Fuel cell power plant

Abstract: A fuel cell power plant in which the fuel cell stack (8) is enclosed within a containment vessel (20) and in which reformer burner exhaust is used to pressurize and purge the containment vessel is disclosed. The fuel cell power plant provides dynamic pressure balancing between the purge gas and fuel cell reactants to prevent leakage of the reactants from the fuel cell yet avoid an excessive pressure differential between the fuel cell and the containment vessel.

Description: Technical Field This invention relates to fuel cell power plants. Background Art A fuel cell is a device for directly converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy. A fuel cell comprises two gas diffusion electrodes, an anode and a cathode, and an electrolyte impregnated matrix. The matrix is disposed between the two electrodes. A catalyst layer is disposed on the electrolyte-facing surface of each electrode. In the operation of a typical fuel cell, a hydrogen-containing gas is fed to the back surface of the anode and oxygen-containing gas is fed to the back surface of the cathode. The gases diffuse through the electrodes and react at the catalyst sites to yield electrical energy, heat and moisture. On the anode side of the cell, hydrogen is electrochemically oxidized to give up electrons. The electrical current so generated is conducted from the anode through an external circuit to the cathode. On the cathode side of the cell, the electrons are electrochemically combined with the oxidant. A flow of ions through the electrolyte completes the circuit. Several types of fuel cells have been developed and may be broadly categorized according to the type of electrolyte used. Acid-type cells using concentrated phosphoric acid as the electrolyte are the most commercially advanced of the various fuel cells. Acid-type fuel cell power systems operate more efficiently and with increased power density in a pressurized environment. In a pressurized fuel cell power plant the fuel cell stack is enclosed in a containment vessel. Pressurized reactant streams i.e. fuel and oxidant are supplied to the fuel cell stack. The containment vessel is maintained in an elevated pressure to reduce the driving force for hydrogen leakage from the fuel cell stack. Typically, nitrogen is employed as the inert gas stream. The storage of nitrogen as a high pressure gas or as a cryogenic liquid is cumbersome. Alternatively, an inert exhaust gas may be provided by the combustion of a fuel in air. These conventional methods for providing an inert gas stream have proven to be costly and cumbersome. According to JP-A-60-212 968 a fuel cell is provided in a pressure container. The container is purged with an inactive gas, the container exhaust stream being introduced through a resistor orifice into the cathode exhaust pipe. In JP-A-60-241 665 a fuel cell is disclosed which is enclosed in a cell container. The differential pressure between the electrodes and the purged container is kept constant under variation of load. Disclosure of Invention A fuel cell power plant which employs a less complex, less costly and more reliable inert gas system is disclosed. The fuel cell power plant system comprises a containment vessel, a fuel cell, enclosed within the containment vessel and including an anode and a cathode, for electrochemically reacting a pressurized fuel stream and a pressurized oxidant stream to produce electricity, an anode exhaust stream and a cathode exhaust stream, a burner for combusting a mixture of anode exhaust and cathode exhaust to produce heat and a burner exhaust stream, means for directing a pressurized purge gas stream through the containment vessel to provide a continuous purge of the containment vessel and produce a containment vessel exhaust stream, wherein the purge gas comprises a portion of the burner exhaust stream, means for directing the containment vessel exhaust stream through a restriction into the cathode exhaust stream, and operable to maintain a positive pressure differential between the purge gas stream and the fuel and oxidant streams to prevent leakage of fuel and oxidant from the fuel cell, sensor means for detecting differences in pressure across the restriction, bypass conduit means bypassing the restriction and including valve means, actuator means, responsive to the sensor means, for controlling the valve means. A method of operating a fuel cell power plant is also disclosed. The method comprises electrochemically reacting a pressurized fuel stream and a pressurized oxidant stream in a fuel cell to produce electricity, an anode exhaust stream and a cathode exhaust stream, wherein said fuel cell is enclosed within a containment vessel, combusting a mixture of anode exhaust and cathode exhaust to produce heat and a combustion exhaust stream, directing a pressurized purge gas stream through the containment vessel to provide a continuous purge of the containment vessel and produce a containment vessel exhaust stream, wherein the purge gas stream comprises a portion of the burner exhaust stream, directing the containment vessel exhaust stream through a restriction into the cathode exhaust stream to maintain a positive pressure differential between the purge gas stream and the fuel and oxidant streams to prevent leakage of fuel and oxidant from the fuel cell, detecting the difference in pressure across the restriction, and bypassing the restriction if the difference in pressure is not within a preselected range. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description and accompanying drawings. Brief Description of Drawings The Figure shows a schematic representation of the fuel cell power plant system of the present invention. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring to the Figure, a hydrocarbon fuel stream and steam are reacted in a reformer 2 to provide a hydrogen rich gas fuel steam. The reformer 2 is heated by a combustor 4. The hydrogen rich gas fuel stream is directed from the reformer to the anode 6 of the fuel cell 8. A stream of air is compressed in a compressor 10 and directed to the cathode 12 of the fuel cell 8. The hydrogen rich fuel gas stream is oxidized in the fuel cell 8 to provide electricity, an anode exhaust gas stream, and a cathode exhaust gas stream. The anode exhaust gas stream is directed to the combustor 4. The cathode exhaust gas stream is directed through a heat exchanger 14 to the combustor 4. The cathode exhaust gas stream and anode exhaust gas stream are combusted in the combustor 4 to provide heat for the reformer 2 and a noncombustible combustor exhaust gas stream. The combustor exhaust stream comprises N₂, H₂0 vapor and less than 4 mole % 0₂. The combustor exhaust gas stream is directed through the heat exchanger 14 to preheat the incoming cathode exhaust gas stream. A first portion of the combustor exhaust gas stream is directed to a turbine 16 to provide part of the energy necessary for compressing the air stream. A second portion of the combustor exhaust gas stream is directed through a blower 18 to the fuel cell containment vessel 20 as a stream of purge gas. The interior of the containment vessel 20 is maintained at a pressure that is slightly higher than the reactant pressure within the fuel cell 8 to prevent leakage of reactants from the fuel cell 8. The inert combustor exhaust gas stream flows through the containment vessel 20 and purges the containment vessel 20 of any fuel or oxidant that might leak from the fuel cell 8. The containment vessel purge system of the present invention allows a dynamic balance to be maintained between the purge gas pressure within the containment vessel 20 and the reactant pressure within the fuel cell 8. The stream of purge gas exits the containment vessel 20 through an orifice 22 and is combined with the cathode exhaust gas stream. The purge gas pressure and the cathode exhaust pressure differ by the pressure drop across the orifice. The orifice 22 is sized so that a pressure drop between about 1.378 N cm⁻² (2 psi) and about 2.067 N cm⁻² (3 psi) is maintained at peak load. A differential pressure sensor 24 monitors the differential pressure across the orifice and provides a signal to an actuator 26 if the differential pressure exceeds a preselected maximum. A relief valve 28 is provided to relieve transient pressure imbalances and prevent development of an excessive pressure differential between the fuel cell stack and the containment vessel. In response to the signal, the actuator 26 opens the relief valve 28 to bypass the orifice 22. It should be noted that an additional safety feature may be employed to limit the composition of the purge gas exiting the containment vessel. A conventional combustibility sensor (not shown) may be disposed in the flow path of the purge gas as it exits the containment vessel to monitor the composition of the purge gas. If the sensor detects combustible purge gas exiting the containment vessel, the fuel cell power plant is shut down. The fuel cell power plant of the present invention employs a simple, cost effective and reliable containment vessel purge system. The system provides dynamic pressure balancing between the purge gas and the reactants to prevent leakage of the reactants from the fuel cell yet avoid excessive pressure differentials.

Claims: A fuel cell power plant comprising: a containment vessel (20), a fuel cell (8), enclosed within the containment vessel (20) and including an anode (6) and a cathode (12), for electrochemically reacting a pressurized fuel stream and a pressurized oxidant stream to produce electricity, an anode exhaust stream and a cathode exhaust stream, a burner (4) for combusting a mixture of anode exhaust and cathode exhaust to produce heat and a burner exhaust stream, means for directing a pressurized purge gas stream through the containment vessel (20) to provide a continuous purge of the containment vessel and produce a containment vessel exhaust stream, wherein the purge gas comprises a portion of the burner exhaust stream, means for directing the containment vessel exhaust stream through a restriction (22) into the cathode exhaust stream, and operable to maintain a positive pressure differential between the purge gas stream and the fuel and oxidant streams to prevent leakage of fuel and oxidant from the fuel cell (8), sensor means (24) for detecting differences in pressure across the restriction (22), bypass conduit means bypassing the restriction (22) and including valve means (28), actuator means (26), responsive to the sensor means (24), for controlling the valve means (28). A method of operating a fuel cell power plant comprising: electrochemically reacting a pressurized fuel stream and a pressurized oxidant stream in a fuel cell (8) to produce electricity, an anode exhaust stream and a cathode exhaust stream, wherein said fuel cell (8) is enclosed within a containment vessel (20), combusting a mixture of anode exhaust and cathode exhaust to produce heat and a combustion exhaust stream, directing a pressurized purge gas stream through the containment vessel (20) to provide a continuous purge of the containment vessel and produce a containment vessel exhaust stream, wherein the purge gas stream comprises a portion of the burner exhaust stream, directing the containment vessel exhaust stream through a restriction (22) into the cathode exhaust stream to maintain a positive pressure differential between the purge gas stream and the fuel and oxidant streams to prevent leakage of fuel and oxidant from the fuel cell (8), detecting the difference in pressure across the restriction (22), and bypassing the restriction (22) if the difference in pressure is not within a preselected range.

Inventors: BUSWELL RICHARD FLOYD, VARTANIAN GEORGE, BUSWELL, RICHARD FLOYD, VARTANIAN, GEORGE
Applicants: INT FUEL CELLS CORP, INTERNATIONAL FUEL CELLS CORPORATION
Application year: 1989
Main classification: H01M8
IPC codes: H01M8