Sheet member containing a plurality of elongated enclosed electrodeposited channels and method

Abstract: A sheet member (38) and a method for constructing the sheet member. The sheet member (38) includes a plurality of elongated, enclosed channels (36) formed by electrodeposition.

Description: Technical Field This invention relates to a sheet member having a plurality of elongated enclosed channels and a method for generating the sheet member. Background Art Various approaches have been developed in the past for providing an article having elongated enclosed channels. Such channels are useful, such as for the circulation of fluids. Articles have been assembled having a plurality of discrete tubes bonded together, or to a common support structure. Additionally, holes may be machined into a solid block of material to form passageways. However, such constructions have been expensive to manufacture and have been difficult to construct with extremely small, and/or closely spared elongated passageways. Electrodeposition of materials on patterns known as mandrels to construct articles having a desired shape has been known in the past. It is also recognized that electrodeposition onto a mandrel containing recesses or grooves may result in the formation of enclosed voids. That is, due to localized variations in the potential gradient during the electrodeposition process, the deposited material will form at a faster rate adjacent corners, projections or other sharp changes in the geometry of the mandrel. If allowed to accumulate at the tops of recesses of a mandrel, the material on each side of the recess will meet or "bridge" at an intermediate point over the recess, shielding the interior of the recess from the accumulation of further material. An enclosed void is thus formed generally recognized prior to the present invention as a defect in the article produced. In PLATING AND SURFACE FINISHING, May 1975, Pages 4, 5, 6-461; H.R. Johnson et al.; "Fabricating Closed Channels by Electro Forming" there is disclosed a technique for producing closed channels by electroplating, and a product of such a technique, the technique including providing a mandrel having a base portion and a plurality of projecting elongate ridge portions defining elongate grooves and electrodepositing a conductive material onto conductive surfaces of the ridge portions and grooves until the conductive material bridges across between the ridge portions to form a sheet member with a base layer and a plurality of elongate projections; each projection containing an elongate enclosed channel. Disclosure of the Invention This invention provides a sheet member having a plurality of enclosed elongated channels that includes opposing major surfaces. A plurality of elongated, enclosed electroformed channels extend through the sheet member between the opposing major surfaces. The channels have a predetermined cross sectional shape. According to the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for constructing a sheet member having a plurality of channels said method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a mandrel having a base portion and a plurality of elongated ridge portions projecting from the base portion and having elongated edges spaced above the base portion, the ridge portions defining elongated grooves between the ridge portions, and the ridge portions having conductive surfaces; and (b) electrodepositing a conductive material on the conductive surfaces with the conductive material being deposited on the edges of the ridge portions at a faster rate than on the surfaces defining inner surfaces of the grooves until the conductive material bridges across between the ridge portions to envelope central portions of the grooves and form a sheet member having a base layer and a plurality of elongated projections extending from the base layer into each of the grooves, with each of the projections containing an elongated enclosed channel. (c) separating the mandrel from the sheet member, said elongated projections having elongated edges spaced above the base layer, and defining elongated grooves between the projections, characterised by: (d) electrodepositing a conductive material on the conductive surfaces of the projections with the conductive material being deposited on the edges of the projections at a faster rate than on the surfaces defining inner surfaces of the grooves until the conductive material bridges across between projections to envelope central portions of the grooves and form additional elongated enclosed channels in the sheet member. According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided an article for circulating fluids, comprising: (a) a sheet member having opposing major surfaces; and (b) a plurality of elongated, enclosed electroformed channels extending through said sheet member between said opposing major surfaces for the circulation of fluids through each of said channels, said channels having a predetermined cross sectional shape, characterised by:- a plurality of additional elongated enclosed electroformed channels extending through said sheet member between said opposing major surfaces for the circulation of fluids through each of said additional channels, said additional channels having a predetermined cross sectional shape, said channels and said additional channels being interdigitated wherein each channel is separated by an undulating boundary extending through said sheet member. Thus, a sheet member is provided that includes a plurality of elongated enclosed channels extending therethrough that is quickly and inexpensively produced, and is particularly adapted to produce channels of extremely small cross sectional area and having a predetermined shape. As previously discussed, it has been known that an electrodeposition process may result in the formation of enclosed spaces within an electroformed piece. However, it is unexpected until the present invention that such enclosed spaces may be deliberately produced in the form of elongated enclosed channels having a predetermined shape. Brief Description of Drawings The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawing wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts in the several views, and wherein: Figure 1 is an isometric view of a mandrel for use in constructing a sheet member according to the state of the art and intermediate to the present invention, the mandrel having a plurality of elongated ridge portions. Figure 2 is a cross sectional view of a portion of the mandrel of Figure 1 along plane 2-2. Figure 3 is a cross sectional view of the mandrel of Figure 2, with conductive material partially electrodeposited thereon. Figure 4 is cross sectional view of the mandrel of Figure 3 with additional conductive material electrodeposited on the mandrel. Figure 5 is a cross sectional view of the mandrel of Figure 4, with additional conductive material electrodeposited on the mandrel so as to envelope the grooves of the mandrel. Figure 6 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of a sheet member separated from the mandrel. Figure 7 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of a sheet member according to this invention electroformed at a rate of 430.5 A/m² (40 amperes per square foot) 0.2718 mm, 3.28 mm and grooves spaced 0.2718 mm (0.0107") apart and 3.28 mm (.0129") deep. Figure 8 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of a sheet member as in Figure 7 for circulating fluids electroformed at a rate of 861.4 A/m² (80 amperes per square foot). Figure 9 is a photomicrograph of a cross section of a sheet member as in Figure 7 for circulating fluids electroformed at a rate of 1722 A/m² (160 amperes per square foot). Figure 10 is a cross sectional view of an alternative form of the mandrel of Figure 1 including ridge portions having sides inclined at a negative angle with respect to a base portion of the mandrel. Detailed Description Referring now to Figures 1 and 2, there is shown a mandrel 10 for producing a sheet member product of the state of the art, and intermediate to this invention. The mandrel includes a base portion 12 and a plurality of elongated ridge portions 14. The ridge portions 14 include edges 15 spaced from the base portion and each adjacent pair of ridge portions define an elongated groove 16 therebetween. The ridge portions 16 have tapered surfaces 18 inclined at an angle with respect to the base portion 12. The top of each ridge portion includes a surface 20 generally parallel with the base portion 12. The mandrel is constructed of a conductive material such as Nickel or Brass, or alternatively, by a non-conductive material having a conductive outer coating or layer. For instance, a plastic or flexible material such as silicone rubber may be provided with a conductive coating on at least the ridge portions 14 for use as a mandrel. In the illustrated mandrel, the ridge portions are substantially identical in size and shape and further are parallel and uniformly positioned with respect to each other on the base portion 12 of the mandrel. However, as shown in Figure 1, one pair of ridge portions 22 and 24 are oriented transversely to the remaining ridge portions, and intersect a ridge portion 14 at point 26, as will be explained in greater detail hereinafter. A sheet member according to the state of the art is generated using the mandrel through an electrodeposition process. For the purposes of this invention, the term "electrodeposition" includes both "electrolytic" and "electroless" plating, which differ primarily in the source of the electrons used for reduction. In the preferred electrolytic embodiments, the electrons are supplied by an external source, such as a direct current power supply, whereas in the electroless plating process the electrons are internally provided by a chemical reducing agent in the plating solution. Preferably, at least the surface of the ridge portions 14 of the mandrel are passivated, such as by contacting the surface with a 2% solution of Potassium Dichromate in distilled water at room temperature. The mandrel is then rinsed with distilled water. Passivation of the surface of the ridge portions of the mandrel is desirable in that it provides a thin oxide coating which facilitates removal of an electroformed article from the mandrel. Passivation of the surface of the ridge portions of the mandrel may not be necessary in the case where the mandrel is provided with a conductive coating as previously discussed, where the conductive layer is transferred from the mandrel to the electroformed article as hereinafter produced to facilitate removal of the completed article from the mandrel. The mandrel is then immersed in a plating bath for a desired period of time for the electrodeposition of a material on the surface of the mandrel. Any appropriate electrodepositable material may be used, such as nickel, copper, or alloys thereof. In one embodiment of the method, the plating bath consists of a solution of Nickel Sulfamate 0.099 kg/l (6 oz. of Ni/gal.); Nickel Bromide 0.0031 kg/l (0.5 oz./gal.); and Boric Acid 0.025 kg/l (4.0 oz./gal.) in distilled water with a specific gravity of 1.375-1.40. Anodes are provided in the form of S-Nickel pellets. The pellets are immersed in the plating bath and carried in Titanium baskets enclosed in polypropylene fabric anode basket bags. Preferably the mandrel is rotated around an axis perpendicular to the axis of the rotation of the mandrel at 5-10 rpm in periodically reversed rotational directions within the plating bath to ensure even plating on the mandrel. The temperature of the plating bath is maintained at 120° and a p H of 3.8-4.0. Normally during operations, the p H of the plating bath rises. Therefore, the p H is periodically adjusted by the addition of Sulfamic acid. Evaporation loses are compensated for by the addition of distilled water to maintain the desired specific gravity. The plating bath is continuously filtered, such as through a 5 micron filter. The filtered output of the pump is preferably directed at the mandrel to provide fresh nickel ions. The deposition of the nickel on the mandrel is a function of the D.C. current applied, with 0.0254 mm/hr (.001 inch/hour) of nickel deposited on a flat surface at average current density rate of 215 A/m² (20 amperes per square foot). However, as previously discussed, the electrodeposited material 30 has a tendency to accumulate at a faster rate in electrolytic deposition adjacent sharp changes in the geometry of the mandrel, such as the edges 15 of the ridge portions 14 as shown sequentially in Figures 3-5. A larger potential gradient and resulting electric field is present at the edges which induces deposition of material at a faster rate (as at 32) than on flat surfaces in the inner portions of the grooves. Eventually, the material deposited on either edge of the ridge portions of the mandrel "bridge" between the adjacent ridges so as to envelope the central portion of the grooves within the electrodeposited material. The void space enveloped by the material is now shielded from the electrical field and no further deposition occurs. The junction 34 of the material is referred to as a "knit" line. The body thus formed is integral and structurally unitary. The space that is enveloped by the material defines elongated, enclosed channels 36 extending through the sheet member formed on the mandrel. The channels each have a size, shape and cross sectional area determined by the configuration of the mandrel, the material used to construct the article, and the rate of deposition, among other factors. The higher the average current density during deposition, the faster the grooves are enveloped, and the larger the average cross sectional area of the channels. Of course, the average current rate must be sufficient so that a completely solid sheet member is not produced. In electroless embodiments, faster deposition rates have also been observed near sharp changes in geometry. It is believed that this results from the effects of increased surface area or depletion-induced non-uniformities in the plating solution. As seen in the drawing, the ridge portions on the mandrel have oppositely tapered sides 18 and the channels 36 produced have a generally rectangular cross sectional shape. A relatively small crevice 35 extends slightly above the channel as a remnant of the formation of the knit line. Referring now again to Figure 1, the mandrel 10 includes two projections 22 and 24 intersecting a transverse projection 14 at point 26. It will be appreciated that this configuration produces a sheet member in accordance with the state of the art and having intersecting channels 36 at point 26. Deposition of the material on the mandrel continues after the formation of the channels until a base layer 40 having desired thickness above the channels is achieved. After sufficient deposition of material and the enclosing of the channels, the mandrel is removed from the plating bath. To perform the method of the invention, the sheet member 38 is separated from the mandrel as shown in Figure 6. It may also be desired that the base layer 40 of the sheet member is ground or otherwise modified to form planar surface 39 as in Figure 5. The sheet member 38 includes a plurality of projections 42 with tapered sides 44 and a top 46 extending from base layer 40. Each of the projections is a replication of the grooves 16 of the mandrel and includes one of the channels 36. Further, the projections 42 of the sheet member 38 include edges 43 spaced from the base portion 40 and each adjacent pair of projections define a plurality of grooves 48 therebetween. To construct the additional channels 36' on the sheet member 38, the sheet member is utilized as a first sheet portion 38a constituting a mandrel for generating a complementary second sheet portion 38b integrally joined to the first sheet portion, as shown in Figures 7-9. The method of this invention thus includes further steps to accomplish this. The exterior surfaces of the first sheet portion is preferably activated, such as by rinsing with a solution of sulfamic acid. Activation of the surface of the first sheet portion 38a is desirable to facilitate bonding of additional material thereon by removing oxide or other contaminates from the surface of the first sheet portion 38a. The first sheet portion 38a is then immersed in a plating bath as hereinabove described. A second sheet portion 38b substantially identical to the first sheet portion 38a is then produced with a plurality of additional elongated enclosed channels 36' formed in the projections of the base layer of the second sheet portion such that the projections of the first and second sheet portions are interdigitated and joined at boundary 52. Since the material of the second sheet portion 38b is electrodeposited directly on the first sheet portion 38a, the first and second sheet portions form a unitary sheet member with a plurality of elongated enclosed channels. It is to be understood that the rate of deposition of the material may be controlled to alter the size and shape of the channels. For instance, Figure 7 illustrates the formation of a sheet member with an average current density of 430 A/m² (40 amperes per square foot) applied. The average cross sectional area of the enclosed channels thus produced has been measured at 1.2 x 10⁻⁴ sq. cm (1.8 x 10⁻⁵ sq. inches). Figure 8 illustrates a sheet member formed with the application of an average current density of 861 A/m² (80 ASF), with an average measured channel cross sectional area of 2.5 x 10⁻⁴ sq. cm (4.0 x 10⁻⁵ sq. inches). Figure 9 illustrates a sheet member formed with the application of a average current density of 1722 A/m² (60 ASF), with an average measured channel cross sectional area of 3.4 x 10⁻⁴ sq. cm (5.2 x 10⁻⁵ sq. inches). Figure 10 illustrates an alternative form of mandrel in which the mandrel 10' includes projection 14' having conductive surfaces 18' inclined at a negative angle B and edges 15'. The undercut projections require that the mandrel be constructed of a flexible material, such as silicone rubber to facilitate removal, or of a material that may be destroyed during removal without damaging the sheet member. The mandrel shown in Figure 10 produces a channel 36' having a generally triangular shape. As in Figure 5, the exposed surface 39' of the sheet member may be ground, or otherwise modified as found convenient. Of course, it is within the scope of this invention to produce sheet members having channels with any desired cross sectional shape, as predetermined by the shape of the ridge portions on the mandrel used to produce the sheet member as well as the rate of deposition of the material. For instance, the sides of the ridge portions of the mandrel may be perpendicular to the base portion. It is also one of the features and advantages of this invention that sheet members having elongated enclosed electroformed channels having a cross sectional area of any desired size. A sheet member of any desired thickness may be generated. Further, sheet members may be constructed that are flexible so as to be able to closely conform to the configurations of a supportive structure (not shown). The sheet member of this invention is particularly advantageous if utilized for the circulation of fluids through the plurality of channels. For the purposes of this invention, the term "circulation" includes the transportation, mixing or regulating of fluids. For instance, fluid circulation may be used for heat transfer purposes, to or from an object or area adjacent to or in contact with the sheet member. Table 1 below illustrates the results of a series of tests performed on a sheet member constructed according to this present invention used for the circulation of fluid for heat transfer purposes. The sheet member was (1 inch x 1 inch) 2.54 cm x 2.54 cm in dimension and (.033 inches) .084 cm in thickness. The sheet member had 162 channels, each having a cross sectional area of between (5.2 x 10⁻⁵ sq. inches) 3.4 x 10⁻⁴ sq. cm and (6.9 x 10⁻⁴ sq. cm). A silicon wafer (0.4") 1.0 cm x (0.6") 1.5 cm and (.020") 0.5 cm thick was soldered to one side of the sheet member by an Indium solder layer (0.005 inches) 0.012 cm in thickness. The silicon wafter was centered along one transverse edge of the silicon wafer. In the tests, power was applied to the silicon wafer as shown in the right hand column in Table 1 below. Fluorinert ∼ 43 (a fluorochemical marketed by Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. of St. Paul, Minnesota) was circulated through the channels of the sheet member for conducting heat away from the silicon wafer. The effectiveness of the heat transfer as the applied power is increased is shown in the column entitled "Δ T Chip to Fluid/°Celsius." Test No. Fluid Temp. °Celsius Flow Rate gr./sec. cm width Press. Drop N/cm ² cm length ΔT Chip to Fluid °Celsius Power Density W/cm² 1 22 0 0 65 4 2 25 1.4 2.8 4 7 3 25 1.5 2.8 18 25 4 25 1.6 2.8 24 36 5 26 1.8 2.8 42 64 6 29 1.8 2.8 46 81 7 32 2.0 2.8 56 100 8 32 2.1 2.8 65 121 9 35 2.2 2.8 78 142 10 34 4.2 6.0 64 144 Although not shown, the sheet member 38 of the present invention may be constructed with channels that are non-parallel or non-linear. The depth, angle of inclination, and spacing of the channels may be varied, as desired, and the cross sectional area can vary throughout the length of the channel. For instance, if the circulation of fluids through the channels is for heat transfer purposes, the channels may be concentrated at one or more points within the sheet member to more effectively convey the fluid for heat transfer. Different materials and different deposition rates may be used to construct the first and second sheet portions, if desired. The present invention has now been described with reference to multiple embodiments thereof. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes can be made in the embodiments described without departing from the scope of the present invention. Thus, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the structures described in this application, but only by structures described by the language of the claims and the equivalents of those structures.

Claims: A method for constructing a sheet member (38) having a plurality of channels (36, 36') said method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a mandrel (10) having a base portion (12) and a plurality of elongated ridge portions (19) projecting from the base portion (12) and having elongated edges (15) spaced above the base portion (12), the ridge portions (14) defining elongated grooves (16) between the ridge portions (14), and the ridge portions having conductive surfaces; and (b) electrodepositing a conductive material on the conductive surfaces with the conductive material being deposited on the edges (15) of the ridge portions (14) at a faster rate than on the surfaces defining inner surfaces of the grooves (16) until the conductive material bridges across between the ridge portions (14) to envelope central portions of the grooves (16) and form a sheet member (38a) having a base layer (40) and a plurality of elongated projections (42) extending from the base layer (40) into each of the grooves (16), with each of the projections containing an elongated enclosed channel (36); (c) separating the mandrel (10) from the sheet member (38a), said elongated projections having elongated edges (43) spaced above the base layer (40), and defining elongated grooves (48) between the projections, characterised by: (d) electrodepositing a conductive material on the conductive surfaces of the projections with the conductive material being deposited on the edges (43) of the projections (42) at a faster rate than on the surfaces defining inner surfaces of the grooves (48) until the conductive material bridges across between projections (42) to envelope central portions of the grooves and form additional elongated enclosed channels (36') in the sheet member. The method of claim 1, further including the step of: passivating the surface of said elongated ridge portions (14) of said mandrel (10) prior to step (b). The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of: activating said first major surface of said sheet member (38(a)) prior to step (d) in claim 1. An article for circulating fluids, comprising: (a) a sheet member (38) having opposing major surfaces; and (b) a plurality of elongated, enclosed electroformed channels (36) extending through said sheet member (38) between said opposing major surfaces for the circulation of fluids through each of said channels, said channels (36) having a predetermined cross sectional shape, characterised by:- a plurality of additional elongated enclosed electroformed channels (36') extending through said sheet member (38) between said opposing major surfaces for the circulation of fluids through each of said additional channels, said additional channels (36') having a predetermined cross sectional shape, said channels (36) and said additional channels (36') being interdigitated wherein each channel (36) is separated by an undulating boundary (52) extending through said sheet member (38).

Inventors: HOOPMAN TIMOTHY L MINNESOTA MI, JOHNSON DEE LYNN MINNESOTA MIN, KRINKE HARLAN L MINNESOTA MINI, HOOPMAN, TIMOTHY L. MINNESOTA MINING AND, JOHNSON, DEE LYNN MINNESOTA MINING AND, KRINKE, HARLAN L. MINNESOTA MINING AND
Applicants: MINNESOTA MINING & MFG, MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY
Application year: 1989
Main classification: C25D1
IPC codes: C25D1, B32B15, F28F13