Improvements in water purification systems

Abstract: Means are provided for use with water purification systems and for evaluating the quality of water, which impart a color to water passing through such means, said color being indicative of an excess of a certain ionic strength or of a change of pH beyond a predetermined value. There is also provided a highly efficient water purification system for the removal of a wide variety of contaminants, also equipped with a color release system when purification starts to fail.

Description: FIELD OF THE INVENTION : The invention relates to water purification devices, especially for providing potable water. There are provided means for indicating exhaustion of the purification capacity, imparting an easily discernable color to the water coming from the purification device. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION : There exists a need for water purification devices, for use by campers, travellers and the like on the one hand, and for use in certain emergencies, such as nuclear accidents, the accidental or intentional release of poisonous substances or the like. Thus there exists a need for the nearly absolute removal of noxious and nuclear contaminants, and also a need for the provision of potable water from contaminated water sources. One of the existing problems is the reliable indication whether the purification system is still fulfilling its task or not; such devices have a limited purification capacity, and the exhaustion of these must be indicated in a reliable manner. Many existing systems use ion exchange resins, often in combination with activated charcoal filters, mechanical filters, etc. It is conventional to incorporate means for changing the color of the resin when the ability of the purifier to effect the desired degree of water purification becomes exhausted. Such color change of resins is disclosed among others in US patent 2 935 194, GB patent 980 335 and EP 0 249 049. These refer to water purifiers containing a layer of indicator material adjacent to the discharge end, which changes color with increased salinity of the purified water. The latter reference discloses the use of such indicators in a multi-layer emergency water purifier. It would be a significant advantage however, if such a device would color the water itself upon exhaustion of the purifying capacity, eliminating the need of the user to examine the device, which may not be available to him, or which may be forgotten. This advantage was recognized and addressed in two associated patents, US 2,781,312 and 2,778,798. The devices described in these patents require extended contact of the water being purified with dyed ion exchange resins, providing at best, very weakly colored water upon exhaustion of the ion exchange capacity of the resins. These methods are unsuitable to flow-through devices, having short contact times and cannot provide a clearly visible warning color in the water. Water contamination is a serious problem, and this has been demonstrated on a large scale by the Tchernivil nuclear accident, by the accidental release of poisons into the Rhine, by the large scale contamination of rivers and lakes by nitrates and also by effluents of chemical industry, and also by pesticides, and the like. Reliable and easily perceived indication of the exhaustion of the purification capacity of a purification device for the provision of potable water is of great importance. According to the invention such means are provided, based on the coloring of the water issued from the device when this is not purified to the required degree of purity. This may be used with any water purification system providing absolute deionization and for water purity testing of such systems. Furthermore, it is of importance to provide water purification means which can be stored over prolonged periods of time and which can instantly be used when required. Such purification devices are provided with color indicators of the type defined above. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION : The invention relates to purification devices comprising means for imparting an easily perceptible color to the purified water upon exhaustion of the exchange resin, as soon as the purification fails to be of the required efficacy. Furthermore, the invention relates to the provision of highly efficient purification systems for the essentially complete removal of harmful contaminants, especially nuclear and poisonous inorganic contaminants. In the systems of the invention, the exhaustion of the ion exchange resin component is assumed to be the limiting factor, indicating the performance of the entire system. This assumption is a sound one, as the capacity of the ion exchange resin is generally lower than that of active carbon, mechanical filters, or bactericidal materials which may be also incorporated in the purifier. The colors imparted to water after passage through the purification systems, after partial failure of the purification capability, are of the food grade type which can be ingested without harm. It is clear that once such coloring appears, this is indicative that the water may not be fit for drinking or cooking and ought not be consumed. The color release system exhibits long shelf-life, rapid readiness for operation and can be adapted to any size system. An indicative dye is provided on a suitable substrate, and as long as the effluent water has the required purity, the dye will stay bound to the substrate. When purification decreases, the substrate-bound dye is contacted by water of a higher pH, and this results in the gradual release of the dye, imparting a warning color to the water emerging from the purification system. The substrate can be a weak base ion exchange resin or neutral medium such as alumina. The ion exchange substrates are usually composed of free amines attached to styrenic or acrylic chains in a gel or macroreticular structure. The dyes are charged, colored, water soluble species, containing acidic functionalities. Examples are acidic azo, triarylmethane, indigoid and anthraquinone dyes, as described in the color index and as known to those skilled in the art. They may be monomeric or polymeric in nature. It is generally advantageous to chose acidic dyes having no cationic functionalities. To accomplish the binding of the acidic dyes to weak base resins it is necessary to first acidify the dye. The acidification is conveniently accomplished by passing an 0.2%-10% solution of the dye slowly through a strong acid ion exchange resin containing at least 5-fold excess of capacity. The acidified dye solution is then stirred for several hours with the resin until the dye is absorbed. The loading can be 0.1% to 60% of the theoretical capacity, but is usually about 40%. Not every combination of acid dye and weak base resin permits high binding capacity. Generally, weak base resins enable attainment of higher sensitivity to changes in pH and in ion concentration in the stream, than do strong base resins. Among the weak base resins, acrylic resins appear to give weaker binding of the dye than styrenic, and therefore higher sensitivity. Alternatively, the substrate can be a neutral adsorbent such as neutral alumina, diatomaceous earth (Cellite) or bentonite. In that case, the dye must be a water-insoluble salt (lake), such as an alumina, calcium, barium, chromium, or iron salt of an acid dye. The preferred choice is an aluminum salt extended on granular, porous alumina. The dye may comprise as little as 0.1% or as much as 40% of the weight of the mixture, the insoluble dye-alumina adsorbent, but is conveniently between 1 and 6%. Both types of dye-substrate matrixes are stable when in contact with neutral and mildly acidic solutions, but are extremely sensitive to solutions having pH values above 7. Extreme sensitivity to ions in the deionized water stream can be obtained by passing the purified (D.I.) water stream through a bed of strong base resin before contacting the layer containing the dye substrate combination. By this method ion content of as low as 4 ppm in the D.I. water (as measured by electrical conductivity) can be visually detected by color changes. When used in conjunction with a water purifier such as described in example 1 below, such a sensitivity to ion content (4 ppm) implies capability of detecting the lowering of the purification efficiency of the device to 99% of its original efficiency in the case of a water source containing 400 pm TDS. The color indicators described above are especially suitable to be incorporated in a water purifier containing a mixed bed ion exchange resin removing excess salts or noxious ionic impurities to produce potable water. Such a device advantageously contains a strong adsorbent to remove hazardous organic chemicals, unpleasant tastes and odors. A further option is a biocide, killing bacteria on contact. Furthermore, microfilters can be included to exclude suspended particles, including radioactive dust. Mixed bed ion exchangers are capable of reducing ionic concentration to an extremely low level. When the capacity for absolute ion removal is saturated, the ion concentration will rise sharply. If a quantity of strong base resin is positioned after the mixed bed ion exchanger, and if the mixed bed has been formulated to provide pH neutrality, then the pH of the effluent water will rise sharply as well. Sulfonic acid dyes adsorbed on weak base resins or their lakes extended on neutral alumina respond to elevated pH levels by desorption thereby coloring the effluent water in proportion to the hydroxyl ion strength (pH). The use of strong base resin "activator" is needed because the anions present in the water after ion "breakthrough" are necessarily the ions most weakly held on the anion exchange resin portion of the mixed bed such as chloride, which are ineffective in displacing dyes, even from neutral adsorbents such as alumina. Preferred embodiments of the invention include a combination of edible dye and weak base ion exchange adsorbent with moderate sensitivity towards increases in pH, but other combinations may be used. The sulfonic acid dyes indigo carmine, allura red, sunset yellow, tartrazine, and brilliant blue are preferable due to their wide regulatory agency approval, but any acid dye, approved for food use, may be used. While weak base, macroreticular, styrenic resins such as Amberlyst A-21 are preferred, gel and acrylic weak base resins can readily be used, giving somewhat greater sensitivity. The dye loading on the resin can vary widely, from 0.1% to 50% w/w, but is usually between 5 and 25% with 15-20% particularly convenient. High sensitivity to the ion breakthrough point is neither necessary or desirable, since the ion exchange material even in its saturated form will readily exchange and adsorb heavy metal toxic and radioactive ions and release harmless sodium and chloride ions. Thus the color indicator provides the user with a safety buffer of sufficient capacity to fully assure the potability of the effluent water, even after the edible dye has been released. In the embodiments discussed above, an intense color is developed well before the rise in pH is noticeable to the human palate. In mixed bed ion exchange desalination practice, it is common to use an excess of acid resin capacity, since ground waters are commonly basic, containing bicarbonate ions. This practice increases the capacity for absolute ion removal. In the present invention however, the saturation of the resins is carried considerably further, which would, under normal practice result in an acidic effluents, neutralizing the excess strong base resin (SBR) "activator" and eliminate the pH rise needed to desorb the edible dyes. In practice, an excess of strong base resin, about 7% of the total mixed bed volume, is added to those quantities of strong base and strong acid resins required to give pH neutrality when saturated with excess sodium chloride solution. Since naturally acidic waters are generally unbuffered (unless heavily polluted with phosphates) this quantity is usually sufficient to provide a pH rise and its accompanying intense color release. The quantity of SBR may be increased to 10% for use with highly acidic waters or reduced to 5% for basic waters. It is well known that the effectiveness of an adsorbent is conditional on sufficient contact time with the flowing stream containing the impurities. The intense color imparted to the effluent stream by the color indicator is also effected by contact time. Since the adsorbents are advantageously commercial and standard materials of fixed size granules, contact surface is determined by the volume of the adsorbents, with the stipulation of sufficient bed depth to allow good mixing and contact. The factors governing desalination by mixed bed ion exchangers are well known to those skilled in the art and require a contact time of from 0.6 to 7.5 minutes. Since desalination is the lowest capacity adsorbent contemplated for use in such a purifier, it is advantageous to reduce the flow rate to increase contact time as much as possible. Experience has shown that a one minute contact time is preferred. For example, for a flow rate 60 to 70 ml/min, a mixed bed resin volume of 150 ml is required. In the embodiment of the invention utilizing a flow rate of 60-70 ml/min, it has been determined that a minimum contact time of 1 sec is sufficient to desorb sufficient dye from the preferred color indicator formulations described above. This on the condition that a minimum bed depth of 3 mm is maintained. EXAMPLES : Example 1 : Aluminum salt of "brilliant blue" was prepared by combining 50mg of the dye (FD&C blue #1, C.I. 42090) and 5gr of aluminum oxide (neutral grade,150 mesh). A solution of 25mg hydrated aluminum nitrate in 5ml of water, was added quickly to the dry mixture and mixed vigorously. The colored alumina was isolated by vacuum filtration, rinsed with D.I. water and dried at 70°C. Specially washed Strong Base Resin (SBR) was prepared by stirring slowly 100g of commercial type I strong base ion-exchange resin (Amberlite IRA 400, Bayer M500 etc.) in the hydroxyl form with D.I. water at 60°C for 1/2 hr. The excess water was decanted and the resin stirred for 10 minutes with 95% ethanol at 60°C. The resin was isolated by filtration and rinsed with de-ionized water. 0.5g of the alumina-dye mixture was layered below lg of the specially washed resin, separated by poly-urethane foam. When deionized water having a conductivity of 0.8µ mhos/cm was passed through the layers at about 65 ml/min, an essentially colorless stream was obtained. When the D.I feed water was mixed with tap water (cond. 1 µS/cm ) to 1% tap water (conductivity rising to 13µ µS/cm ), the stream received a noticeable blue color. Example 2 : As example 1, but 50 mg Ponceau 4R (E 124, C.I. 16255) and 50 mg hydrated aluminum nitrate were used. The effluent passed first over SBR became noticeably red when the conductivity reached about 30 µ µS/cm, or about 20 ppm, TDS. Example 3 : 5g neutral alumina were combined as in Example 1, with 250mg Sunset Yellow (E 110, C.I. 15985) and with 200mg hydrate aluminum nitrate. When deionized water was passed over the alumina-dye lake no color developed, but noticeable color appeared with tap water diluted to 50% with D.I. water having a conductivity of about 500µ µS/cm . Example 4 : A solution of 0.80g Allura Red (FD&C Red #40, C.I. 16035) in 10ml of water was slowly poured over a 10cm high ion-exchange column containing 10ml of IR-120 (H + ). The column was carefully rinsed with a minimum volume of D.I. water and all colored portions were added to 6ml of IRA-67 (weak base, acrylic, gel resin). The mixture was gently stirred at 40°C until the dye was fully absorbed. The resin was rinsed and excess water drained. The resin was layered below specially washed SBR (see example 1). When D.I. water was passed over the layers, the water stream was colorless. Increasing the ion content in the water stream by adding tap-water to provide a conductivity of about 30 µ µS/cm , imparted a strong red color into the water. Example 5 : 3 ml of Dow resin type MSA-2 (OH - ) (strong base, tyne II, macroreticular) and 200 mg of Brilliant Blue sodium salt were combined and stirred for 2 hrs. The supernatant blue liquid was decanted and mixed with 1 ml of IR-120 resin (Rohm Haas) in the acid form for 5 min. and then the supernatant liquid was returned to the MSA resin. After stirring 1 hr and rinsing thoroughly with D.I. water, no color was further eluted. Sea water (50 mS/cm cond.) of 25 mS/cm developed a slight blue color whereas at 50 mS/cm a strong blue color appeared. Example 6 : A solution of 300 mg of basic fuchsin (Rosanalin, C.I. 42510) in 150 ml of water was passed over a column containing 10 ml of IRA-400 (strong base resin) and stirred several hours with 6 ml of IRC-50 (weak acid, macroreticular, acrylic resin). The supernatant dye was decanted and the resin was rinsed thoroughly. When layered below a stronq acid resin, sea water diluted with deionized (D.I.) water to 20%, was capable of eluting a noticeable magenta color. Example 7 : 0.8g of carmoisine (E 122, C.I. 14720) were acidified as in example 4, and combined with 7.5ml of Amberlyst A-21 (weak base, styrenic, macroreticular) ion exchange resin. The mixture was stirred gently at 40°C until the dye was fully absorbed and the supernatant solution almost colorless. When treated with D.I. water adjusted with NaOH solution to pH 10, no color was developed. At pH 10.5, very faint color was visible, but strong color was developed when the D.I. water was adjusted to pH 11 with Na0H solution, becoming progressively more intense to pH 13. Example 8 : 0.9 g indigo carmine (FD&C blue #2, E132, CI 73015) dissolved in 110 ml of water at 40°C, is acidified by a passing over column containing 10 ml of strong acid ion exchange resin, Amberlite IR120. The column was rinsed with a minimum of deionized water and the colored portions were stirred with 15 ml of amberlyst A-21 weak base styrenic macroreticular resin largely for several hours and the resulting resin was then rinsed with D.I. water. When tested in a manner similar to that of examples 1 and 4 noticeable color appeared when water of conductivity 100 µS/cm was passed over the SBR and dyed resin layers. Color was weakly eluted by a pH 9.2 borax buffer, but a pH 12 buffer developed very strong color rapidly. Example 9 : A 1% w/w solution of Poly-R 478 (Dynapol Corp.) was acidified by passing through a column containing a large excess of strong acid ion exchange resins and set in contact with Amberlyst A-21 weak base macroreticular resin beads for 24 hrs at 40°C. The colored excess solution was decanted and the beads rinsed with de-ionized water. Very weak color was eluted from the resin by a pH 12 phosphate buffer, but 0.1 N NaOH eluted the dye giving a violet colored solution. Example 10 : An example of the preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings, Figures 1 and 2. This comprises two purification units in series, hermetically isolated during storage prior to use, and ancillary equipment. The first unit (1), is a cylindrical polyethylene container, containing within it 25 ml of an iodated ion exchange resin disinfectant (9) confined on both sides by porous polyethylene filters (10) and 125 ml of activated bacteriostatic carbon granules (11), 12-30 mesh, followed by a fine hydrophillic polyethylene filter of 25-35µ pore size, 3.2.mm thick (12). The second unit (2) comDrises a similar container, connected to the first by a flexible inert tubing (3), containing 150 ml of an edible grade mixed bed ion exchanger in a humid state (13), composed of a highly activated strong base and strong acid resins, combined in a ratio of about 2:1 v/v so that a neutral pH solution is obtained upon addition of an excess of 3% NaCl solution. At the inlet before the resin layer, an inert porous layer (14) is provided followed at the exit by 10 ml of additional edible grade strong base resin (15), followed by a dense filter material (16), composed of activated carbon and inert binders, which limits the flow rate to 60-70 ml/min, such as a layer of Cyanamide carbon filter media 45/55 w. The unit is further provided with a layer, 3-4 mm in depth, containing 1.4g (2 ml) of the dyed resin (17) made according to Example 8. The unit is enclosed at the outlet by an inert porous plug (18). The device is further provided with ancillary equipment including a stable base (4) an exit tube (5), receiving vessel (6), and feed reservoir (7), of 1.5 liter capacity providing a water head of about 25 cm above the exit tube and which reservoir also serves as a cover during storage. The clamp (8) and tight fitting caps over the inlet and exit ports isolate the units during storage. Figure 3 shows the performance of the device of Example 10 in purifying high TDS water (625 ppm, 1000 µS/cm). The horizontal line shows the volume in liters of said water, purified. The vertical line on the left shows electrical conductivity in µS/cm. The vertical line on the right shows relative color intensity. The broken line with triangular assignments relates to the conductivity scale, while the dotted line with circular assignments relates to color intensity. Example 11 : A dual chamber housing of 4 cm inner diameter equipped with inlet and outlet fitting, was filled with 60 ml of a strong base resin and 10 ml of the dye alumina lake of Example 1. When attached to a water purification device, producing 0.5 l/min of water of conductivity less than 1.0 µS/cm, (e.g. an ion exchange deionization column) the effluent water was unaffected. Upon system failure, the device imparted a strong blue color into the water, when the conductivity rose to 10 µS/cm.

Claims: Apparatus for removing harmful and distasteful organic and inorganic contaminants, or carrying out a purification from excess salinity from water, comprising: a flow-through container having an exit port, said flow-through container including: a bed being a stoichiometrically neutral mixture of a strong base ion exchange resin and a strong acid ion exchange resin, to which has been added an excess of strong base ion exchange resin to the extent of 5 to 10% of the volume of the said mixture; and, color indicating means, for imparting a clearly visible color to the water, including a layer of neutral or weakly basic substrate supporting an artificial dye, which dye is adapted to be released when a certain ionic strength or change in pH of the water passing through said means is exceeded, said layer being located adjacent to the exit port of said flow-through container. The apparatus for carrying out a purification of water according Claim 1, wherein said color indicator means is an artificial dye lake adsorbed on a neutral matrix. The apparatus for carrying out a purification of water according Claim 1, wherein said color indicator means is an artificial dye adsorbed on a weak base exchange resin. The apparatus for carrying out a purification of water according to claims 1 to 3 wherein said artificial dye is an artificial food dye. A method for visually indicating the exhaustion of the desalination capacity of a water purification apparatus, comprising the step of: passing water from which excess salts are to be removed through a bed, said bed being a stoichiometrically neutral mixture of a strong base ion exchange resin and a strong acid ion exchange resin, to which has been added an excess of strong base ion exchange resin to the extent of 5 to 10% of the volume of the said mixture; and, passing the water, after passage through said bed, through an adjacent layer of a neutral or weakly basic substrate supporting an artificial dye so that when said bed of said ion exchange resins becomes exhausted, thereby resulting in an increase of salt content and of pH, the water rapidly releases said artificial dye providing a visible color indication of the exhaustion of the water purification apparatus having said ion exchange resins. The method for visually indicating an exhaustion of the desalination capacity of a water purification apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said artificial dye is an artificial dye lake adsorbed on a neutral carrier. The method for visually indicating an exhaustion of the desalination capacity of a water purification apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said artificial dye is an artificial dye adsorbed on a weak base ion exchange resin. The method for visually indicating an exhaustion of the desalination capacity of a water purification apparatus according to claims 5 to 7, wherein said artificial dye is an artificial food dye.

Inventors: DALVEN ISRAEL, FROMMER MOSHE A, DALVEN, ISRAEL, FROMMER, MOSHE A.
Applicants: PUROTECH LTD, PUROTECH LTD.
Application year: 1989
Main classification: C02F1
IPC codes: B01J47, C02F1, B01D15, C02F9