CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS

Abstract: A method for quantitative measurement of an acid in a polar organic solvent by adding a sterically hindered base such as diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine or N-methylmorpholine to the solvent and measuring the conductance of the mixture. This method has particular relevance to monitoring the progress of preactivation coupling and deprotection reactions in solid phase peptide synthesis.

Description: CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS This invention relates to quantitative measurement of acids in polar organic solvents and also to the application of such measurements for performance control. One application of the invention is to solid phase peptide synthesis. To maximise the efficiency of solid phase peptide synthesis in an automated system the extent of progress of each stage of the process must be estimated by a reliable and sensitive monitoring procedure. Data obtained in this way may be used to form the basis of decision making structures in a synthesis instrument capable of monitoring its own performance and modifying its synthetic approach on the basis of its experience of past syntheses. The monitoring system is central to this enhanced performance. On-line monitoring in solid phase peptide synthesis has been achieved in certain cases by the use of chromogenic reagents whose reaction may be detected by the use of a dedicated spectrophotometer (Dryland A. & Sheppard, R.C. 1986, J.Chem.Soc. Perkin Trans. I. 125-137, Cameron, L. Meldahl, M. & Sheppard R.C. 1987 J.Chem.Soc.Chem. Commun, pp 270-272) . This approach leads to a significant cost increase both in capital outlay for the instrumentation and also in running costs in terms of the specialised reagents to allow this on-line monitoring. Commercial instruments using this technology are available (Pharmacia/LKB Biolynx 4170, Milligen Series 9000), but no direct use is made of the available data in this instrument. In addition this form of monitoring only permits the use of one of the two current chemical process technologies for the coupling (that based on the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, Fmoc, protecting group for the incoming amino acid) . The use of Fmoc as a protecting group has not received universal acceptance. The alternative currently available protecting group tertiary butoxy carbonyl, t Boc may not be used. The present invention has been made from a consideration of this problem. According to the invention there is provided a method for quantitative measurement of an acid in polar organic solvent comprising adding a sterically hindered base to the solvent and measuring the conductance of the mixture. The use of conductance measurements of the solution surrounding the support in solid phase peptide synthesis offers a universal means of monitoring the progress of coupling and deprotection reactions with both chemistries and thus has much wider appeal than existing optical techniques. It also offers the potential for monitoring the formation of activated species prior to the coupling reaction, and their stability during the coupling period. The conductance measurements used to quantitate acid release (in the coupling or deprotection reactions) or its consumption (in activation reactions) are preferably made using inert electrodes with polarity alternating at frequencies between 70 and 5,000,000 Hz. In solid phase peptide synthesis free acids are liberated after the activated amino acid reacts with the growing peptide on the support regardless of the means used to activate the amino acid (either symmetrical anhydrides or activated esters may be used for this purpose) . As solid phase synthesis is carried out in non-ionising solvents (such as dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulphoxide or methanol) these acids liberated during coupling are not ionised and cannot be used to indicate the extent of the coupling reaction conductometrically without the addition of a base to induce ionisation. This base must be sterically hindered from reacting with the Fmoc protecting group. Examples of bases that can be used in the invention include dusopropylethylamine, triethy1amine, pyridine and N-methylmorpholine. The preferred amount of base added to the solvent is in the range from 0.1 to 10% by volume. The inclusion of the base allows conductance measurements to be carried out with only small differences in quantitation sensitivity in the range 5 - 100 mM acid, (the normal range of concentrations encountered in solid phase syntheses) . To form the activated species prior to coupling, a protected amino acid is converted to either a protected symmetrical anhydride or to a protected activated ester. The extent of this reaction may be monitored by following the reduction in base-mediated conductance associated with the formation of the activated species and concomitant loss of free protected amino acid. In the coupling step of solid phase peptide synthesis free acids are liberated during reaction of the activated amino acid with the growing peptide on the support. Regardless of the means used to activate the incoming amino acid this free acid generates a rise in base-mediated conductance which will be directly related to the extent of the coupling at all times during the reaction. Either symmetrical anhydrides or activated esters may be used to activate the incoming amino acid. The complementary step to coupling is deprotection to allow addition of the next residue to the growing peptide. Base-mediated conductance measurements also offer a means of monitoring this reaction with both protection regimes. In the case of tBoc chemistry the normal strategy calls for the tertiarybutoxycarbonyl group to be removed by excess acid such as trifluoroacetic acid. A proportion of the excess acid is quantitatively bound to the terminal amino groups of the resin-bound peptide through ionic interactions. On addition of base the trifluoroacetate ions are quantitatively displaced from the peptide, giving rise to a conductance signal whose extent is directly related to the quantity of free amino groups present on the peptide. A similar effect has been observed during deprotection using Fmoc chemistry. Conductance measurements in the presence of sterically hindered base enables a significant increase in coupling efficiency to be achieved through the speed of response and reliability of a detector generating sufficient data to allow the instrument to make informed decisions on the best coupling strategy to be adopted at each stage in the synthesis. This may be achieved at minimal extra capital cost and barely detectable increase in running costs. Illustrative examples of base-potentiated conductometric signals derived from the presence of acid in polar solvents are shown below. These are accompanied by conductance traces from typical solid phase peptide synthesis reactions carried out in a continuous flow reactor at 25°C using dimethylformamide as solvent with 0.5% dusopropylethylamine (v/v) added to potentiate the conductance signals. An index of the designation used in the Examples is as follows:- DMA dimethyl acetamide DMF dimethylformamide DCM dichloromethane DIPEA dusopropylethylamine TEA triethylamine NMM. N-methylmorpholine PFPOH pentaf1uoropheno1 TFA Trifluoroacetic acid EXAMPLES 1 CALIBRATION CURVES. 1.1 Calibration curves for use with Fmoc chemistry 1.1.1 for PFPOH-eater mediated Synthesis 1.1.1.1 using 5,05 DIPΞA in DMF (v/v). 1.1.1 usin 0.55 DIPΞA in DMF (v/v) 1.1.1 .2 using 5.05 DIPEA In DMA (v/v) 1.1 4 using 4.05 TEA in DMF (v/v). 1.1.1 5 using 3.25 N- M in DMF (v/v). 1.2 for symmetrical anhydride mediated Synthesis 1.1.2.1 using Fmoc alaπine in 0.52 DIPEA/DMF (v/v). 1.1.2.2 using Fmoc isoleucine in 0 ( v/v ) 1.2 Calibration Curves for use with tBoc chemistry 1.2.1 for PFPOK-ester mediated Syntheeis 1.2.1.1 using 5.0$ DIPEA in DCM/DMF (1:1 v/v). 1.2.1.2 using 0.53 DIPEA in DCM/DMF (1: 1 v/v). 1.2.2 for symmetrical anhydride mediated Synthesis 1.2.2.1 using F cc-alanine in 0.55 DIPEA in DCM/DM: (1: 1 (v/v)). 1.2.3 for TFA (dep otection monitoring;) 1 J J. J J. JL 1 usin 0.55 DI?£A in DCM/DMF (1: 1 v/v). 2 REACTION PROFILES. 2.1 Sequential sub-equivalent Reactions 2. Normal Reaction profiles (two-fold molar excess) All conductance measurements were carried cut at 25 C using a Radiometer conductance meter (type CDM 83) ith a pair of platinum electrodes (cell constant 0.807cm~ ). A Pharmacia chart recorder was used to record the CDM 83 output during coαplete reaction/deprotection cycles of peptide synthesis. 1 CALIBRATION CURVES, 1 , 1 Calibration. Curve for use in PFPOH-ester mediated Synitthheessiiss,, 55..0055 DDIIPPEEAA in DMF (v/v) - for Fmoc chemistry CPFPOH] Conductance mM uS/cm 0.0 3.88 1.0 38.0 2.0 50. 3.0 68. 4.0 73. 5-0 89. 6.0 100. 7.0 115. 8.0 118. 9 0 147. 10 0 148. 11 0 149. 13 0 165. 15.0 175. 17.0 191. 19.0 207. 20.0 Conductance of solutions of ?F?0K (20mM) in DMF containing varying amounts of DIPEA. [DIPEA] Conductance X (v/v) uS/cm 0.0 5 . 0 0.05 82. 0 0.10 127 . 0 0.50 287. 0 5.00 21 9 . 0 CALIBRATION CURVES. 1.1.1.1 Calibration Curve for use in PFPOK-ester mediated S ynthesis, 5.05 DIPEA in DMF (v/v) - for Fmoc chemistry CPFP0H3 Condue ance mM uS/cm 0.0 3 .88 1 0 38 .0 2, 0 50 • 7 3.0 68 .0 4.0 73. .2 5, 0 89. .0 6.0 100, .4 7.0 115, .0 0 118. ,6 9.0 147, .0 10.0 148. ,0 11 , 0 149. 13- 0 165. ■ 5 15.0 175. ,5 17.0 191. 5 19.0 207. ,0 20.0 215. Conductance of solutions cf PFPOK (20mM) iinn D DMMFF ccoonnttaaining varying amounts of DIPEA. [DIPEA] Conductance 5 (v/v) uS/cm 0.0 5.0 0.05 82.0 0.10 127.0 0.50 287.0 5.00 21 9.0 1.1.1.5 Calibration Curve for use in ?F?0H-ester mediated Synthesis, using 3.25 N-MM in DMF (v/v) -for Fmoc chemistry. [PFPOH] Conductance mM uS/cm 0.0 0.0 (2.28) 5.0 63-8 10.0 102.7 15.0 149.7 20.0 185.7 1.2.1 Calibration Curve for symmetrical anhydride mediated Synthesis, using 0.55 DIPEA in DMF (v/v) -Fmoc chemistr [ Fmoc alanine 1 Conductance 0 .0 0. .0 (3. 0) 5 .0 18. .0 10 .0 34. 0 15 .0 48. ,0 20 .0 65. 0 30 .0 83. ,0 40. .0 107. 0 1.1.2.2 Calibration Curve for symmetrical anhvdride mediated Synthesis, using 0.55 DIPEA in DMF (v/v) -Fmoc chemistry [Fmoc isoleucine I conductance mM uS/cm 0.0 0. 0 (3. 0) 5.0 21. ,0 10.0 34. 0 15.0 47. 0 20.0 63. 0 30.0 79. 0 40.0 100. 0 50.0 128. .0 i.2.1.1 Calibration Curve for use in PFPOH-ester mediated Synthesis, using 5.05 DIPEA in DCM/DMF ( 1 -.1 v/v) -1BocChemistry CPFPOH] Conductance mM uS/cm 0.0 0.0 (3.8) 2.5 35.3 5.0 46.3 7.5 59-9 10.0 66.3 12.5 83.9 15.0 96.2 17.5 109- 2 20.0 121.6 1.2.1.2 Calibration Curve for use in PFPOH-ester mediated Ssyynntthheessiiss,, using 0.55 DIPEA in DCM/DMF (1:1 v/v) -tBoc. [PFPOH] conductance 1 DM uS/cm 0, .0 0. ,0 (2. 0) 2. .5 32, .0 5 5-. .00 59- 0 t , .5 85. ,0 10. ,0 89. 0 12, 113. ,0 15. 0 134. 0 1 177.. .55 172. 0 20. 0 191.0 J. Calibration Curve for symmet cal anhydride mediated Synthesis, using 0.55 DIPEA in DCM/DMF (1: 1 v/v) -tBoc. [Faoα alanine] Conductance mM uS/cm 0.0 0.0 (3-0) 10.0 30.0 20.0 51.0 30.0 75.0 40.0 98.0 50.0 113.0 1.2.3.1 Calibration Curve for deprotection monitoring in tBoc syntheses, (all activation technologies), TFA conductance using 0.55 DIPEA in DCM/DMF (1:1 v/v) [TFA] Conductance mM uS/cm 0.0 0.0 (3.0) 2.5 87.0 5.0 123.0 10.0 198.0 15.0 275.0 20.0 328.0 2 REACTION PROFILES Fig.l shows the conductance profiles during reaction of sub-equivalent amounts of FMOC-glycine penta fluorophenyl ester with H 2 N-Ile-Trp-Ile-Leu-0-Resin Figs. 2 and 3 show the conductance profiles of normal (two-fold) molar excess of pentafluorophenyl ester over free resin-bound amino groups. More specifically:- Fig.2 shows sequential coupling of alanine, valine and tyrosine as pentafluorophenyl esters to H 2 N-Leu-0-Resin. Fig.3 shows sequential coupling of alanine, valine and tyrosine s pentafluorophenyl esters to H-N-Leu-Tyr-Val-Ala-Leu-O-Resin. Referring to the figures it can be seen from Fig.l that there is a significant decrease in the extent of reaction on addition of the fourth aliquot (excess) of active ester. The sequential couplings of Figs.2 and 3 indicate that conductance may be used to show that different couplings proceed at different rates, which may be related both to differences in the residue being coupled (Ala 2 >Val 3 ) and also to increasing chain-length of the peptide (Tyr 4 >Tyr g ) . This information allows the default minimum coupling time (10 min) to be extended to accommodate the slower reactions (see Val, vs. Val 7 ) . Again, as in Fig.l, presentation of excess of the activated species in second couplings gives no significant further reaction, any increase in. conductance reflecting reagent instability. Deprotection may be monitored by an upward transient of the conductance signal, whose width may be taken as an indicator of potential difficulties in the next coupling cycle (eg Tyr„) and whose area is a measure of the number of free amino groups generated during the deprotection process.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A method for quantitative measurement of an acid in polar organic solvent comprising adding a sterically hindered base to the solvent and measuring the conductance of the mixture. 2. A method for quantitative measurement as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the sterically hindered base comprises an amine. 3. A method for quantitative measurement as claimed in Claims 1 or 2, wherein the sterically hindered base comprises any of the following either alone or in combination: dusopropylethylamine, triethy1amine, pyridine or N-methylmorpholine. 4. A method for quantitative measurement as claimed in Claims 1, 2 or 3 , wherein the amount of sterically hindered base added to the solvent is in the range from 0.1 to 10% by volume. 5. A method for quantitative measurement as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the polar organic solvent comprises any of the following either alone or in combination: amide, alkane alcohol or other aprotic solvent. 6. A method for quantitative measurement as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the solvent comprises any of the following either alone or in combination: dimethylformamide, dichloromethane, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulphoxide or methanol. 7. A method for quantitative measurement as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the measurement of the conductance of the mixture is achieved using inert electrodes with polarity alternating at frequencies between 70 and 5,000,000 Hz. 8. A method for quantitative measurement as claimed in any preceding claim for monitoring the progress of preactivation, and coupling or deprotection reactions in solution surrounding the support in solid phase peptide synthesis. 9. A method for quantitative measurement as substantially hereinbefore defined with reference to the examples. 10. An apparatus for carrying out the method as claimed in any preceding claim comprising means for measuring the conductance of a mixture of a polar organic solvent and a stericallv hindered base.

Inventors: ELMORE DONALD TREVOR, MCFERRAN NEIL VAUGHAN, WALKER BRIAN, ELMORE, DONALD, TREVOR, MCFERRAN, NEIL, VAUGHAN, WALKER, BRIAN
Applicants: UNIV BELFAST, THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY OF BELFAST
Application year: 1989
Main classification: G01N27
IPC codes: C07K1, G01N27