PHOTORECEPTOR EDGE ERASE SYSTEM ESPECIALLY FOR TRI-LEVEL XEROGRAPHY

Abstract: The prevention of photoreceptor edge development by a discharged image area development system is accomplished by the provision of a photoreceptor charging device (24) which uniformly charges the photoreceptor (10) across its entire width, including the edges thereof outside of the image areas. Thus, when the charged edge areas pass through a discharged-area development housing (32), edge development is precluded. When discharged image area development is used in combination with subsequent charged-image area development (34) as in the case of tri-level, highlight color imaging, photoreceptor edge development is precluded by discharging the edges subsequent to discharged-area development and prior to charged area development.

Description: This invention relates generally to the formation of images on a charge retentive surface and more particularly to the prevention of development of the edge regions of the charge retentive surface outside of the image area. In the practice of conventional xerography, it is the general procedure to form electrostatic latent images on a xerographic surface by first uniformly charging a charge retentive surface such as a photoreceptor. Only the imaging area of the photoreceptor is uniformly charged. The image area does not extend across the entire width of the photoreceptor. Accordingly, the edge regions of the photoreceptor are not charged. The charged area is selectively dissipated in accordance with a pattern of activating radiation corresponding to original images. The selective dissipation of the charge leaves a latent charge pattern on the imaging surface corresponding to the areas not exposed by radiation. This charge pattern is made visible by developing it with toner by passing the photoreceptor past a single developer housing. The toner is generally a colored powder which adheres to the charge pattern by electrostatic attraction. The developed image is then fixed to the imaging surface or is transferred to a receiving substrate such as plain paper to which it is fixed by suitable fusing techniques. EP-A-0 240 888 describes a process in which the conventional steps of uniformly charging a photoreceptor and then forming and developing a latent image are repeated during successive passes of the photoreceptor, using toner of a different colour in each pass. In that way, a full colour developed image can be formed on the photoreceptor. In tri-level, highlight color imaging, unlike conventional xerography, the image area contains three voltage levels which correspond to two image areas and to a background voltage area. One of the image areas corresponds to non-discharged (i.e. charged) areas of the photoreceptor while the other image area corresponds to discharged areas of the photoreceptor. The concept of tri-level, highlight color xerography is described in U.S. patent No. 4,078,929 issued in the name of Gundlach. The patent to Gundlach teaches the use of tri-level xerography as a means to achieve single-pass highlight color imaging. As disclosed therein the charge pattern is developed with toner particles of first and second colors. The toner particles of one of the colors are positively charged and the toner particles of the other color are negatively charged. In one embodiment, the toner particles are supplied by a developer which comprises a mixture of triboelectrically relatively positive and relatively negative carrier beads. The carrier beads support, respectively, the relatively negative and relatively positive toner particles. Such a developer is generally supplied to the charge pattern by cascading it across the imaging surface supporting the charge pattern. In another embodiment, the toner particles are presented to the charge pattern by a pair of magnetic brushes. Each brush supplies a toner of one color and one charge. In yet another embodiment, the development systems are biased to about the background voltage. Such biasing results in a developed image of improved color sharpness. A similar tri-level process is described in US-A-4 562 129. In that process, a single developing unit is used to apply developer material to the electrostatic latent image, the developer material comprising a non-magnetic insulating toner and a high-resistivity magnetic carrier which adhere to respective image portions of the electrostatic latent image. In highlight color xerography as taught by Gundlach, the xerographic contrast on the charge retentive surface or photoreceptor is divided three, rather than two, ways as is the case in conventional xerography. The photoreceptor is charged, typically to 900v. It is exposed imagewise, such that one image corresponding to charged image areas (which are subsequently developed by charged-area development, i.e. CAD) stays at the full photoreceptor potential (V cad or V ddp , shown in FIGURE 1a). The other image is exposed to discharge the photoreceptor to its residual potential, i.e.V dad or V c (typically 100v) which corresponds to discharged area images that are subsequently developed by discharged-area development (DAD), and the background areas are exposed such as to reduce the photoreceptor potential to halfway between the V cad and V dad potentials, (typically 500v), referred to as V white or V w . The CAD developer is typically biased about 100v (V bb , shown in FIGURE 1b) closer to V cad than V white (about 600v), and the DAD developer system is biased about 100v (V cb , shown in FIGURE 1b) closer to V dad than V white (about 400v). In a tri-level highlight color imaging system where DAD development precedes CAD, the edge regions of the photoreceptor are developed with toner thereby causing contamination of the developer materials and other machine components such as belt hole timing sensors. Developer material contamination results in color developer mixing with the black developer in the black housing and the black developer mixing with the color developer in the color developer housing. This is because these edge regions are not charged and,therefore, are more positive than the negative toner contained in the DAD developer housing, thus attracting the toner to the non-charged edges. The problem of edge development is also present in conventional (i.e. not tri-level) xerography when DAD is employed. It is an object of the present invention to enable development of the edge regions of a charge retentive surface to be avoided. The present invention provides a method of forming toner images on a charge retentive surface without developing the edge regions of the charge retentive surface outside the image areas, said method including the steps of uniformly charging the charge retentive surface; forming a charged image area and a discharged image area on said charge retentive surface intermediate the said edge regions; and presenting developer material to the charge retentive surface to develop the image areas, characterized in that the step of uniformly charging the charge retentive surface comprises uniformly charging the charge retentive surface substantially across its entire width including the edge regions thereof beyond the image areas thereof; and the step of presenting developer material to the charge retentive surface comprises presenting developer material to said charge retentive surface that is attracted to said charged image area and repelled by said charged edge regions; dicharging said charged edge regions of said charge retentive surface subsequent to development of said image area; and then presenting developer material to said charge retentive surface that is attracted to said charged area and repelled by said discharged edge regions. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for forming toner images on a charge retentive surface without developing the edge regions of the charge retentive surface outside the image areas, said apparatus comprising means for uniformly charging the charge retentive surface; means for forming a charged image area and a discharged image area on said charge retentive surface intermediate the said edge regions; and means for presenting developer material to the charge retentive surface to develop the image areas, characterized in that the means for uniformly charging the charge retentive surface comprises means for uniforming charging the charge retentive surface substantially across its entire width including the edge regions thereof beyond the image areas thereof; and the means for presenting developer material to the charge retentive surface comprises means for presenting developer material to said charge retentive surface that is attracted to said discharged image area and repelled by said charged edge regions; means for discharging said edge regions of said charge retentive surface subsequent to development of said discharged image area; and means for then presenting developer material to said charge retentive surface that is attracted to said charged image areas and repelled by said charged edge regions By way of example, a method and apparatus in accordance with the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1a is a plot of photoreceptor potential versus exposure illustrating a tri-level electrostatic latent image; Figure 1b is a plot of photoreceptor potential illustrating single-pass, highlight color latent image characteristics; and Figure 2 is schematic illustration of a printing apparatus in accordance with the invention. As shown in FIGURE 2, the printing machine utilizes a charge retentive member in the form of a photoconductive belt 10 consisting of a photoconductive surface and an electrically conductive substrate and mounted for movement past a charging station A, an exposure station B, developer station C, transfer station D and cleaning station F. Belt 10 moves in the direction of arrow 16 to advance successive portions thereof sequentially through the various processing stations disposed about the path of movement thereof. Belt 10 is entrained about a plurality of rollers 18, 20 and 22, the former of which can be used as a drive roller and the latter of which can be used to provide suitable tensioning of the photoreceptor belt 10. Motor 23 rotates roller 18 to advance belt 10 in the direction of arrow 16. Roller 18 is coupled to motor 23 by suitable means such as a belt drive. As can be seen by further reference to FIGURE 2, initially successive portions of belt 10 pass through charging station A. At charging station A, a corona discharge device such as a scorotron, corotron or dicorotron indicated generally by the reference numeral 24, charges the belt 10 to a selectively high uniform positive or negative potential, V₀ across its entire width (i.e. including the edge regions of the belt). Any suitable control, well known in the art, may be employed for controlling the corona discharge device 24. Next, the charged portions of the photoreceptor surface are advanced through exposure station B. At exposure station B, the uniformly charged photoreceptor or charge retentive surface 10 is exposed to a laser based input and/or output scanning device 25 which causes the charge retentive surface to be discharged in accordance with the output from the scanning device. Preferably the scanning device is a three level laser Raster Output Scanner (ROS). The resulting photoreceptor contains both charged-area images and discharged-area images as well as charged edges corresponding to portions of the photoreceptor outside the image areas. The photoreceptor, which is initially charged to a voltage V₀, undergoes dark decay to a level V ddp (V cad ) equal to about 900 volts. When exposed at the exposure station B it is discharged to V c (V dad ) equal to about 100 volts which is near zero or ground potential in the highlight (i.e. color other than black) color parts of the image. See Figure 1a. The photoreceptor is also discharged to V w (V white ) equal to 500 volts imagewise in the background (white) image areas. After passing through the exposure station, the photoreceptor contains charged areas and discharged areas which correspond to two images, the former being at a higher voltage level than the background and the latter being at a lower voltage than the background. At development station C, a development system, indicated generally by the reference numeral 30 advances developer materials into contact with the electrostatic latent images. The development system 30 comprises first and second developer apparatuses 32 and 34 and between them a discharge device in the form of LED 48. The discharge device 48 is provided in the path of movement of the belt 10, in a location immediately following the developer apparatus 32, and functions to discharge the edge region of the belt. The developer apparatus 32 comprises a housing containing a pair of magnetic brush rollers 35 and 36. The rollers advance developer material 40 into contact with the photoreceptor for developing the discharged-area images (i.e. those areas of the photoreceptor at voltage level V dad ). The developer material 40 by way of example contains negatively charged red toner. Electrical biasing is accomplished via power supply 41 electrically connected to developer apparatus 32. A DC bias of approximately 400 volts is applied to the rollers 35 and 36 via the power supply 41. The developer apparatus 34 comprises a housing containing a pair of magnetic brush rolls 37 and 38. The rollers advance developer material 42 into contact with the photoreceptor for developing the charged-area images . The developer material 42 by way of example contains positively charged black toner for developing the charged-area images (i.e. those areas of the photoreceptor at voltage level V cad ). Appropriate electrical biasing is accomplished via power supply 43 electrically connected to developer apparatus 34. A suitable DC bias of approximately 600 volts is applied to the rollers 37 and 38 via the bias power supply 43. A sheet of support material 58 is moved into contact with the toner image at transfer station D. The sheet of support material is advanced to transfer station D by conventional sheet feeding apparatus, not shown. Preferably, the sheet feeding apparatus includes a feed roll contacting the uppermost sheet of a stack copy sheets. Feed rolls rotate so as to advance the uppermost sheet from stack into a chute which directs the advancing sheet of support material into contact with photoconductive surface of belt 10 in a timed sequence so that the toner powder image developed thereon contacts the advancing sheet of support material at transfer station D. Because the composite image developed on the photoreceptor consists of both positive and negative toner, a positive pre-transfer corona discharge member 56 is provided to condition the toner for effective transfer to a substrate using negative corona discharge. Transfer station D includes a corona generating device 60 which sprays ions of a suitable polarity onto the backside of sheet 58. This attracts the charged toner powder images from the belt 10 to sheet 58. After transfer, the sheet continues to move, in the direction of arrow 62, onto a conveyor (not shown) which advances the sheet to fusing station E. Fusing station E includes a fuser assembly, indicated generally by the reference numeral 64, which permanently affixes the transferred powder image to sheet 58. Preferably, fuser assembly 64 comprises a heated fuser roller 66 and a backup roller 68. Sheet 58 passes between fuser roller 66 and backup roller 68 with the toner powder image contacting fuser roller 66. In this manner, the toner powder image is permanently affixed to sheet 58. After fusing, a chute, not shown, guides the advancing sheet 58 to a catch tray, also not shown, for subsequent removal from the printing machine by the operator. After the sheet of support material is separated from photoconductive surface of belt 10, the residual toner particles carried by the non-image areas on the photoconductive surface are removed therefrom. These particles are removed at cleaning station F. A magnetic brush cleaner housing is disposed at the cleaner station F. The cleaner apparatus comprises a conventional magnetic brush roll structure for causing carrier particles in the cleaner housing to form a brush-like orientation relative to the roll structure and the charge retentive surface. It also includes a pair of detoning rolls for removing the residual toner from the brush. Subsequent to cleaning, a discharge lamp (not shown) floods the photoconductive surface with light to dissipate any residual electrostatic charge remaining prior to the charging thereof for the successive imaging cycle. In summary, the prevention of photoreceptor edge development by a discharged image area development system is accomplished by the provision of a photoreceptor charging device which uniformly charges the photoreceptor across its entire width, including the edges thereof outside of the image areas. Thus, when the charged edge areas pass through a discharged-area development housing, edge development is precluded because the toner in the DAD housing is repelled by the charged edge areas. While this solves the problem of developing the photoreceptor edges as they pass through the DAD housing it would create a similar problem if the photoreceptor were then to pass through a charged-area development housing with the edges thereof in a charged state. Accordingly, when discharged image area development is used in combination with subsequent charged-image area development as in the case of tri-level, highlight color imaging, photoreceptor edge development is precluded by discharging the edges subsequent to discharged-area development and prior to charged area development. To this end, a discharge device is provided in the path of movement of the photoreceptor in a location immediately following the DAD housing for discharging the photoreceptor edges. Thus, when the photoreceptor passes through the CAD housing the positive toner therein is not attracted to the photoreceptor edges.

Claims: A method of forming toner images on a charge retentive surface without developing the edge regions of the charge retentive surface outside the image areas, said method including the steps of: uniformly charging the charge retentive surface; forming a charged image area and a discharged image area on said charge retentive surface intermediate the said edge regions; and presenting developer material to the charge retentive surface to develop the image areas, characterized in that: the step of uniformly charging the charge retentive surface comprises uniformly charging the charge retentive surface substantially across its entire width including the edge regions thereof beyond the image areas thereof; and the step of presenting developer material to the charge retentive surface comprises presenting developer material to said charge retentive surface that is attracted to said discharged image area and repelled by said charged edge regions; discharging said charged edge regions of said charge retentive surface subsequent to development of said discharged image area; and then presenting developer material to said charge retentive surface that is attracted to said charged image area and repelled by said discharged edge regions. Apparatus for forming toner images on a charge retentive surface (10) without developing the edge regions of the charge retentive surface (10) outside the image areas, said apparatus comprising: means (A) for uniformly charging the charge retentive surface (10); means (B) for forming a charged image area and a discharged image area on said charge retentive surface (10) intermediate the said edge regions; and means (C) for presenting developer material (40,42) to the charge retentive surface (10) to develop the image areas, characterized in that: the means (A) for uniformly charging the charge retentive surface (10) comprises means (24) for uniformly charging the charge retentive surface (10) substantially across its entire width including the edge regions thereof beyond the image areas thereof; and the means (C) for presenting developer material (40,42) to the charge retentive surface (10) comprises means (32) for presenting developer material (40) to said charge retentive surface (10) that is attracted to said discharged image area and repelled by said charged edge regions; means (48) for discharging said charged edge regions of said charge retentive surface (10) subsequent to development of said discharged image area; and means (34) for then presenting developer material (42) to said charge retentive surface (10) that is attracted to said charged image areas and repelled by said discharged edge regions.

Inventors: WILLIAMS, JAMES E.
Applicants: XEROX CORPORATION
Application year: 1989
Main classification: G03G13
IPC codes: G03G13, G03G15