FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTAL COMPOSITION AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY ELEMENT

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having quick response properties and assuming a smectic C* phase in an extensive temperature range inclusive of room temperature, and an optical switching element having a quick response property containing this composition. The ferroelectric liquid crystal composition is here disclosed which comprises at least one chiral compound (liquid crystal component A) having an optical activity site represented by the formula (A) wherein R¹ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-­ chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and at least one non-chiral compound (liquid crystal component B) having a smectic C phase (hereinafter referred to as "S C phase"; which shall apply in the following), an S I phase, an S F phase, an S G phase, an S H phase, an S J phase or an S K phase.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (1) Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a ferroelectric liquid crystal material. More specifically, it relates to a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having quick response properties which comprises a smectic liquid crystal compound and an optically active compound, and an optical switching element which contains this composition. (2) Description of the Prior Art Liquid crystal compounds are widely used as materials for display elements, and most of these liquid crystal elements are on TN type display system and liquid crystal materials are in the state of nematic phase. The TN type display system has advantages such as less tiredness of eyes and extremely small consumption of electric power because of non-emissive type, whereas it has disadvantages such as slow response and disappearance of display at certain viewing angles. In recent years, this system is being improved in such a direction as to keep up characteristics of flat displays, and in particular, the quick response and the enlargement of viewing angle are demanded. In order to meet these demands, improvements in liquid crystal materials have been attempted. However, as compared with other non-emissive type displays (e.g., electroluminescence displays and plasma displays), it is apparent that the TN type display system is much poorer in points of response time and the extent of viewing angle. In order that characteristics of the liquid crystal display element such as features of the non-emissive type and small consumption of electric power may be maintained and in order that quick response corresponding to that of the non-emissive type displays may be assured, it is essential to develop a novel liquid display system in place of the TN type display system. As one of such attempts, a display system in which the optical switching phenomenon of ferroelectric liquid crystals is utilized has been suggested by N.A. Clark and S.T. Lagerwall (see Appl. Phys. Lett., 36 , P 899, 1980). The presence of the ferroelectric liquid crystals has been announced for the first time in 1975 by R.B. Mayer et al. (see J. de Phys., 36 , P 69, 1975), and from the viewpoint of structure, these liquid crystals belong to a chiral smectic C phase, a chiral smectic I phase, a chiral smectic F phase, a chiral smectic G phase and a chiral smectic H phase (hereinafter referred to simply as "S C * phase", "S I * phase", "S F * phase", "S G * phase" and "S H * phase", respectively). In the chiral smectic phase, molecules form a layer and incline to the surface of the layer, and a helical axis is vertical to this layer surface. In the chiral smectic phase, spontaneous polarization takes place, and therefore, when DC electric field is applied to this layer in parallel therewith, the molecules turn round the helical axis in accordance with its polarity. The display element of the ferroelectric liquid crystals utilizes this switching phenomenon. Nowadays, of the chiral smectic phases, much attention is particularly paid to the S C * phase. The display system in which switching phenomenon of the S C * phase is utilized can be further classified into two types: a birefringence type system using two polarizers and a guest/host type system using a dichoric dye. Features of these display systems are: (1) Response time is very short. (2) Memory properties are present. (3) Display performance is not so affected by viewing angle. Thus, the display systems have the possibility of achieving the high-density display and is considered to be effectively utilizable in the display element. However, also in these display systems, there are now many problems to be solved. For example, (1) Any compounds are not present which assume the S C * phase which can be stably operated at room temperature. (2) A helical pitch is short. (3) The achievement of alignement is very difficult. (4) Spontaneous polarization is small, and response time is long. Therefore, typical requirements for the ferroelectric liquid crystal material are as follows: (1) The SC* phase should be stable in an extensive temperature range inclusive of room temperature. (2) The helical pitch should be long. (3) The spontaneous polarization should be large. At present, any chiral smectic liquid crystal compounds in a single state which satisfy the requirements are not present, and thus one attempt is to provide a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition which satisfies the above-mentioned requirements comprising several chiral smectic liquid crystal compounds which can meet a part of the above-mentioned requirements, or non-liquid crystal compounds after mixing these several compounds and repeating trial and error method. In addition to the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition comprising the ferroelectric liquid crystal compound alone, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 195,187/1986 discloses a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition which can be prepared by mixing one or more compounds assuming a ferroelectric liquid crystal phase with fundamental materials of compounds and compositions assuming non-chiral smectic C, F, G, H and I phases (hereinafter referred to simply as "S C and other phases"). Furthermore, another ferroelectric liquid crystal composition is also reported in which one or more compounds having optical activity but not assuming any ferroelectric liquid crystal phase are mixed with fundamental materials of compounds and compositions assuming the S C and other phases (Mol. Cryst. Liq. cryst., 89 , p 327, 1982). From these reports, it is definite that the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition can be prepared by mixing one or more compounds having optical activity with fundamental materials irrespectively of whether or not the compounds to be mixed assume the ferroelectric liquid crystal phase. The above-mentioned smectic liquid crystal mixture which comprises the fundamental material assuming at least one of the non-chiral S C and other phases and which assumes at least one of the S C and other phases will be hereinafter referred to as the base S m mixture. The practically preferable base S m mixture is a liquid crystal mixture assuming the S C phase in an extensive temperature range inclusive of room temperature. Components of the base S m mixture, are suitably selected from liquid crystal compounds such as phenylbenzole series, Schiff base series, phenylpyridine series and 5-alkyl-2-(4-alkoxypheny)pyrimidine. For example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 291,679/1986 = EP-A-206228 and the pamphlet of PCT International Publication WO86/06401, the ferroelectric liquid crystal prepared by mixing 5-alkyl-2-(4-alkoxyphenyl)pyrimidine with an optically active compound can assume the S C * phase in a wide temperature range inclusive of room temperature., and in the former publication, it is also described that when an optical switching element contains the ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal material in which the above-mentioned pyrimidine derivative is used as the base S m mixture, thus made switching element can have a shortened response time. Furthermore, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 291,679/1986, it is disclosed that the ferroelectric liquid crystal material comprising 5-alkyl-2-(4′-alkylbiphenylyl)pyrimidine, 5-alkyl-2-(4-alkoxyphenyl)pyrimidine and an optically active compound also assumes the S C * phase in an extensive temperature range including room temperature, and that it is effective for the improvement of the response time. However, at present, the response times of the ferroelectric liquid crystal compositions in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 291,679/1986 and the pamphlet of PCT International Publication WO86/06401 are still longer (300 to 500 µsec) as compared with other type display elements such as the presently used light emission type displays, and thus the improvement of the response properties are further demanded. Also as for helical pitch, some improvements have been made. The ferroelectric liquid crystal material having the long helical pitch can be obtained by mixing a chiral smectic liquid crystal compound in which a helical twist direction is right-handed with a chiral smectic liquid crystal compound in which the helix is left-handed, or mixing a compound having the S C phase with a chiral smectic liquid crystal compound (Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication Nos. 90,290/1985 and 195,187/1986). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A first object of the present invention is to provide a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having quick response time and assuming an S C * phase in an extensive temperature range inclusive of room temperature, and a second object of the present invention is to provide an optical switching element made from this liquid crystal composition and having quick response time. The first feature of the present invention is directed to a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition comprising at least one chiral compound having an optical activity site represented by the formula (A) wherein R¹ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and at least one non-chiral compound having any phase of a smectic C phase, a smectic I phase, a smectic F phase, a smectic G phase, a smectic H phase, a smectic J phase or a smectic K phase. The second feature of the present invention is directed to a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition comprising at least one chiral compound having an optical activity site represented by the formula (B) wherein R² is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R³ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, each of is independently and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and at least one non-chiral compound having any phase of a smectic C phase, a smectic I phase, a smectic F phase, a smectic G phase, a smectic H phase, a smectic J phase or a smectic K phase, this non-chiral compound being represented by the formula (C) wherein each of is independently R⁴ and R⁵ are identical or different and each of them is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group, alkoxy group or alkanoyloxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and each of ℓ, m and n is 0 or 1. Furthermore, the third feature of the present invention is directed to a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition comprising at least three undermentioned liquid crystal components A, B and C, a ratio of these components being 5 to 40% by weight of A, 20 to 75% by weight of B and 5 to 35% by weight of C with respect to the total weight of the three components. Here, the liquid crystal component A comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulae (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), (B-IV) and (B-V); the formula (B-I): wherein R⁶ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R⁷ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (B-II): wherein R⁸ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R⁹ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (B-III): wherein R¹⁰ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R¹¹ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (B-IV): wherein R¹² is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R¹³ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and the formula (B-V): wherein R¹⁴ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R¹⁵ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom. The above-mentioned liquid crystal component B comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulae (C-VI), (C-VII), (VIII) and (IX); the formula (C-VI): wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are identical or different and each of them is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, the formula (C-VII): wherein R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are identical or different and each of them is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, the formula (VIII): wherein R²⁰ and R²¹ are identical or different and each of them is a straight-chain on branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and the formula (IX): wherein R²² is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, X is absence or -O-, k is a value of from 0 to 10, and (±) indicates a racemic compound. The above-mentioned liquid crystal component C comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the formula (X) wherein R²³ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, Y is -H, -F, or -CN, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom. The fourth feature of the present invention is directed to a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition comprising at least three liquid crystal components A, B and C of the third feature of the present invention and a fourth component, i.e., the following liquid crystal component D, a ratio of the component D being 5 to 25% by weight with respect to the total weight of the three components A, B and C. Here, the liquid crystal component D comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulae (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV) and (XV); the formula (XI): wherein R²⁴ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (XII): wherein R²⁵ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (XIII): wherein R²⁶ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, Z is -H, -F or -CN, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (XIV): wherein R²⁷ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, W is -H, -F or -CN, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and the formula (XV): wherein R²⁸ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom. The fifth feature of the present invention is directed to an optical switching element made from the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the above-mentioned first, second, third or fourth feature of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Inventors of the present application have intensively researched with the intention of further improving an invention disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 291,679/1986. As a result, we have found that a ferroelectrical liquid crystal composition having quick response time and assuming an S C * phase in a wide temperature range inclusive of room temperature can be obtained by combining liquid crystal compounds with each other as described hereinafter, and the present invention has been achieved on the basis of this knowledge. A chiral compound having an optical activity site represented by the formula (A) used in the present invention is characterized by the fact that a carbonyloxy group having a great dipole moment is presents next to an asymmetric carbon atom, as described hereinafter. Therefore, this kind of chiral compound has a very great spontaneous polarization value and a quick response ability. Typical examples of the chiral compound of the present invention are compounds represented by the formula and more specifically, other examples of the chiral compound include compounds represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-V) which are enumerated in the patent applications (Japanese Patent Application Nos. 49796/1987 and 103977/1987). Needless to say, in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention, compounds each having an optical activity site which are represented by the formula (A) can be also used in addition to the compounds represented by the formula (B). Examples of the compounds each having an optical activity site include compounds having bonding groups such as between of the formula (B). That is, the compound having any skeleton structure can be used as a constitutional component of the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition regarding the present invention, so long as it is the chiral compound having an optical activity site which is represented by the formula (A). Typical examples of the compound represented by the formula (B) are set forth in Tables 1 to 9 mentioned below. In the formula (A), the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon atom may be either R type or S type. On the other hand, the non-chiral compound having any of an S C phase, an S I phase, an S F phase, an S G phase, an S H phase and an S K phase is assumed as a base S m compound in the present invention, and therefore it is preferred that the non-chiral compound assumes the S C phase or the like in an extensive temperature range inclusive of room temperature. Typical examples of such non-chiral compounds include pyrimidine compounds represented by the formula (C) as well as phenylpyrimidine compounds represented by the formula (C-VI) and (C-VII). However, in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention, other compounds which are not represented by the formula (C) can be also used as constitutional components in such an amount as not to impede the object of the present invention, so long as they have the S C phase or the like. Examples of such non-chiral compounds include biphenylylbenzoate series, biphenylylcyclohexane series, azo series, azoxy series, phenylpyridine series and biphenyl series liquid crystal compounds which are rich in the S C properties. Of the non-chiral compounds represented by the formula (C), their typical examples which can assume the S C phase and the like are set forth in Tables 10 to 12. The base S m mixture in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition regarding the present invention can be prepared by combining plural phenylpyrimidine series compounds alone having the S C phase enumerated in Tables 10 to 12, and it is also possible to combine one or more of these compounds with one or more of known non-chiral compounds in a range in which the object of the present invention is not damaged. Examples of the known non-chiral compounds include biphenylylbenzoate series, biphenylylcyclohexane series, azo series, azoxy series, phenylpyridine series and biphenyl series liquid crystal compounds which are rich in smectic C properties. In the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition regarding the present invention, particularly preferable are combinations of the phenylpyridine series compounds of the formula (VIII) and the biphenyl series compounds of the general formula (IX). Of the phenylpyridine series compounds represented by the formula (VIII), particularly preferable are compounds having the S C phase in which R²⁰ in the formula (VIII) is an alkyl group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms and R²¹ is an alkoxy group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms. Furthermore, of the biphenyl series compounds represented by the general formula (IX), particularly preferable are compounds having the S C phase in which R²² in the formula (IX) is an alkoxy group having 7 to 10 carbon atoms, X is no group, and k is 3. The pyrimidine series compounds represented by the formula (C), which are used as the component of the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition regarding the present invention, preferably have the S C phase as described above, but other compounds which do not assume the S C phase can be also used only in such amounts as not to noticeably decrease an S C phase temperature range of the obtained base S m compound. This fact can be applied to the phenylpyridine series compounds and the biphenyl series compounds assuming no S C phase which are represented by the formulae (VIII) and (IX), and these compounds can be used with the intentions of lowering viscosity and regulating the S C phase temperature range. The ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention can be prepared, as described above, by mixing the chiral compound having the optical activity site represented by the formula (A) [e.g., a compound represented by the formula (B)] with the non-chiral compound assuming the S C phase or the like [e.g., a pyrimidine series compound represented by the formula (C)]. In another embodiment, the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having more excellent characteristics can be also obtained by the combination with the chiral compound represented by the formula (X) having a great spontaneous polarization value and a high upper limit temperature of the S C * phase, or the combination with the compound represented by the formulae (XI) to (XV) in which the spontaneous polarization value is not so great but which can be used to adjust a helical pitch. Most of compounds having the liquid crystal characteristics which are represented by the general formulae (B-I) to (XV) are known, and they are already disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication Nos. 43/1986, 210,056/1986, 63,633/1986, 13,729/1985 and 122,334/1981. Furthermore, most of the other liquid crystal compounds will be disclosed in, for example, publications regarding Japanese Patent Application Nos. 49,796/1987 and 103,977/1987. Now, the excellnet function of the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition regarding the present invention will be described in detail in reference to liquid crystal component compounds A, B, C and D represented by the formulae (B-I) to (XV). The present invention is based on the combination of the excellent characteristics which the liquid crystal component compounds A, B, C and D represented by the formulae (B-I) to (XV) have. Here, the excellent characteristics of each liquid crystal component will be described in detail. The compounds which can be used as the liquid crystal components A respesented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-V) are chiral compounds having very great spontaneous polarization values and are unknown compounds mentioned in the above-mentioned patent applications (Japanese Patent Application Nos. 49,796/1987 and 103,977/1987) previously filed by the same applicant as in the present patent application. For example, in the case that in the formula (B-II), R⁸ is C₇H₁₅-, R⁹ is -OC₃H₇, and absolute configuration is of (S, R) type, a phase transition temperature is Cr₅₅S C *93I so , and P s is 165 nC/cm². In general, there is the following relation between the spontaneous polarization value (P s ), viscosity (η) and response time (τ): τ = η/(P s x E) wherein E is field strength which is applied to a liquid crystal cell. Therefore, it is required that the viscosity is low and the spontaneous polarization value is great. The compounds represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-V) which are the liquid crystal components A meet such requirements, and they play the important role to provide quick response properties. Table 13 sets forth phase transition temperature, spontaneous polarization value, tilt angle and response time of the ferroelectric liquid crystal compositions which have been prepared by adding 20% by weight of the chiral compounds a to f represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-IV) to base S m mixture A (phase transition temperature Cr₄S C 65S A 79N90I so ) comprising the non-chiral pyrimidine liquid crystal compounds represented by the formula (C-VI) and (C-VII) which will be described hereinafter. The temperature at which the spontaneous polarization value, tilt angle and response time were measured was 25°C, and the field strength at the time of the response time measurement was 5 V/µm. Furthermore, the composition of the base S m mixture A was as follows: In addition, the chiral compounds a to f represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-IV) belonging to the liquid crystal components A are as follows: As is definite from the results in Table 13, the chiral compounds which are the liquid crystal components A represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-IV) have very great spontaneous polarization values (extrapolated value about 100 nC/cm²), and therefore when they are mixed with non-chiral compounds represented by the formulae (C-VI) and (C-VII), the ferroelectric liquid crystal compositions can be obtained having very quick responsive property(30 to 50 µsec) (this response time is as short as about 1/10 of that of the ferroelectric liquid crystal compositions disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 291679/1986 and the pamphlet of PCT International Disclosure WO 86/06401). The liquid crystal component A plays the very important role of providing the quick response properties, but if too large an amount of this component is used, the temperature range of the S C *phase tends to narrow. For this reason, the concentration of the liquid crystal component A is preferably 40% by weight or less. In the case that the absolute configuration of the optical activity site in the formula (A) is of an (S, S) type or (S, R) type, the sense of the spontaneous polarization of the compounds represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-V) is minus, and the polarity of the twist is left [in the case that the absolute configuration is of an (R, R) type or (R, S) type, they are plus and right). The compounds represented by the formulae (C-VI) to (IX) which are the liquid crystal components B are non-chiral and play the role as the base S m compounds in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention. The compounds represented by the formula (C-VI) have the S C phase in a low-temperature range (e.g., when R¹⁶ is C₆H₁₃O- and R¹⁷ is C₈H₁₇-, a phase transition temperature is Cr28S C 47S A 58N66I so ), and on the other hand, the compounds represented by the formula (C-VII) have the S C phase in a high-temperature range (e.g., when R¹⁸ is C₇H₁₅ - and R¹⁹ is C₈H₁₇-, the phase transition temperature is Cr58S C 134S A 144N157I so ). Thus, when the compound having the formula (C-VI) is combined with the compound having the formula (C-VII), the base S m mixture which has the S C phase in an extensive temperature range inclusive of low temperatures can be obtained. The excellent characteristics of the compounds having this skeleton are described in Japaenese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 291679/1986 of the same applicant as in the present case, and as understood from this description, the above-mentioned compounds have very low viscosity. Therefore, they play the important role as the base S C compounds in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention. On the other hand, the compounds represented by the formula (VIII) have the S C phase or the like in an extensive temperature range including low and high temperatures (e.g., when R²⁰ is C₇H₁₅- and R²¹ is C₇H₁₅O-, a phase transition temperature is Cr24S H 32S G 40S F 53S C 77I so ), and on the other hand, the compounds represented by the fromula (IX) have the S C phase or the like in a low-temperature range (e.g., when R²² is C₇H₁₅O-, X is absent and k is 3, the phase transition temperature is Cr20S G 40S F 51S C 53I so ). The excellent characteristics of the compounds having this skeleton are already described in EP-A-206228 of the same applicant as in the present case, and as understood from the description, the above-mentioned compounds have very low viscosity, as in the above-mentioned pyrimidine compounds. Therefore, they play the role as the base S m compounds in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition, and they are used with the intention of adjusting the temperature range of the S C phase. The compounds represented by the formulae (C-VI) to (IX) which are the liquid crystal components B play the role as the base S m compounds in the present invention, and therefore the concentration of the liquid crystal component B is preferably 75% by weight or less. Compounds represented by the formula (X) which are the liquid crystal components C are chiral and known compounds described in the patent applications of the same applicant as in the present case and already disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication Nos. 43/1986 and 210,056/1986. These compounds assume the S C * phase in a high-temperature range and have very great spontaneous polarization values (e.g., in the formula (X), when R²³ is C₈H₁₇O- and Y is -F, a phase transition temperature is Cr52S C *104N*109I so and P S is 132 nC/cm² (T-T C = -30°C); when R²³ is C₆H₁₃O- and Y is -H, a phase transition temperature is Cr71S C *98N*123I so and P S is 110 nC/cm² (T-T C = -30°C); when R²³ is C₈H₁₇O- and Y is -CN, a phase transition temperature is Cr28S C *57S A 94I so and P S is 240 nC/cm² (T-T C = -30°C) wherein T is measured temperature and T C is the upper limit temperature of S C * range. Therefore, it is apparent that in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention, the compounds represented by the formula (X) plays the important roles of providing quick response ability and heightening the S C * phase upper limit temperature of the composition. For example, the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition comprising the above mentioned chiral compound "a" in Table 13 and the base S m mixture A is indeed excellent in responsive properties, but this composition is not considered to be practical, since its S C * phase upper limit temperature is low (in practice, the upper limit temperature must be at least 50°C). To 90% by weight of this composition, 10% by weight of a compound in which in the formula (X), Y is -F and R²³ is C₆H₁₃₋ was added, in order to prepare a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition B. Composition B Base S m Mixture A 72% by weight Chiral Compound a 18% by weight This ferroelectric liquid crystal composition B assumed the S C * phase in a temperature range of -5°C to 55°C, the S A phase on the high-temperature side of the range, the N* phase at 70°C, and an isotropic liquid state at 84°C. Furthermore, with regard to this composition B, a spontaneous polarization value at 25°C was 20 nC/cm², a tilt angle was 21.5°, and a response time was 50 µsec. (E = ±5V/µm). That is, the thus obtained ferroelectric liquid crystal composition could maintain such a response property as the ferroelectric liquid crystal compositions in Table 12 have, and could have the very quick response properties and the extensive S C * phase temperature range. It has been understood from the foregoing that the combination of the non-chiral compound having the formula (C-VI) or (C-VII) with the chiral compound having any one of the formulae (B-I) to (B-V) and (X) permits obtaining the ferroelectric liquid crystal material which can assume the S C * phase in the extensive temperature range inclusive of room temperature and which is very excellent in responsive properties. Taking the concentrations of the liquid crystals A and B as well as the effect of the liquid crystal C into consideration, it is desirable that the concentration of the liquid crystal C is 35% by weight of less. Moreover, with regard to this compound which is the liquid crystal component C,the polarity of spontaneous polarization was minus when an absolute configuration at the optical activity site was S type, and a helical twist sense was left (when the absolute configuration was R type, they were plus and right). In this connection, when the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition is prepared from compounds in which the spontaneous polarization polarity is inverse, the spontaneous polarization value is occasionally small and the response properties is inconveniently poor (e.g., see Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 231,082/1986). In consequence, the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention is to be prepared by the use of the compounds represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-V) and (X) in which the spontaneous polarization polarities are the same in most cases. In order to obtain the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention having the excellent characteristics by the utilization of the liquid crystal components A, B and C, various blend proportions of these components have been investigated, and as a result, it has been found that the preferable ratio is 5 to 40% by weight of the liquid crystal component A, 20 to 75% by weight of the liquid crystal component and 5 to 35% by weight of the liquid crystal component. Compounds represented by the formulae (XI) to (XV) which are the liquid crystal components D are chiral compounds having not so great spontaneous polarization values, and they play the role of adjusting a helical pitch. Therefore, these compounds are used, when needed. With regard to the compounds represented by the formulae (XI) to (XV), the helical twist sense is right, when the absolute configuration of the optical activity site is S type. This helical twist sense is opposite to that of the compounds represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-V) and (X). Therefore, if the compound represented by any of the formulae (XI) to (XV) is used, the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having a prolonged helical pitch can be obtained. Furthermore, the spontaneous polarization polarity of the compounds represented by the formulae (XI) to (XV) is plus, when the optical activity site is the S type [however, with regard to compounds in which Y in the formulae (XIII) and (XIV) is -CN, the spontaneous polarization polarity is minus), and this spontaneous polarization sense is opposite to that of the compounds represented by the formulae (B-I) to (B-V) and (X). However, in the compounds represented by the formulae (XI) to (XV), the spontaneous polarization values are very small (about 1 nC/cm²) and the concentration is low, when used. Therefore, these compounds do not adversely affect the achievement of the quick response in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention. Typical examples of the compounds represented by the formula (XI) to (XIV) which are the liquid crystal components D are as follows: Considering the fact that the liquid crystal component D is used to adjust the helical pitch of the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition and the fact that in the component D, the spontaneous polarization value is low and the response is not so quick, and considering the concentrations of the liquid crystal components A, B and C as well as the effect of the liquid crystal component D, it is preferred that the concentration of the liquid crystal component D in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition is 25% by weight or less with respect to the total weight of the liquid crystal components A, B and C. Furthermore, since the liquid crystal component D is used for the purpose of ajusting the helical pitch, usable compounds for the liquid crystal component D are not limited to the compounds represented by the formulae (XI) to (XIV), and other compounds having the following optical activity sites can be also used in the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition of the present invention. In obtaining the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having excellent characteristics by the utilization of the features of the liquid crystal components A, B, C and D, these components are used in a ratio of 5 to 40% by weight of the liquid crystal component A, 20 to 75% by weight of the liquid crystal component B and 5 to 35% by weight of the liquid crystal component C, the ratio of the liquid crystal component D being from 5 to 25% by weight with respect to the total weight of the three components A, B and C. According to the present invention, the specific liquid crystal compounds are combined suitably in order to provide a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition having a quick response property and assuming an S C * phase in an extensive temperature range inclusive of room temperature. In addition, an optical switching element containing the liquid crystal composition of the present invention can perform a sharp switching operation and can provide a very excellent contrast and an extremely quick response in either birefringence display system and guest/host display system. EXAMPLES The present invention will be described in detail in reference to examples, but the scope of the present invention should not be limited to these examples. Values of spontaneous polarization (P S ) were measured by the Sayer-Tower method, and values of helical pitch (P) were determined by directly measuring each interval between striped lines (dechiralization lines) corresponding to the helical pitch under a polarizing microscope by the use of a cell having a thickness of about 200 µm which had been subjected to homogeneous alignment. Tilt angles (ϑ) were determined by first applying sufficiently high electric field of critical field or more to the cell which had been subjected to the homogeneous alignment, extinguishing a helical structure, reversing polarity, and measuring a mobile angle (corresponding to 2ϑ) of an extinction phase under crossed nicols. A response time was determined by putting each composition in the cell having an electrode interval of 2 µm which had been subjected to an alignment treatment, and measuring a change in intensity of transmitted light at the time when a rectangular wave having Vpp of 20 v and 100 Hz was applied. In the undermentioned examples, there are compositions containing chiral compounds which do not assume a liquid crystal phase such as an S C * phase but have great potential spontaneous polarization values (e.g., see Japanese Patent Application No. 133,269/1986), and such chiral compounds do not impair the characteristics of the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition. Therefore, it is acceptable that the compositions contain the chiral compounds. Examples 1 to 17 Ferroelectric liquid crystal compositions regarding the present invention in Examples 1 to 17 are set froth in Table 14, and characteristics thereof are set forth in Table 15. The figures in Table 1 are on percent by weight. Example 18 The ferroelectric liquid crystal composition prepared in Example 10 was put in a cell prepared by coating with PVA of an alignment agent and then rubbing on surfaces to perform parallel alignment, the cell being equipped with a pair of transparent electrodes and having a cell gap of 2 µm. This liquid crystal cell was interposed between two polarizers arranged in the crossed nicols state, and low-frequency alternating current of 0.5 Hz and 20 V was applied to the cell. In the thus formed liquid crystal display element, switching behavior was sharp and was very excellent in contrast (1:20), and response time was short, 25 µsec at 25°C. Example 19 To the ferroelectric liquid crystal composition prepared in Example 11 was added 3% by weight of anthraquinone series dye D-16 (made by BDH Co., Ltd.) represented by the formula in order to prepare a guest/host type composition. The latter was then put in a cell having a cell gap of 8 µm which had been subjected to the same treatment as in Example 18. One polarizer was arranged so that a polarizing plane might be in parallel with a molecular axis, and low-frequency alternating current of 0.5 Hz and 40 V was applied thereto. In the thus formed color liquid crystal display element, switching behavior was sharp and was very excellent in contrast (1:10), and response time was short, 80 µsec at 25°C.

Claims: A ferroelectric liquid crystal composition which comprises at least one chiral compound having an optical activity site represented by the formula (A) wherein R¹ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and at least one non-chiral compound having any phase of a smectic C phase, a smectic I phase, a smectic F phase, a smectic G phase, a smectic H phase, a smectic J phase or a smectic K phase. A ferroelectric liquid crystal composition according to claim 1 in which the chiral compound having an optical activity site represented by the formula (A) is a chiral compound represented by the formula (B), wherein R² is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R³ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, each of is independently and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and the non-chiral compound having any phase of a smectic C phase,a smectic I phase, a smectic F phase, a smectic G phase, a smectic H phase, a smectic J phase or a smectic K phase, is a compound represented by the formula (C) wherein each of is independently R⁴ and R⁵ are identical or different and each of them is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group, alkoxy group or alkanoyloxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and each of ℓ, m and n is 0 or 1. A ferroelectric liquid crystal composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which at least three undermentioned liquid crystal components A, B and C are contained, the ratio of these components being 5 to 40% by weight of A, 20 to 75% by weight of B and 5 to 35% by weight of C with respect to the total weight of said three conponents; said liquid crystal component A being composed of one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulae (B-I), (B-II), (B-III), (B-IV) and (B-V); the formula (B-I): wherein R⁶ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R⁷ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (B-II): wherein R⁸ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R⁹ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (B-III): wherein R¹⁰ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R¹¹ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (B-IV): wherein R¹² is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R¹³ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and the formula (B-V): wherein R¹⁴ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, R¹⁵ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, said liquid crystal component B being composed of one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulae (C-VI), (C-VII), (VIII) and (IX); the formula (C-VI): wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are identical or different and each of them is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, the formula (C-VII): wherein R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ are identical or different and each of them is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, the formula (VIII): wherein R²⁰ and R²¹ are identical or different and each of them is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and the formula (IX): wherein R²² is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, X is absence or -O-, k is a value of from 0 to 10, and (±) indicates a racemic compound, said liquid crystal component C being composed of one or more selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the formula (X) wherein R²³ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, Y is -H, -F or -CN, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom. A ferroelectric liquid crystal composition according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which at least three liquid crystal components A, B and C described in claim 3 and a fourth component of the following liquid crystal component D are present, the ratio of said component D being 5 to 25% by weight with respect to the total weight of said three components A, B and C and said liquid crystal component D is one or more members selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulae (XI), (XII), (XIII), (XIV) and (XV); the formula (XI): wherein R²⁴ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (XII): wherein R²⁵ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (XIII): wherein R²⁶ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, Z is -H, -F or -CN, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, the formula (XIV): wherein R²⁷ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, W is -H, -F or -CN, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom, and the formula (XV): wherein R²⁸ is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group or alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and * indicates an asymmetric carbon atom. An optical switching element containing a ferroelectric liquid crystal composition described in any one of Claims 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Inventors: FURUKAWA, KENJI, ICHIHASHI, MITSUYOSHI, KIKUCHI, MAKOTO, TAKESHITA, FUSAYUKI, TERASHIMA, KANETSUGU
Applicants: CHISSO CORPORATION
Application year: 1989
Main classification: C09K19
IPC codes: G02F1, C09K19