Magnetic thrust bearings

Abstract: Axial magnetic bearings (30) are described suitable for use where high loads and high rotational speeds are found together. The bearing comprises an assembly where, for thrusts along the shaft (11,31) in one direction, the shaft has, in relation thereto, two axially spaced, and radially extending, thrust accepting faces (32,33), a generally channel-shaped (34), annular electromagnet surrounding the shaft, with a radially extending face of each pole (35,36,42,43) of the electromagnet adjacent to an individually associated thrust face.

Description: The present invention relates to magnetic bearings for accepting axial thrust loads, as known for instance from US-A-3 909 082. In an axial magnetic bearing the configuration is generally such that a solid, circular ferromagnetic disc, secured to a shaft, is used for the rotor of the bearing. When only relatively light axial loads are to be expected it is possible to have a bi-directionally acting arrangement to accept the axial thrust loads as shown, for example, in US-A-3,909,082. In such an arrangement an annular electromagnet straddles the rotor having only one pole co-operating individually with each radially extending face of the rotor. A bi-directionally acting magnetic bearing arrangement suitable to accept relatively high axial thrust loads generally has annular electromagnetic coils sited on each side of and adjacent the disc and, depending upon the thrust direction, one or other of the electromagnets balances out thrust forces along the shaft axis. This is achieved by a control system which varies the current to the electromagnet in order to maintain a substantially constant gap between the magnet and disc face. Such an arrangement is disclosed, for example, in DE-A-2,355,104. The diameter of the disc has generally been dictated by the magnitude of the axial load which it is necessary to counteract. Where the anticipated rotational speed of the shaft and disc is very high and is also allied with high thrust loads the stresses generated in the rotating disc may exceed the mechanical strength of the ferromagnetic material from which it is made. It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide an axial magnetic bearing assembly in which, in operation, there are lower induced stresses within each provided thrust bearing member, than for a conventional axial magnetic bearing assembly capable of accepting the same anticipated maximum thrust. It is another object of the present invention to provide an axial magnetic bearing assembly extending less in a radial direction than a conventional axial magnetic bearing assembly capable of accepting the same anticipated maximum thrust. According to the present invention an axial magnetic bearing assembly comprising a rotatable arrangement, at least including a shaft, and, possibly, one, or two additional parts secured to the shaft, and ferromagnetic material of the rotatable arrangement provides a radially extending face to accept thrusts along the shaft in one direction, and the assembly also has a magnetic circuit comprising the ferromagnetic material of the rotatable arrangement, and an electromagnet, the electromagnet has an annular, ferromagnetic core providing the two poles of the electromagnet, and an annular coil locating channel, both the annular coil locating channel and the annular core being coaxial with the shaft, characterised in that the ferromagnetic material of the rotatable arrangement both provides, in relation to the axis of the shaft, two axially spaced, and radially extending, faces to accept thrusts along the shaft in said one direction, and extends completely between the two thrust faces, the coil locating channel opens radially inwardly toward the shaft, and each of the two poles provided by the core of the electromagnet being opposite to, and spaced from, an individually associated thrust face of the two radially extending thrust faces. Whether the shaft comprises the sole, or a constituent, part of the rotatable arrangement, it may be of ferromagnetic material. When the shaft is of ferromagnetic material, each thrust face may be provided, individually, by a thrust collar, either the thrust collars being machined from the shaft material, or initially separate thrust collars of ferromagnetic material being secured to the shaft. Preferably ferromagnetic material providing at least one of the thrust faces is tapered in the radially outward direction to reduce the mass thereof. Preferably at least one of the poles of the electromagnet is tapered in the radially inward direction to minimise flux leakage into the shaft. It has been found with axial magnetic bearings according to the present invention that the form of electromagnet used allows the use of larger coil windings than is conventional in such an assembly. This gives rise to lower power or current consumption leading to correspondingly lower heat dissipation requirements. In order that the present invention may be more fully understood examples will now be described by way of illustration only with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which: Figure 1 shows a schematic section through a prior art axial magnetic thrust bearing, capable of balancing thrust forces in both possible directions along the shaft axis; Figure 2 shows a schematic section through an axial magnetic bearing according to the present invention, capable of balancing thrust forces in one possible direction along the shaft axis; Figure 3 shows a modification of the bearing of Figure 2; Figure 4 shows an alternative bearing according to the present invention; and Figure 5 which shows an arrangement to accept thrust loads where the thrust direction may change. Referring to Figure 1 where a conventional axial magnetic thrust bearing is indicated generally at 10. The bearing assembly comprises a shaft 11 which is supported by either conventional mechanical journal bearings (not shown) or radial magnetic bearings (not shown). The shaft has a rotor disc 12 which is shown at the shaft end but may be intermediate the shaft. Two stationary annular electromagnets 13 and 14 are shown. The magnets 13 and 14 comprise equal pole face areas 15, 16 and 17,18 together with annular coils 19,20. An external thrust load, "L",is applied to the shaft in the direction of the arrow. An axial position sensor 21 senses the axial position of the rotor disc 12 and via a known control system (not shown) the current to the coil 19 of the electro magnet 13 is varied to maintain the clearance 22 between the rotor face 23 and the face 24 of the electro magnet 13 substantially constant. The second electro magnet 14 only comes into operation if the direction of the applied thrust load is reversed for some reason. The thrust capacity of the bearing is largely dictated by the face area of the electromagnets which in turn dictates the diameter of the rotor disc 12. Where both the axial thrust requirement and the rotational speeds are high the stresses generated at the disc periphery may exceed the strength of the disc material and cause it to burst. Figure 2 shows a magnetic thrust bearing according to the present invention and which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art thrust bearing. The bearing assembly shown generally at 30 comprises a shaft 31 having two collars 32,33 either machined from the shaft material as shown in Figure 2, or attached thereto as shown in Figure 3. The shaft is made from a ferromagnetic material such as ferritic stainless steel. An annular channel-section electromagnet 34 having pole faces 35 and 36 and an annular coil 37 surrounds the shaft 31. The external applied thrust load, "L",is in the direction of the arrow. In this case the total electromagnet pole face areas may be equal to that shown in Figure 1 for electromagnet 13. The thrust load, however, is accepted by two rotor discs or collars 32 and 33 of considerably smaller diameter than the disc 12. The available volume for the coil 37 is also considerably greater than in the electromagnet 13. This allows lower power to be used for any given force to be generated and thus results in less heat to be dissipated. The circuit for the magnet flux flows through the shaft surface since it is ferromagnetic. Figure 3 shows a modification of the bearing of Figure 2, the modifications improving the efficiency of the bearing. Firstly the thrust collars 32 and 33 have an annular taper 40,41 to reduce still further the forces generated during rotation by reduction in the mass at the outer peripheries of the collars. Secondly, the radially inwardly directed pole pieces 42 and 43 of the electromagnet 34 have an annular tapers 44,45. This minimises flux leakage, which is equivalent to a reduction in the thrust capacity, directly from the faces 38 and 39 (Figure 2) into the shaft. Figure 4 shows an alternative embodiment 50 where, for example, the shaft 51 may be magnetically non-permeable. In this case a ferromagnetic, annular sleeve 52 is attached to the shaft. The sleeve has a rear face 53 to co-operate with a pole face 54 of an electromagnet 55 and a radially extending flange or disc 56 with an annular taper 57 to minimise generated forces during rotation. The flange face 58 co-operates with the second pole face 59 of the electromagnet 55 the magnetic flux flowing through the axially extending cylindrical body 60 of the sleeve 52 to complete the magnetic circuit. The pole pieces 61 and 62 again have annular tapers 63 and 64 to minimise flux leakage in undesirable directions. All embodiments shown in Figures 2,3 and 4 have known control systems employing axial position sensors and closed loop feed back control circuitry to control the power applied to the electromagnets in order to maintain substantially constant clearance between each electromagnet pole face and the associated rotor or collar thrust face. Figure 5 shows an arrangement 70 where the reversal of the direction of the applied thrust load may be accommodated. The arrangement comprises two electromagnets 71 and 72 which both act upon a common thrust collar 73 depending upon the thrust direction. Collars 74 and 75 are also provided and which are dedicated to a particular thrust direction. A position sensor 76 allied to known control circuitry is also provided.

Claims: An axial magnetic bearing assembly has a rotatable arrangement, at least including a shaft (31;51;-), and ferromagnetic material of the rotatable arrangement provides a radially extending face to accept thrusts along the shaft in one direction (L;L;-), and the assembly also has a magnetic circuit comprising the ferromagnetic material (31,32,33;52;-,73,74 or 75) of the rotatable arrangement, and an electromagnet (34;55;71 or 72), the electromagnet has an annular, ferromagnetic core providing the two poles (35,36;54,59;- or -) of the electromagnet, and an annular coil locating channel, both the annular coil locating channel and the annular core being coaxial with the shaft, characterised in that the ferromagnetic material (31,32,33;52;-,73,74 or 75) of the rotatable arrangement both provides, in relation to the axis of the shaft (31;51;-), two axially spaced, and radially extending, faces (-;53,58;-) to accept thrusts along the shaft in said one direction (L;L;-), and extends completely between the two thrust faces, the coil locating channel opens radially inwardly toward the shaft, and each of the two poles (35,36;54,59;-or-) provided by the core of the electromagnet (34;55;71 or 72) being opposite to, and spaced from, an individually associated thrust face of the two radially extending thrust faces. An axial magnetic bearing assembly according to Claim 1 characterised in that the shaft (31) is of ferromagnetic material. An axial bearing assembly according to Claim 2 characterised in that each thrust face is provided, individually, by a thrust collar (32,33;73,74 or 75). An axial bearing assembly according to either Claim 1 or Claim 2 or Claim 3 characterised in that the ferromagnetic material (40,41;56;74 or 75) providing at least one thrust face is tapered in the radially outward direction. An axial bearing assembly according to any one preceding claim characterised in that at least one electromagnet pole (40,45;63,64;-) is tapered in the radially inward direction. An axial magnetic bearing assembly according to Claim 1 characterised in that both the thrust accepting faces (53,58) are provided by a sleeve (52) secured to the shaft (51). An axial magnetic bearing assembly according to Claim 6 characterised in that the shaft (51) is of non-ferromagnetic material. An axial magnetic bearing assembly according to any one preceding claim characterised in that there are two generally channel shaped, annular electromagnets (71,72) surrounding the shaft and which electromagnets are able to provide thrust in opposition to each other.

Inventors: JAYAWANT RICHARD ANTHONY CHAUN, WHORLOW RAYMOND JOHN, JAYAWANT, RICHARD ANTHONY CHAUNDAR, WHORLOW, RAYMOND JOHN
Applicants: GLACIER METAL CO LTD, THE GLACIER METAL COMPANY LIMITED
Application year: 1989
Main classification: F16C39
IPC codes: F16C39, F16C32