A PLANT FOR TRACK-BASED DETECTION OF THE WHEEL PROFILE OF TRAIN WHEELS

Abstract: A plant for the track-based detection of the wheel profile (2, 3) on passing train wheels comprises an illumination unit (6) with a light source (9) with optical elements (10, 11) which transmit structured light (12) towards the wheel profile. The illuminated area (13) is scanned with a scanning unit (7), and the sideways position of the wheel on the rail (4) is scanned with a measuring unit (8). The plant additionally comprises a data processing unit (18) with means (20) for the further transmission of measurement data concerning the condition of the wheels.

Description: A PLANT FOR TRACK-BASED DETECTION OF THE WHEEL PROFILE OF TRAIN WHEELS. The invention relates to a plant for the track-based detection of the wheel profile on a passing train wheel and as disclosed in the preamble to claim 1. Wear on the flanges and treads of railway wheels is a well-known phenomenon. The''wear gives rise to in- creased operating costs and reduced safety if the presence of the defect is not quickly established so that the carriage in question can be taken out of service and be repaired at a time expedient for railway operations. Usually, the presence of wear on railway wheels is ascertained by manual inspection. of the treads and flanges of the wheels. This is a difficult procedure to control, and there are also purely practical dif- ficulties in mechanically measuring and checking the wheel profile. Today, the maintenance of the wheels is almost never effected on the basis of a conditional supervision but on the basis of statistical empirical data, the result being that some wheels with defects are not discovered and immediately repaired, while on the other hand many failure-free wheels are subjected to unnecessary inspection. However, it is commonly -known that the wear on treads and flanges can occur far more quickly than expected, for example because of insufficient rail lubrication or following track repair work. Wheels with worn treads or flanges must, however, be repaired as quickly as possible after the, defect has been ascertained, in that these wheel defects can result in greatly increased wear and possible damage to points etc. Moreover, worn wheels increase the possibility of derailment, part- icularly when running in curves and through switch points. From the applicant's international patent applica¬ tion no. PCT/DK87/00122 there is known a plant for the scanning . of the wheel profile on passing train wheels which is based on the wheel intersecting a skewed beam of light or pencil of rays during the simultaneous measurement of the distance to the reflection point(s) on the running surface. In prac- tice, this plant functions as desired, but requires a measurement of the speed of the wheel in order to provide precise information concerning the wheel profile. From European patent application no. 0,228,500 there is known a plant for contact-less measurement of the wheel profile by illumination from underneath with a light edge. The scanning of the wheel profile is ef¬ fected tangentially to the wheel with one or more cameras, the signals from which are processed elec¬ tronically. This plant can only function with the use of a narrow auxiliary rail, so that almost all of the wheel profile can be illuminated from under¬ neath, and consequently the plant can only be used during very slow running and with unloaded carriages or in workshops where the wheels are lifted free of the rail element. From German publication no. 3,526,923 there is known a plant for the measuring of wheel profiles which uses a skewed laser beam which is intersected by a wheel as it passes, and at the same time herewith a camera takes a photograph of the illuminated area. The resulting photographs of the wheel profile are compared with pictures of correct wheels taken at the same angle. It will be obvious that such a plant can provide only a very rough picture of the extent of the wear on a wheel, and it can be assumed that the plant can only be used to find very severe dam¬ ages on the wheels. The object of the present invention is to provide a plant for the track-based detection of the wheel profile on train wheels which functions in a fully automatic manner and while running at normal opera¬ tional speeds. The plant must be able to function without knowledge of the speed of the wheel, and shall be able to detect the wheel profile on heavily loaded carriages during completely normal operating conditions. This is achieved by configuring the plant according to the invention as characterized in claim 1. This provides a plant which as a unit can be placed at the rail element and which can measure the wheel profile of all wheels on the train when it passes the detection plant. Each time the illumination unit is triggered by a passing wheel, structured light is transmitted towards the wheel, e.g. from a flash light arrangment with suitable optical elements, so that a desired pattern, e.g. a line or grid pattern, is projected in on the wheel's profile surface at an inclined angle from the apparatus, and the picture formed at the profile surface is scanned with a scanning unit, e.g. a CCD camera or the like, at a centain angle. By optical picture formation and con¬ sequent picture treatment by means of suitable pro- grants in the data processing unit, the profile of the wheel is calculated at the place of measurement. Alternatively, coefficients and other characterist¬ ic values of the wheel profile can be calculated. With flash-light, the wheel profile can be scanned in this manner without having to know the train's or the wheel's speed, but only the wheel's sideways position on the rail, a position which can be meas¬ ured or calculated. If the relevant stretch of track is used to carry carriages with wheels of different sizes, the plant according to the invention is configured as charact¬ erized in claim 2. The information concerning the wheel size can be used to trigger the illumination unit, or for the correction of the measurement sig¬ nals during the data processing. The plant according to the invention can be config¬ ured as characterized in claim 3. The wheel detect- or can be based, for example, on magnetic induction, and can-be used both for controlling the triggering of the illumination device and for the ascertaining of the wheel size. By configuring the plant according to the invention as characterized in claim 4, the possibility is ach¬ ieved of measuring the size of the wheel simultane¬ ously with the scanning of the wheel profile, so that the profile measurement can be corrected fol- lowing the size of the wheel. This part of the plant will normally also be placed at the side of the rail element, but can possibly also be placed between the rails and measure on the inner side of the wheel. If this part of the plant is placed on a fundament inde¬ pendently of the rail element, one can also measure the downwards deflection of the rail during the passing of the train, see the explanation concern¬ ing this later. The plant according to the invention can also be configured as characterized in claim 5, whereby a line or pencil of light is achieved transversely across the wheel profile, which is hereafter scanned with the scanning unit. By the picture formation and the subsequent picture processing, and with knowledge of the angles between the light source, the scanning unit and the rail element, and with knowledge of the wheel size, data processing can hereafter be carried out so that the wheel's cross- sectional profile or characteristic values of this profile can be obtained. By comparison with, for example, stored data for a perfect wheel, the plant can immediately determine whether the wheel profile is worn too much, or whether it still lies within acceptable tolerances. By configuring the plant according to the invention as characterized in claim 6, the possibility is pro- vided of measuring wheels of different diameters, without undertaking any changes of the plant. A fixed starting point can be used for triggering the illumination unit and measurement of the wheel pro¬ file on wheels of different sizes. Therefore, this embodiment is advantageous for use at stretches of the track which serve to carry carriages with wheels of different sizes. The plant according to the invention is preferably configured as characterized in claims 7 or 8. The plant achieved hereby can be placed at a suitable distance at the side of the rail element and be coupled to a wheel detector which indicates that a wheel is now in the correct position for measurement of the profile. If the plant is not arranged in such a manner that it follows the downwards deflection of the rail under the weight of the train, correction can be made for this by measuring the deflection, see for example the explanation in connection with claim 4. The resulting measured and calculated data forms the basis for an automatic or manual qualita¬ tive evaluation of how quickly the relevant wheel or the relevant carriage shall be taken out of ser- vice for repair. The whole of the measurement and the whole course of calculation usually takes place at the measuring section. The data which are trans¬ mitted further from the plant consist solely of datawhichare representative of the condition of the wheel with regard to wear. Naturally, the plant can also be arranged so that only data concerning wheels which are worn over and above a certain extent is transmitted further. This is of great practical value since there is frequently only access to a normal telephone line with consequently poor trans¬ mission capacity. By arranging the plant according to the invention as characterized in claim 9, it can be configured in such a manner that it is started when a train runs into the measuring area, and partially closed down when the last wheel has left the measuring area. Moreover, the wheel detector can be used to detect the size of the wheel, so that the plant is provided with information concerning the wheel size before or at the same time as the measuring sequence is initi¬ ated. Finally, the plant can be arranged as characterized in claim 10, whereby the control of the amount of data is considerably simplified, and information concerning the condition of the wheel can be stored together with the carriage number, and possibly in- formation concerning which wheel on the carriage is involved. Furthermore, the carriage identification system can be used to provide the plant with data concerning the size of the wheels, e.g. by having the plant comprise a database containing associated information concerning carriage numbers and wheel sizes. The invention will now be described in closer detail with reference to a preferred embodiment and with reference to the drawing, where fig. 1 shows the wheel profile of a perfect wheel, fig. 2 shows the wheel profile of a worn wheel, fig. 3 shows the detection plant according to the invention, fig. 4 is a sketch showing the measuring prin¬ ciple according to the invention, fig. 5 is a sketch for explaining the measuring principle according to the invention, fig. 6 to 8 are different sketches for explain¬ ing the measuring principle according to the invention, f fig. 9 shows a first embodiment for the measur¬ ing principle according to the invention. fi_g. 10 shows a second embodiment for the measur- ing principle according to the invention, and fig. 11 shows a part of the plant for measuring the wheel size and possible measurement of the downwards deflection of the rail. In fig. 1 is seen a flanged wheel 1 in the form of a train wheel rolling on a rail 4. The wheel has a tread 2 and a flange 3 with a cross-sectional pro- file corresponding to the norm for a perfect train wheel. In the following, the tread 2 and the flange 3 are collectively called the profile surface. After having run for some time, the profile surface becomes worn and gives rise to the tread 2' and the flange profile 3*, see fig. 2. Fig. 3 is a sketch showing a plant according to the invention, in that a light source 9, e.g. a flash lamp in an illumination device 6, is arranged to transmit structured light 12 towards the profile surface 2,3 on the train wheel. In this case the light is a straight pencil of light formed by means of a shutter 10 and a lens 11, e.g. a cylindrical lens. Since the light is shed in towards the sur¬ face at a certain angle, because the illumination device 6 has to be placed at the side of the rail element so that the railway carriage can pass the plant, and because the light is not thrown in on the wheel radially, an illuminated area 13 is ob¬ tained in the form of a curve, the shape of which depends both on the direction of the optical axis of the illumination device 6 and on the shape of the profile surface, i.e. depending on the extent to which the wheel profile is worn. The illuminated area 13 is scanned with an optical scanning unit 7 which, for example, can be a CCD camera with an op¬ tical system 14 and a photocell matrix 15. The curve 13 is depicted on the photocell matrix 15 at a cer¬ tain angle, depending on the direction of the opti¬ cal axis of the scanning unit 7. The plant further includes a measuring unit 8 which measures the sideways position of the wheel, e.g. by distance measurement with a transmitter 16 and a receiver 17, e.g. using a laser beam directed to¬ wards the inner side 5 of the wheel. The inner side 5 of the train wheel is normally used as reference for the profile surface. All parts of the plant are connected to a data pro¬ cessing unit 18 via suitable interface equipment (not shown). To the data processing unit 18, or pos- sibly directly to the illumination device 6, there is fed a trigger signal 19 which triggers the light source in the illumination device 6, so that struc¬ tured light in the form of a flash is shed on the profile surface when the wheel is in the correct position. The trigger signal is discussed in more detail later in connection with figs. 8-10 of the drawing. The data processing unit 18can also be supplied with information 23 concerning the size of the wheel. This information can be generated, for example, from the signal from a wheel detector based on magnetic induction^ or as information 25 from a commonly-known wireless carriage identification system or in an¬ other known manner. From the data processing unit 18, data can be trans¬ mitted, e.g. via a telephone line20,toa central com- puter or to other surveillance equipment or signal installation. The measuring principle can, for example, be a form of triangulation.on the basis of the picture which the structured light forms on the profile surface, with knowledge of the optical units' axes and their directions. In fig. 4 is seen the measuring prin¬ ciple with the use of optical picture formation and subsequent picture processing. The illumination de- vice 6 throws structured light on the wheel profile, and depending on the angle of the illumination ele¬ ment and the angle of the scanning unit 7 to the surface norm a, a picture is achieved having a shape which depends on the height h of the object. Fig. 5 is a sketch showing the principle. A measure of the line displacement seen along the optical axis k of the scanning unit 7 can now be found. In fig. 5 is shown: k: optical axis of the scanning unit 7 1: the optical axis of theRectilinear light from the illumination device 6 h: the object height θ : the angle between the direction from "the run- ning direction" a and the direction 1 to the illumination device θ_: the angle between the direction from "the run- ning direction" a and the direction k to the scanning unit S_: the physical line displacement due to the ob¬ ject height h S JR: line displacement due to the angle from θx to a One can now find the physical line displacement when taking into consideration a non-normal direction of vision: ΔSb_ - ΔS_ = tan θfa_ x h - tan Θ D x h The line displacement observed by the scanning unit is found by projecting the physical line displace- 12 ment in on the scanning unit's line of sight k Δ s = { Δs s - ΔS R ) x cos Θ R 5 = (tan θ g - tan Θ R ) x cos Θ R x h (1) With this formula (1), it is possible to calculate the requirements for the system's resolution, sen- .sitivity and the relevant angles. 10 With commercially available scanning units 7, there are no problems in achieving a scanning precision of considerably less than 0.5mm. If, for example, a dot resolution of 1 mm is required, and that the train 15 wheel has a profile breadth of approx. 135 mm, the problem presented can be solved comfortably with a CCD camera of 500 x 582 picture dots. It will appear from the formula (1) that the angles 20 θ ς and Θ R shall be different in order to obtain a line displacement at the profile height h. For prac¬ tical reasons, for instance because of the brake block around the wheels and also to be able to meas¬ ure on small train wheels down to diameters of 350 25 mm, the structured rectilinear light must be pro¬ jected in on the wheel close to the rail element, e.g. at about 100 mm above the rails. If the line projection is parallel to the train, see 30 fig. 6, the angle θ ς from the surface norm a to the illumination direction 1 can be calculated. For small wheels with a radius of 175 mm, an angle θ of 25 .4 is obtained, and an angle θ_ of 58 .2 is ob¬ tained for large wheel radii of 667 mm. To achieve good utilization of the light from the illumination device, the angle θ_ must be as small as possible. With large wheel diameters, it is dif¬ ficult to obtain a small θ_, the reason being that the rail shadows the field of vision of the scanning unit 7, see figs. 7A and 7B. The shadowing 21 can be avoided by placing the scanning unit sufficiently far away from the centre of the rail. When employing the formula (1) , the result obtained for the two wheel sizes mentioned above is: Z s = 0.475 x h (radius 175 mm) Δ g = 0.814 x h (radius 667 mm) which means that with a not too great reduction in the CCD camera, surveillance can be carried out on wheels of all sizes. The different wheel radii result in a line displace¬ ment on the photosensitive dot matrix in the CCD camera, see fig. 8. The pencil of light is thrown in at the height b, e.g. 100 mm above the rail 4. This results in a change d of up to 193 mm for the posi- tion of the wheel profile surface from a small wheel to a big wheel, i.e. if one presupposes a fixed pos¬ ition of the trigger device 22 for the triggering of the illumination device, independently of the wheel diameter size. In the direction at right-angles to the optical axis of the CCD camera 7, there occurs a displacement c of up to 83 mm for the position of the illuminated area (the line) 13 on the profile surface, and therefore the dot matrix 15 of the CCD camera must be of sufficient extent for the line 13 always to be depicted on the active matrix surface, regardless of the degree of reduction which takes place in the lens system of the camera. A second solution possibility is shown in fig. 9. One is able to ensure that the distance from the de¬ piction point A on the wheel profile to the illum¬ ination device 6andalso to the scanning unit is al¬ ways independent of the wheel size by changing the position of the point 22 for that place/time at which the triggering of the illumination device 6 is effected. The time at which a given wheel's wheel profile is present at point A can be ascer¬ tained, e.g. by means of a laser distance measuring unit, e.g. of the Selcom type from Selcom AB, Sweden, and as discussed in the applicant's inter¬ national patent application no. PCT/DK87/00122. A third solution possibility is shown in fig. 10. A pencil of rays 24 which, for example, can be a pattern of lines focussed at different distances I from the illumination unit 6 , namely distances which correspond to the different sizes of wheel diameters, are shed on the profile surface. If the light rays 24 are distributed, for example, over 30 mm in the vertical direction, the possibility is provided of the camera being able to observe an area e which lies within 0-41 mm, so that picture forma¬ tion takes place of all columns within the CCD cam- era's matrix array, whereby surveillance can be car¬ ried out on all wheel sizes while using one fixed triggering point 22. With all of the shown and explained embodiments of the invention, the flash-time for the illumination device 6,6" be such that the wheel does not move too much during the flash period, e.g. such that it does not move more than 0.2 mm, which means that the flash must take place within a period of around 2 microseconds. In practice, this does not give rise to technical problems. Both measurements and calcu¬ lations have shown that no technical problems pre¬ sent themselves in obtaining/ sufficient light energy in the illuminated area for use to be made of, for example, a CCD camera of the Fairchild CCD 4001 type. With a suitably high light intensity, it is possible to use the plant according to the invention in broad daylight. In fig. 11 is shown how during the passing of the train a direct measurement of the size of the wheel and the downwards deflection of the rail under the weight of the train can be carried out. A light source 27, e.g. a blitz arrangement, illuminates the outer side of the wheel (or possibly its inner side) triggered by the data processing unit 18, which con¬ trols the whole of the plant. The illuminated area, or at least a part hereof, which includes the edge of the wheel, is scanned by a camera 28, e.g. a CCD camera. An electronic picture processing unit 29 then calculates the size of the wheel, e.g. its dia¬ meter, and transmits this information to the data processing unit 18. If the camera is supported in a fixed manner, e.g. on an independent fundament, the plant can also calculate or scan the downwards de¬ flection of the rail. Both of these measurements are carried out substantially simultaneously with the scanning of the wheel profile as explained above. Furthermore, the plant can be arranged in such a way that the camera 28 can detect the structured light 12," 24 which is focussed on the profile surface, so that the scanning point A on fig. 9 is detected. If the plant shown in fig. 3 is extended with the arrangement shown in fig. 11, the resulting plant can be placed directly at the rail element and un¬ dertake complete and precise/ wheel profile measure- ments of passing wheels.

Claims: C L A I M S 1. Plant for the track-based detection of the wheel profile of train wheels (1) when these pass the plant's optical unit, which comprises an illumina¬ tion device (6,6') and a scanning unit (7) for the scanning of light reflected from a wheel's profile surface (2,3), c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that / a) the illumination unit comprises a light source (9) arranged to transmit structured light (12) towards the profile surface, triggered by the actual wheel's position, b) the scanning unit comprises means (14,15) for the scanning of light reflected from the profile surface and means for the transfer of scanned signals to a data processing unit (18) , c) it further comprises a unit (8) for measuring or calculation of the actual wheel's position in the sideways direction, and means for the trans¬ fer of these data to the data processing unit, and d) in that the data processing unit (18) is pro¬ grammed to process, convert and correct and pos¬ sibly store measured and calculated data, in that the unit supplies or is supplied with in- formation concerning the optical axes (k,l) of the illumination unit and the scanning unit. Plant according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that it further comprises means for the determination of or the measuring of the size of the wheel, and means (23) for the transfer of data corresponding hereto to the data processing unit (18). 3. Plant according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t ¬ e r i z e d in that it comprises at least one wheel detector (22) placed on or at the rail (4) on which the wheel rolls. 4. Plant according to claim 2, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that the means comprise a further light source (27) arranged to illuminate one of the wheel's sides, and a further scanning unit (28) ar- ranged to scan at least a part of the edge area of the illuminated side of the wheel, and in that the scanning unit is coupled to a calculation circuit (29) which is arranged to transfer data to the data processing unit (18). 5. Plant according to any of the claims 1-3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the light source (6) is arranged to shed a rectilinear pencil of rays (12) on the profile surface, so that a line of light (13) extends transversely across the surface (2,3). 6. Plant according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i z e d in that the light source (6') is arranged to shed a number of parallel, rectilinear lines of light (24) on the profile surface, and focussed at different distances from the light source. 7. Plant according to claim 5 or 6, c h a r a c t - e r i z e d in that the optical axis (k) of the scanning unit is skewed in relation to the axis of the wheel, and is directed at an inclined angle upwardsto¬ wards the illuminated area on the profile surface (2,3), and that the plant comprises means for the correction of the rail element's downwards deflec¬ tion in the vertical direction as a consequence of the train's weight. 8. Plant according to any one of the claims 1-7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that apart from the position measuring unit (8) , it is configured as a unit which is arranged to be placed immediately at the side of the rail element, and that it comprises means (20) for the further transmission of measure¬ ment data. 9. Plant according to any one of the claims 1-8, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises means to detect when a train enters the measuring area and to detect when the last carriage leaves the area. 10. Plant according to any one of the claims 1-9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it comprises a wireless carriage identification system which is coupled to the data processing unit (18) and ar¬ ranged in such a manner that measured or calculated data for a wheel can be assigned to the carriage identification.

Inventors: DANNESKIOLD-SAMSOEE ULRIK, GRAMTORP JOHAN, HAURE ANDERS, MADSEN TORBEN, DANNESKIOLD-SAMSOEE, ULRIK, GRAMTORP, JOHAN, HAURE, ANDERS, MADSEN, TORBEN
Applicants: CALTRONIC AS, CALTRONIC A/S
Application year: 1990
Main classification: B61K9
IPC codes: B61K9, G01B11