Method of manufacturing a photoreceptor

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a photoreceptor base drum by a lathe-turning machine in which a cutting tool (11) is brought in contact with a surface of the base drum and travels in the axial direction to finish the surface of the base drum into mirrorlike surface, a main cutting edge (a) formed by a rake surface (11a) and a front flank surface (11b) on the cutting tool (11) is shaped in a curved surface with a curvature radius (R₁) of 0.15 to 3.5 µm, and the rake surface (11a) and the front flank surface (11b) are shaped to smoothly continue to the curved surface of the main cutting edge (a).

Description: The present invention relates to a method as set out in the preamble of claim 1. Such a method is applied to various kinds of image recording apparatuses such as an electrophotographic copier, a printer, a facsimile, and the like. The electrophotographic process is used to record images in recording apparatuses such as an electrophotographic copier, a laser printer, and a digital computer. In the electrophotographic process, an electrostatic latent image is formed on a photoreceptor by exposing a uniformly electrified photoreceptor to light corresponding to the image information. The latent image is developed and transferred to a recording paper. After that, the transferred paper is heated for fusing, and finally the image is formed on the recording paper. Various kinds of materials are used for the photoreceptor. An organic semiconductor with photoconductivity is used by forming a substrate layer, an electric charge generation layer, and an electric charge transport layer in order to form a lightsensitive layer on the surface of a cylindrical drum base which is usually made from nonferrous metals such as aluminum and copper, or nonmetallic materials such as plastics. Furthermore, inorganic lightsensitive materials such as CdS and ZnO on which an insulating layer and a protective layer are coated, or vapor-deposited amorphous selenium and amorphous silicon are used as the photoreceptor materials. The surface of the drum base must be smooth because electrostatic latent images and visual images are formed on this kind of photoreceptor drum. Recently, the surface of a photoreceptor has been cut by a diamond tool or a diamond bit to accomplish mirror- finishing. The diamond tool resists abrasion and wears at a low rate because it is hard and can withstand high temperatures. So, the diamond tool can finish each part accurately and make a smooth mirror-finished surface easily, and is suited for cutting the surface of a photoreceptor drum base. However, in the case of a newly ground diamond tool, a major cutting edge formed by a rake face and a flank and a minor cutting edge formed by the face and a side flank are extremely sharp. In addition, the diamond tool may have defects which occurred during grinding, and scratches on the diamond tool caused in grinding. As a result, while the diamond tool is cutting the photoreceptor drum base, material cut from it tends to form a deposit on the sharp and defective cutting edge while cutting is conducted, and then the cutting edge tends to fall off. It is known that the diamond tool damages the surface to be machined and a good mirror-finished surface can not be obtained for the reasons mentioned above. Conventionally a dummy material is cut by a diamond tool before it is used, in what is called the break-in. A sharp diamond tool, after being ground, usually cuts a dummy material for the break-in to wear the sharp cutting edge adequately, and then the diamond tool starts mirror-finishing the surface of actual materials. A high quality cutting edge is obtained by cutting a dummy material with the diamond tool for the break-in period to eliminate the defects of the tool which were caused while the tool was being ground. As a result, excellent cutting and burnishing can be conducted to a work surface and a smooth mirror-finished surface can be formed. However, in order to conduct the break-in cutting of a new diamond tool, it is necessary to cut a substitute work surface with the tool for 10km to 100km. Furthermore, it is necessary to change the angle between the tool and the work surface many times during the break-in. In order to get a cutting tool with an efficient cutting edge, a great deal of time and work are needed, which decreases productivity. It is thus desirable to eliminate the break-in of a cutting tool and to get a high quality cutting edge from the start of cutting. For example, according to JP-A-62-271605, as shown in Fig. 8, it is proposed to install a chamfer with the width of 0.2 to 0.8µm on the major cutting edge which is formed by the face 11a and the front flank 11b of the cutting tool 11. However, the chamfered cutting tool mentioned above can not conduct mirror-finishing on the work surface from the start of cutting, but merely reduces the break-in period, and it also is difficult to form a mirror-finished surface stably on the work surface by this method from the start. When break-in cutting is not conducted sufficiently or slight scratches are left on the surface of the drum base due to the initial surface conditions of the cutting tool, lubricating oil or minute particles are left in the scratches even after the drum base is washed, or dust in the air sticks in the scratches. When a photoreceptor is made by forming the above-mentioned lightsensitive layer on the drum surface in this condition and it is installed in an apparatus, its image quality is degraded as the scratches on the photoreceptor surface can cause electrical leaks when it is charged or cause image blur or interference fringes when an image is recorded. The lightsensitive layer is generally considered to be the thinner the better. But, when the mirror-surface can not be obtained on the surface of the drum base, it is difficult to reduce the thickness of the lightsensitive layer. When the layer is thick, it brings about efficiency degradation. In view of the foregoing, it is the object of this invention to provide a method to manufacture a photoreceptor drum base with a mirror-finished surface on which a high quality image can be formed, by setting a diamond tool in a lathe turning machine almost at once without break-in cutting or with a short break-in cutting. In order to accomplish the object, a method comprising the features of claim 1 is provided. The surface of the photoreceptor drum-base is mirror-finished by the diamond cutting tool, wherein the major cutting edge of the tool formed by the face and the front flank, is formed by a curved surface with a radius of curvature of 0.15 to 3.5µm, which curves smoothly and continuously into the face and front flank. In the drawings Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a lathe turning machine used in the manufacturing method of a photoreceptor drum base of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a perspective view of an example of a cutting tool tip used in the manufacturing method of the present invention, Fig. 3 is an external view of the cutting tool tip shown in Fig. 2, wherein the cutting tool is viewed from the white arrowed direction, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 are perspective views of another example of a cutting tool used in the manufacturing method of the present invention, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 are charts of surface roughness of the drum bases which were manufactured by the method of the present invention and the conventional method, and Fig. 8 is a perspective view of the conventional type cutting tool tip. A method to manufacture a photoreceptor drum base of the present invention will be described as follows. As an example, a photoreceptor drum base made from aluminum is considered here. For instance, an aluminum tube which is about 1mm thick, produced by the drawing method or extrusion method, and cut to a prescribed length (for example 300mm) is provided as a photoreceptor drum base material. Fig. 1 shows a general view of a lathe turning machine used in the present invention. The headstock 2 and the tailstock 3 are mounted on the bed 1 of the lathe turning machine. The chuck 5 is fixed to the main spindle 4 which is installed in the headstock 2. The belt 6 is wound around the pulley which is directly connected with the main spindle 4 and driven by a motor not shown in the drawing. On the other hand, the tailstock spindle 7 is installed at the tailstock 3 and the chuck 8 is fixed to the tip of the tailstock spindle. The saddle 9 is movably mounted on the bed 1 between the headstock 2 and the tailstock 3 and can perform a reciprocating motion in the directions of the arrow mark A. The tool post 10 is movably mounted on the saddle 9 and can move in the direction of the arrow mark B which makes a right angle with the saddle moving direction. The cutting tools 11 and 14 are mounted in the front portion of the tool post 10 and they are capable of being installed and removed from the rear side of the tool post 10, on which the adjusting knobs 12 are installed. When the surface of a photoreceptor drum base is to be mirror-finished, the chuck 5 comes into contact with the aperture of one end of the photoreceptor drum base 13, the surface of which is to be machined, in the state that the tailstock 7 is withdrawn, and the other chuck 8 comes into contact with the aperture of the other end of the photoreceptor drum base 13. After that, the drum base 13 is pressed from both sides by pushing out the tailstock spindle 7. The photoreceptor drum base 13 fixed to the lathe turning machine in this way is rotated by a motor through the belt 6. The rough cutting tool 14 mounted at a desired height on the tool post 10 cuts into the drum base at a constant depth. Then the saddle 9 is moved at a constant speed from the left end to the right. When the rough cutting tool goes over the total length of the drum base, the saddle 9 stops and the rough cutting tool 14 is withdrawn. Then, while the finishing tool 11 is coming into contact with the surface of the drum base, the saddle 9 is fed at a constant slow speed in the left direction. When the finishing tool 11 reaches the left end of the drum base, the saddle 9 returns to the initial left position. The surface of the drum base 13 is being mirror-finished by the finishing tool 11 (This tool is called a cutting tool or a diamond tool in this specification from now on.) through these reciprocating motions. Fig. 2 shows the main portion of the tool tip of a diamond cutting tool example used in the above-mentioned lathe turning machine. Fig. 3 is a side view of the same tool tip viewed from the arrow D in Fig. 2. As shown in Fig. 3, a cutting tool is prepared whose angle β which is formed by the face 11a and the front flank 11b, is 85°. The major or mean cutting edge a which is formed by the face 11a and the front flank 11b is ground to form a curved surface whose radius of curvature is 0.8µm. The major cutting edge a forms a similar curved surface to that of a major cutting edge which has undergone break-in cutting. The curved surface smoothly continues into the face 11a and the front flank 11b. The distance d (Refer to FIG. 3.) between two inflection points is 2.2µm, wherein one point is the connecting point of the major cutting edge a and the face 11a and the other point is the connecting point of the major cutting edge a and the front flank 11b. On the other hand, the face 11a and the side flank 11c cross with each other and form the minor cutting edge c , which is sharp. The radius of curvature R₁ of the curved surface composing the major cutting edge is preferably 0.15 to 3.5µm and more preferably 0.5 to 3.0µm for machining. When the radius of curvature R₁ is smaller than 0.15µm, the cutting edge is still sharp, and there are quite a few unstable factors such as defects in the cutting edge. Therefore, a good mirror-finished surface can not be obtained by cutting with the tool. On the other hand, when the radius of curvature exceeds 3.0µm, especially 3.5µm, cutting edge wear becomes too much and tool life becomes short. It was experimentally confirmed that an especially excellent mirror-finished surface could be obtained when a radius of curvature R₁ is determined to be 0.70 to 0.80µm. Fig. 4 is a perspective view of a cutting tool tip of another example of the present invention. The numbers in Fig. 4 which are the same as those shown in Fig. 2 represent the same portions of the cutting tool. In this example, the major cutting edge a which is formed between the face 11a and the front flank 11b, is a curved surface with a radius of curvature R₁ = 0.8µm. Furthermore, the front flank 11b and the side flank 11c cross with each other and form an edge, which is a curved surface with a radius of curvature R₂ = 0.09mm. It is preferable to determine a radius of curvature R₂ on that surface within the range from 0.02 to 0.2mm. The face 11a and the side flank 11c cross with each other and they form the minor or sub cutting edge c , which is sharp. The curved surface of the cutting edge b is formed over the length of 10 to 40µm from the face to the flank. Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a cutting tool tip of another example of the invention. The numbers in Fig.5 which are the same as those in Fig.4 represent the same portions of the cutting tool. This example is a variation of the example shown in Fig. 2 in which a curved surface with a radius of curvature R₃ = 0.3µm is formed over a length of 0.2mm on the minor cutting edge c which is made by the face 11a and the side flank 11c. In this case, the radius of curvature R₁ of the major cutting edge a is the same as that of the example shown in Fig. 2. As mentioned before, the major cutting edge a continues smoothly to the minor cutting edge b or c in a continuation of a radius of curvature. It is preferable that the major cutting edge a and the minor cutting edges b or c , or the curved surfaces a , b , and c are formed by smooth continuous surfaces. It is preferable to determine a radius of curvature R₃ on that curved surface within the range of 0.1 to 0.3µm. In each example, a drum base is burnished satisfactorily by the cutting tool because the major cutting edge a which forms a curved surface continues smoothly to the front flank 11b. Accordingly, the cutting tool never develops any defects, such as a streak on the work surface. In order to obtain an excellent mirror-finished surface from the beginning of cutting, it is most suitable that the major cutting edge a continues smoothly to the front flank 11b forming a smoothly curved surface without a sharp edge. Since the edge b where the front flank 11b and the side flank 11c meet contacts the work surface, it is preferable for the edge b to have a larger radius of curvature than the curved surface of the cutting edge a . The minor cutting edge c where the face 11a and the side flank 11c meet preferably has a smaller radius of curvature than the curved surface of the major cutting edge a . Furthermore, when a curved surface with a radius of curvature such as R₂ and R₃ in the examples shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, is formed on the edges b and c in the examples shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, efficiency of each example is multiplied severalfold and an excellent cutting tool can be obtained. A cutting tool of the present invention was mounted on a shank. Then, the cutting tool was set in the lathe turning machine shown in Fig. 1 and a cutting test was conducted under the conditions as follows. Work material: Aluminum alloy for a photoreceptor drum base ( A 1070, A 3003 ) Revolution speed : 3000rpm Feed per revolution: 0.2mm/rev. Depth of cut : 20µm In order to make a comparison, two types of cutting tools were prepared and tested under the same conditions. One was a cutting tool whose major cutting edge a and minor cutting edge c were not curved surfaces but sharp edges formed by grinding. (This cutting tool was defined as the conventional type example 1.) The other was a cutting tool whose major cutting edge a was chamfered over the total length and the width of the chamfer 11d was 2.2µm. The chamfered portion of the cutting tool is represented by 11d in Fig. 8. (This cutting tool was defined as the conventional type example 2.) In this test, cutting was continued until an excellent mirror-surface was obtained by each cutting tool and each cutting distance was figured out. The results are as follows. The cutting distance is expressed by the break-in cutting distance. Tested cutting tool Break-in cutting distance The present invention 0 to 10km (The average of 10 samples = 3km) The conventional example 1 80 to 150km The conventional example 2 50 to 100km Although aluminum alloy was used as the material for a photoreceptor drum base in the above-mentioned experiment, the same tendency was recognized when a pure aluminum material was used in the experiment. It is clear from the results of the experiment that the break-in cutting time necessary to obtain a high quality mirror-surface can be greatly reduced by employing the manufacturing method of the present invention. A transferred image was evaluated which was made by using a photoreceptor with a lightsensitive layer on the drum base such as a photoconductive organic semiconductor or selenium photoconductor (the foundation layer: 0.1 to 1µm, the charge generation layer: 0.1 to 2µm, the charge transport layer: 10 to 30µm). Electrical leakage was not recognized, which generally tends to occur under conditions of electrostatic charge and a high quality image with no defects, such as image blur, was obtained. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the results of surface roughness of photoreceptor drum bases measured by the tracer method. The measurement was conducted to the first and/or second photoreceptor drum bases manufactured by the method of the present invention and the conventional method. The surface roughness was measured with the tracer method surface roughness tester. It can be understood from Fig. 6 relating to the present invention that scratches are hardly recognized on the drum base surface. But, in Fig. 7 relating to the conventional method, many scratches per unit length can be found on the drum base surface as indicated by broken line circles on the graph. This shows that a high quality mirror-finished surface with few scratches can be obtained by the photoreceptor drum base of the present invention. In other words, compared with the processing method by the conventional cutting tool which was formed by break-in cutting and has a cutting edge with an irregular radius of curvature, the tool life for which the tool can be used for cutting a mirror-finished surface becomes longer. Because the radius of curvature of a cutting edge is uniform, many photoreceptors can be obtained which are uniformly made with less flaws on the processed surface and less unevenness of the pitch of cutting tool traces. This method also saves time in the later coating process, and a uniformly thin and even lightsensitive layer can be formed stably. The present invention is not limited to manufacturing a drum base made from aluminum and aluminum alloy. It can also be applied to manufacture of a photoreceptor made from non-ferrous metals such as copper, beryllium, nickel, and gold, and furthermore made from non-metals such as synthetic resin. The photoreceptor drum base made by the method of the present invention is not limited only to a cut pipe manufactured by the drawing method or the extrusion molding method as shown in the example, and but also applied to a pipe made by the drawing method in which one end is closed. The radii of curvature R₁, R₂, and R₃ which are formed on the major cutting edge a or the minor cutting edges b and c , can either be changed longitudinally with regard to the cutting edge or be formed on a portion without spreading over the total length of the cutting edge. As publicly known, the cutting tool is used in a prescribed cutting direction with regard to the work piece. In the examples shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, the cutting tool cuts the work surface when it is moved in the left direction. It is needless to say that in the present invention the cutting tool can cut the work surface when the tool is moved in the right direction if the curved surface is made on the opposite cutting tool edge instead of the cutting edge shown in the drawings. In this explanation, an ordinary lathe turning machine was used as an example of an apparatus to cut the surface of a photoreceptor drum base. But the cutting apparatus is not limited to a lathe turning machine. An NC lathe, a machining center, and the like can also be used. As explained above, in the present invention, the surface of a photoreceptor drum base is cut to obtain a mirror-finished surface by a diamond cutting tool, whose major cutting edge formed by the face and the front flank forms a curved surface with a radius of curvature of 0.15 to 3.5µm, which curves smoothly and continuously into the face and front flank. For that reason, a high quality mirror-finished surface can be obtained without conducting break-in cutting or with an extremely short break-in cutting. The cutting tool of the present invention usually has need to be mounted on a lathe turning machine only once and this leads to a reduction of man-hours for setting. Because break-in cutting is not needed for the cutting tool of the invention, material loss is reduced. As a result, the production cost to cut a mirror-finished surface on the photoreceptor drum base made from non-ferrous metal or non-metal, can be remarkably reduced. According to the present invention, compared with the conventional method, a little break-in cutting is sufficient to obtain a high quality mirror-finished surface. Therefore, scratches on the drum base decrease sharply. When the drum base is used as the photoreceptor of an image recording apparatus, electrical leakage by the pole of static electric charge caused by many small scratches on the drum and image blur caused by light diffusion at small irregular portions on the drum base when exposure is conducted in image recording, can be eliminated and a high quality recording image can be obtained. Previously, when these scratches became clogged by minute particles, or detergent used in cutting (e.g. Trichlene), it was necessary to strengthen the adherent force between the base and the lightsensitive layer by making the foundation layer thick. But, it has become possible to manufacture a lightsensitive drum with a thin foundation layer. Accordingly, it has become possible to manufacture a thin lightsensitive layer by using the drum base made by the method of the present invention. Of course, the characteristics of the photoreceptor residual voltage are improved. The interference fringe is reduced which is caused especially when image recording is conducted by dot exposure such as laser and LED. Therefore, the present invention contributes to improvements of image quality of the laser printer and the digital copier.

Claims: Method of manufacturing a photoreceptor base drum (13) by a lathe-turning machine, in which a cutting tool (11) having a main cutting edge (a) formed by a rake surface (11a) and a front flank surface (11b) is brought in contact with the surface of the base drum and travels in the axial direction of the drum to finish the machined surface of the base drum to a mirror-like surface, characterized in that the main cutting edge (a) is shaped in a curved surface with a curvature radius of between 0.15 to 3.5 µm and that the rake surface (11a) and the front flank surface (11b) are shaped to smoothly continue to the curved surface of the main cutting edge (a). Method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a primary sub cutting edge (b) formed by the front flank surface (11b) and at least one of side flank surfaces (11c) of the cutting tool (11) is shaped in a curved surface with a curvature radius of between 0.02 to 0.2 mm, and the front flank surface and the side flank surface are shaped to smoothly continue to the curved surface of the primary sub cutting edge. Method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a secondary sub cutting edge (c) formed by the rake surface (11a) and at least one of side flank surfaces (11c) of the cutting tool (11) is shaped in a curved surface with a curvature radius of 0.1 to 0.3 µm, and the rake surface (11a) and the side flank surface (11c) are shaped to smoothly continue to the curved surface of the secondary sub cutting edge. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the curvature radius (R) of the curved surface of the main cutting edge (a) or the sub cutting edge (b; c) of the cutting tool (11) is varied in the respective longitudinal direction of the corresponding cutting edges. Method as claimed in one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the curved surface of the main cutting edge (a) or the sub cutting edge (b; c) extendes over less than the total length of the corresponding cutting edge.

Inventors: HASHIMOTO TAKAYOSHI C O KONICA, ITOH TOYOTSUGU C O KONICA CORP, KAWADA SUNAO C O KONICA CORPOR, KOYANAGI MAKOTO C O KONICA COR, HASHIMOTO, TAKAYOSHI C/O KONICA CORPORATION, ITOH, TOYOTSUGU C/O KONICA CORPORATION, KAWADA, SUNAO C/O KONICA CORPORATION, KOYANAGI, MAKOTO C/O KONICA CORPORATION
Applicants: KONISHIROKU PHOTO IND, KONICA CORPORATION
Application year: 1989
Main classification: B23B27
IPC codes: B23B27, G03G5