Impeller

Abstract: The invention concerns an impeller for pumps, turbines, fans etc of a so-called closed type. The impeller includes cover discs (2) and (3) respectively and a number of vanes (5) arranged between said cover discs. In order to reduce the secondary flows within the impeller the secants between the suction side of the vane and the cover discs are displaced with regard to the secants at the pressure side of the vane, thus obtaining an impeller which is rotationally non-symmetrical.

Description: The invention concerns an impeller of a so-called closed type for pumps, compressors, fans etc of a centrifugal or semiaxial type. Impellers of this type are characterized by being arranged to rotate within a housing into which a liquid or a gas is fed through a central axial opening. The medium flows through one or several channels and is given pressure, - kinetic - and inner energy and is finally expelled at the periphery of the impeller. The velocity of the medium is normally decelerated, thus giving the medium an additional pressure increase. An impeller of a so-called closed type comprises a cover disc having a central hole for medium coming into the impeller, another cover disc heading the driving unit and a number of vanes arranged between the cover discs, which vanes are curved and which between themselves form channels for transport of the medium towards the periphery. The vanes may be of different numbers and designs depending on the type of medium that shall be transported, the volume, the pressure head etc. When pumping liquids containing solid bodies, waste water etc, it is desirable to have as big free passage as possible through the impeller. It is therefore common to design the impeller to have one single vane as this means the biggest possible free passage. An example of such an impeller is shown in the Swedish Patent No 7903729-7. One disadvantage with this type of impeller, in addition to manufacturing problems, is that it is not symmetrical and therefore difficult to balance. Another is that the efficiency not always is the best. It is therefore common to use impellers with several vanes, in spite of their more narrow passages. An example of such an impeller is shown in the Swedish Patent NO 306 706. In German Patent Application No 35 30 985 is shown how it possible to decrease the flow losses in an impeller by designing the cover discs rotationally non-symmetrical. Here a reduction of the distance between the cover discs on the suction side is proposed. This will however not have any significant influence on the secondary flow, as the divergence in the meridian plane is mainly the same on the suction and the pressure sides. This solution thus does not mean any significant reduction of the loss that derives from secondary flow. The purpose of this invention is to further improve the qualities in impellers of the above mentioned type. By help of the invention is obtained an impeller which decreases fluid losses and thus improves the efficency of the machine and in addition the cavitation qualities. When a maximum free passage is desired, e g in waste water pumps, the invention also brings about certain advantages in this respect. These improvements are obtained by help of the features stated in the claims and which are disclosed below with reference to the enclosed drawings. In the following pump impellers and pumps for water are referred to. However, also in other types of machines such as compressors and fans the invention could be utilized. Fig 1 shows a meridian section of a conventional pump impeller, while Fig 2 shows the same section of an impeller according to the invention. Fig 3 finally, shows a perspective view of a pump impeller according to the invention. In Fig 1, 1 stands for a hole for a driving shaft, 2 and 3 are cross sections of cover dics, 4a pump inlet and 5 a vane having a leading edge 6 and a trailing edge 7. In Fig 2, 8 and 9 stand for the intersections between one of the cover discs and the vane at its pressure - and suction side respectively, while 10 and 11 stand for the intersections between the other cover disc and the vane at its pressure - and suction side respectively. In Fig 3, 12 and 13 stand for the suction and the pressure sides respectively of the vane and 14 and 15 stand for the inner sides of the cover discs. Fig 1 thus shows a section of a conventional, closed impeller with several vanes. The cover disc 2, heading the driving unit, and the opposite cover disc 3 support between themselves a number of vanes 5. The liquid is sucked into the impeller through the central opening 4 in the cover disc 3 and leaves the impeller through the openings of the channels at the periphery. The flow in a pump impeller of this type does not take place in uniform. Described in a simplified way, the flow can be said to be alterated in two main directions. One from the axial inlet towards the radial outlet and the other in the form of a substantial tangential flow from inlet towards outlet. Each alteration of a current medium brings about a secondary current emanating from the boundary layers adjacent the channel wall. These boundary layers are loaded with the same pressure gradients as the free flow in the center of the channel. This entails a transport within the boundary layers of medium from areas having a high pressure towards areas of lower pressure. For continuity reasons there will be a flow in the oppsite direction in the free flow outside the boundary layers. These two currents will constitute a circulating flow, perpendicular to the main flow direction called secondary flow. Areas of high and low pressures respectively in the channel mainly emanence from the fact that the vane obtains a high pressure side 13 turned forward in the direction of rotation and a low pressure side 12 turned backwards. In addition, the alteration from the axial inflow to the radial outflow from the impeller entails that a high pressure side also occurs at the hub and that a low pressure side occurs at the cover disc 3. According to the invention, the inner sides of the cover discs, the areas that limit the channels on two sides, are so designed that the secondary flow mentioned above is reduced. This is obtained by forming the inner sides rotationally non-symmetrical, meaning that seen in a meridian plane through the impeller, the intersections between the surfaces of the cover discs and the suction side of the vane deviate from corresponding projections in the meridian plane of the intersections between surfaces of the cover disc and the pressure side of the vane, said deviation being zero at the leading edge and increases towards the trailing edge. The deviation is obtained by the radius of curvature at the cover discs being bigger at the suction side of the vane as compared with its pressure side. The advantage with this design is, as mentioned before, that te secondary flow within the impeller is considerably diminished which means a better efficiency and improved cavitation qualities. Fig 3, which is a perspective view of an impeller according to the invention, shows the cross sections of the channels at their outlets at the impeller periphery. 12 and 13 here stand for the suction - and pressure sides respectively of the vanes, while 14 and 15 stand for the inner sides of the cover discs which together with 12 and 13 form a parallelogram which may have non-right angles. By forming the channels as described above, the zones where the secondary flow tends to concentrate blocking boarder layers will diminish as the pressure differences dereving from the deviation in the meridian section are adapted to the suction - and pressure sides respectively of the vane. This means an important improvement of the efficiancy and the cavitation qualities and therefore the vane angles may be bigger meaning a bigger throughlet.

Claims: A closed impeller for pumps, compressors, fans etc of a centrifugal or semiaxial type, including two cover discs (2) and (3) and a number of curved vanes (5) arranged between said cover discs, which vanes between themselves form channels and which vanes each have a pressure side (13) turned forward in the direction of rotation and a suction side (12) turned backwards, characterized in that the projections (9), (11) in the meridian plane of the intersections between the cover discs and the suction side of the vane deviates from the corresponding projections (8), (10) in the same meridian plane of the intersections between the cover discs and pressure side of the vane, the deviation being zero at the leading edge (6) of the vane and increases towards the trailing edge (7) of the vane. A closed impeller according to claim 1, characterized in that the projection (9), (11) in the meridian plane of the suction side of the vane has a bigger radius of curvature as compared with that of the pressure side at both cover discs (2) and (3). A closed impeller according to claim 1 characterized in that the distances between the cover discs (2) and (3) are mainly the same at the suction - and the pressure sides (12) and (13), respectively.

Inventors: ARBEUS ULF, ARBEUS, ULF
Applicants: FLYGT AB ITT, ITT FLYGT AKTIEBOLAG
Application year: 1989
Main classification: F04D29
IPC codes: F04D29