PREPARATION OF LIPOSOME AND LIPID COMPLEX COMPOSITIONS

Abstract: Liposome and lipidic particle formulations of compounds are prepared by dissolving in a solution of liposome-forming lipids in an aprotic solvent such as DMSO, optionally containing a lipid-solubilizing amount of a lower alkanol, and injecting the resulting solution into an aqueous solution. The resulting liposome or lipidic particle suspension may then be dialyzed or otherwise concentrated. This method is particularly useful for compounds which are poorly-soluble in aqueous solution, but is generally useful for any compound or combination of compounds which can be dissolved in the aprotic solvent or aprotic solvent/lower alkanol mixture.

Description: PREPARATION OF LIPOSOME AND LIPID COMPLEX COMPOSITIONS Description Technical Field This invention relates to the fields of pharmaceut¬ ical compositions, and the delivery of compounds having poor aqueous solubility. This invention also relates to the production of liposomes and lipid particles having a defined particle size. Background of the Invention Liposomes are small vesicles composed of amphi- pathic lipids arranged in spherical bilayers. Liposomes are usually classified as small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) , or multi-lamellar ves¬ icles (MLV) . SUVs and LUVs, by definition, have only one bilayer, whereas MLVs contain many concentric bilayers. Liposomes may be used to encapsulate various materials, by trapping hydrophilic compounds in the aqueous interior or between bilayers, or by trapping hydrophobic compounds within the bilayer. Liposomes exhibit a wide variety of characteris¬ tics, depending upon their size, composition, and charge. For example, liposomes having a small percentage of unsat- urated lipids tend to be slightly more permeable, while liposomes incorporating cholesterol or other sterols tend to be more rigid and less permeable. Liposomes may be positive, negative, or neutral in charge, depending on the hydrophilic group. For example, choline-based lipids impart a positive charge, phosphate and sulfate based lipids contribute a negative charge, and glycerol-based lipids and sterols are generally neutral in solution. Liposomes have been employed to deliver biologically active material. See for example Allison, U.S. Pat. No. 4,053,585, which disclosed the administration of several antigens in negatively-charged liposomes, optionally including killed Af. tuberculosis . Fullerton et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,975, disclosed the use of separated influenza membranes, with hemagglutinin spikes attached, which is bound to liposomes for use in influenza vaccines. Liposomes have been used to encapsulate a large var¬ iety of compounds which exhibit poor aqueous solubility, or which exhibit unacceptable toxicity at therapeutic dosages. For example, amphotericin B is an anti-fungal antibiotic which is poorly soluble in water, alcohols, chloroform, and other common halocarbon solvents. While amphotericin B is an effective fungicide, it is also dangerously toxic at concentrations slightly above the therapeutic concentra¬ tion. Encapsulation in liposomes appears to reduce the in vivo toxicity to mammalian cells, while leaving the fungi- cidal activity relatively unaltered (F.C. Szoka et al, Antimicrob Agents Chemother (1987) 31:421-29). The effects on cytotoxicity and fungicidal activity were dependent upon the particular liposome composition, liposomal structure (e.g. , SUV, MLV, etc. ) , and method of preparation. Phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) can be formed by a variety of techniques that, in general, start with "dry" lipids that are introduced into an aqueous phase (D. Lasic, J Theor Biol (1987) 124:35-411. Once the lipid is hydra- ted, liposomes form spontaneously. Techniques have been developed to control the number of lamellae in the lipo¬ somes and to produce a defined particle size. The avail- able procedures are satisfactory for most applications where small amounts of material are needed (G. Gregoriadis, "Liposome Technology" I-III (Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, Inc.), 1984). However, for the manufacture of ves¬ icles on a large scale, the lipid hydration step can be a severe constraint on vesicle production. To accelerate the lipid hydration step, the lipids can be dissolved in an organic solvent and injected into the aqueous phase. This permits a continuous production of vesicles since the solvent can be removed by dialysis or evaporation. Using ethanol as the solvent, unilamellar liposomes of defined size can be formed by injection (S. Batzri et al, Biochem Biophγs Acta (1973) _2 8:1015-1019; J. Kremer et al. Biochemistry (1977) 16.:3932-3935) . This procedure generates unilamellar vesicles as long as the lipid concentration in the ethanol is below 40 mM and the final ethanol concentration in the aqueous suspension is less than about 10% (F. Boiler, et al, EPO 87306202.0, filed 14 July 1987). These two factors limit the concen¬ tration of defined sized liposomes formed by ethanol injec- tion to about 4 mM. This is a rather dilute solution of liposomes; for water soluble compounds the encapsulation efficiency is poor, while for lipid soluble compounds large volumes are required to obtain a sufficient quantity of material. Because of these limitations, ethanol injection has not been widely employed for making lipid vesicles (D. Lichtenberg, et al, in "Methods of Biochemical Analysis," (D. Glick, ed., John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.) (1988) 33:337- 462). Lipid particles are complexes of an amphipathic lipid ith another molecule, in a defined ratio, which result in a supramolecular structure or particle. The principal difference between a liposome and a lipidic par- tide is that a liposome has a continuous bilayer of lipid surrounding an aqueous core, whereas a lipidic particle does not. Because of this difference, in most cases, lip¬ idic particles cannot encapsulate water soluble molecules. Lipidic particles can range in size from about 5 nm to greater than 1000 nm. The size of the final lipidic par¬ ticle depends upon the composition and the method of prep¬ aration. Examples of lipidic particles are the lipid emul¬ sions (S. Ljungberg et al, Acta Pharmaceutica Suecica (1970) 2:435-40), lipoproteins (A. Gotto et al, Meth Enzymol (1986) 129:783-89) , and iscoms (K. Lovgren et al, J Immunol Meth (1987) 98.:137-43). Disclosure of the Invention A new method is disclosed for preparing liposomal suspensions containing compounds which exhibit poor sol¬ ubility in water, alcohols, and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents. The method provides a high, efficient encapsu¬ lation rate. Additionally, the method is suitable for practice on an industrial manufacturing scale, and may be practiced as a continuous process. Other significant advantages of this method include: the formation of high concentrations of liposomes, defined diameter prepara¬ tions, simplicity, speed of particle formation, * ease of scaling to large volumes, and the possibility to encapsu¬ late compounds that have poor water/organic solubility but high solubility in aprotic solvents. The method comprises preparing a solution contain- ing the poorly-soluble compound and a suitable lipid in an aprotic solvent such as DMSO, optionally containing a solu- bilizing amount of a lower alcohol, and injecting the resulting solution through a suitably-sized aperture into a stirred or mixed aqueous solution of appropriate ionic strength and drug composition. This process is suitable for continuous production. The resulting liposomal sus¬ pension may be dialyzed or otherwise concentrated, if desired. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 depicts the effect of stirring rate on liposome diameter, as described in Example 1. Figure 2 depicts the effect of injection rate on liposome diameter. Figure 3 depicts the effect of injection volume on liposome diameter. Figure 4 depicts the effect of aqueous solution vol¬ ume on liposome diameter. Figure 5 depicts the effect of increasing aprotic solvent volume (at constant lipid concentration and aqueous solution volume) on liposome diameter. Figure 6 depicts the effect of aqueous solution tem¬ perature on liposome diameter. Figure 7 depicts the effect of aqueous phase ionic strength on liposome diameter. Figure 8 depicts the effect of aqueous solution sol¬ ute composition on liposome diameter. Figure 9 depicts the effect of urea concentrations in the aqueous solution on liposome diameter. Figure 10 depicts the effect of aqueous solution pH on liposome diameter. Figure 11 depicts the effect of the ratio of EtOH to DMSO on liposome diameter. Figure 12 depicts the effect of EtOH concentration following injection on liposome diameter. Figure 13 depicts the effect of different alkanol/ DMSO mixtures on liposome diameter. Figure 14 depicts the effect of different aprotic solvents with EtOH on liposome diameter. Figure 15 depicts the effect of lipid concentration on liposome diameter for EtOH and three DMSO/alkanol mix- tures. Modes of Carrying Out The Invention A. Definitions The term "poorly soluble compound" as used herein refers to compounds which appear to be very slightly sol¬ uble or substantially insoluble (less than about 1 mg/mL) at physiologic temperature and pH in standard solvents. "Standard solvents" includes water and aqueous solutions, lower alcohols (for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanols, t-butanol, and the like), and halo- genated hydrocarbons (for example, dichloromethane, chloro¬ form, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and the like). Suitable poorly soluble compounds include , cisplatin, doxorubicin, epinephrine, mebendazole, niridazole, polyene antibiotics such as amphotericin B, nystatin, and primaricin, and the like. The term "suitable lipid" as used herein refers to an a phipathic compound which is capable of liposome for¬ mation, and is substantially non-toxic when administered at the necessary concentrations as liposomes. Suitable lipids generally have a polar or hydrophilic end, and a non-polar or hydrophobic end. Suitable lipids include without lim¬ itation egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC), egg phosphatidyl- glycerol (EPG) , dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) , cho¬ lesterol (Choi), cholesterol sulfate and its salts (CS), cholesterol hemisuccinate and its salts (Chems), choles¬ terol phosphate and its salts (CP) , cholesterol phthalate, cholesterylphosphorylcholine, 3,6,9-trioxaoctan-l-ol-cho- lesteryl-3e-ol, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), di- myristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) , hydrogenated soy phos- phatidylcholine (HSPC) , and other hydroxy-cholesterol or aminocholesterol derivatives (see e.g., K.R. Patel et al, Biochi Biophvs Acta (1985) £11:256-64). The term "encapsulating amount" refers to the amount of lipid necessary to encapsulate the poorly soluble com- pound and form liposomes or lipidic particles of approp¬ riate size. Preferably, the average liposome or lipidic particles size is less than 1,000 nm in diameter, more preferably about 20-600 nm. The encapsulating amount will depend upon the particular compound and process conditions selected, but will in general range from about 2:1 to about 1:100 compound:lipid, preferably about 1:1 to about 1:20. The term "lipid-compound suspension of defined par¬ ticle size" refers generically to complexes of the inven¬ tion formed from a suitable lipid and a compound to be encapsulated or complexed. Lipid-compound suspensions of defined particle size include liposomes and lipidic par¬ ticles which have a particle size distribution on the order of <1000 nm in diameter, preferably 20-600 nm. The term "lipidic particle" as used herein refers to particles of undefined structure which consist of a suit¬ able lipid and an encapsulated or complexed compound. Polyene antibiotics at high antibiotic:lipid ratios typ- ically form lipidic particles rather than liposomes, due to the polyene structure and its interaction with the lipid. Lipidic particles may have a lamellar structure, but are not required to exhibit any definable structure. The structure of these particles is currently unknown. The term "aprotic solvent" as used herein refers to solvents which are not hydrogen donors, and which do not include hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon solvent. Suitable aprotic solvents include dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dioxane, dimethylformamide (DMF) , acetonitrile, 1,2-di- methoxyethane (DME) , N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), sulfo- lane, gamma butyrolactone, l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (MP) , and methylpyrroline, preferably DMSO. The term "lower alkanol" refers to compounds of the formula R-OH, where R is a fully saturated hydrocarbon rad- ical having from one to six carbon atoms. Suitable lower alkanols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isoprop¬ anol, n-butanol, and the like. Ethanol and methanol are presently preferred, particularly ethanol. B. General Method The compositions of the invention are prepared by dissolving a compound of poor solubility in an aprotic sol¬ vent, along with an encapsulating amount of a suitable lipid. The aprotic solvent solution may additionally con- tain a lower alkanol if needed to solubilize the lipid. The resulting solution is then extruded into an aqueous solution, with stirring, forming a liposome or lipidic par- ti e suspension. The suspension may be dialyzed or other¬ wise concentrated, if desired. The aprotic solvent is selected from dimethylsulf- oxide (DMSO), dioxane, dimethylformamide (DMF) , acetoni- trile, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) , N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), sulfolane, gamma butyrolactone, l-methyl-2-pyrrol- idinone (MP) , and methylpyrroline. DMSO is presently pre¬ ferred. The lipid concentration in the aprotic solvent solu- tion will vary depending upon the particular lipid or lipid mixture selected. However, in the practice of the present invention, one may use lipid concentrations ranging from about 2 mM to about 400 mM, preferably about 40-120 mM. The lipid solution preferably contains a lower alkanol, preferably ethanol or methanol, in a ratio of about 1:2 to 8:1 aprotic solvent:alkanol. Presently preferred solvent ratios are 1:1 to 7:3 DMSO:EtOH. The poorly soluble compound is selected for its sol¬ ubility in the aprotic solvent or aprotic solvent/lower alkanol mixture used. The ratio of compound to lipid used may range from about 2:1 to about 1:100 compound:lipid, preferably about 1:1 to about 1:20, depending on the com¬ pound employed. With polyene-type compounds such as ampho¬ tericin B, ratios of about 1:1 are presently preferred. Aqueous-soluble compounds are dissolved or suspended in the aqueous phase at a concentration appropriate for the desired compound:lipid ratio. The compound/lipid solution is then extruded or injected into a suitable aqueous solution. The extrusion means may be a syringe, perforated plate or tube, or other appropriate device providing apertures of about 0.05 mm to about 5 mm, preferably about 0.8 mm. One may also use a sintered disk having a 0.1-50 u nominal retention size. The method of the invention is not sensitive to the rate of extrusion; a rate of about 0.5-10 mL/min/aperture is sug¬ gested for the sake of convenience. The method of the invention is also not particularly sensitive to stirring rate. However, the aqueous solution is preferably stirred at a rate of at least 150 rpm. For the lipid-soluble com¬ pounds, the aqueous solution may contain small amounts of buffering compounds, preservatives, and the like, but the ionic strength should not exceed that obtained by about 1 M NaCl, preferably not exceeding the ionic strength of a sol¬ ution of about 0.1 M NaCl, more preferably not exceeding the ionic strength of a solution of about 10 mM NaCl. The temperature of the aqueous phase will in general be between the transition temperature of the lipids employed, and the boiling point of the aprotic solvent/alkanol mixture. Preferably, the temperature will be in the range of about 25-80°C, more preferably about 30-60°C. The temperature of the lipid solution may range from the freezing point of the aprotic solvent/alkanol mixture to its boiling point, but in general is preferably about ambient temperature. The volume of aqueous solution is not particularly critical to the process of the invention, and is preferably minimized in order to facilitate concentration of the liposomes or lipidic particles after formation. In general, the ratio of lipid solution to aqueous solution may range from about 1:25 to about 1:1, preferably about 1:10 to about 1:15. If desired, the liposome or lipidic particle sus¬ pension obtained may be concentrated by standard tech¬ niques, including centrifugation, dialysis, diafiltration, counter current dialysis, and the like. The suspensions are used in a manner appropriate to the poorly soluble compound encapsulated. Where the com¬ pound is a pharmaceutically active compound, the suspen- sions of the invention are preferably administered paren- terally, for example by intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous injection. Other modes of administration include intraocular drops, intranasal spray or drops, top- ical salves, and the like. C. Examples The examples presented below are provided as a fur¬ ther guide to the practitioner of ordinary skill in the art, and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way. Methods and Materials In the examples set forth below, egg phosphatidyl- choline (EPC), egg phosphatidylglycerol (EPG), dipalmitoyl- phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were obtained from Sigma Inc., St. Louis, Mo., as chloroform/ethanol solutions. Choles¬ terol (Choi), cholesterol sulfate (sodium salt) (CS), and cholesterol hemisuccinate (Tris salt) (Chems) were obtained from Sigma as dry powders. In some experiments the EPC, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol, dimyristoylphosphatidyl- choline and hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) used were obtained from Natterman, Cologne, as dry powders. Thin-layer chromatography on silica gel 60 (Merck) in a solvent system of chloroform/methanol/water (65/25/4) at high lipid loadings showed only one component for each of the above phospholipids. DL-α-tocopherol was from Serva. The cis-platinum was a product of Bristol Myers, Syracuse, N.Y. Doxorubicin was obtained from Farmitalia as the lyophilized powder containing lactose. The l-methyl-2- pyrrolidinone (MP) , 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), gamma butyrolactone, lactose, urea, amphotericin B (AmpB), nystatin and primaricin were obtained from Sigma. Other chemicals were reagent grade. The solvents, except as noted above, were obtained from Merck and were puriss or HPLC grade. Absolute ethanol (EtOH) was from Merck. Double-distilled deionized water was used in the prepara- tion of all solutions. Preparation of Lipid Stock Solutions Lipids were either weighed into a round bottom flask of known weight or deposited from the chloroform/ethanol solution by removal of the solvent on a rotary evaporator. The lipids were placed under high vacuum at room temper¬ ature for 24 hours. The flasks were reweighed after this period and made up to a standard volume with dry ethanol in a Volumetric flask to obtain the stock lipid concentra- tions. A clear stock solution of egg phosphatidylcholine containing 0.05 mole percent tocopherol under a nitrogen atmosphere was usually prepared at 300-400 mM by heating the ethanol solution to 60°C. DPPC and HSPC were dissol¬ ved, with heating, to 300 mM concentration. At this con- σentration the HSPC formed a gel when the temperature was reduced to 20°C. Anhydrous solvents were used in the prep¬ aration of all lipid solutions and precautions were taken to minimize the exposure of the solutions to the atmo¬ sphere. When other alcohols such as methanol (MeOH) , prop- anol, isopropanol and tertiary butanol were used, egg phos¬ phatidylcholine was dissolved at 400 mM by heating to 60°C. Mixtures of the alcohol lipid stock solution with the var¬ ious other solvents were on a v/v basis by pipetting the alcoholic lipid solution into a volumetric flask and adding the second solvent to the indicated mark. Cholesterol was prepared in ethanol at 100 mM by heating to 60°C; when cooled to room temperature, it would crystallize from solu¬ tion. For certain experiments cholesterol was dissolved in l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone at a concentration of 364 mM. Cholesterol sulfate and Chems were dissolved in dimethyl- sulfoxide (DMSO) at a concentration of 71 mM. Mixtures of lipids were prepared from the stock solutions on a vol- ume-to-volume basis. Lipid stocks were stored under a nitrogen atmosphere at -20°C. Phospholipid concentration of the final liposome preparations was determined by meas¬ uring the phosphorous concentration after acid digestion as described (G. Bartlett, J Biol Chem (1959) 234:466-4681. Injection System A water-jacketed glass reaction vessel with a volume of 15 mL was used to contain the aqueous phase. The tem¬ perature of the vessel was maintained at 30°C, unless otherwise specified, by circulating water from a temper- ature-controlled water bath. The vessel was placed on a magnetic stirrer and a 1 cm magnetic stirring bar was posi¬ tioned on the bottom of the receptor compartment. The spinning rate of the stirring bar was controlled by the rheostat on the magnetic stirrer and provided continuous mixing up to about 1000 rp . Typical conditions for the solvent injection were as follows: 3 mL of aqueous recep¬ tor phase was placed in the vessel and the magnetic stir¬ rer was spun at 750 rpm. The aqueous phase was allowed to equilibrate to the required temperature. A 0.5 mL gas- tight Hamilton syringe with a Teflon plunger was used for injections requiring less than 0.5 mL. A 3 mL plastic syringe was used for injections requiring between 0.5 mL and 3.0 mL. The syringe was positioned in the center of the vessel, directly over the magnetic stirring bar and tip of the syringe needle (25 gauge) was placed under the aqueous phase and about 2-4 mm above the stirring bar. In a typical experiment, 0.3 mL of lipid solution in the sol¬ vent was injected at a rate of 3.6 mL/ in (5 s). This arrangement provided very rapid and thorough mixing of the lipid solution with the aqueous solution. Mixing could be observed by placing a dye in the lipid solution and inject¬ ing it into the aqueous phase. The lipid suspension was stirred for 5 min, then removed from the vessel and placed in a dialysis bag. The sample was dialyzed versus 100 vol¬ umes of appropriate buffer changed twice over a 24 hour period. As it turns out, the system is quite robust and different injection conditions yield vesicles with similar diameters over a wide range of stirring rates, injection rates, temperatures, receptor volumes and aqueous:solvent ratios. Determination of Vesicle Diameter Vesicle diameter was measured by dynamic light scat¬ tering using a helium-neon 100 mW NEC gas laser and a Malvern K7027 correlator. At least three measurements were made for each for each determination. The diameter and polydispersity were reported as the mean of the three determinations. Example 1 (Parameters of Liposome Formation) The following experiments were conducted to deter- mine the effects of process parameters on the final lipo¬ some products. (A) Effect of Injection Conditions The injection system was first examined using a dye dissolved in the solvent mixture. It was observed that placement of the syringe tip into the aqueous phase dir¬ ectly over the magnetic stirring bar gave rapid mixing. When 0.2 mL of a 70 mM EPC solution in DMSO:EtOH (7:3) was injected into 2 mL of water, a slightly opalescent suspen- sion was produced as soon as the solvent mixed. In the absence of stirring, the vesicle diameter was 152 nm. As the stirring rate was increased to 250 rpm, the vesicle diameter decreased to 71 nm (Figure 1). The diameter of the resulting vesicles remained constant as the stirring rate was further increased to 750 rpm (Figure 1). There¬ fore in all ensuing experiments the stirring rate was main¬ tained at 750 rpm. The diameter of the resulting liposomes was rela- tively insensitive to the injection rate from 0.4 mL/min to 6 mL/min (Figure 2) . In all subsequent experiments the injection rate was between 2-6 mL/min. When the aqueous phase volume was constant but the quantity of the lipid and solvent increased, the diameter of the resulting vesicles hardly changed (Figure 3). When the volume of the aqueous phase was increased from 2 mL to 5 mL but the ratio of solvent to aqueous phase and final lipid concentration remained constant, vesicle diameter exhibited a slight decrease from 68 nm to 48 nm (Figure 4). In all successive experiments, the aqueous volume was at least 3 mL and in most cases 4 mL. If the amount of lipid injected and the aqueous phase remained constant but the volume of the solvent injected increased, the diameter of the resulting vesicles were unchanged (Figure 5). This is in spite of the fact that at the highest concentration tested, the final mix¬ ture after injection contained 50% solvent. In these experiments the temperature of the aqueous phase was maintained at 30°C. However, varying the tem- perature of the aqueous phase from 30 to 80°C had only a modest effect on the diameter of the resulting vesicles (Figure 6) . In all of the subsequent injection experi¬ ments, the temperature of the aqueous phase was regulated at 30°C. The lipids in the solvent mixture were used at room temperature (20-24°C). Thus, initial experiments demonstrated that the diameter of vesicles formed during the solvent injection procedure was relatively unaffected by a large number of variables that could conceivably influence the injection system. Based upon these results, the standard injection conditions were as follows: lipid was injected at a rate of 2-6 mL/min into a 3-4 mL aqueous volume at 30°C stir- ring at 750 rpm so that the final solvent to aqueous ratio was between 0.075 and 0.33. This robustness makes the pro¬ cedure easy to set up with common laboratory equipment. (B) Influence of Aqueous Phase In a number of procedures for making liposomes, the properties of the aqueous phase during the formation of the liposome, such as ionic strength, pH and types of buffers, can influence the resulting liposomal properties (Lichteπberg-, supra) . A linear relationship was observed 2 (r =0.88) between vesicle diameter and the logarithm of the NaCl molarity (Figure 7). This apparent effect of the ionic strength on vesicle diameter was observed both times the complete titration from 0.001 to 1.0 mM salt was run. It was a consistent finding that when two or more prepara¬ tions were compared, vesicles formed in the higher ionic strength aqueous phase had larger diameters, when all other conditions were the same. When nonionic solutes (glycerol, lactose or urea) were added to the aqueous phase, there was no effect on vesicle diameter (Figure 8) even when the urea concentra- tion was increased from 0 to 8 M (Figure 9). This sug¬ gests that the salt effect is due to a change of the ionic strength and not to a change in the osmolarity of the aqueous suspension. Changes in the pH of the aqueous phase from pH 10 to pH 4, at a relatively constant ionic strength, had little effect on the diameter of the vesicles (Figure 10). How¬ ever, vesicles formed at pH 2.0 were appreciably smaller than vesicles formed at the higher pH values. (C) Influence of Solvent Mixture Preliminary experiments indicated that the nature of the solvents and the lipid concentration in the solvent mixture influenced both the appearance of the lipid sus¬ pension and the vesicle diameters measured by light scat¬ tering. The effect of these two parameters were examined at the maximum lipid concentration (40 mM) where the EtOH injection method was reported to yield unilamellar vesicles (Kremer et al. Biochemistry (1977) 16.:3932-3935) and at lipid concentrations two- to threefold greater. Altering the ratio of DMSO:EtOH from 8:2 to absolute EtOH had no significant effect on the resulting vesicle diameters (Fig¬ ure 11) . In the classical EtOH injection technique (Batzri, supra; Kremer, supra) the final percentage of EtOH in the aqueous phase at constant lipid injected influenced the diameter of the resulting vesicles. This effect can be seen in Figure 12 where vesicle diameter changes as the percentage of EtOH in the resulting suspension increases. For comparison, vesicles formed from a DMSO:EtOH mixture at the same lipid concentration at a final solvent percentage of 7.5 had a diameter of 93 nm versus 483 nm for the pure EtOH. As noted above, increasing the final solvent per- centage to 50% when DMSO:EtOH mixture was used as a solvent hardly altered the vesicle diameter (Figure 5). Since a DMSO:EtOH ratio of 2:1 could solubilize lipids quite well, the effects of changing the alcohol at high lipid concentration on the vesicle diameters was exam¬ ined (Figure 13). At this lipid concentration, EtOH and MeOH mixed with DMSO provided the smallest diameter ves¬ icles 114 nm and 154 nm, respectively. Propanol and iso- propanol DMSO mixtures yielded vesicles with significantly greater diameters (295 nm and 254 nm, respectively). Fin¬ ally, tertiary butanol:DMSO mixtures yielded the greatest diameter vesicles, 832 nm. The latter three solvent mix¬ tures produced vesicle suspensions that sedimented after dialysis. An examination of these three under the micro¬ scope revealed a mix of small structures and larger struc¬ tures that had the classical MLV appearance (A. Bangham et al, J Mol Biol (1965) 11:238-252). The aprotic cosolvent used with ethanol also influenced the diameter of the resulting vesicles (Figure 14). DMSO as the cosolvent produced the smallest diameter vesicles (113 nm) . Dioxane, dimethylformamide, acetoni- trile and l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone produced vesicle in the 160-200 nm diameter range. Tetrahydrofuran/EtOH and pure EtOH lipid solutions produced vesicles with diameters greater than 800 nm (Figure 14). After dialysis, these latter two liposome suspensions were composed of large MLV- like structures that were extensively aggregated when viewed under the light microscope. (D) Influence of Lipid Concentration An important parameter in the original EtOH injec¬ tion method was the concentration of lipid in the EtOH (Kremer, supra). The effect of lipid concentration was examined in EtOH and three DMSO:alcohol (2:1) solvent mix¬ tures: EtOH, MeOH and propanol (Figure 15). As noted above, when the lipid concentration exceeds 40 mM in the EtOH, the resulting vesicle diameter increases consider- ably (Kremer, supra). Vesicle diameters were 83 nm at 40 mM and 690 nm at 121 mM. Although not previously men¬ tioned, the polydispersity of the preparation also increases from 0.33 at 40 mM to 0.69 at 121 mM. The DMSO/ propanol mixture also yielded a significant increase in vesicle diameter and polydispersity (0.24 to 0.59) of the preparation when the lipid concentration increased to 121 mM. The DMSO/EtOH and DMSO/MeOH mixtures formed vesicles with diameters of about 50 nm at the lowest lipid concen- tration used, to about 150 nm at the highest lipid concen¬ tration (Figure 15). The polydispersity of the vesicle preparations over this same lipid concentration range var¬ ied from 0.250 to 0.370 for the EtOH and MeOH-containing solvent mixtures. The increase in vesicle diameters as measured by light scattering at the higher lipid concentrations (Fig¬ ure 15) is also reflected in the appearance of the prepar¬ ations. A very turbid suspension is visible with the EtOH and propanol/DMSO mixtures at 121 mM lipid and a much less opalescent suspension arises with the EtOH/DMSO and MeOH/ DMSO mixtures following injection. Example 2 (Encapsulation of Doxorubicin) An important compound for cancer chemotherapy is doxorubicin. A number of investigators have demonstrated that when this compound is administered as the liposome- encapsulated form, its toxicity in animals is reduced. All previously reported liposome preparations for encapsula- tion of doxorubicin have used a dry lipid hydration step, in spite of the low aqueous solubility of the drug at pH 7.4. Doxorubicin is very soluble in DMSO, so that it lends itself to the DMSO injection procedure of the invention. Doxorubicin was dissolved in DMSO and added to an ethanol solution of EPG:EPC:Choi (7:3:6) to yield a final doxorubicin concentration of 6.2 mM and a final total lipid concentration of 96.4 mM in a DMSO:EtOH (7:3) solvent mix- ture. Lipid vesicles were formed by injecting 1 mL of the lipid-doxorubicin mixture into 2 mL of an aqueous phase consisting of 140 mM NaCl-10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 4.0, at 30°C. The lipid suspension was dialyzed for 2 h at room temper¬ ature against 100 volumes of 140 mM NaCl-10 mM Tris, pH 4.0 (NaCl-Tris). The liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin was separated from the nonencapsulated material by column chromatography on a 1 x 40 cm Sephadex ® G-50 column eluted with NaCl-Tris. The amount of doxorubicin recovered in the vesicle peak was corrected for changes in volume during the procedure and compared to the initial amount injected to obtain an encapsulation efficiency. Doxorubicin concen¬ tration was measured spectrophotometrically at 480 nm fol¬ lowing solubilization of the liposome/doxorubicin prepar¬ ations with Triton ® X-100 and heating. The resulting vesicle diameter was 227 nm, and 41.2% of the doxorubicin was encapsulated in the vesicles. Example 3 (Preparation of Polyene Lipid Complexes) (A) The preparation of amphotericin B liposomes or lipidic particles (R. New et al, Antimicrob Chemotherap (1987) 8.:371-381; G. Lopez-Berestein et al, "Biophysics to Therapeutics" (M. Ostro, Ed. 1987) 253-76; F. Szoka et al, Antimicrob Ag Chemotherap (1987) 31:421-429) has always presented technical problems because of the low solubility of polyene antibiotics in most solvents (N. Rajagopalan et al, J Parenteral Sci Tech (1988) 4_2.:97-102) . Due to the limited solubility of the polyene antibiotics in most sol- vents, early preparations of the formulations required large amounts of solvents such as methanol (Lopez- Berestein, 1987). To decrease the amount of solvent used in the preparations, amphotericin B in DMSO had been added to dried films of lipid to form the amphotericin B lipo¬ somes (Szoka, supra). This did not yield small diameter preparations and required significant additional prepara¬ tion steps, such as sonication, in order to provide a for¬ mulation suitable for use in animals. The development of the method of the invention has made possible the simple preparation of these formula¬ tions. Not only are the polyene antibiotics soluble in DMSO, but so are Chems and CholSO 4.. Cholesterol is exceed- ingly soluble in l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. Therefore, a solvent injection method was used to prepare polyene/sterol complexes. Preparations that contained up to 5 mM ampho¬ tericin B were easily prepared with a number of formula¬ tions (Tables 1-4). With the polyene antibiotics, more than 90% of the polyene was recovered in the preparations following extensive dialysis to remove nonassociated drug. These compositions were either 1:1 or 1:2 ratios of poly¬ ene:lipid, so that the weight percent of the active com¬ ponent in the formulation is quite high. Complexes with particle diameters less than 1000 nm could be formed from cholesterol, Chems, and CholS0 4 (Table 1). Three suitable component complexes containing DPPC and Chems or Choi were also formed (Table 2). Table 1 Preparation of Amphotericin B/Single Lipid Complexes by Solvent Injection Lipid &. Aqueous Diameter Ratio 1 Solvent Phase (nm) Choi 1:1 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 10 mM Hepes 451 Choi 1:1 DMSO:MP 1: ;1 NaCl-Hepes >1500 Chems 1:1 DMSO NaCl-Hepes >1500 Chems 1:1 DMSO 10 mM Hepes 90 Chems 1:1 DMSO 10 mM Hepes 160 CholSO4. l:l DMSO NaCl-Hepes >1500 CholSO4. 1:1 DMSO 10 mM Hepes 143 DPPC 1:1 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 NaCl-Hepes >1500 DPPC 1:1 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 10 mM Hepes >1500 DPPC 1:2 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 NaCl-Hepes >1500 a. amphotericin B:lipid ratio. b. Solvent volume was 0.25 mL injected into 3.0 mL of the indicated buffer at 30°C. The buffer pH was 7.4. c. Particle * diameter was measured after dialysis in for¬ mation buffer. Values greater than 1500 nm indicate that large particle diameters were present that could not be accurately measured by dynamic light scattering. In all cases where the diameters were greater than 1500 nm, ex¬ tensive aggregation and settling of the preparations in the dialysis bag were observed. d. Solvent volume was 1.0 mL injected into 3.0 mL of the indicated buffer. Table 2 Preparation of Amphotericin B/Multiple Lipid Complexes by Solvent Injection Component Aqueous Diameter Ratio Solvent Phase (nm) Choi:DPPC 1:1:1 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 10 mM Hepes 254 Choi:DPPC 1:1:1 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 NaCl-Hepes >1500 Chems:EPC 1:1:1 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 NaCl-Hepes >1500 Chems:DPPC 1:1:1 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 10 mM Hepes 92 Chems:DPPC l:l:l d DMSO:EtOH 7:3 NaCl-Hepes >1500 Chems:HSPC 1:1:1 DMSO:EtOH 7:3 NaCl-Hepes >1500 a. amphotericin B:lipid ratio. b. Solvent volume was 0.25 mL injected into 3.0 mL of the indicated buffer at 60°C. The buffer pH was 7.4. c. Particle diameter was measured after dialysis in forma¬ tion buffer. Values greater than 1500 nm indicate that large particle diameters are present that cannot be accurately measured by dynamic light scattering. In all cases where the diameters were greater than 1500 nm, extensive aggregation and settling of the preparations in the dialysis bag were observed. d. Temperature of the aqueous phase was 30°C. Solutions of the polyene antibiotics amphotericin B (30 mM) and nystatin (50 mM) were prepared in DMSO. The primaricin aqueous suspension obtained from Sigma was lyo- philized and resuspended in various solvents. Primaricin was very soluble in DMSO, but after standing at room tem¬ perature for 2 h, a precipitate formed that could not be resuspended by warming the solution. A stable yellow solu¬ tion of primaricin could be prepared in a 1:1 solvent mix¬ ture of DMS0:MP. The polyene antibiotics were combined with the various lipids in a solvent mixture of DMSO, DMSO:MP or DMSO:EtOH (7:3) and then injected into the aqueous phase. The preparations formed were transferred to a dialysis bag and dialyzed versus 100 volumes of distil- led water, changed twice unless otherwise indicated. The ratio of the components, exact solvent mixtures and other conditions are given in the results. Samples of the prep¬ arations were dissolved in methanol and the polyene con¬ centration determined spectrophotometrically (Szoka et al. , supra) : amphotericin B at 406 nm, nystatin at 306 nm and primaricin at 318 nm. Preparations containing polyene antibiotics were sensitive to the ionic strength, pH and ratio of solvent to aqueous phase in the preparation (Tables 1, 3, 4) . For instance, at low ionic strength (10 mM buffer) particle diameters less than 700 nm were obtained. When 0.1 M NaCl was included in the aqueous buffer, all other conditions kept constant, the particle size became greater 1500 nm, and extensive aggregation was observed. This is a func- tion of the polyene, since for a number of the lipids, par¬ ticle diameters less than 200 nm were are obtained upon injection of the lipid alone into the NaCl-Hepes buffer. The pH of the receptor phase was also important in determining the particle size. In the case of the Chems: polyene complexes, the smallest particle sizes were obtained at pH > 7, whereas for CholSO :polyene complexes small diameters could be obtained at pH 4.0 and at pH > 5 (Tables 3, 4) . Table 3 Preparation of Amphotericin B/Lipid Complexes by Solvent Injection Component Aqueous Diameter Ratio P H b Phase (nm) A:Chems 1:1.1 4.0 10 mM acetate >1500 A:Chems 1:1.1 7.0 10 mM Hepes 111 A:Chems 1:1.1 8.0 10 mM Hepes 121 A:CholS04„ 1:1.1 2.0 10 mM glycine >1500 A:CholS0 4 1:1.1 4.0 10 mM acetate 86.4 A:CholSO4. 1:1.1 5.0 10 mM citrate >1500 A:CholSO 4„ 1:1.1 7.0 10 mM Hepes 456 A:CholSO4,. 1:1.1 8.0 10 mM Hepes 539 A:CholSO4. 1:1.1 10.0 10 mM glycine 615 A:CholS04. 1:1.1 7.0 10 mM Hepes:8 M urea 64.8 a. amphotericin B:lipid ratio. b. Solvent volume was 0.3 mL of the buffer at 30°C. c. Particle diameter was measured after dialysis in dis¬ tilled water. Values greater than 1500 nm indicate that large particle diameters are present that cannot be accu¬ rately measured by dynamic light scattering. In all cases where the diameters were greater than 1500 nm, extensive aggregation and settling of the preparations in the di¬ alysis bag were observed. With these complexes, changing the ratio of the sol¬ vent to aqueous phase, which also increased the concentra¬ tion of the components, could cause an increase in parti¬ cle diameter, as was seen in the case of Ny:CholSO. (Table 4). Table 4 Preparation of Polyene/Lipid Complexes by Solvent Injection Component Aqueous Diameter Ratio H 13 Phase (nm) Ny:CholS0 4 1: 1. .1 4.0 10 mM acetate 552 Ny:CholS0 4 1: 1. .1 8.0 10 mM Hepes 364 Ny:CholS0 4 1: 1. .ι d 8.0 10 mM Hepes >1500 Ny:Chol 1:1 4.0 10 mM acetate >1500 Ny:Chol 1:1 8.0 10 mM Hepes >1500 Ny:Chems 1:1 4.0 10 mM acetate >1500 Ny:Chems 1:1 7.0 10 mM Hepes 45 Ny:Chems 1:1 8.0 10 mM Hepes 47 Primaricin: Choi 1:1 7.4 10 mM Hepes 1052 Primaricin: Chems 1:1 7.4 10 mM Hepes >1500 a. Polyene:lipid ratio. Ny = nystatin. b. Solvent volume was 0.3 mL injected into 3.0 mL of the indicated buffer at 30°C. c. Particle diameter was measured after dialysis in dis¬ tilled water. Values greater than 1500 nm indicate that large particle diameters are present that cannot be ac¬ curately measured by dynamic light scattering. In all cases where the diameters were greater than 1500 nm, ex¬ tensive aggregation and settling of the preparations in the dialysis bag were observed. d. Solvent volume 1.0 mL injected into 2.0 mL buffer. The advantage of the injection method for making the polyene:lipid complexes for chemotherapeutic studies (T. Patterson et al., J Infect Pis (1989) in press) is that once the injection conditions are established, the pro¬ cedure is easily scaled up. When the amphotericin B: CholSO preparation was scaled up from 3 mL to 50 mL, the same particle size was obtained in the larger scale prep¬ aration. A second advantage is that particle sizes less than 200 nm are obtainable with this method. This permits filter sterilization of the resulting formulations. (B) Other cholesterol derivatives may be used to prepare amphotericin B-lipidic particles. For example, cholesterol phosphate, cholesterol phthalate, cholesterol phosphorylcholine, 3,6,9-trioxaoctan-l-ol-cholesteryl-3e- ol, and other hydroxy- or amino-cholesterol derivatives, can be dissolved in DMSO, EtOH, methylpyrroline, or MP, combined with amphotericin B in DMSO and injected into buf¬ fer to form amphotericin B lipidic particles having diam¬ eters less than about 700 nm. Lipid solutions were prepared using dimyristylphos- phatidylcholine:dimyristylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPC:DMPG, 7:3), cholesterol phosphocholine, cholesterol oleate, cho¬ lesterol phosphate, cholesteryl phthalate, and cholesterol sulfate in DMSO, DMSO/EtOH, and DMSO/methylpyrroline, and were combined with amphotericin B in DMSO to form solutions 12.5 mM in each component (lipid and antibiotic, in 1:1 ratio) . The DMSO/methylpyrroline mixtures formed two phases, and were emulsified immediately prior to injection. An aliquot (0.3 mL) of each mixture was injected into 2.7 mL of 10 mM Tris/lactate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.1 mM EDTA) at 30°C to form amphotericin B lipidic particles. After injection, the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, transferred to dialysis bags, and dialyzed for 48 hours against 100 volumes of 1 mM Tris/lactate (pH 7.0), changed twice. Amphotericin B was quantitatively retained in the particles under these conditions. The diameters of the lipidic particles were determined by laser light scatter¬ ing, and the means reported in Table 5 below. Table 5 Amphotericin B Lipidic Particles Particle Lipid Composition Solvent Diameter (nm ' . DMPC:DMPG (7:3) DMSO/EtOH 149 cholesterol DMSO/EtOH 659 phosphocholine cholesterol DMSO/methyl¬ 431 oleate pyrroline cholesterol DMSO 182 phosphate cholesteryl DMSO 126 phthalate. cholesterol DMSO 76 sulfate a Each composition contained amphotericin B in a ratio of 1:1 antibiotic:lipid Example 4 (Encapsulation of Cis-Platinum) Cis-platinum (cisplatin) is another compound widely used in cancer chemotherapy. It is exceedingly soluble in DMSO, and formation of liposomes containing cis-platinum by the DMSO injection technique proceeded easily. Liposomes with diameters between 100 and 220 nm were formed with a variety of lipid compositions (Table 6). With the condi- tions used here, the final concentration of cis-platinum in the liposome suspension was about 100 μg/mL. Cis-platinum was dissolved in DMSO at a concentra¬ tion of 45 mg/mL and added to various lipid compositions to give a final concentration of 7.5 mg/mL (25 mM) in a lipid concentration of between 90 to 135 mM in a DMSO:EtOH mix- ture of 7:3. Lipid compositions tested include EPC:Chems (2:1) 135 mM; EPC:EPG (7:3) 90 mM and EPC:EPG:Chol (7:3:6) 96.4 mM. At room temperature the lipid-drug mixture was slightly cloudy; the mixture became a clear solution upon a brief heating to 60°C in a water bath. One mL of the lipid-drug solution was injected into 2 mL of 150 mM NaCl- 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4 (NaCl-Hepes) at 30°C. The liposomes were dialyzed versus 100 volumes of NaCl-Hepes at room tem¬ perature for 2 h, and then chromatographed on a 1 x 40 cm Sephadex ® G-50 column eluted with the NaCl-Hepes. Cis- platinum concentration was determined by measuring platinum levels in an atomic absorption spectrometer. Table 6 Preparation of Cis-Platinum Liposomes by Solvent Injection Components Encapsulation Efficiency(%)a Diameter(nm)b EPC:EPG 7:3 7.4 169 EPC:EPG:Chol 7:3:6 6.9 109 EPC:Chems 2:1 14.5 216 a. Encapsulation efficiency was calculated as the per¬ centage of the initial cis-platinum that remained with the liposome preparation after column separation. The final total lipid in the aqueous phase after column separation was about 20 mM. b. Particle diameter was measured after dialysis in 0.1 M NaCl-10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4. ffxample 5 (Administration of Amphotericin B) Liposomes were prepared with amphotericin B and cho- lesterol sulfate as described in Example 3. An immunosup- pressive neutropenic rabbit model of invasive aspergil- losis was used to compare the lipidic particle formulation with free amphotericin B. Twenty-eight rabbits were immunosuppressed by admin- istration of cyclophosphamide and triamcinolone. The rab- bits were then challenged with 10 A. fumigatus . After 24 hours, the rabbits were divided into three treatment groups: eight rabbits received 4.5 mg/Kg/day free ampho¬ tericin B; four rabbits received 7.5 mg/Kg/day free ampho- tericin B; five rabbits received 6-9 mg/Kg/day amphoter¬ icin B lipidic particles (equivalent to 3-4.5 mg/Kg/day amphotericin B) ; three rabbits received 15 mg/Kg/day amphotericin B lipidic particles (equivalent to 7.5 mg/Kg/ day amphotericin B) ; and eight rabbits were controls. Acute mortality (death within 24 hours of drug administration) was observed in 4/4 animals receiving 7.5 mg/Kg free amphotericin, and in 3/8 animals receiving 4.5 mg/Kg free amphotericin. No acute mortality was observed in the groups receiving lipidic particle formulations. Treatment was continued for 30 days for the 4.5 mg/Kg free amphotericin B and 6-9 mg/Kg lipidic particle treatment groups. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed, and the liver, kidneys, lung, and brain exam- ined for viable Aspergillis by culturing the organs. The results are reported in Table 7 as the number of sterile organs (free of Aspergillis ) per total. Table 7 Treatment of Aspergillosis Organ Cultures (No. Sterile/Total) Group Liver Kidney Lung Brain Control 0/8 0/8 0/8 1/3 Free AmpB . 5/5 5/5 3/5 1/5 Lipidic-AmpB 4/5 4/5 4/5 3/5 a 4.5 mg/Kg/day b 6-9 mg/Kg/day The results indicate that the lipidic particle for¬ mulation was as efficacious as the free amphotericin B for¬ mulation, while providing significantly less toxicity. Example 6 (Encapsulation of Aqueous Soluble Compounds) (A) Encapsulation of sodium phosphonofor ate in liposomes of defined size is accomplished using the method of the invention. An 80 mM solution of trisodium phos¬ phonoformate (Sigma Chemical Co. ) is used as the receptor phase. One mL of the lipid mixture EPC/EPG/Chol (7:3:6) at 96 mM in DMSO:EtOH (7:3) is injected into 2 mL of phos¬ phonoformate solution. The resulting liposomes are dia¬ lyzed against 100 volumes of 140 mM NaCl-10 mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C, which is changed twice in a 24 hour per¬ iod. The drug:lipid ratio in the final product is deter¬ mined using means known in the art (see e.g., F. Szoka et al, Antimicrob Aσents Chemother (1988) 3_2:858-64). Lipo- somes having a diameter < 200 nm are formed. (B) As demonstrated in Example 1(B) above, one may employ receiving phases having a large variety of sol¬ utes without deleterious effect on liposome formation. Any solutes present in the receiving phase are encapsulated upon liposome formation. Thus, one can encapsulate weak acids, weak bases, amino acids, chelating agents, and the like. Solutions of 140 mM sodium carbonate, sodium bicarb- onate, sodium acetate, sodium formate, sodium succinate, mono, di and tri sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, EDTA, desferroxamine, and the like are prepared and employed as the receptor phase. One mL of lipid solu¬ tion (EPC, 120 mM) in DMSO:EtOH 7:3 is injected into 2 mL of the receptor phase. The resulting liposome suspensions are dialyzed against 100 volumes of 280 mM lactose solu¬ tion, changed twice, to provide the encapsulated buffers. (C) Amino acids are encapsulated as follows: Arginine, glycine, glutamate, lysine, histidine, proline, or other amino acids are prepared at the desired concen¬ tration and pH in aqueous solution. One mL of lipid solu¬ tion (EPC, 120 mM) in DMSO:EtOH 7:3 is injected into 2 mL of the amino acid solution. The resulting liposome sus¬ pensions are dialyzed against 100 volumes of 280 mM lac- tose solution, changed twice, to provide the encapsulated amino acids. (D) Several compounds may be encapsulated simul¬ taneously. The compounds may be aqueous-soluble, lipid- soluble, or may be a mixture of aqueous-soluble and lipid-soluble compounds. For example, an aqueous amino acid solution containing a compound selected from glycine, arginine, ornithine, or another amino acid is prepared at about 100 mM, and the pH adjusted to 7.4. A lipid mixture (1 mL) containing EPC (120 mM) and the endotoxin lipid A (1 mM; J. Dijkstra et al, J Immunol (1987) 138:2663-71) is injected into 2 mL of aqueous phase, and the resulting liposome suspension is dialyzed against 100 volumes of 0.14 M NaCl. The liposomes contain an amino acid in the aqueous phase, and lipid A in the lipid phase, and present a diam¬ eter of < 200 nm. (E) A wide spectrum of compounds are encapsula¬ ted using the method of the invention. Suitable compounds include, without limitation, fluorescent molecules, radio- contrast agents, radioactive isotopes and compounds, para¬ magnetic compounds, spin labels, flavin containing com¬ pounds, antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, antiviral com¬ pounds such as azidothymidine or deoxycytidine and their phosphorylated derivatives, nucleotides and their phos- phorylated derivatives, carbohydrates, peptides such as vasopressin, oxytocin, luteinizing hormone releasing hor¬ mone, mura ylpeptide derivatives and analogs, calcitonin, insulin, protease inhibitors such as captopril and leupep- tin, renin inhibitors, oligonucleotides and their deriva¬ tives (see e.g., G. Zon, Pharmaceut Res (1988) 5_:539-49), ribonucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acids, modified nucleic acids, proteins such as superoxide dismutase, human growth hormone, interferons, interleukins such as IL-1, IL-2, and the like. The method of the invention advantageously forms liposomes or lipidic particles under low shear conditions, forming particles with a well-defined size and high con¬ centration.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED: 1. A process for preparing a lipid suspension of defined particle size encapsulating a useful compound, which process comprises: dissolving said useful compound and an encapsulating amount of a suitable lipid in a sufficient amount of a sol¬ vent mixture comprising a non-halogenated hydrocarbon aprotic solvent to provide a compound/1ipid solution; and extruding said compound/1ipid solution through a suitably-sized aperture into an aqueous solution to form a lipid-compound suspension of defined particle size. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein said useful compound exhibits poor solubility in water, alcohols, and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents. 3. The process of claim 2 wherein said lipid suspension of defined particle size comprises a suspension of liposomes. 4. The process of claim 3 wherein said aprotic solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl- sulfoxide, dioxane, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, di- methylacetamide, sulfolane, gamma butyrolactone, 1-methyl- 2-pyrrolidinone, and methylpyrroline. 5. The process of claim 3 wherein said useful compound is selected from the group consisting of cis- platin, doxorubicin, epinephrine, mebendazole, and nirid- azole. 6. The process of claim 1 wherein said solvent mixture further comprises a lipid-solubilizing amount of a lower alkanol. 7. The process of claim 6 wherein said lower alkanol is ethanol. 8. The process of claim 2 wherein said lipid suspension of defined particle size comprises a suspension of lipidic particles. 9. The process of claim 8 wherein said useful compound is selected from the group consisting of ampho¬ tericin B, nystatin, and primaricin. 10. The process of claim 9, wherein said lipid and said poorly-soluble compound are present in a ratio of about 1:1 to 1:5. 11. The process of claim 1 wherein said suitable lipid is selected from the group consisting of egg phos- phatidylcholine, egg phosphatidylglycerol, dipalmitoyl- phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate and salts thereof, cholesterol hemisuccinate and salts thereof, cholesterol phthalate and salts thereof, cholesterol phos¬ phate and salts thereof, cholesterylphosphorylcholine, 3,6,9-trioxaoctan-l-ol-cholesteryl-3e-ol, dimyristoylphos- phatidylglycerol, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine. 12. The process of claim 1 which further com¬ prises concentrating said lipid suspension of defined par¬ ticle size. 13. A process for preparing a lipid suspension of defined particle size encapsulating a useful aqueous- soluble compound, which process comprises: dissolving an encapsulating amount of a suitable lipid in a sufficient amount of a solvent mixture compris¬ ing a non-halogenated hydrocarbon aprotic solvent to pro¬ vide a lipid solution; and extruding said lipid solution through a suitably- sized aperture into an aqueous solution of said useful com¬ pound to form a lipid-compound suspension of defined par¬ ticle size. 14. The process of claim 13 wherein said useful compound is selected from the group consisting of weak acids, weak bases, chelating agents, amino acids, fluores¬ cent molecules, radiocontrast agents, radioactive isotopes and compounds, paramagnetic compounds, spin labels, soluble antibiotics, antiviral compounds, nucleotides and their phosphorylated derivatives, carbohydrates, peptides, oxy- tocin, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, muramylpep- tide derivatives and analogs, calcitonin, insulin, protease inhibitors, renin inhibitors, oligonucleotides and their derivatives, ribonucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acids, modified nucleic acids, superoxide dismutase, human growth hormone, interferons, colony stimulating factors, nerve growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha and beta, epidermal growth factor, IL-1, and IL-2. 15. The process of claim 13 wherein said lipid suspension of defined particle size comprises a suspension of liposomes. 16. The process of claim 15 wherein said aprotic solvent is selected from the group consisting of dimethyl- sulfoxide, dioxane, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, di- methylacetamide, sulfolane, gamma butyrolactone, 1-methyl- 2-pyrrolidinone, and methylpyrroline. 17. The process of claim 15 wherein said solvent mixture further comprises a lipid-solubilizing amount of a lower alkanol. 18. The process of claim 17 wherein said lower alkanol is ethanol or methanol. 19. The process of claim 13 wherein said lipid is selected from the group consisting of egg phosphatidylcho- line, egg phosphatidylglycerol, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl- choline, cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate and salts thereof, cholesterol hemisuccinate and salts thereof, cho¬ lesterol phthalate and salts thereof, cholesterol phosphate and salts thereof, cholesterylphosphorylcholine, 3,6,9-tri- oxaoctan-l-ol-cholesteryl-3e-ol, dimyristoylphosphatidyl- glycerol, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine. 20. The product of the process of claim 1. 21. The product of the process of claim 5. 22. The product of the process of claim 9. 23. The product of the process of claim 13.

Inventors: SZOKA FRANCIS C JR, SZOKA, FRANCIS, C., JR.
Applicants: UNIV CALIFORNIA, THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Application year: 1990
Main classification: A61K43
IPC codes: A61K9, A61K31, A61K38, A61K47, A61K49, A61K51