A method and apparatus for testing the response of a stress wave sensor

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for testing the response of a stress wave sensor (12) to check that the transducer (14) and amplifier (16) are working satisfactorily. A pulse generator (22) is connected to the stress wave sensor (12) at a point between the transducer (14) and the amplifier (14). The pulse generator (22) supplies an electrical pulse to the stress wave sensor (12). A pulse cancelling device (30) prevents the electrical pulse going directly to the amplifier (16). The electrical pulse causes the transducer (14( to emit stress wave energy into a structure (10) to which the transducer (14) is acoustically coupled. The transducer (14) detects the stress wave signal propagating in the structure (10) and supplies an electrical signal to the amplifier (16). The electrical signal is amplified by the amplifier (16) and demodulated by demodulator (18). A processor (32) measures the peak and area of the demodulated amplified electrical signal and compares them with stored values. The processor may produce a warning signal, or supply a feedback signal to the amplifier if the stress wave sensor is not operating satisfactorily.

Description: The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for testing the response of a stress wave sensor or acoustic emission system. Stress wave sensors are used for monitoring of machinery, processes or structures, and it is desirable for stress wave sensors to be installed for long term monitoring of machinery, processes or structures. In such long term monitoring of machinery, processes or structures, it is highly desirable to have a procedure to confirm that the stress wave sensor is working satisfactorily. It is necessary to confirm that the stress wave transducer and amplifier which make up part of the stress wave sensor are functioning satisfactorily. Common methods used to confirm the operation of stress wave sensors, or acoustic emission sensors are the use of a breaking pencil lead, a gas jet, ball impacts, laser pulses and electrical discharges which artificially introduce stress waves into a structure to which the sensor is acoustically coupled. A further method uses periodically applied stress wave pulses from another electrically excited stress wave or acoustic emission transducer. However such methods require an operator to check the stress wave sensor, or acoustic emission sensor, is working satisfactorily. The present invention seeks to provide a novel method and apparatus for testing the response of a stress wave sensor. Accordingly the present invention provides a method of testing the response of a stress wave sensor, the stress wave sensor comprising a transducer acoustically coupled to a structure and an amplifier, the transducer and amplifier being electrically connected in series, the method comprising the steps of supplying at least one electrical pulse to a second transducer acoustically coupled to the structure, the second transducer emitting a stress wave signal into the structure, the transducer detecting the stress wave signal after propagating through the structure and producing an electrical signal, supplying the electrical signal to the amplifier, amplifying the electrical signal, enveloping the amplified electrical signal, the enveloped amplified electrical signal being a voltage varying with time and the enveloped amplified electrical signal having a peak amplitude, an area and a decay slope, measuring the peak amplitude of the enveloped amplified electrical signal and measuring the area of the enveloped amplified electrical signal which indicate the transducer and amplifier condition and comparing the measured values of the peak amplitude and the area of the enveloped amplified signal with stored ranges of acceptable values or measuring the decay slope of the enveloped amplified electrical signal which corresponds to the amount of damping applied to the structure and transducer and comparing the measured values of the decay slope of the enveloped amplified electrical signal with a stored range of acceptable values. The present invention also provides a method of testing the response of the stress wave sensor, the stress wave sensor comprising a transducer acoustically coupled to a structure and an amplifier, the transducer and amplifier being electrically connected in series, the method comprising the steps of supplying at least one electrical pulse to a point electrically between the transducer and the amplifier, the transducer emitting a stress wave signal into the structure, preventing the supplied electrical pulse being received directly by the amplifier, the transducer detecting the stress wave signal after propagating through the structure and producing an electrical signal, supplying the electrical signal to the amplifier, amplifying the electrical signal, enveloping the amplified electrical signal, the enveloped amplified electrical signal being a voltage varying with time and the enveloped amplified electrical signal having a peak amplitude, an area and a decay slope, measuring the peak amplitude of the enveloped amplified electrical signal and measuring the area of the enveloped amplified electrical signal which indicate the transducer and amplifier condition and comparing the measured values of the peak amplitude and the area of the enveloped amplified signal with stored ranges of acceptable values or measuring the decay slope of the enveloped amplified electrical signal which corresponds to the amount of damping applied to the structure and transducer and comparing the measured values of the decay slope of the enveloped amplified electrical signal with a stored range of acceptable values. A feedback signal may be supplied to the amplifier to adjust the gain of the amplifier. A warning signal may be generated if the stress wave sensor is not operating satisfactorily. The present invention also provides an apparatus for testing the response of a stress wave sensor, the stress wave sensor comprising a transducer, an amplifier and a demodulator arranged electrically in series, the transducer being acoustically coupled to a structure, the apparatus comprising a second transducer acoustically coupled to the structure, a pulse generator electrically connected to the second transducer, the pulse generator being arranged to supply at least one electrical pulse to the second transducer, the second transducer being caused to emit stress wave signal into the structure by the electrical pulse, the transducer being arranged to detect the stress wave signal after propagating through the structure and being arranged to produce an electrical signal, the transducer being arranged to supply the electrical signal to the amplifier for amplification, the amplified electrical signal being supplied to the demodulator for enveloping, the demodulator envelopes the amplified electrical signal and supplies the enveloped amplified electrical signal to a processor, the enveloped amplified electrical signal being a voltage varying with time and the enveloped amplified electrical signal having a peak amplitude, an area and a decay slope, the processor has means to measure the peak amplitude of the enveloped amplified electrical signal and means to measure the area of the enveloped amplified electrical signal which indicate the transducer and amplifier condition and the processor has means to compare the measured values of the peak amplitude and the area of the enveloped amplified signal with stored ranges of acceptable values or the processor has means to measure the decay slope of the enveloped amplified electrical signal which indicates the amount of damping applied to the structure and transducer and the processor has means to compare the measured value of the decay slope of the enveloped amplified electrical signal with a stored range of acceptable values. The present invention also provides an apparatus for testing the response of a stress wave sensor, the stress wave sensor comprising a transducer, an amplifier and a demodulator arranged electrically in series, the transducer being acoustically coupled to a structure, the apparatus comprising a pulse generator arranged to be electrically connected to the stress wave sensor at a point electrically between the transducer and the amplifier, the pulse generator being arranged to supply at least one electrical pulse to the stress wave sensor, the transducer being caused to emit a stress wave signal into the structure by the electrical pulse, the transducer being arranged to detect the stress wave signal after propagating through the structure and being arranged to produce an electrical signal, a pulse cancelling device being positioned electrically between said point and the amplifier to prevent the at least one electrical pulse being received directly by the amplifier, the transducer being arranged to supply the electrical signal to the amplifier for amplification, the amplified electrical signal being supplied to the demodulator for enveloping, the demodulator envelopes the amplified electrical signal and supplies the enveloped electrical signal to a processor, the enveloped amplified electrical signal being a voltage varying with time and the enveloped amplified electrical signal having a peak amplitude, an area and a decay slope, the processor has means to measure the peak amplitude of the enveloped amplified electrical signal and means to measure the area of enveloped amplified electrical signal which indicate the transducer and amplifier condition and the processor has means to compare the measured values of the peak amplitude and the area of the enveloped amplified signal with stored ranges of acceptable values or the processor has means to measure the decay slope of the enveloped amplified electrical signal which indicates the amount of damping applied to the structure and transducer and the processor has means to compare the measured value of the decay slope of the enveloped amplified electrical signal with a stored range of acceptable values. The processor may supply a feedback signal to the amplifier to adjust the gain of the amplifier. The processor may generate a warning signal if the stress wave sensor is not operating satisfactorily. The present invention will be more fully described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is an electrical circuit representative of a stress wave sensor according to the present invention. Figure 2 is a graph of voltage against time showing the output envelope from an operative stress wave sensor as a result of an electrical pulse. Figure 3 is an electrical circuit representative of an alternative stress wave sensor according to the present invention. An apparatus 22 for testing the response of a stress wave sensor 12 is shown in Figure 1. The stress wave sensor 12 comprises a piezoelectric type stress wave transducer 14, an amplifier 16 and a demodulator 18, electrically connected in series. The demodulator 18 has an output terminal 20. The transducer 14 is acoustically coupled to a structure 10. The transducer 14 detects stress waves propagating in the structure 10 and produces an electrical signal corresponding to the stress wave propagating in the structure 10. The electrical signal is amplified by the amplifier 16 and supplied to the demodulator 18. The demodulator 18 envelopes the amplified electrical signal and supplies it to the output terminal 20. The demodulated amplified electrical signal may then be processed to analyse the stress waves propagating in the structure 10 to gather information concerning the structure. The apparatus 22 for testing the response of the stress wave sensor 12 comprises a pulse generator 24, which for example may be a high speed CMOS monostable, an amplifier 26, a decoupler 28, a pulse cancelling device 30 and a processor 32. The pulse generator 24, the amplifier 26 and the decoupler 28 are arranged electrically in series, and the output of the decoupler 28 is electrically connected to the stress wave sensor 12 at a point 34 electrically between the transducer 14 and the amplifier 16. The pulse cancelling device 30 is positioned electrically between the point 34 and the amplifier 16, and the processor 32 is electrically connected to the output terminal 20. The pulse generator 24 generates short electrical pulses which are amplified by the amplifier 26 and supplied via the decoupler 28 to the stress wave sensor 12 at the point 34. The amplified short electrical pulses are supplied only to the transducer 14, because electrical signals from the pulse generator 24 are supplied to the pulse cancelling device 30 via an electrical connection 36. The pulse cancelling device 30 switches off the input to the amplifier 16 for short periods of time in order to protect the amplifier 16 from the effects of the electrical pulses and to remove the electrical energy of the pulses from the demodulated amplified electrical signal. The amplified short electrical pulses supplied to the transducer 14 cause the transducer 14 to emit bursts of stress wave energy into the structure 10. The transducer 14 then detects the stress waves after propagation through the structure 10, and produces an electrical signal. The electrical signal is supplied to the amplifier 16, for amplification, and the amplified electrical signal is enveloped by the demodulator 18. The demodulated amplified electrical signal is then supplied to the processor 32 for processing. A demodulated amplified electrical signal 44 prior to supplying to the processor 32 is shown in Figure 2. The demodulated amplified electrical signal has a peak amplitude 46, an area 48 under the curve of the electrical signal and a decay slope 50. The peak amplitude 46, the area 48 under the curve and the decay slope 50 of the demodulated amplified electrical signal 44 are all sensitive to changes which may affect the operation of the stress wave sensor 12. The peak amplitude 46 and the area 48 under the curve are dependent upon the condition of the transducer, the amplifier and the demodulator of the stress wave sensor. The decay slope 50 is predominantly dependent upon damping of the structure 10 to which the stress wave sensor is coupled. The decay slope 50 may change in response to contaminants, such as oil, other materials or structures, coming into contact with the structure 10. The processor 32 is therefore arranged to measure the peak amplitude, the area under the curve and the decay slope of the demodulated amplified electrical signal. The processor 32 then compares the measured values of the peak amplitude, the area under the curve and the decay slope of the demodulated amplified electrical signal with stored ranges of acceptable values for the peak amplitude, area and decay slope. If all the measured values of peak amplitude, area and decay slope are in their respective range of acceptable values then the stress wave sensor is operating satisfactorily. If any one or more of the values of peak amplitude, area and decay slope is not in the range of acceptable values then the stress wave sensor is not operating satisfactorily. If the stress wave sensor is not operating satisfactorily, this may be caused by a reduction in sensitivity of the transducer, a loss of gain of the amplifier or changes to the damping applied to the structure. The processor 22 may be arranged to produce a warning signal to indicate that the stress wave sensor 12 is not operating satisfactorily. The warning signal is supplied to an indicator 40 i.e. a light or alarm via an electrical connection 42. Equally well the processor 22 may be arranged to produce a feedback signal to adjust the sensitivity of the stress wave sensor. The feedback signal is supplied to the amplifier 16 via an electrical connection 38 to adjust the gain of the amplifier 16. Thus the apparatus for testing the stress wave sensor automatically checks the operation of the stress wave sensor, without the use of an operator and confirms that the stress wave sensor is operating satisfactorily or indicates that there is a fault, or adjusts the sensitivity of the stress wave sensor to compensate for changes in transducer sensitivity, amplifier gain or damping of the structure. This allows the stress wave sensor to operate unattended for extended periods. A further apparatus 122 for testing the response of a stress wave sensor 112 is shown in Figure 3. The stress wave sensor 112 comprises a piezoelectric type stress wave transducer 114, an amplifier 116 and a demodulator 118 electrically connected in series. The demodulator 118 has an output terminal 120. The transducer 114 is acoustically coupled to a structure 110. The transducer 114 detects stress waves propagating in the structure 110 and produces an electrical signal corresponding to the stress wave propagating in the structure 110. The electrical signal is amplified by the amplifier 116 and then enveloped by the demodulator 118. The demodulated amplified electrical signal is supplied to the output terminal 120 and is processed to gather information concerning the structure. The apparatus 122 for testing the response of the stress wave sensor 112 comprises a pulse generator 124, an amplifier 126, a transducer 128 and a processor 130. The pulse generator 124, the amplifier 126 and the transducer 128 are arranged electrically in series. The processor 130 is electrically connected to the output terminal 120. The transducer 128 is acoustically coupled to the structure 110. The pulse generator 124 generates short electrical pulses which are amplified by the amplifier 126 and supplied to the transducer 128. The transducer 128 is caused to emit bursts of stress wave energy into the structure 110 by the short electrical pulses. The transducer 114 then detects the stress waves after propagation through the structure 110, and produces an electrical signal. The electrical signal is supplied to the amplifier 116 for amplification, and the amplified electrical signal is enveloped by the demodulator 118. The demodulated amplified electrical signal is then supplied to the processor 130 for processing. The processor 130 is arranged to measure the peak amplitude, the area under the curve and the decay slope of the demodulated amplified electrical signal. The processor then compares the measured values of the peak amplitude, the area under the curve and the decay slope of the demodulated amplified electrical signal with stored ranges of acceptable values for the peak amplitude, area and decay slope. The processor 130 may supply a feedback signal to the amplifier 116 via connection 132 or supply a warning signal to an indicator 134 via connection 136 when the sensor is not operating satisfactorily. The advantage of using the Figure 3 arrangement is that the need for the pulse cancelling device is removed. Although the description has referred only to a single electrical pulse the testing of the response of the stress wave sensor may be carried out using more than one pulse. If continuous pulsing of the stress wave sensor is used, the square root of the detected RMS demodulated amplified electrical signal may be measured to indicate the efficiency of the acoustic coupling between the transducer and the structure. Although the description has referred to the transducer being acoustically coupled to a structure, it may equally well be acoustically coupled to a machine or a process, and therefore the term structure is intended to include a structure, a machine or a process. The term stress wave sensor is intended to include stress wave sensors and acoustic emission sensors.

Claims: A method of testing the response of a stress wave sensor, the stress wave sensor (112) comprising a first transducer (114) and an amplifier (116), the first transducer (114) being acoustically coupled to a structure (110), the first transducer (114) and amplifier (116) being electrically connected in series, the method comprising the steps of supplying at least one electrical pulse to a second transducer (128) acoustically coupled to the structure, the second transducer emitting a stress wave signal into the structure (110), the first transducer (114) detecting the stress wave signal after propagating through the structure (110) and producing an electrical signal, supplying the electrical signal to the amplifier (116), amplifying the electrical signal, enveloping the amplified electrical signal, the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) being a voltage varying with time and the enveloped amplified electrical signal having a peak amplitude (46), an area (48) and a decay slope (50), measuring the peak amplitude (46) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) and measuring the area (48) of the enveloped amplified electrical (44) signal which indicate the first transducer (114) and amplifier (116) condition and comparing the measured values of the peak amplitude (46) and the area (48) of the enveloped amplified signal with stored ranges of acceptable values or measuring the decay slope (50) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which corresponds to the amount of damping applied to the structure (110) and the first transducer (114) and comparing the measured values of the decay slope (50) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) with a stored range of acceptable values. A method of testing the response of the stress wave sensor, the stress wave sensor (12) comprising a transducer (14) and an amplifier (16), the transducer (14) being acoustically coupled to a structure (10), the transducer (14) and amplifier (16) being electrically connected in series, the method comprising the steps of supplying at least one electrical pulse to a point electrically between the transducer and the amplifier, the transducer (14) emitting a stress wave signal into the structure (10), preventing the supplied electrical pulse being received directly by the amplifier (16), the transducer (14) detecting the stress wave signal after propagating through the structure (10) and producing an electrical signal, supplying the electrical signal to the amplifier (16), amplifying the electrical signal, enveloping the amplified electrical signal, the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) being a voltage varying with time and the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) having a peak amplitude (46), an area (48) and a decay slope (50), measuring the peak amplitude (46) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) and measuring the area (48) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which indicate the transducer (14) and amplifier (16) condition and comparing the measured values of the peak amplitude (46) and the area (48) of the enveloped amplified signal with stored ranges of acceptable values or measuring the decay slope (50) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which corresponds to the amount of damping applied to the structure (10) and transducer (14) and comparing the measured values of the decay slope (50) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) with a stored range of acceptable values. A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 comprising supplying a feedback signal to the amplifier (16, 116) to adjust the gain of the amplifier (16, 116). A method as claimed in claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3 comprising generating a warning signal if the stress wave sensor (12, 112) is not operating satisfactorily. A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4 comprising supplying a plurality of electrical pulses to the stress wave sensor (12, 112), measuring the RMS value of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which corresponds to the efficiency of acoustic coupling between the transducer (14, 114) and the structure (10, 110). An apparatus for testing the response of a stress wave sensor (112), the stress wave sensor comprising a first transducer (114), an amplifier (116) and and a demodulator (118) arranged electrically in series, the first transducer (114) being acoustically coupled to a structure (110), the apparatus (122) comprising a second transducer (128) acoustically coupled to the structure (110), a pulse generator (124) electrically connected to the second transducer (128), the pulse generator (124) being arranged to supply at least one electrical pulse to the second transducer (128), the second transducer (128) being caused to emit stress wave signal into the structure (110) by the electrical pulse, the first transducer (114) being arranged to detect the stress wave signal after propagating through the structure (110) and being arranged to produce an electrical signal, the first transducer (114) being arranged to supply the electrical signal to the amplifier (116) for amplification, the amplified electrical signal being supplied to the demodulator (118) for enveloping, the demodulator (118) envelopes the amplified electrical signal (44) and supplies the enveloped electrical signal to a processor (130), the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) being a voltage varying with time and the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) having a peak amplitude (46), an area (48) and a decay slope (50), the processor (130) has means to measure the peak amplitude (46) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) and means to measure the area (48) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which indicate the first transducer (114) and amplifier (116) condition and the processor (130) has means to compare the measured values of the peak amplitude (46) and the area (48) of the enveloped amplified signal (44) with stored ranges of acceptable values or the processor (130) has means to measure the decay slope (50) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which indicates the amount of damping applied to the structure (110) and the first transducer (114) and the processor (130) has means to compare the measured value of the decay slope (50) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) with a stored range of acceptable values. An apparatus for testing the response of a stress wave sensor (12), the stress wave sensor comprising a transducer (14), an amplifier (16) and a demodulator (18) arranged electrically in series, the transducer (14) being acoustically coupled to a structure (10), the apparatus (22) comprising a pulse generator (24) electrically connected to the stress wave sensor (12) at a point (34) electrically between the transducer (14) and the amplifier (16), the pulse generator (24) being arranged to supply at least one electrical pulse to the stress wave sensor (12), the transducer (14) being caused to emit a stress wave signal into the structure (10) by the electrical pulse, the transducer (14) being arranged to detect the stress wave signal after propagating through the structure (10) and being arranged to produce an electrical signal, a pulse cancelling device (30) positioned electrically between said point (34) and the amplifier (16) to prevent the at least one electrical pulse supplied by the pulse generator (24) being received directly by the amplifier (16), the transducer (14) being arranged to supply the electrical signal to the amplifier (16) for amplification, the amplified electrical signal being supplied to the demodulator (18) for enveloping, the demodulator (18) envelopes the amplified electrical signal and supplies the enveloped electrical signal (44) to a processor (32), the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) being a voltage varying with time and the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) having a peak amplitude (46), an area (48) and a decay slope (50), the processor (32) has means to measure the peak amplitude (46) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) and means to measure the area (48) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which indicate the transducer (14) and amplifier (16) condition and the processor (32) has means to compare the measured values of the peak amplitude (46) and the area (48) of the enveloped amplified signal with stored ranges of acceptable values or the processor (32) has means to measure the decay slope (50) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which indicates the amount of damping applied to the structure (10) and transducer (14) and the processor (32) has means to compare the measured value of the decay slope (50) of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) with a stored range of acceptable values. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 or claim 7 in which the processor (32, 130) supplies a feedback signal to the amplifier (16, 116) to adjust the gain of the amplifier (16, 116). An apparatus as claimed in claim 6, claim 7 or claim 8 in which the processor (32, 130) generates a warning signal if the stress wave sensor (12, 112) is not operating satisfactorily. An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 6 to 9 in which a plurality of electrical pulses are supplied to the stress wave sensor (12, 112), the processor (32, 130) measures the RMS value of the enveloped amplified electrical signal (44) which corresponds to the efficiency of acoustic coupling between the transducer (14, 114) and the structure (10, 110).

Inventors: SADLER MICHAEL, WEBSTER JOHN RICHARD, SADLER, MICHAEL, WEBSTER, JOHN RICHARD
Applicants: ROLLS ROYCE PLC, ROLLS-ROYCE PLC
Application year: 1990
Main classification: G01N29
IPC codes: G01L25, G01N29, G01H3, G01M7, G01N3, G01J11