Recursive noise reduction filter for video components

Abstract: A recursive noise reduction filter for video components reduces the noise bandwidth of a signal without degrading the signal spectrum. Demodulated chrominance or peak detected chrominance from a video signal output by a video system in response to a video test signal is input to the recursive noise reduction filter (24) which acts as a comb filter to suppress noise significantly at frequencies other than harmonics of the horizontal line rate. The signal is scaled by a first attenuator (30) having a scaling factor of (1-a), where (a) is less than one, and input to a summing circuit (32). Also input to the summing circuit is a delayed signal from a prior horizontal line scaled by the scaling factor (a). The output of the summing circuit is a filtered output signal. The signal is sampled only during horizontal lines that have the video test signal and is stored for subsequent accumulation with other horizontal lines also having the video test signal. The filter serves to add the vertically correlated part of the signal corresponding to the video test signal while averaging out the noise, thus improving the overall signal to noise ratio without degrading the signal spectrum and, hence, enhancing differential gain and phase measurements.

Description: Background of the Invention The present invention relates to the measurement of parameters of a video system, and more particularly to a recursive noise reduction filter for video components that reduces the effective noise bandwidth of the video components without degrading the signal spectrum to enhance the ability to measure differential errors of the video system. In a video system there are two luminance dependent chrominance signal distortions in a video signal: differential gain and differential phase. Differential gain is a change in color subcarrier amplitude as a function of luminance so that in the reproduced color picture the saturation is distorted in the areas between the light and dark portions of the scene. Differential phase is a phase modulation of the chrominance signal by the luminance signal so that in the reproduced color picture the hue varies with scene brightness. Differential gain and differential phase may occur separately or together and are caused by amplitude nonlinearity and time delay that are not independent of the signal level. To measure these parameters a modulated ramp or staircase video test signal that requires a relatively large horizontal bandwidth is input to the video system, and the chrominance demodulated signal from a resulting video signal output from the video system is amplified by a very large gain factor, generally in excess of thirty times. The measurement of these parameters in the presence of noise is difficult primarily for two reasons. First the signal to noise ratio (S/N) suffers due to the high gain of the demodulators to obtain the desired resolution needed for most measurements since differential gain and phase errors are generally small; and second a relatively large horizontal noise bandwidth is required to pass the test signal without distorting the measurement, further degrading the S/N. An example of a differential gain/phase display having significant noise and small errors is illustrated in Fig. 1 where the noise effectively masks the signal to be measured. The differential gain and differential phase measurements are even more difficult where the video system is a video tape recorder (VTR) with a typical S/N of 45 to 50 dB. The measurement difficulty also is increased when the line select mode is used since the test pattern, the vertical interval test signal (VITS), occurs at only one line per frame, i.e., at 30 Hz, rather than at every line (full field), i.e., at 15.734 kHz. The full field test signal allows an operator to integrate the Gaussian distribution of the noise with the eye. However, in line select mode the human eye is unable to integrate sufficient samples to observe the Gaussian distribution. Other differential measurements include luminance to chrominance group delay in response to a modulated sine-squared test signal. The article "an automated vertical-interval test-signal monitoring system for NSC" in IDEE transactions on broadcasting, volume BC-19, 2, June 1973 by Charles W. Rhodes discloses the 1900 ANSWER system which was an automated test and measurement instrument. In that system a video signal was demodulated and input to a VITS processor which takes one sample per television frame, thus taking approximately 35 seconds to obtain the complete VITS signal. To reduce the perceived noise sampling may be repeated up to 5 times to obtain noise averaging , each sample per datapoint being attenuated by a factor of 5 and the attenuated samples being summed to determine the average value. Therefore what is desired is a method of measuring differential error characteristics of a video system in response to a vertically coherent video test signal with enhanced accuracy in the presence of noise by reducing the noise bandwidth without degrading the signal spectrum. Summary of the Invention The instrument representing the present invention is defined in claim 1. Accordingly the present invention provides a recursive noise reduction filter for video components that reduces the noise bandwidth of a signal without degrading the signal spectrum. Demodulated video components, such as chrominance or peak detected chrominance, is input to the recursive noise reduction filter which acts as a comb filter to suppress noise significantly at frequencies other than harmonics of the horizontal line rate. The signal is input to a first attenuator having an attenuation factor of (1-a) and the attenuated signal is input to a summing circuit for addition to an attenuated, delayed output of the summing circuit, the second attenuation factor being (a) and the delay being one horizontal video line. The input data is sampled during the active video portion of the input signal, and in a line select mode during the active video portion of one specified line per frame, and accumulated for each consecutive line or for each corresponding line per frame. The filter serves to add vertically correlated portions of the input signal while averaging out the noise component of the input signal. The result is an enhanced signal to noise ratio without degrading the input signal, improving the accuracy of the differential error measurements. The objects, advantages and other novel features of the present invention are apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the appended claims and attached drawing. Brief Description of the Drawing Fig. 1 is a display view of a differential gain or differential phase signal provided by the prior art. Fig. 2 is a block diagram of an instrument for measuring differential gain and differential phase using the present invention. Fig. 3 is a conceptual block diagram of the recursive noise filter according to the present invention. Fig. 4 is a block diagram of a digital recursive noise filter according to the present invention. Fig. 5 is a graphic view of the frequency response of a recursive noise filter according to the present invention. Description of the Preferred Embodiment Referring now to Fig. 2 for a differential gain or differential gain error measurement a video input signal, such as a modulated ramp signal as shown or a modulated staircase signal, is input to a chrominance bandpass filter 12 that passes the chrominance component to a demodulator 14. The burst portion of the video input signal is input to a subcarrier regeneration circuit 16 to provide a subcarrier frequency phase shifted by ninety degrees for input to the demodulator 14. The output of the demodulator 14 is a differential phase signal DP that ideally is zero volts d.c. The DP signal is input to a switch S1. The video input signal also is input to a squaring circuit 20 which acts as an envelope detector to produce a differential gain signal DG that ideally has a constant d.c. voltage level. The differential gain signal also is input to the switch S1. The differential phase or gain signal from the switch S1 is filtered by a low pass filter 18, typically at either 500 kHz for NTSC or 800 kHz for PAL, to eliminate high frequency components while retaining the basic differential phase or gain signal spectrum. In the prior art the output of the filter 18 is passed directly to a gain stage 22 that drives the vertical deflection of a display device (not shown). In the present instance the output of the filter 18 is input to a second switch S2 and to a recursive noise filter 24. The output of the recursive noise filter is input to the second switch S2, the output of which is input to the gain stage 22. A one-line recursive filter is shown in Fig. 3. The video input signal is scaled by an attenuator circuit 30 having a scaling factor of (1-a) where (a) is a value less than one. The scaled video input signal, (1-a)Vin(k), is input to a summing circuit 32 to produce a filter output voltage, Vo(k), k being the index number of the current horizontal line being input to the filter. The filter output voltage is input to a delay device 34 having a delay time equal to one horizontal video line and scaled by a second attenuator circuit 36 having a scaling factor of (a). The delayed scaled filter output voltage, aVo(k-1), is input to the summing circuit 32 to produce the filter output voltage: Vo(k) = (1-a)Vin(k) + aVo(k-1) or Vin(k) = {Vo(k) - aVo(k-1)}/(1-a). The step response of this filter with a feedback ratio of a = 0.95 results in a settling time of approximately k = 100 horizontal lines to approach one percent of the final value. For a full field test signal this results in virtually an instantaneous response to an observer. A vertical interval test signal (VITS) is essentially an impulse signal since it occurs once per field, with the result that the signal is severely attenuated and smeared through the field. Therefore to approach the step response function the filter is configured to sample only during the lines when the VITS is present, so the data in the delay device 34 is stored until the next VITS line. To achieve this result a digital coder/decoder (CODEC) and memory (RAM), as shown in Fig. 4, are used to allow selective sampling and retain the necessary damping, a, to achieve a desired S/N improvement. The demodulated chrominance signal, either the differential gain or the differential phase signal, is input to an analog to digital converter (ADC) 40. If the input to the ADC 40 is considered to be a twelve-bit input, then an eight-bit output from the ADC is equivalent to dividing the input by one-sixteenth or to a = 15/16 = 0.9375. The output of the ADC 40 is input to a first summing circuit 42, the output of which is input to a second summing circuit 44. The output of the second summing circuit 44 is a twelve-bit value that is input to a storage device 46. The output of the storage device 46 is input to the second summing circuit 44, is input to a digital to analog converter (DAC) 48, and the most significant bits of the output are input to the first summing circuit 42. The combination of the two summing circuits 42 and 44 provides the equivalent of scaling the filter output by the factor a. The output of the DAC 48 is filtered by a lowpass filter 50 to provide the filter output voltage for further amplification and display. A controller 52 receives inputs from a microprocessor (not shown), a line select mode signal determining whether full field or VIT processing is to be used, and horizontal and vertical sync signals. The controller 52 outputs timing signals T1 and T2 to the ADC 40, and the DAC 48 and RAM 46, respectively. The controller 52 also addresses the RAM 46 and determines whether to write data into or read data from the RAM. The timing signal T2 divides the horizontal line into an integer number of data bins, such as 2 n , that are correlated independently of each other. The timing signal T1 samples the filter input only during the desired horizontal line(s) to assure vertical correlation of the data being stored in the RAM 46. The R/W command from the controller 52 to the RAM 46 serves to write data into the RAM only when a new vertically correlated horizontal line is sampled by the ADC 40, and freezes the output of the RAM for reading during the remaining horizontal lines to provide a persistent display in the line select mode. The resulting filter characteristics are shown in Fig. 5 for two different values of the scaling coefficient a. The closer a approaches one, the greater the attenuation of the random noise becomes. The correlated data occurs at the horizontal line rate and harmonics thereof, while random noise occurs throughout the frequency spectrum. If T is the horizontal line period, it is clear that the filter response resembles a comb filter. The result is an improvement in S/N of approximately 15 dB for a = 0.95 if the noise spectrum is that for essentially "white" noise. Although the present invention has been described for a particular application, i.e., the measurement of differential phase and gain for a demodulated chrominance signal, it is equally applicable to other demodulated test signal displays, such as a modulated sine-squared signal for determining luminance to chrominance group delay and the like that are vertically correlated. The baseband demodulated signal is input to the recursive noise filter as described above prior to display in order to provide a reduced noise display for test and measurement purposes. Thus the present invention provides a recursive noise filter for video components that reduces the noise bandwidth of a demodulated chrominance signal without degrading the correlated differential gain or differential phase component of the signal by sampling the signal during a vertically coherent test signal, either full field or single line.

Claims: An instrument for measuring differential gain and differential phase characteristics of a video system in response to a vertically coherent video test signal, the instrument measuring the differential gain and phase based upon a demodulated signal generated ( 12-20 ) from an output video signal of the video system corresponding to the video test signal, having means for reducing ( 24 ) the noise bandwidth of the demodulated signal without degrading the signal spectrum of the demodulated signal characterised by:- recursive noise filter having a comblike frequency characteristic so as to integrate vertically correlated portions of the demodulated signal that occur at the horizontal line rate while averaging the noise content of the demodulated signal to produce a noise reduced demodulated signal, wherein the recursive feedback noise filter has:- means for summing ( 32 ) the demodulated signal attenuated by a first attenuation factor ( 1-a ) with a feedback signal attenuated by a second attenuation factor ( a ) which is the complement of the first attenuation factor, each attenuation factor having a value less than one, to produce a summed output signal; and means for delaying ( 34 ) the summed output signal by a predetermined integer number of horizontal line intervals to produce the feedback signal; whereby the noise reduced demodulated signal is taken either as the summed output signal or the feedback signal. An instrument claimed in claim 1 wherein the summing means has: a first summation circuit ( 42 ) for subtracting the attenuated feedback signal from the attenuated demodulated signal to produce an error signal; and a second summation circuit ( 44 ) for adding the error signal to the feedback signal to produce the summed output signal. An instrument according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the delaying means has a recirculating means for storing ( 46 ) the summed output signal and for outputting the summed output signal as the feedback signal after the predetermined integer number of horizontal line intervals. An instrument according to claim 3 further comprising means for selecting (52) a number as the predetermined integer number of horizontal line intervals said numbers depending upon whether the video test signal is a full field test signal occurring in each horizontal line within an active video portion of the output video signal or a single line test signal occurring in the active video portion of a specified line of each frame of the output video signal. An instrument according to claim 1 further comprising: an analog to digital converter ( 40 ) for converting the demodulated signal to the attenuated demodulated signal when the test video signal is present; and a digital to analog converter ( 48 ) for converting the summed output signal to the noise reduced demodulated signal. An instrument according to claim 1 further comprising: an analog to digital converter ( 40 ) for converting the demodulated signal to the attenuated demodulated signal when the test video signal is present; and a digital to analog converter ( 48 ) for converting the feedback signal to the noise reduced demodulated signal. An instrument according to claim 5 or 6 further having means for continuously outputting ( 52 ) the feedback signal from the storing and delaying means in the absence of the attenuated demodulated signal.

Inventors: BAKER DANIEL G, COOPER WILLIAM J, PENNEY BRUCE J, BAKER, DANIEL G., COOPER, WILLIAM J., PENNEY, BRUCE J.
Applicants: TEKTRONIX INC, TEKTRONIX INC.
Application year: 1989
Main classification: H04N17
IPC codes: H04N17, H03H17, H04N5