RECOMBINANT DNA CODING FOR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ENDOTOXIN

Abstract: Recombinant DNA coding for an insecticidally active form of the Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin which DNA is derived from the chromosome or plasmids of the A20 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis. The recombinant genes may be of the 6.6, 5.3 or 4.5 types. Further discloses a truncated chimeric endotoxin-producing gene derived from the 5.3 and 4.5-type genes of strain A20.

Description: RECOMBINANT DNA CODING FOR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ENDOTOXIN This invention relates to recombinant DNA, and in particular to such DNA coding Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin. The organism Bacillus thuringiensis carries genes which encode protein endotoxins which are insecticidal to a variety of agrono ically important insects. They are not however harmful to many benign insects, or to earthworms, birds, fish or mammals. These endotoxins are thus useful as agricultural insecticides, particularly against epidopteran pests. Bacillus thuringiensis strains have been used as agricultural insecticides for many years. Recently, Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin genes have been engineered into dicotyledonous plants and shown to confer protection against insect attack. The Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain, A20, is the subject of our prior unpublished copending UK application No 8730132 filed 24 December 1987. Strain A20 has been deposited at the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB) at Aberdeen, Scotland on 20 October 1987 under the NCIMB Accession Number 12570. It is more active than the commonly used variety kurstaki strain, HD-1. Strain A20 carries three different, but highly related, endotoxin genes similar to those described in the scientific literature as 6.6-, 5.3-, and 4.5-type genes. The first two genes are carried in one or more copies on plasmids and also on the bacterial chromosome, while the 4.5- type gene is only found on the bacterial chromosome. According to the present invention we provide recombinant DNA coding for an insecticidally active form of the Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin which DNA is derived from the A20 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis. The source of the DNA maybe either the chromosome or a plasmid. In a further aspect, our invention comprises recombinant DNA coding for an insecticidally-active form of the Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin which is derived from a 6.6-type endotoxin gene carried on a plasmid harboured by strain A20. The Maximum molecular weight of such endotoxins is about 103,000 Daltons. We have made such recombinant DNA comprising the first 2910 basepairs (970 amino acid codons) of the N-terminal coding region of a plasmid-derived 6.6-type endotoxin gene from Strain A20. The 6.6-type construct we have made encodes a fusion protein that includes 28 amino acid codons derived from the pϋCl9 vector DNA. The Bacillus thuringiensis-derived portion of the recombinant DNA has 10 baεepair changes as compared with the analogous plasmid-derived 6.6-type gene from Bacillus thuringiensis strain HD 73 (Adang e_t al_. Gene 36, 1985, 289-300). Surprisingly, all of the base changes occur within the generally conserved N-terminal portion of the gene previously designated as a "highly-conserved" region (Whiteley and Schnepf, Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 4XJ, 1986, pp549-576). Nine of the ten changes are clustered in a 0.35 kilobase segment which does not overlap with any of the 5 regions shown to be conserved in all types of endotoxin genes analysed to date {Sanchis e_t al. , Molecular Microbiol., ' 1989, pp229-238). Four of the 10 base changes result in amino acid substitutions. The invention further comprises recombinant DNA coding for an insecticidally-active form of the Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin which is derived from a 5.3-type endotoxin gene carried on a plasmid harboured by strain A20. The maximum molecular weight of the endotoxin is about 78,000 Daltons. We have made such recombinant DNA comprising the first 2161 basepairs (696 amino acid codons) of the N-terminal coding region of a plasmid-derived 5.3-type endotoxin gene from Strain A20. This endotoxin gene differs from the analogous plasmid-derived 5.3-type gene from Bacillus thuringiensis strain HD-1 (Geiser et al., Gene 48, 1986, ppl09-118) in that a deoxyguanosine base present in the published sequence at nucleotide 2024 is not present, resulting in a reading frame shift relative to the published structural gene. This frame shift results in a termination of the endotoxin gene product at amino acid residue 696, within the Bacillus thuringiensis-derived portion of the recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA, however, encodes an insecticidally-active 5.3 type endotoxin protein. In a further aspect, our invention comprises recombinant DNA coding for an insecticidally-active Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin which is a chimera derived from sequences from at least two separate Bacillus thuringiensis genes. The molecular weight of the chimera may be of the order of 110,000 Daltons. Preferably the link or links between the sequences fall outside the hypervariable regions of such genes. In a more specific aspect, our invention comprises recombinant DNA coding for an insecticidally-active form of the Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin comprising the first 1692 basepairs ( 564 amino acid codons) of the amino-terminal coding region from a 5.3-type endotoxin gene derived from Strain A20 and a restriction endonuclease Hind Ill-generated internal fragment of 1131 basepairs (377 amino acid codons) from a 4.5-type endotoxin gene derived f om strain A20. This chimeric gene encodes a novel fusion protein which also includes 28 amino acid codons derived from the pUCl9 vector DNA. The Bacillus thuringiensis portion of the recombinant DNA has 97.1% DNA sequence homology with the 5.3-type gene from which it was largely derived. The internal Hind Ill-generated fragment used in the chimera and derived from the 4.5-type gene only differs from the analogous Hind III fragment from the 5.3-type gene by a 78 basepair insertion and 7 other physically separate base changes. These differences result in the in-frame addition of 26 amino acids due to the insertion, and in seven other amino acid changes; thus the novel protein has 91% amino acid homology with the 5.3-type gene product. Recombinant genes according to our invention encoding insecticidally-active endotoxins may be of varying lengths. When cloning DNA from the A20 strain chromosome, it is convenient to use bacteriophage λ vectors or other cloning vectors that sequester the recombinant DNA from host cell enzymes that might cause homologous recombination. Three Escherichia coli strains containing the cloned 6.6- and 5.3-type endotoxin genes from A20 and the chimeric endotoxin gene have been deposited at the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria at Aberdeen, Scotland. These are: Strain Endotoxin Protein NCIMB designation Accession No. E.coli MC1022/pJHl 5.3-type fusion protein 40049 E.coli MCl022/pJH2 Novel chimeric molecule 40050 E.coli MC1022/pJHl0 6.6-type fusion protein 40211 The first two deposits were made on 23 September 1988 and the third on 15 September 1989. The invention may be further understood by reference to the drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows diagramatically the structure of 6.6, 5.3 and chimeric-type genes as cloned; Figure 2 illustrates schematically the construction of pJHl (« pIC49), pJH2(« pIC47) from publicly available vector pUCl9 and DNA obtained from A20 (NCIMB 12570); Figures 3 - 5 show the base sequence, the amino acid sequence and the main restriction sites of the pJHlO endotoxin gene; Figures 6 - 8 show the base sequence, the amino acid sequence and the main restriction sites of the pJHl endotoxin gene; Figures 9 - 12 show the base sequence, the amino acid sequence and the main restriction sites of the chimeric pJH2 endotoxin gene; Figure 13 shows the characteristics of the pJHlO endotoxin gene product; Figure 14 shows the characteristics of the pJHl endotoxin gene product; Figure 15 shows the characteristics of the pJH2 endotoxin gene product. With further reference to Figure 1, in this diagram H represents Hindlll, D * Dral , X« xmnl, C * Clal, E - EcoRl, R - EcoRV, P ■ Ps+I, B - Bell and K ■ Kpnl. A dot shows a base change, while x indicates a base change and amino acid substitution in the 6.6-type gene of the invention as compared with the 6.6-type gene of strain HD73. The line under the 6.6-type gene indicates the 2.2 kilobase Dral fragment sequenced, while the line under the 5.3-type gene indicates the approximate length of the coding sequence. The heavy broken line indicates vector DNA. In Figure 2, H is again Hindi!I, while ,N represents Ndel. With reference to Figure 5, it should be noted that the sequence from nucleotide 2228 to nucleotide 2907 (internal Dral to Hindlll) has been taken from the published literature. All other sequence data given for constructs of the inventions has been obtained independently by us. In Heliothis virescens bioassayε the chimeric gene product is of comparable potency to that of the 5.3-type gene over the normal bioassay time-course of six days. The preferred method of producing recombinant DNA according to the invention is by culturing a sample of deposited strains NCIMB 40049, 40050 or 40211, obtainable from the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria, under suitable conditions in appropriate media. Such conditions and media are well-known to the art. Variant forms of DNA according to the invention may be made by cloning suitable DNA sequences from bacteria of strain A20 (also deposited at the NCIMB, under No 12570). The invention further comprises inεecticidal compositions comprising Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin produced by expression of recombinant DNA according to the invention: as well as a process of combating insects which comprises exposing them to effective amounts of such endotoxin. Insecticidal compositions according to the invention may be obtained from cultured cell suspensions by appropriate lysis techniques. Preparations of lysed cells (i.e. cell extracts) may be used directly, or concentrated by lyophilisation, followed by reconεtitution. The proceεε of the invention iε generally carried out by incorporation of the nonviable cell extractε into, or onto, the insect food source. Alternatively the novel insecticidal gene can be introduced into the genome of food plantε normally attacked by Lepidopteran peεtε. For thiε purpoεe εuitable plant regulatory DNA sequences are inserted adjacent the recombinant DNA in operative relation therewith so as to allow expresεion of the endotoxin in the plant. Specific examples of commercially important plants to be protected in this manner are maize, cotton, and tobacco. Various plant transformation methods are known to the art, for example the use of Ti plasmid vectors (for dicots) protoplast regeneration, embryo microinjection and microprojectiles. insects which are combated by the invention include various Lepidopteran pests, for example, those in Table 1. TABLE 1 The following Examples illustrate the invention. EXAMPLE 1 Cloning of the plasmid-derived 6.6-type endotoxin gene carried on pJHlO and of chromoεomally-derived endotoxin genes. Covalently-closed circular (ccc) plasmid DNA was prepared from Bacillus thuringiensis Strain A20 (NCIMB 12570) by techniques well-known in the art. Large molecular weight (greater than 40 kilobases) plasmid ccc DNA was isolated by size f actionation on 10% - 40% sucrose εtep gradients prior to digestion with restriction endonuclease Hind III and ligation into the Hind III - digeεted plaεmid vector pUC19. The ligation reacted mixture waε tranεformed into E. coli Strain MC1022, an ampicillin-senεitive strain with the genotype ara D139, Δ (ara, leu) 7697, Δ (lac Z) M15, gal U, gal K, str A. Amipicillin-resistant transformed colonies containing the 6.6 kilobaεe Hind III fragment were detected by hybridiεation of lysed colonies fixed to nitrocellulose using a radioactively-labelled fragment of the Strain HD73 6.6-type endotoxin gene as a probe. Isolate pJHlO was further characterised by DNA hybridisation, restriction endonuclease mapping, and DNA sequence analysis techniques, all of which are well known in the art. Endotoxin genes were cloned from chromosomal DNA prepared from Strain A20 (NCIMB 12570) as follows: A 500 ml culture of Strain A20 was grown in L-broth at 37°C, with shaking, until an O.D. g00 - 1.00. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 8000 rounds per minute (rpm) for 10 minutes at 4°C, then re-suspended in 5 ml TES buffer (50mM Tris-HCl pH7.5, 50mM NaCl, 5mM EDTA) . Cellε were treated for 30 minuteε at 37°C with lysozyme (0.5 mg/ml final concentration) and RNase (O.lmg/ml final concentration taken from a stock solution of 5 mg/ml boiled at 100°C for 5 minutes prior to use). Lysis was completed by the addition of Sarcosyl to give a final concentration of 0.8% and incubation at 37°C for 60 minutes in the presence of Pronase (0.5mg/ml final concentration taken from a stock solution of 5mg/ml pre-incubated at 37 β C for 60 minutes prior to use). Lysate volume waε a juεted to 9.0 ml in the 50mM Triε-HCl pH 7.6, 10 mM EDTA, prior to the addition of 9.2 g caesium chloride (CεCl). After the CsCl dissolved, 1.25 ml of a 5 mg/ml solution of ethidium bromide was added prior to isopyonic centrifugation of the mixture at 40,000 rpm for 48 hourε at 15°C. After removal of CsCl and ethidium bromide by conventional techniques, an aliquot of purified chromosomal DNA was partially digested with the restriction endonuclease EcoRl prior to l'igation into EcoRl-digested bacteriophage λ EMBL4 vector DNA. Ligation reaction mixtures were packaged into viable phage particles using a commercially-available kit from Amersham International PLC. The reεultant recombinant phage particleε were selected by growth on E.coli host strain PE392, a P2 lysogen of strain LE392 which has the genotype hsd R514 ( ~ yT ) r sup E44, sup F58, lacYl or Δ (lacl2Y), gal K2, gal T22, met Bl, tr£ R55. Recombinant phage carrying one or more endotoxin genes were detected by hybridisation of lysed plaques fixed to nitrocellulose using a radiolabelled fragment of the Strain A20 6.6-type plasmid-derived endotoxin gene as a probe. Plaques containing endotoxin genes were purified and characterised by restriction endonuclease mapping techniques well known in the art. EXAMPLE 2 Construction of plaεmid pJH2 containing the chimeric endotoxin gene. DNA waε prepared from plasmids pIC41 and pIC45, the derivation of which is shown in Figure 2. pIC41 DNA was digested with restriction endonuclease Hindlll and joined to the isolated, internal 1131 basepair HindiII-generated fragment from plaεmid pIC45 uεing T4 DNA ligase. Methods for DNA preparation, DNA fragment purification and jLn vitro ligation reactions are all well known to the art. The ligation reaction mixture was introduced by transformation into E.coli strain MC1022, an F ~ εtrain with the genotype ara D139, Δ (ara, leu) 7697, Δ (lacZ) M15, galU, gal, str A. Ampicillin-resistant transformed colonies containing the 1131 baεepair fragment were detected by hybridisation of lysed colonies fixed to nitrocellulose filters using the radioactively labelled 1131 basepair fragment as a probe. DNA sampleε from colonies reacting to the probe were checked for the presence of the introduced 1131 basepair fragment in the correct orientation. Transformation of E.coli cells made competent by treatment with calcium chloride, colony blotting, nick-translation of DNA to prepare radioactive probes, DNA hybridisation techniques, and restriction endonuclease "mapping" techniques are all well known in the art. pJHl was made in a similar manner from pIC34 and pIC41, as shown in Figure 2. EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of insecticidal extracts according to the invention. E.coli strain MC1022/pIC47 was grown in 400 ml Luria-broth supplemented with 50 μg Ampicillin per ml overnight at 37C. with shaking. Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4C. and resuspended in 26.4 ml lysing buffer (150mM NaCl, 20mM Tris pH 8, 5mM EDTA, 7mM β-mercaptoethanol). The resuspended cells were placed on ice and then 0.3 ml 0.1M phenylmethylsulphonylfluoride (PMSF) was added, followed by 3 ml of a freshly prepared solution of 10 mg lysozyme per ml, followed by a further addition of 0.3 ml PMSF. The mixture was left for 30 minutes on ice. The cell suspension was subjected to sonic disruption by treatment for 45 seconds with a one centimetre diameter sonicator probe operated at a frequency of 12 microns on an MSE Soniprep 150 sonifier. The sonicated sample was then centrifuged at 11000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4°C. (using 50 cc capacity εterile centrifuge tubes). The supernatant was recovered by pouring off into a clean, sterile plaεtic container then dialyzed overnight at 4 e C. in 20mM phosphate buffer (mono- and di-basic) pH 7.2. Insecticidal extracts can be stored frozen, or lyophilised and εtored frozen. EXAMPLE 4 Efficacy of insecticidal extracts prepared from E.coli strains MCl022/pJHl and MCl022/pJH2 in controlling Heliothis virescens and MC1022/pJH10 in controlling Heliothis virescens and Ostrinia nubilalis. Inεecticidal extract was added to molten insect diet (e.g. standard Heliothis diet) to give a final concentration of, for example, 1 ml per lOg of diet (equivalent to approximately 510 ppm freeze-dried extract per treatment). 2.5 ml of treated diet was added to each of 10 plastic pots, covered and allowed to solidify. One first-instar larva was added to each pot and incubated at 27°C. for six days, at which time the results were recorded. In tests with lower treatment concentrationε (e.g. 0.1 ml extract per 10 g of diet), surviving larvae at six days were left for longer periods of observation to allow documentation of altered εtability. Reεultε of typical experimentε are εhown in Tables 2 and 3. EXAMPLE 5 Efficacy of insecticidal extracts prepared from strainε MC1022/pJH2 and pJHl on Lepidopteran larvae. Lyophiliεed extractε from E.coli εtrains MC1022/ρJB2 and MC1022/pdHl were reconstituted in distilled water to give a stock solution which was then added, in varying amounts, to molten diet as described above in Example 4. Results of a typical bioassay experiment on Plutella xylostella (Diamondback moth, DBM), Heliothis zea (Corn earworm, CEW) and Trichoplusia ni (Cabbage looper, CL) are given in Table 4. The work described herein was all done in conformity with physical and biological containment requirements specified in the NIH and GMAC guidelines. Table 2 Bioassay Results 6 Days After Treatment Inhibition of Development Percent Larval (number of larvae per stage) Construct Plasmid Mortalit Instar: 1 2E 2L 3E 3L 4 Untreated controls Vector control Positive control 5.3-type endotoxin Chimeric endotoxin *carries an endotoxin gene from B.thuringiensis HD73 E « early L « late TABLE 3 Heliothis virescens and Ostrinia nubilalis Bioassay Results Six Days after Treatment H.virescens 0.nubilalis PERCENT LARVAL PERCENT LARVAL GENE TYPE PLASMID MORTALITY SIZE* MORTALITY SIZE* Untreated Controls 2nd-4th instar 6.2mm Vector Control PUC19 2nd-3rd instar 5.7mm Positive Control ' pIClβ 30 1st instar 50 2.0mm 6.6 Type Gene pJHlO 50 1st instar 40 2.0mm Developmental stage or length of surviving larvae Carries a 6.6-type endotoxin gene from B.thuringiensis strain HD73 Table 4 % Mortality % Stunting Construct Plasmid DBM CEW CL DBM CEW CL Untreated control 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vector control pUCl9 0 0 0 0 0 0 Positive control pIClβ 100 5 0 0 95 100 5.3-type endotoxin pJHl 95 0 0 5 100 45 Chimeric endotoxin pJH2 100 5 0 0 95 65 DEPOSIT OF MICROORGANISMS The specification refers to four microorganisms that have been deposited. Theεe are shown below. All four were deposited at the National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Limited (NCIMB) of PO Box 31, 135 Abbey Road, Aberdeen, AB9 8DG, Scotland. Strain Date of Deposit NCIMB designation Accession No. Bacillus thuringiensis 20 Oct 1987 12570 kurstaki A20 E.coli MCl022/pJHl 23 Sep 1988 40049 E.coli MCl022/pJH2 23 Sep 1988 40050 E.coli MC1022/pJHlO 15 Sep 1989 40211 The Bacillus thuringiensis strain A20 is fully described in our European Patent Publication no 325037, the diεcloεure of which iε incorporated herein by reference. The three E.coli strains are of well known type, differing only in the plasmidε they carry, full details of which are given elsewhere in the present εpecification.

Claims: _ _ 1. Recombinant DNA coding for an insecticidally active form of the Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin which DNA is derived from the A20 strain of Bacillus thuringiensis. 2. Recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 1 wherein the DNA iε chromoεomally derived. 3. Recombinant DNA aε claimed in either of claims 1 or 2 which is from a 6.6-type gene. 4. Recombinant DNA as claimed in either of claims 1 or 2 which is from a 5.3-type gene. 5. Recombinant DNA as claimed in either of claims 1 or 2 which is from a 4.5-type gene. 6. Recombinant DNA coding for an insecticidally-active Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin which is a chimera derived f.rom sequences from at least two separate Bacillus thuringienεis genes. 7. Recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 6 in which the link between the sequences falls outside a hypervariable gene region. 8. Recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 3 comprising the first 2910 basepairs (970 amino acid codons) of the N-terminal coding region of a plasmid-derived 6.6-type endotoxin gene from Strain A20. 9. Recombinant DNA aε claimed in claim 4 which is derived from a 5.3-type endotoxin gene carried on a plasmid harboured by strain A20. 10. Recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 6 coding for an insecticidally-active form of the Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin compriεing the firεt 1692 basepairs ( 564 amino acid codons) of the amino-terminal coding region from a 5.3-type endotoxin gene derived from Strain A20 and a restriction endonuclease Hind Ill-generated internal fragment of 1131 basepairs (377 amino acid codons) from a 4.5-type endotoxin gene derived from strain A20. 11. Recombinant DNA as claimed in any of claims 1-10 which is derived from one or more of the E.coli strainε depoεited at the NCIMB under the numbers 40049, 40050 or 40211. 12. Process of killing lepidopteran insects which comprises exposing them to endotoxin produced by expresεion of recombinant DNA aε claimed in any of claimε 1-11. 13. Recombinant DNA as claimed in any of claims 1-11 having a plant regulatory DNA sequence inserted therein adjacent the recombinant DNA coding for Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin and in operative relation therewith so as to allow expression of the endotoxin in plants 14. Plants transformed with recombinant DNA as claimed in claim 13. 15. Plants as claimed in claim 14 which are maize, cotton or tobacco.

Inventors: ELY SUSAN, TIPPETT JANET MARY, ELY, SUSAN, TIPPETT, JANET, MARY
Applicants: ICI PLC, IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES PLC
Application year: 1989
Main classification: C12N15
IPC codes: A01H5, A61K38, C07K14, C12N1, C12N15, C12R1