A cheese product

Abstract: A cheese product having a low level of saturated fat and cholesterol, a high level of polyunsaturated fat and good organoleptic properties is prepared by adding a vegetable fat-­ based cream to skim, semi-skimmed or low fat milk to a cheese vat and processing using conventional techniques to form cheese. The cream is prepared by adding a blend of vegetable pasteurised oils such as soya oil and hydrogenated soya oil and an emulsifier to an aqueous phase comprising a pasteurised blend of water and a stabiliser such as gelatin. The fat-in-­ water emulsion thus formed is then blended and homogenised to form the cream.

Description: The invention relates to a cheese product and to a method for preparing such a cheese product. In particular, the invention relates to a non milk fat cheese or a blend of milk fat and non milk fat cheese and to a method for the preparation thereof. French Specification No. 2197522 discloses a process for preparing a fat emulsion by mixing a milk fraction and an emulsified fat preferably made with whey. The emulsion is stated to be useful inter alia in cheese making. French Specification No. 2017282 describes an emulsion product useful in cheese making providing fat emulsified in a low fat milk fraction containing substantial amounts of casein. According to the invention there is provided a method for preparing a cheese product comprising: forming a vegetable fat-based cream by homogenising a vegetable fat phase and a water phase, the fat being coated by a membrane which is free of milk protein such that in a casein lattice the fat substantially mimics the behaviour of milk fat, adding the cream product to a cheese vat either alone or in combination with a milk fat, and preparing cheese by adding a clotting enzyme to the vat. In one embodiment of the invention the membrane is formed by a mixture of an emulsifier and a stabiliser. Preferably the emulsifier is lecithin. Preferably the stabiliser is a hydrocolloid such as gelatin. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the emulsifier is added to the vegetable fat prior to homogenisation. Preferably the stabiliser with or without the emulsifier or part thereof is added to the water prior to homogenisation. Protein other than milk protein, e.g. casein, with or without an emulsifier and/or a hydrocolloid may be used to form the membrane. In one embodiment of the invention the vegetable fat comprises a blend of vegetable fats which has a similar melting point profile to milk fat over the range 5° to 38°C. Preferably the blend comprises a solid vegetable fat and a vegetable fat which is liquid at room temperature. The solid and liquid fats may have the same or different origins. Preferably the solid vegetable fat comprises hydrogenated soya oil and/or hydrogenated coconut oil. Preferably the liquid vegetable fat comprises soya oil and/or coconut oil. In one embodiment of the invention the cheese contains milk fat, the ratio of milk fat to vegetable fat being in the range 0:1 to 3:1. The milk fat source may comprise pasteurised skimmed, semi-skimmed or low-fat milk. Preferably the water is heated to approximately 80°C for pasteurisation prior to addition of the vegetable fat and the vegetable fat and the water phases are mixed with a blender to uniformly distribute the fat phase in the aqueous phase prior to homogenisation which is preferably carried out in one or more stages, the or each stage being at a pressure of from 100 to 4,000 psi (690 to 27600 kPa), and at a temperature in the range of 40°C to 70°C. Further processing of the cheese is by conventional cheese making techniques. The invention also provides a cheese product whenever made by the process of the invention. The invention also provides a vegetable fat based cream product for use in cheese making which comprises a vegetable fat or blend of vegetable fats homogenised with water in the presence of ingredients which form a membrane which is free of milk protein around the vegetable fat so that in cheese making the vegetable fat substantially mimics the behaviour of milk fat in the casein lattice. According to the invention there is also provided a cheese product containing casein which is in a lattice structure, the cheese product including a vegetable fat-based cream, the fat being coated with a membrane which is substantially free of milk protein such that in the casein lattice the fat substantially mimics the behaviour of milk fat. In one embodiment of the invention the membrane is formed by a mixture of an emulsifier and a stabiliser. Preferably the emulsifier is lecithin, and preferably the stabiliser is a hydrocolloid such as gelatin. In one embodiment of the invention the vegetable fat comprises a blend of vegetable fats which has a similar melting point profile to milk fat over the range 5° to 38°C, preferably the blend comprises a solid vegetable fat and a vegetable fat which is liquid at room temperature. The solid and liquid fats may be of the same origin such as soya or coconut, or the solid and liquid fats may be of different origins. Typically the solid vegetable fat comprises hydrogenated soya oil and/or hydrogenated coconut oil and preferably the liquid vegetable fat comprises soya oil and/or coconut oil. Preferably the cheese contains milk fat, the ratio of milk fat to vegetable fat being in the range 0:1 to 3:1, preferably the milk fat source comprises pasteurised skimmed, semi-skimmed or low-fat milk. The invention will be more clearly understood from the following description given by way of example only. In all cases the cream for use in preparing the cheese products was prepared from the following ingredients: 40.00% fat 59.76% water 0.60% stabiliser (a hydrocolloid such as gelatin) 1.00% emulsifier (in these cases lecithin) (percentages of stabilisers and emulsifiers are by weight of total fat). Example 1 The fat used was a blend of soya oil and hydrogenated soya oil. The fat is pasteurised by heating to approximately 80°C and the lecithin emulsifier is added. A pasteurised blend of water and a stabiliser such as a hydrocolloid, for example gelatin, is heated to approximately 60°C. The hot fat phase is then added to the water phase to cool the fat phase to 60°C - 70°C. The fat-in-water emulsion is then blended to uniformly distribute the fat in the aqueous phase. The blended mixture is then homogenised by a two stage homogenization process at a pressure in the range 690 to 27600 kPa (100 to 4,000 psi) and at a temperature of between 40 and 70°C. The cream formed in the homogenization process is then collected. To prepare a cheese using the cream product, skim milk powder may be added to skim milk to fortify the skim milk. The skim milk is then pasteurised and added to a cheese vat. Starter bacteria are then added to the skim milk. The cream is added to the skim milk and mixed in the milk. A clotting enzyme is subsequently added to the vat. Cheese is then produced using conventional cheese making techniques. The cheese has approximately 32 to 33% fat of which approximately 99% is vegetable fat and the balance is milk fat. Examples 2 - Low Fat Cheese A low fat cheese with about 100% fat substitution was prepared by heating hydrogenated soya oil and soya oil to about 80°C. Lecithin emulsifier was then dissolved in the hot oil to form a fat phase. The water phase was formed by dissolving gelatin stabiliser in water at 80°C. The oil and water phases were then blended and the oil phase was mixed with the water phase to form an oil-in-water emulsion which was then homogenised at approximately 70°C and at a first stage pressure of 5510 kPa (800 psi) and a second stage pressure of 1380 kPa (200 psi), and cooled to approximately 32°C. The resulting cream was added to skim milk at approximately 32°C in a cheese vat. The skim milk may be fortified with skim milk powder if desired. Preferably starter bacteria are added to the skim milk approximately 20 to 30 minutes prior to the addition of the cream product. Rennet (clotting enzyme) is then added to the mixture of cream and skim milk and cheese is manufactured in a conventional manner. Example 3 - Reduced Fat Cheese A reduced fat cheese with approximately 50% fat substitution was prepared by first heating a blend of hydrogenated soya oil, coconut oil and soya oil to approximately 80°C. Lecithin emulsifier was then dissolved in the hot oil to form the oil phase. Gelatin was dissolved in water at 80°C to form the water phase. The oil and water phases were blended and the oil phase was then introduced into the water phase and blended to form an oil-in-water emulsion. The oil-in-water emulsion was then homogenised at approximately 70°C and a first stage pressure of 17200 kPa (2,500 psi) and a second stage pressure of 3450 kPa (500 psi) and cooled to approximately 32°C. The resulting cream product is added to semi-skimmed milk at approximately 32°C in a cheese vat. The semi-skim may be fortified with skim milk powder if desired. It is preferable to add starter bacteria to the semi-skim milk approximately 20 to 30 minutes prior to the addition of the cream product. Rennet was then added to the semi-skim milk and cream mixture and cheese is manufactured in the conventional manner. The cheese product has approximately 50% milk fat and 50% vegetable fat. Example 4 - Low Fat Cheese A low fat cheese with approximately 100% fat substitution was prepared by blending hydrogenated soya oil, coconut oil and soya oil and heating the blend to approximately 80°C. Lecithin emulsifier was then dissolved in the hot oil to form the oil phase. To form the water phase gelatin was dissolved in water at approximately 80°C and blended. The oil phase was then added to the water phase and the mixture blended to form an oil-in-water emulsion. The oil-in-water blend was then homogenised at approximately 70°C at a first stage pressure of 13800 kPa (2,000 psi) and cooled to approximately 32°C. The resultant cream product is added to semi-skim milk at approximately 32°C in a cheese vat. The skim may be fortified with skim milk powder if desired. Preferably starter bacteria are added to the skim milk approximately 20 to 30 minutes prior to the addition of the cream. Rennet is then added to the milk and cream mixture and cheese is manufactured in the conventional manner. The cheese products prepared by the methods described are low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in polyunsaturated fat and have good organoleptic properties. To prepare a low fat cheese a low fat milk is used. If desired a suitable colouring agent such as Annato or β. Carotene may be added to the cream product. Depending on the vegetable fat used a cheese of any desired vegetable fat content or consistency may be prepared. The vegetable fat or blend of vegetable fats used are selected on the basis that the vegetable fat should behave somewhat like conventional milk fat in cheese production. The cream produced may have any desired fat content from a range of between 5% and 95%. The protein to fat ratio is of importance in determining the characteristics of the cheese produced. The more fat that is present the greater the flow characteristics of the cheese i.e. the softer the cheese. This ratio is also important in determining the texture of the cheese. We have found that by coating the vegetable fat with a suitable membrane the vegetable fat will substantially mimic the properties of milk fat in cheese, the coated vegetable fat globules being trapped within the casein lattice somewhat in the same manner as milk fat globules. The membrane may be formed by a mixture of an emulsifier such as lecithin and a stabiliser such as hydrocolloid, for example gelatin. The emulsifier may be soluble in fat in which case it is added to the fat phase or may be soluble in water in which case it is added to the aqueous phase. Any suitable vegetable fat or blend of vegetable fats may be used.

Claims: A method for preparing a cheese product comprising: forming a vegetable fat-based cream by homogenising a vegetable fat phase and a water phase, the fat being coated by a membrane which is free of milk protein such that in a casein lattice the fat substantially mimics the behaviour of milk fat, adding the cream product to a cheese vat either alone or in combination with a milk fat, and preparing cheese by adding a clotting enzyme to the vat. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the membrane is formed by a mixture of an emulsifier and a stabiliser. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the emulsifier is lecithin, and preferably the stabiliser is a hydrocolloid such as gelatin. A method as claimed in any of claims 2 or 3 wherein the emulsifier is added to the vegetable fat prior to homogenisation and preferably the stabiliser with or without the emulsifier or part thereof is added to the water prior to homogenisation. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the vegetable fat comprises a blend of vegetable fats which has a similar melting point profile to milk fat over the range 5° to 38°C, preferably the blend comprises a solid vegetable fat and a vegetable fat which is liquid at room temperature. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the solid and liquid fats are of the same origin such as soya or coconut, or wherein the solid and liquid fats are of different origins. A method as claimed in claim 5 or 6 wherein the solid vegetable fat comprises hydrogenated soya oil and/or hydrogenated coconut oil and preferably the liquid vegetable fat comprises soya oil and/or coconut oil. A method as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the cheese preferably contains milk fat, the ratio of milk fat to vegetable fat being in the range 0:1 to 3:1, preferably the milk fat source comprising pasteurised skimmed, semi-skimmed or low-fat milk. A method as claimed in any preceding claims wherein the water is heated to approximately 80°C for pasteurization prior to addition of the vegetable fat and the vegetable fat and the water phases are mixed with a blender to uniformly distribute the fat phase in the aqueous phase prior to homogenisation which is preferably carried out in one or more stages, the or each stage being at a pressure of from 100 to 4,000 psi (690 to 27600 kPa) and at a temperature in the range of 40°C to 70°C. A vegetable fat based cream product for use in cheese making according to claim 1 which comprises a vegetable fat or blend of vegetable fats homogenised with water in the presence of ingredients which form a membrane which is free of milk protein around the vegetable fat so that in cheese making the vegetable fat substantially mimics the behaviour of milk fat in a casein lattice A cheese product obtainable by the method of claim 1 containing casein which is in a lattice structure, the cheese product including a vegetable fat-based cream, the fat being coated with a membrane which is free of milk protein such that in the casein lattice the fat substantially mimics the behaviour of milk fat.

Inventors: SWEENEY KEVIN, SWEENEY, KEVIN
Applicants: WATERFORD COOP DAIRY, WATERFORD CO-OPERATIVE DAIRY AND TRADING SOCIETY LIMITED
Application year: 1989
Main classification: A23C19
IPC codes: A23C20, A23L1, A23C19