Method of and device for fixing a powder image on a receiving support by means of heat

Abstract: The device for fixing a powder image on a receiving support (7) by means of heat consists of an image transfer roller (8) internally pro­ vided with a heating element (9) having the same heat-generating power over the entire length of the image transfer roller (8), and a heating element (10) which has a higher heat-generating power in the edge zones (24,25) of the image transfer roller (8) than in the middle zone (23) of said roller (8), and a pressure roller (11) internally pro­ vided with a heating element (12) which like the heating element (10) has a higher heat-generating power in the edge zones (24,25) than in the middle zone (23). The device may be in a warm-up condition in which the temperature of the rollers (8,11) is not yet at the working level, a stand-by con­ dition in which said temperature is at the working level but in which no fixing is carried out, and a fixing condition in which fixing is carried out. During warm-up, all the heating elements generate the maximum power. During stand-by, heating element (9) is switched off and the effective powers of heating elements (10) and (12) are set to a much lower value, so that the ratio between the amount of heat generated in the edge zones (24,25) and the amount of heat generated in the middle zone (23) is greater than during the warm-up. During fixing, the effective powers of the heating elements (9,10,12) are set to a higher value than during stand-by, but the said ratio is then lower than during stand-by.

Description: The invention relates to a method of fixing a powder image on a receiving support by means of heat, by moving the receiving support past a heating element, said heating element having a middle zone and adjacent edge zones as considered in the direction transversely of the direction of movement, said middle zone being substantially larger than said edge zones. The invention also relates to a device in which the method according to the invention is carried out. A known method and device are disclosed in US patent 3 398 259, which describes a copying machine provided with a fixing device having two groups of electrical heating elements which, during a stand-by period in which fixing is not carried out, are connected in series in order to generate per unit of time a quantity of heat sufficient to keep the fixing device hot while, during a period in which fixing is carried out, only one of the groups is switched on in order to generate per unit of time a greater quantity of heat than during stand-by. The two groups can also be connected in parallel in order to generate per unit of time a quantity of heat which is even greater during a period in which the fixing device is heated up. The fixing device is provided with a temperature sensor which, when a temperature sufficient for fixing is reached, switches the fixing device over from the warm-up condition to the stand-by condition. During stand-by periods the fixing device will give up most heat to the surroundings in areas adjacent the surroundings, i.e. particularly the ends of the heating elements, and hence more in the edge zones than in the middle zone. During fixing, there is extra heat yield to image-bearing parts moving closely past heating elements, such as the receiving support. This extra heat yield is substantially equal over the entire length of the heating elements. (In a copying machine of the kind in which a powder image is transferred from a photo-conductive support to a pre-heated receiving support via an image transfer medium in pressure contact both with the photoconductor and the receiving material, this extra heat yield takes place to the photo-conductive support.) This known copying machine and the method applied therein therefore have the disadvantage that the receiving support is heated non-uniformly in the direction transversely of the direction in which the receiving support is moved past the heating elements, so that it may readily happen that the temperature comes outside the temperature range in which good fixing is possible. A heat fixing method and device according to the preamble is known from JP-A-50 138838. A similar method and device are known from US Patent 4 001 545. These documents disclose heating elements comprising a first part and a second part both extending in the said transverse direction and both having a middle zone and adjacent edge zones. The first part has a profiled heat generating power such that it generates more heat in its edge zones than in its middle zone. The second part has a heat generating power that is either uniform over the length of the part or profiled such that it generates more heat in the edge zones than in its middle zone. In this way, a differentiated heat production is possible by powering the first and second part differently. In the known fixing devices, the amount of heat generated per unit of time of the first part is controlled via a temperature sensor in one of the edge zones, while the heating power generated by the second part is controlled via a temperature sensor in the middle zone. Thus in the known fixing devices two separate control circuits are required to control the temperature in the device, and that makes the device unnecessarily complicated. The object of this invention is to provide a method and a device without said disadvantage. This object is achieved in the method according to the invention by providing a control scheme for controlling the heating element which control scheme includes a stand-by period and a fixing period, said control scheme comprising: a) in said fixing period, controlling the heating element in generating a total amount of heat per unit of time that is greater than in said stand-by period, b) in each period, controlling the heating element in generating an amount of heat per unit of time that in said middle zone is smaller than in said edge zones, c) in said stand-by period, controlling the heating element in generating a first amount of heat per unit of time in the edge zones and a second amount of heat per unit of time in the middle zone, said first and second amounts having a first fixed ratio, and d) in said fixing period, controlling the heating element in generating a third amount of heat per unit of time in the edge zones and a fourth amount of heat per unit of time in the middle zone, said third and fourth amounts having a second fixed ratio, in which said first fixed ratio is larger than said second fixed ratio, said ratios being predetermined, so as to allow regulating the temperature of the entire device on the basis of the measured temperature at one place of said device. In a device according to the invention the object of the invention is achieved by the measures recited in claim 3.As a result, the temperature of the fixing device can be readily kept within a narrow temperature range over the entire length of a heating element. Since the invention provides a different heat yield profile during stand-by and during fixing, the amount of heat generated in the fixing device during stand-by and during fixing can be controlled on the basis of the measured temperature at one place in the fixing device, for example in the middle.According to another aspect of the invention, in a method according to the invention, said control scheme also includes a heat-up period, and also comprising: e) in said heat-up period, controlling the heating element in generating a fifth amount of heat per unit of time in the edge zones and a sixth amount of heat per unit of time in the middle zone, said fifth and sixth amounts having a third fixed ratio, in which said third ratio is smaller than said first ratio, said ratios being predetermined, so as to allow regulating the temperature of the entire device on the basis of the measured temperature at one place of said device. Consequently, a uniform temperature is obtained during heating up. This step is based on the realisation that during warm-up each heating element of the fixing device is on average colder than during stand-by, so that the heat yield at the ends of the heating element in comparison with the total amount of heat generated in the same period of time is less during warm-up than during stand-by. The invention will now be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-section of a part of an electrophotographic copying machine using a device according to the invention and with which a method according to the invention can be applied and Fig. 2 is a cross-section on the line II-II in Fig. 1 with a diagram of the electrical connection of the device. The part of an electrophotographic copying machine represented in Fig. 1 comprises a photoconductive drum 1 which can rotate in the direction of the arrow. The rotating photoconductive drum 1 successively passes the following: A charging device 2 for uniformly charging the photoconductive surface of the drum 1, An image device 3 for image-wise discharge of a charged surface, developing device 4 for developing the formed charge image with developing powder, A transfer and fixing device 5 for transferring the formed powder image to a receiving material 7, which device 5 will be described in greater detail hereinafter, and A cleaning device 6 for removing residual developing powder from the photoconductive drum 1. The transfer and fixing device 5 is provided with a hollow metal image transfer roller 8 covered with a layer of silicone rubber, the roller 8 being internally provided with two heating elements 9 and 10 for heating the silicone rubber layer on the image transfer roller 8. The photoconductive drum 1 and the image transfer roller 8 respectively can be brought by means not shown into a position in which the drum 1 does not make contact with the image transfer roller 8 and a position in which the photoconductive drum 1 is in contact with the image transfer roller 8, in which latter position the photoconductive drum 1 and the image transfer roller 8 press against one another with a force sufficient to transfer the powder image from the photoconductive drum 1 to the heated silicone rubber layer of the image transfer roller 8. These means which are not shown may, for example, consist of the means described for that purpose in Netherlands patent application 8702691. The transfer and fixing device 5 is also provided with a hollow metal pressure roller 11 which, like the image transfer roller 8, is covered with a layer of silicone rubber, the pressure roller 11 being internally provided with a heating element 12 for heating the silicone rubber layer on the pressure roller 11. The latter is pressed against the image transfer roller 8 by two backing rollers 13 and 14, for example in the manner described in the aforesaid Netherlands patent application 8702691, with a force sufficient to transfer the powder image heated on the image transfer roller 8 and fuse it on receiving material 7 moved through the nip between the image transfer roller 8 and the pressure roller 11. The backing rollers 13 and 14 also ensure that developing powder and dust originating from the receiving material, which are landed on the pressure roller 11, are removed. As considered in the direction of feed of the receiving material 7, a plate 15 is disposed in front of the fixing nip between the image transfer roller 8 and the pressure roller 11, which plate 15 can be heated by means of a heating element 16 and is covered by a biasing member 17. Before it reaches the fixing nip between the image transfer roller 8 and the pressure roller 11, receiving material 7 is fed between the heated plate 15 and the biasing member 17. The heating of plate 15 is so adjusted that receiving material 7 on reaching the fixing nip is preheated to a temperature which is somewhat below the fixing temperature that can prevail in the fixing nip. In a part of the periphery of the image transfer roller 8 which is situated past the fixing nip as considered in the direction of rotation of the image transfer roller 8 a cleaning roller 18 is in contact with the image transfer roller 8 for the removal of developing powder and of dust originating from the receiving material, remained on the image transfer roller 8 after fixing. The transfer and fixing device 5 is also provided with a temperature sensor 19 which measures the temperature of the image transfer roller 8 in the immediate surroundings of the fixing nip. Temperature sensor 19 is a pyro-electric sensor which operates without contact and which measures the temperature at the surface of the image transfer roller 8 in a region which, as considered in the direction of the length of the image transfer roller 8, is situated in the middle of said roller 8 as shown in Fig. 2. For a good transfer of developing powder from the photoconductive drum 1 to the image transfer roller 8, and from the latter to the receiving material 7, the developing powder must have a certain temperature. This temperature is obtained by bringing the silicone rubber layer on the image transfer roller 8 into a given working range. At a temperature of the image transfer roller 8 which is beneath the working range, the developing powder will not adhere properly to the receiving material 7 and will detach when the receiving material is folded or when the receiving material is subjected to rubbing. At a temperature of the image transfer roller 8 which is above the working range, a large part of the developing powder will remain sticking to the image transfer roller 8 after passing the fixing nip, so that there will be considerable soiling of the cleaning roller 18 and, in addition, developing powder stuck on the image transfer roller 8 may easily not be removed by the cleaning roller 18 and be transferred to the photoconductive drum 1 and fuse thereon. The photoconductive drum 1 must also be kept at a temperature far below the temperature working range of the image transfer roller 8 to prevent developing powder from fusing on the photoconductive drum and to prevent developing powder present as a reserve in the developing device 4 from becoming excessively hot and caking due to softening. To this end, the inside of the photoconductive drum 1 has cooling fins along which cooling air can be blown. Good results are obtained with temperatures of the image transfer roller 8 which are in a working range between 100°C and 125°C, a temperature of the preheated receiving material 7 of 90°C and a temperature of the photoconductive drum 1 which is below 45°C. In the embodiment represented in the drawings, the image transfer roller 8 consists of a steel cylinder 21 having a diameter of 100 mm and a length of 1 m, covered with an approximately 2 mm thick layer of silicone rubber. Cylinder 21 is mounted at its ends for rotation in the frame 22 of the copying machine. The heating element 9 and 10 disposed adjacent one another inside the cylinder 21 consist of spirally wound electrical resistance wire, the spirals extending over the entire length of the cylinder 21. Heating, element 9 has a uniform spiral winding and has a heat-generating powder of 1.6 W/mm over the entire length of the image transfer roller 8, and hence a total powder of 1600 W. Heating element 10 has more spiral windings per unit of length at the ends than in the middle and its maximum heat-generating power in the centrally situated middle zone 23 of the image transfer roller 8 over a length of 0.6 m is 1.6 W/mm (total 960 W) and in the adjacent edge zones 24 and 25, each 0.2 m in length, the maximum heat-generating power is 2.7 W/mm (total 2 x 540 W), hence a total power of 2040 W. In the middle zone 23 the maximum heat-generating power of the heating elements 9 and 10 is 960 W + 960 W = 1920 W and in the edge zones 24, 25 the maximum heat-generating power is 2 x (320 + 540) = 1720 W. The heating elements 9 and 10 serve primarily for heating the image transfer roller 8 and the steel cleaning roller 18 which is permanently in contact therewith. Like the image transfer roller 8, the pressure roller 11 consists of a steel cylinder 26 having a length of 1 m but with a diameter of 25 mm and is covered with a layer of silicone rubber in a thickness of about 1 mm. This cylinder is also mounted for rotation at its ends in the frame 22 of the copying machine. The heating element 12 inside cylinder 26 consists of an electrical resistance wire having more spiral windings per unit of length at the ends than in the middle and in the centrally situated middle zone 23 of the pressure roller 11 over a length of 0.6 m has a heat-generating power of 1 W/mm (total 600 W) and in the adjacent edge zones 24 and 25, each 0.2 m in length, a heat-generating power of 1.75 W/mm (total 2 x 350 W = 700 W) and hence a maximum total power of 1300 W. The heating element 12 serves primarily to heat the pressure roller 11 and the steel backing rollers 13 and 14 permanently in contact therewith. The heating elements 9,10 and 12 together have in the middle zone 23 a maximum heat-generating power of 1920 W + 600 W = 2520 W and in the edge zones 24 and 25 together a maximum heat-generating power of 1720 W + 700 W = 2420 W. The ratio between the maximum heat-generating power in the edge zones 24,25 and the middle zone 23 is 640 W/960 W in the case of heating element 9, 1080 W/960 W in the case of heating element 10 and 700 W/600 W in the case of heating element 12 and hence together: 640 W + 1800 W + 700 W 960 W + 960 W + 600 W = 0.96 A switching element 30,31 and 32 respectively is provided in the electrical power supply line to each heating element 9,10 and 12 to enable the electric current which can be fed to the associated heating element to be reduced in order to adjust the effective power delivered by the heating element to a power lower than the maximum power that the associated heating element can deliver, the ratio between the effective current and the maximum current representing the reduction factor. The power delivered by the heating elements 9,10 and 12 can also be controlled by periodically switching the power supply on and off by means of a relay, 33,34 and 35 respectively, namely by changing the on/off time ratio within fixed periods. The delivered power P is: (I max .reduction factor) 2 . R.on/off time ratio, where I max is the maximum electric current flowing through a heating element and R is the resistance of the heating wire. The distribution of the delivered power of the heating elements 9,10 and 12 over the length thereof, the power profile, can be adjusted by changing the power ratio of the heating elements 9,10 and 12, as will be explained hereinafter. After it has been switched on, the copying machine may be in three conditions: A warm-up condition in which the parts to be heated have a temperature below the working range. This condition applies when the machine is switched on after a long off period, A stand-by condition, in which the temperature of the parts to be heated is within the working range but no copying is effected, and A fixing condition in which the temperature of the parts to be heated is within the working range and copying is being effected. Heat must be supplied in each of these conditions by way of the heating elements in order primarily to bring the image transfer roller 8 and the pressure roller 11 to temperature and hold the same. In these conditions heat losses occur primarily in the edge zones of the rollers due to heat conduction to the heating elements fixing points and the bearings and the rollers drives, due to thermal convection along the sides of the rollers and due to thermal radiation via the side surfaces of the rollers. In the warm-up condition the photoconductive drum 1 is disengaged from the image transfer roller 8. A high power must be dispensed in the image transfer roller 8 and in the pressure roller 11 in order that the cleaning roller 18 and backing rollers 13 and 14 may also be quickly brought up to temperature apart from the said rollers 8 and 11. During warm-up the heat losses in the edge zones are relatively low because the average temperature difference between the rollers and the surroundings is low. During warm-up the maximum power is fed to all the heating elements, and hence the reduction factor is 1 and the on/off time ratio is 1, until the temperature sensor 19 measures a set-point temperature within the working range at the image transfer roller 8. At the above mentioned working range of 100 - 125°C, this set-point temperature is 120°C. The power distribution between the various heating elements can be so selected that at that time not only the image transfer roller 8 but also the other parts to be heated have reached a working temperature applicable to the associated part. At a relatively high power of the heating elements in the image transfer roller in comparison with the power of the heating element in the pressure roller 11 - a feature favourable to keeping the device warm during copying as will be explained hereinafter - the heating element 12 in the pressure roller 11 may be left at full power for a fixed time after reaching the set-point temperature in order to bring the backing rollers 13 and 14 to the working temperature. After the set-point temperature (120°C) is reached, the copying machine is automatically set to the stand-by condition or, if the copying machine has in the meantime been set to copying, the fixing condition. In the stand-by condition the transfer and fixing device 5 is at working temperature, but the heat losses in the edge zones increase in significance. This means that less heat need be supplied. This reduced heat must be supplied particularly to the edge zones. In the above-described embodiment, the on/off time ratio of the heating element 9 is set to 0 and those of the heating elements 10 and 12 to 0.29. The current flowing through the heating elements 10 and 12 is also reduced by a factor such that the effective power of heating element 10 becomes 527 W, of which 1080/2040. 527 W = 279 W in the edge zones 24,25 and 960/2040. 527 W = 248 W in the middle zone 23, and the effective power of heating element 12 becomes 96 W, of which 700/1300. 96 W = 51.7 W in the edge zones 24,25 and 600/1300. 96 W = 44.3 W in the middle zone 23. The ratio between the power in the edge zones 24,25 and the middle zone 23 is thus set to: 279 W + 51.7 W 248 W + 44.3 W = 1.13 during stand-by, i.e. to a higher value than during warm-up. In the fixing condition, the relatively cold photoconductive drum 1 is in pressure contact with the image transfer roller 8. To keep the transfer and fixing device 5 in this condition at a temperature which is within the working range, a significantly greater power must be supplied than during stand-by. The heat losses to the photoconductive drum 1 occur substantially uniformly over the entire length of the image transfer roller. For this purpose extra heat must be supplied in the fixing condition particulary by heating element 9 in comparison with the stand-by condition. In the above-described embodiment, the on/off time ratio of all the heating elements is set to 0.64 in the fixing condition. The current flowing through the heating elements 9,10 and 12 is also reduced by a factor such that the effective power of heating element 9 becomes 689 W, of which 640/1600. 689 W = 275.6W in the edge zones 24, 25 and 960/1600. 689 W = 413.4W in the middle zone 23, the effective power of heating element 10 becomes 746 W, of which 1080/2040. 746 W = 395 W in the edge zones 24,25 and 960/2040. 746 W = 351 W in the middle zone 23 and the effective power of heating element 12 becomes 193 W, of which 700/1300. 193 W = 104 W in the edge zones 24,25 and 600/1300. 193 W = 89 W in the middle zone 23. The ratio between the power in the edge zones 24,25 and the middle zone 23 is thus set to the following during fixing: 275.6 W + 395 W + 104 W 413.3 W + 351 W + 89 W = 0.9 i.e., to a lower value than during stand-by. The ratio between the maximum heat-generating powers in the edge zones 24,25 and the middle zone 23 of the two profiled heating elements 10 and 12 (first part) is: 1080 W + 700 W 960 W + 600 W = 1.14 and of the non-profiled heating element 9 (second part): 640 W/960 W = 0.66. The ratio between the power ratios of the first part and the second part during stand-by and fixing is: 527 + 96 0 : 746 + 193 689 = ∞ This ratio during warm-up and stand-by is: 240 + 1300 1600 : 527 + 86 0 and is therefore smaller than the ratio of said powers during stand-by and fixing. On the basis of the existing condition of the copying machine - the warm-up condition after the machine has been switched on, the stand-by condition after the transfer and fixing device of the copying machine has reached temperature, or the fixing condition after actuation of a print button of the copying machine - an adjusting computer 36 automatically sets the reduction factor of the current reducers 30, 31 and 32 and the on/off time ratio of the relays 33, 34 and 35 to preset values associated with the activated conditions. In the stand-by and fixing conditions a time-proportional controller 37 is automatically switched on, which for the three heating elements 9, 10 and 12 jointly controls the on/off time ratio for temperature control based on the set-point temperature. In stand-by this set-point temperature is set to a higher value within the working range than during fixing to prevent this temperature from coming below the working range due to the sudden temperature fall which occurs with the arrival of the cold photoconductive drum 1 at the start of fixing. At a working range of 100 to 125°C usable setpoint adjustments for this purpose are 120°C and 110°C respectively. In each loading situation the controller 37 holds the temperature of the image transfer roller 8 within the working range, so that copying is possible without waiting times. A proportional and differential controller is sufficient for this purpose. Instead of the combination described - adjustment of current strength and on/off time ratio by adjusting computer 36 and control of the on/off time ratio by controller 37 - both the adjustment and the control can also be provided by varying only the on/off time ratio at full current strength. Measurements carried out with a test rig of the embodiment described show that directly after warm-up a somewhat higher temperature (+ 4°C) is present in the edge zones than in the middle zone. In the event of the machine staying in stand-by for a long time, a slightly lower temperature (- 8°C) occurs in the edge zones than in the middle zone. During copying the temperature difference is less than 2 ° C.

Claims: A method of fixing a powder image on a receiving support (7) by means of heat, by moving the receiving support (7) past a heating element (9, 10, 12), said heating element (9, 10, 12) having a middle zone (23) and adjacent edge zones (24, 25) as considered in the direction transversely of the direction of movement, said middle zone (23) being substantially larger than said edge zones (24, 25), characterized by a control scheme for controlling the heating element (9, 10, 12) which control scheme includes a stand-by period and a fixing period, said control scheme comprising: a) in said fixing period, controlling the heating element (9, 10, 12) in generating a total amount of heat per unit of time that is greater than in said stand-by period, b) in each period, controlling the heating element (9, 10, 12) in generating an amount of heat per unit of time that in said middle zone (23) is smaller than in said edge zones (24, 25), c) in said stand-by period, controlling the heating element (9, 10, 12) in generating a first amount of heat per unit of time in the edge zones (24, 25) and a second amount of heat per unit of time in the middle zone (23), said first and second amounts having a first fixed ratio, and d) in said fixing period, controlling the heating element (9, 10, 12) in generating a third amount of heat per unit of time in the edge zones (24, 25) and a fourth amount of heat per unit of time in the middle zone (23), said third and fourth amounts having a second fixed ratio, in which said first fixed ratio is larger than said second fixed ratio, said ratios being predetermined, so as to allow regulating the temperature of the entire device on the basis of the measured temperature at one place of said device. A method according to claim 1, further characterized by said control scheme also including a heat-up period, and also comprising: e) in said heat-up period, controlling the heating element (9, 10, 12) in generating a fifth amount of heat per unit of time in the edge zones (24, 25) and a sixth amount of heat per unit of time in the middle zone (23), said fifth and sixth amounts having a third fixed ratio, in which said third ratio is smaller than said first ratio, said ratios being predetermined, so as to allow regulating the temperature of the entire device on the basis of the measured temperature at one place of said device. A device for fixing a powder image on a receiving support (7) by means of heat, comprising a heating element (9,10,12) extending in the direction transversely of the direction in which the receiving support is moved past the heating element, for fixing a powder image applied to the receiving support, said heating element (9,10,12) comprising a first part (10,12) and a second part (9) both extending in the said transverse direction, said first part (10,12) and said second part (9) having a middle zone (23) and adjacent edge zones (24,25) as considered in the said transverse direction, said middle zone being substantially larger than said edge zones, each zone having a heat generating power, said heat generating power being defined as the amount of heat generated per unit of time, characterized in that the ratio between said heat generating power in the edge zones (24,25) and said heat generating power in the middle zone (23) is larger for said first part (10,12) than for said second part (9), a control circuit (36, 37) is provided having a single temperature sensor (19) for the entire device, said control circuit being able to operate in a stand-by condition in which the device is at a temperature sufficient for fixing but in which the device is not set to fixing and in a fixing condition, and being provided with adjusting means (36) for applying a pre-adjusted first power to the first part (10,12) and a pre-adjusted second power to the second part (9), in such a way, that in said fixing condition the heating power generated by the first part (10, 12) and the second part (9) together is greater than in said stand-by mode, that in each condition the amount of heat generated per unit of time by the first part (10, 12) and the second part (9) together is smaller in the middle zone (23) than in the edge zones (24, 25), that in said stand-by condition said first and second powers have a first predetermined fixed ratio and that in said fixing condition said first and second powers have a second predetermined fixed ratio, in which said first predetermined fixed ratio is larger than said second predetermined fixed ratio. A device according to claim 3, wherein said control circuit is also able to operate in a heat-up condition in which the heating element is heated up, wherein said adjusting means (36) is laid out for applying said first and second powers to said first (10,12) and second (9) parts, respectively, in such a way, that in said heat-up mode said first and second powers have a third predetermined fixed ratio, in which said third predetermined fixed ratio is smaller than said first predetermined fixed ratio.

Inventors: D HONDT ARNOLD AUGUST PETRONEL, JAARTSVELD ROB FRANCOIS MARIE, D'HONDT, ARNOLD AUGUST PETRONELLA MARIE, JAARTSVELD, ROB FRANCOIS MARIE, Jaartsveld, Rob François Marie
Applicants: OCE TECH BV, OCE-TECHNOLOGIES B.V.
Application year: 1989
Main classification: G03G15
IPC codes: G03G15, G03G13