Aluminum-base composite alloy

Abstract: A composite aluminum-base alloy having a mechanically alloyed matrix alloy. The matrix alloy has about 4-40 percent by volume aluminum-containing intermetallic phase. The aluminum-­ containing intermetallic phase includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of niobium, titanium and zirconium. The intermetallic phase is essentially insoluble in the matrix alloy below one half of the solidus temperature of the matrix alloy. The balance of the matrix alloy is principally aluminum. A stiffener of 5 to 30 percent by volume of the composite aluminum-base alloy is dispersed within the metal matrix.

Description: This invention relates to composite aluminum-base alloys. More particularly, this invention relates to composite aluminum-base alloys with useful engineering properties at relatively high temperatures. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND PROBLEM Composite structures have become a practical solution to developing materials with specialized properties for specific applications. Metal matrix composites have become especially useful in specific aeronautical applications. Composite materials combine features of at least two different materials to arrive at a material with desired properties. For purposes of this specification, a composite is defined as a material made of two or more components having at least one characteristic reflective of each component. A composite is distinguished from a dispersion strengthened material in that a composite has particles in the form of an aggregate structure with grains, whereas, a dispersion has fine particles distributed within a grain. Dispersoids strengthen a metal by increasing the force necessary to move a dislocation around or through dispersoids. Experimental testing of dispersion strengthened metals has resulted in a number of models for explaining the strength mechanism of dispersion strengthened metals The stress required of the Orowan mechanism wherein dislocations bow around dispersoids leaving a dislocation loop surrounding the particle is given by: where σ or is the stress of a dislocation to bow around a dislocation with the Orowan mechanism, G is the shear modulus, b is the Burgers vector, M is the Taylor factor and L is the interdispersoid distance. The appropriate interdispersoid distance is the mean square lattice spacing which is calculated by the following equation: L = [(π/f) 0.5 - 2] (2/3) 0.5 r where f is the volume fraction of dispersoid and r is the dispersoid radius. Dispersoids with an interparticle distance of much more than 100 nm will not significantly increase yield strength. Optimum dispersion strengthening is achieved with, for example, 0.002 - 0.10 volume fraction dispersoids having a diameter between 10 and 50 nm. Decreasing interdispersoid spacing is a more effective means of increasing dispersion strengthening than increasing volume fraction because of the square root dependence of volume fraction in the above equation. A major factor in producing metal matrix composites is compatibility between dispersion strengtheners and the metal matrix. Poor bonding between the matrix and the strengtheners significantly diminishes composite properties. A composite structure has properties that are a compromise between the properties of two or more different materials. Room temperature ductility generally decreases proportionally and stiffness increases proportionally with increased volume fraction of particle stiffener (hard phase) within a metal matrix. Conventional aluminum SiC composites have been developed as high modulus lightweight materials, but these composites typically do not exhibit useful strength or creep resistance at temperatures above about 200°C. A mechanically alloyed composite of aluminum matrix with SiC particles is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,388. However, these alloys lose properties at elevated temperatures. A high modulus mechanically alloyed aluminum-base alloy is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,834,810 and in US-A-4 832 734. The aluminium matrix of this invention is strengthened with Al₃Ti intermetallic phase, Al₂O₃ and Al₄C₃ formed from stearic acid and/or graphite process control agents. The fine particle dispersion strengthening mechanism of the '810 patent produced an alloy having high modulus and relatively high temperature performance. It is an object of this invention to produce an aluminum-base metal matrix composite having sufficient bonding between the metal matrix and particle stiffeners. It is another object of this invention to produce a mechanically alloyed aluminum-base alloy having increased retained ductility upon addition of stiffener particles. It is another object of this invention to produce a lightweight aluminum-base alloy having practical engineering properties at higher temperatures. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a composite aluminum-base alloy as defined in the accompanying claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1 is a photomicrograph of mechanically alloyed Al-13 v/o Al₃Ti - 5 v/o SiC particles magnified 200 times; and Figure 2 is a photomicrograph of mechanically alloyed Al-13 v/o Al₃Ti - 15 v/o SiC particles magnified 200 times. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The composite of the invention combines a stiff, but surprisingly ductile metal matrix with a stiffener. The metal matrix is produced by mechanically alloying aluminum with titanium. The metal matrix powder is made by mechanically alloying elemental or intermetallic ingredients as previously described in Pat. No.'s U.S. 3,740,210, 4,600,556, 4,623,388, 4,624,705, 4,643,780, 4,668,470, 4,668,282, 4,557,893 and 4,834,810. In mechanically alloying ingredients to form the alloys, process control aids such as stearic acid, graphite or a mixture of stearic acid and graphite are used. Preferably, stearic acid is used. The metal matrix is an aluminum-base mechanically alloyed metal containing titanium, which is combined with the matrix metal as an intermetallic phase. The intermetallic phase is essentially insoluble below one half the solidus temperature (in an absolute temperature scale such as degree Kelvin) of the matrix and are composed of elements that have low diffusion rates at elevated temperatures. A minimum of 4 volume percent aluminum-containing Al₃Ti intermetallic phase provides stability of the composite structure at relatively high temperatures. Greater than 40 volume percent of the aluminum-containing intermetallic phase is detrimental to ductility of the final composite and its metal matrix. The balance of the matrix alloy is essentially aluminum. Additionally, the metal matrix may contain 0.1 to 2 percent oxygen and 1-4 percent carbon by weight. These elements form into the metal matrix from the break down of process control agents, exposure to air and inclusion of impurities. Stearic acid breaks down into oxygen which forms fine particle dispersion of Al₂O₃, carbon which forms fine particle dispersions of Al₄C₃ and hydrogen which is released. These dispersions typically originate from process control agents such as stearic acid and to a lesser extent from impurities. Al₂O₃ and Al₄C₃ dispersions are preferably limited to a level which provides sufficient matrix ductility. Table 1 below contains a calculated conversion of volume percent Al₃Ti to weight percent Ti and a calculated conversion of weight percent Ti to volume percent Al₃Ti. Furthermore, the present invention contemplates any range between any two specific values of Table 1 and any range intermediate between any specified values of Table 1. For example, the invention contemplates 5-15 volume percent Al₃Ti and 7.5 - 17 weight percent Ti. VOLUME % Al₃Ti 4 v/o 5 v/o 10 v/o 15 v/o 25 v/o 35 v/o 40 v/o wt% Ti 1.8 2.3 4.5 6.8 11 16 18 Wt% Ti 2 % 4 % 5 % 8 % 10 % 15 % 20 % v/o Al₃Ti 4.4 8.8 11 18 22 33 44 Particles of Al₃Ti having the approximate size of an aluminum grain are formed by Ti. The relatively large intermetallic Al₃Ti grains provide strengthening at increased temperatures. It has been found that metal matrix compositions having between 4 and 40 percent by volume Al₃Ti are especially useful engineering materials. More particularly, metal matrix composites having between 18 to 40 volume percent Al₃Ti combined with a hard phase stiffener provide alloys with high stiffness, good wear resistance, low densities and low coefficients of thermal expansion. These properties are useful for articles of manufacture and especially useful for aeronautical and other applications which require strength at temperatures between about 200°C and 500°C, such as engine parts. Metal matrix composites having 4 or 5 to 18 volume percent Al₃Ti are especially useful for alloys requiring high ductility and strength. The matrix of the invention is strengthened with 5-30 percent by volume SiC, for example in the form of particles, whiskers or fibers may be mixed into the matrix powder. The metal matrix of the invention has been discovered to have exceptional retained ductility after addition of particle stiffeners. Whiskers or fibers are preferred for parts which utilize anisotropic properties. Whereas, particle stiffeners are preferred for parts requiring more isotropic properties. Composite alloy powders were prepared by adding an additional step to the processing of mechanically alloyed powder. The extra step consisted of dry blending the desired volume fraction of SiC particle stiffener with the mechanically alloyed matrix powder in a V-blender for two hours. Alternatively, the stiffener particles may be mechanically alloyed directly with the metal matrix material. The blend of SiC particles and mechanically alloyed metal matrix powder was then degassed, consolidated and extruded. The alloys were extruded at 427°C (800°F). The average particle size of silicon carbide utilized was approximately 8-9 micrometers. More specifically, SiC particles utilized were 800 mesh (19 micron) particles produced by the Norton Company. The 800 mesh SiC particles were not as hygroscopic as finer 1,000 or 1,200 mesh powders (15 or 12 micron). The finer particles had a tendency to attach and clump to each other, lowering the uniformity of SiC powder distribution. In addition, it was found that finer particles were inherently more difficult to distribute uniformly. It has been found that stiffener particles which are on average greater than about 0.5-0.6 times by volume than those of the matrix powders provide highly uniform blending regardless of whether blending operations are wet or dry. In general, particles utilized will be greater than 1 micrometer in diameter to provide an aggregate structure with composite type properties. This uniformity of SiC particle distribution is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. Three different metal matrix compositions Al-0 wt% Ti, Al-6 wt% Ti and Al-10 wt%Ti (0 v/o Al₃Ti, 13 v/o, Al₃Ti and 22 v/o Al₃Ti) were all tested with 0, 5 and 15 volume percent silicon carbide particles added. The composites were all extruded as 0.5 in. X 2.0 in. X 5 ft. (1.27 cm X 5.08 cm X 1.52 m) bars. All matrix mechanically alloyed powders were prepared using 2.5 wt% stearic acid. Other process control agents may also be effective. All samples were tested in accordance with ASTM E8 and E21, measuring ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and reduction in area. The results are summarized below in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 as follows: Alloy/Composite Test Temperature (°C) Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Reduction in Area (%) MA Al - 0 wt% Ti 24 421 374 19.0 54.4 93 354 345 11.0 44.4 204 292 270 10.0 30.2 316 197 193 6.0 16.5 427 110 107 1.0 3.2 538 59 59 1.0 3.6 MA Al- 0 wt% Ti -5v/o SiC 24 457 404 7.0 13.1 93 407 363 3.0 16.0 204 336 316 4.0 10.1 316 198 194 5.0 13.9 427 123 119 2.0 1.6 538 54 53 1.0 1.6 MA Al- 0 wt% Ti -15v/o SiC 24 456 405 5.0 8.6 93 398 366 4.0 7.0 204 325 298 1.0 4.0 316 183 174 4.0 9.3 427 103 93 4.0 18.9 538 56 56 3.0 7.8 Alloy/Composite Test Temperature (°C) Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Reduction in Area (%) MA Al-6 wt% Ti 24 523 450 13.0 28.0 93 431 410 5.0 13.1 204 324 305 8.0 11.0 316 205 198 7.0 22.3 427 132 125 8.0 25.3 538 66 64 10.0 18.0 MA Al-6 wt% Ti -5v/o SiC 24 547 510 3.0 8.6 93 484 450 2.0 9.3 204 403 377 1.0 4.8 316 215 210 5.0 9.3 427 149 145 5.0 16.7 538 74 71 12.0 22.0 MA Al- 6 wt% Ti -15v/o SiC 24 555 515 2.0 3.8 93 500 459 3.0 3.1 204 397 348 2.0 6.8 316 207 205 2.0 7.0 427 129 128 4.0 18.7 538 73 70 5.0 14.5 Alloy/Composite Test Temperature (°C) Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Reduction in Area (%) MA Al-10 wt% Ti 24 534 458 13.0 10.9 93 449 420 11.0 12.4 204 365 338 6.0 9.5 316 238 234 4.0 11.1 427 136 132 8.0 13.5 538 70 66 11.0 18.4 MA Al-10 wt% Ti -5v/o SiC 24 610 570 2.0 2.4 93 540 514 2.0 4.7 204 414 402 2.0 5.6 316 274 247 4.0 9.7 427 152 148 8.0 21.1 538 61 60 11.0 33.3 MA Al-10 wt% Ti -15v/o SiC 24 626 569 2.0 1.6 93 538 516 1.0 2.3 204 423 390 2.0 1.9 316 257 237 3.0 3.9 427 143 136 4.0 9.3 538 81 77 8.0 18.9 In general, the presence of SiC particles appears to cause a small increase in strength up to 316°C to 427°C. However, the correlation of SiC content to strength at temperatures between 316°C and 427°C appears unclear. Addition of SiC reduces ductility at ambient temperatures, as is typical for Al-SiC composites, but does not degrade the ductility at elevated temperatures (greater than 427°C). For this reason, the composites of the invention represent important engineering materials. These low density materials are likely to exhibit superior performance in applications requiring elevated temperature strength along with high stiffness levels at temperature. These materials should be particularly useful for aircraft applications above about 200°C. Modulus of elasticity at room temperature, determined by the method of S. Spinner et al., "A Method of Determining Mechanical Resonance Frequencies and for Calculating Elastic Modulus from the Frequencies," ASTM Proc. No. 61, pages 1221-1237, 1961, for alloys of the present invention are set forth in Table 5. Alloy/Composite Dynamic Modulus (GPa) Calculated Modulus (GPa) MA Al - OTi 73.8 73.8 MA Al - OTi - 5 v/o SiC 84.8 87.6 MA Al - OTi - 15 v/o /SiC 96.5 113.8 MA Al - 6 wt% Ti 87.6 87.6 MA Al - 6 wt% Ti - 5 v/o SiC 95.2 100.0 MA Al - 6 wt% Ti - 15 v/o SiC 112.4 125.5 MA Al - 10 wt% Ti 96.5 96.5 MA Al - 10 wt% Ti - 5 v/o SiC 105.5 108.9 MA Al - 10 wt% Ti - 15 v/o SiC 122.0 133.8 E c = E s V s + E m V m Where: E = modulus c = composite m = matrix V = volume fraction s = stiffener As illustrated in Table 5, the modulus increases with increased SiC content. Calculations show that the experimentally determined modulus of the composite to be increased to a level predicted by the rule of mixtures. The total modulus ranged from 89.6 to 96.9 percent of the total modulus predicted by the rule of mixtures. This is typical behavior of particulate composites which exhibit near iso-stress behavior. The composite structure of the invention provides several advantages. The composite structure of the invention provides a metal matrix composite that has desirable bonding between the metal matrix and particle stiffeners. The metal matrix of the invention has exceptional retained ductility which is capable of accepting a number of particle stiffeners. With the alloy of the invention's high modulus, good wear resistance, low density, moderate ductility, low coefficient of thermal expansion and high temperature strength, the alloy has desirable engineering properties which are particularly advantageous at higher temperature. The alloy of the invention should prove particularly useful for lightweight aeronautical applications requiring stiffness and strength above 200°C.

Claims: A composite aluminum-base alloy comprising: a mechanically alloyed aluminum matrix alloy having 4 to 40 volume percent Al₃Ti, said Al₃Ti being essentially insoluble in said matrix alloy below one half the solidus temperature of said matrix alloy, 0.1 to 2 percent oxygen by weight and 1 to 4 percent carbon by weight and having the balance of said matrix alloy principally being aluminum; and a silicon carbide particle stiffener distributed within said matrix alloy, said stiffener being 5 to 30 percent by volume of said composite aluminum-base alloy. The alloy of Claim 1 wherein said silicon carbide particles are greater than 1 micrometer in average diameter. The alloy of Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein said matrix alloy contains 18 to 40 volume percent Al₃Ti. The alloy of Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein said matrix alloy contains 4 to 18 volume percent Al₃Ti. Use of an alloy as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4 in engineering components that are exposed to elevated temperatures e.g. 200°c or above.

Inventors: BENN RAYMOND CHRISTOPHER, MATTSON WALTER ERNEST, MIRCHANDANI PRAKASH KISHINCHAN, BENN, RAYMOND CHRISTOPHER, MATTSON, WALTER ERNEST, MIRCHANDANI, PRAKASH KISHINCHAND
Applicants: INCO ALLOYS INT, INCO ALLOYS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Application year: 1990
Main classification: C22C1
IPC codes: C22C32, C22C1, C22C21