SCREW/CAP ASSEMBLIES AND THEIR MANUFACTURE

Abstract: It is known for coloured plastics caps to be pushed by a customer onto heads of metal screws, after the screws have been secured to sheets of coloured cladding or roofing. It is also known for the caps to be moulded around the screw heads by a manufacturer. In the present invention, a screw/cap assembly (10) is formed by sticking an initially separate cap (16) onto the head of a screw (12) by an adhesive, such as an epoxy resin sufficiently strong to allow the screw to be driven while the cap is in place. The intention is that the manufacturer would keep stocks of the caps and stocks of the screws of different types, and only stick chosen caps onto the heads of chosen screws in response to specific orders from customers.

Description: It is known for the appearance and weather resistance of screws to be improved by pushing caps onto heads of the screws to form screw/cap assemblies. More particularly, modern buildings often have cladding or roofing of a colour different from a colour of the screws used to fasten the cladding or roofing. The heads of the screws can be visually obtrusive, appearing from a distance as rows of dots against an otherwise uniform coloured background. When exposed to the weather, the heads of the screws can become attacked by rust, and this can lead to weakening as well as further detracting from the desired impression. In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages, coloured caps have been applied by hand to the heads of the screws after the screws have been driven home. The caps can be formed of a plastics material and the screws can be formed of a metallic material. The coloured caps can then blend with the coloured background to disguise the presence of the screws and to protect the screws from the weather. Unfortunately, not only is the application of the caps to the heads of the screws a time-consuming operation, but the caps tend to fall off the heads of the screws. The conventional answer to these further problems has been to mould the caps around specially shaped heads of the screws in for example an insert-moulding machine (as see e.g. DE-A 3136671).Although technically successful it requires the manufacturer to maintain large stocks if long delivery times are to be avoided. Maintenance of large stocks is expensive because there is a need for over forty different colours or types of caps and about ten different types or lengths of screws. According to the present invention, however, a screw/cap assembly comprises a screw having a head at one end which is before use, capped by an initially separate cap stuck onto the head by an adhesive. The intention is that the manufacturer would keep stocks of the caps and stocks of the screws and only stick chosen caps onto the heads of chosen screws in response to specific orders from customers. Use of a standard adhesive of the type which can be cured with heat, for example an epoxy resin which cures when placed in a hot oven or otherwise heated for approximately half an hour, allows the cap to be firmly bonded to the head of the screw and permits the screw to be used in a conventional manner with conventional equipment. Preferably, the head includes an external drive portion extending from a radially enlarged washer portion, and the cap includes an internal drive portion extending from a radially enlarged recess portion. The drive portions may be of hexagonal outline. The washer portion of the head may be fully received in the recess portion of the cap when the two drive portions are fitted together. The recess portion of the cap may be formed with inwardly directed protrusions for snap engagement with the washer portion of the head. This allows the cap to remain on the head of the screw whilst the adhesive between the cap and the head of the screw is being cured. Alternatively, at least one of the cap drive portion and the cap recess portion may have a plurality of internal protrusions for maintaining an adequate thickness of the adhesive. In either case, there may be a radial clearance between the peripheries of the head washer portion and the cap recess portion for providing an adhesive reservoir. Preferably, the adhesive is applied during manufacture to each of the hexagonal faces of the head drive portion as well as to the head washer portion. It is desirable for there to be an axial clearance between that end of the head drive portion remote from the head washer portion and that end of the cap drive portion remote from the cap recess portion for providing an air reservoir. It is then desirable for that end of the cap drive portion remote from the cap recess portion to be inwardly deformed during manufacture into the air reservoir before resiliently recovering to help achieve a uniform distribution of the adhesive. The cap is preferably formed of a plastics material, in a desired colour, with a conventional external torque receiving configuration formed by, for example, a hexagon or a double hexagon. The screw is preferably formed of a metallic material, in a conventional manner, and may include a drill tip as well as an external helical thread. Two screw/cap assemblies, in accordance with the present invention, will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a perspective view of a first screw/cap assembly in accordance with the present invention; Figures 2 and 3 are, respectively, top (external) and bottom (internal) views of the cap per se of the screw/cap assembly shown in Figure 1; Figure 4 is a cross-section taken along the line 4-4 of Figure 3, also showing the screw of the screw/cap assembly shown in Figure 1; Figures 5 and 6 are, respectively, top (external) and bottom (internal) views of a cap per se for use in a second screw/cap assembly in accordance with the present invention; Figure 7 is a cross-section taken along the line 7-7 of Figure 6, also showing the screw of the second screw/cap assembly; Figure 8 is a schematic cross-section through an adhesive applicator for use with the first and second screw/cap assemblies; and Figure 9 is a schematic cross-section through a cap applicator for particular use with the second screw/cap assembly. With reference to Figures 1 to 4 of the accompanying drawings, a first screw/cap assembly 10 in accordance with the present invention comprises a screw 12 having a head 14 at one end which is capped by an initially separate cap 16 stuck onto the head 14 by an adhesive 18. The screw 12 may be formed of steel and may carry a protective coating of paint. The head 14 may include a hexagonal drive portion 20 extending from a radially enlarged and domed washer portion 22. A threaded portion 24 may extend axially from the head 14 along shank 26 towards a drill portion 28 formed at the other end of the screw 12. A rubber washer 30 may be carried around the threaded portion 24. The cap 16 may be moulded of a plastics material, such as 20% glass filled polyester, and may be coloured during its manufacturer by conventional colouring agents. The cap 16 may include an internal hexagonal drive portion 32 extending from a radially enlarged recess portion 34. Externally, the cap 16 may have conventional torque receiving surfaces 36 arranged as a double hexagon. Internally, the recess portion 34 may be provided with a series of four circumferentially spaced and inwardly directed protusions 38 for holding the cap 16 on the head 14 while the adhesive 18 sets, dries or cures. It has been found that a particularly suitable adhesive is an epoxy resin which is applied to the hexagonal drive portion 20 and to the upper surface of the washer portion 22. After application, the cap 16 is placed onto the head 14 in correct orientation, i.e. flat opposite flat. The cap is pushed down to snap engage with the retaining protrusions 38 and the whole assembly removed to be cured in an oven for approximately 30 minutes. Other adhesive processes are possible, for example it is possible to coat either the outside of the screw head 14 or the inside of the screw cap 16 with a hot melt or thermoplastic adhesive. After coating, these elements may be stored until required, thereafter they may be retrieved and heated until the adhesive melts upon which the coated screws can be assembled to the caps or the coated caps can be assembled to the caps or the coated caps can be assembled to screws. Various methods of heating the individual elements can be employed. The screw heads can be heated by direct gas flame, concentrated infra-red heat or by induction heat. The caps can be heated by hot air, infra-red gas flame or micro-wave energy. Finally, the assemblies are cooled until the adhesive has hardened. In the alternative cap 40 of Figures 5 and 6, it will be noted that the torque receiving surfaces 36 have been arranged as a single hexagon and that the inwardly directly protrusions 38 have been omitted. Instead, the internal hexagonal drive portion 32 is provided with a plurality of axially extending ribs or protrusions 42, one being shown centrally on each face of the hexagonal drive. Moreover, the internal recess portion 34 is provided with a plurality of radially arranged pips or protrusions 44, one being shown at each junction of the hexagonal drive portion 32 with the internal recess. It is convenient if co-planar flats 46 are provided between the pips 44 for assistance in tooling. The purpose of the ribs 42, which have been shown in an enlarged form for purposes of clarity and may in practice be smaller, is fourfold:- (a) They centralise the head 14 whilst permitting the internal dimensions of the cap 40 to be greater than the external dimensions of the head 14; (b) They grip the head 14 and thereby retain the cap 40 in position whilst accommodating small tolerances in their actual dimensions; (c) They create a passage around the head 14 through which air is permitted to escape during assembly so that the air does not become trapped; and (d) They create a volume which can be filled with the adhesive 18 without the adhesive being squeezed out during assembly. In a similar manner the pips 44 act as stops to ensure that the cap 40 can be pushed down onto the head 14 only so far, sufficient to retain an optimum thickness of the adhesive 18 between the upper surface of the washer portion 22 and the adjacent surface of the recess portion 34. With reference to Figure 7, it will be seen that there is a substantial axial clearance 48, preferably amounting to between 20% and 50% of the axial height of the internal hexagonal drive portion 32 of the cap 40, which is not filled with the adhesive 18 but remains full of air. During assembly, a predetermined amount of the adhesive 18 is applied to predetermined positions on the screw head, such as screw head 50. The adhesive 18 is preferably applied to each hexagonal face 52 of its drive portion 54 and to at least the adjacent part of the upper frusto-conical face 56 of its washer portion 58. The adhesive 18 could be applied automatically by an appropriate adhesive applicator 70, as shown in Figure 8. The adhesive applicator 70 includes a reservoir 72 linked by a passage 74 to an annular opening 76 of circular internal outline from which the adhesive 18 can be applied to the screw head 50. More particularly, the adhesive 18 is forced through the circular opening 76 onto each of the hexagonal faces 52, whose adjoining corners 78 lie on an imaginary circle of the same diameter as the circular opening 76 and are thus located thereby. The adhesive 18 finally flows downwards onto the upper frusto-conical face 56 and is received in a countersunk portion 80 of the adhesive applicator 70. The cap 40 is then applied to the screw head 50, being orientated if and as necessary, and is pushed down onto the screw head 50. Upper closed end 60 of the cap 40 is then preferably inwardly deformed, for example by a plunger, so that when the pressure is released, the closed end 60 recovers and sucks back at least some of the adhesive 18 which had been expelled. In so doing, a more uniform distribution of the adhesive 18 is obtained. The cap 40 could be applied and orientated automatically by an appropriate cap applicator 82, as shown in Figure 9. The cap applicator 82 includes a cylinder 84 having an annular rubber ring 86 for releasably carrying the cap 40. To ensure correct orientation, the cylinder 84 is rotated through 60° about its vertical axis as the cap 40 is pressed downwardly by the cylinder 84 onto the screw head 50. There may be a rack-and-pinion mechanism with intermeshing splined teeth for rotating the cylinder 84. As soon as correct orientation has been achieved, the cap 40 stops rotating relatively to the screw head 50 and starts rotating relatively to the rubber ring 86. The cap applicator 82 may also include a plunger 88 which is movable along the vertical axis of the cylinder 84 to deform the screw head 50 for the above-described purpose. It will also be noted from Figure 7 that a diametral clearance 62 has been deliberately introduced between the outer diameter of the head washer portion 58 and the internal diameter of the adjacent skirt portion 64 of the cap 40. The clearance 62 acts as a reservoir to accommodate displaced adhesive 18 arising from the above-noted inward deformation of the closed end 60 of the cap 40. The displaced adhesive 18 forms a capillary bead 66 around the clearance 62 while being cured and thereby provides a simple but effective test that there is sufficient of the adhesive 18. Because the head washer portion 58 is unlikely to be truly round as a result of cold forging, whereas the skirt portion 64 is likely to be truly round as a result of moulding, the clearance 62 may be of non-uniform radial extent around its circumference. The result is that the adhesive 18 therein resists shear and thereby provides additional torsional strength which could be further improved by, for example, moulding serrations on the inside of the skirt portion 64 or radial corrugations or ribs on the inside of the recess portion 34 of the cap 40. It is of particular importance to note that the head can be of standard form capable of use with a conventional socket spanner, rather than being of a special shape which might not be capable of being easily removed from a workpiece in the event of cap breakage, and yet the hexagonal external faces of the preferred head can be readily aligned with the hexagonal internal faces of the preferred cap to ensure maximum strength.

Claims: 1. A screw/cap assembly comprising a screw having a head (14; 50) at one end which is characterised by being capped, before use, by an initially separate cap (16; 40) stuck onto the head by an adhesive (18). 2. A screw/cap assembly according to claim 1, characterised in that the head (14; 50) includes an external drive portion (20; 54) extending from a radially enlarged washer portion (22; 58), and the cap (16; 40) includes an internal drive portion (32) extending from a radially enlarged recess portion (34). 3. A screw/cap assembly according to claim 2, characterised in that there is a radial clearance (62) between the peripheries of the head washer portion and the cap recess portion for providing an adhesive reservoir. 4. A screw/cap assembly according to claim 2 or claim 3, characterised in that at least one of the cap drive portion and the cap recess portion has a plurality of internal protrusions (42;44) for maintaining an adequate thickness of the adhesive. 5. A screw/cap assembly according to any one of claims 2 to 4, characterised in that the drive portions are of hexagonal outline. 6. A screw/cap assembly according to claim 5, characterised in that the adhesive (18) is applied during manufacture to each of the hexagonal faces of the head drive portion as well as to the head washer portion. 7. A screw/cap assembly according to any one of claims 2 to 6, characterised in that there is an axial clearance (48) between that end of the head drive portion remote from the head washer portion and that end of the cap drive portion remote from the cap recess portion for providing an air reservoir. 8. A screw/cap assembly according to claim 7, characterised in that that end (60) of the cap drive portion remote from the cap recess portion is inwardly deformed during manufacture into the air reservoir (48) before resiliently recovering to help achieve a uniform distribution of the adhesive. 9. A screw/cap assembly according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the adhesive is an epoxy resin of a type which cures when heated for approximately 30 minutes. 10. A screw/cap assembly according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the cap (16; 40) is formed of a plastics material with an external torque receiving configuration and the screw (12) is formed of a metallic material with a drill tip as well as an external helical thread.

Inventors: DAY, ROBERT HENRY, HEWISON, GEORGE DAVID
Applicants: ITW LIMITED
Application year: 1989
Main classification: F16B37
IPC codes: F16B33, F16B25, F16B1, F16B37, F16B11