Process for densifying castings

Abstract: An improved process for hot isostatically pressing metal castings is described. The key feature of the invention relates to the continual increase in the magnitude of the applied pressure during the cycle, and the absence of holds at pressure after achieving the maximum process pressure.

Description: The present invention concerns a process for hot isostatically pressing a metal casting according to the precharacterizing portion of claim 1. This invention relates to techniques for hot isostatic pressing directionally solidified superalloy castings. Directionally solidified (DS) superalloy castings are characterized microstructurally by either a columnar grain or single crystal structure. During the casting process, gas is sometimes entrapped within the casting mold, which can result in the formation of pores in the solidified casting. Researchers have known for some time that the closure of such porosity by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) improves the mechanical properties of DS castings. See, for example, Jablonski and Sargent, "Anisotropic Fatigue Hardening of a Nickel Base Single Crystal at Elevated Temperatures," Scripta Metallurgica, Volume 15, Page 1003, 1981. The HIP process described by Jablonski, et al is typical of the processes generally used throughout the industry, and is characterized by a substantially simultaneous increase of temperature and pressure from ambient conditions to a desired maximum temperature and pressure. The casting being HIP'd is then held at such maximum temperature and pressure for an extended period of time, usually in the range of about 2-10 hours, to close all of the as-cast porosity. The extended period of time at which DS castings are held at elevated temperature and pressure results in a significant addition to the cost of the casting. But, even with extended holds, complete closure of as-cast porosity does not always occur. Further, recrystallization of the casting has been observed to take place with some HIP cycles used in the industry. Recrystallized grains are particularly undesired in HIP'd DS castings, since such grains can act as fatigue fracture initiation sites. As a result of such concerns, the industry needs a HIP process which is less expensive to carry out and less prone to result in recrystallization than processes presently used. The FR-A-2 259 159 describes a process for eliminating the internal porosity in metal castings wherein the metal casting is heated between 430 and 1260°C and it is submitted to a hot isostatic pressing at a pressure between 350 and 2100 kg/cm 2 . The publication : Metal Progress, vol. 123, nº 5, April 1983, pages 23-31, Metals Park, Ohio, US; Hugh D. Hanes et al.: "HIP'ing of castings: An update describes a Hot Isostating Pressing press and process for castings wherein the process versus time increases to a maximum value before decreasing while the temperature versus time is held at a steady value for about one hour. The process for hot isostatically pressing a metal casting according to the present invention is defined in the characterizing portion of claim 1. Further embodiments of the invention are set out in the dependent claims 2-5. According to this invention, an improved process for hot isostatically pressing directionally solidified metal castings comprises an increase in the magnitude of the applied pressure during the HIP cycle from ambient conditions to the maximum process pressure, followed by a return back to ambient pressure conditions; there is no intentional hold at the maximum process pressure. Preferably, the graph of pressure versus time during the entire cycle has a nonzero slope; once the desired (maximum) pressure is reached, the chamber within which the process takes place is vented, and the casting returns to ambient conditions. The invention cycle also includes a continual increase in temperature during the HIP cycle. The foregoing, and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 is a graph of pressure versus time of HIP processes of the prior art. Figures 2-5 are graphs of pressure versus time as applied during a HIP process according to this invention. Figure 6 is a graph of temperature and pressure versus time during the preferred HIP process. The process of the present invention is best understood by referring to the figures, which show the prior art processes as well as several embodiments of the invention. Figures 2 through 6 show continual increase in pressure throughout the HIP cycle. This is contrary to the prior art process as shown in Figure 1. The pressure versus time curve of the invention process can have a nonzero slope throughout the entire cycle, or pressure can be held constant for short periods of time during the cycle. However, in all of the invention cycles, the magnitude of the applied pressure is continually increasing to the maximum pressure. That magnitude of the applied pressure increases throughout the cycle. Such continual increases in pressure (whether they be continuous or discontinuous) are contrary to the cycles described by the prior art which include lengthy periods of time at a constant pressure. The process according to this invention is best carried out by minimizing the number of holds at constant pressure. As will be discussed below, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the only intentional hold at constant pressure takes place at the beginning of the HIP cycle after the casting has been heated to an elevated temperature and thermal homogenizations is desired. After the preliminary hold, pressure is increased for the duration of the cycle. And after a predetermined period of time, pressure and temperature are reduced to ambient conditions and the cycle is ended. The figures show various embodiments of the invention cycle for the alloy known as PWA 1480, which is described in more detail in U.S. Patent No. 4,209,348 Duhl and Olson. An average PWA 1480 composition is, on a weight percent basis, about 10 Cr - 5 Co - 1.5 Ti - 5 Al - 4 W - 12 Ta, balance nickel. Figures 2 through 5 show several ways in which the pressure may be increased during a HIP cycle according to this invention. The figures do not show any preliminary holds at pressure, although such holds are contemplated in certain circumstances as described above. In Figure 2, pressure is continually raised to a maximum pressure P m . The rate of pressure change is constant (i.e., the pressure increases in a continuous fashion). In Figures 3 through 5, the rate at which pressure is increased is nonconstant and changes as a function of time. And in Figure 5, there are short holds at constant pressure levels; nonetheless, pressure is increased through the cycle. Figure 6 shows the preferred process for carrying out the invention: as is shown in the figure, temperature is raised from ambient conditions to about 1,305°C (about 2,380°F) during the initial portion of the cycle. The temperature is then raised to a maximum temperature (T m ) of about 1,310°C (about 2,390°F) during the next three hours. T m should be no closer than about 20°C (about 35°F) from the incipient melting temperature of the component being HIP'd, and it should be greater than the gamma prime solvus temperature. The pressure within the chamber increases to about 35 MPa (about 5 Ksi) during the initial portion of the cycle, primarily as a result of ideal gas law effects. Pressure is then slowly raised to a maximum pressure (P m ) of about 155 MPa (about 22,500 Ksi) during the next three hours. The figure shows that when the chamber reaches T m and P m , a reduction in temperature and pressure begins without any intentional holds. Castings processed according to the HIP cycle shown in Figure 6 exhibit no as-cast porosity and no indications of surface or sub-surface recrystallization. The Figure 6 shows that the temperature is continually increased during the cycle. Such changes in temperature are described in more detail in US-A-4,717,432 to Ault. The maximum HIP temperature is preferably above the gamma prime solvus temperature, but below the incipient melting temperature.

Claims: A process for hot isostatically pressing a metal casting comprising the steps of heating to a maximum process temperature, pressuring the casting from ambient pressure to a maximum process pressure, and then returning the casting from said maximum pressure and temperature to ambient pressure and temperature, said pressuring step being carried out by increasing the pressure of the casting such that the graph of pressure versus time after reaching the maximum pressure has a non zero slope, characterized in that the graph of temperature versus time in the heating step prior to reaching said maximum process temperature has a non zero slope. The process of claim 1, characterized in that the pressure increases at a constant rate prior to reaching said maximum pressure. The process of claim 1, characterized in that the pressure increases at a nonconstant rate prior to reaching said maximum pressure. The process of claim 1, wherein said pressurizing step is further characterized by increasing the pressure of the casting from ambient pressure to said maximum pressure such that the graph of pressure versus time prior to reaching said maximum pressure has a nonzero slope. The process of claims 1-4 wherein the casting is pressurized to a maximum process pressure at a rate sufficient to close internal porosity when said maximum pressure is first reached.

Inventors: AULT EARLE A, AULT, EARLE A.
Applicants: UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORP, UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
Application year: 1989
Main classification: C22F1
IPC codes: C21D8, C22F1, C22F3, B22D29