PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR C2 RECOVERY

Abstract: An improved process for separating a hydrocarbon bearing feed gas containing methane and lighter, C₂ (ethylene & ethane) and heavier components into a fraction containing predominantly methane and lighter components and a fraction containing predominantly C₂ and heavier hydrocarbon components including the steps of cooling and partially condensing and delivering the feed stream to a separator (44) to provide a first residue vapor and a C₂-containing liquid, directing a portion of the C₂-containing liquid into a heavy ends fractionation column (56) wherein the liquid is separated into a second hydrocarbon bearing vapor residue and a C₂ containing product, conducting a portion of the first residue vapors with at least part of the partially condensed second residue into a light ends fractionating column (52) to thereby obtain third residue vapors and liquids, supplying the liquids recovered from the light ends fractionating column to the heavy ends fractionation column as the liquid feed thereto and directing part of the C₂ containing liquid from the first step into intimate contact with the second residue, which liquid provides additional liquefied methane which acts with the partially condensed second residue as a direct contact refrigerant to thereby condense C₂ and heavier components while the methane itself is evaporated in the light ends fractionation column.

Description: This invention relates to a process and an apparatus for separating a hydrocarbon bearing feed gas which contains methane and lighter component, (not necessarily all hydrocarbon components), C₂ (ethylene and ethane) and heavier hydrocarbon components into two fractions. The first fraction contains predominantly methane and lighter components and the second fraction contains the recovered desirable C₂ and heavier components. Hydrocarbon bearing gas contains lighter components (e.g. hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.) methane, ethane and a substantial quantity of hydrocarbons of higher molecular weight, for example, propane, butane, pentane and often their unsaturated analogs. Recent changes in ethylene demand have created increased markets for ethylene and have created a need for more efficient processes which yield higher recovery levels of this product. In more recent times the use of cryogenic processes utilizing the principle of gas expansion through a mechanical device to produce power while simultaneously extracting heat from the system have been employed. The use of such equipment depending upon the pressure of the gas source, the composition of the gas and the desired end results. In the typical cryogenic expansion-type recovery processes used in the prior art, a gas stream under pressure is cooled by heat exchange with other streams of the process and/or external sources of cooling are employed such as refrigeration systems. As the gas is cooled, liquids are condensed and are collected and separated so as to thereby obtain desired hydrocarbons. The high pressure liquid feed is typically transferred to a demethanizer column after the pressure is adjusted to the operating pressure of the demethanizer. In such fractionating column the liquid feed is fractionated to separate the residual methane and lighter components from the desired products of ethylene/ethane and heavier hydrocarbon components. In the ideal operation of such separation processes, the vapors leaving the process contain substantially all of the methane and lighter components found in the feed gas and substantially no ethylene/ethane or heavier hydrocarbon components remain. The bottom fraction leaving the demethanizer typically contains substantially all of the ethylene/ethane and heavier hydrocarbon components with very little methane or lighter components which is discharged in the fluid gas outlet from the demethanizer. The present invention provides processes for increasing the ethane and ethylene component of the liquid discharge from the process unit. This advantage is achieved in the present invention by a process and by an apparatus having the features of claims 1 and 10, resp. In this manner a higher proportion of the C₂ and heavier hydrocarbon components are recovered. Other prior issued United States patents which relate to processes for recovering lighter hydrocarbons from a gas stream include the following United States Patents: 4,272,270; 4,356,014; 4,486,209; 4,582,517; 4,592,766; 4,596,588; 4,597,788; 4,600,421 and 4,707,171. Others have provided methods for C₃ (propylene/propane) methods exemplified by United States Patent No. 4,617,039 assigned to The Pro-Quip Corporation. United States Patent No. 4,707,171, appears to be a logical extension of Patent No. 4,617,039 applied to C₂ recovery. Other prior issued patents which relate to processes for recovering lighter hydrocarbons from a gas stream include EP-A-0 182 643 which discloses steps (a) to (e) of claim 1 in a process for separating C3 from hydrocarbon gases. The invention will now be described further by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a schematic flow diagram illustrating a method of practicing a preferred embodiment of the invention. Figures 2 is a schematic flow diagram illustrating variations in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Figure 3 is a schematic flow diagram illustrating variations in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 is a schematic flow diagram illustrating variations in the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The improved processes of the present disclosure include the steps of cooling a gaseous hydrocarbon-containing feed stream to form a vapor stream and a liquid stream. The liquid stream may be partially transferred to a heavy ends fractionation column while the vapor stream is expanded and transferred to the bottom of a light ends fractionation column. The heavy ends fractionation column overhead, which consists mainly of methane and ethane, is cooled and fed to the upper portion of the light ends fractionation column. The liquid flows downwardly within the light ends fractionation column and contacts gaseous ethylene and heavier hydrocarbons that flow upwardly. The methane portion of the liquid stream is vaporized by absorbing heat from the gaseous ethylene and heavier hydrocarbons which causes the ethylene and heavier hydrocarbons to condense and exit at the bottom of the light ends fractionation column. The gaseous methane and lighter components within the light ends fractionation column are removed from the overhead as a product of the process. The liquid at the bottom of the light ends fractionation column is removed and fed to the upper portion of the heavy ends fractionation column. The liquid at the bottom of the heavy ends fractionation column is removed as a product of the process and at least a portion of the gaseous overhead is cooled and returned to the top of the light ends fractionation column. The improved process of this invention is illustrated in a first embodiment in Figure 1. The incoming gas stream 1 is first fed to a booster compressor 32 and from the output thereof to a second booster compressor 34. The stream then flows through a heat exchanger 36. The gas exits from heat exchanger 36 at a temperature of 44°C., but the pressure thereof has been raised to 2,379 kpa. The gas then passes through heat exchangers 38, 40 and 42 so that the temperature thereof is reduced to about -72°C. Pressure is dropped as the gas flows through the heat exchangers resulting in a pressure of 2,310 kpa at -72°C., at which the raw gas is delivered into a high pressure separator 44. Within separator 44 the cooled gas stream is separated into a first residue vapor which is passed through a turbo expander 46. The shaft of turbo expander 46 is connected directly to the shaft of the first booster compressor 32. From the first turbo expander, the first residue gas having a temperature of about -95°C. at 1,227 kpa passes through a second high pressure separator 48. The residue vapor therefrom passes through a second turbo expander 50. The gas from the second turbo expander passes by way of stream 19 at a temperature of about -119°C. and 510 kpa into a light ends fractionating column 52. From the first high pressure separator 44, by way of stream 17, the C₂ containing liquid is channeled in two directions. Through valve 54 the C₂ containing liquid is conducted into a heavy ends fractionation 56. All or a portion of the liquid from the first high pressure separator 44 may also pass by way of stream 21 and valve 58 for introduction into the light ends fractionating column 52 in a manner and for purposes to be described subsequently. The liquid discharge from the second high pressure separator 48 is conveyed by stream 18 through valve 60 into the heavy ends fractionation column 56. Stream 18 is at a temperature of about -95°C. The off gas from heavy ends fractionation column 56, having a temperature of about -99°C., is fed by stream 24 through heat exchangers 59 and 60 and by way of stream 23 and valve 62 into the upper end of the light ends fractionating column 52. At least a portion of the liquid residue from high pressure separator 44, is recycled by stream 21 and co-mingled with the off gas passing through stream 24 from heavy ends fractionation column 56. This co-mingled liquid and gas stream is then passed by the stream 23 back into the light ends fractionating column 52. The liquid from stream 23 passes downwardly through the light ends fractionating column 52 and encounters the rising off gas from stream 19 so that mass and latent heat transfer occur. The light ends fractionating column 52 functions as a combination heat and mass transfer device. The column has two feed streams; that is, streams 19 and 23, and two product streams; that is, streams 20 and 22. The light ends fractionating column 52 consists of at least one, and preferably more, liquid-vapor equilibrium stages. The methane and lighter constituents and unrecovered ethylene and ethane, exit as a dew point vapor from the top tray or separation stage of the light ends fractionating column 52. Vapors enter by way of stream 19 as a bottom feed while the top feed is by way of stream 23 which is a liquid enriched by a condensed methane. The top feed through stream 23 into the light ends fractionating column 52, and particularly the methane content thereof serves as a reflux in the column. In flowing from stage to stage within column 52, the liquid methane is vaporized and in turn the liquid is progressively enriched in ethylene and ethane condensed from the upflowing bottom feed vapors from stream 19. The liquid discharge from the lower end of the heavy ends fractionation column 56 is passed by way of stream 26 wherein the temperature thereof is about -37°C. and 517 kpa through a pump 64 wherein the pressure is raised to about 3,130 kpa. This discharge liquid stream passes through heat exchanger 38 which provides the final discharge temperature of the residue liquid from the system. The off gas discharged from light ends fractionating column 52, after passing through heat exchanger 60 is conveyed by stream 25 wherein the temperature is about -97°C., through heat exchangers 42 and 38 for discharge from the system. At this stage the off gas has a temperature of 38°C. and a pressure of 448 kpa. If it is desired to return the discharge gas to the same system from which the raw gas was taken, such as for further transportation of the gas, the pressure will need to be raised back up to that substantially equal to the incoming pressure of 1600 kpa in stream 1. A simulation of the process of Figure 1 is set forth in Table 1 wherein the moles per hour of various constituents of the streams are set forth. The process achieves a recovery of about 67 per cent of the C₂ content of the feed gas in addition to substantially complete recovery of the C₃ and heavier hydrocarbon components of the feed gas stream. Figure 2 shows an alternate embodiment of the invention. The components of the process of Figure 2 having the same basic structure and function of those of the system of Figure 1 are given like numbers. The process is as described with reference to Figure 1, except for the treatment of the off gas from the heavy ends fractionation column 56. In the arrangement of Figure 2, the off gas, flowing through stream 34, is passed first through a heat exchanger 66 and through a compressor 68 wherein the pressure is raised to about 1,517 kpa. From the compressor the gas is passed through a stream cooler 70 wherein the temperature of the compressed gas is reduced to 43°C. The gas passes back through heat exchanger 66 and through a stream cooler 72 before the off gas is co-mingled with a portion of the effluent discharge from the high pressure separator 44. The co-mingled gas and effluent then passes through stream cooler 59, heat exchanger 60 and valve 62 before discharge into the upper portion of light ends fractionating column 52. Within such column the recycled liquid portion of the effluent functions in heat exchange action with the hydrocarbon containing components of the gas passing upwardly in the fractionating column to condense and absorb at least a substantial portion of the C₂ and heavier hydrocarbon components. The arrangement of the Figure 2 embodiment of the system compared to that of Figure 1 provides for greater methane condensation in the combined gas and effluent inserted into the upper end of the light ends fractionating column. Table 2 which shows the moles per hour calculations of a simulation of the system of Figure 2 provides a comparison of the contents of the various streams of this embodiment of the process compared to that of the process of Figure 1 and shows the fact that the slightly improved C₂ and heavier component recoveries are obtained by the Figure 2 embodiment. Figure 3 illustrates another alternate embodiment of the process. In this embodiment a portion of the effluent obtained from the first high pressure separator 44 is passed through a heat exchanger 60 and valve 62 before it is co-mingled with the off gas from heavy ends fractionation column 56. The combined effluent and off gas (stream 43) are then conducted through a valve 74 and thence into the upper end of the light ends fractionating column 52. Valves 54 and 62 are used to apportion the quantity of the effluent discharge from the first high pressure separator 44 which is fed into the lower end of the heavy ends fractionation column 56 and into the comingled stream which is fed through valve 74 into the light ends fractionating column 52. Table 3 provides the molar rates of the various streams in the process of the embodiment of Figure 3 showing the percentage recoveries of ethane and ethylene are substantially identical to those obtained in the embodiment of Figure 1. Figure 4 shows a still different alternate embodiment of the process. An additional heat exchanger 76 is employed through which a portion of the effluent discharge from the high pressure separator 44 is passed before the effluent is co-mingled with the off gas from the heavy ends fractionation column 56. Table 4 shows the calculated moles per hour of the various streams in the embodiment of Figure 4 and the pressure and temperature of the streams. The percent recovery of ethylene is slightly higher using the process of Figure 4 compared with that of Figure 1 and the total hydrocarbon recovery is slightly improved. The process has been illustrated using various standard components employed for the sequence of treating steps with it being understood that the process may be practiced utilizing different physical apparatus. For instance, the turbo expanders 46 and 50 can in many instances be replaced by Joule-Thomson isenthalpic control valves. The difference is that where the Joule-Thomson valves are substituted for the turbo expanders, normally greater inlet and refrigeration compression duties are required. Various arrangements have been shown in the alternate embodiments for cooling the second residue effluent and, in some instances, the combined residue effluent and heavy ends fractionation column off gas; however, it has been determined that the resultant C₂ recovery is essentially identical provided an equal amount of heat is removed in any of the various embodiments of the process which have been described. The illustrated processes in each instance use two turbo expanders. The desirability of the use of multiple turbo expanders is predicated primarily upon the amount of hydrogen content of the inlet gas in stream 1. It is understood that, according to the inlet gas content, only single turbo expanders may be employed in practicing the process; or, in some instances as previously indicated, turbo expanders may be eliminated completely and substituted by one or more Joule-Thomson isenthalpic expansion valves. An important element of the process is the employment of the light ends fractionating column 52 which functions as a combination heat and mass transfer device. The use of the reflux in the top stage means that the liquid methane of the reflux is vaporized; and in turn the liquid is progressively enriched in ethylene and ethane condensed from the upflowing bottom feed vapors to thereby recover a higher percent of the C₂ components. For a given ethane/ethylene recovery, the process allows reducing the pressures that were required in the first cold separator; thus reducing the inlet compression capital and operating costs compared to the prior art. The improved process of this invention as exemplified in the embodiments of Figures 1 through 4 achieves a given ethane/ethylene recovery while requiring relatively lower inlet gas pressure and refrigeration compression horse power than with the known prior art process. Further, in the processes exemplified in Figures 1 through 4 the ethane/ethylene recovery is achieved in a manner wherein the process is operated at a higher temperature level than in the previously known processes. As an added benefit, the processes of Figures 1 through 4 are slightly less susceptible to carbon dioxide freezing than previously known processes.

Claims: 1. A process for separating a hydrocarbon bearing feed gas containing ethane and C₂ (ethylene and/or ethane) components into a fraction containing predominantly methane and lighter components and a fraction containing a predominant portion of the C₂ and heavier components, characterized in that it comprises the steps of: (a) cooling and partially condensing the feed gas and delivering it to a separator to provide thereby a first residue vapor and a C₂-containing liquid, which liquid also contains lighter hydrocarbons including appreciable methane, (b) directing part of the C₂-containing liquid into a heavy ends fractionation column wherein the liquid is separated into a second hydrocarbon bearing residue vapor containing predominantly methane and a C₂-containing product, (c) passing the second residue through a heat exchanger to condense at least a major portion of the methane content thereof; (d) contacting part of the first residue vapors with part of the partially condensed second residue in a light ends fractionation column to thereby obtain third residue vapors and liquids, (e) supplying the liquids thereby recovered from the light ends fractionating column to the heavy end fractionation column as a liquid feed thereto; and (f) directing part of the C₂-containing liquid from step (a) into intimate contact with the second residue prior to step (d), which liquid provides additional liquefied methane which acts with the partially condensed second residue as a direct contact refrigerant to thereby condense C₂ and heavier components while the methane itself is evaporated in the light ends fractionation column. 2. A process according to claim 1 characterized in that the light ends fractionation column of step (c) includes fractionation means for vapor-liquid counter-current contact' wherein the partly condensed second residue in conjunction with at least a portion of the C₂ containing liquid from step (a) is introduced into the light ends fractionation column above the fractionation means, whereby the liquid portion of it passes downwardly through the fractionation means and the first residue vapors is supplied to the light ends fractionation column below said fractionation means, whereby the first residue vapor rises through the fractionation means in counter-current contact with the liquid portion of the partly condensed second residue and the C₂ containing liquid admixed therewith in step (f). 3. A process according to claim 2, characterized in that the fractionation means in the light ends fractionation column provide the equivalent of at least one theoretical distillation stage arranged to contact at least part of the first residue vapors with the liquid portion of the partly condensed second residue and the C₂ containing liquid admixed therewith in step (f). 4. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the C₂-containing liquid from step (a) is cooled. 5. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the combined second residue and C₂-containing liquid from step (a) is cooled before it is delivered into the light ends fractionation column. 6. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the first residue from step (a) is passed through an expansion means to decrease the pressure and reduce the temperature of the first residue before it is delivered to the light ends fractionation column. 7. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the first residue from step (a) is passed through an expansion means to decrease the pressure and reduce the temperature of the first residue before it is delivered to the light ends fractionation column. 8. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that the temperature of the second residue is reduced before it is directed into contact with at least part of the C₂-containing liquid from step (a) in step (f). 9. A process according to claim 8, characterized in that the steps of reducing the temperature of the second residue includes: (i) passing the second residue through a heat exchanger; (ii) compressing the second residue after step (i); (iii) expanding the compressed residue of step (ii) to reduce the temperature thereof; (iv) passing the reduced temperature residue of step (iii) through the heat exchanger of step (i); and (v) directing the second residue from step (iv) into contact with at least part of the C₂-containing liquid. 10. An apparatus for separating a hydrocarbon feed gas containing at least methane and C₂ components into a fraction containing a predominant portion of methane and lighter components and a fraction containing a predominant portion of the C₂ and heavier components, characterized in that it comprises: (a) a separator (44) for receiving hydrocarbon feed gas and for providing at a first outlet a first residue vapor and at a second outlet C₂-containing liquid, which liquid also contains lighter hydrocarbons, (b) a heavy ends fractionation column (56) connected to receive a portion of the C₂-containing liquids the heavy ends fractionation column being adapted to separate the C₂-containing liquids into a second residue containing lighter hydrocarbons and a C₂-containing liquid product, (c) light ends fractionation column (52) connected to receive at least part of the first residue vapors and at least part of the liquid portion of the partially condensed second residue and to co-mingle the vapor and liquid in at least one contacting stage and including a separator for separating the vapor and liquid after contact in the stage and being further connected to supply the liquids separated therein to the heavy end fractionation column as a liquid feed thereto and (d) means of co-mingling a portion of the C₂-containing liquid from the separator with the second residue before the second residue is introduced into the light ends fractionation column. 11. The apparatus according to claim 10, characterized in that the light ends fractionation column (52) includes fractionation for counter-current vapor-liquid contact and wherein the light ends fractionation column is connected to receive the portion of the first residue vapors to be treated therein below the fractionation means and to receive the portion of the liquids from the partially condensed second residue to be treated therein above the fractionation means, the fractionation means thereby being adapted so that the first residue vapors rise therethrough in counter-current contact with partially condensed second residue. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that the fractionation means in the light ends fractionation column includes vapor-liquid contacting means which are the equivalent of at least one theoretical distillation stage. 13. An apparatus according to claim 10, characterized in that heat exchange means (59, 60) are connected to receive the second residue and to partially condense it. 14. An apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that the heat exchange means (59,60) connected to receive the second residue and to partially condense it includes the arrangement wherein the light ends fractionation column is connected to direct third residue vapors separated therein through the heat exchange means. 15. An apparatus according to claim 10, characterized in that expansion means, connected to receive first residue from the separator, has means to reduce the pressure of and reduce the temperature of the first residue before it is directed into the light ends fractionation column. 16. An apparatus according to claim 15, characterized in that the expansion means is in the form of a turbo expander (46).

Inventors: BUCK, LOREN L., KEY, RONALD D.
Applicants: THE PRO-QUIP CORPORATION
Application year: 1989
Main classification: F25J3
IPC codes: F25J3, C07C7