Use of conductive polyurethane foams

Abstract: An electrically conductive elastomeric foam for use in EMI/RFI shielding applications, especially as a gap filler or caulk. The foam is based upon a polyurethane system wherein the electrically conductive filler is intermixed with either the isocyanate or active hydrogen containing component before reacting the two components to create the foam. The foam is lightweight, flexible, highly conductive, capable of withstanding cyclical vibration and is capable of adhering to various conductive surfaces such as metal, composites and glass. The foam is preferably room temperature curable and consists of a water activable prepolymer or quasi prepolymer system.

Description: The suppression or elimination of EMI/RFI energy has become increasingly important in the past few years. The advent of smaller, more powerful electronic equipment has increased the potential for EMI/RFI interference and its damaging effects. One area of EMI/RFI shielding that has been largely ignored is the shielding of large or irregular gaps. Such gaps are formed between adjacent structural components such as between a wall of an EMI/RFI enclosure and its shielded door or window frame, between a cable or power supply conduit and an opening in a wall or between a cover and a closure. Generally, the approach has been to eliminate such gaps altogether by requiring closer tolerances between adjacent parts or redesigning the structures to eliminate the problem. Those gaps which cannot be eliminated have been covered by conductive metal plates or tapes or filled with solid conductive materials, such as conductive caulks and potting compounds. While the above remedies work to some degree, they are expensive, cumbersome and do not always provide a complete shield. For example, requiring closer tolerances between components reduces the ability to interchange components and adds to the cost of manufacturing. Redesigning of components causes delays and often creates new EMI/RFI problems. Metal plates or tapes are often unsightly and generally do not provide a flexible, maintenance free solution. The existing caulks and potting compounds are expensive to use in that a large volume of material is needed to form a complete EMI/RFI shield, and are generally rigid and inflexible. The need exists for an easy to apply, inexpensive, conductive material for irregular or large gaps which provides a complete EMI/RFI shield. Additionally, a need exists for such a material that is also flexible and capable of being cured or molded in place at room temperature. The new use of a conductive polymeric material according to the invention having a volume resistivity in the range of 0.0017 to 9.5 ohm.cm and a surface resistivity in the range of 0.07 to 6.5 ohm/cm² and comprising a polymeric matrix and one or more fillers selected from noble metals, noble metal coated metals, noble metal plated glass, noble metal plated plastics, noble metal plated mica, noble metal plated ceramics, copper nickel and aluminium distributed throughout the matrix, and the matrix is an elastomeric polyurethane foam that is formed by reaction of an isocyanate-containing component with an active hydrogen-containing component as an EMI/RFI shielding element which fills the gap between conductive surfaces. The foam is conductive due to the presence of the filler or fillers. Conductive polyurethane foams for EMI shielding are described in EP-A-0 209 395. A shielding element of such a foam is made by forming a mixture of the isocyanate-containing component, the active hydrogen-containing component and the filler, shaping the mixture and allowing it to react, foam and cure. Preferably the foaming is conducted in situ in a gap that is to be filled by the shielding element, and thus the mixture is shaped by insertion into the gap that is to be filled between conductive surfaces and is allowed to foam and fill that gap. Polyurethane foams have the advantage that it is possible to formulate them so that they react, cure and cross link at room temperature and at a rate such that they can conveniently be foamed in situ. Polyurethane chemistry is well known and the resultant foam can be easily manipulated to suit one's end use requirements, e.g., foam height, foam density, foam strength, foam structure, etc. Polyurethane foams can be easily formed in the field due in part to the development of water activated polyurethane foams. Additionally, these foams can be made at room temperature, eliminating the nedd for ovens of high temperatures to cure the foam. Such foams can withstand a wide range of temperature fluctuations, e.g., -80°F to +200°F. Polyurethane foams can retain large loadings of fillers without significantly affecting their structual characteristics and exhibit excellent adhesive properties to a wide variety of surfaces. Further, polyurethane foams are not created until the required ingredients are mixed. Thus, one can easily form a two, three, four or more component system that is activateable when and where desired. Lastly, such foams can be "self-foaming" such that one does not need to use external temperature activated foaming agents or solvents in order to create such foams. Basically, polyurethane foam systems contain two reactive components, an isocyanate component and an active hydrogen containing component. The chemistry of polyurethane foam formation involves three reactions which occur essentially at the same time, though at different rates. The three reactions are chain extension, gas generation and crosslinking. The chain extension is the primary reaction of the three reactions. It basically involves the reaction of the isocyanate group with an active hydrogen group to form a urethane linkage. A byproduct of the reaction is heat: The urethane can then react with additional isocyanate groups to form an allophanate, as shown below: Gas generation involves the reaction of the isocyanate with water to form an unstable carbamic acid which through the aid of an amine catalyst forms an aromatic amine and the generation of carbon dioxide gas: Crosslinking is caused by the reaction of the amine formed during gas generation with isocyanate to form an urea which crosslinks the urethane polymer. The crosslinking also traps the carbon dioxide gas within the polyurethane structure, thus creating the foam system: Lastly, depending upon the amount of urea and free isocyanate, some of the urea may react with isocyanate to form a highly crosslinked biuret: The result of the three reactions is the formation of a crosslinked polyurethane structure containing numerous pockets formed by the generation and trapping of the carbon dioxide gas. While the above reactions are shown with the active hydrogen group being a hydroxyl group (OH), it should be clear that other hydrogen containing groups can also be used in the above reactions. Foam characteristics can be controlled during the reactions through the proper use of temperature, catalysts and the amount of free isocyanate. Polyurethane foams are generally prepared by one of three different methods, all of which are suitable for use in the present invention. The first method is to use a isocyanate terminated or capped polyol, commonly known as a prepolymer. In such prepolymers, all of the polyol has been pre-reacted with isocyanate. The prepolymer is foamed with the addition of an active hydrogen containing component, typically water, alcohol or a mixture thereof. Such a system is desirable in that the foaming may be carried out at room temperature and that an exact balance of isocyanate to active hydrogen groups is not necessary. In fact, some prepolymers allow one to use an excess amount of active hydrogen containing component without adversely affecting the foam formation. The second method is to use quasi-prepolymers to create a polyurethane foam. Quasi-prepolymers are polyol systems wherein only a portion of the polyol to be used in making the foam is pre-reacted with some of the available isocyanate to form an isocyanate terminated prepolymer. The remaining polyol, an active hydrogen containing component, and any catalysts that may be desired are then mixed together with the quasi-prepolymer to create a polyurethane foam. The quasi-prepolymer method allows one to vary the resultant foam characteristics through the use of different polyols, or elastomeric polymers, etc. This method is desirable in that it generally provides lighter density, more resilient and elastomeric foams than are available with the prepolymer method. The last and more commonly used method is known as the one shot method. In this method, an isocyanate component and an active hydrogen containing component, typically a polyol, are blended with a small amount of water to create a polyurethane foam. Suitable isocyanate terminated prepolymers are well known and commercially available. It is preferred that the prepolymer system be formed from a polyester polyol or a polyether polyol. More preferably, a polyether polyol is the selected prepolymer due to the flexibility it imparts to the foam. Preferred polyether polyols used for the isocyanate terminated prepolymers include for example an alkylene oxide adduct of a polyhydric alcohol, such as propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide or a mixture of some or all of these. Example of suitable commercially available isocyanate terminated prepolymers useful in this invention include, but are not limited to HYPOL® prepolymers from W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn., MX100 prepolymers from Sartomer Corporation, URIC N2023 prepolymers from Aceto Corporation, SUCRANOL prepolymers from Sodethane, and PURACOL C-133 grafted prepolymers from BASF. The quasi-prepolymers suitable for use in the invention may be based upon the same polyols discussed above in regard to the isocyanate terminated prepolymers. Additionally, the quasi-prepolymers may contain different polyols or other polymeric constituents such as various rubbers and other elastomeric polymers. The prepolymers or quasi-prepolymers are activated by an active hydrogen containing component, such as water, alcohols, amines, polyols or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the active hydrogen component is based upon a hydroxyl group (OH). When the more traditional urethane system is used, the preferred isocyanates include crude isocyanates, aromatic polyisocyanates and aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates. It is preferred to use aromatic polyisocyanates in the present invention and in particular methylene di-p-phenylene isocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Such polyisocyanates are commercially available under the brand names BERONAT, available from Berol, CARADATE from Shell, ISOCON from Lankro, and DESMODUR® available from Bayer A.G. The active hydrogen containing component is generally a hydroxyl group containing polyol. Such polyols are well known and commercially available. Preferred polyols useful in the present invention include polybutuadienes, such as hydroxyl group terminated polymers of butadiene; various drying oils, such as, polymerized castor oils; polyesters and polyethers. These types of polyols are commercially available, for example as Poly bd® resins (hydroxyl terminated butadienes) available from Sartomer Co., POLYCASTER® polymerized castor oils available from Aceto Corporation DESMOPHEN® resins available from Bayer A.G. Other active hydrogen containing components can also be used and are commercially available, such as JEFFAMINE® amine polyols available from Jefferson. In any of these urethane systems, additional water or alcohol can be added to the system to vary the foam's characteristics such as cell count, size and structure ( i.e. open or closed cells). Additionally, one may add one or more additional polyols to the system or add different polymers, such as various elastomeric latices, to vary the foam's structural characteristics. If such a component is added, it is preferred that it be added with the active hydrogen containing component. One or more catalysts for controlling the rate of the reaction of the polyurethane foam may also be used in the present invention. Such catalysts are well known in urethane chemistry and are readily available. Generally, two catalysts are used in polyurethane foams; an amine catalyst for controlling the gas formation reaction and a tin or other metal type of catalyst for controlling the chain extension reaction. Often these catalysts are included in the prepackaged urethane components. Suitable amine catalysts include for example tertiary amines. The tin or other metal catalysts include for example, stannous octoate; zinc octoate, cobalt naphthenate, pyridinum dodecylbenzene sulfonate, anilinum trifluoromethane sulfonate and mixtures thereof. Suitable amine catalysts include THANCAT from Jefferson Chemical Co. and PROPAMINE from LanKro. Suitable tin catalysts include STANCLERE from Interstab, and CARSTAN from Cincinnati-Milicron. The total amount of catalyst included in the polyurethane foam should be from about 0.01 to about 4 parts by weight per 100 parts polyol. Preferably, the amount of amine catalyst is from about 0.1 to 1 parts by weight per 100 parts polyol and the amount of tin or other metal catalyst is from about 0.1 to 0.5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol. One or more surfactants may be added to either the isocyanate containing component or the active hydrogen containing component to aid in controlling the cell structure, cell count, foam rise, foam height, resiliency and surface energy, i.e. , hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, of the foam. Suitable surfactants are well known and preferably are silicone based surfactants. The chosen surfactant may be ionic, anionic, nonionic or amphoteric depending upon the foam properties desired. The amount of surfactant added should be from about .8 to about 2.5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol. Suitable surfactants include but are not limited to PLURONIC L-62 or PLURONIC P65, available from BASF Wyandotte, BRIJ 72 available from ICI, and Dow 198 available from the Dow Chemical Co. One or more electrically conductive fillers are used in the present invention. Examples of electrically conductive fillers include noble metals such as silver or gold; noble metal plated metals such as silver plated gold, copper, nickel or aluminum or palladium plated platinum, noble metal plated glass, plastic or ceramics such as silver plated glass microspheres, silver plated alumina or silver plated plastic microspheres; base metals, per se, selected from copper, nickel or aluminum; and noble metal plated mica. The shape and size of the fillers is not critical to the present invention. The fillers may be of any shape that is generally used in the manufacture of conductive materials, including spherical, flake, platelet, irregular or fibrous (such as chopped fibers). It is preferred that the conductive filler be in the flake form as it tends to disperse more evenly throughout the foam. The flake form is also desirable in that it is lightweight, has a large surface area and therefore provides excellent conductivity without collapsing the foam and at lower loadings than the other shapes. The size of the fillers can be within the range normally used for fillers in conductive materials. Preferably, the size of the one or more fillers is from about 1 micron to about 70 microns, preferably from about 3 to about 25 microns and more preferably from about 3 to about 10 microns. Preferably the conductive filler is wholly or mainly silver flake. The amount of one or more electrically conductive fillers must be sufficient to give useful shielding and so is usually at least about 40% by weight based on the polymeric matrix, often 100% up to, for instance 500%. Preferably, the fillers comprise from about 40 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol to about 150 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol. More preferably, the fillers comprise from about 60 to about 85 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol. More preferably, the fillers comprise about 70 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol. Other fillers may also be added to the foam if desired. Such fillers include microwave absorbing materials, thermally conductive fillers, inert fillers and pigmentation fillers. Useful microwave absorbing fillers include carbon black, carbon fibers, graphite, magnetic ferrites and the like. Examples of useful thermally conductive fillers include aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, boron nitride, magnesium oxide and the like. Suitable inert (bulk) and coloration fillers include talc, gypsum, titanium dioxide and various other well known pigments. The amount of these additional fillers can vary over a wide range so long as they do not interfere with the electrical conductivity of the foam. Generally, the additional fillers if used, should comprise from about 1 to about 40 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol. The shape and size of the additional fillers can be similar to those described above in relation to the electrically conductive fillers. Other components typically used in polyurethane foams may, if desired, be added to the foams of the present invention. Such common components include, for example, flame retardants, foam stabilizers and antioxidants. The amounts of these components in the foam is generally from about 0.1 to 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol, though additional amounts can be added to obtain specific characteristics from the foam. According to one preferred embodiment of the present invention, the conductive foam may be formed by a "one shot" method in which all of the components are simultaneously mixed with each other, placed in the desired location such as a mold, a flat sheet or in a specific cavity or gap and allowed to react and cure. Other typical methods of creating polyurethane foams may also be used in creating the foam of the present invention. For example, the components may be blended in an extruder and formed into specific shapes. Likewise, the components can be added consecutively to a mixer, blended and then poured into the final place before the reaction is complete. Additionally, as discussed above, some of the components can be premixed with each other, such as the filler and the active hydrogen containing component or the isocyanate and surfactant and then these premixed blends can be combined to initiate the reaction. One preferred embodiment of the present invention is formed from a two part system. The first part contains the isocyanate component. The second part contains the active hydrogen component. Additionally, each part, i.e. , the isocyanate component and the active hydrogen component, contains one or more additional ingredients useful in the foam. For example, the isocyanate containing part also contains a silicone surfactant. The active hydrogen containing part also contains the one or more electrically conductive fillers, any additional fillers, the one or more catalysts, water, alcohol and/or polyol and any other component. The use of a two-part system which reacts to create a conductive polyurethane foam only upon mixing is desirable in that it allows one to use only that amount of polyurethane foam when and where it is needed. For example, one may use such a system to create a conductive polyurethane foam in the field such as on a repair of a door frame to enclosure wall, or in sealing off power and other supply conduits into such an enclosure. Preferably the conductive foam used in the present invention is room temperature cureable so that the use of heat or other types of curing mechanisms are not required. This also allows one enormous flexibility in forming such foams when and where needed. Of course, if desired one may use heat or other types of curing sources with such polyurethane foams. The polyurethane foam may be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic in nature. It is preferred that the selected foam be hydrophobic in nature so that moisture will not interfere with the conductivity of the foam. However, hydrophilic foams can be useful where moisture is not a problem such as indoors where the climate is controlled by heating and cooling systems or in those applications where high conductivity or corrosion resistance is not required. The resultant foam is preferably flexible so that it may be used in applications where cyclic vibration may occur e.g. shipboard or airborne applications. However, another preferred embodiment of the invention is a rigid foam. Rigid foams generally have been found to be more conductive ( i.e. lower resistance values) than flexible foams. Therefore, when conductivity is critical a rigid foam may be preferred. A preferred foam used in the present invention should be capable of withstanding at least one thousand (1,000) cycles or more of elongation and compression (at 7% deflection and elongation and 5 cycles/second) with little or no reduction in conductivity. The elongation/compression test is preferably made on a piece of foam approximately 0.65 inches wide and 1 inch long. The foam is attached to a suitable reciprocating device for causing an elongation and compression of the foam. Additionally it is preferred that the foam have high resilience properties so that it will not suffer from compression set and remain flexible. The conductive foam used in the present invention should preferably have the following characteristics: It should have a density of from about 1g/ml to about 10g/ml. The durometer of the foam should range from about 8 to about 80 (Shore A hardness). The volume resistivity is from about .0017 to about 9.5 ohms.cm. The surface resistivity is from about 0.01 to about 6.5 ohms/cm². Additionally, the expansion rate and/or rise of the foam should be from about 1.2 to about 3 times the initial volume of the components, though higher rates of expansion and/or rise could be used if desired. The ratio of isocyanate to active hydrogen in foams of the present invention can vary over a wide range. This ratio is normally stated as the isocyanate index which defines the amount of isocyanate groups to active hydrogen or hydroxyl groups in a given system. The index is generally represented by a value that expresses the amount of isocyanate to active hydrogen. For example, an index value of 1 means that there is equivalent weight of isocyanate for every equivalent weight of active hydrogen. Changing the ratio between the isocyanate and active hydrogen groups has been found to cause a change in the characteristics of the foam, in particular durometer, compression, elongation, and conductivity. As the isocyanate index value increases, the values for the durometer and conductivity increase, while the values for the compression and elongation characteristics decrease. Conversely, as the index value decreases, there is a decrease in the values of durometer and conductivity and an increase in the values for compression and elongation. The preferred isocyanate index value is about 0.6 or more, often about 0.7 to about 1.3, more preferably, the index value is about 0.9 to about 1.2 and most preferably about 1. Ths range of index value provides a flexible, resilient foam with a moderate durometer and good electrical conductivity. The weight ratio of the two components is generally 0.25:1 to 1:0.25. It is preferred that the isocyanate component used in the present invention be part of either a prepolymer or quasi-prepolymer. This avoids the necessity of having to handle, transport or store pure isocyanate, which is a well known hazardous material. In those instances when the isocyanate component is bound up with a prepolymer or quasi-prepolymer, the amount of "free" isocyanate available from the prepolymer or quasi-prepolymer should be about 15% and the amount of prepolymer or quasi-prepolymer used in the foam should be from about 40 to about 60 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polyol. The following is an example of a preferred conductive polyurethane foam of the present invention. EXAMPLE A conductive polyurethane foam according to the present invention was prepared from the following components (measured in parts by weight): The resultant foam was molded into a bun about 2 in (5cm) in height and 2-1/2 in (6.3 cm) in width. The foam had a smooth, substantially flat skin on its outer surfaces. The density of the foam was 2.62g/cc. Additionally, the foam required an application of 2.5 lbf (II-IN) to achieve a deflection of 25%. Initial volume resistivity was about 0.9 ohms/cm, while initial surface resistivity was about 0.1 ohms/cm². After subjecting the foam to 6000 cycles (5 cycles/second) of an elongation/ compression test (at 7% elongation and compression) the volume resistivity was 5 ohms.cm and the surface resistivity reading was about 3 ohms/cm². A 30 mil (0.76 mm) thick sheet was also formed from the material of the Example. This sheet had a volume resistivity of 0.05 to about .1 ohm.cm and a surface resistivity of about 1 ohm/cm². Foams made in accordance with the present invention have a wide variety of useful applications. For example, a gap between a door frame and a wall of a shielded enclosure may be filled with the combined components in an amount such that after curing in place, the foam substantially fills that gap. The foam, being of polyurethane, will strongly adhere to the bottom and sides of the gap and will therefore remain in place. Another example of a typical use for the present polyurethane foam is as a permanent conductive caulk or seal between surfaces which do not require frequent removal. Such surfaces can include covers on electrical supplies, and gaps in conductive enclosures such as between the enclosure wall and a power supply conduit. The conductive foam will substantially fill the gap and provide a permanent flexible seal between the two surfaces. Additionally, the foam can be made in molds having desired, preselected shapes, so as to form flat sheets, pyramidal cones, cylindrical tubes, rectangular strips, concave or convex sheets, etc. which can then be inserted into or over the gap or opening to form a conductive pathway between the adjoining surfaces. Likewise, these molded products can be used as EMI/RFI gaskets, per se, instead of the more traditional filled silicone gaskets. If desired, a wire mesh may be placed around the shaped foam to form a resilient conductive wire mesh gasket. It should be made clear that the electrically conductive filler or fillers are contained within either the isocyanate component or active hydrogen component, preferably the latter, such that when the foam is created, the filler or fillers are fixed in place and form a conductive network throughout the foam. By incorporating the electrically conductive filler or fillers into one of the reactive components, one ensures that the fillers will be evenly and thoroughly dispersed throughout the foam. It is believed that this feature is a major advantage to the present foam and is responsible, at least in part, for the excellent conductivity values exhibited by the foams of the present invention. The invention of the present application provides many advantages that are readily appreciated by one skilled in the art. The conductive polyurethane foam provides more coverage at less cost than traditional conductive caulks or potting compounds. It also provides an easy and inexpensive means for filling an irregularly shaped or large gap with a flexible conductive material that conforms and bonds to the gap. Additionally, it provides a conductive material which has a smooth outer skin that does not slump or crack when compressed or elongated. Lastly, it provides a means by which a conductive material can be formed where and when it is desired through the use of a prepackaged two, three, four or more part system. All one needs to do is blend the components together, place them in the desired location and allow the system to cure.

Claims: Use of a conductive polymeric material having a volume resistivity in the range of 0.0017 to 9.5 ohms.cm and surface resistivity in the range of 0.07 to 6.5 ohms/cm² which comprises a polymeric matrix and one or more filler selected from noble metals, noble metal plated metals, noble metal plated glass, noble metal plated plastics, noble metal plated mica, noble metal plated ceramics, copper, nickel and aluminium distributed throughout the matrix, in which the matrix is an elastomeric polyurethane foam formed by reaction of an isocyanate-containing component with an active hydrogen-containing component, as an EMI/RFI shielding element which fills the gap between conductive surfaces. Use according to claim 1 wherein the conductive polymeric material is made by forming the foam in situ between the surfaces. Use according to claims 1 or 2 in which the conductive polymeric material has a durometer of from 8 to 80 (Shore A hardness). Use according to any preceding claim in which the amount of the conductive filler in the conductive polymeric material is at least 40%, preferably at least 100%, by weight of the polymeric matrix. Use according to any preceding claim in which the conductive filler is wholly or mainly silver flake. Use according to any preceding claim in which the active hydrogen-containing component is selected form water, alcohols, amines, amine polyols, polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polymerised castor oils, hydroxyl terminated butadienes, and mixtures thereof. Use according to any preceding claim in which the isocyanate-containing component is selected from aromatic, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates and isocyanate-terminated polyols. Use according to any preceding claim in which the active hydrogen-containing component comprises a polyol and/or the isocyanate-containing component comprises an isocyanate-terminated polyol. Use according to claim 8 in which the polyol is selected from polyester polyols and polyether polyols. Use according to claim 9 in which the polyol is a polyether polyol. Use according to any of claims 8 to 10 in which the isocyanate is an isocyanate-terminated polyol and the active hydrogen-containing component comprises a material selected from water, alcohols and amines. Use according to claim 11 in which the active hydrogen-containing component is water. A process for making an EMI/RFI shielding material as defined in any of claims 1 to 12 characterised in that a mixture is formed of the isocyanate-containing component, the active hydrogen-containing component and the filler, and the mixture is shaped by insertion into a gap between conductive surfaces and allowed to react and foam to fill the gap and cure.

Inventors: MORGAN NOREDIN HASSAN, MORGAN, NOREDIN HASSAN
Applicants: CHOMERICS INC, CHOMERICS, INC.
Application year: 1989
Main classification: H01B1
IPC codes: H05K9, C08L75, C08K9, H01B1, C08J9, C08K3