Method and apparatus for driving display apparatus

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, gradation display is performed for each picture element in capacitive display apparatuses such as EL display apparatus by means of pulse width modulation (PWM). In doing so, pulse duration of the voltage (V M ) applied to one group of electrodes (X) among the a plurality of electrodes arranged in matrix is so set as to span over two scanning periods, during which another group of electrodes (Y) which are grouped into pairs each of two adjacent lines are scanned successively, to reduce the number of drive voltage charge and discharge cycles. Consequently power consumption of the display apparatus of PWM system can be controlled to a low level.

Description: This invention relates to a drive method and drive apparatus for capacitive display apparatuses such as EL (electroluminescent) display apparatus. For background art, reference is made to WO 83/03021, which discloses a method and a wiring system for driving an electroluminescent display, and to EP-A2-0 345 399 of the present applicant, which belongs to the state of the art under Article 54(3) EPC. A thin film EL element of double insulation type (or 3-layer structure), for example, is constituted as follows. As shown in FIG. 1, transparent electrodes 2 made of In₂0₃ strips are formed in parallel on a glass substrate 1. Over these electrodes 2, a dielectric material layer 3a such as Y₂0₃ , Si₃N₄ , TiO₂ and Al₂0₃, for example, an EL layer 4 made of ZnS which is doped with an activating agent such as Mn, and a dielectric material layer 3b such as Y₂0₃ , Si₃N₄, Ti0₂ and Al₂0₃ similar to the dielectric material layer 3a, are formed to a thickness from 500 to 10000Å each, to make a 3-layer structure by means of thin film forming technology such as evaporation deposition or sputtering. On this 3-layer structure, back electrodes 5 made of parallel aluminium strips are formed in the direction perpendicular to the above-mentioned transparent electrodes 2. Because the thin film EL element is made in a structure where the EL material 4 sandwiched by the dielectric material layers 3a and 3b is interposed between the electrodes 2 and 5, it can be regarded as a capacitive element in terms of equivalent circuit. Also as will be clear from the brightness-voltage curve shown in FIG. 2, the thin film EL element is driven by applying relatively high voltage of about 200V. The thin film EL element has the features of emitting light of high brightness with alternating electric field and having a long service life. In a display apparatus which uses the thin film EL element as the display element, one of the transparent electrode 2 and the back electrode 5 is used as a data electrode, and the other is used as the scanning electrode. The data electrode is fed with a modulation voltage in accordance with the data to be displayed and the scanning electrode is fed with a writing voltage line-sequentially. A method (so-called symmetrical drive method) for driving the EL element, where a scanning cycle of one display frame completes a 1st field scanning period when the writing voltage has a given polarity with respect to the data electrode and a 2nd field scanning period when it has another polarity, is generally adopted to drive a thin film EL element which is of alternating voltage-driven type and is capable of maintaining good display quality. With this drive method, writing voltage and modulation voltage are superimposed to enhance or cancel each other at each pixel which corresponds to an intersection of data electrode and scanning electrode about the EL layer 4, so that the effective drive voltage applied to a pixel is above or below the light emission threshold voltage. Thus each pixel emits or does not emit light to give the specified display. When making gradation display by changing the brightness of each pixel in multiple steps with such a display apparatus as described above, a pulse width modulation method wherein the pulse duration of the modulation voltage applied to the data electrode is changed in accordance with the data to be displayed, an amplitude modulation method wherein the amplitude of the modulation voltage is changed in accordance with the data to be displayed, or the like, have been so far adopted. FIG. 3 is a block diagram which is explanatory of a thin film EL display apparatus of the prior art using the above-mentioned pulse width modulation method. In FIG. 3, the display section 21 consists of, for example, the thin film EL element shown in FIG. 1. Scanning electrodes Y1, Y2, ..., Ym-1, Ym of the display section 21 are connected to a scanning electrode drive circuit 22. Data electrodes X1, X2, ..., Xn-1, Xn of the display section 21 are connected to a data electrode drive circuit 23. The scanning electrode drive circuit 22 and the data electrode drive circuit 23 are connected to a display control circuit 24 which controls these circuits. The data electrode drive circuit 23 variably sets the rising and falling timings of the modulation voltage V M which is applied to each of the data electrodes X1 - Xn in accordance with the gradation display data sent from the display control circuit 24. The scanning electrode drive circuit 22 applies the writing voltages -V N and Vp which are of different polarities across adjacent scanning electrodes Y, and differentiates the polarities of the writing voltages applied to a same scanning electrode Y in the 1st field scanning period and 2nd field scanning period. FIG. 4 shows a voltage waveform which is applied to an arbitrary picture element during the 1st field scanning period in driving the thin film EL display apparatus. FIG. 5 shows a voltage waveform applied to an arbitrary picture element during the 2nd field scanning period. FIG. 4(1) and FIG. 5(1) show the waveforms of the modulation voltages V M which are applied to the data electrodes X. FIG. 4(2) and FIG. 5(2) show the waveforms of the writing voltage -V N , Vp which are applied to the scanning electrodes Y, respectively. FIG. 4(3) and FIG. 5(3) show the waveforms of the drive voltages which are applied to the picture elements. In the 1st field scanning period, as shown by the solid and dashed lines of FIG. 4(1), the greater the value of gradation display data, the faster (sooner) the rising timing is set for the modulation voltage V M to obtain long pulse duration. Because the writing voltage at this point is -V N of negative polarity as shown in FIG. 4(2), in the case of the drive voltage shown in FIG. 4(3) the period of time when the light emission threshold V th is exceeded (period during which the modulation voltage is additionally superimposed onto the writing voltage) increases as the pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M increases. Thus gradation display is achieved in accordance with the pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M . On the other hand, in the 2nd field scanning period, as shown by the solid and dashed lines of FIG. 5(1), the larger the value of display data, the faster (sooner) the falling timing is set for the modulation voltage V M , to obtain short pulse duration. Because the writing voltage at this point is Vp of positive polarity as shown in FIG. 5(2), in the case of the drive voltage shown in FIG. 5(3) the period of time when the light emission threshold -V th is exceeded (period during which the modulation voltage V M and the writing voltage do not cancel each other) increases as the pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M decreases. Thus gradation display is achieved in accordance with the pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M . However, in the drive method of the prior art described above, considerable electrical power is consumed because the writing voltage -V N and Vp and the modulation voltage V M are charged and discharged once every time one line of the scanning electrodes Y is driven. This results in an unfavourably large power supply apparatus and poor reliability of the display apparatus. In the case of an EL display panel of 640 * 400 picture elements, power consumption is calculated as follows. The calculation is made using the following equation (1) based on the assumption that the EL display panel can be equivalently regarded as a capacitor, with the capacitance of the scanning electrode being 2200pF per one line, the threshold voltage V th of light emission being 200V, the modulation voltage V M being 50V and the field frequency being 60Hz. (Power consumption) = (Field frequency) * (Capacitance) * (Voltage)² (1) Then power consumption through charging and discharging of writing voltage Vp and -V N , that is the power P W required in writing, is given as: P W = 60(Hz) * 2200(pF) * 400(lines) * (200 (V))² ≃ 2.1(W) (2) And power consumption through charging and discharging of modulation voltage V M , that is the power P M required in modulation, is given as: P M = (400 lines * 60Hz) * (2200pF * 400 lines) * (50V)² ≃ 52.8(W) (3) As the above calculations show, modulation power P M accounts for the greatest part of the power consumption (P W + P M ). Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to provide a drive method and drive apparatus for capacitive display apparatuses with greatly reduced electrical power consumption. The invention is defined by the appended claims. In accordance with the invention, because the pulse duration of the modulation voltage applied to the data electrodes is set to stretch over two scanning periods, during which writing voltage of negative polarity, for example, is applied to one of a pair of adjacent scanning electrodes and writing voltage of positive polarity is applied to the other scanning electrode of the pair, the number of times the modulation voltage is charged and discharged is reduced accordingly, resulting in the reduction of power consumption. In accordance with the method of driving a display panel of the invention, because the pulse duration of the modulation voltage is set to stretch over two scanning periods for a pair of two adjacent scanning electrodes, the number of times the modulation voltage is charged and discharged is reduced accordingly, resulting in the reduction of power consumption. These and other objects features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a partially cut-away perspective view of a thin film EL element. FIG. 2 is a graph showing the brightness - voltage characteristic of the thin film EL element. FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the basic constitution of a display apparatus incorporating the thin film EL element. FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show the waveforms of the modulation voltage, writing voltage and drive voltage during the 1st field scanning period and the 2nd field scanning period, respectively, in a drive method of the prior art. FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the electrical circuit construction of the thin film EL display apparatus in an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 shows the waveforms of the modulation voltage, writing voltage and drive voltage in a drive method of an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 8 shows the waveforms of the modulation voltage, writing voltage and drive voltage in a drive method of another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the electrical circuit construction of the thin film EL display apparatus in an embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 6, a display section 6 which constitutes a display panel is made of, for example, a double-insulation type thin film electroluminescent element. A plurality of scanning electrodes Y1, Y2, ..., Ym-1, Ym (represented by a reference symbol Y when addressing all the electrodes) arranged in the display section 6 are connected to a scanning electrode drive circuit 7. And a plurality of data electrodes X1, X2, ..., Xn-1, Xn (represented by a reference symbol X when addressing all the electrodes) which are arranged at right angles to the scanning electrodes Y1 - Ym are connected to a data electrode drive circuit 8. In the scanning electrode drive circuit 7, output drivers B1, B2, ..., Bm-1, Bm (represented by a reference symbol B when addressing all the output drivers) are individually connected to the scanning electrodes Y1 - Ym. In a 1st field scanning period of a pair of field scanning periods which constitute a scanning period for one frame of a display image, a power source 10a supplies writing voltage -V N (=-V th , where V th is the threshold voltage for light emission) of negative polarity selectively to the scanning electrodes Y1 - Ym via a writing driver 9a and the output drivers B1 - Bm. In a 2nd field scanning period, a power source 1Ob supplies writing voltage Vp (=V th + V M , where V M is the modulation voltage) of positive polarity selectively to the scanning electrodes Yl - Ym via a writing driver 9b and the output drivers Bl - Bm. Thus the scanning electrode drive circuit 7 applies writing voltages -V N and Vp which have different polarities across adjacent scanning electrodes Y, and differentiates the polarities of the writing voltages applied to a same scanning electrode Y in the 1st field scanning period and the 2nd field scanning period. These output drivers Bl - Bm are connected to a shift register 11. The shift register 11 receives scanning data S-DATA which addresses the scanning electrodes Yl - Ym line-sequentially in synchronization with the clock signal CLK3 which is fed to a clock input terminal of the shift register 11. The output drivers Bl - Bm are thereby turned on to carry out writing operation for the scanning electrodes Yl - Ym line-sequentially. In the data electrode drive circuit 8, on the other hand, output drivers Al, A2, ..., An-l, An (represented by a reference symbol A when addressing all the output drivers) are individually connected to the data electrodes Xl - Xn. A power source 13 supplies modulation voltage V M selectively to the data electrodes Xl - Xn via a modulation driver 12 and the output drivers Al - An. And the data electrodes Xl - Xn are clamped to the ground potential depending on the settings of the output drivers Al - An. These output drivers Al - An are connected to a comparator 14 which is connected to a shift register 16 via a latch circuit 15. The shift register 16 performs shift operation in synchronization with the clock signal CLKl which is fed to a clock terminal thereof to transfer gradation display data D corresponding to the data electrodes Xl - Xn. Therefore the display data D fed to the shift register 16 is temporarily stored in the latch circuit 15 by latch signal LE and then sent to the comparator 14. The comparator 14 compares the 3-bit count data from the counter 17 and the 3-bit gradation display data from the latch circuit 15, to determine the pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M corresponding to the gradation display data. The modulation voltage V M of this pulse duration is applied to the corresponding data electrodes X when the writing voltages -V N and Vp are applied. Thus the scanning electrodes Y are fed with writing voltage -V N or Vp, and in synchronization thereto, modulation voltage V M of the pulse duration which corresponds to the gradation display data is applied to the data electrodes Xl - Xn, to perform the writing operation. Upon completion of the writing operation, writing voltage -V N or Vp is removed from the scanning output driver B, and the modulation voltage V M is removed from the data electrode output driver A, to complete the driving operation of one line of the scanning electrodes Y. FIG. 7(1), (2) and (3) show the waveform of the modulation voltage V M applied to the data electrodes X, waveforms of the writing voltages -V N and Vp applied to the scanning electrodes Y and the waveform of the driving voltage applied to the selected picture element, in the gradation display driving with the thin film EL display apparatus. The operation will be explained in the following with reference to these waveforms. For example, writing voltage -V N (=-V th ) of negative polarity is applied to the 1st scanning electrode Yl from the scanning electrode drive circuit 7, writing voltage Vp (=V th + V N ) of positive polarity is applied to the 2nd scanning electrode Y2 and so on, applying writing voltage -V N of negative polarity and writing voltage Vp of positive polarity alternately to the successive scanning electrodes Y, to perform the scanning operation. At this point, such a pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M which is applied to the data electrodes X by the data electrode drive circuit 8 is selected that stretches over two consecutive scanning periods, for example, the drive period of the scanning electrode Yl and the drive period of the scanning electrode Y2 as shown in FIG. 7(1). Similarly pulse duration of the modulation voltage is determined to stretch over two consecutive scanning periods, such as two scanning periods for the scanning electrodes Y3 and Y4, two scanning periods for the scanning electrodes Y5 and Y6, and so on. In the scanning period for the scanning electrode Yl, rising timing of the modulation voltage V M is determined in accordance with the gradation display data. That is, the greater the value of gradation display data, the faster (sooner) the rising timing is determined as shown by the solid line of FIG. 7(1). Conversely, the smaller the value of gradation display data, the slower (later) the rising timing is determined as shown by the dashed line of FIG. 7(1). On the other hand, in the next scanning period for the scanning electrode Y2, falling timing of the modulation voltage V M is determined in accordance with the gradation display data. That is, the greater the value of gradation display data, the faster (sooner) the falling timing is determined as shown by the solid line of FIG. 7(1). Conversely, the smaller the value of gradation display data, the slower (later) the falling timing is determined as shown by the dashed line of FIG. 7(1). Consequently, drive voltage applied to a picture element located on the scanning electrode Yl, namely the selected picture element, during the scanning period for the scanning electrode Yl (voltage applied across the scanning electrode Yl and the data electrodes X, viewed with reference to the scanning electrode Yl) has the waveform of the reference symbol a of FIG. 7(3) (the solid line corresponds to the solid line of FIG. 7(1) and the dashed line corresponds to the dashed line of FIG. 7(1)). Therefore, the period when the drive voltage exceeds the light emission threshold voltage V th (the period during which the modulation voltage V M is superimposed onto the writing voltage -V N ) is longer when the rising timing of the modulation voltage V M is faster (sooner), and is shorter when the falling timing is slower (later); thereby the corresponding picture element luminesces in accordance with the gradation display data. Also, in the scanning period for the scanning electrode Y2, the drive voltage applied to the selected picture element located on the scanning electrode Y2 has the waveform indicated by the reference symbol b of FIG. 7(3) (the solid line corresponds to the solid line of FIG. 7(1) and the dashed line corresponds to the dashed line of FIG. 7(1)). Therefore, the period when the drive voltage exceeds the light emission threshold voltage -V th (the period during which the writing voltage Vp is not cancelled by the modulation voltage V M ) is longer when the falling timing of the modulation voltage V M is faster (sooner), and is shorter when the falling timing is slower (later); thereby the corresponding picture element luminesces in accordance with the gradation display data. The variable setting of the rising timing and falling timing for the modulation voltage V M carried out in the above-mentioned two scanning periods is similarly performed in the other pairs of scanning periods, thereby performing the gradation display. Namely, gradation display is performed while reducing the number of modulation voltage V M charge and discharge cycles to one half of that in the prior art. FIG. 8 shows waveforms illustrative of another embodiment of gradation display drive with the above-mentioned thin film EL display apparatus. FIG. 8(1) shows a waveform of the modulation voltage V M applied to the data electrodes X. FIG. 8(2) shows waveforms of the writing voltages -V N and Vp applied to the scanning electrodes Y. FIG. 8(3) shows the waveform of the drive voltage applied to the selected picture element. This embodiment is different from the former embodiment in that the period of pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M is set with displacement by one line of the scanning electrodes Y. Namely, pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M is determined so that it stretches over two scanning periods, for example, the drive period for the scanning period Y2 when writing voltage of positive polarity Vp is applied and the drive period for the next scanning electrode Y3 when writing voltage of negative polarity -V N is applied. Similarly, the pulse duration of the modulation voltage V M is determined so that it stretches over two scanning periods, such as those for the scanning electrode Y4 and the scanning electrode Y5, those for the scanning electrode Y6 and the scanning electrode Y7, and so on. In the scanning period for the scanning electrode Y2 in this case, the greater the value of gradation display data, the slower (later) the rising timing of the modulation voltage V M is determined as shown by the solid line of FIG. 8(1). Conversely, the smaller the value of gradation display data, the faster (sooner) the rising timing is determined as shown by the dashed line of FIG. 8(1). On the other hand, in the next scanning period for the scanning electrode Y3, the greater the value of gradation display data, the slower (later) the falling timing of the modulation voltage V M is determined as shown by the solid line of FIG. 8(1). Conversely, the smaller the value of gradation display data, the faster (sooner) the falling timing is determined as shown by the dashed line of FIG. 8(1). Consequently, drive voltage applied to a selected picture element located on the scanning electrode Y2 during the scanning period for the scanning electrode Y2 has the waveform indicated by the reference symbol al in FIG. 8(3) (the solid line corresponds to the solid line of FIG. 8(1) and the dashed line corresponds to the dashed line of FIG. 8(1)). Therefore, the period when the drive voltage exceeds the light emission threshold voltage -V th (the period during which the writing voltage Vp is not cancelled by the modulation voltage V M ) is longer when the rising timing of the modulation voltage V M is slower (later), and is shorter when the rising timing is faster (sooner); thereby the corresponding picture element luminesces in accordance with the gradation display data. Also, in the scanning period for the next scanning electrode Y3, the drive voltage applied to the selected picture element on the scanning electrode Y3 has the waveform indicated by the reference symbol bl in FIG. 8(3) (the solid line corresponds to the solid line of FIG. 8(1) and the dashed line corresponds to the dashed line of FIG. 8(1)). Therefore, the period when the drive voltage exceeds the light emission threshold voltage V th (the period during which the modulation voltage V M is superimposed onto the writing voltage -V N ) is longer when the falling timing of the modulation voltage V M is slower (later), and is shorter when the falling timing is faster (sooner); thereby the corresponding pixel also luminesces in accordance with the gradation display data. The variable setting of the rising timing and the falling timing for the modulation voltage V M carried out in the above-mentioned two scanning periods is similarly performed in the other pairs of scanning periods, thereby performing the gradation display. Namely, the number of modulation voltage V M charge and discharge cycles is reduced to one half of that in the prior art, thereby performing gradation display. The invention is not restricted to a thin film EL display apparatus like the embodiment. The invention can be applied similarly to another type of capacitive display apparatus such as plasma display apparatus and liquid crystal display apparatus, for example, to reduce the number of charging and discharging cycles and reducing the power consumption. The present invention can be applied in various other embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Therefore it is to be understood that the embodiments described herein are mere examples intended to be an illustration of specific features of the invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and is not limited to the preceding description. Further it is to be understood that all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims are covered by the scope of the present invention.

Claims: A method for driving a display apparatus comprising a dielectric layer interposed between a plurality of scanning electrodes (Yl - Ym) and a plurality of data electrodes (Xl - Xn), the method comprising: applying writing voltage (+V p , -V N ) of alternately varying polarity to consecutive scanning electrodes (Y) in each predetermined electrode scanning period; and applying modulation voltage (V M ), of pulse waveform whose duration stretches over two successive electrode scanning periods and whose timings of the leading and trailing edges are adjustable within the respective said electrode scanning periods in accordance with gradation display data (D), to the data electrodes (X). A method for driving a display apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the writing voltage (+V p , -V N ) is applied to each scanning electrode (Y) with the polarity inverting alternately from one field scanning period to the next, while a pair of field scanning periods constitute a scanning period for one frame of display image. A method for driving a display apparatus comprising a dielectric layer interposed between a plurality of scanning electrodes (Yl - Ym) and a plurality of data electrodes (Xl - Xn) arranged in mutually intersecting directions, wherein modulation voltage (V M ) of pulse waveform whose duration is varied in accordance with gradation display data (D) is applied to each data electrode (X), and writing voltage (+V p , - V N ) of positive or negative polarity is applied alternately to the scanning electrodes (Y), so that picture elements defined by the intersections of the scanning electrodes and the data electrodes each produce a display state in dependence upon the gradation display data, the method comprising; applying writing voltages (+V p , -V N ) of different polarities to adjacent scanning electrodes; grouping the scanning electrodes into a plurality of pairs of adjacent scanning electrodes; applying modulation voltage (V M ), of pulse waveform whose duration stretches over two consecutive scanning periods during which the writing voltages (+V p , -V N ) are applied to a said pair of scanning electrodes, to the data electrodes (X); and adjusting the timing of the rising edge of the modulation voltage pulse in the 1st scanning period of said two scanning periods and adjusting the timing of the falling edge of the modulation voltage pulse in the 2nd scanning period in accordance with said gradation display data, thereby causing the modulation voltage (V M ) to be superimposed onto the writing voltages (+V p , -V N ) to produce a picture element drive voltage which exceeds a display threshold voltage (V th ) of the dielectric layer for a duration in accordance with the gradation display data (D) for the individual scanning periods. An apparatus for driving a display panel (6) comprising a dielectric layer interposed between a plurality of scanning electrodes (Yl - Ym) and a plurality of data electrodes (Xl - Xn), the apparatus comprising: a scanning electrode drive circuit (7) which applies writing voltages (+Vp, -V N ) of alternately varying polarity to consecutive scanning electrodes (Y) in each predetermined electrode scanning period; and a data electrode drive circuit (8) which applies modulation voltage (V M ), of pulse waveform whose duration stretches over two successive scanning periods and whose timings of the leading and trailing edges are adjustable within the respective said electrode scanning periods in accordance with gradation display data (D), to the data electrodes (X). An apparatus for driving a display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein the scanning electrode drive circuit (7) is arranged to apply the writing voltage (+V p , - V N ) to each scanning electrode (Y) polarity inverting alternately from one field scanning period to the next, while a pair of field scanning periods constitute a scanning period for one frame of display image. An apparatus for driving a display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein the data electrode drive circuit (8) comprises: a circuit (16) which generates multi-bit gradation display data corresponding to each data electrode (X) for each scanning period; a counter (17) which counts clock pulses in every scanning period of each scanning electrode (Y); a comparator (14) which compares the gradation display data output by the generating circuit (16) and the counting output of the counter (17) and determines the timings of the leading and trailing edges of the modulation voltage pulse which stretches over two successive scanning periods; and drive circuits (Al - An) which, in response to the output of the comparator (14), generate the modulation voltage (V M ) waveform for supply to the data electrodes (Xl - Xn). An apparatus for driving a display panel as claimed in claim 6, wherein the drive circuits (Al - An) are arranged to supply modulation voltage (V M ) which is above or below a display threshold voltage (V th ) of the dielectric layer. An apparatus for driving a display panel as claimed in claim 4, wherein the scanning electrode drive circuit (7) is arranged to supply a writing voltage (+V p ) which is equal to a threshold voltage (V th ) of the dielectric layer, and a writing voltage (-V N ) which is equal to the sum (V th + V M ) of the display threshold voltage (V th ) and the modulation voltage (V M ). A display apparatus comprising a display panel (6) having a dielectric layer (4) interposed between a plurality of scanning electrodes (5; Y) and a plurality of data electrodes (2; X), and a driving apparatus (7, 8) for driving the panel as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 8, wherein said scanning electrodes (Y) and said data electrodes (X) of the panel are connected to the scanning electrode drive circuit (7) and the data electrode drive circuit (8) of the driving apparatus respectively. A display apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the dielectric layer (4) comprises electroluminescent material.

Inventors: KISHISHITA HIROSHI, KOKUHATA YOSHIYUKI, OHBA TOSHIHIRO, SAKAMOTO ATSUSHI, UEDE HISASHI, KISHISHITA, HIROSHI, KOKUHATA, YOSHIYUKI, OHBA, TOSHIHIRO, SAKAMOTO, ATSUSHI, UEDE, HISASHI
Applicants: SHARP KK, SHARP KABUSHIKI KAISHA
Application year: 1989
Main classification: G09G3
IPC codes: H04N3, G09G3, G09F9