A WEIGHING SYSTEM, PARTICULARLY A MARITIME WEIGHING SYSTEM

Abstract: For obtaining accurate product weighing results in ships it is not sufficient to effect a correction of the weighing results by means of an accelerometer, which will only roughly compensate for the weighing errors due to the general movements in the sea. With the invention, corrections are also effected for errors from other marked sources of error, and only thereby it becomes possible to stake on a large-scale rearrangement of the fish industry from land-based to ship-based plants. Thus, corrections are made for errors due to tiltings of the ship and due to the mechanical noise produced by the engine of the ship or by operative implements on the ship; also, a calibration of the weighing system is carried out regularly by means of a calibration system which is effective even during movements in the sea. Moreover, the weighing system, which is passed by a weighing belt, is subdivided in three mutually independent weighing units (12), whereby usable weighing results are obtainable also by occurring weighing noise impacts, even if one of the weighings should be unacceptable.

Description: A weighing system, particularly a maritime weighing system. The present invention relates to a maritime weigh¬ ing system of the type, the weighing unit and the asso¬ ciated weighing cell of which is supplemented with a quite similar and immediately adjacent weighing unit for a weight body having a known gravity, the respective weighing cells being connected to a read out unit, in which the weighing result is corrected for errors due to movements of the entire weighing equipment in the direc¬ tion of the gravity. The said supplementary weighing unit will consti¬ tute or appear as an accelerometer, which will detect the vertical movements of the ship in such a manner that these movements, which as well known may be quite violent and disabling for the use of conventional weighing units with weighing cells, will in principle be without any influence on the weighing result, because the weighing results will continually be corrected for the disturbing influence from the movements of the ship in the sea. Admittedly weighings at sea may thus take place with a certain accuracy, which, however, is not particu¬ larly high. Guiding coarse weighings may be effected, but not such accurate small portion weighings, which will be required for achieving the highly desirable result that a maritime processing equipment can be usable for producing fish products for retail sale. So far it has been common practice to distinguish sharply between maritime catching and coarse treating equipment at one side and shore based treating and portion packing equipment at the other side, and no doubt this distin¬ guishing - whether consciously or unconsciously - is due to the fact that at sea it has not been possible to carry out such weighings, which are sufficiently accu¬ rate for an economical preparation and marketing of products to the retailing trade. On this background the invention departs from the circumstance that industrially it will be possible to achieve an important simplification and improvement in the working up of fish products for retail sale, if the working up and the associated accurate weighing out of the products can take place on the catch ships quickly after the hauling in of the catch. It is an important associated condition, however, that the products for the retail sale can be weighed out with a high accuracy, such that the required minimum weights per product por¬ tion will not give rise to any accumulated overweight of a substantial magnitude. For the invention it is thus extremely decisive that the maritime weighing systems be regarded as preci¬ sion devices, the weighing errors of which, despite the use of the said accelerometers, are sought to be avoided. These inaccuracies can be divided into two main groups, viz. for one part physical noise problems origi¬ nating from extreme accelerations and from shakings of the weighing equipment, and for another part electrical stability problems in the weighing systems, e.g. caused by temperature fluctuations in the close surroundings. These problems are closely interrelated, because it cannot be revealed right away whether errors occur and still less whether it is one or another error source which is active, and it cannot even be told whether an electrical error occurs in the product weighing unit or in the accelerometer unit or in both these units. This would be easy to detect in a stationary system, but with a maritime system in the sea there are no fixed refer¬ ences for checkweighings, because in these circumstances the said physical noise problems will exist. In connection with the invention it has been rea¬ lized that it is mandatory to cope with both of the said sets of problems for accomplishing the desired good result in practice. The electrical errors may well in advance be minimized so as to be very close to zero, but so far only with the use of components that are so cost¬ ly that the systems will be far too expensive for indu¬ strial use. Instead of that, therefore, it is necessary to concentrate on detecting an actually occurring error and arrange for an immediate compensation thereof, e.g. by a change of the voltage on the relevant weighing cell. It will still be true, however, that at sea there is no special criterion for the existence of an error or for the origin of the error. Nevertheless, according to the invention, it is possible anyway to make sure whether a maritime weighing system, it being a product weighing unit or an accelero¬ meter, will give the correct weighing result "zero", if the weighing unit is completely unloaded, since in that situation it is without any significance whether during a zero-checkweighing the load or rather the entirely missing load is subjected to unknown and perhaps even extreme accelerations, which cannot be compensated for by the accelerometer. On this background, therefore, it is an important measure of the present invention that provisions are made for a temporary total relief of the loadings on the applied weighing cells and the accelero¬ meter, such that it becomes possible hereby to automati¬ cally effect an adjustment of the associated electric system to produce the weighing result "zero". Materially this relief of the weighing cells may be effected by means of an actuator located in connection with the weighing unit and being operable to actuate means for ' bringing away the loading means of the weigh¬ ing cells from the weighing cells themselves, whereby it is also important that the cells themselves are designed in such a manner that their own movable and loadable portion be as light as possible, such that neither this portion will affect the weighing cell noticeably by the occurring movements in the sea. Just hereby it is pos¬ sible to check whether an unloaded weighing cell will produce a weighing result which is correct in an abso¬ lute sense, viz. the result "zero", and it will then be correspondingly possible to adjust the weighing cell voltage until the indicator shows a predetermined read¬ ing corresponding to "absolute zero". This reading should not necessarily be equal to "operative zero", by which also a tare load will be involved, but the details here will depend on the manner in which the weighing result is corrected by means of the accelerometer. Often it will be actual to effect such an adjust¬ ment several times during the day, already because nor¬ mally there will occur temperature fluctuations, which will affect not only the weighing cells, but also the entire associated electric or electronic equipment. Normally it can be assumed that a correct analogue func¬ tion of the equipment will be ensured, when the said adjustment has been effected, no matter in which part or parts of the equipment the "drift" having necessitated the adjustment has occurred. In principle the adjustment may well be effected fully automatically with relatively short time inter¬ vals, as the control equipment may be programmed to locate moments or periods of time, in which there is sufficient time to effect the adjustment, and to actuate suitable means for lifting off the tare load or preload of the weighing cells and to thereafter actuate an adjusting circuit for changing the supply voltage of the respective weighing cells until both cell systems pro¬ duce the indication "absolute zero". In practice, how¬ ever, it is rather much easier to effect the said lift¬ ing off by a purely mechanical actuation of the appara- tus by means of a suitable handle. Thus, by these measures it is possible to currently effect a required calibration of the weighing equipment in spite of occurring movements at sea, but what is left is the considerable inaccuracy which is due to mechani¬ cal "weighing noise" caused by the unstable surround¬ ings. If the vessel, with its engine stopped, just pit¬ ches up and down on smooth waves these noise problems will be without particular significance, but such an ideal condition is not liable to occur in practice. Normally the weighing system is affected by strong vibrations from the engine and from the collision of the vessel with choppy waves, and in both cases the said weighing noise will occur and give rise to substantial inaccuracies of the weighing results, whether or not the weighing system itself has been newly corrected or cali¬ brated as described. As already suggested these sources of noise may be subdivided in more categories, which will require indi¬ vidual solutions for the desired final result to be achievable; a high accuracy is not achievable if there remains only a single of several possible inaccuracies. The concerned categories are: 1) Resonance oscillations in the mechanical weigh¬ ing system by the supply of each new weighing object. 2) Outer 'minor vibrations' in or of the mounting base of the weighing system originating from various mechanical noise on board, e.g. engine vibrations or minor vibrations caused by the impacts of the vessel against low waves. 3) Beat-like influences of more extreme types, e.g. by collision of the vessel with "unlucky waves", whereby any weighing result will be wrong, no matter which pre¬ cautions are taken. 4) Exterior influences affecting the product weigh¬ ing system without affecting the accelerometer. These influences are particularly associated with the dominat¬ ing use of moving belt weighers, as from an industrial point of view it will normally be a condition that the weighing objects are weighed while being moved on a conveyor belt and that the conveying of the objects is effected with a desired high velocity. Re 1) : It is well known - even in stationary weigh¬ ing systems - that a weighing object, which is placed more or less abruptly on a scale, will give rise to mechanical oscillations in the system, such that the weight of the object cannot be measured until these oscillations have ceased. The oscillations may be damped by using mechanical dampers, but these can only be part¬ ly effective with respect to a desirable rapid damping. It has been suggested long ago that it is possible, instead to use electrical filters for suppressing from the weighing cell signal partly the very low frequen¬ cies, which reveal themselves by large amplitudes at the beginning of the weighing cycle, and partly the higher frequencies which occur about the resonance frequency of the weighing system, though the latter frequency itself being dependent on the load. The damping of the low frequencies implies a noticeable delay of the moment, at which the operative reading out of the weighing signal can be started. With the invention use is made of a compensation technique, which has the additional advantage of being able to compensate for external noise. There is used a so-called adaptive filtering, by which rapid analyses of the actual transfer function of the weighing cell are carried out, that is detections of the amplitude of the signal for narrow frequency intervals throughout the entire relevant frequency range, also called a Fourier-analysis. Based on this analysis an inverted transfer function is created and added to the actual transfer function of the weighing cell, whereby the resulting signal will ideally be without oscillations other than the raising of the signal to the correct measuring value. This raising takes place rapidly, such that the belt weigher can operate with a high capacity. Re 2) : In maritime systems, in addition to the proper oscillations of the weighing system there will occur signal oscillations as a result of exterior influ¬ ences on the entire weighing system. The very low fre¬ quent influence originating from the vertical movements and the pitching of the vessel at sea will generally be compensated for by use of the accelerometer, but in the vessel many minor vibrations and shakings occur which will affect both the weighing unit and the accelero¬ meter. In the weighing unit or the weighing signal these vibrations will be widely compensated for by the above compensation technique, but the weighing results may well be wrong anyway, viz. when the compensation signal from the accelerometer is distorted due to these vibra¬ tions. According to the invention it is on this back¬ ground important that the said adaptive filtering or compensation is carried out not only for the weighing unit, but also for the accelerometer, as by a subtrac¬ tion of the signals from the two systems the oscilla¬ tions due to the said minor shakings will then be out-compensated. The minor shakings, however, may have different effects on the weighing unit and the accelerometer, respectively, and for this reason, according to the invention, it is advantageous to make use of a separate shaking sensor, which is mounted immediately adjacent the weighing system and is connected to this system in such a manner that the sensor signals will compensate for the corresponding signal variations in the weighing system. Optionally, however, the separate shaking detector δ may be avoided, if or when the accelerometer is suitably sensitive for detecting the local shakings with high accuracy. Re 3) : Impact influence from the sea or otherwise may briefly a fect the weighing system with such a force and complexity that any measuring result will be wrong. It is well known that in a measuring system it is pos¬ sible to introduce limits for acceptable measuring re¬ sults and to recirculate the relevant "unlucky" measur¬ ing objects, but for one part the inaccurate measuring results will not necessarily be outside the acceptable range, and for another part it is desirable to avoid spending time on many renewed weighings. According to the invention this problem is dealt with by arranging for the weighing system to comprise three weighing units which are mutually independent and arranged in a series, while they may well cooperate with one and the same signal processing unit. These weighing units will weigh each object in rapid sequence, and under normal condi¬ tions all three weighing results will be identical. By an occurring external impact a weighing effected in the same moment of time may be erroneous, but normally this will apply only to one of the three weighings, and in the signal processing unit it may then be determined that just that weighing must be incorrect, when the two other weighings result in other, but mutually identical values. It will not happen frequently that impacts occur so rapidly after each other that two of the three weigh¬ ings will be influenced. Re 4) : With the measures so far described many significant error signals may be eliminated or compen¬ sated for, but with the use of belt weighers in maritime systems the results will nevertheless still often be wrong, and in that case nothing has been achieved. In connection with the invention it has been recognized that there exists still a further source of error, name- ly one associated in a specific manner with the pitching of the vessel in the sea. It will be unimportant whether the vessel assumes a position inclined from the horizon¬ tal, because the accelerometer will compensate for that as well as generally for occurring changes of the direc¬ tion of the weighing pressure relative to the vertical. If the vessel pitches about an axis parallel with the weighing belt this neither will affect the weighing result, but if pitching takes place about an axis cross¬ wise of the belt, then the direction of the movement of the belt will tilt in the vertical plane, viz. by a movement composed by a parallel displacement and a pivoting. By this pivoting an object moving on the belt will be forced to change its direction of movement, and all according to the rate at which it takes place such a change will produce a correspondingly changed pressure of the object on the belt; if the belt in front of the object is pivoted downwardly the object, due to its inertia, will tend to take off from the belt, while for the same reason it will tend to dive into the belt when the latter is pivoted upwardly, and when this happens just when the object is passing the weighing unit, then the weighing result will thus be correspondingly wrong. This error will not be corrected by the accelerometer, which will hardly be affected by a pivoting and will not at all be affected of whether the objects are conveyed at a higher or lower speed. These errors could be eliminated by a cardanic suspension of the entire weighing and belt system, this, however, probably being unrealistic. Instead, according to the invention, sensor means can be used for a conti¬ nuous detection of the tilting of the vessel in the direction relevant for the individual belt, yet in such a manner that it is possible to derive an expression for the angular velocity of occurring changes of the tilt¬ ing, whether such expressions are delivered as measuring results from the sensor means or should be calculated in the signal processor of the weighing equipment; addi¬ tionally, the latter should be supplied with information of the current belt velocity, whereafter the discussed "tilt changing errors" can easily be calculated and utilized for current correction of the weighing results. In the ollowing the invention is explained in more detail with reference to the drawing, in which:- Fig. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a mari¬ time weighing system according to the invention, Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the electrical part of the weighing system, Fig. 3 is a schematic sectional view of the weigh¬ ing system, Fig. 4 is a side view of the weighing system, and Fig. 5 is a graphic illustration of the use of adaptive filters in the weighing system. In Fig. 1 is shown a weighing and sorting system comprising a conveyor belt 2 which, in the direction indicated by an arrow, passes over a weighing area 4 and further along a stretch, at which a row of collector containers 6 is placed vis-a-vis a corresponding row of diverters 8, which may be actuated to be swung inwardly over the belt 2 and thereby effect a diversion of a conveyed article 10 to a selected container 6 all ac¬ cording to the result of the weighing of the article. So far described the system is fully conventional. In the weighing area 4 there is mounted underneath the belt 2 three weighing units 12 relatively close to each other in the length direction of the belt, and these units are connected with a common weighing data processor 14, which will record the weighing results for each advanced article 10. A maritime system - but also certain other systems - may as a whole or at least in the weighing area 4 be subjected to impactlike influ¬ ences, which, despite the additional use of accelerome- ters in the weighing units, may give rise to totally unacceptable weighing results. Instead of separating out the thus non-weighed articles for renewed feeding to the belt 2 it is possible to use the three weighing units based on the consideration that presumably it will only be one of the three weighings which will be disturbed by the influence of the impact or impacts, whereby the data processor 14 can easily sort out the correct result via the two other weighings. It can be an alternative to use only two weighing units in association with a separate sensor for the detection of occurring impact situations, whereby the sensor may condition that only such weighing signals can be accepted which occur outside these situa¬ tions. There may be used more than three or two weighing units, respectively, and it is a possibility that one or more of the associated accelerometers can be exploited for the detection of the impact situations. The diagram shown in Fig. 2 is largely self- explanatory. The weighing cell of the weighing unit is designated 16 and the weighing cell of the accelerometer 18, while the associated primary amplifiers are desig¬ nated 20 and 22, respectively. By 24 is designated a control unit, which is connected with these amplifiers and is explained below. In Fig. 3 is schematically indicated the mechanical part of each of the applied weighing units, comprising a chassis 26, on which is mounted a pair of weighing cells 16 and 18 for a weighing plate 28 and a stationary ac¬ celerometer load 30, respectively. The weighing cells are designed in such a manner that their active sensors 32 are located very close to the respective loaded end portions 34 of the cells, such that these end portions are of as small dimensions and weight as possible, which in practice means an indeed very small weight of the end portions. In the unit is also mounted an actuator 36 for raising a carrier portion 38, which has upwardly pro- jecting parts for a concurrent lifting off of the weigh¬ ing plate 28 and the load 30 from the respective weigh¬ ing cells 16 and 18. When such a lifting off or any corresponding remo¬ val of the loads on the weighing cells has been accom¬ plished the weighing cells should produce a weighing result of absolute zero, and it is possible to check this result whether or not the chassis 26 is subjected to movements, as e.g. vertical accelerations or decele¬ rations will only negligibly affect the sensors 32 due to the very small gravity or mass of the end portions 34 of the weighing cells. Hereby it is possible to check at suitable intervals whether the weighing unit is correct¬ ly adjusted with respect to the delivery of weighing signals to the processor 14, the associated check of "absolute zero" being both easier and more representa¬ tive than a check weighing of a weight master concur¬ rently with the presence of the load 30 on the weighing cell 18 of the accelerometer. If such a check weighing of "absolute zero" does not give the result zero for both of the weighing cells 16 and 18 by respective separate readings of the cell output signals, then the operator may effect a corre¬ spondingly required adjustment of the respective ampli¬ fiers 20 and 22 until the read out signals provide the results "zero". This can be done by manually operable adjustment means, and it will be appreciated that for this adjustment it will be unimportant what is the deep¬ er reason for the adjustment requirement, i.e. whether the need is due to mechanical circumstances or to a drift in the electrical system. The control unit 2 shown in Fig. 2 is adapted to carry out the relevant zero adjustments automatically, as by the actuation of the raising device 36, Fig. 3, it is caused to measure the output signal from the asso¬ ciated electrical part of the relevant weighing unit and to thereby adjust the primary amplifiers 20,22 until the output results become "zero". Thereafter the produced weighing result signals will be correct until the next adjustment, which can be effected e.g. at the beginning of each working day and/or several times during each working period, particularly if during this period so marked temperature changes occur that already these will give rise to considerable changes of the reaction of the mechanical or/and the electrical system of the weighing unit. In Fig. 4 it is shown that the single weighing units 12 may be connected or provided with separate conveyor belt units 40, and it is also shown that the system may comprise sensors 42 for detecting mechanical noise in the area, of course preferably as close as possible to the weighing system. One or more of the sensors may be adapted to detect the tiltings of the vessel in the length direction of the belt 2, which will normally be the length direction of the vessel, such that hereby it becomes possible to effect a weight- pertaining compensation for such positive or negative contributions to the weighing results which occur as a consequence of the weighed objects moving over the weighing units in a non-horizontal direction, respec¬ tively with a change of direction by an occurring lengthwise tilting of the belt 2 as explained above. An occurring mechanical noise, e.g. from a vessel engine or from working appliances, will reveal itself in the output signals from the weighing cells 16 and 18 and will to some degree be compensated for by the concurrent influence on the object weighing systems and the asso¬ ciated accelerometers. Such noise may nevertheless give rise to weighing errors, and as already mentioned it is important that in accordance with the invention it is possible to use even rather advanced filters for compen¬ sating or cleaning of the weighing signals such that these can be trusted to really express the weight of the weighed objects. Suitably use can hereby be made of different fil¬ ters, which are adapted to and are actuated in different characteristic situations, e.g. all according to the vessel engine being operating or not, respectively whether it works at high or low speed. Such filters may be material, electronic filters, or their function may be achieved by a data processing of the primary weighing signals, as the associated data processing equipment may be programmed with various relevant correction programs. These programs may then be selected all according to occuring types of noise, and it is here a possibility that such a selection can be effected automatically based on the sensor equipment 42 detecting the type of the noise. It would then be possible even that by such sensing an automatic adaptation of the correction pro¬ gram be effected, such that the goodness of the weighing signal is steadily maximised, based on current frequency analyses of the signals from the weighing cells. It should be noted that in the above description it has been presupposed that the weighing signals have been delivered and treated as analogue signals, but of course it will be a natural and even preferred possibility that the signals are constituted by and handled as digita- lized signals. Finally it should be mentioned that with the use of manually operated adjustment means for the supply vol¬ tage for the weighing cells or for the associated ampli¬ fier equipment it is possible to purely iteratively adjusting the single weighing units to present a con¬ stant weighing result despite occurring movements in the sea or other kinds of low frequent movements. It should be noticed that the invention will also comprise the disclosed methods for improving the accu¬ racy of the weighing in accelerometer reference based weighing systems, and that the invention or the single aspects thereof may also to a wide extent be applied to stationary weighing systems, in which mechanical or electrical noise appears. Some of the aspects of the invention can be advantageous even without the use of the accelerometer. As far as the said adaptive filtration of noise signals is concerned it is shown in Fig. 5 that in the signal processing unit 14 it is possible to detect the transfer function F(w) and F(a) of the respective weigh¬ ing and accelerometer equipment, respectively, and that therefrom it is possible to derive inverted transfer functions F' (w) and F' (a) , which are added to the re¬ spective functions F(w) and F(a) , whereafter the signals are filtered through suitable low pass filters Fl and F2 and are finally subtracted from each other, whereby the result will be a clean and rapidly rising weighing signal as shown by V, irrespective of occurring minor shakings of the system. Instead of or in addition to the accelerometer can be used a special shaking sensor, the output signal of which can be treated in the same manner for outbalancing the oscillations of the weighing signal.

Claims: C L I M S : 1. A maritime weighing system or a similar system exposed to weighing noise and of the type, the weighing unit of which, with associated weighing cell, is supple¬ mentary by a corresponding and immediately adjacent weighing unit for a load having a known gravity, viz. a so-called accelerometer, the respective weighing cells being connected to a readout unit, in which the weighing results are corrected for such errors which are due to occurring macro ovements of the entire weighing system in the direction of the gravity, characterized in that the system is additionally provided with means for cor¬ rection of the weighing signals for occurring mechanical noise influence and/or occurring tilting or changes of tilting of a conveying path for objects moved over the weighing unit, and preferably also with means for regu¬ larly calibrating the system under load-independent conditions. 2. A weighing system according to claim 1, charac¬ terized in that the respective weighing cells are made with a load carrier portion of quite small dimensions and mass, that the system is provided with manually or automatically operated actuator means for lifting off from said load carrier portions the load support means for the objects to be weighed and the accelerometer load, respectively, as rested on the load carrier por¬ tions, and that the system is furthermore provided with manually or automatically operable adjustment means for adjusting the resulting weighing signal into the value "absolutely zero" when the said lifting-off is effected. 3. A weighing system according to claim 1, in which the weighing unit is located underneath a conveying path for the objects to be weighed, and in which an asso¬ ciated recording unit is adapted so as to reject ob- viously erroneous measuring signals, characterized in that adjacent to the weighing unit there is mounted one or more corresponding weighing units underneath the conveying path, these units being connected with a com¬ mon registering unit, which is adapted so as to accept a weighing result, which is similar for more of the weigh¬ ing units or respectively, has been detected during an interval of time, where a noise detector has detected a low noise level, while the registering unit rejects such weighing results, which deviate from the results measured by more of the other weighing units, or respec¬ tively, are produced concurrently with the noise detec¬ tor detecting a high noise level pertaining to impact noise. 4. A weighing system according to claim 1 and com¬ prising means for separating from the occurring weighing signal such noise signals, which originate from relevant mechanical noise in the area, characterized in that the noise separation is effected by a current adaptive com¬ pensation and/or with the use of filters for selective suppressing of different characteristic types of noise, viz. by manual or noise detection controlled selection or adjustment of suitable filtering means. 5. A weighing system according to claim 1, charac¬ terized in that it comprises detector means for detect¬ ing an occurring lengthwise tilting or change of tilting of a moving path of the objects to be weighed by their passage over the weighing system, said detector being connected to a registering unit for the weighing signals through means for correcting such errors, which would be produced by occurring tiltings or changes of tilting of the moving path at the actual advancing speed of the weighing objects.

Inventors: BOMHOLT JOHN, KVISGAARD THORKILD, BOMHOLT, JOHN, KVISGAARD, THORKILD
Applicants: SCANVAEGT AS, SCANVAEGT A/S
Application year: 1989
Main classification: G01G11
IPC codes: G01G11, G01G23