Process for correcting down-the-page nonuniformity in thermal printing

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for correcting the density nonuniformities that occur down the page of a thermally printed document (58) by providing a correction component, representing heating pulses (ÑiL), to each thermal printing element (H1 . . . Hi) as a function of the line (L) on which the thermal printer (50) is printing. The correction component is determined from the product of a correction factor (A) times the logarithm of the total number of lines (LT) to be printed divided by the number of the line (L) next to be printed. The correction factor (A) is calculated from the average number ( N ) of heat pulses to be applied across the head (56) at any time, or as a compromise a single number may be selected.

Description: The present invention relates to the field of thermal printing, and more particularly to a process for improving the uniformity of the printing by a thermal print head. One method of printing continuous tone images makes use of a thermal print head, heat sensitive media and a means for moving the media relative to the thermal print head. Most thermal print heads are a one-dimensional array of heating elements (often with integral driver IC's and shift registers) mounted on a ceramic substrate. The ceramic substrate is then mounted to a heat sink which may be metal. In systems utilizing this type of thermal print head it is often observed that the printing density is not uniform down the page, but rather increases with time even when the input is a constant (flat) field. This is due to the accumulation of heat in the material surrounding the line of heating elements. The problem of the increase in temperature of the material surrounding a line source of heat has been addressed in a book by Carslaw and Jaeger, entitled "Conduction of Heat in Solids", 2nd Ed. Page 339. The analysis disclosed in that book shows that the temperature at a distance r from a line source of heat of flux Q and radius a which is turned on at a time t=0, is for large values of the time equal to: where: T is the temperature, K is the thermal conductivity, k is the thermal diffusivity, and C is a constant. A patent of interest for its teaching in this art is U.S. Patent No. 4,688,051 entitled "Thermal Print Head Driving System" by T. Kawakami et al. The system of that patent supplies a predetermined number of driving pulses to each of a plurality of heat-producing elements arranged in a line. The pulse width of the driving pulses are controlled in accordance with the temperature at, or in the vicinity of, the heat-producing elements. This control maintains the density level of like tones at a substantially constant value. Also, in one aspect of that invention the number of driving pulses corresponding to a desired tone level, is altered in consideration of data collected from at least one of the preceding recording lines. Another patent of interest is Japanese Patent 59-194874 entitled "Thermal Head Driver" by Mamoru Itou. The driver of that patent strives for a uniform printing density by controlling the spacing between constant pulse width current signals that are applied to heating resistors with the space between the pulses varying in accordance with the temperature of a substrate that forms part of the thermal print head. In this manner, as the temperature of the thermal print head increases the space between successive pulses is also increased due to the fact that less energy is needed to bring the heating elements up to a recording temperature. In a like manner, if the temperature of the head decreases the space between pulses is decreased in order to provide more heating energy to the heating elements. Another patent of interest is Japanese Patent No. 60-72757 entitled "Thermal Recorder" by Kazushi Nagato. The recorder of that patent attempts to unify the image density in a screen of thermal printing by counting the number of lines from the starting point of printing to control the energized pulse width according to the line count. This technique counteracts the effect of having a cold head when the first lines of the image are being recorded versus having an extremely warm or hot head as the printer approaches the end of the page after having recorded many lines of image data. Another patent of interest is Japanese Patent No. 60-90780 entitled "Thermal Printer" by Nobuaki Aoki. In that patent, printing pulses are controlled as a function of the number of pieces of data printed and the period of time corresponding to the printing. The system of that patent more specifically counts data for controlling the printing pulses during the printing of one piece of data and a timer counts the period of time elapsed between the end of printing of a first document and the start of printing for a subsequent document. The duration of time between printings is related to the cooling effect that will occur in a thermal print head from a start position corresponding to the count of dots existing for the previous printed page. This cooling will of course, if left uncompensated, cause a variance in the print density at the start of printing of the next document or image in the sequence. From the foregoing it can be seen that control of the density of print by thermal printers is a problem that has been approached in a number of ways with the desired result being a uniform density down a printed page of data. The present invention is directed towards a solution to that problem. The method of the present invention determines the total number of lines to be printed along with a correction factor which may be stored. The correction factor may be calculated from the average number of heat pulses to be applied to the head in printing a particular image or may be stored as a single number. The number of the line to next be printed is determined and the numbers of pulses corresponding to the densities of the image to be printed on that line are determined. These numbers of pulses correspond to an uncorrected set of numbers. A correction component is determined from the product of the correction factor times the logarithm of the total number of lines to be printed divided by the number of the line next to be printed. The correction component is combined with the uncorrected numbers to provide a corrected set of pulse numbers which in turn causes the corresponding number of pulses to be applied to the corresponding heaters of the thermal print head thereby correcting for down the page density variations. Figure 1 is a cut-away sectioned view of a printing element from a one-dimensional thermal head array. Figure 2 is a chart illustrating the non-uniformity of the printing density down the page with a constant input field. Figure 3 is a group of plots illustrating the increase in print density as a function of the number of input heat pulses and the logarithm of the distance down the page. Figure 4 is a graph illustrating the increase in print density as a function of the number of heat pulses. Figure 5 is a graph illustrating the numbers of correcting pulses versus the line number for some typical heating values and print lengths. Figure 6 is a graph illustrating the density variations for uncorrected and corrected thermal prints. Figure 7 is a graph illustrating the value of a correction factor A as a function of the average number of heat pulses per pixel. Figure 8 is a block diagram of the apparatus used for implementing the method of the present invention. Figure 9 is a detailed block diagram illustrating the steps of the process of the present invention. Referring to Figure 1, a section of a printing element of the type used in a one-dimensional array thermal head 10 is shown comprised of a heat sink 12 onto which is fixed and/or deposited a ceramic layer 14. A resistance heating element 16 is positioned on the ceramic material 14 with a projecting section 15. Deposited onto the resistance element 16 is a pair of conductors 18 which transmit current pulses to the resistance element 16 to heat the resistance element in the area of the projection 15. A protective layer 20 is deposited onto the conductors 18 and the projection portion 15 of the resistance element 16 to provide a wear surface that protects the resistor 16 and conductors 18. The one-dimensional array is formed by positioning a number of the heating elements 10 onto a head structure. Each of the heating elements may be independently selected to be heated in order to print an element of an image. Referring now to Figure 2, the curve shown therein illustrates the variance in print density from one line to another as the print head moves down a print page. This variance occurs even when the inputs to each heating element remain at an equal and constant level, corresponding to a flat image field. This particular density variation is due to the accumulation of heat in the material surrounding the line of heating elements. The temperature formula: wherein K and k are the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity of the material, respectively, and C is a constant, can be used as the basis for concluding that the down-the-page density variation can be quantified by the logarithm of the distance, or line number, down the page, measured from the start of printing. In Figure 3, there is shown the measured density for flat fields of various input levels, versus the logarithm of the distance, or line number. The variation in density is described by: ΔD = S(N p ) log L (3) where N p is the average number of heat pulses per pixel for all of the lines of a page to be printed; and L is the line number. The graph of Figure 4 illustrates that the print density at any particular line number varies with the number of heat pulses N p applied. The change in density when N p changes is: ΔD = γ(N p ) ΔN p (4) From equations (3) and (4), correction for the variation in density, as the line number varies, is achieved by varying the number of heat pulses down the page: Here, A(N p ) is a correction factor used to adjust the number of pulses (N) applied to the thermal print head, is the number of heat pulses to be added, L is the line number starting from the first line of printed data, L total or LT is the total number of lines to be printed, S(N p ) is the slope of the curve of density versus log L, and γ(N p ) is the slope of the curve of density versus N p (both slopes may vary with N ). A graph of versus L for typical values of S, γ and L total is shown in Figure 5. After having determined the number of pulses (NiL) corresponding to the densities of the image to be printed on that line, the computed correction component A Log[LT/L] is combined with the number of pulses (NiL), and this combined number (ÑiL) of pulses is applied to the thermal head. These operations are then repeated for all the lines to be printed. Figure 6 illustrates a comparison of print density from a thermal print head printing uncompensated and a thermal print head, of the same physical structure, printing with compensation in accordance with equation 5. As can be seen from the plot, the corrected head density variations down the page are much smaller than the density variations for an uncorrected head. In addition, by varying the correction factor A(N p ) = S(N p )/γ(N p ) , we were able to compensate for and correct the down-the-page density variation, even for thermal media with widely different contrast responses (γ's). The correction factor A(N p ) was formed to be a function of the average number of heat pulses per pixel, N p , as in Figure 7. By knowing in advance the average value of N p for a particular print, a value of A may be empirically selected from the graph. Alternately, one may use a single value of A, corresponding to the range of N p where the defect is most visible. We found that contouring, or digitization noise introduced by the correction algorithm, depended on the printing scheme and the number of quantization levels. With 2⁸ = 256 levels, contouring was just visible at low densities, with certain print schemes, and not visible with other schemes. In general, at least 256 levels should be used. Figure 8 depicts in block diagram form the apparatus for performing the method of the present invention. The computer 30 stores a correction algorithm along with a density look-up table for converting density to the number of heat pulses required to replicate the image desired onto a thermal media. The output from the computer is a set of data signals describing the number of pulses associated with each element of the image array, which are directed to a head driving circuit 40, which head driving circuit transmits signals to a thermal head and media block 50 which cause each heating element in the thermal head to be energized by the appropriate number of power pulses in each printed line to expose the media to the printing temperatures. Referring now to Figure 9 wherein is illustrated a more detailed block diagram of the steps of the present invention along with the associated implementation hardware. The image to be printed is represented by block 20 comprised of density pixels arranged in rows and columns. Each density element is directed to a look-up table 32 contained within the computer 30. The input density value denoted D is applied to the look-up table and the output from the table is a number N of uncorrected pulses. These uncorrected numbers are stored in a pulse matrix 34 so as to provide L total columns of pulse numbers N iL , where i denotes the particular heating element, L denotes the line number in the image to be printed, and L total is the total number of lines to be printed. From this matrix of numbers is found an average number N , and this number is inputted to the look-up table 38. The correction algorithm calculates the number of correction pulses, given the factor A, the total lines L T , and the line number L, as in equation (6). The uncorrected numbers of pulses N are then combined with the correction pulses, per the correction algorithm, in a combining block 36 to provide a corrected number of pulses Ñ iL . These corrected pulses are directed to the head driving circuitry 40 and in turn to the thermal print head 56 with each element 10 of the thermal head denoted generally as H1 through Hi. The heating elements, being responsive to the respective corrected number of pulses Ñ iL , will replicate the image density from the image density matrix 20 onto the media 58. Although one particular form of apparatus has been disclosed for implementing the method of the present invention, it can be appreciated that various variations can be utilized by persons skilled in the art without departing from the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims: A method for correcting down-the-page nonuniformity in a multiple heating element (Hl . . . Hi) thermal print head (56) characterized by the steps of: a) determining the total number of lines (LT) to be printed; b) determining a correction factor (A) in the number of heat pulses (N); c) determining the line (L) next to be printed; d) determining the number of pulses (NiL) corresponding to the densities of the image to be printed on that line; e) computing a correction component from the product of the correction factor (A) and the logarithm of the total number of lines (LT) to be printed divided by the number (L) of the line next to be printed; f) combining the computed correction component with the number of pulses (NiL) determined in step d) and apply the combined number (ÑiL) of pulses to the thermal print head; and g) repeat steps c) through f) for all of the lines to be printed A method according to claim 1 wherein said correction factor (A) in the number of pulses (N) is determined from the average number (N p )of heat pulses to be applied to the thermal print head (56) for printing an image. The method according to claim 2 wherein said correction factor determined in step b) is determined by the value A(N p ) which is equal to S(N p )/γ(N p ) wherein: N p is the average number of heat pulses per pixel, γ is a function of the contrast response of the printing medium, S(N p ) is the slope of the curve of density versus log L and wherein L is the line number. A method according to any of claims 1 to 3 wherein said computed correction component is added to the number of pulses (NiL) determined in step d). A method according to claim 2 wherein the formed correction factor (A) of step c) is formed empirically.

Inventors: KRAJEWSKI CORY LEAH EASTMAN KO, LUBINSKY ANTHONY RICHARD EASTM, SCHMITT JAMES FRED EASTMAN KOD, KRAJEWSKI, CORY LEAH EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, LUBINSKY, ANTHONY RICHARD EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, SCHMITT, JAMES FRED EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY
Applicants: EASTMAN KODAK CO, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY (A NEW JERSEY CORPORATION)
Application year: 1989
Main classification: B41J2
IPC codes: B41J2