increases dramatically as isocyanate index is lowered below 95 and particularly below 85. The excess water serves to cool the foam during its preparation. By-product steam formed during foam cooling also assists foaming. Additionally, to provide a wider range of properties in the foam products of the present invention, a combination of water and another inert (non-chlorofluorocarbon), physical blowing agent (Component (IX)) may be employed. The quantity of inert blowing agent employed will vary with factors such as the density desired in the foamed product. Illustrative, inert polyurethane blowing agents include thermally unstable compounds which liberate gases upon heating such as N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dinitrosoterephthalamide and amine formates. The use of auxiliary (physical) blowing agents in the process of the present invention enables the production of an even broader range of foam densities and hardnesses, which would be impossible or very difficult to achieve using water alone. It also is possible to use the process of this invention along with other technologies that are less harmful to the environment. These could include use of a process which employs the reaction of formic acid with isocyanate to generate blowing gas. However, as indicated previously, one of the important advantages of the present invention is that the use of inert blowing agents can be avoided or at least minimized in the foam formulation to form low density and/or soft foams, without appreciably sacrificing foam properties relative to prior art conventional foams. Other Additives A further improvement on this invention, as indicated earlier, is to include a solid polymer, component (VII) dispersed in the polyol, water or isocyanate. This is best incorporated via a polymer polyol (also called dispersion or graft polyol) in which the reactive monomers are polymerized within the polyol medium to form a stable dispersion of the polymer within the polyol. The solid polymer can be dispersed or formed in situ, e.g. by monomer polyermization, in any one of components (I), (II), or (VI) and may be present at levels of up to 50% by weight of the final foam. The most common polymer dispersion utilized in polyurethane foam is the polymer polyols in which the solid polymer dispersion is formed by in-situ polymerization of monomers, such as ethylenically unsaturated monomers, added to the polyol and polymerized therein. Also suitable are monomers which undergo reaction with isocyanate containing compounds to form polyurethane polymer dispersions or polyurea polymer dispersions. As noted above, this is the preferred approach for introducing solids into formulations according to the present invention. In such cases, the polyol component of such polymer polyols constitute at least a portion, and may be the only source, of polyol component (I). Another acceptable approach for incorporating a solid polymer in the formulation of the present invention is to prepare the polymer as an emulsion (latex) within water, for example, by free radical polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. This approach is best utilized in high water formulations where a considerable amount of the polymer can be incorporated. The water in the emulsion can also supply the water needed to "blow" the foam. Another alternative is to prepare the dispersion within the isocyanate, such as described in U.S. Patent 4,283,500 (Union Carbide Corp.) The production of stably dispersed polymers within polyols to make polymer polyols is well known in the art. The basic patents in the field are Stamberger Re. 28,715 (reissue of U.S. 3,383,351) and Re. 29,118 (reissue of U.S. 3,304,273). See also U.S. Patent Nos. 3,652,639 and 3, 823,201; U.S. Patent No. 3,953,393; U.S. Patent Nos. 4,119,586 and 4,148,840; and U.S. Patent No. 4,282,331. Such compositions can be produced by polymerizing one or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers dissolved or dispersed in a polyol in the presence of a free radical catalyst to form a stable dispersion of polymer particles in the polyol. These polymer polyol compositions have the valuable property of imparting to polyurethane foams produced therefrom higher load-bearing properties than are provided by the corresponding unmodified polyols. Also included are the polyols like those taught in U.S. Patent No. 3,325,421 and 4,374,209. A wide variety of monomers may be utilized for preparing the polymer polyol compositions in accordance with the invention. Numerous ethylenically unsaturated monomers are disclosed in the prior patents. Any of these monomers are suitable. More recently, as noted above, polyurea and polyurethane suspension polymers have also been utilized. The selection of the monomer or monomers used will depend on considerations such as the relative costs of the monomers and the polyurethane product characteristics required for the intended application. To impart the desired load-bearing to the foams, the monomer or monomers used in preparing the polymer polyol should, of course, desirably be selected to provide a polymer which has a glass transition of at least slightly higher than room temperature. The Tg (glass transition temperature) of the suspension or emulsion polymer should be at least 40 deg. C to accomplish the desired load building. The monomer content typically will be selected to provide the desired solids contents, generally at least 2% by weight, required for the anticipated end-use application. Exemplary monomers include styrene and its derivatives such as para-methylstyrene, acrylates, methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile and other nitrile derivatives such as methacrylonitrile, hydroxyacrylates or acrylamide. The preferred monomer mixtures used to make the polymer polyol compositions include mixtures of acrylonitile and styrene. The primary advantage in using a dispersed solid is to increase the firmness of the foam that is produced at the lower isocyanate indexes. This is particularly useful for foams having densities of less than 20.8 kg/m 3 (about 1.3 pcf) prepared by this invention. It also possible to use the combination of a polymer polyol and an emulsion polymer in water. A variety of additional additives known to those skilled in the art also may be incorporated in the foam formulations. These may include flame retardants, colorants, mineral fillers, and other materials. Yet another aspect of the present invention involves the use of foam control agents (Component (IX)), such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,701,474 (Union Carbide Corporation) These agents include alkenoic acid-grafted polyalkylene oxide compounds, including grafted polyols, and are used in an amount between 0.01 to 2 parts per hundred parts of polyol. These slow the foam rise and are especially beneficial when catalytic crosslinkers such as DEOA are used. Such catalytically active crosslinking agents tend to speed the foam rise rate. The foam control agents also may help to maintain reaction balance (reactivity control) and as noted above promote cell opening. The present invention thus, in its most useful aspects, uses a typical, low resilience/conventional polyol (equivalent weight of 750 to 1250, less than 50% primary -OH groups and below 15% weight ethylene oxide content), plus the combination of up to 10 parts of an added crosslinking agent (eq. wt. less than 200 and avg. isocyanate reactive functionality of 3 or greater) and up to 10 parts of a polyalkylene oxide polyol, having an eg. wt. between 200 and 1000 and greater than 75% ethylene oxide content, as a foam processing aid and between 5.0 and 10 php water in combination with TDI employed at a level capable of reacting with between 60 and 90% and more preferably between 65 to 85%, of the isocyanate reactive groups and with other standard ingredients to produce flexible, low density (i.e. less than 24 kg/m 3 (about 1.5 pcf) and generally low resilience and soft (i.e. IFD below 35), polyurethane slabstock foam, which exhibits a substantially open cell structure without crushing, via a one-shot, free-rise process without foam splitting. This procedure yields flexible foam with acceptable properties for many cushioning and packaging applications. In practice, the formulations employed in preparing the foams of this invention are prepared by mixing the aforementioned components in standard foam processing equipment in accordance with techniques known to those skilled in the art. In preparing the flexible foam, the ingredients are intimately mixed with each other by the so-called "one-shot" method to provide a foam by a one-step process. In the "one-shot" process, the polyol and polyisocyanate reactants, the catalysts, blowing agents, surfactants and other optional ingredients are mixed together and then dispensed for reaction. Usually, the foam is prepared as slabstock having a volume of greater than 1.41 m 3 (50 cubic feet). In one widely used embodiment, the foaming mixture is discharged from a mixing head onto a continuously moving, generally open-topped and open-ended conveyor. As the conveyor advances, foam reactions cause the foam to expand freely upwardly, hence the term free-rise foam. In another known process, i.e. the "Vertifoam" process, the foam slab is produced in an upwardly moving direction by dispensing the foaming mixture into, and allowing it to expand freely outwardly within flexible liners that are moved in a vertical direction. These methods are well-known to those skilled in the art. Due to the particular components employed in accordance with the teachings of this invention, a wider latitude is afforded to the operator in controlling the density, load and other physical properties of the resulting foam, or other inert (non-reactive) blowing agent. For example, in accordance with the invention, foams can be prepared utilizing a wider range of water, and isocyanate indexes than possible using prior art, conventional foam technology. The advantages of this flexibility in foam processing is that lower density foams and lower load foam grades can be produced without resorting to the use of chlorofluorocarbons. The following examples are presented to illustrate and not limit the invention. Unless otherwise indicated, the ingredients identified in the following tables are reported as parts by weight, and all temperatures are on the Centigrade scale. EXAMPLES As used in these examples, the following designations, terms. and abbreviations shall have the following meanings: I. POLYOLS Polyol A is a polyalkylene oxide triol (nominal) produced by reacting propylene oxide (90%) and ethylene oxide (10%) onto glycerine. It has an equivalent weight of about 970 and contains predominantly secondary terminal hydroxyl groups. II. CROSSLINKERS / EXTENDERS Crosslinker A is an ethylene oxide adduct of glycerine to yield a trifunctional glycol of 167 equivalent weight. Crosslinker F is a trifunctional ethylene oxide adduct of glycerine having an equivalent weight of 150. III. CELL OPENING AGENTS Cell Opener A is a polyalkylene oxide triol (nominal) produced by reacting ethylene oxide onto glycerine. It has an equivalent weight of about 330. Cell Opener B is a polyalkylene oxide diol (nominal) produced by reacting ethylene oxide onto ethylene glycol. It has an equivalent weight of about 300. Cell Opener C is a polyalkylene oxide monol (nominal) produced by reacting ethylene oxide onto methanol. It has an equivalent weight of about 350. Cell Opener D is a polyalkylene oxide triol (nominal) produced by reacting ethylene oxide onto glycerine. It has an equivalent weight of about 3300. Cell Opener E is a polyalkylene oxide triol (nominal) produced by first reacting ethylene oxide onto glycerine to an equivalent weight of about 330 followed by reaction with a small amount of propylene oxide to yield a predominantly secondary hydroxyl polyol with an equivalent weight of about 460. IV. SILICONES / SURFACTANTS Silicone A is a standard commercial hydrolyzable surfactant (polyether-silicone copolymer) used for conventional slabstock foam. (Silicone L-6202 available from Union Carbide Corporation) V. OTHER FOAM CHEMICALS A1 is a standard commercial high efficiency amine "blow" catalyst containing 70 wt. % bis(2,2'-dimethylaminoethyl) ether in dipropylene glycol sold by Union Carbide Corporation (Niax® amine catalyst A1). T-9 is a standard commercial organotin catalyst consisting essentially of stannous octoate. 80/20 TDI is a standard commercial toluene diisocyanate consisting essentially of 80% of the 2,4 isomer and 20% of the 2,6 isomer. DEOA is diethanolamine. F.C.A. is a foam control agent consisting essentially of a 10% graft of acrylic acid on a polyalkylene oxide polymer produced by reacting ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with butanol starter. VI. FOAM PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS Cream Time is the time reported in seconds from mixing of TDI with the other chemicals until a noticeable expansion of the foam mixture occurs. Rise Time is the time reported in seconds from mixing of TDI with the other chemicals until a visible blow-off of gas occurs near full rise signaling cell opening. % Settling is the percentage of height loss (from maximum foam height) within five minutes after TDI addition. Shrinkage is visible evidence for foam shrinkage during cooling. Split is visible evidence that the foam split. This may appear as a sudden violent opening of the foam at the surface ("poof" split) or as a splitting of the foam interior. VII. FOAM PROPERTIES (ASTM D 3574-86 test procedures were followed except for porosity and as otherwise indicated) Density is the weight of foam per unit volume reported in pounds per cubic foot (pcf). (conversion factor f = 16.02, kg/m 3 ) Resiliency is the ball rebound (ASTM D-3574) expressed as a %. Porosity is a measure of the air flow rate through a one-half inch thick sample of the foam reported in cubic feet per minute per square foot of foam surface area at a differential pressure across the sample of 0.25 cm (0.1 inch) of water. A 12.7 cm by 12.7 cm (five (5) inch by five (5) inch) specimen of foam 1.27 cm (1/2 inch) in thickness is compressed between two pieces of flanged plastic tubing 5.75 cm (2-1/4 inches) in diameter (ID). This assembly then becomes a component in an air flow system. Air at a constant inlet pressure of 101.36 kPa/gauge (14.7 psig) and at a controlled velocity enters one end of the tubing, flows through the foam specimen and exits through a restriction at the lower end of the assembly. The pressure drop across the foam due to the restriction of air passage through the foam is measured by means of an inclined closed manometer. One end of the manometer is connected to the upstream side of the foam and the other end to the downstream side. The flow of air on the upstream side of the foam specimen is adjusted to maintain a differential pressure across the specimen of 0.1 inch of water. The porosity of the foam is the flow rate of air under this condition reported in units of air flow per unit area of specimen. cubic feet per minute per square foot. IFD 25% is the load (indentation force deflection) at 25% compression in lbs. per 50 sq. inches (conversion factor f = 138; Pa). IFD is a measurement of a foam's firmness. Test specimen size was typically 30.5 x 30.5 x 10.2 cm (12x12x4 inches) for bench foams and 38.1 x 38.1 x 10.2 cm (15x15x4 inches) for machine foams. IFD 65% is the load (indentation force deflection) at 65% compression in lbs. per 50 sq. inches (conversion factor f = 138; Pa). Return Value is the percentage of the 25% IFD recovered after cycling through the 65% IFD measurement and returning to 25% compression. IFD 65/25 is the 65% IFD divided by the 25% IFD and is often referred to as support, sag or sac factor or load ratio. Tensile is the tensile strength reported in psi. (conversion factor f = 6,8948; KPa) Elongation is the % elongation of the foam specimen at break. Tear is the tearing strength reported in pounds per linear inch. (conversion factor f = 175; N / m) COMP 90% is the dry heat aged compression set (loss in height) after holding in a 90% compressed state for 22 hours at 70°C (158°F). HA COMP 75 is the humid aged (6 hrs. at 104.5°C (220°F) and 95% relative humidity) compression set measured after the humid aging by holding in a 75% compressed state for 22 hours at 70°C (158°F). Examples 1 - 11 In the examples which follow, bench scale foams (Examples 1 - 11 were prepared by weighing together all of the formulation ingredients except TDI and stannous octoate catalyst into a one-half gallon paper can, then mixing at 2400 rpm for 15 seconds using a drill press equipped with a bladed agitator. A baffle is inserted into the paper can and mixing is resumed for 60 seconds. Then the mixture is allowed to stand for 15 seconds during which time the tin catalyst is added. Mixing is resumed for 15 seconds with the isocyanate being added with seven seconds left in this period. This complete mixture is quickly poured into a 14 x 14 x 6" "cake" box and allowed to foam. The profile and settle are recorded for five minutes and then the foam is placed in an oven at 125°C for five minutes. After removing the foam from the oven, the foam is allowed to cure at ambient conditions, for at least 16 hours. Indications of foam shrinkage are noted after this period and then the foam is cut to 12 x 12 x 4" for physical property measurements. All of the samples were evaluated in accordance with tests normally employed in the industry. The results are set forth in Tables I - V below. Example 1 (comparative) Results presented in Table I shows that by using crosslinking/ extending agents, one avoids foam splitting during processing of low density 16.02 kg/m 3 (1 pcf) foam made at 71 to 80 index. Example 1 demonstrates that trifunctional crosslinkers with hydroxyl and amine groups work well. Example 2, Table II In Table II, results are presented which demonstrate that soft, low density foams can be prepared at low isocyanate indexes using blends of crosslinking/extending agents. Examples 3 - 5, Table III These examples demonstrate that soft, low density (about 1 pcf), flexible polyurethane foam can be prepared at low isocyanate indexes using water as the sole blowing agent while avoiding foam splitting. Examples 6 - 10, Table IV These examples demonstrate the use of various supplementary polyols, high in poly(oxyethylene) content. in conjunction with crosslinking/extending agents to produce low index foams. By using the supplementary polyol a more open foam is produced without having to increase the ratio of amine to tin catalyst to a level that could lead to reaction imbalance and poor quality foam. As above, without the crosslinking/extending agent foam splitting occurred. Example 11, Table V This example shows the use of emulsion polymers in water (latexes) to provide the water for blowing the foam and at the same time to provide reinforcing solids for load building. The latex is a styrene/hydroxyethylmethacrylate (9515) copolymer emulsion in water (45 % solid, avg. particle size = 0.4 micrometer). EXAMPLE 1 (comparative) POLYOL A 100.0 WATER 8.0 DEOA 1.0 A1 0.15 T-9 0.15 SILICONE A 1.0 80/20 TDI 64.81 INDEX 73.0 CREAM TIME 12.0 RISE TIME 87.0 %SETTLING 0.0 SHRINKAGE NIL DENSITY 1.03 RESILIENCY 36.0 POROSITY 80.5 IFD 25% 17.33 IFD 65% 36.28 RETURN VAL 60.03 IFD 65/25 2.07 TENSILE 10.77 ELONGATION 234.1 TEAR 1.89 EXAMPLE 2 POLYOL A 100.0 WATER 8.0 DEOA 1.0 CROSSLINKER A 5.0 A1 0.18 T-9 0.12 F.C.A. 0.2 SILICONE A 1.0 80/20 TDI 66.83 INDEX 73.2 CREAM TIME 16.0 RISE TIME 135.0 %SETTLING 1.83 SHRINKAGE NIL DENSITY 1.03 RESILIENCY 42.0 POROSITY 115.0 IFD 25% 16.25 IFD 65% 36.25 RETURN VAL 61.54 IFD 65/25 2.23 TENSILE 7.91 ELONGATION 134.64 TEAR 0.96 EXAMPLE 3 (comperative) 4 (comperative) 5 POLYOL A 100.0 100.0 100.0 WATER 8.0 8.0 8.0 DEOA 1.0 1.0 CROSSLINKER F 3.0 A1 0.15 0.15 0.18 T-9 0.15 0.15 0.12 SILICONE A 1.0 1.0 1.0 F.C.A. 0.2 80/20 TDI 73.36 75.46 72.42 INDEX 85.0 85.0 80.0 CREAM TIME 13.0 13.0 13.0 RISE TIME 91.0 87.0 93.0 %SETTLING 6.73 0.61 0.0 SHRINKAGE NIL NIL NIL COMMENTS SPLIT DENSITY 1.2 0.98 1.03 RESILIENCY 48.0 34.0 34.0 POROSITY 65.41 40.08 45.5 IFD 25% 15.25 21.5 20.02 IFD 65% 36.25 47.25 42.45 RETURN VAL 67.21 53.49 61.42 IFD 65/25 2.38 2.2 2.12 TENSILE 12.93 11.54 10.35 ELONGATION 145.62 206.87 158.54 TEAR 1.57 2.0 1.73 EXAMPLE 11 POLYOL A 100.0 WATER DEOA 1.0 CROSSLINKER A 3.0 A1 0.15 T-9 0.15 SILICONE A 1.0 LATEX A 14.4 80/20 TDI 65.96 INDEX 73.0 CREAM TIME 13.0 RISE TIME 99.0 %SETTLING 1.59 SHRINKAGE NIL DENSITY 1.07 RESILIENCY 39.0 POROSITY 104.11 IFD 25% 17.48 IFD 65% 36.15 RETURN VAL 60.94 IFD 65/25 2.07 TENSILE 7.69 ELONGATION 129.4 TEAR 1.4

Claims: A process for making flexible conventional polyurethane slabstock foam having a density below 40.05 kg/m 3 (2.5 pcf) and sufficient interconnecting cells to allow air-flow therethrough (open cell structure) without crushing Which comprises reacting, in the presence of a highly stabilizing polyurethane foam stabilizer and under a condition which permits the foam to rise freely, a reaction mixture free of chlorofluorocarbon and methylene chloride blowing agents comprising: a) polyether polyol or polyol blend having an equivalent weight between 500 and 1500 and a nominal functionality of at least two, a primary hydroxyl content of less than 50% and an ethylene oxide content of less than 20% by weight; b) water in an amount from 2.0 to 12 parts per hundred parts of polyol a); c) organic polyisocyanate having a nominal functionality of approximately two, present in amount yielding an isocyanate index between 60 and 95. d) polyurethane foam catalyst comprising a combination of a tertiary amine catalyst and an organometallic catalyst, in an amount between 0.001 and 5 percent by weight based on the weight of the reaction mixture; and e) a foam processing aid comprising (i) at least one material selected from crosslinking agents and extending agents having an average of at least two isocyanate reactive groups per molecule, said reactive groups being selected from hydroxyl, primary amino, and secondary amino groups, and having an equivalent weight of less than 200, in an amount between 0.2 and 10 parts per hundred parts of polyol a) to prevent foam splitting; and, optionally (ii) a cell opening agent which comprises a material selected from polyethylene oxide monols and polyols having an ethylene oxide content of greater than 50% by weight and an equivalent weight of 200 to 5000, in an amount between 0.1 and 20 parts per hundred parts of polyol a); with the proviso that at least one polyethylene oxide meeting the definition of e)(i) or e)(ii) is present and optionally, a solid polymer having at Tg of at least 40°C stably dispersed in component a), b), or c) and employed at a level up to 50% by weight of the final foam. The process of claim 1 wherein said optional solid polymer is included and is a stably dispersed solid formed by in situ polymerization of monomers within the polyol a). The process of claim 1 wherein the polyol a) has an equivalent weight between 500 and 1300, and an ethylene oxide content of less than 15%, and preferably is a polyether-triol. The process of any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein polyisocyanate is present at an isocyanate index between 60 and 90. The process of claim 1 wherein the polyethylene oxide monol and/or polyol has an ethylene oxide content of greater than 60% by weight. The process of claim 1 further comprising an alkenoic-acid grafted polyalkylene oxide employed in an amount between 0.01 to 2.0 parts per hundred part of polyol a). The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the crosslinking/extending agent is selected from the group consisting of diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, ethylene glycol, glycerine, trimethyolpropane, sorbitol, erythritol, sucrose, butanediol, the isomers of phenylene diamine, pentaerythritol, 2,4,6-triaminotoluene, isophorone diamine, diethyl tolylene diamine, ethanolamine, hydrazine, low molecular weight ethylene oxide adducts of (i) polyfunctional amines, (ii) polyfunctional alcohols, (iii) aminoalcohols and (iv) alcoholamines; and mixtures thereof. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the crosslinking/extending agent includes diethanolamine and/or an ethylene oxide adduct of glycerine. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the crosslinking/extending agent has at least three isocyanate reactive groups per molecule and is employed in an amount equal to 0.5 to 10 parts per hundred parts of polyol a). The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the amount of water ranges from 4.0 to 10 parts per hundred parts of polyol a). The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the catalyst is a mixture of bis(2,2'-dimethylamino) ethylether and an organotin compound. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the organic polyisocyanate consists essentially of TDI, and preferably is present at an isocyanate index between 65 and 85. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein the polyurethane form stabilizer is an organo-polysiloxane copolymer having at least 10 silicon atoms, preferably is a polysiloxane-polyoxyalkylene copolymer, and is employed in an amount ranging from 0.001 to 5.0 percent based on the weight of the reaction mixture. The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein said polyol a) is a polyether triol and said polyisocyanate is present at an isocyanate index between 60 and 90, preferably between 65 and 85. The process of claim 12 or 14 wherein the amount of water ranges from 5.0 to 10 parts per hundred parts of polyol a). The process of claim 1 or 2 wherein said water is the sole blowing agent. The process of claim 5 wherein the polyethylene oxide monol and/or polyol has an equivalent weight between 200 and 1000. The process of claim 2 wherein the cell opening agent comprises an alkenoic-acid grafted polyalkylene oxide. The process of claim 2 wherein the polyol includes a polymer polyol having at least 2% by weight solids. The process of claim 1 wherein said solid polymer is included and is dispersed in water, which preferably is the sole blowing agent. A flexible polyurethane foam manufactured by the process of any one of claims 1 to 20.

Inventors: HAGER STANLEY LEE, HAGER, STANLEY LEE
Applicants: UNION CARBIDE CHEM PLASTIC, UNION CARBIDE CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS COMPANY, INC.
Application year: 1990
Main classification: C08G18
IPC codes: C08J9, C08G18, C08G101