Ocular vial

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an ocular treatment apparatus (10) for applying medicament into an eye has a vial (14) defining a vial cavity for holding medicament. A nozzle (12) is attached over an opening (18) in the vial and is in fluid communication with the vial cavity for releasing drops of medicament. A piston member (44) is suspended within the vial cavity for displacing a substantially predetermined volume of medicament through the nozzle for release into the eye.

Description: The invention is directed to ocular treatment apparatus and, more particularly, to ocular treatment apparatus for applying drops of medicament into an eye. Known devices for applying drops of medicament into an eye typically comprise a flexible vial containing the medicament and a nozzle attached over an opening of the vial for releasing drops of medicament into the eye. In some known devices the nozzle comprises a relatively long and narrow tip, referred to by those skilled in the art as an ocumeter. The ocumeter is generally provided to increase the user's control over the size of each drop and the number of drops released from the vial. Drops are applied to the eye by pointing the nozzle toward the open eye and squeezing the vial to release one or more drops of medicament into the eye. Other known devices store the medicament in a vial and employ a separate eyedropper to release the drops of medicament into the eye. Eyedroppers typically comprise a small tube having a nozzle formed on one end and a suction bulb attached to the other end. The medicament is drawn into the tube by squeezing the suction bulb and inserting the tube into the vial. The suction bulb is then released to draw the medicament into the tube. Drops of medicament are applied to the eye by pointing the tube toward the eye and squeezing the suction bulb to release the drops of medicament into the eye. People frequently encounter difficulty in applying eyedrops with these known devices. For example, many people have poor vision and/or their hands may shake and, thus, they have difficulty handling small eyedroppers. This can be especially dangerous if the user accidentally touches the cornea of the eye with the tip of the eyedropper. The cornea is an extremely sensitive area and can be easily damaged. Moreover, elderly people frequently have arthritis or other ailments disabling their fingers so that it can be extremely painful, and in some cases impossible, for these people to squeeze a device to release the eyedrops. This problem is especially critical with ocumeter devices because the impedance to fluid flow created by the ocumeter requires a greater squeezing force on the vial than with other devices. As a result, the users usually cannot accurately control the way they squeeze the vial or dropper and force too many drops through the nozzle. Likewise, because the users have difficulty squeezing the vial or dropper, they have trouble aiming the eyedrops into their eyes. Accordingly, in many instances, the degree of ophthalmologic patient compliance with such known devices is unacceptably low. The maximum volume of liquid medicament that should be introduced into an eye at one time is about 25 microliters. Any amount greater usually spills over the eyelid and onto the person's cheek. Accordingly, another problem associated particularly with devices employing an eyedropper or squeeze vial is that both the volume of the drops, and the number of drops released from such devices cannot be accurately controlled. If the vial or eyedropper is squeezed with too much force, the volume of each drop may well exceed 25 microliters and, frequently, more than one drop is squeezed through the nozzle. Known vials often release drops larger than 30 microliters. As a result, medicament frequently drips onto the person's cheek and, depending upon the type of medicament, it may irritate the person's skin. Moreover, if the eye receives too large a drop or several drops, the eye may be subjected to an overdose of medicament. This condition can be extremely dangerous, especially if the patient is particularly sensitive to the medicament. For example, in some patients an overdose of beta blockers may cause severe side effects, such as bronchospasma or lowering of the heart rate, and may possibly cause death. Another problem with known devices employing a squeeze vial or an eyedropper is that the medicament within the vial can easily become contaminated. Frequently people accidentally touch the conjunctiva of the eye with the tip of the vial or eyedropper. If the conjunctiva is infected, the tip of the nozzle can pick up the germs and contaminate the medicament that is squeezed into the tip. After the squeezing force is released from the device, the suction frequently draws medicament back into the device that was contaminated by contact with the tip. This problem is especially critical with devices employing ocumeters. The long and narrow tip of an ocumeter is more likely to accidentally touch the conjunctiva. Also, an ocumeter has a large volume of space, often referred to as "dead space," that holds medicament that is squeezed into the tip, but is not released into the eye. The medicament within the dead space, therefore, contacts the contaminated tip and, in turn, can contaminate the remainder of the medicament within the vial. This problem is exacerbated when the preservatives within the medicament, or the medicament itself, cannot destroy the particular germs or prevent repetitive contamination by the germs. Further use of the contaminated medicament may then only maintain or provoke a recurrence of the contaminating infection in the eye. This problem is especially critical shortly after eye surgery, for example, a corneal transplant, when the treated eye is most susceptible to infection. Another problem with squeeze vials or eyedroppers is that the suction may force air bubbles into the drops of medicament. The air bubbles decrease the amount of medicament in each drop, and, accordingly, decrease the effectiveness of the treatment. US Patent 4,623,337 discloses the preamble of claim 1. This document describes an apparatus in which liquid in a cylinder is dispensed through a nozzle at one end of the cylinder by the action of a piston which extends into the other end of the cylinder. The piston is activated by rotation of a projection over a ramped cam and step structure; when the projection drops over the step the piston moves towards the nozzle, forcing liquid through the nozzle. However, this apparatus does not provide a way of removing air bubbles from the liquid in the cylinder, which decreases the accuracy of the dose dispensed, and does not dispense all the liquid in the cylinder in one go, thus increasing the risk of contamination of the remaining liquid. Yet another problem with known ocular treatment devices is that they are generally difficult to use with medicaments that must be mixed from two separate compounds or solutions shortly prior to use. For example, some medicaments require that two separate liquid solutions be mixed prior to use while, on the other hand, others require that a powder or other solid phase medicament be mixed with a liquid solvent prior to use. These medicaments usually cannot be premixed by the manufacturer because their shelf life after mixing is too short. When employing known devices, such medicaments are generally mixed by the user who is required to pour or stir one solution into the other, and then shake or stir the mixture to form a homogeneous solution. Frequently, elderly people have difficulty mixing the solutions because their hands may shake. As a result, they often spill part of one solution and do not obtain a proper mixture of medicament. Likewise, this procedure is confusing to many people because the user is required to first measure and then mix two separate solutions. It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide an ocular treatment apparatus that overcomes the problems and disadvantages of known devices, and to provide an improved apparatus for applying medicament into an eye. The present invention is directed to an ocular treatment apparatus for applying medicament into an eye, said apparatus comprising a vial defining a drop cavity and a first cavity, said drop cavity being in fluid communication with said first cavity for receiving a predetermined volume of medicament therefrom, said vial having formed therein an orifice in fluid communication with said drop cavity for releasing a substantially predetermined volume of medicament therefrom and a piston member, said piston member being moveable within said drop cavity for displacing a substantially predetermined volume of medicament from said drop cavity through said orifice and into the eye, characterised in that the piston member or a surface defining the drop cavity include at least one axially elongated groove for removing air from the medicament released from the drop cavity into the eye, the at least one axially elongated groove formed in part of the piston member or in part of the surface of the drop cavity such that the air flows through the at least one axially elongated groove until the at least one axially elongated groove is contained within the said drop cavity or until the piston member is depressed past the axially elongated groove formed in the surface of the drop cavity, whereupon during the remainder of the downward stroke of said piston member, the medicament in said drop cavity is displaced through the release orifice. Another embodiment of the present invention provides an ocular treatment apparatus for applying medicament into an eye, comprising a nozzle defining an orifice therein and a drop cavity in fluid communication with the orifice, the drop cavity being adapted to receive a predetermined volume of medicament for release through the orifice into an eye, a housing coupled to the nozzle and defining a first cavity therein, the first cavity being in fluid communication with the drop cavity and adapted to hold medicament for release into an eye, and a piston member supported by the housing and moveable within the drop cavity under the force applied by a user, the downward stroke of the piston member displacing a substantially predetermined volume of medicament within the drop cavity through the nozzle orifice and into an eye, the return stroke of the piston member permitting medicament to flow from the first cavity into the drop cavity, characterised in that the piston member or a surface defining the drop cavity include at least one axially elongated groove for permitting air within the drop cavity to pass into the first cavity on the downward stroke of the piston member to expel air from the medicament released into the eye, the at least one axially elongated groove formed in part of the piston member or in part of the surface of said drop cavity such that the air flows through the at least one axially elongated groove until the at least one axially elongated groove is contained within the said drop cavity or until the piston member is depressed past the axially elongated groove formed in the surface of the drop cavity, whereupon during the remainder of the downward stroke of said piston member, the medicament in said drop cavity is displaced through the release orifice. One advantage of the ocular treatment apparatus of the present invention over known devices is that the apparatus displaces a substantially predetermined volume of medicament for release into the eye. Each time the apparatus is employed, a single drop of medicament, having a substantially predetermined volume, may be released into the eye. The apparatus of the invention may also be employed to contain two separate medicament solutions. Both solutions are contained separately within the apparatus. The separate solutions can then be mixed within the apparatus into one homogeneous medicament solution, immediately prior to releasing drops of medicament into the eye, without requiring the user to measure and/or pour one solution into the other. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent in view of the following detailed description of a number of specific embodiments of the invention reference being made to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of an ocular treatment apparatus embodying the invention. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a second embodiment of an ocular treatment apparatus embodying the invention. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of an ocular treatment apparatus embodying the invention. Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of an ocular treatment apparatus embodying the invention for use preferably with medicaments that require mixing of two separate solutions or compounds prior to use. Figure 5 is a bottom cross-sectional view of part of the ocular treatment apparatus of Figure 4 taken along the line A-A. Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view of the ocular treatment apparatus of Figure 4, illustrating the operation of the apparatus when mixing two separate solutions of medicament contained within the apparatus. Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the ocular treatment apparatus of Figure 4, illustrating the apparatus after two separate solutions contained within the apparatus are mixed into one homogeneous solution of medicament. Figure 8 is a magnified view of a portion of the ocular treatment apparatus of Figure 7, illustrating the inner cavity of the apparatus pierced in order to permit the two solutions of medicament to be mixed. In Figure 1 an ocular treatment apparatus embodying the invention is generally indicated by the reference numeral 10. The ocular apparatus 10 generally includes a nozzle member 12, a body 14, and a cap 16. These components are preferably molded from a suitable plastic, such as low density polyethylene. The body 14 of the apparatus defines an open end 18, an annular shaped end 20, and an exterior wall 22 having a substantially cylindrical interior surface 24. A lobe 26 of the body is formed adjacent the edge of the open end 18 on the interior surface 24, for connecting the nozzle member 12 to the body 14, as will be described further below. The nozzle member 12 includes a substantially cylindrical surface 28 which, as shown in Figure 1, is dimensioned to slideably fit within the interior surface 24 of the body 14. The cylindrical surface 28 has formed therein a peripheral recess 30 dimensioned to receive the lobe 26 of the body 14. The nozzle member 12 further defines a cylindrical recess 31, formed within an exterior face of the nozzle member, and extending in the axial direction thereof a distance beyond the recess 30. A flange 32 of the nozzle member is formed adjacent the recess 30 and has an outer diameter larger than the diameter of the interior surface 24 of the body. The nozzle member 12 is connected to the body 14 by sliding the cylindrical surface 28 through the lobe 26 until the lobe 26 snaps into the recess 30. The lobe 26 and recess 30 form a substantially fluid tight seal between the nozzle member and the body. The recess 31 allows the surface 28 to flex inwardly to fit through the lobe 26. The flange 12 is seated against the open end 18 of the body and, thus, prevents the nozzle member 12 from being forced any further into the body 14. Because the body 14 and nozzle member 12 are made of flexible plastic material, they provide the flexibility required to be pressed and snapped together. When the nozzle member 12 and body 14 are assembled, they form a closed fluid cavity, indicated generally as 34, for holding medicament. The cavity 34 is preferably filled with medicament before the nozzle member 12 is assembled to the body 14. The nozzle member is then snapped into the body, as shown in Figure 1, forming a substantially fluid tight seal for holding the medicament. The nozzle member 12 further defines a nozzle orifice 36 extending through the nozzle member in its axial direction. A drop cavity 38 of the nozzle member, defined by a substantially cylindrical interior surface 40, and flat base surface 41, is in fluid communication with the nozzle orifice 36. As shown in Figure 1, the diameter of the nozzle orifice 36 increases in the axial direction of the nozzle member so as to flare open into the drop cavity 38. The flared opening in the nozzle orifice 36 induces the flow of medicament therethrough. The nozzle member 12 further defines a sloped surface 42 which slopes inwardly from the edge of the cylindrical surface 28 to the drop cavity 38. The slope of the surface 42 induces the flow of medicament into the drop cavity. The ocular apparatus 10 further includes displacement means for displacing a substantially predetermined volume of medicament through the nozzle orifice 36. The displacement means comprises a piston member indicated generally as 44. The piston member 44 is formed partly by an interior wall 46 of the body 14, extending inwardly from the annular end 20 of the body, and along a substantial portion of its axial length. The end of the wall 46 opposite the annular end 20 of the body is formed into a flat, closed end 48. As shown in Figure 1, the interior wall 46 thus defines an open cavity 50 within the body 14. The closed end 48 is formed into a piston head 52 having a substantially cylindrical surface 54 which, as shown in Figure 1, is dimensioned to be slideably engaged within the cylindrical surface 40 of the drop cavity 38. The piston head 52 preferably defines several axially elongated grooves, shown typically as 56, 56, formed within the cylindrical surface 54. Each groove 56, 56 extends upwardly from the base of the piston head and defines a closed end 57, 57. As shown in Figure 1, the annular end 20 of the body defines a wall 58 having a thinner cross section than either of the walls 22 or 46. The wall 58 flexes inwardly to permit the piston member 44 to be depressed toward the drop cavity 38. When the piston member is depressed, the piston head 52 is forced into the drop cavity to displace the medicament therein through the orifice 36 for release into the eye, as will be described further below. In Figure 1 the piston member 44 is shown partially depressed into the drop cavity 38. Before the piston member 44 is depressed, however, the base of the piston head 52 is normally located above the drop cavity 38 and adjacent the sloped surface 42. In this way, medicament fills the drop cavity 38 by flowing over the surface 42 and below the base of the piston head 52. When the piston member 44 is initially depressed, as shown in Figure 1, air within the drop cavity, and some medicament, is forced by the piston head 52 upwardly between the grooves 56, 56 and the cylindrical surface 40, and into the cavity 34. However, when the piston member 44 is depressed far enough so that the closed ends 57, 57 of the grooves are moved into the drop cavity, the medicament in the drop cavity cannot flow back into the cavity 34, but can only flow through the orifice 36 for release into the eye. As would be evident to one skilled in the art, the grooves 56, 56 could likewise be formed within the cylindrical surface 40 of the drop cavity 38 to serve the same purpose. Because the piston member 44 initially forces the air within the drop cavity back into the cavity 34, the apparatus 10, as opposed to known ocular apparatus, minimizes the risk of forcing any air bubbles into a drop of medicament. The displacement means of the invention thus accurately controls the volume of each drop of medicament, and the number of drops of medicament released from the ocular apparatus. Each time the apparatus is employed, a single drop of medicament may be released into the eye. The volume of each drop is controlled by appropriately dimensioning the drop cavity 38 and the piston member 44. Accordingly, the volume of each drop is equal to the volume of medicament contained within the drop cavity 38 below the piston head 52, when the piston head is depressed far enough so that the closed ends 57, 57 of the grooves are moved immediately below the opening of the drop cavity. Because it is desirable to have about a 20 microliter drop, as described above, this volume is preferably equal to about 20 microliters. In operating the apparatus 10, a person aims the nozzle orifice 36 toward the open eye and presses lightly on the annular end 20 with a finger, to depress the piston member 44. The base of the piston head 52 is then pressed against the bottom surface 41 of the drop cavity 38, and a 20 microliter drop of medicament is displaced through the orifice 36 for release into the eye. As can be seen, each time the piston member 44 is depressed only one 20 microliter drop of medicament is released. Thus, unlike other known devices, the apparatus of the invention releases a substantially predetermined volume of medicament. Moreover, because only a slight force is required to depress the piston member, even people with arthritic fingers can more accurately release a drop of medicament. When the downward pressure is released from the piston member 44, the tension in the wall 58, which is flexed inwardly when the piston member is depressed, pulls the wall 58 back into its initial shape and, thus, drives the piston head 52 upwardly to its normal position above the drop cavity 38. Medicament then flows from the cavity 34, beneath the piston head 52, and into the drop cavity 38 until the cavity becomes filled again. The surface tension and viscosity of the medicament, and the small diameter of the orifice 36, generally prevents the medicament from leaking through the orifice 36, unless it is forced through the orifice by the piston member 44. Another 20 microliter drop of medicament can then be released through the orifice 36 by depressing the piston member 44. As shown in Figure 1, the volume of the nozzle orifice 36 or, that is, the dead space, is relatively slight, especially in comparison to known ocumeter devices. Therefore, in the event that the nozzle orifice does become contaminated, only a small volume of medicament will contact the germs within the orifice. Accordingly, the risk of contaminating the rest of the medicament within the vial is reduced. Moreover, because the nozzle orifice is not formed within an extended tip as, for example, the tip of an ocumeter device or eyedropper, the user will likely not accidentally touch an infected conjunctiva with the nozzle and contaminate the apparatus. The cap 16 of the ocular apparatus 10 is provided to cover the nozzle orifice 36 when the apparatus is not in use. The cap 16 comprises a threaded portion 60 having formed therein threads 62, 62 which, as shown in Figure 1, are dimensioned to mate with threads 64, 64 formed on the outer surface of the body 14. The cap 16 further comprises a handle portion 66 provided to grip the cap and thread it onto the body 14. An interior wall 68 of the cap extends across the cap between the threaded portion 60 and handle portion 66. The center portion of the wall 68 is formed into a recessed surface 70, dimensioned to fit around the nozzle member 12 when the cap 16 is threaded onto the body 14. The cap 16 further includes a nipple 72 formed on the surface 70 on the axial center of the cap. The nipple 72 is dimensioned to fit into the orifice 36 of the nozzle member to block the flow of fluid therethrough. When the cap 16 is threaded onto the body 14, the nipple 72 of the cap is rotated into the orifice 36 and thus closes the orifice. The cap 16 therefore prevents any medicament from leaking from the orifice, or prevents any foreign particles from entering the nozzle orifice and contaminating the medicament within the apparatus. The apparatus 10 further includes several peripheral flanges 74, 74 formed on the exterior surface of the wall 22 and provided to mount the apparatus to other ocular devices for applying medicament into an eye. For example, other devices may be employed to properly orient the apparatus 10 over the eye and/or evert the lower eyelid when a drop of medicament is released into the eye. One such device is disclosed in a co-pending United States Patent Application No. 07/267,526, filed November 4, 1988 in the name of Daniel Py, entitled "Ocular Treatment Apparatus", which is a continuation-in-part of United States Patent Application No. 07/118,388, filed November 6, 1987, now United States Patent No. 4,792,334, issued December 20, 1988, which are both hereby expressly incorporated by reference as part of the present disclosure. The apparatus 10 may be used instead of the vial disclosed in the above-referenced co-pending application. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, the displacement member disclosed in that application is dimensioned to fit within the cavity 50 of the apparatus 10, to depress the piston member 44 and, in turn, release a single drop of medicament into the eye. One advantage of using the apparatus 10 with other such devices is that the nozzle of the apparatus 10 cannot come into contact with an infected conjunctiva because it is mounted within the device above the eye. Accordingly, the risk of contaminating the medicament within the apparatus is further reduced. Turning to Figure 2, another embodiment of the ocular treatment apparatus of the invention is generally indicated by the reference numeral 110. The apparatus 110 is substantially similar to the apparatus 10 described above in relation to Figure 1. Accordingly, the elements of the apparatus 110 are referenced with the same numbers as the like elements of the apparatus 10, except to include the prefix 1. For example, the body 14 of the apparatus 10 shown in Figure 1 is the same as the body 114 of the apparatus 110 shown in Figure 2. Likewise, because many of the elements of the apparatus 110 are the same as the corresponding elements of the apparatus 10, only those elements that are new or different will be hereinafter described. The apparatus 110 comprises a drop cavity 138 having a base 141. As shown in Figure 2, the base 141 is slanted with respect to the longitudinal axis of the apparatus. Likewise, the base of the piston head 152 is slanted at the same angle as the base 141 so that when the piston member 144 is fully depressed, the surfaces of the base 141 and piston head 152 completely engage. The slanted configuration of the piston head 152 and base 141 are provided generally for use with relatively viscous medicaments in order to induce the flow of such medicaments through the orifice 136. The apparatus 110 further comprises an accordion section 176, formed within the wall 122, and located between the peripheral flanges 174, 174. The accordion section 176 provides the body 114 with additional flexibility for depressing the piston member 144. The apparatus 110 also includes a cover 178 which is provided for holding the apparatus when releasing drops of medicament. The cover 178 comprises an open end 180, a closed end 182, and a generally cylindrical shaped wall 184. A first peripheral lobe 186 of the cover is formed adjacent the open end 180 on the interior surface of the wall 184. A second peripheral lobe 188 of the cover is also formed on the interior surface of the wall 184, between the first lobe 186 and closed end 182. The first and second peripheral lobes, 186 and 188, respectively, are provided to connect the cover 178 to the body 114. As shown in Figure 2, the first lobe 186 is snapped over the flange 174 of the body, and the second lobe 188 is, in turn, snapped into the space between the other flanges 174, 174. The apparatus 110 further includes a piston rod 190 which is mounted within the cover 178 to depress the piston member 144 and, thus, release drops of medicament from the apparatus. The piston rod 190 is dimensioned to fit through an opening 192 which, as shown in Figure 2, is formed in the axial center of the closed end 182 of the covers The piston rod 190 includes a button 194 on one end, and is abutted on its other end 196 against the surface 148 of the piston member. In the operation of the apparatus 110, the piston member 144 is depressed to release a substantially predetermined volume of medicament by pushing the button 194 toward the cover 178. The piston rod 190, in turn, drives the piston head 152 into the drop cavity 138 and against its base 141, and thus displaces the medicament within the drop cavity through the orifice 136. When the button 194 is released, the tension in the wall 158, which is bent inwardly when the piston member is depressed, and the spring force in the accordion section 176, which is compressed when the piston member is depressed, drives the piston member 144 upwardly into its initial position above the drop cavity 138. The button 194 may then be pressed into the cover 178 to release another drop of medicament. Turning to Figure 3, another embodiment of the ocular treatment apparatus of the invention is indicated generally by the reference numeral 210. The apparatus 210 comprises a body illustrated generally as 212. The body 212 comprises a closed end 214, an open end 216, and a generally cylindrical shaped wall 218. The body 212 also defines a cavity 220 for holding medicament, and a drop cavity 222 in fluid communication with the cavity 220. The drop cavity 222 is defined by a cylindrical shaped surface 224, and a flat base surface 226, both formed in the closed end 214 of the body. The body 212 also comprises a raised nozzle 228 formed on an exterior face of the closed end 214. The nozzle 228 defines a nozzle orifice 230 which is coaxial with the body 212. The nozzle orifice 230 is formed through a raised tip 232 of the nozzle and extends in the axial direction of the apparatus into the drop cavity 222. As shown in Figure 3, the nozzle orifice 230 flares open into the base 226 of the drop cavity in order to induce the flow of medicament into the nozzle orifice. The body 212 further defines a cylindrical shaped interior surface 234, extending from the open end 216 of the body, and along a substantial portion of its axial length. A sloped surface 236 of the body extends inwardly from the base of the surface 234 to the cylindrical surface 224 of the drop cavity. The slope of the surface 236 induces the flow of medicament from the cavity 220 into the drop cavity 222. The apparatus 210 further comprises a piston member illustrated generally as 238. The piston member 238 comprises a flange 240 having a peripheral surface 242 dimensioned, as shown in Figure 3, to be slideably engaged within the cylindrical surface 234 of the body. The piston member 238 further comprises a peripheral lobe 244 formed adjacent an edge of the surface 242. The lobe 244 is dimensioned to be received within a peripheral recess 246 formed within the cylindrical surface 234 of the body 212. The piston member 238 is connected to the body 212 by pressing the flange 240 into the open end 216 of the body, until the lobe 244 snaps into the peripheral recess 246. When the lobe 244 is seated within the recess 246, the lobe forms a substantially fluid tight seal between the piston member 238 and the body 212. The piston member 238 further comprises a substantially cylindrical wall 248, coaxial with the apparatus 210, and extending inwardly from an opening 250 formed in the flange 240. The wall 248 defines on one end thereof a closed end 252, thus defining an open cavity 253 within the wall 248. The closed end 252 of the piston member is formed into a piston head 254, having a substantially cylindrical shaped side surface 256, and flat bottom surface 258. The surface 256 is dimensioned, as shown in Figure 3, to be slideably engaged within the wall 224 of the drop cavity 222. The piston member further defines several elongated grooves 260, 260 formed within the surface 256, and extending inwardly from the top surface 258 of the piston head. Each groove 260, 260 extends in the axial direction of the piston head and defines a closed end 262, 262. The piston member 238 further comprises an accordion section 264 formed within the wall 248. The accordion section allows the piston member 238 to be moved relative to the body 212 in the axial direction of the apparatus, so that the piston head 254 can be slideably engaged within the drop cavity 222. As can be seen, because the accordion section 264 deforms upon movement of the piston member 238, the overall volume of the cavity 220 and drop cavity 222 does not change when the piston member is depressed. Accordingly, there is no noticeable change in pressure within the cavity 220 when the piston member 238 is depressed. The apparatus 210 further comprises a cap 266 which may be threadedly engaged with the body 212 to cover the nozzle orifice 230. The cap 266 may be the same as the caps 16 and 116 described above in relation to the previous embodiments. In the operation of the apparatus 210, a substantially predetermined volume of medicament is released from the apparatus by depressing the piston member 238 so that the piston head 254 is pressed into the drop cavity 222. The piston member 238 may be depressed by employing, for example, a cover and piston rod (not shown) as described above in relation to the previous embodiment and illustrated in Figure 2. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, the piston rod is dimensioned to fit within the cavity 253, so that the end of the piston rod can be abutted against the surface 252 for depressing the piston member 238. When the surface 258 of the piston head engages the bottom surface 226 of the drop cavity, a single drop of medicament is displaced through the nozzle orifice 230 for release into the eye. The volume of each drop of medicament is substantially equal to the volume of the drop cavity 222 below the piston head 254, when the piston head is depressed far enough so that the closed ends 262, 262 of the grooves are located immediately below the opening into the drop cavity. This volume is preferably equal to about 20 microliters. When the pressure is released from the piston member 238, the tension in the accordion section 264, which is stretched when the piston member is depressed, drives the piston head 254 upwardly into its normal position above the drop cavity. Turning to Figures 4 through 8, another embodiment of the ocular treatment apparatus of the invention is indicated generally by the reference numeral 310. The apparatus 310 is provided preferably for use with medicaments that require two separate solutions to be mixed into one homogeneous solution prior to application of the medicament into the eye. The apparatus 310 comprises generally an outer shell 312 and an inner shell 314. The outer shell 312 comprises a cylindrical shaped wall 316, a nozzle 318, and a generally cylindrical shaped accordion section 320. The inner shell 314 comprises a closed end 322 having a peripheral flange 324 which is curved inwardly in the axial direction of the apparatus. One end of the accordion section 320 is joined to the wall 316 of the outer shell by means of a fluid tight peripheral joint 326. The other end of the accordion section 320 is joined to the flange 324 of the inner shell by means of a fluid tight peripheral joint 328. The joints 326 and 328 are formed in a manner known to those skilled in the art, such as by ultrasonic welding. The accordion section 320 thus permits the inner shell 314 to be depressed relative to the outer shell 312 in the axial direction of the apparatus, as will be described further below. As shown in Figure 4, the outer shell 312 and the inner shell 314 define therebetween a first fluid cavity 330 for holding a first solution of medicament, indicated as A . The inner shell 314 further comprises a generally cylindrical shaped wall 332 extending inwardly from the closed end 322 and in the axial direction of the apparatus. The wall 332 is dimensioned, as shown in Figure 4, to fit within the wall 316 of the outer shell 312. The other end of the wall 332 is formed into an annular edge 334. The annular edge 334 is, in turn, joined to the outer peripheral edge of a wall 336 of the inner shell, as shown best in Figure 5. The wall 336 defines four thin-walled sections 338, 338, equally spaced within the wall 336, and which may be broken to permit the flow of medicament therethrough, as will be described further below. The inner peripheral edge of the wall 336 is joined to a piston head, indicated generally as 340, of the inner shell. The piston head 340 is defined by a generally cylindrical shaped side wall 342, coaxial with the apparatus, and a sloped bottom wall 344. As shown in Figure 4, the wall 344 slopes upwardly from the axial center of the piston head. The piston head further comprises a flange 346, formed along the upper edge of the wall 342, and joined to the inner edge of the wall 336. The piston head also preferably defines several axially elongated grooves, shown typically as 347, 347, defined within the outer surface of the cylindrical shaped wall 342. Each groove 347, 347 extends upwardly from the corner of the bottom wall 344 and defines a closed end 348, 348. As shown in Figure 4, the inner shell 314 defines within the cylindrical wall 332 a second fluid cavity 349, isolated from the first cavity 330, for holding a second solution of medicament, indicated as B . The nozzle 318 of the outer shell defines a raised tip 350 having a nozzle orifice 352 formed therethrough and coaxial with the apparatus. The nozzle orifice 352 extends through a top wall 354 of the nozzle, and is in fluid communication with a drop cavity 356. The drop cavity 356 is defined by the top wall 354, and a generally cylindrical shaped side wall 358 of the nozzle. The drop cavity 356 is, in turn, in fluid communication with the first fluid cavity 330. As shown in Figure 4, the top wall 354 of the nozzle slopes upwardly from the axial center of the nozzle at substantially the same angle as the wall 344 of the piston head. Likewise, the inner diameter of the wall 358 of the nozzle is dimensioned slightly larger than the outer diameter of the wall 342 of the piston head, so that the piston head may be slideably engaged within the drop cavity 356. The outer shell 312 further comprises four pins 360, 360, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, extending inwardly from the wall 316 of the outer shell and in the axial direction of the apparatus. The pins 360, 360 are equally spaced adjacent the edge of the drop cavity 356 and each are located, respectively, below one of the thin-walled sections 338, 338 of the inner shell. Each pin 360 defines a pointed tip 362, and a lip 364 extending inwardly from an interior side thereof. As shown in Figure 4, the distance between each opposing pair of tips 362, 362 is slightly greater than the outer diameter of the flange 346 of the piston head. However, the distance between the lips 364, 364 of the pins is slightly less than the outer diameter of the flange 346. In operating the apparatus 310 to mix the separate solutions of medicament A and B , the inner shell 314 is moved inwardly so that the piston head 340 is depressed toward the drop cavity 356. As the piston head is depressed, the flange 346 of the piston head engages the interior surface of each pin 360, 360. As the piston head is further depressed, the tips 362, 362 of the pins each engage and break the respective thin-walled sections 338, 338 of the inner shell, as shown in Figure 6. Then, as the piston head 340 is further depressed, the pins 360, 360 further tear open the thin-walled sections 338, 338. The medicament A within the first cavity 330 then flows through the broken sections 338, 338 and mixes with the medicament B within the second cavity 349, as indicated by the arrows shown in Figure 6. The mixture of the medicaments A and B forms a homogeneous medicament, indicated as C . Upon breaking the thin-walled sections 338, 338, as the piston head 340 is further depressed, the flange 346 is slideably engaged against the pins 360, 360 so as to bend the pins outwardly. However, when the flange 346 is pressed through the lips 364, 364, the pins 360, 360 flex back toward their initial position so that the lips are positioned beneath the flange 346 of the piston head, as shown in Figures 7 and 8. The lips 364, 364 of each pin 360, 360 then retain the piston head 340 within the pins, so that the piston head cannot be driven back to its initial position above the pins. The user may then shake the apparatus 310 to allow the first and second solutions of medicament to completely mix into one homogeneous medicament C , as shown in Figure 7. One feature of the invention is that the second fluid tight cavity 349 may be evacuated to a subatmospheric pressure after it is filled with the second medicament B . Accordingly, when the thin-walled sections 338, 338 are pierced by the pins 360,360, the pressure differential between the first cavity 330 and second cavity 349, causes the first medicament A to be sucked into the cavity 349 and to mix with the second medicament B . The user, therefore, is not required to thoroughly shake the apparatus to mix the two solutions of medicament, but rather, the pressure differential between the first and second cavities alone forces the medicaments to mix into one homogeneous medicament C . After mixing the homogenous medicament C , the user may then release a substantially predetermined volume of medicament into the eye. The user simply aims the nozzle tip 350 over the eye and presses the inner shell 314 toward the nozzle, as indicated by the arrow shown in Figure 6. The piston head 340 of the inner shell is then slideably depressed into the drop cavity 356 and, in turn, displaces the medicament C within the drop cavity through the nozzle orifice 352, for release in the eye. The grooves 348, 348 of the piston head permit any excess medicament or air within the drop cavity 356 to flow upwardly into the cavity 330 and not into the drop of medicament. The volume of each drop is controlled by appropriately dimensioning the drop cavity 356 and piston head 340. Accordingly, the volume of a drop is substantially equal to the volume of space within the drop cavity, when the piston head 340 is depressed far enough so that the closed ends 348, 348 of the grooves 347, 347 of the piston head are moved immediately below the opening of the drop cavity 356. This volume is preferably equal to about 20 microliters. When the user releases the pressure from the inner shell 314, the spring force in the accordion section 320, which is compressed when the inner shell is depressed, drives the piston head 340 upwardly until it is stopped against the lips 364, 364 of the pins 360, 360. As can be seen, the stroke of the piston head 340 is constant and is limited by the lips 364, 364 of the pins. The medicament within the cavity 330 then flows beneath the piston head and fills the drop cavity 356. The inner shell 314 may then be depressed to release another drop of medicament. The apparatus 310 further comprises a cap 366 having a closed end 368, and a cylindrical shaped side wall 370. The side wall 370 has formed on its interior surface threads 372, 372, which, as shown in Figure 4, are dimensioned to mate with threads 374, 374 formed on the exterior surface of the wall 358 of the nozzle. The cap 366 further comprises a nipple 376, formed on the axial center of the interior surface of the closed end 368. When the cap 366 is threaded onto the nozzle, the nipple 376 is rotated over the nozzle orifice 352 and closes the orifice, and thus prevents any medicament from leaking therefrom. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, the apparatus 310 may be employed with other ocular apparatus, that may properly orient the apparatus 310 over the eye and/or evert the lower eyelid when a drop of medicament is released into the eye. Accordingly, the apparatus 310 may be further provided with flanges (not shown) similar to the flanges 74, 74 described above in relation to Figure 1, or other such means for mounting the apparatus 310 within other ocular apparatus.

Claims: An ocular treatment apparatus (10,310) for applying medicament into an eye, said apparatus comprising a vial defining a drop cavity (38,356) and a first cavity (34,330), said drop cavity (38,356) being in fluid communication with said first cavity (34,330) for receiving a predetermined volume of medicament therefrom, said vial having formed therein an orifice (36,352) in fluid communication with said drop cavity (38,356) for releasing a substantially predetermined volume of medicament therefrom and a piston member (44,238), said piston member (44,238) being moveable within said drop cavity (38,356) for displacing a substantially predetermined volume of medicament from said drop cavity (38,356) through said orifice (36,352) and into the eye, characterised in that the piston member (44,238) or a surface (40,358) defining the drop cavity (38,356) include at least one axially elongated groove (56,347) for removing air from the medicament released from the drop cavity (38,356) into the eye, the at least one axially elongated groove (56,347) formed in part of the piston member (44,238) or in part of the surface (40) of the drop cavity such that the air flows through the at least one axially elongated groove until the at least one axially elongated groove is contained within the said drop cavity (38) or until the piston member (44) is depressed past the axially elongated groove (56,347) formed in the surface of the drop cavity (38), whereupon during the remainder of the downward stroke of said piston member, the medicament in said drop cavity is displaced through the release orifice (36,352). An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that said vial comprises an exterior wall having a generally cylindrical surface (24) and an interior wall (46) having a generally cylindrical surface, said interior wall (46) extending within said exterior wall (22) from a closed end (20) of said vial, said exterior wall (22) and said interior wall (46) defining said first cavity (34) therebetween, the other end of said interior wall (46) defining a closed end (48), said closed end (48) of said interior wall (46) being joined to said piston member (44), said interior wall (46) being moveable relative to said exterior wall (22) for depressing said piston member (44) to displace medicament through said orifice (36) for release into the eye. An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2, characterised in that during the downward stroke of said piston member (44) air and medicament is forced from said drop cavity (38), through said at least one axially elongated groove (56), and into said first cavity (34) to adjust the amount of medicament to the predetermined volume, which is determined by the length of the axially elongated groove (56) and the dimensions of the drop cavity (38). An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 3, characterised in that said at least one axially elongated groove (56) is formed by an indentation in a surface (54) of said piston member (44), such that during the downward stroke of said piston member (44), air and medicament is permitted to flow through said at least one axially elongated groove (56) until said indentation is contained within said drop cavity (38), whereupon during the remainder of the downward stroke of said piston member (44), the medicament in said drop cavity (38) is displaced through said orifice (36). An ocular treatment apparatus (10) for applying medicament into an eye, comprising a nozzle (12) defining an orifice (36) therein and a drop cavity (38) in fluid communication with the orifice (36), the drop cavity (38) being adapted to receive a predetermined volume of medicament for release through the orifice (36) into an eye, a housing (14) coupled to the nozzle (12) and defining a first cavity (34) therein, the first cavity (34) being in fluid communication with the drop cavity (38) and adapted to hold medicament for release into an eye, and a piston member (44) supported by the housing (14) and moveable within the drop cavity (38) under the force applied by a user, the downward stroke of the piston member (44) displacing a substantially predetermined volume of medicament within the drop cavity (38) through the nozzle orifice (36) and into an eye, the return stroke of the piston member (44) permitting medicament to flow from the first cavity (34) into the drop cavity (38), characterised in that the piston member (44) or a surface (40) defining the drop cavity (38) include at least one axially elongated groove (56) for permitting air within the drop cavity (38) to pass into the first cavity (34) on the downward stroke of the piston member (44) to expel air from the medicament released into the eye, the at least one axially elongated groove formed in part of the piston member (44) or in part of the surface (40) of said drop cavity such that the air flows through the at least one axially elongated groove until the at least one axially elongated groove is contained within the said drop cavity (38) or until the piston member (44) is depressed past the axially elongated groove (56) formed in the surface of the drop cavity (38), whereupon during the remainder of the downward stroke of said piston member, the medicament in said drop cavity is displaced through the release orifice (36). An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 5, characterised in that the housing (14) defines an exterior wall (22) having a generally cylindrical surface and an interior wall having a generally cylindrical surface (24), and an interior wall (46) having a generally cylindrical surface, the interior wall (46) extending within the exterior wall (22) from one end (20) thereof, said exterior wall (22) and said interior wall (46) defining said first cavity (34) therebetween, the other end of the interior wall (46) defining a closed end (48), the closed end (48) being formed into the piston member (44), the piston member (44) thus being moveable within the drop cavity (38) for displacing medicament therein through the nozzle orifice (36) for release into the eye. An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 5 or Claim 6, characterised in that the volume of the drop cavity (38) below the piston member (44), when the piston member (44) is initially engaged within the cavity (38), is substantially equal to the volume of medicament displaced through the nozzle orifice (36) for release into the eye. An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in any of Claim 5 to 7, characterised in that the piston member (44) displaces a single drop of medicament on each downward stroke thereof, through the nozzle orifice (36), for release into the eye. An ocular treatment apparatus as defined in any of Claims 5 to 8, characterised in that said at least one axially elongated groove (56) is formed in the piston member (44) and during the downward stroke of said piston member (44) air and medicament is forced from said drop cavity (38), through said at least one axially elongated groove (56), and into said first cavity (34) to adjust the amount of medicament to the predetermined volume, which is determined by the length of the axially elongated groove (56) and the dimensions of the drop cavity (38). An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 5 to 8, characterised in that the at least one axially elongated groove (56) is dimensioned so that during the beginning of the downward stroke of the piston member (44) air and medicament is permitted to flow therethrough from the drop cavity (38) into the first cavity (34) until the at least one axially elongated groove (56) is contained within the drop cavity (38), whereupon during the remainder of the downward stroke of the piston member (44) the remaining medicament in the drop cavity (38) is displaced through the orifice (36). An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 5, characterised in that the housing (14) includes a first wall (22) coupled to the nozzle (12), and a second wall (46) coupled to the first wall (22) by a flexible portion, the first (22) and second (46) walls defining the first cavity (34) therebetween, the piston member (44) being coupled to the second wall (46) and supported therefrom, the flexible portion permitting the second wall (46) to move relative to the first wall (22) to, in turn, permit the piston member (44) to move within the drop cavity (38) to displace medicament therefrom. An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 further characterised in that said vial also defines a second cavity (49) containing a second medicament and means for controllably placing said first cavity (30) in fluid communication with said second cavity (49) for mixing the first and second medicaments into a mixed medicament. An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 12 further characterised in that said vial comprises an exterior wall (316) having a generally cylindrical surface and an interior wall (332) having a generally cylindrical surface, said interior wall (332) extending within said exterior wall (316) from a closed end (322) of said vial and forming a piston head (340) at an end opposite said closed end (322), said exterior wall (316) and said interior wall (332) defining said first cavity (330) therebetween, said interior wall defining said second cavity (349), said piston head (340) being coupled to said interior wall (332), said interior wall (332) being movable relative to said exterior wall (316) for depressing said piston head (340) to displace mixed medicament through said orifice (352) for release into the eye. An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in Claim 13 further characterised in that said means for controllably placing said second (349) and first (330) cavities in fluid communication comprises at least one pin member (360) protruding inwardly from an interior surface of said exterior wall (316) such that when said interior wall (332) is depressed relative to said exterior wall (316), said pin member (360) pierces a thin walled section (338) separating said second (349) and first (330) cavities thus placing said second (349) and first (330) cavities in fluid communication for mixing said first and second medicaments to a mixed medicament. An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 12 to 14 further characterised in that said second cavity (349) for holding the first medicament is evacuated to a sub-atmospheric pressure to facilitate the mixing of the first and second medicaments by said means for controllably placing said second (349) and first (330) cavities in fluid communication with each other. An ocular treatment apparatus as claimed in any of Claims 12 to 15 further characterised in that said at least one axially elongated groove (347) is formed by an indentation in a surface of said piston head (340), such that during the downward stroke of said piston head (340), air and medicament is permitted to flow through said at least one axially elongated groove (347) until said indentation is contained within said drop cavity (356), whereupon during the remainder of the downward stroke of said piston head (340), the medicament in said drop cavity (356) is displaced through said orifice (352).

Inventors: PY DANIEL, PY, DANIEL
Applicants: PY DANIEL C, PY, DANIEL
Application year: 1990
Main classification: A61F9
IPC codes: A61J1, B65D25, B65D81, A61F9, A61M11