SYNTHETIC RECEPTOR ANALOGUES

Abstract: Compounds of general formula (I), wherein R1 is alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; tri(alkyl)silylethyl; optionally substituted aryl; mono- or di-halogenalkyl; phenylalkyl; a group of formula (II): R3-(CH2)n-S(O)m-CH2CH2- or formula (IIa): (R3-(CH2)n-S(O)m-CH2)2CH-CH2-, wherein R3 is H, carboxy, carboxyalkyl, hydroxy, amino, or a carrier, n is an integer from 1 to 24, and m is 0 or 2; a group of formula (III): Phe-S(O)m-CH2CH2- or formula (IIIa): (Phe-S(O)m-CH2)2CH-CH2- wherein each Ph is an optionally monosubstituted phenyl group; a group of formula (IV): R4CH2CH(CH2R5)CH2- wherein R4 and R5 independently are halogen; a group Q-(CH2)n- where Q is a carrier; and R2 is a mono- or disaccharide moiety connected via a glycosidic bond; alkyl; alkenyl; alkynyl; alkyloxymethyl; alkanoyl; alpha -hydroxy-alkanoyl; optionally substituted naphthyl-, heterocyclyl- or phenylalkoxy; a trialkylsilyl-containing group; halogen; omega -hydroxy-C1-4alkyl; tetrahydropyranyl; benzyloxymethyl; cycloalkyl; a monoterpenyl moiety; optionally monosubstituted benzoyl; the acyl residue of a naturally occurring amino acid; or a group of formula (V): R6-C(O)-N(R7)-CH(R8)-CH2-, wherein R6 is C1-4 alkyl; or optionally monosubstituted phenyl, R7 is H or C1-4 alkyl, and R8 is H, C1-4 alkyl, or hydroxy-C1-4 alkyl, Z is -O-, -S-, -SO2-, or -CH2-, X is -O-, -S-, -SO2-, -CH2-, or -NR3-, wherein R3 is H or is one of the meanings for R2 above, R3 and R1 optionally being connected to form a ring, and Y is -O- or -NR3- where R3 and R2 optionally are connected to form a ring. Compounds of general formula (I) have enhanced receptor binding properties to bacteria and are useful in inhibiting the binding of bacteria to mammalian cell surfaces.

Description: SYNTHETIC RECEPTOR ANALOGUES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to novel synthetic analogues of gala- biosides useful as i.a. synthetic biological receptors. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Adhesion to cell-surface carbohydrates is considered to be important for bacterial growth and possibly for the expression of pathogenicity and is mediated via proteinaceous appendages termed pili or fimbriae. Also, glycolipids, glycoproteins and simple glycosides have been shown to function as specific biological receptors towards lectins and antibodies. The specificity and strength of the binding depends on the presence of both hydrophilic (e.g. hydroxyl groups) and hy¬ drophobic (e.g. CH-groups) areas in the sugar molecule. In order to investigate possible affinity differences, applicants have prepared and investigated a number of glycosides of galabiose and investigated their properties as inhibitors. Thus, a series of galabioside analogues were prepared and used as inhibitors of the agglutination of human red blood cells by genetically well-defined bacteria, namely mutants (HB101/pPAP5) of uropathogenic E. coli which carries galabiose-specific adhesin but is void of other sugar-binding adhesins in the pili, the mutants therefore being used as a standar¬ dized model of the wild strain. The investigations indicated that any alterations of most of the hydroxy groups (e.g. removal of the hydroxy group, replacement there¬ of with atoms such as fluorine, substitution thereof to form e.g. al oxy groups) resulted in a drastic reduction or complete removal of the ability of the glycoside to inhibit agglutination of red blood cells by means of the above-mentioned uropathogenic E. coli mutants. It was concluded that the positions in which the alterations had these negative effects were in some way involved either in essential hydrogen bonding interactions (either H-donating or H-accepting) with the bacterial adhesin or were involved in intra-molecular hydrogen bonding. However, the investigations revealed that alterations in the 3'- position (meaning the 3-position of the non-reducing galactose unit) could result in increased inhibitor activity. Also, alterations in the nature of the aglycon moiety towards higher lipophilicity resul¬ ted in increased inhibitor activity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Based on the above outlined observations, the present invention concerns compound of the general formula I wherein ~ - s ^1-24 alkyl; C2.2 alkenyl; C2.24 alkynyl; ri C^_ al¬ kyl)silylethy1; aryl optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, Cι_ alkyl, C j^ . alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy; mono- or di-halogen-C^gally1; phenyl-C j^ .^ lVyl; a group of the formula II or Ila R 3 -(CH 2 ) I1 -S(0) ιn -CH2CH2- II (R3-(CH 2 ) n -S(0) ln -CH 2 )2CH-CH2- Ha wherein R3 is H, carboxy, carboxy-C^.4 alkyl, hydroxy, amino, or a carrier, n is an integer from 1 to 24, and m is 0 or 2; a group of the formula III or Ilia Phe-S(0) m -CH 2 CH 2 - III (Phe-S(0) m -CH 2 )2CH-CH 2 - Ilia wherein m is as defined above, and each Phe is a phenyl group optionally monosubstituted with hydroxy, amino, C^. alkyl, 0^.4 alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy a group of the formula IV R 4 CH2CH(CH2R5)CH 2 - IV wherein R4 and R5 independently are halogen a group Q-(CH2) n - where Q is a carrier, and n is as defined above; and R 2 is a mono- or disaccharide moiety connected via a glycosidic bond; C _ g alkyl; C 2 _i8 alkenyl; C 2 _-L8 alkynyl; C^.j^ alk loxy- methyl; C^ . ^Q alkanoyl; α-hydroxy-C^_^g alkanoyl; naphthyl-, heterocyclyl- or phenyl-C^.g alkoxy where the naphthyl, hetero- cyclyl or phenyl group may be substituted with hydroxy, amino, C-L_4 alkyl, 0^.4 alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy; tri(C^_ - alkyl)silyleth l; tri(C 1 _4-alkyl)silyl; tri(C 1 _4-alkyl)silyl- ethoxymethyl; halogen; ω-hydroxy-C^_4alkyl; tetrahydropyranyl; benzyloxymethyl; C3_g cycloalkyl, a monoterpenyl moiety; benzoyl optionally monosubstituted with hydroxy, amino, C^_4 alkyl, C^. alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy; the acyl residue of a na¬ turally occurring amino acid; or a group of the formula V R 6 -C(0)-N(R 7 )-CH(R 8 )-CH 2 - V wherein Rg is 0^.4 alkyl; or phenyl optionally monosubsti¬ tuted with hydroxy, amino, 0^.4 alkyl, C j^ .4 alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy, R7 is H or C^.4 alkyl, and R8 is H, Cι_4 alkyl, or hydrox -C^.4 alkyl, Z is -0-, -S-, -S0 2 -, or -CH 2 -, X is -0-, -S-, -SO2-, -CH2-, or -NR3-, wherein R3 is H or is one of the meanings for R 2 above, and R3 and R^ optionally being connected to form a ring, and Y is -0- or -NR3- where R3 is as.defined above, R3 and R 2 op¬ tionally being connected to form a ring. Since compounds of the formula I exhibit increased inhibiting acti¬ vity towards the adhesion of bacteria to receptors on tissue surfa¬ ces, a further aspect of the invention is pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the general formula I as defined above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that is inert with respect to bacteria/receptor interactions. Yet another aspect of the invention is a diagnostic kit which in¬ corporates one or more compounds of the general formula I, the kit being useful in the detection of the presence of bacteria in samples of e.g. body fluids such as urine, in particular the detection of uropathogenic E. coli strains. Yet another aspect of the present invention is the compounds of the general formula I for use in therapy or prophylaxis of bacterial infections, in particular uropathogenic E. coli infections. Yet another aspect of the invention is a method of detecting the presence of bacteria, in particular uropathogenic E.coli in a liquid sample comprising bringing the sample into contact with a compound of the general formula I followed by detection of bacteria that have adhered to the compounds of the formula I. In yet another aspect, the invention concerns use of the compounds of the general formula I for the preparation of a pharmaceutical compo¬ sition useful in therapy or prophylaxis of bacterial infections, in particular uropathogenic E. coli infections, as well as a method for treating or preventing bacterial infections, in particular uropatho- genie E. coli infections, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the formula I or a pharmaceuti¬ cal composition comprising a compound of the formula I. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the present context, the terms "C j ^alk l" and "C^.^alkyl" desig- nates alkyl groups with 1-4 or 1-24 carbon atoms which may be straight, branched or cyclic such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopro- pyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert.butyl, cyclohexyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, etc. The term "C 2 _ 4alkenyl" designates mono- unsaturated alkyl groups with 2-24 carbon atoms which may be straight or branched, preferably straight, in which the double bond may be present anywhere in the chain, for example vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2- propenyl, hexenyl, decenyl, hexadecenyl, octadecenyl. The term "C 2 _ 2 4alkynyl" designates a alkyl group with 2-24 carbon atoms and incorporating a triple bond, e.g. ethynyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2- butynyl etc. The term "halogen" designates Cl, Br, I and F, preferab¬ ly Cl and Br. A mono- or di-halogen-C j _.4alkyl group may be substituted in any position and if substituted with 2 halogen atoms, the halogen atoms may be the same or different. The term "carrier" for Q designates any organic or inorganic, poly¬ meric or macromolecular structure to which the aglycon part of the 0- glycosidic compound of the formula I is attached either covalently or by e.g. hydrophobic interaction. Examples of such carriers are resi¬ dues of proteins, polysaccharides, plastic polymers and inorganic materials. Residues of proteins are preferably bonded through nucleo- philic groups in the proteins, e.g. such groups as amino, hydroxy and mercapto groups. The proteins themselves may be any of a wide variety of proteins, in particular biologically compatible proteins such as globulins, albumins such as bovine serum albumin, fibrins, polylysin, "key-hole" limpet haemocyanine (KLH) , etc. The polysac¬ charides, to which the O-glycosidic compounds are attached, may be any of a wide variety of polysaccharides. The aglycon part of the compound of formula I may be bonded through hydroxy groups on ordi¬ nary polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch or glycogen, through amino groups on amino saccharides such as chitosane or aminated sepharose, and through mercapto groups of thio-modified polysacchari- des. Examples of plastics to which the aglycon part of the compounds of the formula I may be attached are aminated latex, thiolated, aminated, or hydroxylated polystyrene, and polyvinyl alcohol. The plastics in question may be in the form of e.g. beads or film. Examples of inorganic material, to which the aglycon part of the compounds of the formula I may be attached are silicon oxide materi¬ als such as silica gel, zeolite, diatomaceous earth, or the surface of various glass or silica gel types such as thiolated or aminated glass, where the silica gel or the glass may be in the form of e.g. beads. Another example of an inorganic material is aluminium oxide. The term "mono- or disaccharide moiety" for R 2 can be any naturally occurring monosaccharide or disaccharide consisting of two such monosaccharide units, the monosaccharide units being selected from D- gl cosamine, D-galactosamine, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D- gulose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-fructose etc. The term "C^.^galkanoyl" designates the acyl residue of a alkanoic acid derived from a C^. j ^alka e in keeping with the above definition of C^_. 2 4alkyl, for example acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, hexanoyl, octanoyl, dodecanoyl, hexadecanoyl, octadecanoyl etc. The term "heterocyclyl" designates single or fused, 5- or 6-membered aromatic heterocyclic groups containing one to four hetero atoms selected from 0, S and N, e.g. 2-, 3- or 4-pyridinyl, 2- or 3-thie- nyl, 2-, 4- or 5-thiazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-oxazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 5- isoxazolyl, 5-isothiazolyl, 2-furanyl, 2- or 5-pyrimidinyl, 5- [1,3]- oxazinyl, or 5-[l,3]- hiazinyl. The term "acyl residue of a naturally occurring amino acid" designa- tes the acyl residue of the D-amino acids occurring in proteins in nature, e.g. alanoyl, valoyl, leucoyl, isoleucoyl, prolinoyl, phenyl- alanoyl, tryptophanoyl, methionoyl, glycoyl, seroyl, threonyol, cysteinoyl, tyrosoyl, asparagoyl, glutamoyl, lysoyl, arginoyl, histi- doyl and the acyl residues of aspartic acid and glutamic acid, the acyl residue referring both to the carboxy group next to the amino function as well as the carboxy group at the end of the respective side chains, preferably, however, the carboxy groups next to the amino functions. In the compounds of formula I, it is preferred that Z is -0-. In another embodiment, it is preferred that Y is -0-. In a further embodiment, it is preferred that X is -0- or -S-, in particular -S-. Other preferred compounds are those in which R 2 and Y together is ( c l-8 alkyl) 2 N- where the two C _ Q alkyl groups optionally are con- nected to form a ring, such as tetrahydropyridinyl. Other preferred compounds are those in which R± is C^_ 2 4 alkyl; tri(C^_4 alkyl)silylethyl; aryl optionally substituted with amino or nitro; a group of the formula II or Ha wherein R3 is H, carboxy, carboxy-C^_4 alkyl, or a carrier, and n and m are as defined; a group of the formula III or Ilia wherein m is as defined, and each phenyl group optionally is monosubstituted with amino or nitro; or a group Q-(CH 2 ) n - where Q is a carrier and n is as defined above. In yet another preferred embodiment, R 2 is a mono- or disaccharide moiety connected via a glycosidic bond; C^ . ^Q alkyl; C^.^ alkyloxy- methyl; tetrahydropyranyl; or benzyloxymethyl. Particularly preferred compounds are compounds in which R 2 is a 2- acetamido-2-deoxy-J-D-galactopyranosyl residue; a 2-deoxy-2-phthal- amido-^-D-galactopyranosyl residue; C j^ .g alkyl; C^.g alkyloxymethy1; tetrahydropyranyl; or benzyloxymethyl. Other types of preferred compounds are dimeric compounds that contain a galabiose moiety at each end of a spacing chain. Examples of such compounds are those in which R 2 -Y is OH, CH3O- , CH3CH 2 0- or (CH3) 2 CH0-, and R^X- is a bivalent chain of the formula -OCH 2 CH 2 S(CH 2 ) p SCH 2 CH 2 0- where p is 1-12, preferably 3,6 or 9, the chain having a galabiose moiety modified in the 3' -position in the specified manner at each end. The compounds may be defined by the general formula VI: where Rg and R9' independently are OH, CH3O-, CH3CH 2 0- or (CH3) 2 CH0-, and p is an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 3, 6 or 9. The advantage of such compounds is that they have provisions at each end of the molecule to engage in a adhesin reaction at the surface of bacteria. Thus, the molecule could block two adhesin sites on the surface of the same bacterium thereby probably increasing the binding coefficient drastically but could conceivably also bind two bacteria together, thereby aiding in immobilizing the bacteria. Examples of preferred compounds of the invention are those mentioned below where the designation "galabiose" comprises the sugar residue in the following structure: and where the group R 2 Y- (the 3' -substituent) is the moiety to the left of the term "galabiose" and the moiety - R^ (the aglycon) is the moiety indicated to the right of the term "galabiose": GalNAc 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH2)2C00CH 3 GalNAc^O-galabiose-0(CH 2 )2S(CH 2 )ιo COOCH 3 GalNAc^O-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )15CH3 GalNAc 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 _ 2 GalNAc^O-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S02(CH2) 1 5CH 3 ] 2 GalNAq00-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 )7CH3]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 GalNAc 0-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 GalNAc/30-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 GalNA C )SO-galabiose-S(CH )ιo COOCH 3 GalNAc^SO- galabiose -OCH3 GalNAc^O-galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 GalNAc/30-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 GalNAc0O-galabiose-O(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 GalNAc80-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 10 CO-BSA GalNAc^O-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 10 CO-KLH GalNAcj90-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 10 CO-Latex GalNAc 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) j ^ co " Glass GalNAc/30-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) S (CH 2 ) -Lo co " silica S 6 * 1 - GalNAc/30-galabiose-0(CH ) 2 S (CH 2 )ιoCO-polystyrene GalNAc ) 80-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 )ιo co " se P narose GalNAcy30-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0 " dextran GalNPhth^O-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 GalNPhth^O-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 GalNPhth/90-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 15 CH3 GalNPhthy80-galabiose-0CH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 GalNPhth/30-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 GalNPhthy30-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ] CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 COOCH3 GalNPhthøO - galab iose - OPh- p - NH 2 GalNPhth/90-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 GalNPhth/90- galabiose - S ( CH 2 ) 10 COOCH GalNPhth / 30-galabiose-OCH 3 GalNPhth)90- galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 GalNPhthjSO- galabiose - 0CH 2 CH ( CH 3 ) 2 GalNPhthj80-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 GalNPhth^0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 10 C0-BSA GalNPhthy30-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-KLH GalNPhth00-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH ) 10 CO-Latex GalNPhthy30-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 10 CO-Glass GalNPhth00-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 10 CO-Silica gel GalNPhth j _K)-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) S(CH 2 ) ;L υ CO-polystyrene GalNPhthy80-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) ιo co " se P harose GalNPhth^O-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) *LoCO-dextran GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 )2S(CH2) 2 COOCH3 GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 1 o COOCH 3 GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )^5CH3 GalαO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 GalαO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 GalαO- alabiose-0CH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 )7CH3]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 GalαO-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 GalαO-galabiose-S(CH 2 )ιo COOCH 3 GalαO- alabiose-OCH3 GalαO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH3 GalαO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH3) 2 GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) S(CH 2 )^o GO " BSA GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-KLH GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH2)'Lθ co " Latex GalαO- alabiose-0(CH2)2S(CH2)ιo co " Glass GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH2)ιo co - silica S el GalαO- alabiose-0(CH2)2S(CH2)ιo co "P ol st: y rene GalαO-galabiose-0(CH2) 2 S(CH2)κ)CO-sepharose GalαO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) S(CH 2 ) 1 o co " dextran CH 3 0-g labiose-0(CH2)2S(CH 2 )2C00CH3 CH3θ-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 CH 3 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 CH 3 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 )15CH3] 2 CH 3 0-galabiose-0CH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH3] 2 CH3O-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 )7CH3]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 CH3θ-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 CH 3 0-galabiose-0(CH2) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 CH 3 0-galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 1 o COOCH 3 CH3θ-g labiose-OCH3 CH 3 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH3 CH 3 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH3) 2 CH 3 0-galabiose-0(CH2) 2 Si(CH 3 )3 CH 3 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0-BSA CH 3 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-KLH CH3O-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Latex CH3θ-galabiose-0(CH ) S(CH 2 )^o co " G * Lass CH3θ-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 c °- silica S el CH3θ-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH )-Lo GO "P 0 * L y st y rene CH3θ-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιo co " se P harose CH3θ-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )-Lo co_dextran CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH3 CH3CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH S0 2 (CH 2 )i5CH3]2 CH3CH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CH3]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-0Ph-p-NH 2 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-OCH3 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 CH3CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 )3 CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0-BSA CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-KLH CH3CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 1 o co " Latex CH3CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιo co ' Glass CH 3 CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Silica gel CH3CH 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιo co "P°* L y st: y rene CH3CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0 " se P harose CH3CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )^o co " dextran (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 (CH3) 2 CHO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 (CH3) 2 CHO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 Sθ2(CH 2 )i5CH 3 ] 2 (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-OCH2CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 )7CH3]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) io COOCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 (CH 3 ) 2 GHO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-0CH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 CH0- alabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 CH0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 (CH3) 2 CHO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 )3 (CH 3 ) 2 CH0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0-BSA (CH 3 ) 2 CH0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0-KLH (CH 3 )2CHO-galabiose-0(CH2)2S(CH 2 )ιo c °- Latex (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Glass (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Silica gel (CH 3 ) 2 CH0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) lυ C0-polystyrene (CH 3 ) 2 CHO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 1 o co " se P narose (CH 3 ) 2 CH0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) S(CH 2 ) 10 C0-dextran CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 )2S(CH 2 ) 10 C00CH 3 CH2-CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )15CH3 CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 CH 2 -CHCH 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 )15CH3] 2 CH 2 -CHCH2θ-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH S0 2 (CH 2 )7CH3]CH S0 2 (CH 2 )*LOCOOCH 3 CH2-CHCH2θ-galabiose-OPh-p-NH2 CH2-CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 )2SPh-p-NH2 CH 2 -CHCH20-galabiose-S(CH2) 10 C00CH 3 CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 3 CH2-CHCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 co - BSA CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-O(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0-KLH CH -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Latex CH 2 -CHCH2θ-galabiose-0(CH 2 )2S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Glass CH -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 )2S(CH2)ιoCO-Silica gel CH2 * -CHCH2θ-galabiose-0 CH2)2S(CH2)-Lθ co "P°* L y st y rene CH2-CHOT2 0 -g a - l - abiose - 0 ( CH 2- ) 2 s ( CH 2- ) 10 C0*se P harose CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιoCO-dextran PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )i5CH 3 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0CH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH3] 2 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH )7CH3]CH 2 S0 2 (CH ) 10 CGOCH 3 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH3 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CG-BSA PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-KLH PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0-Latex PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Glass PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Silica gel PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )*Lø co "P ol y st y rene PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )*LoCO-sepharose PhCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )^o co " dextran (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] (CH 3 ) N-galabiose-OCH CH[CH S0 2 (CH 2 )7CH 3 ]CH 2 S0 2 (CH ) 10 COGCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-OCH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 c °- BSA (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-KI_H (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Latex (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Glass (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Silica gel (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιøCO-polystyrene (CH 3 ) N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ι υ CO-sepharose (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )io GO " dextran CH 3 0CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 C00CH 3 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH ) 10 CGOGH 3 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0CH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 )ι 5 CH 3 ] 2 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 CH 3 OCH 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 CGOGH 3 CH 3 0CH 2 0-galabiose-0Ph-p-NH 2 CH 3 0CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 10 COOGH 3 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0CH 3 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 CH 3 OCH2θ-galabiose-0(CH 2 )2S(CH 2 )ιo G 0-BSA CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-KI_H CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH2)ιo co -La tex CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 1 o co " Glass CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH2)2S(CH 2 )ιo cc - s * ι:ι -- Lc S el CH 3 OCH2θ-galabiose-0 CH2)2 s ( GH 2 lO co "P°* L s rene CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )^o GO " se P narose CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιo GO " dextran 2-THP0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 C00CH 3 2-THP0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C00CH 3 2-THP0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 2-THPO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 2-THPO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 2-THPO-galabiose-0CH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 C00CH 3 2-THPO-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 2-THP0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 2-THP0-galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 10 C00CH 3 2-THP0-galabiose-0CH 3 2-THPO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 2-THPO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 2-THPO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 2-THPO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 C0-BSA 2-THPO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) i0 CO-KI_H 2-THPO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Latex 2-THPO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ι υ CO-Glass 2-THPO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Silica gel 2-raPO-galabiose-0(CH 2 )2S(CH2)ιo GO "P ol y s y rene 2-THPO-galabiose-0(CH2)2S(CH 2 )ιo co ' se P llarose 2-THPO-galabiose-0(CH2) 2 S(CH 2 )ιo GO " dextran PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 PhCH2θCH2θ-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0CH 3 PhCH 2 0CH 2 0-galabiose-0CH 2 CH 3 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 PhCH OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-BSA PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 co_KLH PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Latex PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 1 o CO_Glass PhCH 2 OCH 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-Silica gel PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )^o GO "P ol y st y rene PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 CO-sepharose PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιo GO " dextran [(CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 [(CH 3 ) 3 C](CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 [(CH 3 ) 3 C](CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 [(CH 3 ) 3 C](CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 t(CH 3 ) 3 C](CH3) 2 SiO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 (CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 [(CH 3 )3C](CH3) 2 SiO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 )7CH3]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 - C00CH 3 [(CH3)3C](CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 CCH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-S (CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-OCH 3 (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH3 (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 10 C0-BSA (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) 10 CO-KLH (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S (CH 2 ) ι 0 CO-Latex (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2SiO-galabiose-0(CH2) 2S (CH 2 ) 1 oCO-Glass (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH3) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH2) 2 S(CH2)ιo GG - s * ι:Lica S el (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH )ιøCO-polystyrene (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιøCO-sepharose (CH 3 ) 3 C] (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) j L () CO-dextran CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 0CH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 2 COOCH 3 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 0CH 0■galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 1 o GOGGH 3 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S(CH 2 )lsCH 3 ] 2 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 15 CH 3 ] 2 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OCH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 7 CH 3 ]CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 - C00CH 3 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-OPh-p-NH 2 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 SPh-p-NH 2 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0- galabiose-S(CH 2 ) 10 COOCH 3 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0- galabiose-OCH 3 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 )2θCH 2 0- galabiose-OCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0- galabiose-OCH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0- galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 Si(CH 3 ) 3 CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 0CH 2 0- galabiose-0(CH2)2S(CH2)ιo GO_BSA CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 0CH 2 0■ galabiose-0(CH 2 )2S(CH 2 )ιo GO - KLH CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 0CH 2 0- galabiose-0 CH2)2S(CH 2 )ιo GO_Latex CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 0CH 2 0- galabiose-0(CH2)2S(CH 2 )^o GO " G * I - ass CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0*■galabiose-0(CH ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιøC0-Silica gel CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 )2θCH 2 0* ■ galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )ιøCO-polystyrene CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0* • galabiose-0(CH ) 2 S(CH 2 )^o GG " se P narose CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0* ■ galabiose-0(CH 2 ) 2 S(CH 2 )-o GO ' dextran Note on abbreviations: GalN - D-galactosamine; Gal - D-galactose; Ac - acetyl; Phth - phtha- loyl; Ph - phenyl; 2-THP - tetrahydropyranyl; p - para position; BSA bovine serum albumin; KLH — key-hole limpet haemocyanin; Latex, glass, polystyrene, sepharose and dextran - particles, films and layers. Other interesting aglycon moieties -XR^ are -S-CH 2 CH 3 , -0-CH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 ] 2 , -S-CH 2 CH[CH 2 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 ] 2 , and -CH 2 -CH2CH[CH2S02(CH2) 3 CH 3 ]2, and each of these groups may be combi- ned with each of the R2Y-galabiose moieties listed in the compounds above, namely GalNAc/SO-galabiose- , GalNPhth30-galabiose- , GalαO- galabiose-, CH 3 0-galabiose- , CH 3 CH2θ-galabiose- , (CH 3 ) 2 CH0-galabio- se-, CH 2 -CHCH 2 0-galabiose-, PhCH 2 0-galabiose- , (CH 3 ) 2 N-galabiose- , CH 3 OCH 2 0-galabiose-, 2-THPO-galabiose- , PhCH 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose- , [(CH 3 ) 3 C](CH 3 ) 2 SiO-galabiose-, and (CH 3 ) 3 Si(CH 2 ) 2 OCH 2 0-galabiose- . The compounds of the invention can be prepared according to several general methods which generally require protection of all or most of those hydroxyl groups that are not required to undergo chemical modification. Since the chemical modification of the galabiose structure is only carried out in on the one hand the anomeric position (or 1-position) and on the other hand in the 3-position in the non-reducing galactose unit (or the 3'-position) , the compounds of the invention can be prepared either by first carrying out the desired modification in galactose followed by the creation of a 1-4 glycosidic bond to anot¬ her unmodified galactose unit that may already be bound to the de¬ sired group-XR in the 1-position or, if not, the synthesis is then followed by glycosidation to the -XR^ group in the 1-position of the unmodified galactose unit. When modifying a single galactose unit, in a first strategy a), it is preferred to start out with a unit that is /3-glycosidically bound to an aglycon group such as methoxy in order to provide regioselectivity and prevent the 1-hydroxy group from taking part in any reactions. The first step is to protect the 4- and 6-hydroxy groups, preferably by means of acetal formation with benzaldehyde or a corresponding acetal thereof such as dimethoxytoluene. The latter reaction is preferably carried out in a polar, aprotic solvent such acetonitrile and with an acid catalyst such as p-toluene sulfonic acid. As a result of the protection, the two remaining unprotected hydroxy groups are those in the 2- and 3-positions. For the preparation of compounds of the formula I in which Y is oxygen, the 4,6-pro ected galactose derivative is then reacted with a compound R 2 -L (where L is a leaving group) catalyzed by means of a base. The reaction may be carried out in an aprotic, polar or apolar solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, diethylether etc), an aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g. toluene), a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. methylene chloride, chloroform etc.), dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulphoxide or pyridi- ne. The reaction may be carried out at temperatures between -80°C and +150 β C, preferably between -40°C and 100 β C. The reaction favours substitution in the 3-position over substitution in the 2-position due to the 3-oriented aglycon, but any unwanted 2-substituted product may easily be removed by e.g. column chromatography. Thereafter, the 4,6-protecting acetal group is removed, preferably by treatment with I 2 in methanol at reflux temperature. This treatment selectively removes the benzylydine acetal group without affecting other protecting groups. The resulting 3-modified and 2,4,6-unprotec¬ ted galactose derivative is then protected in the 2-, 4- and 6-posi- tions by treatment with benzyl bromide under basic conditions in a manner known per se prior to treatment with aqueous acid to remove the anomeric protecting group prior to glycoside synthesis in a manner known per se. In another approach b) , the single galactose unit is modified in the 3-position when all the other hydroxy groups are selectively protec¬ ted. Such a selectively 3-unprotected galactose derivative as a starting compound can be obtained in a 4-step synthesis in which 1- glycosidated but otherwise unprotected galactose is reacted with two equivalents of 2,2-dimethoxy propane in an acid medium to form a compound in which the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups are protected in a cyclic acetal, and the 6-hydroxy group is protected with a 2 methoxy- propane-2-yl group, leaving only the 2-hydroxy group unprotected. Reaction with benzyl bromide in a basic medium followed by treatment with aqueous acid gives a galactose derivative which is benzylated in the 2-position and glycosidated in the 1-position but otherwise unprotected. Reaction thereof with benzaldehyde as described above gives a derivative which is protected in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions but unprotected in the 3-position. Thereafter, the 3-position is modified with R 2 -L as above followed by removal of the benzylacetal group as above and benzylation and deglycosidation as above prior to glycoside synthesis with another galactose unit. Yet another approach c) exploits the fact that the reaction between R 2 -L and a galactose derivative that is unprotected in the 3- and 4- positions is also selective with respect to the 3-position over the 4-position. For this purpose, 1-glycosidated galactose is reacted with one equivalent of 2,2-dimethoxy propane or acetone giving a galactose derivative that is protected with a cyclic group in the 3- and 4-positions but unprotected in the 2- and 6-positions. Benzyla¬ tion in the normal manner of the 2- and 6- hydroxy groups followed by removal of the cyclic acetal group by treatment with aqueous acid gives a galactose derivative in which the 2- and 6- hydroxy groups are benzylated but the 3- and 4- hydroxy groups are unprotected. Reaction of this compound with R 2 -L in a basic environment as above gives predominantly the 3-modified compound where Y is 0, and any 4- modified byproduct can easily be removed by e.g. column chromato- graphy. Benzylation of the remaining unprotected 4-hydroxy group followed by removal of the aglycone in the 1-position by treatment with aqueous acid paves the way for glycoside synthesis with another galactose unit. The benzylation with benzyl bromide may be carried out in a protic solvent such as toluene, dimethyl formamide or methy- lene chloride, preferably at reflux temperature. The bases used in the reaction (and in the same type of reactions above) are a pre¬ ferably strong bases such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride. Following glycoside synthesis with another galactose unit, the pro¬ tecting benzyl groups in the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions of the galabiose products may be removed by catalytic hydrogenation in e.g. acetic acid or ethanol/perchloric acid, preferably over a catalyst such as palladium on carbon. If it is desired to work upon an already established galabioside, this may be carried out by starting from a 1-4-galabioside which is benzoylated in the 2-, 3- and 6-positions in the reducing galactose unit and benzylated in the 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions in the non- reducing galactose unit (the 2'-, 3'-, 4'- and 6'-positions) , this compound being known. First of all, the benzyl protecting groups in the non-reducing galactose unit are removed by hydrogenolysis over Pd/C in a known manner giving the starting compound, in the following termed GG. Thereafter, compounds GG is, as in strategy a) above, reacted with two equivalents of 2,2-dimethoxypropane or acetone followed by treatment with sodium methoxide in methanol at 20 β C (followed by neutralization) to remove the benzoyl groups in the reducing galactose unit. Thereafter, one proceeds as in strategy b) above, that is reaction with benzyl bromide in base, hydrolysis in aqueous acetic acid, and reaction with benzaldehyde to give the 3- unprotected galabiose derivative which is then reacted with R 2 -L as above followed by removal of the protecting groups as above. If the aglycon in the anomeric position is not the one desired, the aglycon can be removed in the usual manner and the resulting 3-modified galabiose subjected to glycoside synthesis in the usual manner. In another approach, one exploits the properties of strategy c) above in which derivation in the 3-position predominates over derivation in the 4-position. In this method, the starting compound GG is treated with acetone in an acid medium causing the non-reducing galactose unit to be protected in the 3- and 4-positions. Treatment with sodium methoxide as above to remove the benzoyl groups in the reducing galactose unit followed by treatment with benzylbromide as described above gives a galabiose derivative which is protected as an acetal in the 3'- and 4'-positions but benzylated everywhere else, and this compound is then deprotected in the 3'- and 4'-positions by means of aqueous acid and treated with R 2 -L as above whereby modification of the 3-hydroxy group predominates over modification in the 4'-posi- tion. Finally, the benzyl protecting groups are removed by hydrogeno- lysis as above. Compounds in which Z is -0-, -S-, and -S0 2 -, and in which X is -0- , -S-, -S0 2 - and -NR 3 -, can be prepared according to methods that are well described in the literature. Compounds in which Z and/or X is -CH -, namely the so-called C-disaccharides and C-glycosides, respec- tively, can be prepared according to the general principles described by S.A. Babirad, Y. Wang & Y. Kishi, J. Org. Chem. (1987), 52 , 1370- 1372, and R. Bihousky, C. Selick & I. Giusti, J. Org. Chem. (1988), 53 , 4026-4031. Due to their ability of being bound strongly to adhesins in bacteria, compounds of the invention may be used for diagnostic purposes as diagnostic devices or kits. In one embodiment, a diagnostic device could consist of a dip-stick or a microtiter plate having compounds of the formula I immobilized on the surface of the stick or in the wells of the microtiter plate, either covalently or by for example hydrophobic interaction. A typical manner for using such diagnostic devices would be to bring the dip-stick or microtiter plate into contact with a bacteria-containing sample such as a urine sample to allow the bacteria to adhere to the compounds immobilized on the surface of the device. This operation would then be followed by a rinsing procedure to remove all traces of the sample from the device except the bacteria adhered on the surface. Thereafter, the adhered bacteria would be treated with a solution containing antibodies (e.g. monoclonal antibodies) raised against the bacteria in question. The antibodies would preferably be labelled in some way, either radioac- tively or enzymatically In case of radioactive labelling, the dip¬ stick or microtiter plate would then after rinsing be tested for radioactivity, and in the case of presence of radioactivity on the surface of the device, this would indicate the presence of the bac¬ teria. In case of enzymatic labelling, the antibody reaction process would be followed by a detection process in which a reagent is brought into contact with the device, and if bound labelled anti¬ bodies are present, this would give rise to e.g. a colour reaction indicating the presence of bacteria. In another embodiment, the presence of bacteria in a sample could be tested by means of an agglutination reaction where e.g. small latex particles coated with a compound of the invention are brought into contact with the sample to be tested for bacteria. If bacteria are present in the sample, the bacteria will bind themselves to the sur¬ faces of several latex particles and thereby give rise to the forma- tion of a precipitate which could then be detected either visually or by optical means. A diagnostic kit could for instance comprise the above mentioned diagnostic dip-sticks or microtiter plates together with the neces¬ sary antibody solutions, latex suspensions, colour reagent, test solutions etc. Other possible embodiments of such diagnostic tools would be test cards like the type used for blood tests in which the necessary components are comprised in a gel layer on the card. With respect to treatment or prophylaxis against bacterial infec- tions, one important use aspect is in connection with epithelial cells and the port-of-entry of various infections. Examples of such port-of-entries are the mucous membranes of the eye, nose, oral cavity, throat, respiratory tract, gastro-intestinal tract, urinary tract and reproductive organs. Treatment or prophylaxis may be obtai- ned by direct application to the mucous membranes of the compounds of the formula I in a pharmaceutically acceptable form such as a suspen¬ sion, an aerosol, an ointment, a gel or a solution. On the mucous membranes, the active compounds will bind to bacteria, thereby redu¬ cing the infecting ability of the organism. The compound of the formula I may, however, also conceivably be used as systemic agents for intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection. The composition for this use may be in the form of a solution, an emulsion or a suspension of either compounds in solid form or the compounds incorporated on various of the carriers descri- bed above. The compounds of the formula I may furthermore be admini¬ stered in the form of nasal or oral sprays. Other uses of the compound of the formula I include flushing of the urinary tract, intestines etc. In view of the above, the present invention therefore also relates to pharmaceutical or diagnostic compositions comprising one or more compounds of the formula I, optionally in combination with a pharma¬ ceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of tablets, capsu¬ les, lozenges, syrups, injectable solutions, injectable emulsions, implants or suppositories. The excipient may be any of the excipients commonly used within the art. For solid compositions, conventional non-toxic solid excipients may be used including e.g. pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talc, cellulose, glucose, saccharose, magnesium carbonate or the like. Liquid pharmaceutically administerable compositions may e.g. be prepared by dissolving, dispersing etc. the active compound and an optional, pharmaceutical adjuvant in an excipient such as water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol etc. in order to form a solution or suspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical compo¬ sition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic additives such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH-buffers etc., for example sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine etc. The active compound may also be formulated as suppositories using e.g. polyalkylene glycols such as propylene glycol as an excipient. The actual preparation of such dosage forms are well known or will be evident to persons skilled in the art, cf. e.g. Remington 's Pharma¬ ceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pennsylvania, 15th Edition, 1975. For intravenous in ection, the compounds (optionally bound to a carrier) is dissolved in a aqueous medium buffered to the desired pH and treated in order to control isotonicity. Since the compounds of the formula I are useful in connection with the mucous membranes, the compounds may also be administered in the form of an aerosol. When administered as an aerosol, the active compound is preferably given in a finely divided form together with a surfactant and a propellant. The dosages at which the compounds of the formula I are to be admini¬ stered may vary widely depending on the intended use whether for prophylaxis including disinfection or therapy, the type of infection to be combated, the age and condition of the patient etc. but is expected to be at milligram level. However, contrary to what is the case with most pharmaceuticals now in use, the dosage level may not be so essential since the toxic effects of the compounds of formula I are expected to be negligeable since the compounds closely resemble the natural receptors which are present in large amounts in the human or animal system. Another possible use is disinfection means such as fluids (for clean¬ ing e.g. surgical wounds) or paper tissues incorporating specific receptors towards certain bacteria such as bacteria transmitting various infectious diseases. The invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLE 1 Methyl 4,6-0-benzylidene-3- (A) and 2-0-methyl-^-D-galactopyranoside (B). Aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.25M; 20 ml) was added to C (1.00 g, 3.55 mmol) , tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulf te (0.24 g, 0.70 mmol) , and methyl iodide (0.64 ml, 10.3 mmol) in dichloromethane (60 ml). The mixture was boiled under reflux with vigorous stirring for 48h and three portions of methyl iodide (each 0.64 ml, 10.3 mmol) were added after 6, 24, and 32h, respectively. The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (40 ml) , and the combined organic extracts were dried and concentrated. Column chromatography (ethyl acetate) of the residue gave A (340 mg, 32%) and B (227 mg, 22%). Compound A had mp 216-217°C, [α]g 5 - +25° (c - 0.79, chloroform). ^-H-NMR data (CDC1 3 , plus 1 drop of D 2 0): δ 5.56 (s, 1 H, PhCiϊ), 4.37 (dd, 1 H, J 12.3 and 1.3 Hz, H-6), 4.33 (dd, 1 H, J 3.5 and 1.1 Hz, H-4), 4.27 (d, 1 H, J 7.8 Hz, H-l) , 4.11 (dd, 1 H, J 12.3 and 1.8 Hz, H-6), 3.94 (dd, 1 H, J 9.8 and 7.8 Hz, H-2, shifted to δ 5.31 on acetylation), 3.59 (s, 3 H, MeO), 3.53 (s, 3 H, MeO), 3.45 (q, 1 H, J 1.5 Hz, H-5), 3.34 (dd, 1 H, J 9.8 and 3.2 Hz, H-3). Anal. Calc. for C 15 H 2 o0 6 : C, 60.8; H, 6.8. Found: C, 60.7; H, 6.8. Compound B had mp 169-171°C, [α.β 5 - -29" ( c - 0.69, chloroform), ■■ -H-NMR data (CDC1 3 , plus 1 drop of D 2 0) : δ 5.56 (s, 1 H, PhCiϊ) , 4.35 (dd, 1 H, J 12.4 and 1.6 Hz, H-6), 4.23 (d, 1 H, J 7.6 Hz, H-l), 4.21 (dd, 1 H, J 4.1 and 1.3 Hz, H-4), 4.08 (dd, 1 H, J 12.4 and 2.1 Hz, H-6), 3.66 (dd, 1 H, J 9.6 and 4.1 Hz, H-3, shifted to δ 4.82 on acetylation), 3.63 (s, 3 H, MeO), 3.58 (s, 3 H, MeO), 3.45 (q, 1 H, J 1.6 Hz, H-5), 3.32 (dd, 1 H, J 9.6 and 7.6 Hz, H-2). Anal. Calc. for C j ^H^Og: C, 60.8; H, 6.8. Found: C, 60.4; H, 6.7. Methyl 2,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-3-O-methyl-0-D-galactopyranoside (D) Pd/C (10%, 150 mg) was added to a solution of A (245 mg, 0.83 mmol) in acetic acid (10 ml). The mixture was hydrogenated for 3 h at atmospheric pressure, then filtered through Celite, and concentrated. Freeze-drying of a solution of the syrupy residue in water (5 ml) gave amorphous methyl 3-0-methyl-^-D-galactopyranoside that was dissolved in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (5 ml). Sodium hydride (50% in oil, 180 mg, 3.74 mmol) was added to the solution at 0°C, followed by benzyl bromide (445 μl, 3.74 mmol) after 10 min and the mixture was stirred at 60°C for 30 min. Methanol (305 μl) was added and after 30 min. the mixture was diluted with ether (40 ml), washed with water (4x10 ml) , dried, and concentrated. Column chromatography (ethyl acetate-heptane, 1:5) of the residue gave D (340 mg, 86%), m.p. 56- 58°C, [α] 2 , 5 - -16° (c - 0.78, chloroform)- - ■ -H-NMR data (CDC1 3 ) : δ 4.25 (d, 1 H, J 7.7 Hz , H-l) , 3.91 (bd, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz , H-4) , 3.70 (dd, 1 H, J 9.7 and 7.7 Hz , H-2) , 3.53 (s , 3 H, MeO) , 3.50 (s , 3 H, MeO) , 3.26 (dd, 1 H, J 9.7 and 2.9 Hz , H-3) . Anal. Calc. for C^H^Og: C, 72.8; H, 7.2. Found: C, 72.8; H, 7.2. 2,4,6-Tri-0-benzyl-3-0-methyl-D-galactopyranose (E) A solution of D (3.56 g, 7.45 mmol) in acetic acid-M aqueous hydrogen chloride (7:2, 90 ml) was stirred for 1 h at 100 β C, then diluted with dichloromethane (250 ml) , washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydro- gencarbonate (3 x 100 ml) , dried and concentrated. Column chromato¬ graphy (ethyl acetate-heptane, 1:3) of the residue gave 6 (2.39 g, 69%), mp 56-25 [α]g 5 - +5° (c- 0.55, chloroform). Anal. Calc. for C 28 H 32 0 6 : C, 72.4; H, 6.9. Found: C, 71.9; H, 7.0. Methyl 2,3,6-tri-0-benzoyl-4-0-(2,4,6-tri-0-benzoyl-3-0-methyl-α-D- galactopyranosyl)-0-D-galactopyranoside (F) A mixture of methyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl-^-D-galactopyranoside (AA) (954 mg, 1.89 mmol) (cf. Garegg, P.J. and S. Oscarsson, Carbohydr. Res. , 137 (1985), 270-275), silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (727 mg, 2.83 mmol), and molecular sieves (4A, 1.2 g) was dried overnight at 0.1 torr. Dry toluene (27 ml) and 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (374 μl, 2.83 mmol) were added with stirring and the mixture was cooled to -40 C C under nitrogen. A solution of freshly prepared 2,4,6-tri-0-ben- zyl-3-O-methyl-D-galactopyranosyl chloride (ca. 1.5 mmol) in dry toluene (4.5 ml) was added with protection from light and the mixture was allowed to attain room temperature, then filtered through Celite, and diluted with dichloromethane (100 ml) 11. The solution was washed with M aqueous hydrogen chloride (20 ml) and saturated aqueous sodium hydro encarbonate (20 ml) , dried and concentrated. Column chromato¬ graphy (ethyl acetate-heptane, 1:5) of the residue gave E (640 mg, 45%) as a syrup and recovered 20 (496 mg) . Compound E had [α] β *^ — +42° (c - 0.43, chloroform). l-H-NMR data (CDC1 3 ): δ 5.76 (dd, 1 H, J 10.4 and 7.7 Hz, H-2), 5.20 (dd, 1 H, J 10.4 and 2.8 Hz, H-3), 4.90 (d, 1 H, J 3.6 Hz, H-l'), 4.62 (d, 1 H, J 7.7 Hz, H-l), 4.39 (bd, 1 H, J 2.8 Hz, H-4), 4.32 (dd, 1 H, J 9.8 and 4.7 Hz, H6 or H6'), 4.10 (bs, 1 H, H-4'), 4.05 (bt, 1 H, J 6.8 Hz, H-5 or H-5'), 3.98 (dd, AB-type, 1 H, J 10.3 and 3.6 Hz, H-2'), 3.90 (dd, AB-type, 1 H, J 10.3 and 2.6 Hz, H-3'), 3.55 (s, 3 H, MeO), 3.54 (s, 3 H, MeO), 3.36 (dd, 1 H, J 9.5 and 8.5 Hz, H6 or H6'), 2.84 (dd, 1 H, J 8.3 and 4.9 Hz, H-5 or H-5'). Anal. Calc. for C 56 -- 6 0^ : C, 70.6; H, 5.9. Found: C, 70.4; H, 6.1. Methyl 4-0-(3-0-methyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-J-D-galactopyranoside (11) A solution of F (628 mg, 0.660 mmol) in dichloromethane-methanolic 0.1M sodium methoxide (1:1, 16 ml) was stirred for 6 h at room tem¬ perature, then neutralized (Duolite (H "*" ) resin), and concentrated. Pd/C (10%, 400 mg) was added to a solution of the crude methyl 4-0- (2,4,6-tri-0-benzyl-3-0-methyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-3-D-galactopyra- noside in acetic acid (10 ml) . The mixture was hydrogenated for 5 h at atmospheric pressure, then filtered through Celite, and concentra¬ ted. Column chromatography (ethanol-dichloromethane, 1:3) of the residue gave, after freeze-drying, amorphous 11 (210 mg, 86%), [α]f, - +121° (c - 1.4, water). ■ ^- MR data (D 2 0) : δ 4.93 (d, 1 H, J 3.6 Hz, H-l'), 4.36 (d, 1 H, J 7.9 Hz, H-l), 4.30 (t, 1 H, J 6.4 Hz, H-5'), 4.28 (bd, 1 H, J 3.2 Hz, H-4'), 4.01 (bd, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz, H-4), 3.85 (dd, 1 H, J 10.0 and 3.6 Hz, H-2'), 3.71 (dd, 1 H, J 10.4 and 2.9 Hz, H-3), 3.57 (dd, 1 H, J 10.0 and 3.2 Hz, H-3'), 3.56 (s, 3 H, MeO-l), 3.51 (dd, 1 H, J 10.4 and 7.9 Hz, H-2), 3.42 (s, 3 H, Me0-3'). C R = R' = H D R = OMe, R' = H A R = H, R" = Me E R,R' = H,OH B R = Me, R' = H F R = Bz,R'«Bzl 11 Rs ' ^ H EXAMPLE 2 3-Butylthio-2-butylthiomethylpropyl 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6- tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-3-D-galactopyranoside (G) A mixture of 3-bromo-2-bromomethylpropyl 2,3,6-tri-0-acetyl-4-0- (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-/3-D-galactopyranoside (220 mg, 0.259 mmol; Carbohydr. Res . , 161 (1987) 225-233), butylmer- captan (70 mg, 83 μl, 0.78 mmol), cesium carbonate (202 mg, 0.621 mmol), and dry N,N-dimethylformamide (2.5 ml) was stirred overnight and then worked up essentially as described for similar compounds in the reference given above. Column chromatography (Si0 2 , ethyl aceta¬ te-heptane 3:2) gave 23 (141 mg, 63%), [α]J 5 - +72° (c - 1, CHC1 3 ) . ■ ' ■ H-NMR data (CDCl 3 ) : δ 5.58 (dd, 1 H, J 1.2 and 3.3 Hz, H-4'), 5.38 (dd, 1 H, J 3.3 and 11.0 Hz, H-2'), 5.20 (dd, 1 H, J 3.6 and 11.1 Hz, H-3'), 5.16 (dd, 1 H, J 7.7 and 10.9 Hz), H-2), 4.99 (d, 1 H, J 3.7 Hz, H-l'), 4.80 (dd, 1 H, J 2.8 and 10.8 Hz, H-3), 4.45 (d, 1 H, J 7.8 Hz, H-l), 2.55-2.70, 2.45-2.55 (m, 4 H each, CH 2 S) , 1.50-1.63, 1.34-1.47 (m, 4 H each, SCH 2 Ctf 2 CJJ 2 ) , 0.91 (t, 6 H, J 7.3 Hz, CH 3 ) . Anal. Calc. for C 3 8H 6 o0 18 s 2 : G » 52 - -> . H, 7.0. Found: C, 52.6; H, 6.9. 3-Butylsulfonyl-2-butylsulfonylmethylpropyl 2,3,6-tri-0-acetyl-4-0- (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-3-D-galactopyranoside (H) Compound G (368 mg, 0.424 mmol) was dissolved in dry ethyl acetate (15 ml), m-chloroperbenzoic acid (488 mg, 2.12 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for lh. The mixture was filtered through alumina (8.5 g, 5x4 ml CH 2 C1 2 ) . The solvent was removed and the residue was chromatographed (Si0 2 , ethyl acetate-heptane 3:2) to give H (364 mg, 92%), [α]g 5 - +61° (c - 1, CDC1 3 ) . ^-H-NMR data (CDC1 3 ): δ 5.57 (dd, 1 H, J 1.1 and 3.3 Hz, H-4'), 5.39 (dd, 1 H, J 3.4 and 11.0 Hz, H-2'), 5.21 (dd, 1 H, J 3.6 and 11.0 Hz, H-3 ' ) , 5.15 (dd, 1 H, J 7.8 and 10.9 Hz , H-2) , 4.97 (d, 1 H, J 3.4 Hz , H-l' ) , 4.79 (dd, 1 H, J 2.7 , 11.0 Hz , H-3) , 4.51 (d, 1 H, J 7.8 Hz , H-l) , 3.30-3.45 , 3.14-3.25 (m, 2 H each, CH 2 S0 2 ) , 3.00-3.09 (m, 4 H, CH 2 S0 2 ) , 1.78-1.90 , 1.42-1.55 (m, 4 H each, S0 2 CH 2 Ciϊ 2 Cff 2 ) , 0.973 (t, 3 H, J 7.4 Hz , CH 3 ) , 0.969 (t, 3 H, J 7.4 Hz , CH 3 ) . Anal. Calc. for C 38 H 60 G 22 S 2 : G > 48 - 9 : H » 6 - 5 - Found: C, 48.4; H, 6.4. 3-Butylsulfonyl-2-butylsulfonylmeth lpropyl 4-0-α-D-galactopyranosyl- ^-D-galactopyranoside (27) Compound H (32 mg, 0.034 mmol) was deacetylated and purified essenti¬ ally as described for similar compounds in Carbohydr. Res . 161 (1987) 225-233 to give 27 (215 mg, 94%), [α] 2 , 5 - +58" (c - 1.3, Me 2 S0-d 6 ). ^-NMR data (D 2 0): δ 4.82 (d, 1 H, J 3.8 Hz, H-l'), 4.13 (d, 1 H, J 7.2 Hz, H-l), 0.90 (t, 6 H, J 7.3 Hz, CH 2 CJf 3 ) . 13 C-NMR data (Me 2 S0-d 6 ): δ 104.1, 100.6, 77.1, 74.5, 72.7, 71.1, 70.8, 69.6, 69.2, 68.8, 68.7, 60.4, 59.1, 52.23, 52.19, 51.6, 51.4, 29.0, 23.32, 23.26, 20.9 (2C) , 13.4 (2C). EXAMPLE 3 Ethyl 1-thio-2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-0-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D- galactopyranosyl)-/3-D-galactopyranoside (I) 1,2,3,6-Tetra-0-acetyl-4-0-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-galactopyrano- syl)-^-D-galactopyranose (244 mg, 0.360 mmol; Carbohydr. Res . 113 (1983), 219-224) and ethanethiol (40.0 μl, 33.6 mg, 0.541 mmol) were dissolved in dry dichloromethane (1.4 ml) and borontrifluoride ethe- rate (220.3 μl, 255 mg, 1.77 mmol) was added at -60 β C. The mixture was kept at -14°C overnight, dichloromethane (2.7 ml) was added, and the mixture was washed with water (6 ml) , saturated sodium hydrogen- carbonate (6 ml) and water (6 ml) , then dried (Na 2 S04) and concentra- ted. Column chromatography (Si0 2 , ethyl acetate-heptane, 1:1) of the residue gave I (54 mg, 22%, Rf 0.19) as a syrup, ethyl l-thio-2,3,6- tri-0-acetyl-4-0-(2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-α-D- galactopyranoside [Iα, 14 mg, 6%, R f 0.24; [a]$ 5 - +137° (c - 1, CHC1 3 )], and unreacted starting material (110 mg, 45%, R f 0.13). I had [α]g 9 - +69° (c - 0.7, CHC1 3 ). ■ i-NMR data (CDC1 3 ): δ 5.57 (dd, 1 H, J 3.2 and 1.3 Hz, H-4'), 5.37 (dd, 1 H, J 11.1 and 3.2 Hz, H-3'), 5.30 (dd, 1 H, J 10.2 and 9.9 Hz, H-2), 5.21 (dd, 1 H, J 11.1 and 3.6 Hz, H-2'), 5.02 (d, 1 H, J 3.6 Hz, H-l'), 4.89 (dd, 1 H, J 10.2 and 2.7 Hz, H-3), 4.46-4,53 (m, 2 H, H-4 and H-5 or -5'), 4.48 (d, 1 H, J 9.9 Hz, H-l), 4.07-4.19 (m, 4 H, H-6,6'), 3.83 (t, 1 H, J 6.7 Hz, H-5 or -5'), 2.64-2.85 (m, 2 H, SCH 2 ), 1.30 (t, 3 H, J 7.5 Hz, CH 2 CH 3 ) . Anal. Calc. for C^^QO-^S: C, 49.4; H, 5.9. Found: C, 49.8; H, 6.0. Ethyl l-thio-4-0-(α-D-galactopyranosyl)-3-D-galactopyranoside (28) Compound I (80.7 mg, 0.118 mmol) was dissolved in methanol-dichloro- methane (9:2, 11 ml) and methanolic sodium methoxide (0.5 ml, 0.2 M) was added. The mixture was left at room temperature for 2h, then neutralized (Duolite-H + resin) , filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography (Si0 , CMH: 65:35:6) of the residue and freeze-drying of the product gave 28 (35 mg, 83%) as an amorphous solid, [α]p 9 - +67" (c - 1, D 2 0). ^- R data (D 2 0) : δ 4.93 (d, 1 H, J 3.7 Hz, H-l'), 4.57 (d, 1 H, J 9.7 Hz, H-l), 4.33 (t, 1 H, J 6.4 Hz, H-5'), 4.05 (d, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz, H-4'), 4.01 (d, 1 H, J 3.1 Hz, H-4), 3.74 (dd, 1 H, J 9.8 and 3.1 Hz, H-3), 3.54 (t, 1 H, J 9.8 Hz, H-2), 2.65-2.84 (m, 2 H, SCH 2 ) , 1.26 (t, 3 H, J 7.4 Hz, CH 2 CH 3 ). G R=Ac,R'=S(CH 23 CH 3 R=Ac H R=Ac,R , =SO 2 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 28 R=H 27 R=H,R*=SO 2 (CH2) 3 CH 3 EXAMPLE 4 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-O-benzoyl-/3-D-galactopyranoside (K) Benzoyl chloride (193 μl) was added dropwise to a solution of I (116 mg, 0.414 mmol) in dry acetone (0.8 ml) and dry pyridine (132 μl) at -78 β C. After 8h, methanol (0.1 ml) was added and the temperature was allowed to rise overnight. The solution was diluted with dichloromethane (5 ml), washed with water (2x5 ml) , dried (Na Sθ4) , filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography (Si0 2 , toluene-ethyl acetate, 50:1 -» 10:1 gradient) of the residue gave K (129 mg, 53%), [α]g 5 - +49° (c - 1.02, chloroform). ■ -H-NMR data (CDC1 3 ): δ 5.75 (dd, 1 H, J 7.9 and 10.3 Hz, H-2), 5.34 (dd, 1 H, J 3.2 and 10.3 Hz, H-3), 4.75 (d, 1 H, J 7.9 Hz, H-l), 4.70 (dd, 1 H, J 6.6 and 11.4 Hz, H-6), 4.62 (dd, 1 H, J 6.5 and 11.4 Hz, H-6), 4,35 (brd, 1 H, H-4), 4.07 (brt, 1 H, H-5), 4,03 (m, 1 H, 0Cff 2 CH 2 ), 3.62 (m, 1 H, OCff 2 CH 2 ), 1.01-0.81 (m, 2 H, C^Cfl^Si) ' , -0.09 (s, 9 H, -Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). Anal. Calc. for C32H3 6 0 9 Si: C, 64.8; H, 6.1. Found: C, 64.5; H, 6.0. 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-0-benzoyl-4-0-(2,3,4,6-tetra-0- benzyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-3-D-galactopyranoside (L) A solution of 2,3,4,6-tetra-0-benzyl-α,S'-D-galactopyranosyl chloride (4.3 g, 7.7 mmol) in dry toluene (48 ml) was added, with exclusion of light and under nitrogen, to a solution of K (2.21 g, 3.73 mmol), silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.64 g, 6.38 mmol), tetramethylurea (0.90 ml, 7.50 mmol) and molecular sieves (4A, 2.7 g) in dry toluene (35 ml) at -40°C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 22h, filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography (Si0 2 , heptane- ethyl acetate, 6:1) of the residue gave L (4.0 g, 96%), [α]β 5 - +56° (c - 1.00, CDC1 3 ). - ■ -H-NMR data (CDCI3) : δ 5.76 (dd, 1 H, J 7.9 and 10.7 Hz, H-2), 5.22 (dd, 1 H, J 3.1 and 10.7 Hz, H-3), 4.93 (d, 1 H, J 3.5 Hz, H-l'), 4.86 (d, 1 H, J 7.9 Hz, H-l), 4.21 (dd, 1 H, J 2.7 and 10.2 Hz, H-3'), 3.62 (dt, 1 H, J 6.5 and 10.2 Hz, OCff 2 CH 2 ), 3.37 (brt, 1 H, H-6'), 2.87 (dd, 1 H, J 4.9 and 8.2 Hz, H-6'), 0.83-1.02 (m, 2 H, CH 2 Cff 2 Si), -0.08 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-0-benzoyl-4-0-(α-D-galactopyrano- syl)-?-D-galactopyranoside (M) A solution of L (1.95 g, 1.75 mmol) in acetic acid (20 ml) was hydro- genated (50 psi) over 10% Pd/C (447 mg) for 4h 15min. The mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated. Column chromatography of the residue (Si0 2 , dichloromethane-methanol, 16:1) gave M (1.11 g, 85%), [α.g 5 - +71° (c - 0.94, CDCI3) . ---H-NMR data (CDCI3): δ 5.70 (dd, 1 H, J 7.8 and 10.6 Hz, H-2), 5.21 (dd, 1 H, J 2.9 and 10.6 Hz, H-3), 5.13 (d, 1 H, J 3.7 Hz, H-l'), 4.84 (dd, 1 H, J 6.6 and 11.4 Hz, H-6), 4.76 (d, 1 H, J 7.8 Hz, H-l), 4.65 (dd, J 7,7 and 11.4 Hz, H-6), 4.49 (d, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz, H-4), 3.62 (dt, 1 H, J 6.6 and 9.9 Hz, 0Cff 2 CH 2 ) , 0.86-0.96 (m, 2 H, CH 2 Cff 2 Si) , -0.08 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-0-benzoyl-4-0-(3-0-allyl-α-D-galac- topyranosyl)-/3-D-galactopyranoside (N) A solution of M (734 mg, 0.973 mmol) in dry benzene (16 ml) was treated with dibutyltin oxide (290.6 mg, 1.17 mmol) and refluxed with azeotropic removal of water for 45h (bath temperature 120 C C). Tetra- butylammoniumbromide (157 mg, 0.492 mmol) and allylbromide (1.60 ml, 18.5 mmol) were added, and the mixture was refluxed for another 8h (bath temperature 90°C). The mixture was concentrated and column chromatography (Si0 2 , heptane-ethyl acetate, 1:1) of the residue gave N (594 mg, 77%), [a] 2 , 5 - +81° (c - 1.00, CDC1 3 ) . ^-H-NMR data (CDCI3) : δ 5.92-6.06 (m, 1 H, CH 2 CffCH 2 ) , 5.70 (dd, 1 H, J 7.8 and 10.6 Hz, H-2), 5.34-5.42 (m, 1 H, Cff 2 CH-), 5.30 (dd, 1 H, J 2.9 and 10.6 Hz, H-3), 5.24-5.30 (m, 1 H, Cff 2 CH-), 5.09 (d, 1H, J 3.8 Hz, H-l'), 4.82 (dd, 1 H, J 6.7 and 11.3 Hz, H-6), 4.77 (d, 1 H, J 7.8 Hz, H-l), 4.71 (dd, 1 H, J 7.6 and 11.3 Hz, H-6), 4.48 (d, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz, H-4), 4.21-4.24 (m, 2 H, -CHCJf 2 0-), 4.17 (dd, 1 H, J 1.3 and 3.1 Hz, H-4'), 3.98 (dd, 1 H, J 3.8 and 9.9 Hz, H-2'), 3.78 (dd, 1 H, J 3.1 and 9.9 Hz, H-3'), 3.58-3.68 (dt, 1H, J 6.5 and 10.1 Hz, -0Cff 2 CH 2 -), 3.29 (dd, 1 H, J 3.9 and 11.9 Hz, H-6'), 3.21 (dd, 1 H, J 5.2 and 11.9 Hz, H-6'), 0.82-1.02 ( , 2 H, -CH 2 Ci? 2 Si) , -0.07 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-4-0-(3-0-allyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)- -D- galactopyranoside (0) Compound N (577 mg, 0.69 mmol) was treated with methanolic sodium methoxide (0.57 M, 1 ml) in methanol (50 ml) at room temperature for 20h. The solution was neutralized with Duolite (H " * " ) resin, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (Si0 2 , dichloromethane-etha- nol, 5:1) of the residue gave 0 (331 mg, 99%), [α]g 5 - +77° (c - 0.33, methanol). 13 C-NMR data (CD3OD) : δ 138.2, 118.9, 106.1, 104.1, 80.6, 80.4, 77.6, 76.3, 74.4, 74.1, 73.3, 71.5, 70.0, 69.6, 64.2, 62.5, 20.8, 0.2. 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-0-benzyl-4-0-(3-0-allyl-2,4,6-tri- O-benzyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-/3-D-galactopyranoside (P) To a solution of 0 (172 mg, 0.36 mmol) in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (10 ml) was added sodium hydride in mineral oil (219 mg, 4.3 mmol, 50%) and benzylbromide (0.59 ml, 4.96 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2h 15min and methanol (7 ml) was added to destroy excess sodium hydride. The mixture was partitioned between dichloromethane and water, the aqueous layer was extracted with di¬ chloromethane and the combined extract was washed with saturated aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate and water, dried (Na 2 Sθ4) , filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (Si0 2 , heptane-ethyl acetate, 9:1) of the residue gave P (312 mg, 85%), [α] 2 , 5 - +31° (c - 1.01, CDC1 3 ). ■■ -H-NMR data (CDCI3): δ 7.15-7.39 (m, 30 H, 6xC 6 H 5 -), 5.90-6.02 (m, 1 H, CH 2 CffCH 2 -), 5.31-5.38 (m, 1 H, Cff 2 CH-), 5.13-5.17 (m, 1 H, Cff 2 CH-), 5.00 (d, 1 H, J 3.4 Hz, H-l'), 4.32 (d, 1 H, J 7.6 Hz, H-l), 1.02-1.08 (m, 2 H, CH 2 Cff 2 Si) , 0.02 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-4-0-(2, ,6-tri-O-benzyl-α- D-galactopyranosyl)-/3-D-galactopyranoside (Q) A mixture of P (293 mg, 0.286 mmol) and palladium (II) chloride (29 mg) in methanol (4 ml) was stirred for 2h at room temperature and then filtered through celite and concentrated. Flash chromatography (Si0 2 , heptane-ethyl acetate, 7:1 → 5:1 gradient) of the residue gave Q (258 mg, 92%), [α] 2 , 5 - +49° (c - 0.99, CDC1 3 ). ---H-NMR data (CDC1 3 ) : δ 5.09 (d, 1 H, J 3.2 Hz, H-l'), 4.33 (d, 1 H, J 7.5 Hz, H-l), 4.19 (dd, 1 H, J 3.2 and 10.3 Hz, H-2'), 4.03 (d, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz, H-4), 3.98 (brd, 1 H, H-4'), 3.82 (dd, 1 H, J 3.4 and 10.3 Hz, H-3'), 3.64 (dd, 1 H, J 7.5 and 10.0 Hz, H-2), 3.39 (dd, 1 H, J 2.9 and 10.0 Hz, H-3), 1.00-1.07 (m, 2 H, CH 2 C# 2 Si) , 0.01 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 3.4,6-Tri-0-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-/5-D-galactopyranosyl chlori¬ de A solution of 1,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-α,3-D- galactopyranoside (506 mg, 1.06 mmol) in dry chloroform (1.7 ml) and α,α-dichlorometh lmethyl ether (1.7 ml) was treated with borontri¬ fluoride etherate (610 μl) for 19h at room temperature. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane, washed with ice-cold water and ice- cold, saturated, aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate, dried (MgSθ4) , filtered and concentrated to give a quantitative yield of the chloro sugar. ■■ -H-NMR data (CDCl 3 ): δ 7.76-7.90 ( , 4 H, C 6 H ), 6.17 (d, 1 H, J 9.3 Hz, H-l), 5.80 (dd, 1 H, J 3.4 and 11.2 Hz, H-3), 5.56 (brd, 1 H, J 3.4 Hz, H-4), 4.74 (dd, 1 H, J 9.3 and 11.2 Hz), 4.18-4.24 (m, 3 H, H-5, H-6a and H-6b) , 2.23, 2.08, 1.86 (3 s, 3 H each, OAc) . 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-0-benzyl-4-0-(2, ,6-tri-O-benzyl- 3-0-(3,4,6-tri-0-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-/8-D-galactopyranosyl)- α-D-galactopyranosyl)-/3-D-galactopyranoside (R) A solution of 3,4,6-tri-0-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-phthalimido-/3-D-galacto- pyranosyl chloride (480 mg, 1.06 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (6 ml) was added, with exclusion of light and under nitrogen, to a solution of Q (496 mg, 0.505 mmol), silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (517 mg, 2.0 mmol), sym-collidine (275 μl, 2.0 mmol) and molecular sieves (4A, 2.0 g) in dry dichloromethane (16 ml) at -78 β C. The mixture was stir¬ red at room temperature for 22h, filtered and concentrated. Flash chromatography (Si0 2 , heptane-ethyl acetate, 3:1) of the residue gave R (460 mg, 65%). Additional fractions of impure R (75 mg) were col¬ lected and starting material Q (58 mg, 12%) was regained, [α]f j -= +21° (c - 0.98, CDC1 3 ). ■ -I-NMR data (CDCl 3 ) : δ 5.92 (dd, 1 H, J 3.4 and 11.5 Hz, H-3"), 5.71 (d, 1 H, J 8.3 Hz, H-l"), 5.53 (d, 1 H, J 3.4 Hz, H-4"), 5.04 (d, 1 H, J 11.2 Hz, PhCH 2 -), 4.88 (d, 1 H, J 11.0 Hz, PhCH 2 -), 4.79 (d, 1 H, J 3.4 Hz, H-l'), 4.73 (d, 1 H, J 11.0 Hz, PhCH 2 -), 4.66 (d, 1 H, J 12.7 Hz, PhCH 2 -), 4.66 (dd, J 8.3 and 11.5 Hz, H-2"), 4.62 (d, 1 H, J 11.2 Hz, PhCH 2 -), 4.46 (d, 1 H, J 12.7 Hz, PhCH 2 -), 4.29 (d, 1 H, J 7.5 Hz, H-l), 4.24 (d, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz, H-4), 3.84 (d, 1 H, J 3.0 Hz, H-4'), 3.64 (dd, 1 H, J 7.5 and 10.2 Hz, H-2), 3.32 (dd, 1 H, J 2.9 and 10.2 Hz, H-3), 2.11, 1.97, 1.83 (3 s, 3 H each, 3 OAc), 1.04-1.12 (m, 2 H, CH 2 Cff 2 Si), 0.04 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl 4-0-[3-0-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-/3-D-galacto- pyranosyl)-α-D-galactopyranosyl]-3-D-galactopyranoside (ϋ) Deprotection of compound R, followed by N-acetylation, can be perfor¬ med in the usual way to give U. The acetylated derivatives S and T may be prepared in order to facilitate the interpretation of NMR spectra. M R=H P R=R'-=Bzl U R=R'=H, R"=H,Ac EXAMPLE 5 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl 3-0-allyl-/3-D-galactopyranoside (V) A solution of compound J (649 mg, 2.32 mmol) in dry benzene (40 ml) was treated with dibutyltin oxide (693 mg, 2.80 mmol) and refluxed with azeotropic removal of water for 24h 30min (oil bath temperature 110°C) . Tetrabutylammonium bromide (373 mg, 1.16 mmol) and allyl- bromide (3.82 ml, 44.2 mmol) were added and the mixture was refluxed for another 3h (oil bath temperature 90°C). The mixture was concen¬ trated and column chromatography (Si0 2 , heptane-ethyl acetate, 1:2) of the residue gave V (517 mg, 70%), [α] 2 , 5 - -8.5° (c - 0.96, CDC1 3 ) . - • -H-NMR data (CDC1 3 ): δ 5.89-6.03 (m, 1 H, CH 2 CiϊCH 2 -), 5.21-5.38 (m, 2 H, Cff 2 -CH-), 4.28 (d, 1 H, J 7.8 Hz, H-l), 4.19-4.24 (m, 2 H, CHCff 2 0-), 3.55-3.65 (m, 1 H, -0C_Y 2 CH 2 -), 3.52 (brt, 1 H, H-5), 3.40 (dd, 1 H, J 3.4 and 9.5 Hz, H-3), 0.92-1.11 (m, 2 H, CH 2 C# 2 Si) , 0.02 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 2-Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-3-0-allyl-2,4,6-tri-0-benzyl-^-D-galactopyra- noside (X) To a solution of V (507 mg, 1.58 mmol) in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (10.6 ml) was added sodium hydride (0.31 g, 6.33 mmol, 50%) and benzylbromide (1.31 ml, 11.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18h and methanol (10 ml) was added to destroy excess sodium hydride. The mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water, and the organic layer was washed twice with water, dried (Na 2 S04) , filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography (Si0 , toluene) of the residue gave X (859 mg, 92%), [α] 2 , 9 - -13° (c - 1, CDC1 3 ) . ■ ^ ■ I-NMR data (CDC1 3 ) : δ 5.86-6.01 (m, 1 H, CH 2 CffCH 2 -), 5.32 (br dd, 1 H, CH 2 CH-), 5.17 (br dd, 1 H, CH 2 CH-), 4.93 (d, 1 H, J 11.8 Hz, PhCH 2 ), 4.91 (d, 1 H, J 11.0 Hz, PhCH 2 ) , 4.76 (d, 1 H, J 11.0 Hz, PhCH 2 ), 4,60 (d, 1 H, J 11.8 Hz, PhCH 2 ) , 4.47 (d, 1 H, J 11.75 Hz, PhCH 2 ), 4.41 (d, 1 H, J 11.75 Hz, PhCH 2 ) , 4.35 (d, 1 H, J 7.7 Hz, H-l), 4.17-4.22 (m, 2 H, -CHCff 2 0-), 4.00 (dt, 1 H, J 8.4 and 9.4 Hz, 0Cff 2 CH 2 ), 3.86 (d, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz, H-4), 3.74 (dd, 1 H, J 7.7 and 9.7 Hz, H-2), 3.42 (dd, 1 H, J 2.9 and 9.7 Hz, H-3), 1.03 (m, 2 H, CH 2 Ctf 2 Si), 0.15 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). Anal. Calc. for C 35 H 46 0 6 Si: C, 71.1; H, 7.8. Found: C, 69.7; H, 7.7. 3-0-allyl-2,4,6-tri-0-benzyl-D-galactopyranose (Y) Compound X (842 mg, 1.43 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (7.2 ml) under nitrogen, trifluoroacetic acid (14.3 ml) was added at 0"C, and the mixture was stirred at 0 β C for 25 minutes. n-Propylace- tate (43 ml) and toluene (87 ml) were added and then removed at about 6 Torr. A second portion of toluene (57 ml) was added and removed. Column chromatography (Si0 2 , heptane-ethyl acetate, 2:1) of the residue gave Y (625 mg, 89%). -^.-NMR data (CDC1 3 ): 6 5.84-6.02 (m, 1 H, CH 2 CHCH 2 -), 5.17-5.39 (m, 2 H, CH 2 CH-), 5.26 (brd, 1 H, H-lα), 4.63 (brd, 1 H, H-l ), 3.98 (dd, 1 H, J 3.6 and 9.8 Hz, H-2α), 3.94 (brd, 1 H, H-4α) , 3.87 (brd, 1 H, H-4/3), 3.80 (dd, 1 H, J 2.8 and 9.8 Hz, H-3α), 3.70 (dd, 1 H, J 7.4 and 9.7 Hz, H-2/3), 3.44 (dd, 1 H, J 2.9 and 9.7 Hz, H-3 / 8). Anal. Calc. for C 30 H 34 0 6 : C, 73.4; H, 7.0. Found: . C, 73.3; H, 7.2. 3-0-allyl-2,4,6-tri-0-benzyl-D-galactopyranosyl chloride (Z) Compound Y (505 mg, 1.03 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (8 ml) was treated with N,N-dimethylformamide (0.55 ml) and oxalyl chloride (0.55 ml) at room temperature for 45 minutes. The mixture was diluted with ice-cold toluene (40 ml) , then quickly washed with ice-cold water (6 ml) and ice-cold, saturated, aqueous sodium hydrogencarbona¬ te (6 ml), dried (Na2Sθ4) and concentrated to give crude Z in quanti- tative yield. 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-0-benzoyl-4-0-(3-0-allyl-2,4,6-tri- O-benzyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-/3-D-galactopyranoside (ZA) A solution of crude Z (520 mg, 1.02 mmol) in dry toluene (11 ml) was added, with exclusion of light and under nitrogen, to a solution of K (509 mg, 0.859 mmol), silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (449 mg, 1.75 mmol), tetra ethylurea (207 μl, 1.75 mmol) and molecular sieves (4A, 0.6 g) in dry toluene (8 ml) at -45 β C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 19h, filtered and concentrated. Repeated column chromatography (Siθ2, heptane-ethyl acetate, 7:1, then 3:1) of the residue gave ZA (698 mg, 75%), [α] 2 , 5 - +47° (c - 1, CHC1 3 ). ^-N R data (CDC1 3 ) : 5 5.92-6.06 (m, 1 H, CH 2 CffCH 2 -), 5.73 (dd, 1 H, J 7.8 and 10.6 Hz, H-2), 5.39 (m, 1 H, Cff 2 CH-), 5.20 (m, 1 H, Cff 2 CH-), 5.20 (dd, 1 H, J 3.5 and 10.6 Hz, H-3), 4.71 (d, 1 H, J 7.8 Hz, H-l), 3.61 (dt, 1 H, J 6.6 and 10.0 Hz, -OCff 2 CH 2 -), 0.82-1.02 (m, 2 H, -CH 2 Cff 2 Si-), -0.08 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). Anal. Calc. for C 6 H 6 3θ :L 4Si: C, 69.9; H, 6.4. Found: C, 68.8; H, 6.4. 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl-2,3,6-tri-0-benzoyl-4-0-(3-O-propyl-α-D- galactopyranosyl)-/3-D-galactopyranoside (ZB) Compound ZA (211 mg, 0.198 mmol) was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure in acetic acid over 10% Pd/C for 7h. The mixture was fil¬ tered through celite and concentrated. Column chromatography (Si0 2 , heptane-ethyl acetate, 1:3) of the residue gave ZB (113 mg, 72%), [α] 2 , 9 - +84° (c - 1, CDC1 3 ) . ^-N R data (CDCl 3 ) : δ 5.71 (dd, 1 H, J 7.7 and 10.6 Hz, H-2), 5.30 (dd, 1 H, J 2.9 and 10.6 Hz, H-3), 5.09 (d, 1 H, J 3.7 Hz, H-l'), 4.83 (dd, 1 H, J 6.6 and 11.2 Hz, H-6), 4.77 (d, 1 H, J 7.7 Hz, H-l), 4.73 (dd, 1 H, J 7.5 and 11.2 hz, H-6), 4.48 (d, 1 H, J 2.9 Hz, H-4), 4.18 (brd, 1 H, H-4'), 4.11 (brt, 1 H, H-5), 3.70 (dd, 1 H, J 3.1 and 9.9 Hz, H-3'), 1.68 (m, 2 H, CH 3 Cff 2 CH 2 -) , 0.97 (t, 3 H, J 7.3 Hz, -CH 2 Cff 3 ), 0.82-1.02 (m, 2 H, -CH 2 Cff 2 Si) , -0.07 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). Anal . Calc. for G4iH 52 0 1 4Si: C, 61.8; H, 6.6. Found: C, 61.4; H, 6.6. 2-(Tr__methylsilyl)ethyl-4-0-(3-0-propyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-/3-D- galactopyranoside (ZC) A solution of ZB (67.0 mg, 0.082 mmol) in methanol (11 ml) was trea¬ ted with methanolic sodium methoxide (0.57 M, 150 μl) for 7h. The mixture was neutralized with Duolite (H "1" ) resin, filtered and con¬ centrated. Column chromatography (Siθ2, dichloromethane-ethanol, 4:1) of the residue gave ZC (38 mg, 95%), [α] 2 , 5 - +77° (c - 1.1, Me 2 SO-d ) . ^- MR data (Me 2 SO-d 6 ) : δ 4.81 (d, 1 H, J 3.6 Hz, H-l'), 4.12 (d, 1 H, J 7.4 Hz, H-l), 1.54 (m, 2 H, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 0.89 (t, 3 H, J 7.4 Hz, -CH 2 Ci? 3 ), 0.81-1.02 (m, 2 H, CH 2 CF 2 Si), 0.01 (s, 9 H, Si(CH 3 ) 3 ). 13 C-NMR data (Me 2 SO-d 6 ): δ 102.9, 100.4, 77.8, 77.1, 74.3, 73.1, 71.0, 70.8, 70.0, 67.5, 65.6, 65.1, 60.2, 59.2, 22.7, 17.8, 10.5, -1.4. V R=H, R'= CH 2 CH=CH 2 , R ,, =OCH 2 CH 2 SiMe 3 X R=Bzl, R'= CH 2 CH=CH 2 , R"-=OCH 2 CH 2 SiMe 3 Y R=Bzl, R'=CH 2 CH=CH 2. R"= OH Z R=Bzl, R'=CH 2 CH=CH 2 , R"= Cl ZA R-=Bzl, R'=Bz, R"= CH 2 CH=CH 2 ZB R=H, R'=Bz, R"= CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ZC R=R'=H, R"= CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 EXAMPLE 6 Test of inhibition of haemagglutination Bacterial strain HB101/pPAP5. Plasmid pPAP5 carries the pap gene cluster isolated from the uropathogenic E. coli isolate J96. The- clone produces P pili that mediate agglutination of human erythrocytes by binding to the galabiose-containing P-blood group antigens present on the erythrocyte surface. The galabiose binding property resides in the PapG gene product which is present at the tip of the P pilus as a minor component. Haemagglutination (HA) reactions HA of a 1% human P erythrocyte suspension in phosphate-buffered saline was determined for agar-grown organisms by suspending the bacteria to a Klett of 490 (ca lxlO 9 bacteria/mL) . A sample of the bacterial suspension (25 μL) was serially diluted in microtiter plates containing 25 μL PBS in each well. An equal volume of eryth¬ rocyte suspension was added and after mixing, the plates were incu¬ bated at 4"C for 18 h. The HA endpoint was defined as the dilution in the last well before erythrocyte buttons were formed. The titer was expressed as the reciprocal of the endpoint dilution. HA inhibition The HA titer of the strains to be tested was determined as described above and the cells were diluted so that each strain gave a titer of 64. The concentration of each of the analogues 1-25 was adjusted to 100 mM and 25 μL of each analogue was serially diluted in microtiter plates containing 25 μL of PBS in each well. The bacterial suspension (25 μL; HA titer — 64) was then added to each well. After incubation for 30 min at room temperature, human erythrocytes (1% suspension) were added by gentle mixing and the plates were incubated at 4 β C overnight. The endpoint was defined as the greatest dilution of the analogue (minimal concentration) that gave a 50% inhibition of the HA For the compounds 1-25, tables 1 and 2 below show the experimentally determined IC50 values and the relative potency in percent in rela- tion to compound 1 calculated therefrom as well as the calculated ΔΔG° for the bonding. Scheme 1 shows in a condensed form for each compound partly the relative potency in relation to compound 1 and partly the nature of the modification carried out in the indicated position. The scheme is to be understood, as it will also be evident from the tables, that for each compound, the modification indicated in the various boxes was carried out in the indicated position, the molecule otherwise being unmodified, i.e. that all the other posi¬ tions were unchanged in relation to the parent galabioside. The IC50-values given in the tables are mean values from 3 consecuti¬ ve runs. The ratio of the IC50-value for an inhibitor and compound 1 is the relative equilibrium constant, K re . This value was used for the calculation of the difference free energy values (ΔΔG°) using the expression LAG 0 - -RTlnK re * j _. It should be stressed that the conclu¬ sions made here about the nature of the adhesin receptor is based on the assumption that all the inhibitors have similar over-all con¬ firmations oriented in a similar way in the receptor side and that only one type of galabiose-specific receptor is present in the ad- hesin. Furthermore, it is assumed that any metal ions present in the buffers used in the agglutination did not have any marked influence on the protein-sugar binding in analogy with what has been establis¬ hed previously. From table 1 it is apparent that modification of the 3' -position by introducing a methyl group on the oxygen atom (cf. compound 11) produces a marked increase in the inhibitory power of the methyl galabioside whereas the various modifications conducted in the other positions results in either a clear reduction of the inhibitory power or causes the inhibitory power to disappear almost completely. These results therefore strongly indicate that compounds of the invention will constitute improved bacteria-binding galabiosides of potential value for diagnosis and therapy of urinary tract infection. With respect to compounds 18-26 which were modified in the anomeric position, it is clear that the aglycon must first of all be present in the /3-form, (cf. compound 23) and that increased lipophilicity causes a marked increase in inhibitory power in the otherwise un¬ modified galabioside. In particular, the dimeric compound 25 dis¬ played very high inhibitory power. These results indicate that agly¬ con moieties of the type indicated in formula I will further enhance the increases in inhibitory power obtained through the modifications in the 3'-position defined in formula I. Table 2. Inhibition by Galα1 -4GalβOMe (1) and glycoside analogs of the agglutination of human erythrocytes by E. coli. Scheme 1. Relative inhibitory power of galabiose analogs

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Compounds of the general formula I wherein R^ is C^_2 alkyl; C2.2 alkenyl; C2.2 alkynyl; tri(C^. al- kyl)silylethyl; aryl optionally substituted with hydroxy, amino, C^. alkyl, 0^. alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy; mono- or di-halogen-C^.^alkyl; phenyl-C^.^alkyl; a group of the formula II or Ila R 3 -(CH 2 ) n -S(0) m -CH 2 CH 2 - II (R3-(CH2) n -S(0) m -CH 2 )2CH-CH2- Ha wherein R3 is H, carboxy, carboxy-C j^ .4 alkyl, hydroxy, amino, or a carrier, n is an integer from 1 to 24, and m is 0 or 2; a group of the formula III or Ilia Phe-S(0) m -CH 2 CH2- III (Phe-S(0) m -CH 2 )2CH-CH2- Ilia wherein m is as defined above, and each Fhe is a phenyl group optionally monosubstituted with hydroxy, amino, C^.4 alkyl, C j^ .4 alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy a group of the formula IV R CH 2 CH(CH 2 R5)CH2- IV wherein R4 and R5 independently are halogen; a group Q-(CH2> n - where Q is a carrier, and n is as defined above; and R2 is a mono- or disaccharide moiety connected via a glycosidic bond; C .±g alkyl; C2.J.8 alkenyl; C2_ιg alkynyl; C j^ .^g alkyloxy- methyl; C^.^g alkanoyl; o-hydroxy-C-^.^ alkanoyl; naphthyl-, heterocyclyl- or phenyl-C j L_g alkoxy where the naphthyl, hetero- cyclyl or phenyl group may be substituted with hydroxy, amino, C;L_4 alkyl, C ^ .4 alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy; tri(C^_4- alkyl)silylethyl; tri(C j __4-alkyl)silyl; tri(C j ^-alkyl)silylet- hoxymethyl; halogen; ω-hydroxy-C j ^alkyl; tetrahydropyranyl; benzyloxymethyl; C3_ cycloalkyl; a monoterpenyl moiety; benzoyl optionally monosubstituted with hydroxy, amino, C^_ alkyl, C j^ .4 alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy; the acyl residue of a na¬ turally occurring amino acid; or a group of the formula V R 6 -C(0)-N(R 7 )-CH(R 8 )-CH 2 - V wherein Rg is CJL_4 alkyl; or phenyl optionally monosubsti¬ tuted with hydroxy, amino, C^_4 alkyl, 0^.4 alkoxy, nitro, halogen, or phenoxy, R7 is H or C j^ _4 alkyl, and Rg is H, C j^ .4 alkyl, or hydroxy-C^.4 alkyl, Z is -0-, -S-, -SO2-, or -CH2-, X is -0-, -S-, -SO2-, -CH2-, or -NR3-, wherein R3 is H or is one of the meanings for R above, R3 and R^ optionally being connec¬ ted to form a ring, and Y is -0- or -NR3- where R3 is H or is one of the meanings for R2 above, R3 and R2 optionally being connected to form a ring. 2. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein Z is -0-. 3. A compound as claimed on claim 1 or 2 wherein Y is -0-. 4. A compound as claimed in any of claims 1-3 wherein X is -0- or -S-. 5. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein R and Y together is (C^. alkyl)2N- where the two C^_ alkyl groups optionally are con¬ nected to form a ring, such as tetrahydropyridinyl. 6. A compound as claimed in any of claims 1-4 wherein R^ is C^.24 alkyl; tri(C^_4 alkyl)silylethyl; aryl optionally substituted with amino or nitro; a group of the formula II or Ha wherein R3 is H, carboxy, carboxy-C^.4 alkyl, or a carrier, and n and m are as defi¬ ned; a group of the formula III or Ilia wherein m is as defined, and each phenyl group optionally is monosubstituted with amino or nitro; or a group Q-(CH2) n - where Q is a carrier and n is as defined. 7. A compound as claimed in any of claims 1-4 or 6 wherein R2 is a mono- or disaccharide moiety connected via a glycosidic bond; C^.^g alkyl; C j^ . j^ g alkyloxymethyl; tetrahydropyranyl; or benzyloxymethyl. 8. A compound as claimed in any of claims 1-4, 6, or 7 wherein R2 is a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-9-D-galactopyranosyl residue; a 2-deoxy-2- phthalamido-?-D-galactopyranosyl residue; C^.g alkyl; C^.g alkyloxy¬ methyl; tetrahydropyranyl; or benzyloxymethyl. 9. A compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein -XR^ is -S-CH2CH3, -0-CH 2 CH[CH 2 Sθ2(CH2 3CH3]2, -S-CH 2 CH[CH2S02(CH 2 )3CH3]2, and -CH2-CH2CH[CH 2 S02(CH 2 )30.3.2 10. A compound of the formula VI: where R9 and R9' independently are -OH, CH3O-, CH3CH2O- or (CH3)2CHO-, and p is an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 3, 6 or 9. 11. A diagnostic device or kit comprising at least one compound of the formula I as defined in any of claims 1-10 in substantially immo¬ bilised form. 12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of the formula I as defined in any of claims 1-10 in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier. 13. A compound as claimed in any of claims 1-10 for use in therapy or prophylaxis. 14. A method for detecting the presence of bacteria in a sample comprising contacting the sample with a compound of the formula I as defined in ant of claims 1-10 followed by detection of bacteria that have adhered to the compounds of the formula I. 15. Use of a compound of the formula I as defined in any of claims 1-10 in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions for use in therapy or prophylaxis of bacterial infections. 16. A method for treating or preventing bacterial infections, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a com¬ pound of the formula I as defined in any of claims 1-10 or a pharma¬ ceutical composition containing such a compound and a pharmaceutical¬ ly acceptable inert carrier.

Inventors: KIHLBERG JAN OLOF, MAGNUSSON HANS GOERAN, KIHLBERG, JAN, OLOF, MAGNUSSON, HANS, GOERAN
Applicants: SYMBICOM AB
Application year: 1989
Main classification: C07H15
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P31, C07H15, C07H23, C12Q1, G01N33