Weight-on-bit and torque measuring apparatus

Abstract: A drill string sub is disclosed for measuring the torque and axial compression in the drill string. The drill string sub includes an outer tubular housing (11) and an inner sleeve type apparatus mounted thereto for amplifying the strain the sensors measure. The sub further includes a section(40, 46, 49, 51, 55, 61, 63) for compensating for the axial stresses due to the local pressure differential between the drill string bore and the well bore annulus and for the thermal gradients occurring during operation. This section includes a balance tube (40) for isolating the internal bore pressure from acting on the strain amplifier (70) and for creating an upward axial force on the tubular housing (11) and strain amplifier (70) which is responsive to this pressure differential to counter the axial stresses mentioned above. The sensors (70) are encapsulated in oil to avoid theeffects of the corrosion and electrical shorting which are promoted by drilling fluids.

Description: The present invention relates to drill string assemblies incorporating downhole tools for sensing the stresses caused by torque and compression acting on the drill string, and for minimizing steady state errors due to pressure and temperature difference. Weight-on-bit is generally recognized as being an important parameter in controlling the drilling of a well. Properly controlled weight-on-bit is necessary to optimize the rate at which the bit penetrates the formation, as well as the bit wear. Torque also is an important measure useful in estimating the wear of the bit, particularly when considered together with measurements of weight-on-bit. Excessive torque is indicative of serious bit damage such as bearing failure and locked cones. In the past, weight-on-bit and torque measurements have been made at the surface. However, a surface measurement is not always reliable due to drag of the drill string on the borehole wall, and other factors. Recent developments in borehole telemetry systems have made it possible to make the measurement downhole, but for the most part, the downhole sensors that have been utilized are subject to significant inaccuracies due to the effects of well pressures and temperature gradients that are present during the drilling process. These systems, regardless of the design of the sensing equipment cannot distinguish between strain due to weight and axial strain due to pressure differential "pump apart" force. This force may be defined as the force on the end area of a cylindrical pressure vessel such as an oil well drill pipe string which urges said vessel to elongate under internal pressure. The problem that leads to the employment of a mechanical strain amplifier is that of obtaining a signal of satisfactory magnitude. Sensitive strain elements are subject to damage at high loads. US Patent No. 3 686 942 discloses a strain element limber enough to give good signal response but the travel of its motion is constrained with stops to prevent inelastic deformation for loads well beyond the range of interesting measurement. Another approach to this problem is shown in US Patent No. 3 968 473. This patent describes a tool having an inner mandrel with a thin section on which strain gauges are glued and an outer stablizing sleeve. While there is no mechanical amplification in this design, the patent describes a mathematical sizing of the strain element so as to obtain matched sensitivity in the weight-on-bit and torque-on-bit modes at the maximum needed strength. US Patent No. 3 827 294 shows a mechanical strain amplifier in a downhole tool which is geometrically dissimilar to the one disclosed in the present specification. Mechanical strain amplifiers are also shown in US Patent Nos. 3 876 972 and 4 608 861. US Patent Nos. 4 359 898 and 3 968 473 illustrate designs utilizing pressure compensating devices, which, again, are dissimilar to the device disclosed in the present specification. The current devices described above are deficient in at least one of the following features: automatic pressure compensation to correct for axial stress which is caused by "pump apart" tension; a means to prevent circumferential stress due to bore pressure from distorting the axial force bridge reading; and a means to avoid the effects of tool distortion due to temperature gradients. French Patent Specification No. 2 439 291 discloses a drill string assembly for use in a well bore. The assembly has a lower end which terminates with a rock bit for drilling the well bore. A plurality of drill pipes have an external cylindrical wall which cooperates with the well bore to form an outer well bore annulus. The inside of the drill pipes form a drill string bore. A drill string sub is connectable to the lower section of the drill string assembly, for measuring the weight and the torque acting on the rock bit. The drill string sub is provided with a tubular housing having an outside diameter and an internal bore for supporting the weight of said drill string assembly. A strain amplifier comprising a uniform cylindrical section lies within the bore of said tubular housing and is attached thereto to enable a portion of the support stresses to pass through said strain amplifier. A strain gauge is mounted on the strain amplifier to sense the stresses of torque and compression passing therethrough. Means are provided for mechanically compensating for the axial stresses due to the local pressure differential between the drill string bore and the well bore annulus. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved apparatus for measuring weight-on-bit and torque downhole. According to the present invention there is provided a drill string assembly for use in a well bore, the assembly comprising a lower end which terminates with a rock bit for drilling the well bore, a plurality of drill pipes having an external cylindrical wall which cooperates with the well bore to form an outer well bore annulus, the inside of the drill pipes forming a drill string bore, a drill string sub connectable to the lower section of the drill string assembly, for measuring the weight and the torque acting on the rock bit, said drill string sub comprising a tubular body (11), for supporting the weight of said drill string assembly; a strain amplifier (25) comprising a cylindrical section extending coaxially with said tubular body (11) and attached thereto to enable a portion of the support stresses to pass through said strain amplifier (25); sensing means (30) mounted on said strain amplifier (25) for sensing the stresses of torque and compression passing therethrough; and means (40,46,49,51,55,61,63) for mechanically compensating for the axial stresses generated in the strain amplifier due to the local pressure differential between the drill string bore and the well bore annulus; characterised in that said compensating means comprises a balance tube (40) extending coaxially with the strain amplifier (25) and attached only at one end to the drill string sub, and first and second co-axial annular pistons (51,46) engaged by the balance tube (40) and the tubular body (11) respectively; wherein the pistons are acted on by the well bore annulus pressure and drill string pressure to urge the tubular body (11) and balance tube (40) in opposite axial directions to apply a compensating force to the strain amplifier (25) responsive to the pressure differential between the drill string bore and the well bore annulus. Drill string assemblies embodying the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings in which: Figure 1 is a sectional view of the downhole tool of the present invention; Figure 2 is an enlarged view of a portion of the tool shown in Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the present invention. Generally speaking, pressure pulses are transmitted through the drilling fluid used in the drilling operations to send information from the vicinity of the drill bit to the surface of the earth. As the well is drilled, at least one downhole condition, such as weight-on-bit or torque-on-bit, within the well is sensed, and a signal, usually analog, is generated to represent the sensed condition. The analog signal is converted to a digital signal, which is used to alter the flow of drilling fluid in the well to cause pulses at the surface to produce an appropriate signal representing the sensed downhole condition. More specifically, a drill string is suspended in a borehole and has a typical drill bit attached to its lower end. Immediately above the bit lies a sensor apparatus 10. The output of sensor 10 is fed to a transmitter, or pulser assembly, for example, of the type shown and described in US Patent No. 4 401 134 which is incorporated herein by reference. The pulser assembly is located and attached within a special drill collar section and is a hydraulically activated downhole regenerative pump. When initiated by a microprocessor, high pressure fluid hydraulically forces a poppet against an orifice and partially restricts the mud flow. The result is an increase in the circulating mud pressure which is observed as a positive pressure pulse at the earth's surface. This detected signal is then processed to provide recordable data representative of the downhole measurements. Although a pulsing system is mentioned herein, other types of telemetry systems may be employed, provided they are capable of transmitting an intelligible signal from downhole to the surface during the drilling operation. Referring now to Figure 1 for a detailed representation of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the sensor apparatus 10 includes a tubular body 11 having a mechanical strain amplifier section 20 forming a portion of the tubular body 11. The strain amplifier section 20 comprises a primary cylindrical section 21 having an outside diameter of the exterior of the tubular body 11. Most of the stresses of torque and compression in the drill string are supported by the primary section 21. A mechanical strain amplifier 25 is coaxially mounted within the primary section 21 and is coextensive therewith. The amplifier 25 is also formed as a cylindrical body that is affixed to the primary section by means of a plurality of pins 27 located at both ends thereof. The strain amplifier section is preferably removable so that all the electrical work can be done on the outside surface. This is accomplished by means of threaded connections 65 and 67 located on the ends of the tubular body 11 and the bottom sub 44. The central portion of the amplifier 25 includes a reduced thickness section 29 having a plurality of electrical resistance-type strain gauges 30 mounted thereon. For measuring strain in the section 29 indicative of axial compression loading and torque acting on the body, preferably eight gauges 30 are arranged in four equally spaced rosettes about the periphery of the section 29 with each pair of opposed rosettes forming a bridge. Although not shown, each pair of opposed rosettes is utilized in a resistance bridge network of a general design familiar to those skilled in the art. Each pair of opposed rosettes forms a full bridge ie, each resistive element of the wheatstone bridge is active. The bridge elements are cemented in place as two, two-gauge rosettes 180 degrees opposite each other on the O.D. of the strain amplifier 25. The set registering torque is placed 90 degrees away from the set registering weight-on-bit. Further, in terms of the orientation of the fibres of the resistive elements, the weight-on-bit rosettes are aligned in axial and transversal directions with respect to the drilling direction, while the torque rosettes are aligned diagonally (45 degrees away from the axial direction). The electrical leads to the network are brought through appropriate sealed connectors and communicate with an electronics package via an electrical pass-through 35, a cable 37 which insulates, shields and excludes foreign substances, and an electrical pressure feed-through 39. The region of space in which the strain gauges 30 are mounted is enclosed by a flexible rubber boot 41 and is filled with electrically inert transformer oil 43. Also placed across the primary section 21 is a balance tube 40 for compensating for the axial stress which stems from the local pressure difference between the well bore annulus and the drill string bore. The balance tube 40 extends from the inside diameter of the tubular body 11 to the inside diameter of a bottom sub 44. Seals 45 are provided to seal off drill string bore 42 from the annular region between the outside of balance tube 40 and inside the outer wall of the tubular body 11. The upper portion of this area forms a compartment 48 which communicates through ports 49 to the exterior of the tubular body 11. Figure 2 shows more clearly the balance tube 40 along with the amplifier section 20. The lower end of the primary section 21 also includes a slidable piston 46 extending across the annulus and forms the lower end of compartment 48. A seal 52 is provided on the face 50 which abuts the balance tube 40. The face 97 of the outside diameter at the piston 46 is sealed to the tubular body 11 by a seal 99. This slidable piston 46 is constrained from upper motion by shoulder 58 in the tubular body 11. The balance tube 40 also includes an annular projection 51 which extends across the same annulus to form two compartments 53 and 55. A seal 57 is provided on the face 59 of the projection 51. The compartment 53 communicates with the interior 42 of the balance tube 40 through port 61 while the compartment 55 communicates with the exterior of the tubular body 11 through port 63. The strained assembly is located in such a manner that it is subject only to the pressure and temperature of the well annulus yet chemically isolated from the well fluids. In operation, the compensator system functions to eliminate the effect of the pressure differential between the tool bore and the downhole annulus acting on the strain amplifier 29. The changes in the strain gauges due to bulk stress are cancelled to a first order effect by the use of full wheatstone bridge circuits. The balance tube 40 relieves the primary section 21 of extensive strains due to the pressure differential. This is accomplised by the slidable piston 46 and the annular projection 51 which, through their respective piston areas, are responsive to the differential pressures acting on compartments 48, 53 and 55 to exert an upward compressive force, on the primary member 21, and a reactive downward tensile force acting on the balance tube 40. In Figure 2, the "pump apart" force exerts itself along the drill string, as for instance, at vector B and is a function of the local inside diameter and the local pressure. The local inside bore diameter shall be called d₁ and the resultant area A₁. It should also be noted that the outer diameter of the piston area is d₂ with the resultant piston area noted as A₂ - A₁ as previously mentioned, the "pump apart" force is the product of the pressure differential (delta p) times A₁. The projections 46 and 51 have their seal diameters chosen so that the force of delta p (A₂ - A₁) acts to compress the primary section 21 and strain amplifier 29, as for instance, at vector A , and as a reaction, to stretch the pressure balance tube 40 at vector C . Neglecting friction, A₂ - A₁ = A₁ will balance the forces. Hence ideally, the major diameter d₂ is the square root of two larger than the minor diameter d₁, ie, A₂ equals twice A₁. Regarding static seal friction acting on the components, laboratory testing has shown that when the seal area ratio was put at the ideal frictionless value of two, the compensation of "pump apart" force fell short by about ten percent for the test unit. However, using field test data, the geometric ratio of A₂/A₁ was altered from the ideal of two by an amount to overcome seal friction which was 2.15. Referring to Figure 3, this embodiment shows a strain amplifier 70 having a reduced section 71 for supporting stain gauges 72 similar to those in the first embodiment. The strain amplifier 70 extends very closely along a primary member 75 and is connected thereto by pins 77. A balance tube 80 is threadedly supported by the drill string at its upper end 82, while its lower end extends into a connecting sub 81. The balance tube 80 is sealed at both ends by seals 83 and cooperates with the primary member 75 to form an enclosed chamber therebetween. A sliding annular piston 85 is slidably located within this chamber to create seal compartment 86 for housing the strain amplifier 70. A quantity of electrically inert transformer oil is in the compartment 86 to completely fill up its volume. Suitable annular anti-friction pads 87 and seals 88 are mounted on the sliding piston 85. Second and third sliding pistons, 90 and 91 respectively, are also located with the compartment between the balance tube 80 and the primary member 75 to separate that volume into three compartments 92, 93 and 94. Compartments 92 and 94 are vented to the external fluid pressure by ports 95 and 96 while compartment 93 is vented to the internal fluid pressure by port 97. The lower end of piston 90 is adapted to abut a snap ring 98 to limit the piston's travel downwardly while the upper end of piston 91 is adapted to abut a shoulder 99 of the primary member 75. Suitable annular seals 100 are also located on the pistons 90 and 91. It should be noted that the strain amplifier 70 is contiguous to the primary member 75 and spaced from the balance tube 80. This has been found to be sufficient to avoid the effects of tool distortion due to temperature gradients. The sliding pistons 90 and 91 work in the same manner as the previous embodiment by functioning in response to the pressure differential in chambers 92, 93 and 94 to provide a compressive force to the primary member 75 and the strain amplifier 70 (via shoulder 99) and to provide a reactive tensile force to the balance tube 80. Again, by having the piston area twice the bore area, the forces are balanced. As a result, the only force that the strain amplifier would see would be the compressive force of the drill column. Moreover, similiar compensations can be made for frictional drag of the seals 100 by making the piston area slightly larger than ideal.

Claims: A drill string assembly for use in a well bore, the assembly comprising a lower end which terminates with a rock bit for drilling the well bore, a plurality of drill pipes having an external cylindrical wall which cooperates with the well bore to form an outer well bore annulus, the inside of the drill pipes forming a drill string bore, a drill string sub connectable to the lower section of the drill string assembly, for measuring the weight and the torque acting on the rock bit, said drill string sub comprising a tubular body (11), for supporting the weight of said drill string assembly; a strain amplifier (25) comprising a cylindrical section extending coaxially with said tubular body (11) and attached thereto to enable a portion of the support stresses to pass through said strain amplifier (25); sensing means (30) mounted on said strain amplifier (25) for sensing the stresses of torque and compression passing therethrough; and means (40,46,49,51,55,61,63) for mechanically compensating for the axial stresses generated in the strain amplifier due to the local pressure differential between the drill string bore and the well bore annulus; characterised in that said compensating means comprises a balance tube (40) extending coaxially with the strain amplifier (25) and attached only at one end to the drill string sub, and first and second co-axial annular pistons (51,46) engaged by the balance tube (40) and the tubular body (11) respectively; wherein the pistons are acted on by the well bore annulus pressure and drill string pressure to urge the tubular body (11) and balance tube (40) in opposite axial directions to apply a compensating force to the strain amplifier (25) responsive to the pressure differential between the drill string bore and the well bore annulus. A drill string assembly according to Claim 1, wherein the balance tube (40) isolates the strain amplifier (25) from the drill string bore pressure but wherein the strain amplifier is subjected to the pressure of the well bore annulus. A drill string assembly according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, wherein a rubber boot (41) is mounted around the cylindrical wall of said strain amplifier (25) to provide a sealed volume around said sensing means (30). A drill string assembly according to Claim 3, wherein said strain amplifier (25) includes a portion (29) housed within the rubber boot (41) and having a reduced wall thickness with respect to the rest of said cylindrical section. A drill string assembly according to Claim 4, wherein said sensing means comprises strain gauges (30) mounted on said reduced wall portion. A drill string assembly according to Claim 3, wherein said sealed volume is filled with an electrically inert fluid (43). A drill string assembly according to Claim 1, wherein the annular pistons (51,46) are located within a piston chamber (48,53,55) formed between the tubular body (11) and the balance tube (40). A drill string assembly according to Claim 7, wherein the two annular pistons (51,46) separate said chamber into three axially spaced compartments (48,53,55) and wherein the compartment (53) between said annular pistons (51,46) is in fluid communication via a port (61) to said drill string bore, and the other two compartments (48,55) are in fluid communication via ports (49,63) to said well bore annulus. A drill string according to Claim 8, wherein said first annular piston (51) is oriented below said second annular piston (46) to apply a tensile axial force to said balance tube (40) while said second annular piston (46) applies a compressive axial force to said tubular body (11) when the pressure in the drill string bore exceeds that in the well bore annulus. A drill string assembly according to any preceding claim, wherein the area A₂ defined by the outer diameter of the pistons (51,46) is substantially twice the area A₁ of the internal bore of the drill string sub. A drill string assembly according to Claim 10, wherein said area A₂ is substantially 2.15 times larger than the internal bore area A₁. A drill string assembly according to Claim 7, wherein the first piston (51) comprises a projection extending from said balance tube (40) across said chamber to slidingly engage the cylindrical wall of said tubular body (11). A drill string assembly according to Claim 12, characterised in that said second piston (46) comprises a projection extending from said tubular body (11) across said chamber to slidingly engage the cylindrical wall of said balance tube (40). A drill string assembly according to Claim 13, wherein the tubular body (11) has a shoulder (58) extending into said chamber (48) for engagement with said second piston (46). A drill string assembly according to Claim 7, wherein the upper end of said piston chamber is formed by an annular piston (85) slidingly mounted within said piston chamber (86,94). A drill string assembly according to Claim 15, wherein the volume (86) above said annular piston (85) formed by said tubular body (11) and said balance tube (80) is filled with electrically inert fluid.

Inventors: HEBEL JAMES BRACKEN, HEBEL, JAMES BRACKEN
Applicants: HALLIBURTON CO, HALLIBURTON COMPANY
Application year: 1989
Main classification: E21B47
IPC codes: E21B47