Radio frequency energy detection circuitry

Abstract: Radio frequency energy detection circuitry (10) changes the logic state of its output signal at a terminal (12) from an initial state to a second state in response to received radio frequency energy exceeding a first predetermined power level. The circuitry (10) does not respond to fades in such received radio frequency signal because the second state of the output signal is prevented from reverting to the initial state until the power level of the received radio frequency energy falls below a second, lower predetermined power level. The input energy is converted into a voltage by a detector diode (18). This voltage is compared (26) with the prevailing threshold voltage (V R ) to determine the output logic state. The output logic state is fed back by a resistor (R S ) to the threshold voltage input terminal (25) and is such as to establish the second, lower predetermined power level in response to the received radio frequency energy exceeding the first predetermined power level.

Description: This invention relates to radio frequency energy detection circuitry comprising: a diode detector having a first terminal fed by received radio frequency energy and a second terminal connected to a reference potential; a comparator having a pair of inputs and an output, with a first one of the inputs being coupled to the diode detector to receive therefrom an output voltage produced across the diode detector and varying in accordance with the power of the received radio frequency energy and with temperature variations over a predetermined operating range of temperatures; and means for supplying a nominal threshold voltage to the second one of the inputs of the comparator, whereby there is produced at the output of the comparator an output signal in one of two logic states comprising an initial state in the absence of received radio frequency energy and a second state, the initial state changing to the second state in response to the received radio frequency energy exceeding a first predetermined power level. As is known in the art, it is frequently required to provide radio frequency energy detection circuitry. Such circuitry typically includes a diode detector to, in effect, rectify received radio frequency energy and thereby produce a detected signal representing the power in the received radio frequency energy. US-A-4 431 965 describes a portable microwave radiation monitor for use with suspected sources of microwave radiation leakage such as microwave ovens and other microwave equipment where there is a risk of impingement of leaked radiation on a human body. This known monitor has an antenna in the form of a planar dual Archimedean spiral with terminals connected through an inductive short section of parallel wire transmission line to a Schottky diode having its terminals resistively connected to the terminals of a suitable current meter calibrated to show power density. The diode has a variable capacitance that decreases with increase in reverse voltage across the diode. This variation in capacitance tunes the resonant circuit formed by the transmission line and diode. To achieve sufficient output from the diode to drive the meter without the use of amplifiers, the diode is operated in its linear region. In some radio frequency energy detection circuitry, the output of the diode detector is fed to a first input of a comparator, the second input of the comparator being fed by a signal representative of a threshold level. In the absence of the received radio frequency energy, the output of the comparator is at an initial state; however, when radio frequency energy is received having a power level greater than that represented by the threshold level, the threshold level at the second input of the comparator is exceeded, thereby changing the logic state at the output of the comparator from the initial state to a second state. When the received radio frequency energy terminates, the level at the first input of the comparator falls below the threshold level returning the output state of the comparator to its initial state. While such arrangement is adequate for many applications, in some applications the received radio frequency energy may momentarily fade to a level below that corresponding to the threshold level at the second input of the comparator, thereby changing the output state of the comparator from the second state back to the initial state. In some applications, however, it may be undesirable for the circuitry to respond to these momentary fades but rather it is desirable that the circuitry continue to indicate the presence of received radio frequency energy and thus prevent the detection circuitry from responding to these false losses of radio frequency energy indications. It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved radio frequency energy detection circuit. It is another object of the invention to provide a radio frequency energy detection circuit which will be non-responsive to momentary fades in received radio frequency energy. It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved radio frequency energy detection circuit wherein a diode detector and a threshold signal source are coupled to inputs of a comparator and wherein circuitry is provided to accurately control the threshold level signal fed to such comparator so that the detection circuitry may be accurately rendered non-responsive to momentary fades in received radio frequency energy. According to the invention, radio frequency energy detection circuitry of the kind defined hereinbefore at the beginning is characterised in that temperature compensating circuit means, disposed in thermal communication with the diode detector, is connected to vary the nominal threshold voltage in accordance with the temperature produced variations in the voltage across the diode detector, and in that a feedback resistor is coupled between the output of the comparator and the second one of the pair of inputs of the comparator whereby the second state of the output signal is combined with the temperature compensated threshold level produced by the temperature compensating circuit means to reduce the voltage at the second one of the pair of inputs of the comparator to a lower threshold voltage representative of a second, lower predetermined power level to prevent the second state of the output signal from reverting to the initial state until the power level of the received radio frequency energy falls below the second, lower predetermined power level. Such radio frequency energy detection circuitry changes the logic state of an output signal from an initial state to a second state in response to received radio frequency energy exceeding a first predetermined power level, but is non-responsive to fades in such received radio frequency signal by preventing the second state of the output signal from reverting to the initial state until the power level of the received radio frequency energy falls below a second, lower predetermined power level. Also, because the output of the diode detector is a function of temperature and the circuitry is temperature compensated, an accurate threshold voltage is produced to thereby provide an accurate reference from which is subtracted a voltage fed to it via the feedback resistor. Brief Description of the Drawings For a more complete understanding of the concepts of this invention, reference is now made to the following description taken together in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a radio frequency energy detection circuit according to the invention; FIG. 2 is a graph of curves showing the relationship between temperature and the output of a diode detector used in the circuitry of FIG. 1 in response to both a low and high power level of received radio frequency energy and also showing the output of the diode detector in the absence of received radio frequency energy; FIG. 3A is a curve showing the power history of received radio frequency energy as a function of time; FIG. 3B is a time history of the voltage produced by the diode detector used in the circuitry of FIG. 1 in response to the power history of the received radio frequency energy of FIG. 3A; and FIG. 3C is the time history of the logic state produced by a comparator used in the circuitry of FIG. 1 in response to the power history of received radio frequency energy shown in FIG. 3A. Description of the Preferred Embodiments Referring now to FIG. 1, a radio frequency detection circuit 10 is shown for changing the logic state of an output signal at output terminal 12 from an initial state, here a "high" positive voltage (or logic 1 state) to a second state, here a "low" voltage (or logic 0 state) in response to radio frequency energy received by such circuit 10 via input transmission line 14, when the radio frequency power fed to such circuit 10 via line 14 exceeds a first, relatively high, predetermined power level, P₁. The circuit 10 is non-responsive to small fades in such received radio frequency signal by preventing the second state of the output signal at terminal 12 from reverting to the initial state until the power level of the received radio frequency energy falls below a second, relatively low, predetermined power level, P₂. The circuit 10 includes a network 16, made up of diode detector 18 and biasing circuitry 20. The biasing network 20 includes resistors R₃, R₄ serially connected between a -V voltage source and ground potential, as shown, to produce a bias voltage -V B across the diode detector 18 in the absence of received radio frequency energy. As is known, the voltage produced across the diode detector 18 will vary in accordance with the power of the received radio frequency energy, and will also vary with temperature variations in the diode detector 18 over a predetermined operating range of temperatures. The effect of variations on the output voltage across the diode detector 18 over the operating range of temperatures, for both the first, relatively high, and the second, relatively low, predetermined power levels P₁, P₂ of the received radio frequency energy is shown as curves 21 and 22, respectively, in FIG. 2. Also shown in FIG. 2, as curve 23, is the output voltage of the diode detector 18 as a function of temperature in the absence of received radio frequency energy. The resistance of resistor R₃ is selected so that the range of voltages produced by the diode detector 18 over the expected operating power range is within a predetermined voltage range, V RANGE . The resistance of resistor R₄ is selected to provide a bias current, I B , through the diode detector 18 so that the detector 18 operates in its linear operating region over the expected power level of the radio frequency energy (over the first, high, and second, low, predetermined power levels, P₁, P₂, respectively). Further, the bias current, I B , through diode 18 produces across diode 18 at a nominal operating temperature, T₀ (FIG. 2) the bias voltage -V B . The output of the diode detector 18 is fed to an inverting input terminal 24 of a comparator 26. The non-inverting input terminal 25 of the comparator 26 is fed by a temperature compensated reference voltage V R which, as will be described hereinafter, provides a voltage level corresponding to the first, high, predetermined threshold voltage level, -V T1 , when the power in the level of the received radio frequency energy is initially received and the second, low (i.e. more negative) predetermined voltage level, -V T2 , after reception of the radio frequency energy having the high power level P₁. Thus, referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the reference voltage V R at input terminal 25 will have an initial voltage, -V T1 . That is, prior to the reception of radio frequency energy (FIG. 3A), the reference voltage V R at input terminal 25 will be the first predetermined voltage level -V T1 (FIG. 3B) but after the received radio frequency energy level exceeds the first, high power level P₁ at time T₁ (i.e., when the voltage at the output of diode detector 18 becomes greater than -V T1 at time T₁), the reference voltage V R at input terminal 25 will change to the voltage -V T2 . Once the power of the received radio frequency energy now falls below the low power level P₂ at time T₃ (i.e. when the voltage at the output of the diode detector 18 falls below -V T2 ), the reference voltage V R at input terminal 25 returns to the voltage level -V T1 (again corresponding to the high power level P₁). In order to accurately control the threshold voltage level, the reference voltage, V R , at input 25 of comparator 26 is temperature compensated by a temperature compensation network 28. Such network 28 includes a temperature sensitive device, here a thermistor 30. The thermistor 30 and diode detector 18 are disposed in a common, hermetically sealed package 32 so that the thermistor 30 is in thermal communication with the diode detector 18. Thus, temperature variations in the diode detector 18 will be thermally tracked by resistance changes in the thermistor 30. The temperature compensation network 28 also includes a voltage source -V and resistors R N , R₁ and R₂ arranged as shown. The values of these resistors R₁, R₂ and R N are selected so that the output voltage, V R , produced by the temperature compensation network 28 on line 34 is the initial, or first, high predetermined threshold voltage -V T1 at the temperature T₀ (FIG. 2); however, the voltage produced by the temperature compensation network 28 on line 34 will vary with the temperature to compensate for the temperature variations in the voltage produced across diode 18 as a result of such temperature variations in the manner shown in FIG. 2. More specifically, the resistor R₁, is selected to produce a voltage on line 34 equal to -V T1 at the lowest expected operating temperature. The resistance of resistor R₂ is selected to produce a voltage on line 34 equal to -V T1 at the highest expected operating temperature. The resistor R N is selected so that the range of voltages on line 34 over the operating range of temperatures is within the operating range of voltages, V RANGE , produced by the diode detector 18. Thus, if the temperature of diode detector 18 increases above the temperature T₀, the voltage at terminal 24 increases in a positive sense; however, the increasing temperature effect on thermistor 30 is such that the resistance of thermistor 30 decreases, correspondingly also making the voltage on line 34 increase in a positive sense. Conversely, if the temperature of diode detector 18 decreases below the temperature T₀, the voltage at terminal 24 decreases in a positive sense; however, the decreasing temperature effect on thermistor 30 is such that the resistance of thermistor 30 increases, correspondingly making the voltage on line 34 decrease in a positive sense. The effect then is to maintain, as a function of temperature variations, a substantially constant operating voltage difference between terminals 24 and 25 as the temperature within the package 32 varies in temperature over the operating range of temperatures. Referring now again to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the power of the received radio frequency energy as a function of time for a typical time history of such energy is shown by the curve 33. The voltage produced by diode detector 18 in response to this received radio frequency energy is shown by curve 33'. A dotted line 36 corresponds to the first, or initial high threshold voltage level -V T1 voltage. The dotted line 38 represents the second, low (i.e. more negative) predetermined threshold level, -V T2 . Thus, prior to time T₁, the voltage produced across diode detector 18 is below the initial threshold level -V T1 and, the output of comparator 26 at output terminal 12, therefore, at is a logic 1 or "high" positive voltage level (typically about 5 volts) as shown in FIG. 3C. At time T₁, the power of the received radio frequency signal exceeds the high power level P₁ and the voltage at the diode detector 18 increases above the temperature compensated reference voltage level V R , such level now being at the first, initial high threshold voltage -V T1 . Thus, the voltage at terminal 24 becomes more positive than the reference voltage level at terminal 25, and hence the output of comparator 26 at terminal 12 changes from the "high" voltage or logic 1 state to the "low" voltage or logic 0 state. Thus, the voltage at terminal 12 is now a "low" voltage (typically about ground potential). This "low" voltage is coupled through resistor R₅ (which is serially connected between output terminal 12 and terminal 25, as shown) and R₁ to ground potential. Thus resistors R₅ and R₁ provide a conventional voltage divider. The resistance of resistor R₅ is selected so that the first, initial high threshold voltage -V T1 is produced at terminal 12 when the comparator 12 produces a high voltage (i.e. about 5 volts) or logic 1 output signal and the second, low predetermined voltage level -V T2 at terminal 12 when a low voltage (i.e. about ground potential) or logic 0 signal is produced at the output terminal 12 of comparator 26. To put it another way, when the output terminal 12 of comparator 26 is "high", or logic 1, the voltage fedback to terminal 25 from output terminal 12 via resistor R₅ is at a voltage level such that temperature compensation network 28 produces, as the temperature compensated reference voltage V R , a negative voltage corre - sponding to voltage -V T1 at terminal 25. When the output voltage of comparator 26 goes "low" the voltage fed to terminal 25 goes more negative, thereby increasing the magnitude of the reference voltage V R at terminal 25 (i.e. making the reference voltage V R more negative) so that the reference voltage V R becomes the voltage -V T2 , as shown in FIG. 3B. Thus, when the output of comparator 26 indicates the initial detection of received radio frequency energy so that its output is now logic 0 or "low" as shown in FIG. 3C, the reference voltage V R at terminal 25 is changed from the level -V T1 to the more negative threshold level voltage -V T2 , as shown by line 38 in FIG. 3B. In this way, a momentary dip in the power level of the received radio frecuency energy below the level P₁, as shown in region 40 of FIG. 3A, and region 40' in FIG. 3B will not inadvertently change this output state of the comparator 26 to produce a false indication that the received radio frequency energy terminated. That is, even though at time T₂ the power level of the received radio frequency energy falls below the initial level P₁ (corresponding to detector 18 threshold level -V T1 ), the logic state of the output of comparator 26 does not revert back to a logic 1 state. When, however, the power level of the received radio frequency energy falls below the predetermined low level P₂, at time T₃, (corresponding to detector 18 second, low threshold level -V T2 ), the output state of the comparator 26 reverts to the logic 1 state, as shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C. With such arrangement, because the output of the diode detector 18 is a function of temperature and the reference voltage V R , whether at this level -V T1 or -V T2 , is compensated by the thermistor 30, an accurate threshold level signal is produced substantially independent of diode detector output level or operation temperature to thereby provide an accurate threshold voltage level reference from which is subtracted a voltage fed to it via the feedback resistor, R₅.

Claims: Radio frequency energy detection circuitry comprising: a diode detector (18) having a first terminal fed by received radio frequency energy and a second terminal connected to a reference potential; a comparator (26) having a pair of inputs (24,25) and an output (12), with a first one (24) of the inputs being coupled to the diode detector (18) to receive therefrom an output voltage produced across the diode detector (18) and varying in accordance with the power of the received radio frequency energy and with temperature variations over a predetermined operating range of temperatures; and means (28) for supplying a nominal threshold voltage (V R ) to the second one (25) of the inputs of the comparator (26), whereby there is produced at the output (12) of the comparator (26) an output signal in one of two logic states comprising an initial state in the absence of received radio frequency energy and a second state, the initial state changing to the second state in response to the received radio frequency energy exceeding a first predetermined power level (P₁), characterised in that temperature compensating circuit means (30), disposed in thermal communication (32) with the diode detector (18), is connected to vary the nominal threshold voltage (V R ) in accordance with the temperature produced variations in the voltage across the diode detector (18), and in that a feedback resistor (R₅) is coupled between the output (12) of the comparator (26) and the second one (25) of the pair of inputs of the comparator (26), whereby the second state of the output signal is combined with the temperature compensated threshold level (V R ) produced by the temperature compensating circuit means (30) to reduce the voltage at the second one (25) of the pair of inputs of the comparator (26) to a lower threshold voltage representative of a second, lower predetermined power level (P₂) to prevent the second state of the output signal from reverting to the initial state until the power level of the received radio frequency energy falls below the second, lower predetermined power level (P₂). Radio frequency energy detection circuitry according to claim 1, characterised in that the temperature compensating circuit means includes a temperature sensitive resistance device (30) connected to a voltage divider circuit (R₁,R₂,R N ). Radio frequency energy detection circuitry according to claim 2, characterised in that the temperature sensitive resistance device is a thermistor (30). Radio frequency energy detection circuitry according to claim 2, characterised in that the temperature sensitive resistance device (30) and the diode detector (18) are disposed in a single package (32) to provide the thermal communication between said temperature sensitive resistance device (30) and said diode detector (18).

Inventors: HORVITZ CHARLES S, MICELI MICHAEL L, HORVITZ, CHARLES S., MICELI, MICHAEL L.
Applicants: RAYTHEON CO, RAYTHEON COMPANY
Application year: 1990
Main classification: G01R19
IPC codes: G01R21, H04B17, H03K5