Improvements in or relating to battery systems

Abstract: The present invention relates to batteries and battery systems. In par­ ticular, a battery is described which comprises a container which houses a plurality of cells. Each of the cells share a common negative terminal (4). Two or more positive terminal cells are provided. The specification also describes the use of such batteries to power cranking and auxiliary circuits according to a cell discharge management scheme. Methods of forming such batteries are disclosed in which alternate positive and negative electrode plates are provided and methods of forming such plates are dis­ closed in which layered structures are provided and by varying the number of layers thick and thin plates can be provided with different discharge characteristics.

Description: The invention relates to a vehicle circuit system comprising a battery, said battery comprising a container having a plurality of cells, said plurality of cells including at least two positive terminal cells and at least one negative terminal cell, each cell containing a plurality of alternating positive and negative electrode plates separated from each other and constituting a cell element stack, each of said plates including active material, the positive electrode plates of the cell element stack in each positive terminal cell being electrically connected to a positive terminal, the negative electrode plates of the cell element stack in the or each negative terminal cell being electrically connected to one negative terminal, each electrode plate of each cell element other than a said terminal cell being electrically connected in series to the electrode plate of opposite polarity in an adjoining cell, the cells of each series of connections having separate positive terminals; and an electrolyte in contact with the positive and negative electrode plates in each cell. Such a vehicle electric circuit is known from US-A-3,475,221 that describes a storage battery that might be applied in automobiles, the battery containing two sub-batteries in parallel, both sub-batteries having one negative pole and a positive pole. The electrode plates are submerged into the same electrolyte. The electrode elements in both sub-batteries are constructed in the same manner. The surface areas of the electrode plates of the first cell differ from those of the second cell. Conventional automotive Starting, Lighting and Ignition batteries, hereinafter referred to as SLI batteries, consist generally of six 2.2 volt Lead Acid cells connected in series. It is a primary function of the automotive battery to provide sufficient high electric current at short intervals to crank the internal combustion engine in order that it may start. The battery must also provide current to the coil in order to supply ignition at the spark plugs. Another important function which must also be provided is that of reserve current to provide lighting and ignition for the vehicle if the vehicle's generator is not working. The current requirements of the starter motor are vastly different from those of the vehicle's auxiliaries, such as ignition and lighting. On the one hand, cranking requires large amounts of current for a relatively short duration as the starter motor cranks the internal combustion engine against the compression of the cylinders. Ignition and other vehicle auxiliaries, however, require lower current rates but for longer periods of time. The conventional SLI battery system is therefore designed first to provide sufficient cranking power, secondly to provide current to the ignition and coil and thirdly to provide current to the vehicle's auxiliaries whilst the generator is not working. One other function is to act as a voltage load leveller as part of the vehicle's electrical circuits whilst the generator is operating. The conventional SLI battery system is an advanced version of the original Plante reversible cell. During it's development, the basic principles utilized by Plante have still been retained up to the present time. That is, the battery consists of a series of cells having two opposing electrodes. The cells produce 2.2 volts generally. This configuration has proved to be suitable as a starter battery. When batteries were first adapted for the supply of starting current, the automobile was quite different to what it is at present. Indeed, the motor vehicle has changed quite markedly in comparison to the battery. It is no longer as important to supply just cranking current for the vehicle. The modern vehicle is equipped with many electrical and electronic devices which present a major contrast in auxiliary current requirements for the battery. Vehicle manufactures, whilst incorporating the various extra auxiliaries into the vehicle, are merely responding to consumer demands. These extra auxiliaries place further demands on a battery system which is becoming more and more obsolete because it was always designed primarily as a starting battery. Indeed, the starting function is still the major function of the battery but it is now obvious that changes in automobile designs must also demand changes in battery design to keep pace with consumer demands for more auxiliary power. Attempts to overcome these problems have been made by a number of people. Thus US patent specification 406822 in the name Dey shows a battery which is divided into two cell groups by an internal dividing plate. US patent specification 1924959 in the name of Patterson shows four cells two of which are in series and two of which can be between parallel or series combinations by the throwing of a switch. The cells are totally separate. US patent specification 3029301 in the name of Strider shows a construction in which two battery parts are provided in series so that six and twelve volt voltage sources can be provided. US specification 3242009 in the name of Schilke shows the construction in which two battery parts are provided but these are used to provide a number of different voltages. US patent specification 3758345 in the name of Toth shows a construction in which a small auxiliary battery is provided in a shaped recess formed in the main plate. US patent specification 3883368 in the name of Kordesch shows a construction in which two or more current rates are provided by the use of different types of electrode and, US patent specification 4684580 in the name of Cramer shows a construction wherein the casing for the battery has a pocket or recess into which a second or auxiliary battery can be provided. None of these specifications show a construction wherein the problems of the large but short duration current required for cranking and the lower but longer duration demand required by the auxiliaries is able to be coped with in a single battery construction. Specification 3883368 does indicate a battery which is able to cope with different current rates but this is only achieved by the use of different types of electrodes. Such an approach is impractical as a SLI battery. Specification 4684580 in the name of Cramer could provide a construction in which different current draw offs are provided but this is achieved only by the use of two quite separate and distinct batteries, one of which is able to be mounted to the other. Such double battery constructions require extensive changes to be made to the vehicle electrical architecture, and are expensive to manufacture. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an electric circuit for vehicles in general which will obviate or minimize the foregoing disadvantages. Accordingly, in the vehicle electric circuit the cells of each series of connections are electrically connected to only one common negative terminal and the electrode plates of the series are of thicker plate material than are the electrode plates of the other series; the electrode plates of the series being capable of slower deeper discharge as is required for the vehicle's auxiliary power circuits, the electrode plates of the other series are capable of rapid shallow discharge as is required for internal combustion engine starting, said vehicle electric system furthermore comprising first a heavy current conductor cable connected to the battery negative terminal and earthed to said vehicle, second a current conductor cable connected to one or more positive terminals of said battery and connected to a current first switch, said current switch being connected to the electric starter motor of said vehicle, third a current conductor cable connected to one or more of the battery's positive terminals and to the auxiliary circuits of said vehicle, fourth a current electrical conductor cable connected to one positive terminal not engaged by said second current connector cable, said fourth current conductor cable being in common circuit with the generator circuit line of said vehicle, then a second switch, fifth a current conductor cable from said second switch connected to said terminal engaged by said second current conductor cable. This invention therefore provides for a vehicle electric circuit comprising a battery having two sets of cells arranged in series parallel, thus providing dual or multi current variations at the positive terminals. That series of cells having the thinner positive plates provide high current from the connected positive terminal for short durations. The other series of cells, having thicker positive plates, have less plates per volume space, however the current capacity is equal to the cells having thinner plates, during longer slower discharges of the battery. The present invention therefore provides the vehicle manufacturers and owner with a vehicle electric circuit comprising a dual or multi current battery that for cranking purposes will provide high current flows through the cells having thin positive plates with this high current available for shorter durations. A lower but longer current flow is also available from the cells having thicker positive plates. Whilst both sets of cells can be connected electrically for cranking purposes, only the cells having the thicker plates are connected electrically to the automobiles auxiliary circuits, thus providing for slower and longer discharge periods. During recharging of the cells, all cells are connected electrically and thus the reverse cycle is occurring as in a conventional storage battery. This is made possible because all cells share a common negative terminal to earth. In the following more detailed description of the invention, reference will be made to the accompanying drawings in which; Fig 1 is a side elevation of the battery sectioned through two cell compartments. Fig 2 is a perspective view of the monobloc injection moulding of the battery showing internal partitions. Fig 3 is an enlargement of the cells having thicker layered but less positive plates showing intercell connections. Figure 4 is an end elevation of the battery sectioned through the positive terminals. Fig 5 is a end elevation of the battery sectioned through the negative terminal. Fig 6 is a top plane view of the battery with lid removed showing cells arranged in series parallel. Fig 7 is a perspective illustration of a layered electrode plate structure. Fig 8 is a diagrammatic view of an electrical layout usable with the battery of the invention. Fig 9 is a diagrammatic view of an alternative electrical layout. Detailed Description Of Preferred Embodiment While the invention will be described in connection with preferred embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the preferred embodiments. Thus, while the present invention will be described in conjunction with an SLI Automotive Battery, it should be appreciated that the invention is equally applicable to any other storage Battery application. Indeed, the present invention can be adapted to use with an absorbed electrolyte type of battery as opposed to the flooded-electrolyte battery illustrated herein. Use of the present invention will be particularly advantageous in applications which require high rapid discharge combined with longer and slower power draw off encased within one casing and having dimensions equivalent to conventional SLI batteries. In general, the present invention is predicated on the discovery that, by a unique combination of physical parameters, as will be discussed hereinafter, a storage battery can be provided which is characterized by dual or multiple or single current flow with the ability to maintain a minimum required rapid discharge capacity during use and or after prolonged use of auxiliary circuits which require lower and slower current flow characteristics. This performance characteristic can be provided for within the physical parameters of a conventional battery as set forth herein. The conventional SLI battery, as previously mentioned, requires a reserve capacity to comply with International standards. The reserve capacity of the conventional battery is calculated on the basis that should a battery's capacity drop by 25% of normal, it must still be capable of cranking the internal combustion engine. The present invention therefore sets out to overcome the problem of longer slower discharges using up the available high discharge capacity required. The present invention hereinafter describes how by weight and volume it is possible, by "optimized configuration", to achieve a dual or multi current system within standardized battery container sizes. In this instance, advantages of the present invention are in cost savings and compatibility with conventional batteries. The present invention can also be characterized in relation to Total Capacity when by electrical switching, it is possible to obtain full use of all active material within the battery for usual day to day use as a conventional SLI battery. By electrical circuit design, it is also possible to isolate that section of the battery characterized by plate design described herein as best suited for slower and longer current drawoff than cranking requires. By switch or circuit design, the present invention also prevents use of the rapid discharge capacity by the auxiliary circuits within an automobile. The present invention will show that battery durability is increased substantially by distinguishing specific current requirements within the optimized configuration. Turning now to a more detailed description of the present invention, there is shown in Figures 1 to 5 a preferred embodiment of a 12 volt 12 cell battery of the present invention. Figure 1 shows a battery (1) with a premoulded container, (2) with cover (3) lifted which will be attached to the container by suitable means. (4) is a negative terminal post while both (5) and (5a,obscured) are positive terminal posts. While the terminal posts are illustrated as top terminals, side terminals or other terminal configurations could likewise be employed. Each cell, as illustrated by figure 1, has a plurality of independent, alternately disposed, positive electrode plates (10) and negative electrode plates (11). The plates (10) and (11) are disposed generally perpendicularly and parallel to the partitions (7) but may also be at right angles. The container, as best seen in figure 2, is divided into a plurality of cell compartments by integrally formed partition walls (7) which lie essentially parallel to the end walls (6) of container (2) and at right angles to a further partition (9) which runs parallel to walls (8) thus providing 12 cell compartments within the container. Whilst illustrated as 12 cells running in parallel to walls (8), other configurations could likewise be employed. Wall (9), for example, is not required when "absorbed" electrolyte is employed. Wall (9) is essential when flooded electrolyte is employed. Figure 3 sets forth an example of alternative layered positive electrode plates (10) from end on and conventional negative electrode plates (11). A series connection through wall (7) is also illustrated by use of conventional lead straps (12). Separators (13) are also illustrated as in conventional flooded electrolyte cells. However, absorbed electrolyte may also be used as separators in a further aspect. Figure 4 shows a section through the positive terminals (5) and (5a) of the present invention in a dual current configuration as separate from a multi-current configuration and indicates positive terminals (5) and (5a) in close proximity. Figure 5 shows a section through the negative terminal (4) of the present invention and indicates common negative terminal connections through partition (7) by strap (40). Figure 6 is an overhead view of the cell compartments indicating partitions (7)&(9), intercell connections (12) and positive connections (5) and (5a) and negative connection (4) which indicate a series parallel arrangement of cells. In accordance with the present invention, cells (a) to (f) of figure 6 have three layered positive electrode plates (10) and conventional negative electrode plates (11). Cells (g) through (l) have four conventional positive electrode plates (13) and five conventional negative plates (11). Cells (a) to (f) are connected in series and parallel to cells (g) to (l) by straps (12). Cell (f) is connected through the partition to cell (l) by strap (40) at the negative terminal. Cells (a) and (g) show separate positive post to terminal (5) and (5a) of figure 1. Cell (l) shows a single negative post to terminal connection (4) of figure 1. Partition (9) as indicated previously is not required when absorbed electrolyte is used. Whilst it is shown here that layered electrodes are used in cells (a) to (f) inclusive, such electrodes may be used in any cell combination within the structure. Figure 7 is a perspective view of a layered electrode plate structure which indicates a section of active materials removed for clarity of illustration. A frame (14) has a similar appearance to conventional plate structures but consists of two or more frame structures placed against each other and having grids (15) which provide current paths which also restrain the active material (16). A glass fibre mat (17) is also illustrated which is placed between the frames (14) and grids (15) prior to "pasting" over from either side of plate frames with active materials. Capillary action, enhanced by vehicle motion, allows electrolyte accessibility to the inner depths of the active material. Whilst it is appreciated that greater surface area of active material directly increase by proportion the high current performance of a conventional battery, the present invention provides, by use of dual or multiple layered positive electrode plates, not only high rapid discharge current when required but also longer lasting but lower electrical current when being used for auxiliary loads. The use of layered positive plates provide greater resistance to damage as a result of deep discharges that occur when the auxiliary circuits are operated for longer periods of time. The discharge/recharge cycle of a storage battery places pressure on the positive plates in particular. A conventional SLI battery is in effect a design trade-off between a deep cycle battery, which uses thick positive plates to counter the effects of deep discharges and recharge cycles, and a battery having a greater number of thinner plates to provide the maximum high current for cranking but for relatively short periods of time. When an internal combustion engine is being cranked, the current requirements are so great that rapid discharge occurs. However, because the discharge is so rapid, generally only the electrons at the plate surface are used. Electrons deeper into the active material may not be available until the cranking draw off is stopped for a period. A second attempt at cranking will produce a further flow of current. Thicker plates require more space volume to provide larger surface area for cranking power. Thicker plates also require longer recharge cycles. The present invention overcomes the problems of plate stress caused by longer or deeper discharges resulting from prolonged auxiliary use. It is also effective in providing surface current for rapid discharges. The use of layered positive plates also places less recharge strain on the vehicle's generator/alternator which would be the case if thick plates are used. Thick plates as previously mentioned provide for deeper and longer discharges but also require deeper and longer recharges. Thin layered positive plates as in the present invention not only provide for greater strength than a thick plate of equal dimensions, but also makes it easier for the electrolyte to penetrate into the active material of the plates, by capillary action. The cell configuration shown in figure 6 is only exemplary and many other configurations could be used as the particular design is not crucial. Similarly, other multiples of plates within each cell may be employed depending on overall capacity requirements of the specifications. The combination of layered plates also may include all cells depending on the specification requirements, or more or less cells than indicated in Figure 6. The use of thick, deep cycle plates, either in combination with layered plates or thin plates, can also be used to provide alternative current "types". The use of layered electrodes as illustrated in Fig 7 also helps overcome the problem of active mass fall off caused by vibration during movement of a vehicle in which a battery is installed. It should be understood that the present invention is not restricted to the use of layered structures as indicated by Fig 7. Indeed, folded structures may accomplish the same effect provided that the electrode is constructed as a single unit which is electrically connected yet allows electrolyte penetration to deep within the structure by capillary assisted defussion. That is, the structure, in order to provide correct electrochemical reaction within the cell, must be constructed electrically as one electrode and must also provide electrolyte accessability to deep within the structure by providing suitable capillary tracking between each layer and by providing diffusion through perforations or pores throughout the active material. It should also be understood that although described herein as positive electrodes, the said layered electrodes are able to be used as negative electrodes. The number of layers is not restricted and can be determined by specification. Turning now to manufacturing costs. The present invention, as previously mentioned, is generally housed within the same dimensional parameters as an equivalent conventional SLI battery. Because the conventional battery is designed primarily as a cranking battery, emphasis has been directed to heavy intercell connectors so as to reduce resistance and thus enhance performance. The present invention, however, can provide a compromise by providing dual/multi currents at positive terminals in close proximity as indicated in Figure 3. The intercell connectors may be comparatively reduced in weight as by circuit design it is possible to avoid a voltage drop at the ignition coil, resulting in a larger ignition spark and thereby reducing the required cranking capacity. The active material used in the present invention is equal in weight and volume to a conventional SLI battery of the same dimensions. The grids used in the present invention are, in the case of the layered configuration, moulded from pure lead. The layers of the plates, as previously discussed, creates a stronger structure thus reducing the need for additives such as antimony or calcium. In this regard, the gassing problems created by the lead additives are reduced and the present invention, though able to "deep cycle", is also able to be manufactured as a "Maintenance Free" type battery. The elimination of complex venting plugs is therefore provided for with the present invention which utilizes an isotonic design of cell breathing system. That is, no cap is provided over the tapered filling and breathing inlet which is covered by a microporous element such as teflon tape held in place by adhesion tape as illustrated at Fig 1. The Monobloc Injection Moulded casing, figure 2, shows one extra partition (9) as compared to a conventional battery. This partition is required in the flooded electrolyte version of the battery. The partition, although apparently requiring more plastic material, has in fact created a saving by weight of material used. Partition (9) strengthens the casing by providing lateral support. This then allows a reduction in wall and partition thicknesses. For example, a conventional battery would have external walls measuring between 2.75 mm and 3.25 mm. Internal partitions on conventional batteries of similar size measure between 1.75 mm and 2.75 mm. The present invention, in wet form, because of the lateral support provided by partition (9), reduces the required thickness of the external walls (6) and (8) of figure 2 to between 2.0 mm and 2.75 mm. Similarly, the internal partitions can be reduced to between 1.50 and 1.75 mm. The additional plastic or polypropylene required for partition (9) is more than compensated for by the reduction in the thickness of all walls and partitions. Calculations of manufacturing costs also must include plant alterations, etc. The present invention is designed to overcome the need for any plant alterations. Indeed, the battery can be manufactured by any well established storage battery manufacturer without any noticeable or major plant alterations. The injection moulding of the casing and lid would differ from those used for conventional batteries. The injection moulding operation is normally separated from the assembly procedures, so there are no problems of integration. The present invention's injection moulding requires no new material by weight or volume, and would not cost more than between 10% and 20% of the cost of manufacturing a conventional battery. When comparing it with the practice of using two batteries in an automobile, it is of course far cheaper. Figure 8 refers to a battery (1) of the type described herein as provided. The battery is earthed through earth connector (18). The battery provides two positive leads (19) and (20). Positive lead (19) is applied to the common terminal (21) of ignition switch (22). The ignition switch (22) may provide a spare terminal (23) which can be contacted by for example a reverse turn of the key from which extends electrical conductor (25) which may be used for example to allow a radio to play while the key is out. That is to say it can provide an electrical connection when the key is in an unlocked position. Lead (36) extending from terminal (26) is utilized for the auxiliaries and ignition circuits of the motor vehicle in which the battery (1) is to be used. The generator is connected directly to lead (19). Terminal (27) provides current through lead (28) to the solenoid (31) which is then activated to provide current to the starter motor (30) through lead (38). Lead (32) is an option and further high current lead from the second positive terminal. If this lead is provided it effectively connects the two parts of the battery in parallel thereby providing additional current capacity to the starter motor (30). When lead (32) is not provided a thermal cut off switch (33) is desirably provided. A solenoid switch can be provided in lead (34) which extends between a further terminal (35) in the ignition switch (22) and the positive lead (20). A trip switch (39) may be provided which is able to be operated by for example movement of the accelerator of the vehicle, the oil pressure switch, the voltage regulator, or some other item with the desired item being the accelerator so that the switch becomes closed as the accelerator is pressed. Switch (39) must be provided to allow for recharging of the battery in use eliminating the need for a diode in the circuit. Lead (24) is the general accessory lead which supplies current to vehicle accessories independent of the ignition switch. Figure 9 shows the construction of the battery (1) being provided in substantially the same manner along with ignition switch (22) and positive leads (19) and (20). Between the positive leads (19) and (20) is connected a diode (37) which allows for recharging of the two parts of the battery during standard use in substantially the known manner and without the need to provide switch (36) or lead (32) of Figure 8. Thus it can be seen that at least in the preferred form of the invention, a battery is provided in which by combination of thicker and thinner electrode plates, the thickness determined by more or less layers, arranged in cell structures that share a common earth terminal but have one or more positive terminals, which thereby provide through electrical scheme plan a discharge management capability of said cells and according to a current characteristic which is variable by choice of plate structure thickness.The use of either dry electrolyte or flooded electrolyte or a combination of both is also provided.

Claims: A vehicle electric circuit comprising a battery (1), said battery (1) comprising a container (2) having a plurality of cells (A-L), said plurality of cells (A-L) including at least two positive terminal cells (A, G) and at least one negative terminal cell (L), each cell containing a plurality of alternating positive (10, 13) and negative (11) electrode plates separated from each other and constituting a cell element stack, each of said plates including active material (16), the positive electrode plates (10, 13) of the cell element stack in each positive terminal cell (A, G) being electrically connected to a positive terminal (5, 5a), the negative electrode plates of the cell element stack in the or each negative terminal cell (L) being electrically connected to one negative terminal (4), each electrode plate of each cell element other than a said terminal cell being electrically connected in series to the electrode plate of opposite polarity in an adjoining cell, the cells of each series (A-F; G-L) of connections having separate positive terminals (5, 5a); and an electrolyte in contact with the positive (10, 13) and negative (11) electrode plates in each cell, characterized in that the cells of each series of connections (A-F, G-L) are electrically connected to only one common negative terminal (4) and the electrode plates (10, 11) of the series (A-F) are of thicker plate material than are the electrode plates (11, 13) of the other series (G-L); the electrode plates of the series (A-F) being capable of slower deeper discharge as is required for the vehicle's auxiliary power circuits, the electrode plates of the other series (G-L) are capable of rapid shallow discharge as is required for internal combustion engine starting, said vehicle electric system furthermore comprising first a heavy current conductor cable (18) connected to the battery negative terminal (4) and earthed to said vehicle, second a current conductor cable (20) connected to one or more positive terminals (5, 5a) of said battery and connected to a current first switch (31), said current switch being connected to the electric starter motor (30) of said vehicle, third a current conductor cable (19) connected to one or more of the battery's positive terminals (5, 5a) and to the auxiliary circuits of said vehicle, fourth a current electrical conductor cable connected to one positive terminal not engaged by said second current connector cable (20), said fourth current conductor cable being in common circuit with the generator circuit line of said vehicle, then a second switch (39), fifth a current conductor cable from said second switch (39) connected to said terminal engaged by said second current conductor cable (20). An electrical circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said second switch (39) is turned on by depression of the accelerator of said vehicle. An electrical circuit as claimed in claim 1 including a blocking diode (27) between said positive terminals (5, 5a) instead of the second switch (39) with current flow in the direction away from said generator line circuit. An electrical circuit as claimed in claim 1, having a thermal current overload circuit breaking switch (33) between said positive terminals (5, 5a). An electrical circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein an extra contact is incorporated into the heavy starter motor switch (31), such switch being supplied with current from more than one positive terminal (5, 5a) of said battery (1). An electrical circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said electrical system includes an ignition switch (22), and a further terminal (35) is included in said ignition switch (22) which further terminal (35) provides a connection between said positive terminals. An electrical circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein electrical discharge or recharge of battery cells is determined by operation of pressure sensitive switches such as those used for oil pressure indication. An electrical circuit according to claim 1, wherein the series of cells (A-F) having thicker plate material have less plates per volume space, the current capacity being equal to the other series of cells (G-L) having thinner plates. An electrical circuit according to claim 1, wherein said positive terminals (5, 5a) in the battery (1) are in close proximity. An electrical circuit according to claim 1, wherein at least some of said plates in the battery (1) comprise two or more layers. An electrical circuit according to claim 1, wherein said electrolyte in each battery cell comprises (one of) an absorbed electrolyte (or dry and a flooded electrolyte). An electrical circuit according to claim 1, wherein said battery plates are separated by a separator (13) and said separators are impregnated with electrolyte and placed in dry form. An electrical circuit according to claim 1, wherein each battery layer includes a grid (15), reinforcing material (17) being provided between each layer so that the grid structures within each cell require a minimum or no strengthening additives. An electrical circuit according to claim 1, the battery (1) having venting holes of isotonic design from each cell, said venting holes being covered with teflon to prevent liquid escape but to allow gas escape and/or recombination. An electrical circuit according to claim 1, wherein said electrolyte in each battery cell comprises a dry electrolyte. An electrical circuit according to claim 1, wherein said electrolyte in each battery cell comprises a flooded electrolyte.

Inventors: WITEHIRA PITA, WITEHIRA, PITA
Applicants: WITEHIRA PITA, WITEHIRA, PITA
Application year: 1989
Main classification: H01M4
IPC codes: H01M10, H01M16, H01M4, H01M2, B60R16