ANIONIC SURFACTANT ADDITION PRODUCTS OF MALEIC OR FUMARIC ACID AND A POLY(ETHOXYLATED) ALCOHOL

Abstract: A process for preparing anionic surfactants is disclosed and, more specifically, surfactants which exhibit excellent sequestering efficacy for metal ions. These surfactants are prepared by the addition reaction of maleic or fumaric acid with a poly(ethoxylated) alcohol which is a relatively fast reaction as compared to certain of the analogous reaction using poly(ethoxylated-propoxylated) alcohols of the prior art. The surfactants of the present invention are physically and chemically stable in aqueous alkali media.

Description: ^ANIONIC SURFACTANT ADDITION PRODUCTS OF MALEIC OR FUMARIC ACID AND A POLY(ETHOXYLATED) ALCOHOL" This invention relates generally to anionic surfactants and, more specifically, to such surfactants which exhibit excellent sequestering efficacy for metal ions. These surfactants are prepared by the addition reaction of maleic or fuπtaric acid with a poly(ethoxylated) alcohol. Anionic surfactant addition products of maleic or fumaric acid and certain types of poly(oxyalkylated) alcohols are known in the art. By way of illustration, U.S. Patent No. 4,533,485 discloses such surfactants wherein the oxyalkylated moiety contains at least two different alkoxy groups, such as blocks of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide groups. Column 7, lines 35-48, of this patent provides an explanation for the requirement for both of these different groups by stating that the ethylene oxide block is susceptable to degradation in caustic and other alkaline solutions, thereby causing incompatibility in various industrial and institutional applications. The surfactants disclosed in the above '485 patent exhibit excellent physical properties, and some have attained wide commercial acceptance. However, these surfactants are structurally not as simple as might be desired due to the requirement for two different kinds of alkoxy groups. In addition, the fabrication time for certain of these ethylene oxide and propylene oxide block-containing materials can be longer than might be desired. In the past, phosphates have been commonly used as sequesterants for metal ions, typically in household detergents. However, due to recent federal and state legislation banning the use of phosphates in such applications, new methods of sequestering metal ions, such as calcium, magnesium, copper or iron ions, would be highly desired by the household and institutional cleaning products communities. In addition, new surfactants which are easier and simpler to fabricate and which exhibit a combination of caustic solubility and stability in alkali media, together with metal ion sequestering efficacy, would be highly desired by the surfactant industry. Heretofore, such new surfactants had not been discovered to the knowledge of the present inventors. In one aspect, the present invention relates to a surfactant composition made by a process comprising: a) forming a carboxylic acid addition product by reacting, in the presence of a peroxy-type free radical initiator, an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride. and mixtures thereof, with at least one poly(ethoxylated) alcohol or end-capped poly(ethoxylated) alcohol having the empirical structural formula: R 1 -O-(CH 2 -CH 2 -O). χ -R 2 . wherein R. is a hydrocarbon having an average of between about 6 and about 25 (preferably between 6 and 18, more preferably between 9 and 16) ; R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having between 1 and 8 carbon atoms; and x is a number having a value of between about 1 and about 25; the weight ratio of said poly(ethoxylated) alcohol to said dicarboxylic acid being between about 95:5 and about 40:60 (preferably between about 90:10 and about 50:50); and b) neutralizing said addition product with a sufficient amount of a neutralizing agent to convert at least a major portion of said carboxylic acid group to salt group, said surfactant composition having an aqueous surface tension of less than about 45 (preferably between about 25 and about 35) dynes/cm and a calcium sequestering efficacy of at least about 5 (more preferably at least about 10, most preferably at least about 20) milligrams of calcium per gram of surfactant composition. In another aspect the present invention relates to a composition having an empirical structural formula of: R,-O-(CH-CH-O) -R Y Z wherein R, is a hydrocarbon having an average of between about 6 and about 25 (preferably between 6 and 18, more preferably between 9 and 16) ; R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having between 1 and 8 carbon atoms; x is a number having a value of between about 1 and about 25; and wherein Y and Z are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a radical derived from maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, and mixtures thereof, (such as a succinic acid radical) with the proviso that at least one succinic acid radical be present per molecule of said composition. Preferably, the radical is present on average in an amount of between about 10 weight percent and about 50 weight percent based upon the total weight of said composition. These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description of the invention. In accordance with the present invention, it has now been surprisingly found that the addition products, maleic acid, fumaric acid, or mixtures thereof, with a select poly(ethoxylated) alcohol provides a surfactant having excellent calcium sequestering efficacy. Moreover, the surfactant is physically and chemically stable in aqueous alkali media. Moreover, this surfactant is produced by a straight-forward reaction that is relatively fast as compared to certain of the analogous reactions using poly(ethoxylated- - propoxylated) alcohols of the prior art. While the present invention is not to be limited, this free radical initiated addition reaction is believed to occur by a three-step mechanism, which is illustrated by the following Equations (I) through (X) wherein the pol (ethoxylated) alcohol employed is represented by A; one of the selected acids is represented by B; and the peroxy-type free radical initiator is represented by ROOR: Initiation: ROOR —V 2RO. (I) Propogation: A + RO. ■> A. + ROH (II) A. + B — A-B. (Ill) A-B. + A A-B + A. (IV) A-B. + ROH —V A-B + RO. (V) Termination: A. + A. —► A-A (VI) AB. + A. —■> A-B-A (VII) AB. + AB. —*>• ABBA (VIII) Maleic acid, fumaric acid and mixtures thereof [maleic acid being [cis—HOOCCH--CHCOOH] and fumaric acid being (trans—HOOCCH—CHCOOH) ] , are suitable ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids since they do not readily homopolymerize under the reaction conditions of the present invention. Free radical addition reactions with them are completed by removal of a hydrogen from another pol (ethoxylated) alcohol [see Equation (IV) above] or from another hydrogen atom source. Furthermore, it has been found that these carboxylic acids [when reacted with poly(ethoxylated) alcohols according to the present invention] are particularly suitable for making surfactants having excellent sequestering ability and additionally alkaline stability and solubility. In accordance with the present invention, the dicarboxylic acid reacts with the poly(ethoxylated) alcohol to form the addition product by replacing a hydrogen on at least one of the carbons on at least one of the ethylene oxide substituents per molecule. In theory, each of such carbon atoms could act as a site for attachment of a carboxylic acid group. In practice, however, steric effects would normally be expected to limit the number of carboxylic acid groups that add to each molecule of alcohol to a small fraction of the theoretical number of bonding sites. Generally, the number of acid groups per ethoxy group on the alcohol in the reaction mixture will be between about 0.05 and about 1, preferably between about 0.2 and about 0.6, more preferably between about 0.4 and about 0.6. Poly(ethoxylated) alcohols may be made by methods analogous to those described in U.S. Patent No. 3,340,309 at column 3. The disclosure of this patent is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Generally, pol (ethoxylated) alcohols may be made by condensing an aliphatic alcohol, or mixture of alcohols, of the desired average chain length, with ethylene oxide. The methods used for condensing may be any of the well-known methods described in the art. Preferably, the reaction to make the intermediate occurs at elevated temperatures in the range of about 140°C to about 200°C (more preferably from about 160°C to 180°C) . It is also preferred to carry out such reactions in the presence of an effective amount (e.g. about 0.005 percent to 1 percent by weight of the alcohol weight) of a suitable alkaline catalyst(s) such as salts or hydroxides of the alkali metals or alkaline earth metals. The preferred catalyst is KOH. Various methods for making pol (ethoxylated) alcohols are known and many of these ' intermediates are commercially available. The R* moiety on the poly(ethoxylated) alcohols is suitably a branched or straight-chain alkyl, aryl or aralkyl hydrocarbon radical having an average number of carbons as specified above. Typically, R, will comprise a hydrophobic mixture of hydrocarbon radicals such as a mixture, a c *i2~ C 15 mixture or a c ιg~ c ιg mixture. In contrast, the R- moiety is generally either a hydrophilic or hydrophobic moiety having a short carbon chain length such as methyl, octyl, acetyl, sec-butyl, or alternatively, a hydrogen moiety. Alternatively, R~ can be a substituted hydrocarbon such as benzylsulfonate, methylphosphate or ethylsulfonate. In fabricating the surfactant composition of the present invention, it should be noted that peroxy-type free radical initiators are preferred. Other types of initiators are less preferred for this reaction. Typical peroxy-type free radical initiators include hydrogen peroxide and organo peroxides and hydroperoxides such as dibenzoyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, benzoyl hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, butyryl peroxide, diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, paramenthane hydroperoxide, diacetyl peroxide, dialphacumyl peroxide, dipropyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxide, isopropyl-t-butyl peroxide, butyl-t-butyl peroxide, dilauryl peroxide, difuroyl peroxide, ditriphenylmethyl peroxide, bis(p-methoxy-benzoyl) peroxide, p-monomethoxybenzoyl peroxide, rubrene peroxide, ascaridol, t-butylperoxybenzoate, diethyl peroxyterephthalate, propyl hydroperoxide, isopropyl^ hydroperoxide, n-butyl hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, trans-Decalin hydroperoxide, alpha-methylbenzyl hydroperoxide, alpha-methyl-alpha-ethyl benzyl hydroperoxide, Tetralin hydroperoxide, triphenyl ethyl hydroperoxide, diphenyl- methyl hydroperoxide, 2,5-di-methyl-2,5-bis(2-ethyl hexanoyl peroxy)hexane, l,l-bis(t-butyl-peroxy) cyclohexane and t-butyl perbenzoate. As stated above, the weight ratio of the total pol (oxyalkylated) alcohol(s) to the unsaturated dicarboxylic acid employed in the addition reaction is generally between about 95:5 and about 40:60 (preferably between about 90:10 and about 50:50). When less than about 5 parts by weight of the acid is used per about 95 parts of the alcohol, the resulting composition is not expected to provide sequestering efficacy. When more than about 50 parts by weight of the acid is employed per about 50 parts of the alcohol, a significant portion of the acid will frequently not react onto the alcohol due to steric hindrance of reactive sites depending upon the specific structure of the alcohol. Besides the specified reactants, peroxy-type initiators and weight ratios mentioned above, the other reaction conditions for the addition reaction are not critical to the present invention and the present process should not be limited to any particular conditions. It is preferred to carry out the addition reaction at a temperature of between about 25°C and about 150°C. More preferably, the reaction temperature may be in the range of between about 80°C and about 150°C. The reaction temperature should be high enough to activate the peroxy-type free radical initiator for this reaction. In some cases, it may be desirable to add a free radical accelerator such as ferrocene or a Redox - catalyst to speed up the reaction. The reaction time will depend mainly upon the reation temperature used, the specific alcohol reactant employed, and the molar ratio of acid to alcohol desired to be reacted. Suitable reaction times will range from 1/2 hour up to about 25 hours, preferably between 1/2 hour and 5 hours. The reaction may be monitored by following the disappearance of the acid or anhydride in the reaction mixture using conventional analysis techniques. Generally, this reaction is carried out without a solvent. However, in some cases, it may be desirable to employ an organic solvent. For example, if a very viscous poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol is employed, it may be desirable to thin the reaction mixture by using an organic solvent or aqueous emulsion polymerization to facilitate the reaction. Reaction pressure can be selected as desired. Typically, super- or sub-atmospheric reaction pressure is not necessary for the present reaction. Atmospheric pressure is preferred in order to avoid the expense of special reaction vessels. However, elevated pressures can be used, if desired, and these superatmospheric pressures of up to 10 atmospheres or higher are suitably utilized to drive the reaction to completion and thereby reduce the reaction time. The free radical initiated reaction of this invention may be conducted under conditions known to be suitable for free radical polymerizations. The reaction is advantageously carried out by mixing the reactants, initiato (s) , and optionally with a free radical accelerator(s) and solvent, at temperatures from about 25°C to about 150°C with an inert atmosphere (e.g., under a nitrogen blanket) until the reaction is complete. The initiator (s) and optional catalyst(s) and solvent may be added at the beginning of the reaction or may be added portionwise at intervals during the course of reaction. Likewise, the unsaturated acid reactant(s) and the poly(oxyalkylated) alcohol(s) reactants may be brought together at the beginning of the reaction or may be combined in increments as the reaction proceeds. The adducts produced by this reaction are generally water-insoluble, but they may be converted into water-dispersible or water-soluble form by reaction with a conventional neutalization agent (e.g. an inorganic or organic base) which converts some or all of the carboxylic acids groups into ionic groups. Thus, the formed addition product is neutralized in accordance with this invention in order to convert at least a major portion (i.e., at least 50 percent) of the carboxylic acid groups on the addition product into ionic groups. Any conventional neutralizing agent may be employed. Preferred agents include water soluble primary, secondary, or tertiary amines (e.g. triethanolamine) , alkali metal hydroxides and mixtures thereof. The most preferred neutralization agents are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The amount of neutralization agent added is preferably sufficient to convert substantially all (i.e., above about 95 percent) of the carboxylic acid groups in the addition product to salt groups (e.g., —COO~Na ). The presence of these salt groups allows the composition to be alkali- and water-soluble. It should be note that the neutralization agent may also be a alkali-containing processing bath or the like in which the surfactant is to be used. In this latter case, it may be desirable to merely add the unneutralized (or free-acid) adduct of the present invention and allow the neutralization to take place in-situ. The advantageous properties of the surfactant compositions of the present invention make them suitable for use in dishwashing detergent formulations, laundry detergents, as wetting, washing and dispersing agents in the textile, leather, paper, paint, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as for household applications. The anionic surfactants of the present invention are particularly useful as surface active agents or emulsifiers in aqueous mixtures (e.g., solutions, suspensions and the like). The following ex.amples are intended to illustrate, but in no way limit the scope of, the present invention. 1175H EXAMPLE 1 A. Preparation of a Surfactant Composition (Composition No. 3 in Table I Below) of the Present Invention Having Caustic Solubility Into a 100 ml, 3-neck, round bottom flask equipped with a thermometer, stirring bar, nitrogen inlet with bubbler, and a water condenser was placed NEODOL R -* 91-8* (29.5 g; 0.058 moles; a product of the Shell Oil Company) . The contents of the flask were then heated to 100°C under vacuum (5-10 mm) for 10 minutes to remove any water present. The flask was then cooled to 70°C and fumaric acid (25.9 g; 0.23 moles) was added followed by 1.5 g di-t-butyl peroxide. The reaction mixture was heated at 125° to 130°C for six hours. Then another 1.7 g di-t-butyl peroxide was added and the mixture heated at 128° to 132°C for 10 hours. The clear yellow solution was cooled to 100°C and diluted with 40.2 g of water and then neutralized (pH 9) with 35.5 g of 50 percent NaOH to provide a solution containing 50 weight percent active product. A 0.5 weight percent solution of this product was soluble in a solution of 20 percent sodium hydroxide. * NEODOL< R > 91-8 is a Cg-C^ linear alcohol ethoxylated with 8 moles of ethylene oxide, manufactured by the Shell Oil Company. B. Preparation of Another Surfactant Composition (Composition No. 8 in Table I Below) Using the same equipment as in EXAMPLE 1, ethyl capped BRIJ (R) 35** (10 g; 0.0081 moles; a product of ICI Australia Limited), fumaric acid (5.7 g; 0.049 moles), and 0.75 g of di-t-butyl peroxide were mixed together and heated under nitrogen at 138° to 144°C for two hours. The solution was then cooled slightly ( 80°C) and 8.55 g of 40 percent NaOH was added dropwise. After addition was completed, 12.4 g of water was added to afford a solution containing 50 percent active material. ** An ethyl-capped modification of BRIJ 35 which is C 12 H 25(OCH2CH2)23 OH manufactured by ICI America Limited. D. Preparation of a Third Surfactant Composition (Composition 5 in Table I Below) Using the same equipment as in EXAMPLE 1 (A) above, 5.07 g (0.0084 moles) of AVANEL (R) s-70*** (100 percent active material; a product of PPG Industries Inc.), 2.94 g (0.25 moles) of fumaric acid, and 0.5 g of di-t-butyl peroxide were added together and heated at 138 to 143 C for eight hours. The viscous product was cooled to approximately 100°C, and the solution neutralized with 4.04 g of 50 percent NaOH followed by 6.3 g of H-0 to give a 50 percent solids solution. A 1.0 weight percent solution of this product was soluble in 30 percent sodium hydroxide solution. *** An alkyl polyethyoxylated sulfonate (M.W. 600) , manufactured by PPG Industries Inc. D. Procedure for Making an End-Capped Surfactant Into a 500 ml three-neck flask equipped with stir bar, 2 bubbler, and condenser was placed 99.6 g of NEODOL (R ' 25-12 (a product of the Shell Oil Company) and 225 g of toluene. To this solution was added 3.11 g sodium metal and the mixture heated at 105°C overnight. Into a second flask was placed 50 ml toluene and 7.0 ml (excess) of EtBr. To this solution was added dropwise over approximately 40 minutes (at 25°C) 200 ml of the sodium alkoxide of NEODOL (R) 25-12. A precipitate started to form almost immediately. The mixture, after addition, was heated at 50°C for 15 hours. The salt was removed by centrifuge and the toluene removed under vacuum to afford an ethyl-capped 25-12. The cloud point of a 1 percent solution was 67°C compared to 97°C for NEODOL (R) 25-12. The surfactant properties and sequestering data for several surfactants of this invention prepared by procedures analogous to those described above are described below in TABLE I. TABLE I l-π I * 'Draves Wetting Time" denotes the tine required to wet a 5 g cotton skein in an aqueous solution of surfactant following AATCC Method 17-1952. This property is important to textile processing utility. E. Testing of Surfactant Composition No. 4 From TABLE I for Calcium Sequestering Ability The sequestering ability of Surfactant Composition 4 from TABLE I is compared to that of STPP or sodium citrate dihydrate in solutions with various amounts of added base is shown in TABLE II below. The procedure used for determining calcium sequestering (Modified Hampshire Method) was as follows: One ml of 2 percent sodium oxalate is added to 10 ml of a 1 percent aqueous solution of sequestering agent. Solution is titrated with a calcium acetate solution to identify the calcium sequestering ability of each sequestering agent. End point is determined by a change in turbidity. TABLE II Calcium Sequestering Efficacy of Surfactant Composition 4 (See TABLE I) at Various Levels of Added Base Calcium Sequestered (mg Ca/gm Sequestering Agent) Example Sodium Citrate (Surfactant (dihydrate) Composition 4) 39.3 6.1 37.4 32.1 50.1 35.6 92.7 67.0 TABLE II shows differences in calcium sequestering efficacy at various levels of added base for the tested sequesterants. Surfactant Composition 4 (from TABLE I) has a calcium sequestering ability similar to that of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and sodium citrate. The sequestering ability of STPP decreased as the amount of added base was increased, while the sequestering ability for sodium citrate and for Surfactant Composition 4 increased as the amount with added sodium hydroxide was increased. Surfactant Composition 4 was also compared against sodium citrate dihydrate for calcium sequestering ability in a consumer laundry liquid. The results are presented in TABLE III which follows: TABLE III Ca +2 Sequester ing by Consumer Liquid Laundry Ingredient DDBSA--Na Neodol 25-7 Sodium Xylene Sulfonated, 40% Triethanolamine, 85% Sodium Citrate—Dihydrate Surfactant Composition 4 (see TABLE I) Water Ca +2 Sequestering 10.2 9.4 (mg/gm Formulation) Weight % Surfactant 23.5% 28.5% TABLE III shows that the calcium sequestering of Surfactant Composition 4 when tested by itself (TABLE II) carries over into a fully formulated product. The sodium citrate liquid laundry formulation (Formulation A in TABLE III) sequestered 10.2 mg calcium per gram of the formulation, while Formulation B which contains Surfactant Composition 4 (see TABLE I) sequestered 9.4 mg/gram of the formulation. An added benefit provided by Surfactant Composition 4 is that the hydrotrope sodium xylene sulfonate is not. needed to hold the composition together.

Claims: WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A surfactant composition made by a process characterized by: a) forming a carboxylic acid addition product by reacting, in the presence of a peroxy-type free radical initiator, an ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, and mixtures thereof, with at least one poly(ethoxylated) alcohol or end-capped poly(ethoxylated) alcohol having the empirical structural formula: R 1 -0-(CH 2 -CH 2 -0) χ -R 2 wherein R, is a hydrocarbon having an average of between about 6 and about 25 carbon atoms; R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having between 1 and 8 carbon atoms; and x is a number having a value of between about 1 and about 25; the weight ratio of said poly(ethoxylated) alcohol to said dicarboxylic acid being between about 95:5 and about 40:60; and b) neutralizing said addition product with a sufficient amount of a neutralizing agent to convert at least a major portion of said carboxylic acid group to salt group, said surfactant composition having an aqueous surface tension of less than about 45 dynes/cm, and a calcium sequestering efficacy of at least about 5 milligrams of calcium per gram of surfactant composition. 2. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that said R^ is a hydrocarbon having on average between 6 and 18 carbon atoms. 3. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that said R^ is a hydrocarbon having an average between 9 and 16 carbon atoms. 4. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that said R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having on average up to 6 carbon atoms. 5. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that said R 2 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, methyl, benzyl, hydrogen, ethylsulfonate, alkylcarboxyl, sulfate, alkyl sulfonate, and mixtures thereof. 6. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that the weight ratio of said poly(ethoxylated) alcohol to said dicarboxylic acid is between about 90:10 and about 50:50. 7. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that said aqueous surface tension is between about 25 and about 35 dynes/cm. 8. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that said calcium sequestering efficacy is at least about 10 milligrams of calcium per gram of surfactant composition. 9. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that said calcium sequestering efficacy is at least about 20 milligrams of calcium per gram of surfactant composition. 10. The surfactant composition of claim 1 characterized in that step (a) is conducted utilizing a reaction mixture of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid to poly(ethoxylated) alcohol sufficient to provide between about 0.05 and about 1 acid group per ethoxy group in said reaction mixture. 11. A composition having an empirical structural formula of: ^-0- (CH-CH-O) χ -R 2 Y Z characterized in that R, is a hydrocarbon having an average of between about 6 and about 25; 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having between 1 and 8 carbon atoms; x is a number having a value of between about 1 and about 25; and characterized in that Y and Z are individually selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a radical derived from maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that at least one of said radicals be present per molecule of said composition. 12. The composition of claim 11 characterized . in that said R, is a hydrocarbon having on average between 6 and 18 carbon atoms. 13. The composition of claim 11 characterized in that said R, is a hydrocarbon having an average between 9 and 16 carbon atoms. 14. The composition of claim 11 characterized in that said R 2 is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon having on average up to 6 carbon atoms. 15. The composition of claim 11 characterized in that said R 2 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, methyl, benzyl, hydrogen, ethylsulfonate, alkylcarboxyl, sulfate alkyl sulfonate, and mixtures thereof. 16. The composition of claim 11 characterized in that said radical is present on average in an amount of between about 10 weight percent and about 50 weight percent based upon the total weight of said composition. 17. The composition of claim 11 which has a calcium sequestering efficacy is at least about 10 milligrams of calcium per gram of composition. 18. The composition of claim 11 which has a calcium sequestering efficacy is at least about 20 milligrams of calcium per gram of composition. 19. The composition of claim 11 which has a aqueous surface tension is between less than about 45 dynes/cm. 20. The composition of claim 11 which has a aqueous surface tension is between about 25 and about 35 dynes/cm.

Inventors: HEMLING THOMAS C, WEAVER OTHA G JR, HEMLING, THOMAS, C., WEAVER, OTHA, G., JR.
Applicants: OLIN CORP, OLIN CORPORATION
Application year: 1989
Main classification: C07C59
IPC codes: B01F17, C07C59, C11D1