Lightwave component analyzer

Abstract: A lightwave component analyzer comprising at least an internal optical receiver and preferably also comprising an internal optical source which are selectively connectable by switches configurable by means of an internal or an external instrument controller for calibration and performance of electro-optical, opto-electrical, and optical measurements. The switches are arranged in a switch matrix. The configurable switch matrix is connected by the instrument controller in response to selection of a measurement by a user to facilitate calibration of, and test measurements of devices under test with, the lightwave component analyzer.

Description: Background of the Invention This invention relates to electronic test instruments and, more particularly, to electronic instrumentation for signal measurements during tests performed on electrical, electro-optical, opto-electrical, and/or optical systems, subsystems, and associated components. Specifically, the invention is directed to an integrated electronic test instrument for accurately performing these tests, including methods for calibrating, and measuring with, such an instrument. One embodiment of the invention provides a lightwave component analyzer having at least an internal optical receiver and preferably also having an internal optical source which are selectively connectable by switches configurable by means of an internal or an external instrument controller for calibration and performance of at least electro-optical, opto-electrical, and optical measurements. The switches are arranged in a switch matrix. The configurable switch matrix is connected by the instrument controller in response to selection of a measurement by a user to facilitate calibration of, and measurements with, the lightwave component analyzer. An exemplary use of the invention is in the field of optical and electrical signal measurements in connection with fiber optic systems. With higher bit rates and wider-band modulations becoming prevalent in fiber optic systems, the designers and manufacturers of these systems, as well as subsystems and associated components, need to be able to characterize performance at increasingly higher modulation rates. Some new fiber optic systems now operate at speeds of one GBPS and higher, which are equivalent to RF and low microwave frequencies. Various test systems have been developed to meet these measurement needs. One such test system is the HP 8702A lightwave component measurement system produced by Hewlett-Packard Company, Network Measurements Division, Santa Rosa, California. (See EP-A-0 326 309, which is an Art. 54(3,) EPC document). This system comprises an internal electrical source incorporated into an analyzer for performing electrical calibration and measurements, but the system comprises a discrete optical source and a discrete optical receiver for performing electro-optical (E/O), opto-electrical (O/E), and optical calibration and measurements. This system has the significant advantage that it incorporates a technique for calibrating the test system for performing the desired signal measurements by calibrating the optical source and receiver (or electro-optical and opto-electrical converters) in terms of their modulation (or demodulation) transfer characteristics. However, this system requires the user to manually connect and disconnect the discrete elements of the test system in particular calibration and measurement configurations for performing desired calibrations and measurements (other than strictly electrical calibrations and measurements), which complicates operation and requires familiarity with the system on the part of the user or a high initial level of user expertise. This has resulted in reduced throughput during testing. Summary of the Invention The present invention provides in various embodiments an integrated lightwave component analyzer for calibrated absolute and relative measurements of modulation and/or demodulation transfer characteristics of electro-optical (E/O), opto-electrical (O/E), and optical devices and for measuring the responses of fiber optic systems, subsystems, and associated components for characterizing their performance. Accordingly, the lightwave component analyzer can measure modulation (demodulation) bandwidth, modulation (demodulation) transfer functions, loss, delay, dispersion, length, and reflections of fiber optic system components, such as lasers, optical receivers, modulators, demodulators, optical fiber cable, and fiber components, based on frequency domain measurements, with improved accuracy and ease. An embodiment of the lightwave component analyzer in accordance with the invention comprises an internal optical source and an internal optical receiver. A switch matrix is incorporated into the lightwave component analyzer together with the optical source and receiver for providing the appropriate connections of the optical source and receiver circuits for calibrating the lightwave component analyzer and measuring E/O, O/E, and optical devices, and, preferably, electrical devices, with ease. The switch matrix is preferably configurable by means of an internal instrument controller. Alternatively, an external instrument controller can be utilized. The integrated character of the lightwave component analyzer provides many advantages over a non-integrated system, such as the HP 8702A lightwave component measurement system. The chief advantages are improved accuracy, repeatability, and ease of use. Convenience is realized in factory calibration, field service calibration, user calibration, and in actual measurements. Brief Description of the Drawings The above and other features of the invention and the concomitant advantages will be better understood and appreciated by persons skilled in the field to which the invention pertains in view of the following description given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings: Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a lightwave component analyzer in accordance with one embodiment of the invention having an internal optical source and an internal optical receiver and incorporating a switch matrix configurable by means of an internal instrument controller for performing calibration and test measurements; Fig. 2, comprising Figs. 2A-2C, is a schematic diagram of the lightwave component analyzer shown in Fig. 1 illustrating the internal optical source and receiver and configurable switch matrix; Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a lightwave component analyzer in accordance with another embodiment of the invention having an internal optical source and an internal optical receiver and incorporating a switch matrix configurable by means of an external instrument controller for performing calibration and test measurements; Fig. 4 is an interconnection diagram for Figs. 4A-4O and 4Q comprising a shematic diagram of the lightwave component analyzer shown in Fig. 3 illustrating the internal optical source and receiver and configurable switch matrix; Fig. 5 is a table illustrating the appropriate positions of the switches shown in Figs. 2 and 4 for performing electro-optical (E/O), opto-electrical (O/E), and/or optical (O/O), as well as electrical (E/E), test measurements; Fig. 6, comprising Figs. 6A-6D, illustrates connections of devices for E/O, O/E, O/O, and E/E test measurements with the lightwave component analyzers shown in Figs. 1 and 3; Fig. 7 is a simplified block diagram for measurements on an E/O device with the lightwave component analyzers shown in Figs. 1 and 3; Fig. 8 illustrates data from an exemplary E/O device measurement in accordance with Fig. 7; Fig. 9 is a simplified block diagram for measurements on an O/E device with the lightwave component analyzers shown in Figs. 1 and 3; Fig. 10 illustrates data from an exemplary O/E device measurement in accordance with Fig. 9; Fig. 11 is a simplified block diagram for transmission measurements on an optical device with the lightwave component analyzers shown in Figs. 1 and 3; Fig. 12 illustrates data from an exemplary optical device transmission measurement in accordance with Fig. 11; Fig. 13 is a simplified block diagram for reflection measurements on an optical device with the lightwave component analyzers shown in Figs. 1 and 3; and Fig. 14 illustrates data from an exemplary reflection measurement in accordance with Fig. 13. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Fig. 1 shows one embodiment of an integrated lightwave component analyzer, generally indicated by the numeral 10. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the lightwave component analyzer 10 comprises an optical, or lightwave, test set 12 having an internal optical, or lightwave, receiver 16 and preferably having an internal optical, or lightwave, source 14. The lightwave test set 12 also preferably comprises optical, or lightwave, test ports 12₁ and 12₂. All of the elements of the lightwave component analyzer 10, including the lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16, are extensively characterized so that high levels of precision in lightwave measurements are achieved when the lightwave component analyzer is calibrated. Preferably, the lightwave component analyzer 10 also comprises an electrical test set 18 for electrical measurements. The electrical test set 18 also preferably comprises electrical test ports 18₁ and 18₂. The lightwave component analyzer 10 preferably comprises essentially a 20 GHz vector network analyzer, for example, an HP 8720A vector network analyzer available from Hewlett-Packard Company, Network Measurements Division, Santa Rosa, California, specifically tailored for lightwave measurements. An optical source (the lightwave source 14) and receiver (the lightwave receiver 16) are incorporated into the vector network analyzer by expanding an extant electrical test set (the electrical test set 18) to incorporate an optical test set (the lightwave test set 12) having optical test ports (the lightwave test ports 12₁ and 12₂) and preferably housing the optical source and receiver. Accordingly, the lightwave component analyzer 10 preferably includes both the electrical test set 18 and the lightwave test set 12 so that electrical, E/O, O/E, and optical calibrations and test measurements can be performed. The electro-optical characteristics of the lightwave source 14 and the opto-electrical characteristics of the lightwave receiver 16 in a test setup have to be sensitive, stable, and repeatable. Also, their modulation bandwidths need to be wider than that of a device under test (DUT) connected to the lightwave test port(s) 12₁ and 12₂ and/or the electrical test port(s) 18₁ and 18₂. Most of the HP 8720A vector network analyzer is leveraged and reused for the analyzer and information processing portion, as well as the microwave electrical test set portion, of the lightwave component analyzer 10. Conversely, the lightwave test set 12 is entirely new to the lightwave component analyzer 10. The lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16 incorporated into the lightwave test set 12 preferably have the following performance characteristics. The lightwave source 14 provides an optical modulation signal source which preferably generates a high-stability, 1 Hz-resolution synthesized signal that can be swept from 130 MHz to 20 GHz. As shown in Fig. 2, the lightwave source 14 preferably comprises a laser operating at 1300 nm followed by an optical isolator, a polarization controller, and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer optical modulator. The optical modulator is driven by a high power microwave signal. A modulation source in the HP 8720A vector network analyzer provides 130 MHz to 20 GHz signals to the RF port of the optical modulator to modulate the lightwave source 14. The lightwave source 14 is preferably calibrated at the factory and in the field using an approach known as the two-tone technique. This technique is described in a poster paper by Roger Jungerman shown at OFC in New Orleans, Louisiana, during January, 1988. The two-tone technique takes advantage of the inherent nonlinearity in the transfer characteristic of the optical modulator. Two closely-spaced RF frequencies are applied to the RF port of the optical modulator. The optical beam carries a modulation component at the difference frequency. As the pair of frequencies is swept over the range of the optical modulator, the beat frequency amplitude traces out the frequency response of the modulator. Modulation bandwidth of the lightwave source 14 is greater than 20 GHz, with better than +/-3 dB flatness. The intensity-modulated light signal from the lightwave source 14 is applied to either lightwave test port 12₁ and 12₂ of the lightwave test set 12 for calibration of the lightwave component analyzer 10 or to the lightwave test port 12₁ for a test measurement of a DUT. The lightwave receiver 16 is a high-stability, high-resolution precision receiver with 50 dB dynamic range which allows measurements over a wide dynamic range and enables the lightwave component analyzer 10 to operate with an optical sensitivity of -50 dBm. The lightwave receiver 16 operates with single-mode optical fiber cable. Its optical detector is preferably a PIN photodiode. The lightwave receiver 16 has a modulation bandwidth that preferably extends to 20 GHz, with +/-3 dB flatness to 10 GHz, rolling off to -12 dB at 20 GHz. Minimum detectable optical signal (for modulations up to 20 GHz) is -50 dBm, and the typical optical dynamic range exceeds 40 dB. The 20 GHz modulation bandwidths of the lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16 provide ample margin for typical test measurements on a DUT. The lightwave receiver 16 demodulates the modulated optical signal for processing in the lightwave component analyzer 10. The transmission and reflection characteristics of a DUT are then displayed, preferably on a cathode ray tube (CRT) 20 included in the lightwave component analyzer 10. The transmission and reflection data can be displayed either as a function of the RF modulation frequency or as a function of time or distance. Considered in more detail, calibration and test measurements for E/O, O/E, and optical devices in accordance with the invention involve switchably connecting the lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16 and the other portions of the lightwave component analyzer 10, as preferably shown in the schematic diagram of Fig. 2. As shown in Fig. 2, the lightwave component analyzer 10 preferably incorporates the lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16 together with a switch matrix in the lightwave component analyzer. The lightwave component analyzer 10 includes a modulation source 22 which generates a 130 MHz to 20 GHz electrical signal. The electrical signal is preferably input to a power splitter 24 which initially feeds a selected portion of the electrical signal generated by the modulation source 22 to an electro-optical (E/O) transducer in the form of the lightwave source 14. Another portion of the electrical signal generated by the modulation source 22 is fed as a reference signal to one input port of a sampler 26 included in a tuned vector receiver 28 incorporated into the lightwave component analyzer 10. The lightwave source 14 converts the electrical signal generated by the modulation source 22 to an optical signal. The optical signal produced by the lightwave source 14 is initially input to at least one opto-electrical (O/E) transducer in the form of the lightwave receiver 16 during calibration. After calibration, a DUT in the form of an opto-electrical fiber optic system, subsystem, or associated component can have its input(s) connected to the lightwave test port(s) 12₁ and 12₂ of the lightwave test set 12 at the output(s) of the lightwave source 14 and its output(s) connected to the electrical test port(s) 18₁ and 18₂ of the electrical test set 18 so that the DUT can be tested, as shown in Figs. 6B and 9. The lightwave receiver 16 reconverts the received optical signal to an electrical signal. The electrical signal produced by the lightwave receiver 16 is fed to another sampler 30 of the tuned vector receiver 28 during calibration. After calibration, a DUT in the form of an electro-optical fiber optic system, subsystem, or associated component can have its input(s) connected to the electrical test ports 18₁ and 18₂ of the electrical test set 18 and its output(s) connected to the lightwave test port(s) 12₁ and 12₂ of the lightwave test set 12 at the input(s) of the lightwave receiver 16 so that the DUT can be tested, as shown in Figs. 6A and 7. Optical calibrations and test measurements are performed by connections across the lightwave test ports 12₁ and 12₂ of the lightwave test set 12, as shown in Figs. 6C and 11. Optical reflection (one port optical) calibrations and test measurements are also performed by connections to the lightwave test ports 12₁ and 12₂ of the lightwave test set 12, as shown in Fig. 13. Ease of use is achieved by implementing in RF switching many of the interconnections that would otherwise typically be manually performed by a user in a non-integrated test system, such as the HP 8702A lightwave component measurement system. With the integrated approach implemented in the lightwave component analyzer 10, a user is able to measure an electrical (E/E), electro-optical (E/O), opto-electrical (O/E), or optical (O/O) device easily. The measurement procedure is simpler than when performing the measurement with a non-integrated test system. For example, in the case of electro-optical measurements, the number of steps needed to calibrate and measure an E/O device is eight steps versus fourteen steps for a non-integrated test system. There are several novel features of the hardware which distinguish the lightwave component analyzer 10 from both the HP 8720A vector network analyzer and the HP 8702A lightwave component measurement system. These features are the addition of a switch matrix comprising five additional RF switches in the electrical test set 18 and the lightwave test set 12 and the complete integration of the lightwave hardware into the lightwave component analyzer 10, preferably into the lightwave test set. The RF switches are preferably controlled through the normal user interface of the leveraged HP 8720A vector network analyzer and its resident microprocessor-based internal instrument controller in response to user selection of various calibration and test measurements. Considered in more detail, the differences that exist between the electrical test set 18 and the microwave test set in the HP 8720A vector network analyzer are as follows. RF switches S5, S6, and S7 are added. Also, a higher power microwave modulator and amplifier combination comprises the modulation source 22 to increase the RF power at port 1 to +10 dBm (from -10 dBm in the HP 8720A vector network analyzer). Furthermore, a new ALC circuit is added to interface with the new microwave modulator in the new modulator-amplifier combination. Additionally, the RF attenuator before the R channel input is increased to 40 dB to optimize the RF power into the R channel. As shown in Fig. 2, the optical source chain of the lightwave source 14 comprises a CW semiconductor Fabry-Perot laser followed by an optical isolator, a polarization controller, and a Mach-Zehnder optical modulator. The polarization controller is needed to apply linearly polarized light at the appropriate angle to the input of the optical modulator. The optical modulator is the device in the optical chain which superimposes the amplitude modulation envelope onto the CW laser light. The most important advantage of implementing the lightwave source 14 by means of an optical modulator instead of directly modulating the laser diode is that minimal fm chirp is generated with the optical modulator, which would otherwise occur when directly modulating a laser diode. The optical isolator is present to stabilize the lightwave source 14 from back-reflected light which can be caused by any reflection interface in the measurement configuration, i.e., the optical modulator, optical connector interfaces, and test devices including optical launches into photodiodes, laser chip launches into fiber, etc. An RF leveling loop is connected from the optical modulator to the microwave modulator-amplifier of the lightwave test set 12. The primary function of the RF leveling loop is to control the RF power drive into the optical modulator so that the modulated optical power is maximized and the modulation frequency response of the lightwave source 14 is optimally smooth. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the lightwave test set 12 preferably further comprises an additional optical, or lightwave, test port 12₃. Furthermore, the lightwave test set 12 further comprises an optical switch 32. If the optical switch 32 is positioned as shown in Fig. 2, the internal Fabry-Perot laser provides light to be modulated. If a user desires light of a different optical frequency to be modulated, however, the user merely actuates the optical switch 32 to the other position shown in Fig. 2 and connects the output of an external laser (not shown) to the lightwave test port 12₃. The utilization of the six RF switches (S4 through S9) allows the routing of the RF input and output signals appropriately so that measurements of electrical, electro-optical, opto-electrical, and optical devices can be performed by a user more repeatably and easily. The RF switches S4, S5, S6, and S7 preferably reside in the electrical test set 18 and multiplex the HP 8720A vector network analyzer functions between RF and lightwave measurements. The RF switches S8 and S9 preferably reside in the lightwave test set 12. The RF switch S9 provides a way to monitor the RF power throughput of the optical modulator and indirectly a way to predict the modulated optical power as a function of frequency. The use of the RF output port of the optical modulator to obtain this signal avoids the need for a power tap preceding the modulator, allowing full power to be applied to the modulator. The modulated RF signal is derived from the synthesized RF modulation source 22 through switch S5 in series with an attenuation pad and a modulator-amplifier in the lightwave test set 12 and through the RF switch S8 to the RF drive port of the optical modulator. Fig. 5 shows a table of RF switch settings for the lightwave component analyzer 10 configured to perform test measurements. The legend shown in Fig. 4Q facilitates an understanding of the connections which configure the switch matrix for performing these measurements. Fig. 5 shows the RF switch configurations when measuring each device type, i.e., electrical (E/E), electro-optical (E/O), opto-electrical (O/E), and optical (O/O). With the switch matrix, measurements (E/E, E/O, O/E, and O/O) can be performed more accurately, repeatably, and easily. If different samplers are available, either the input and/or the output can be sampled. Accordingly, two test measurements can be performed simultaneously. A significant advantage which is a consequence of the internal RF switches is better measurement repeatability than if the RF connections were preformed manually. The repeatability of manual RF connections and disconnections is on the order of a few tenths of a decibel, as opposed to a few hundredths of a decibel repeatability for RF switches. Measurements require less time, as the number of steps in the measurement process is decreased by 40%. In addition to fewer steps to perform a measurement, the calibration process is more intuitive and logical. Calibration requires the connection of an RF cable and lightwave cable. To perform the measurement of an E/O or O/E device, a user simply disconnects the appropriate end of the RF and lightwave cables and connects the DUT. By including features of a conventional S-parameter calibration, the user can reduce uncertainty caused by imperfect electrical port match. The process requires little technical knowledge of the operation of the lightwave component analyzer 10. Since the lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16 are integrated into the lightwave component analyzer 10, a unique calibration can be stored in the internal instrument memory. Accordingly, a user is allowed faster, more convenient, and easier calibrations and test measurements. Calibration in connection with strictly electrical measurements is performed as in the HP 8720A vector network analyzer. Calibration in connection with electro-optical (E/O), opto-electrical (O/E), and optical measurements involves the lightwave component analyzer 10, lightwave source 14, and lightwave receiver 16. When the lightwave component analyzer 10 is used to characterize an E/O, O/E, or optical device, an initial calibration reference is established based on the known characteristics of the lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16. Both the lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16 are earlier characterized in terms of their modulation (and demodulation) transfer characteristics (both absolute magnitude and phase) at the factory. The calibration data for accurate characterization of the lightwave source 14 and the lightwave receiver 16 are preferably measured at the time of construction or later maintenance and stored in EEPROMS in internal instrument memory. The lightwave component analyzer 10 incorporates firmware which can combine the calibration data arrays for use in subsequent measurements of fiber optic systems, subsystems, and associated component test measurements. A user calibration measurement is then performed on the lightwave component analyzer 10 including the lightwave source 14 and/or the lightwave receiver 16, as well as the associated electrical and/or optical connections provided by the RF switch matrix, and error correction data are produced in the internal instrument controller by combining the factory and user calibration data, and the error correction data are then stored in the lightwave component analyzer internal instrument memory. The modulation (or demodulation) transfer characteristics are preferably given in terms of the responsivity magnitude and phase versus modulation frequency. The internal instrument controller firmware of the lightwave component analyzer 10 incorporates coded instructions to perform the needed RF switch connections for the calibration process and while measuring the response characteristics of a DUT during desired test measurements. A calibration or measurement can be performed easily and quickly by user selection of the desired calibration or measurement by actuation of a hard or soft key on the normal user interface of the leveraged HP 8720A vector network analyzer. Another embodiment of a lightwave component analyzer, generally indicated by the numeral 10', is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The lightwave component analyzer 10' is similar to the lightwave component analyzer 10 shown in Figs. 1 and 2 in most respects. Like elements of the lightwave component analyzer 10' are assigned like numerals. The differences between the lightwave component analyzer 10' and the lightwave component analyzer 10 are as follows. With reference to Figs. 1 and 3, the lightwave component analyzer 10 shown in Fig. 1 comprises an internal instrument controller. In contrast, the lightwave component analyzer 10' shown in Fig. 3 comprises an external instrument controller which can be an HP Series 217 instrument controller which drives an HP 3488 switch controller to appropriately configure the RF switch matrix. Additionally, the lightwave component analyzer 10 shown in Fig. 1 comprises the lightwave test port 12₃. The lightwave component analyzer 10' shown in Fig. 3 does not. With reference to Figs. 2 and 4, the modulation amplifiers have a slightly different configuration in the lightwave component analyzer 10 and the lightwave component analyzer 10'. The lightwave component analyzer 10 shown in Fig. 2 comprises one attenuator between an optional second lightwave receiver and the RF switch S6 and another attenuator between the RF switch S7 and the sampler 30. The lightwave component analyzer 10' shown in Fig. 4 does not. The attenuator at the RF input from the electrical test set 18 to the lightwave test set 12 provides one of three attenuation values in the lightwave component analyzer 10 shown in Fig. 2, but a single value attenuator is utilized in the lightwave component analyzer 10' shown in Fig. 4. With reference to Figs. 2 and 4, the lightwave test set 12 of the lightwave component analyzer 10 shown in Fig. 2 comprises the lightwave test port 12₃ and the optical switch 32. The lightwave test set 12' of the lightwave component analyzer 10' shown in Fig. 4 does not. The optical isolator of the lightwave component analyzer 10 shown in Fig. 2 is between the Fabry-Perot laser and the polarization controller, whereas the optical isolator of the lightwave component analyzer 10' shown in Fig. 4 is between the Mach-Zehnder optical modulator and the lightwave test port 12₁. Finally, the lightwave component analyzer 10 shown in Fig. 2 comprises an attenuator between the RF detector and the power splitter in the lightwave test set 12. The lightwave component analyzer 10' shown in Fig. 4 does not. In the case of the lightwave component analyzer 10' shown in Figs. 3 and 4, the RF switches are controlled through an external instrument controller in the form of an off-board desk-top computer in response to keystrokes entered by a user in response to user selection of various calibration and test measurements. Factory calibration data can be resident on the disc for the HP Series 217 instrument controller. A user selects a user calibration by means of the keyboard of the HP Series 217 instrument controller which drives an HP 3488 switch controller to appropriately configure the RF switch matrix for the calibration. Next, the HP Series 217 instrument controller takes the user calibration data and combines this with the factory calibration data. Then it downloads the resultant error correction data to the internal instrument memory of the lightwave component analyzer 10'. These calibration data are entered into the lightwave component analyzer 10' through an HP-IB (Hewlett-Packard Company's implementation of the IEEE-488 instrument bus) rear panel connection. The lightwave component analyzer 10' can be controlled by the HP Series 217 instrument controller with a software routine. The HP Series 217 instrument controller downloads error correction information into the internal instrument memory for access by the HP 8720A vector network analyzer firmware. A user selects a test measurement by means of the keyboard of the HP Series 217 instrument controller which drives the HP 3488 switch controller to appropriately configure the switch matrix for the measurement. Other features of operation, such as display of data, as shown in Figs. 8, 10, 12, and 14 are accomplished through the HP 8720A vector network analyzer firmware. The HP Series 217 instrument controller software incorporates coded instructions to perform the needed RF switch connections for the calibration process and while measuring the response characteristics of a DUT during desired test measurements. A calibration or measurement can be performed easily and quickly by user selection of the desired calibration or measurement by actuation of a key on the keyboard of the HP Series 217 instrument controller. The lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' allows the measurement of the analog portion of the lightwave source 14 or 14' (transmitter) separately from the lightwave receiver 16, or visa versa. The measurements are fast and accurate, and the measurement process is convenient and easy to use. This provides the modulation/demodulation transfer measurement capability for assuring precise test measurements. A DUT can then be measured when it is connected to the test ports of the electrical test set 18 or 18' and/or the lightwave test set 12 or 12' in a given measurement setup. The lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' uses the error correction data when the electrical, E/O, O/E, or optical characteristics of the DUT are measured. The test measurements on a DUT initially require the user to select a measurement. Then, the characteristics of the DOT are measured. Finally, the lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' compensates the test measurements on the DUT using the error correction data. The lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' facilitates user calibration and measurements for E/O, O/E, and O Reflection (one port optical). Additionally, the firmware of the lightwave component analyzer 10 or the software of the HP Series 217 instrument controller of the lightwave component analyzer 10' will set up the RF switches for E/E, O/O, and E Reflection (one port electrical). The lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' measures modulation (demodulation) bandwidth, modulation (demodulation) transfer functions, loss, delay, dispersion, and reflections of fiber optic system components, such as modulators, demodulators, optical fiber cables, and fiber components, based on frequency domain measurements. For optical components (such as optical fiber cable, couplers, and connectors), the lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' can measure such parameters as modulation bandwidth, optical insertion loss, pulse dispersion, optical reflections, and length. Additionally, single and multiple reflections can be resolved in time and distance with very high resolution. This enables precise location of one or more discontinuities and measurement of optical fiber cable length. Insofar as optical measurements are concerned, typical optical components are optical fiber cable, modulators, and passive devices, such as switches, splitters, combiners, and attenuators. The input and output signals for testing these devices are light, and the key parameters measured are attenuation versus modulation frequency, modulation bandwidth, delay, modal pulse dispersion, location of discontinuities, and length. The dynamic range of optical measurements is typically greater than 40 dB. The two-event resolution of discontinuities measured in distance is less than 1 cm. Additionally, the modulation transfer characteristics of electro-optical (E/O) transmitters and opto-electrical (O/E) receivers can also be precisely measured. For example, the responsivity of a PIN diode or laser diode can be measured, not only at one modulation frequency, but also as a function of modulation frequency from 130 MHz to 20 GHz. Representative E/O devices are optical modulators and sources (such as laser diodes and LEDs). Examples of O/E devices are PIN or avalanche photodiode detectors in optical receivers. The key parameters for these devices are the same for both types, except that the independent and dependent variables are reversed; i.e., for E/O devices, optical power out is measured as a function of electrical (RF) drive, whereas RF power out as a function of optical drive is measured for O/E devices. Typical measurements for these devices are sensitivity (including the noise threshold/floor), as well as responsivity versus modulating frequency. Also, the lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' can test reflection performance of electrical and optical device ports. The RF (or electrical) elements of the fiber optic system under test can also be characterized utilizing the lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10'. Examples of RF devices are amplifiers, filters, and cables used in a fiber optic system. The RF measurements include bandwidth, insertion loss/gain, phase, group delay, and complex impedance. Electrical measurements can be performed on such RF components as amplifiers, filters, and cables, or a complete fiber optic repeater (comprising an optical transmitter, optical fiber cable, and optical receiver). Typical measurements include loss/gain versus modulation frequency, modulation bandwidth, modulation phase shift or phase delay, distortion (e.g., group delay or deviation from linear phase), complex impedance (magnitude and phase), and electrical length (including discontinuity location). For example, one set of calibrated measurements is opto-electrical device sensitivity (responsivity) versus modulation frequency and modulation bandwidth measurements. The RF switch matrix is configured for an O/E user calibration, as indicated in Figs. 2 or 4 and 5. The RF power into the lightwave source 14 or 14' is held at a constant power level [f(t)], and the modulation frequency is varied over some frequency range, f₁ to f₂. The total modulation frequency response of the lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' is measured. The measurement is operated upon by factory calibration data. The resultant error correction data are then stored for later use. The calibration is now complete, and the next step is to measure an unknown device, i.e., the DUT. To perform the measurement on the DUT, the DUT is connected diagonally to one electrical test port 18₁ or 18₂ of the electrical test set 18 or l8' and to one lightwave test port 12₁ or 12₂ of the lightwave test set 12 or 12'. A display of receiver responsivity versus modulation frequency is then obtained. The information obtained from the display provided by the CRT 20 is the absolute receiver responsivity in amperes per watt (in a 50-ohm impedance system), the modulation bandwidth of the DUT, and the responsivity variation from a constant level over the modulation frequency range (or responsivity variation over modulation frequency). The corresponding measurements can be performed for sources or electro-optical devices. For the source case, the responsivity is in terms of watts per ampere; other comments made for the receiver apply for these measurements. Considered in more detail, one parameter set is the demodulation bandwidth measurement for a demodulator (or receiver). The lightwave (or carrier) frequency is fixed, for example, at 1300 nm, and the modulation frequency is varied over some frequency range, such as 130 MHz to 20 GHz, by the modulation source 22. The lightwave source 14 or 14' outputs an amplitude modulated lightwave, where the lightwave is a constant frequency, but the modulation frequency varies over some frequency range. The demodulator (or receiver), typically a photodiode and pre-amp, strips away the carrier frequency and recovers the modulated signal, g(w). The lightwave component analyzer 10 or 10' forms the ratio of g/f for each modulation frequency and operates on that ratio (g/f) and displays the transfer characteristic versus modulation frequency. The foregoing description is offered primarily for purposes of illustration. Various modifications can be made. For example, the described embodiments comprise a Fabry-Perot laser as the internal source of light to be modulated. However, any type of CW diode laser can be utilized, such as a distributed feedback (DFB) laser.

Claims: A method for calibrating a lightwave component analyzer (10) and for performing test measurements on a device under test, comprising the steps of: providing a lightwave source (14), the lightwave source (14) having known electro-optical characteristics and having an electrical input and an optical output; providing a lightwave receiver (16), the lightwave receiver (16) having known opto-electrical characteristics and having an optical input and an electrical output; and switchably connecting the electrical input of the lightwave source (14) and the electrical output of the lightwave receiver (16) by means of a switch matrix (S4-S9) in a configuration dependent upon one of a predetermined calibration configuration and a predetermined measurement configuration corresponding to a calibration and a measurement, respectively, alternatively selected by a user. The method of claim 1 wherein the lightwave source (14) is an external lightwave source. The method of claim 1 wherein the switch matrix (S4-S9) is configurable by means of an internal instrument controller. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: establishing an initial calibration reference based on the known characteristics of the lightwave source (14) and the lightwave receiver (16) when the lightwave component analyzer (10) is used to characterize one of an electro-optical, opto-electrical, and optical device under test; performing a measurement on the calibration reference to produce error correction data; connecting the device under test to the lightwave component analyzer (10), performing a measurement on the device under test; and using the error correction data when one of the electro-optical, opto-electrical, and optical characteristics of the device under test is measured. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of storing the error correction data in the lightwave component analyzer (10). The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of measuring responsivity versus modulating frequency for an opto-electrical device under test. The method of claim 4, further comprising the step of measuring responsivity versus modulating frequency for an electro-optical device under test. A lightwave component analyzer (10) incorporating calibration for absolute and relative measurements of modulation and/or demodulation transfer characteristics of electrical, electro-optical, opto-electrical, and optical devices under test during setup of the lightwave component analyzer (10) and for characterizing performance of fiber optic systems, subsystems, and associated components, comprising: an internal modulation source (22) for generating a swept electrical signal; an internal tuned vector receiver having an input port; an internal lightwave source (14) connected to the modulation source (22), the lightwave source (14) including an electro-optical transducer for converting the electrical signal generated by the modulation source to an optical signal, the lightwave source having known electro-optical characteristics and having an electrical input and an optical output; an internal lightwave receiver including an opto-electrical transducer for reconverting a received optical signal to an electrical signal, the lightwave receiver having known opto-electrical characteristics and having an optical input and an electrical output; the electrical signal produced by the opto-electrical transducer included in the lightwave receiver being fed to the input port of the tuned vector receiver; switch means connected to the modulation source, tuned vector receiver, electrical input of the electro-optical source, and electrical output of the opto-electrical receiver; and instrument control means for configuring the switch means to connect the electrical input of the lightwave source and the electrical output of the lightwave receiver in a configuration dependent upon one of a predetermined calibration configuration and a predetermined measurement configuration corresponding to a calibration and measurement, respectively, alternatively selected by a user. The lightwave component analyzer of claim 8, further comprising means for performing a measurement for establishing an initial claibration reference including the known characteristics of the lightwave source and the lightwave receiver when the lightwave component analyzer is utilized to characterize one of an electro-optical, opto-electrical, and optical device under test to produce error correction data. The lightwave component analyzer (10) of claim 9 wherein the device under test is connected to the lightwave component analyzer (10), further comprising: means for performing a measurement on the device under test; and means for compensating the measurement using the error correction data when the electro-optical or opto-electrical characteristics of the device under test are measured. The lightwave component analyzer (10) of claim 9, further comprising means for storing the error correction data. The lightwave component analyzer (10) of claim 9 configured for calibrating electro-optical test measurements. The lightwave component analyser (10) of claim 9 configured for calibrating opto-electical test measurements. The lightwave component analyzer (10) of claim 9 configured for calibrating optical test measurements. The lightwave component analyzer (10) of claim 10 wherein the device under test is an electro-optical device. The lightwave component analyzer (10) of claim 10 wherein the device under test is an opto-electrical device. The lightwave component analyzer (10) of claim 10 wherein the device under test is an optical device. The lightwave component analyzer (10) of claim 8 wherein the modulation source generates a 130 MHz to 20 GHz electrical signal.

Inventors: HERNDAY PAUL R, VIFIAN HUGO, WONG ROGER W, HERNDAY, PAUL R., VIFIAN, HUGO, WONG, ROGER W.
Applicants: HEWLETT PACKARD CO, HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY
Application year: 1990
Main classification: G01M11
IPC codes: G01R31, G01M11, G02B6