Toothed coupling iris

Abstract: An iris (32) is located in a common wall (22) separating two microwave cavities (18, 20) for coupling electromagnetic power between the cavities (18, 20). The iris (32) is formed of an aperture elongated in one direction to define a longitudinal axis of the aperture with opposed first and second sides parallel to the axis. Portions of the common wall (22) at peripheral regions of the aperture are extended from the first and the second sides towards the iris (32) and perpendicularly thereto to form teeth (34), there being an array of teeth (34) extending from the first side and an array of teeth (34) extending from the second side. The teeth (34) are readily polarized as magnetic dipoles by surface currents induced in the wall (22) by electromagnetic waves for increased coefficient of coupling of electromagnetic field components through the iris (32).

Description: The invention relates to a microwave circuit having a plurality of enclosures configured for sustaining electromagnetic waves, said circuit comprising: a wall separating two of said enclosures; and an iris disposed in said wall, said iris being formed as an aperture extending in a first direction along said wall, wherein at least a portion of said wall is configured as at least one tooth directed into said aperture along one side of said aperture, said tooth being oriented in a second direction transverse to said first direction and forming a part of a periphery of said iris. A microwave circuit of the afore-mentioned kind is known from US-A-3 088 082. The invention, further, relates to an iris for coupling electromagnetic power through a common wall of two microwave enclosures, said iris being located in said wall, wherein said iris is formed as an aperture extending in a first direction along said wall; and at least a portion of said wall is configured as at least one tooth having parallel sides directed into said aperture along a peripheral portion of said iris. An iris of the afore-mentioned kind, also, is known from US-A-3 088 082. This invention thus relates to coupling irises employed in the coupling of electromagnetic power through a wall from one microwave structure to another microwave structure and, more particularly, to an iris formed of an aperture having at least one tooth extending inwardly from a periphery of the aperture for increasing magnetic polarizability of the aperture resulting in an increased coefficient of coupling of an electromagnetic field between the two microwave structures. Microwave structures such as waveguides and the cavities of filters are formed of enclosing walls which contain electromagnetic waves and sustain various modes of vibration of the waves. Such structures may be contiguous with each other with the enclosed regions of the contiguous structures being separated by a common wall. In order to couple electromagnetic power between the two contiguous microwave structures, it is common practice to place a coupling iris in the common wall. The iris may be formed as an elongated aperture in the shape of a slot, or a pair of intersecting slots such as a crossed slot, by way of example. Further examples in the shape of the aperture are a square-shaped aperture and a circular aperture. The shapes and sizes of the apertures are selected to provide a desired magnitude of coupling coefficient, this being the ratio between a coupled field component to the incident field component. The shape, size, and location of the aperture also provides for selectively coupling specific modes of vibration of electromagnetic waves. Document US-A-3 088 082, mentioned at the outset, discloses a bandpass waveguide filter comprising a disc formed with a centrally disposed H-shaped aperture. The disc is disposed between two adjacent waveguide sections and serves to prevent frequencies outside a selected passband and not at harmonics of the selected passband to pass from one waveguide section into the other. The known iris extends across the entire narrow dimension of the waveguide and occupies about approximately the center third of the broader dimension. The H-shaped form of the aperture is achieved by two projections or teeth extending from opposite peripheral portions of said iris into said aperture, the two teeth or projections facing each other. The disc and the aperture together form a resonant element having a band width of some per cent of the center frequency of the pass band. Additional vanes are provided at the disc for further increasing the width of the passband. Because of the complexity of the mathematics involved, the optimum size and shape of the aperture as well as of the vanes has to be determined empirically. The known waveguide circuit can only be used in connection with rectangular waveguides and has the further disadvantage of a large shape nearly corresponding to the cross section of the rectangular waveguide itself. Further, GB-A-2 117 980 discloses a waveguide device for separating radiofrequency carriers of different frequency and polarization. Decoupling between lower-frequency signals and higher-frequency signals is obtained by the use of two circular waveguides having different diameters and being co-axially connected to each other. The diameter of the second-in-sequence waveguide is such that the modes corresponding to the lower frequency signals do not propagate therein. The wall of each circular waveguide comprises each two orthomode coupling slots, each slot being substantially rectangular and leading into a rectangular branch waveguide. Since the slots in the first circular waveguide are operating at lower frequencies, the higher-frequency signals are prevented from entering these slots. To this end, the known slots are configured with a set of four finger-like protrusions or teeth extending from a greater slot side into the aperture, each two of the protrusions facing each other. Due to this special configuration the exitation of spurious modes in the high-frequency band is avoided without altering signal coupling in the lower frequency band. The aperture of this known iris covers nearly all of the cross-section of the rectangular branch waveguides. The presence of an overly large aperture in a cavity wall, however, disrupts excessively the electromagnetic field in the cavity and, therefore, is unwanted. Still further, US-A-4 680 561 describes a band-stop type microwave filter for use in a rectangular waveguide. The filter is a plate of electrically conductive material which plate is to be clamped between two adjacent rectangular waveguide sections. The plate is provided with a H-shaped aperture and has two opposed projections which extend into the aperture from opposite sides thereof, the two projections facing each other. With the known microwave circuit, the aperture covers nearly a third of the cross-section of the rectangular waveguide, thus leading to the same problems and disadvantages as with other large slot shapes. French Document FR-A-2 161 091 also discloses a H-shaped aperture for coupling high-frequency signals from one waveguide into another. A microwave structure of particular interest is a cylindrical resonator in a microwave filter. In such a filter, it is useful to obtain higher order circular modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves, particularly TE₁₂₁ mode. It is desirable to obtain a sufficiently high coupling of electromagnetic waves into a high Q TE₁₂₁ cylindrical resonator mode for a microwave filter application, the term Q being the ratio of energy stored to energy dissipated per cycle. A problem arises in that the slot shapes of the above-discussed prior art standard coupling irises must be very large to provide the desired high amount of coupling for the TE₁₂₁ mode, as well as for other higher order cavity resonator modes. However, the use of the larger apertures introduces a further problem in that the presence of an overly large aperture in a cavity wall disrupts excessively the electromagnetic fields in the cavity and, furthermore, degrades the cavity Q to an unacceptably low value. As a result, the introduction of an enlarged aperture to provide the increased amount of coupling has defeated the utility of the filter in operating with higher order modes at low loss. It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a microwave circuit and an iris of the afore-mentioned kind which can be used for high Q resonator mode applications. According to the microwave circuit, specified at the outset, this object is achieved in that said tooth is facing a peripheral portion of said iris not configured as a tooth, said portion configured as said at least one tooth introducing increased coupling of electromagnetic power via said iris to said wall. According to the iris, specified at the outset, this object is achieved in that said at least one tooth is facing a peripheral portion of said iris not configured as a tooth, said portion configured as at least one tooth introducing increased coupling of electromagnetic power via said iris through said wall. In accordance with the invention, the above-discussed problems are overcome and other advantages are provided by constructing a coupling iris as an elongated aperture extending in a first direction in a common wall between two microwave structures, and by forming at least a portion of the periphery of the aperture in the form of a tooth which extends into the aperture. In the typical microwave situation wherein a common wall between two microwave structures is fabricated of a metal such as brass or aluminum, the aperture and one or more teeth on the periphery of the aperture are readily formed by a cutting tool driven by a numerically-controlled milling machine to mill in the wall one or more teeth which are directed inwardly towards a central part of the aperture. By placing the iris in a portion of the common wall in which surface currents are induced by electromagnetic waves, the surface currents enter the teeth of the iris to form magnetic dipoles, an effect reffered to as magnetic polarizabilty of the iris. Such magnetic dipoles provide for increased coefficients of coupling of electromagnetic power through the iris. The invention provides that, for a multitooth iris, the coupling is increased by a factor of approximately 2 1/2 times the coupling of a standard slot iris of the same length and width. The aforementioned aspects and other features of the invention are explained in the following description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawing wherein: Fig. 1 is an isometric view of a two-cavity filter of circular cylindrical construction, portions of the filter being cut away to expose an iris of the invention located in a center wall which separates the two cavities, as well as other slots which may be irises of the invention employed for coupling power into and out of the filter; Fig. 2 shows two waveguides which are coupled by a toothed iris of the invention, a part of one of the waveguides being cut away to show the iris; Fig. 3 shows a plan view of the common wall separating the two cavities in Fig. 1, the iris being structured as an aperture having three teeth directed inwardly from the wall towards the central portion of the aperture; Fig. 4 shows a configuration of an aperture for an iris, in accordance with the invention, wherein there are five teeth extending inwardly towards a central portion of the aperture; and Fig. 5, drawn in the same form as Fig. 4, shows a configuration of an aperture for an iris of the invention wherein the number of upwardly extending teeth is equal to the number of downwardly extending teeth. Fig. 1 shows a filter 10 constructed of a cylindrical sidewall 12 closed off at opposite ends of the filter 10 by a first end wall 14 and a second end wall 16 to define a plurality of cavities arranged in series. To facilitate the description, only two such cavities are shown, by way of example, there being a first cavity 18 and a second cavity 20 which are separated by a common wall 22. A first waveguide 24 having a pair of broad walls and narrow walls arranged in rectangular cross section abuts the first end wall 14 for applying electromagnetic power to the first cavity 18. The power is coupled from the first waveguide 24 to the first cavity 18 by means of an aperture formed as a slot 26 in the first end wall 14, the long dimension of the slot 26 being parallel to a broad wall of the first waveguide 24. A second waveguide 28 of rectangular cross section abuts the second end wall 16 for extracting electromagnetic power from the second cavity 20. The power is coupled from the second cavity 20 to the second waveguide 28 via an aperture configured as a slot 30 in the second end wall 16, the long dimension of the slot 30 being parallel to a broad wall of the second waveguide 28. Both the slots 26 and 30 may be formed in serpentine fashion with teeth, as shown in Fig. 1, or may be formed as straight rectangular slots (not shown). In accordance with the invention, electromagnetic power is coupled from the first cavity 18 to the second cavity 20 via an iris 32 located in the common wall 22. The iris 32 is formed as an aperture having an overall configuration of a slot which is parallel to both of the slots 26 and 30. The iris 32 is provided with teeth 34 which extend from opposite sides of the slot configuration of the iris 32 inwardly towards a center line of the iris 32. The teeth 34 are formed by extension of the material of the wall 22 towards a center line of the iris 32, which construction of the teeth 34 is readily implemented by use of a cutter in an automated milling machine. The wall 22, as well as the other walls 12, 14, and 16 of the filter 10 are fabricated of electrically conducting material, preferably a metal such as aluminum or brass. Fig. 2 shows a further example of two microwave enclosures coupled by an iris of the invention. In Fig. 2, a first waveguide 36 is coupled to a second waveguide 38, both of which have rectangular cross section and share a common broad wall 40 at a junction between the two waveguides 36 and 38. The two waveguides 36 and 38 are parallel to each other. An iris 42 is constructed in accordance with the invention and is located on the common broad wall 40 to couple electromagnetic power from the first waveguide 36 to the second waveguide 38. It is noted that in both the microwave assemblies of Figs.1 and 2, these assemblies operate reciprocally so that electromagnetic power may flow from the second waveguide 28 (Fig. 1) via the filter 10 to the first waveguide 24 and, similarly, power can flow from the second waveguide 38 (Fig. 2) via the iris 42 to the first waveguide 36. The iris 42 has the same configuration as the iris 32 (Fig, 1) and is oriented perpendicularly to the flow of electromagnetic power in each of the waveguides 36 and 38. The iris 42 may be provided with any desired length, as measured between opposed sidewalls 44 and 46 of the first waveguide 36, a typical length of the iris 42 being approximately one-half the distance between the two sidewalls 44 and 46. While the iris 42 is shown having three teeth, this being the same number of teeth as the iris 32, it is to be understood that additional teeth may be employed, if desired. Fig.3 shows an enlarged view of the common wall 22 of Fig. 1 with the aperture 32 disposed in the wall 22. Fig. 3 demonstrates that the iris 32 can be fabricated by use of a rotating cutter in a milling machine wherein the width of the aperture of the iris 32 has a constant value equal to the diameter of such cutter. Fig. 4 shows a configuration of an iris 48 which is constructed in the same fashion as the iris 32 of Fig. 3, but is modified to provide for five teeth 50, with individual ones of the teeth 50 being further identified as 50A-50E. The iris 48 is in the form of a slot elongated along a central axis 52. The teeth 50 are constructed by extension of peripheral regions of the iris 48, on opposite sides of the axis 52, inwardly towards the axis 52. Each of the teeth 50 have the same width, this width being equal to the width of the sinuous aperture of the iris 48. The iris 48 is provided with the sinuous aperture by use of a circular cutter of a milling machine, as was described with reference to the construction of Fig. 3, in which the cutter is moved along a meander path in two dimensions, both transverse to the axis 52 and parallel to the axis 52, to construct the teeth 50 by removal of material in the path of the cutter. Alternatively, depending on requirements for polarizability of the iris 48, it may be desireable to have a varying width to the sinuous aperture, or to provide an aperture width greater than a tooth width. In addition, teeth of differing width can be provided, if desired. Fig. 5 shows an embodiment of the invention which differs from Fig. 4 in that an equal number of teeth extend upward and downward. It is noted that the construction of Figs. 3 and 4 is identical, except for the increased number of teeth 50 (Fig. 4) as compared to the number of teeth 34 (Fig. 3). The teeth 50A, 50B and 50C provide an array of three teeth on one side of the axis 52, while the teeth 50D and 50E provide an array of two teeth on the opposite side of the axis 52. The tooth 50D is interleaved between the teeth 50A and 50B, and the tooth 50E is interleaved between the teeth 50B and 50C. The teeth 50 are parallel to each other and pependicular to the axis 52. Fig. 3 shows a typical installation of the iris 32 in the wall 22, this installation providing for a centering of the iris 32 within the wall 22. The length and location of the iris 32 is selected in accordance with the specific modes of electromagnetic waves to be coupled through the iris 32. In operation, the iris 32 is located at a portion of the wall 22 wherein electromagnetic waves induce surface currents which flow in a direction transverse to a longitudinal axis of the iris 32 so as to flow directly in the teeth 34. In response to alternating current induced in each of the teeth 34, magnetic fields are induced which circulate in a circular manner about corresponding ones of the teeth 34 to produce magnetic dipoles at each of the teeth 34. It is anticipated that the invention can be used in conjunction with higher order cavity modes to achieve a resonator Q of 19,000, rather than of Q of 12,000 which is achieved currently with lower order modes and conventional iris slots. The irises 32 and 48 can be used for coupling both higher and lower modes of electromagnetic waves. The multitooth iris can replace a conventional iris of arbitrary shape where adequate coupling is difficult to acheive. In addition, for high Q resonator mode applications, the multitooth iris retains the high Q property. Thus, lower loss microwave cavity resonator filters than has been available heretofore are realizable.

Claims: A microwave circuit having a plurality of enclosures configured for sustaining electromagnetic waves, said circuit comprising: a wall (22; 40) separating two of said enclosures and an iris (32; 42; 48) disposed in said wall (22; 40), said iris (32; 42; 48) being formed as an aperture extending in a first direction along said wall (22; 40); wherein at least a portion of said wall (22; 40) is configured as at least one tooth (34; 50) directed into said aperture along one side of said aperture, said tooth (34; 50) being oriented in a second direction transverse to said first direction and forming a part of a periphery of said iris (32; 42; 48); characterized in that said at least one tooth (34, 50) is facing a peripheral portion of said iris (32; 42; 48) not configured as a tooth; said portion configured as said at least one tooth (34; 50) introducing increased coupling of electromagnetic power via said iris (32; 42; 48) through said wall (42; 40). A microwave circuit according to claim 1, characterized in that said iris (32; 42; 48) has a plurality of teeth (34; 50). A microwave circuit according to claim 2, characterized in that said teeth (34; 50) are parallel. A microwave circuit according to any of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that said aperture is elongated in said first direction to define a first long side and a second long side opposite said first long side, said teeth (50) being arranged in two arrays (50A, 50B, 50C/50D, 50E), one of said two arrays (50A, 50B, 50C/50D, 50E) being located on said first side and the second of said two arrays (50A, 50B, 50C/50D, 50E) being located on said second side of said aperture. A microwave circuit according to claim 4, characterized in that said first array (50A, 50B, 50C) has one more tooth (50) than said second array (50D, 50E). A microwave circuit according to any of claims 1 through 5, characterized in that said aperture has a serpentine form with a width equal to the width of one of said at least one tooth (34; 50). A microwave circuit according to any of claims 2 through 6, characterized in that all of said teeth have the same width, and the number of teeth in said first array is equal to the number of teeth in said second array. A microwave circuit according to any of claims 1 through 7, characterized in that said aperture is elongated in said first direction and extends a distance equal to approximately one-half the corresponding dimension of said wall (22; 40), said iris (32; 42; 48) having a plurality of said teeth (34; 50). A microwave circuit according to any of claims 1 through 8, characterized in that each of said enclosures is a circular cylinder defining a cavity (18; 20), said wall (22) having a circular periphery, and said iris (32) being located in the center of said wall (22). A microwave circuit according to any of claims 1 through 8, characterized in that each of said enclosures is a rectangular waveguide (36, 38), said wall (40) being a common sidewall between said two waveguides (36, 38), said iris (42) being centered between sidewalls (44, 46) of each of said waveguides (36, 38), said first direction being perpendicular to a direction of propagation of electromagnetic power in one of said waveguides (36, 38). An iris for coupling electromagnetic power through a common wall (22; 40) of two microwave enclosures, said iris (32; 42; 48) being located in said wall (22; 40), wherein said iris (32; 42; 48) is formed as an aperture extending in a first direction along said wall (22; 40); and at least a portion of said wall (22; 40) is configured as at least one tooth (34; 50) having parallel sides directed into said aperture along a peripheral portion of said iris (32; 42; 48), characterized in that said tooth (34; 50) is facing a peripheral portion of said iris (32; 42; 48) not configured as a tooth; said portion configured as said at least one tooth (34; 50) introducing increased coupling of electromagnetic power via said iris (32; 42; 48) through said wall (22; 40). An iris according to claim 11, characterized in that said iris (48) has a plurality of teeth (50) disposed in a first array (50A, 50B, 50C) along a first peripheral portion of said iris (48) and in a second array (50D, 50E) disposed along a second peripheral portion of said iris (48), the teeth (50) of said first array (50A, 50B, 50C) being interleaved with teeth (50) of said second array (50D, 50E). An iris according to any of claims 11 through 12, characterized in that said aperture has a sinuous form with a width equal to the width of one of said teeth (34; 50), all of said teeth (34; 50) having the same width.

Inventors: HAMMOND MARTIN B, TATOMIR PAUL J, HAMMOND, MARTIN B., TATOMIR, PAUL J.
Applicants: HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO, HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
Application year: 1989
Main classification: H01P1
IPC codes: H01P11, H01P5, H01P1, H01P7