METHOD OF LAYING A PIPE FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF A FLUID

Abstract: A method of laying a pipe (1) for the transportation of a fluid, having a temperature and/or a pressure exceeding the temperature and pressure of the surroundings involves the pipe (1) being provided with prestressing. This prestressing must be of such an order that it is at least substantially able to neutralize the effect on the pipe (1) of the temperature and the pressure difference during use. Prestressing may be provided by means of a prestressing means (6) which works between an anchoring means (7) and a clevis (4) welded onto the pipe.

Description: Title: Method of laving a pipe for the transportation of a fluid Technical Field The invention relates to a method of laying a pipe for the transportation of a fluid having a temperature and/or a pressure exceeding the temperature and pressure of the surroundings . Background Art When building a marine oil production installation it is necessary to lay a pipe or a pipeline for the trans- portation of oil, gas or another fluid from an installa¬ tion, preferably a satelite field, to another installation, preferably a processing platform. The pipe or the pipeline may consist of more pipe sections which are welded together to form a continuous pipe which is laid on the sea floor and subsequently lowered into a trench ploughed therein. After some time the trench sands up and the pipe is typi¬ cally covered with between one half to one meter of sand. In case of oil or gas from a satelite platform, the fluid is often warm and therefore heats the covered pipeline. If the pipeline has a length of more than a few hundred meters, the pipe is retained by the surrounding sea floor by means of friction and therefore it cannot expand as a result of the increase in temperature in the pipe wall. Instead, compressive stress develops longitudinally in the pipe wall. The pipeline from a satelite platform is ususally dimensioned to resist the full pressure at the well head. This pressure may typically be approximately 200 bar. If such pipe is heated to a temperature 75 °C above the temperature of the surroundings, considerable forces develop, for instance in a pipe with a diameter of 325 mm and a wall thickness of 20 mm a compressive force of 300.000 kp develops longitudinally. If the pipe could expand freely, this would correspond to an increase in length of 7.5 m over 10 km. However, as the pipe cannot expand freely, the heating causes the pipe to be unstable and to arch, i.e. to be deformed into an arch or an elbow above the sea floor, thereby damaging the pipeline. The above effect resulting from the temperature of the fluid is also enhanced by the pressure of the fluid in question. In case of a temperature difference of the above order, the influence of the pressure on the pipe is usually of lesser importance than that of the temperature. There¬ fore, only the temperature is mentioned below as the real source of the problem in question. In order to prevent the above instability, the pipe may either be ploughed deeper into the sea floor or be covered by a heap of stones thereby preventing the pipe from arching by means of the superjacent sand or stones. Espe¬ cially the latter method is very costly and time-consuming. Thus, it may be necessary to dump several ship loads of stones for each kilometer of pipeline (e.g. approximately 15 tons each meter) . Furthermore, great demands are made on the straightness after the trenching, as small devia¬ tions increase the tendency of the pipeline to arch. Disclosure of Invention The object of the invention is to provide a method render¬ ing possible the laying of pipes in such a way that pro¬ blems with the pipe as a result of heating during use is avoided without the use of costly and time-consuming measures, such as the use of several ship loads of stones. The method according to the invention is characterized by the pipe being provided with prestressing, said pre- stressing being at least substantially capable of neutra¬ lizing the influence on the pipe as a result of the tem¬ perature and pressure difference during use. As a result of the prestressing, the pipe is able to compensate for the heating and the pressure and thereby to remain stable without special measures being taken. At the same time, a greater certainty of the straightness of the pipe is obtained. Furthermore, the pipeline may be put unto use immediately after the trenching and the prestressing without awaiting the pipe sanding up or being covered by stones. According to the invention the pipe is fixed at one end and after the laying of the pipe said pipe is provided with prestressing by pulling from the other end. As a result, the pipe is provided with prestressing in a simple manner. As the maximum prestressing force at the pulling position is not allowed to exceed the force corresponding to the yield stress, this is especially used if the pipe laid or the pipeline in question is shorter than for instance approximately 10,000 m, dependent on the tempe- rature of the fluid in question during use. If the pipeline has a length of between approximately 10,000 and 20,000 m, the pipe may according to the in¬ vention be provided with prestressing by pulling from both ends after the laying of the pipe. If the pipe is laid on the sea floor and especially in the case of a pipe with a length exceeding 20,000 m, the pipe may according to the invention be provided with prestressing continuously by means of a pipe-laying barge, the end of the pipe last laid being provided with the required prestressing by pulling from the end. Furthermore, according to the invention the pipe may be provided with prestressing intermittently by means of the barge, the end of the pipe last laid being provided with the required prestressing from the end. According to the invention the pipe may first be provided with a preliminary prestressing continuously by means of the vessel and subsequently a final prestressing by pulling from one or both ends . As a pipeline or a pipe which is prestressed from one of the ends or both ends is not immediately provided with a prestressing which is substantially constant over the entire pipeline, this may according to the invention be obtained by the pulling from the end starting with a high loading force, said loading force ensuring the required prestressing at a portion of the pipe situated far from the pulling position, the prestressing between this far portion and the pulling position subsequently being ob- tained by means of variable loading of the pipe with a main force, substantially corresponding to the required prestressing and a force amplitude oscillating herearound, said force amplitude initially corresponding to the differ¬ ence between the first high loading force and said main force, the amplitude substantially continuously being reduced to 0 under appropriate control, whereby the pre¬ stressing everywhere is around the desired value. Brief Description of Drawings The invention is described in greater detail below with re erence to the accompanying drawings , in which Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a pipeline laid between two installations, Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view of the end of a pipeline at the place where it is subjected to tension to provide prestressing, and Figs. 3, 4 and 5 are graphic illustrations of the prestres¬ sing, the thermal stress and the resulting tensile stress across the pipeline in its longitudinal direction, pre¬ stressing being provided by pulling from one end, pulling from both ends and continuously by means of a pipe-laying barge with final pulling from the end last laid, respec- tively, and where all Figures show the thermal stress in relation to the temperature of the transported fluid at the place in question inside the pipe. Fig. 1 shows a pipe or a pipeline 1, extending between two points A and B, onto which the pipe is fixed. Near the two points A and B the pipe extends further to platforms 2 and 3, repectively, for instance a satelite platform 2 and a processing platform 3. In Fig. 2 is shown how the pipe 1 is fixed at one of the two points A and B. A substantially U-shaped clevis 4, which straddles the pipe, is welded onto the pipe 1 on diametrically opposite sides of said pipe. The end of the clevis 4 is connected to a wire or chain 5, said wire or chain being connected to an anchoring means 7 via a pre¬ stressing means 6. The anchoring means may be of any appropriate type. Said anchoring means may have the form of a big bowl which is placed on the sea floor bottom up and made to adhere to the sea floor by evacuating its interior. The prestressing means 6 may also be of any appropriate type, such as a strong hydraulic cylinder capable of providing the pipe 1 with the required prestressing. During the laying of the pipe 1 and/or following the laying of the pipe, the pipe is provided with prestressing of such an order that the prestressing at any point along the pipeline exceeds the stress to which the pipe is subjected as a result of the temperature of the transported fluid in relation to the surroundings, had the pipe not been prestressed. If the pipe is shorter than approximately 10,000 m, the pipe is provided with prestressing after being laid by means of a prestressing means 6 at one end of the pipe, while at the other end the pipe is merely fastened to the sea floor by means of an anchoring means 7. Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the prestressing process, where the full-drawn line 8 shows the completed prestressing as a function of the distance from the end where the pipe is subjected to the prestressing force by means of the prestressing means 6. When the pipe is laid on the sea floor, it is ususally filled with air and the weight in water is typically between 30 per cent and 50 per cent of the weight in air. If the pipe lying on the sea floor before the trenching is provided with prestressing by pulling from one end A, the prestressing decreases in the direction away from the point A as a result of the friction of the pipeline against the sea floor, for instance as indicated by a weakly drawn line 9 in Fig. 3. The maximum force to which the pipeline can be subjected at the point A must be smaller than the corresponding yield stress at this point. The prestressing at the other end of the pipe B must be larger than the stress to which the pipe is subjected as a result of the temperature in the interior of the pipe during use. A full-drawn curve 10 In Fig. 3 illustrates this temperature-related stress as a function of the distance from the point A. The length over which appropri¬ ate prestressing can be provided at the point B by pulling at the point A is thus dependent on the desired pre- stressing at the point B and the yield stress of the pipe, and as mentioned the prestressing desired at the point B is obtained by pulling at the point A in case of the conventionally used pipe dimensions, if the pipe does not exceed a length of 10,000 m. In order to ensure that the prestressing is everywhere close to but slightly higher than the temperature-related stress illustrated by the line 10, the pipe may, after being subjected to tension by means of the high load S^ ensuring the required prestressing at the other end B, be subjected to a load corresponding to the desired average prestressing S - , reduced by the difference between the high prestressing load and the average prestressing load, i.e. a load corresponding to the difference between S^ and S Q . AS a result the stress curve takes the course indicated by the line 11. By the subsequent alternating load with an oscillating force corresponding to the main force corresponding to the average load S Q and a force amplitude oscillating around the average load SQ, said force amplitude being reduced to 0 from the above dif¬ ference between the high prestressing force and the main force, a prestressing curve corresponding to the curve 8 shown in Fig. 3 can be provided under appropriate control of the extension obtained and the corresponding prestres¬ sing force, said curve 8 diagrammatically being illustrated as a zig-zag line obtained on the basis of successive pre- stressing lines 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16, corresponding to the stress of a tension oscillating around the main force with gradually decreasing force amplitude. If required the force amplitude may be reduced more or less continu¬ ously, whereby the curve 8 takes an oscillating course more or less close to the desired average prestressing S Q . AS shown in Fig. 4, in case of large pipes, for instance up to 20,000 m, it may be necessary to provide the required average prestressing S Q everywhere along the pipe by pulling from both ends A and B of the pipe. As mentioned, this is due to the fact that the yield stress and the friction of the pipe against the sea floor set limits to how far onto the pipe the required prestressing can be obtained by pulling from the end. As a result a prestres- sing line 17 is obtained in the same way as described under reference to Fig. 3, said prestressing line having a zig-zag course around a required average prestressing at an appropriate level above the temperature-related stress curve 18 shown. Both Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show a curve 19 and 20, respective- ly. This curve represents the tensile stress remaining in the pipe after said pipe has been put into use and has been subjected to the temperature-related stress. If the required prestressing is provided continuously during the laying of a pipe with a length of e.g. 20,000 m from the point B to the point A, the prestressing curve takes the course represented by the curve 21 in Fig. 5. As appears from this, the prestressing curve 21 is sub¬ stantially straight up to the point 22 which represents the place on the pipeline which sets limits to how far onto the pipe measured from the end A the final laying of the end A on the sea floor has an effect. If the end of the pipe A is merely laid on the sea floor the prestressing from the end A to the point 22 takes a course corresponding to the curve 23 in Fig. 5. In order, therefore, to ensure that the required average prestressing S Q is present up to the end A, the prestressing provided by means of the pipe-laying barge should be followed by prestressing provided from the end A, said prestressing being provided by pulling as described under reference to Figs. 3 and 4. As a result the prestressing curve 21 takes the zig-zag course shown between the point 21 and up to the end A. As in Figs. 3 and 4 a curve 24 is shown, said curve repre¬ senting the effect of the stress as a result of the tem- perature of the transported fluid as well as a curve 25, showing the resulting tensile stress in the pipe during use . Instead of providing the prestressing continuously by means of the tension means of the pipe-laying barge, pre¬ stressing may also be provided by intermittently tempora¬ rily fastening a clevis or a flange with an eyelet onto the pipeline and by means of a wire connected thereto subjecting the pipeline to tension from the pipe-laying barge. As a result considerably higher tension can be transferred to the pipeline than rendered possible by the continuously working tension means of the barge. In order to prestress a 325 mm high pressure pipeline sufficiently to compensate for a heating of 75°C, an anchoring force of approximately 600,000 kp during the anchoring operation and a subsequent permanent retaining force of approximately 300,000 kp are required. The prac¬ tically be obtained by using an anchoring means 7 of the type described formed as a cylinder covered by a convex end bottom. It is possible to manufacture such an anchor with a diameter of 8 m, a height of 5 m and a weight of 30 tons and to place it on the sea floor by means of a conventional auxiliary vessel. The anchor is pressed into the sea floor by lowering the pressure inside the anchor and pumping out water by means of an ejector or a pump. The above anchor dimensions allow achievement of both a pressing down force of 2,250,00 0 kp at a water depth of 40 m and a pressure inside the anchor of 0.5 bar and a retaining force of 770,000 kp . During the operation where the tension on the pipeline may be 300,000 kp with a superposed alter- nating force amplitude of the same order of magnitude, the ejector or pump may be kept working as an extra pre¬ cautionary measure . The prestressing means 6 used on the sea floor between the pipeline 1 and the anchoring means 7 may be operated from a pipe-laying barge where also the tension provided as well as the extension of the pipeline can be re¬ gistered. Furthermore, the force amplitude and the exten¬ sion amplitude of the pipe are registered whereby the prestressing provided may be calculated at any given point of the pipeline. The prestressing means 6 must have a capacity corresponding to the yield stress of the pipe, i.e. between 600 and 800,000 tons for a 325 mm pipe adapted to 200 bar. The extension of the pipe at an anchoring point may be of the magnitude 10 m. When the pipe has been provided with the required pre¬ stressing, the prestressing means is removed and permanent anchoring by appropriate means is completed. Prestressing may also be provided as a combination of prestressing during the laying of the pipe and prestressing from anchors at the ends of the pipeline, a predetermined prestressing during the laying of the pipe enhancing the straightness with which the pipeline can be laid while on the other hand a coating or insulation of the pipeline restricts the prestressing which can be provided to the pipeline by means of the pipe-laying barge. Prestressing provided during the laying of the pipeline on the sea floor enhances the straigthness of the pipe even though the pipe-laying barge makes minor deviations from the course. A large prestressing compared to the frictional resistance limits the occurence of curvatures of the pipe and thereby the possible reduction of the prestressing by a straightening of the pipe during trench- ing. The invention is described with reference to preferred embodiments. Many modifications may be made without thereby deviating from the scope of the invention. For instance the connection between the prestressing means 6 or the anchoring means 7 and the pipe may be in another form than the clevis 4 shown. The pipe end of the pipeline laid may also be fastened to the platform.

Claims: Claims 1. Method of laying a pipe for the transportation of a fluid having a temperature and/or a pressure exceeding the temperature and pressure of the surroundings, c h a r a c t e r i s e d by the pipe (1) being provided with pres ressing, said prestressing being at least sub¬ stantially capable of neutralizing the influence on the pipe (1) as a result of the temperature and pressure difference during use. 2. Method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r - i s e d by the pipe (1) being fixed at one end B and after the laying of the pipe being provided with prestressing by pulling from the other end A. 3. Method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the pipe (1) being provided with prestressing by pulling from both ends after the laying of the pipe. 4. Method as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the pipe (1) being provided with prestressing continuously during the laying of the pipe. 5. Method as claimed in claim 4, and where the pipe is laid from a pipe-laying barge, c h a r a c t e r i s e d by the pipe (1) being continuously provided with pre¬ stressing by means of the pipe-laying barge and by the end (A) of the pipe (1) last laid being provided with the required prestressing by final pulling from the end. 6. Method as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, c h a r ¬ a c t e r i s e d by the pulling from the end A, B start¬ ing with a first high loading force (S^) ensuring the required prestressing at a portion of the pipe (1) situated far from the pulling position and by the prestressing between this far portion and the pulling position being obtained by means of variable loading of the pipe with a main force substantially corresponding to the required prestressing (S Q ) and a force amplitude oscillating here¬ about, said force amplitude initially corresponding to the difference between the first high loading force and said main force, the amplitude substantially continuously being reduced to zero under appropriate control, whereby the pre¬ stressing everywhere is around the desired value. 7. Method as claimed in claim 1, and where the pipe is laid from a pipe-laying barge, c h a r a c t e r i s e d by the pipe (1) intermittently being provided with pre¬ stressing by means of the vessel and by the end of the pipe last laid being provided with the required prestres- sing from the end. 8. Method as claimed in claim 4, c h a r a c t e r ¬ i s e d by the pipe initially being provided with preli¬ minary prestressing continuously by means of the vessel and subsequently a final prestressing by pulling from one or both ends . 9. Pipe laid using the method as claimed in one or more of the preceeding claims 1 to 8.

Inventors: KAPPEL JENS JULIUS, KAPPEL, JENS, JULIUS
Applicants: KAPPEL JENS JULIUS, KAPPEL, JENS, JULIUS
Application year: 1989
Main classification: F16L1
IPC codes: F16L1