REFRIGERATED CONTAINERS

Abstract: A refrigerated container 2 has associated therewith a compressor 6 which receives filtered air and passes it to a small apparatus 12 for separating air by pressure swing adsorption or by different rates of permeation of gas through semi-permeable membranes. Resulting air depleted in oxygen and water vapour flows into the interior of the container 2 and displaces atmosphere from the container 2 through a vent tube 20. Reducing the oxygen and water vapour content of the atmosphere in the container 2 (which may be a refrigerator or freezer) helps to preserve food stored therein and reduces the deposition of water or ice.

Description: This invention relates to refrigerated containers and to a method of maintaining therein an atmosphere having a reduced oxygen and water vapour content. Food stored in domestic or commercial refrigerators or freezers tends to deteriorate as a result of the oxygen content of the atmosphere. Moreover, there is a tendency for moisture to build up in a freezer leading to undesirable deposits of ice and inefficient operation of the freezer. Excessive moisture is also undesirable in refrigerators. GB-A-1 525 710 relates to the use of carbon dioxide supplied from a cylinder to limit the build up of ice in a refrigerated open-topped freezer cabinet. The carbon dioxide is introduced into the freezer cabinet at a region adjacent a heat-exchange surface so as to form a pocket of carbon dioxide in the aforesaid region and blanket that region from atmospheric moisture. Such a method suffers from the disadvantage that it requires the cylinder to be replaced at regular intervals. Moreover, the mere blanketing of a region of the cabinet does not prevent or hinder the ingress of water vapour through the open-top of the freezer cabinet. In order to achieve this end, it would be necessary to have a net flow of carbon dioxide out of the top of the cabinet which would be undesirable. Furthermore, there is no suggestion in GB-A-1 525 710 that there is any need to reduce the water vapour and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside a closed refrigerator or freezer cabinet. European Patent Specification EP-A-0224 469 relates to an apparatus for adjusting the atmosphere in a refrigerated container in which atmosphere is withdrawn from the refrigerated container by means of a compressor. The compressed atmosphere is then passed to water separating means and an oxygen separating means such that oxygen and water depleted gas is blown back into the container. This known apparatus, which works on a closed circuit gas system, is complicated in that it requires the use of various control means such as valves, a pressure controller and a metering unit. According to the present invention there is provided an apparatus comprising a refrigerated container having associated therewith an air compressor having an inlet communicating with ambient atmosphere and an outlet communicating with a port in a gas separation vessel containing adsorbent or membranes able to separate oxygen and water vapour from the air, the vessel having an outlet port for air depleted in oxygen and water vapour communicating via a conduit with the interior of the container, characterised in that the container has a vent tube communicating with the interior of the container for venting atmosphere within the container displaced by the depleted air, and in that the conduit is for a part of its length in heat exchange relationship with the vent tube. The invention also provides a method of maintaining an atmosphere of reduced water vapour and oxygen content in the interior of a refrigerated container comprising the steps of compressing air, separating water vapour and oxygen from the compressed air by means of adsorbent or membranes, passing the air depleted in oxygen and water vapour via a conduit into the container characterised by displacing atmosphere from the container through a vent tube communicating with the interior of the container and in that the oxygen and water vapour depleted air is heat exchanged upstream of the container with the displaced air flowing through the vent tube. The adsorbent in the vessel may include carbon molecular sieve adapted to adsorb oxygen and water vapour more rapidly than nitrogen. In addition, there may be a lower layer of desiccant such as alumina which adsorbs water vapour from the air. Typically, the adsorbent or adsorbents in the vessel are periodically regenerated by opening a vent port which places the container in communication with the atmosphere. The vessel thus operates on a so-called "pressure swing adsorption" cycle adsorbing gas at high pressure and desorbing it at atmospheric pressure. There may be two such vessels enabling one to be regenerated while the other is separating the incoming air, or just a single vessel. It is preferred that the outlet port for the oxygen and moisture depleted air communicates with a reservoir so as to enable the water vapour and oxygen depleted air to be supplied continuously to the refrigerated container even in periods during which the vessel or vessels are being regenerated or are being equalised in pressure with one another. Pressure swing adsorption apparatus whether having a single vessel or two vessels is well known and is commercially available. Suitable pressure swing adsorption apparatus for use in the invention is for example described in GB-A-2 195 097. An alternative to employing pressure swing adsorption to separate the air is to use membranes. There are well known membranes which are able to effect a separation as between on the one hand oxygen and water vapour and on the other hand nitrogen by virtue of the greater permeability of the former fluids. As is well known, the membranes may be made for example in the form of tubes and the air supplied around the outside of the tubes with the vent gases being withdrawn from the inside of the tubes. Preferably, the vessel, whether it separates air by pressure swing adsorption or by use of membranes, has a vent pipe through which the waste gases (which are enriched in water vapour and oxygen) are vented to the atmosphere. The vent tube of the refrigerated cabinet preferably communicate with the vent pipe. Accordingly, the oxygen concentration in the gases vented from the vessel is reduced by being diluted by nitrogen-enriched atmosphere from the refrigerated cabinet. Another preferred feature of apparatus according to the invention is for the conduit leading from the vessel into the refrigerated container to extend for at least a part of this length inside the vent tube from the refrigerated container whereby the incoming nitrogen is cooled by heat exchange with vented atmosphere from the refrigerated container. The rate at which the air depleted in water vapour and oxygen is supplied to the refrigerated container is typically less than 0.2 cubic metres per hour depending on the volume of the container. The method and apparatus according to the invention are now described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a schematic side elevation of a refrigerated container according to the invention. Referring to the drawing, there is shown a refrigerated container 2 having a door 4. The refrigerated container 2 may be a domestic or commercial refrigerator or freezer. Since the invention does not concern the provision of the necessary low temperature for refrigerating the interior of the cabinet, these parts of the apparatus 2 are not shown in the drawing. The container 2 has a compressor 6 associated therewith having an inlet 8 communicating with the ambient atmosphere outside the container 2 via an air filter 10. The outlet of the compressor 6 communicates with a small apparatus 12 for separating air by pressure swing adsorption or by selective permeation through semi-permeable membranes. The apparatus 12 may be as hereinbefore described. It has an outlet pipe 14 with a back pressure regulating valve or an orifice 16 disposed therein to control the gas flow to the container 2. In addition, the apparatus 12 has a vent gas outlet pipe 18. The outlet conduit 14 terminates within the interior of the container 2. The container 2 is provided with a vent tube 20 which at one end communicated with the interior of the container at a region distant from the outlet of the conduit 14 and at its other end terminates in the vent pipe 18 from the apparatus 12. For part of this length, the conduit 14 extends concentrically within the tube 20. In operation, the compressor 6 draws in filtered air and compresses it to an elevated pressure which may for example be between 2 and 8 atmospheres absolute. The compressed air is then passed to the apparatus 12 in which its water vapour and oxygen concentration are reduced. The resulting air depleted in oxygen and water vapour then passes into the interior of the container 2 through the conduit 14. As the gas flows along a conduit 14 it is cooled by heat exchange with atmosphere being vented from the interior of the container 2. To facilitate such heat exchange the conduit 14 is preferably formed of suitable heat conductive metals such as copper. On entering the interior of container 2 the air depleted in oxygen and water vapour displaces atmosphere from the container 2 through the vent tube 20. Since this atmosphere is at the prevailing sub-ambient temperature in the container 2 that part of it displaced therefrom through the vent tube 20 is able to provide cooling to the incoming air depleted in oxygen and water vapour. Moreover, it becomes mixed with oxygen-enriched air discharged from the apparatus 12 through the vent pipe 18 so as to restore the oxygen content of that gas to approximately that of the atmosphere. The apparatus according to the invention is thus able to be used to maintain a nitrogen-enriched and water vapour-depleted atmosphere within container 2. Nitrogen-enrichment helps to retard deterioration of perishable foodstuffs stored in the container 2. Moreover, by maintaining an atmosphere with a low concentration of water vapour in the container 2, the rate at which moisture or ice is deposited on surfaces in the container 2 is reduced.

Claims: Apparatus comprising a refrigerated container (2) having associated therewith an air compressor (6) having an inlet communicating with ambient atmosphere and an outlet communicating with a port in a gas separation vessel (12) containing adsorbent or membranes able to separate oxygen and water vapour from the air, the vessel (12) having an outlet port for air depleted in oxygen and water vapour communicating via a conduit (14) with the interior of the container (2), characterised in that the container (2) has a vent tube (20) communicating with the interior of the container (2) for venting atmosphere within the container (2) displaced by the depleted air, and in that the conduit (14) is for a part of its length in heat exchange relationship with the vent tube (20). Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the vessel (12) has a vent pipe (18) for waste gas, and the vent tube (20) communicates with the vent pipe (18). Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the conduit (14) extends for a part of its length through the vent tube (20). A method of maintaining an atmosphere of reduced water vapour and oxygen content in the interior of a refrigerated container (2) comprising the steps of compressing air, separating water vapour and oxygen from the compressed air by means of adsorbent or membranes, passing the air depleted in oxygen and water vapour via a conduit (14) into the container (2) characterised by displacing atmosphere from the container (2) through a vent tube (20) communicating with the interior of the container (2) and in that the oxygen and water vapour depleted air is heat exchanged upstream of the container (2) with the displaced air flowing through the vent tube (20). A method as claimed in claim 4, characterised in that the atmosphere displaced from the container (2) is mixed with waste gas formed by separating the air.

Inventors: GARRETT, MICHAEL ERNEST
Applicants: THE BOC GROUP PLC
Application year: 1989
Main classification: F25D17
IPC codes: B01D53, F25D23, A23L3, F25D17