DEVICE FOR MEASURING PHYSICAL QUANTITIES BY TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Abstract: Arrangement for transmission and reception of electromagnetic radiation. A transmitting and receiving part (1) transmits and receives the electromagnetic radiation, and a reflecting part (2) reflects the transmitted electromagnetic radiation back to the transmitting and receiving part while passing through a medium which transmits radiation. The transmitting and receiving part has an electromagnetic radiation source (5) and a concave main reflector (3) which is common to transmission and reception. The transmitting and receiving part has a second reflector (6), which is positioned between the radiation source (5) and the main reflector (3), so that this second reflector shades a part of the main reflector reflecting area (4) for the radiation transmitted by the radiation source towards the main reflector. This forms a shadow area (17) on the main reflector reflecting area for transmitted radiation. This second reflector receives a part of the reflected radiation from the main reflector and reflects this back towards a detector for reception of the radiation. The shadow area for transmitted radiation also has a reflecting receiving area for the radiation which is incident upon the main reflector and reflected back towards the detector by the second reflector. The remaining part of the main reflector reflecting area, which is not shadow area for transmitted radiation, forms a transmitting area for the radiation which is transmitted by the radiation source and reflected in the main reflector.

Description: - A - Title Device for measuring physical quantities by transmitting an.d recei.inα electromagnetic radiation. Technical field The present invention relates to an arrangement for transmission and reception of electromagnetic radiation, consisting of a transmitting and receiving part for transmission and reception of the electromagnetic radia¬ tion, and a reflecting part, arranged so as to reflect the transmitted electromagnetic radiation back to the transmitting and receiving part, while passing through a medium which transmits radiation. The transmitting and receiving part includes an electromagnetic radiation source and a concave main reflector which is common to transmission and reception. State of the art Transmission and reception of electromagnetic radiation is of interest in a number of applications, for example in measurement of air pollution, distance measurement etc. In this connection, use is made of visible or invisible light, for example, which is transmitted over a measuring distance, after which the light is collected and analyzed. In order to be able to transmit light over great distances without too great losses in intensity, use is made of telescopes. In this connection, a light source is positioned close to the focus of a parabolic or spherical mirror. After reflection in the mirror, light in the form of a parallel luminous beam is transmitted. After transmission through the atmosphere, a part of the luminous beam is collected with a receiving telescope constructed in similar manner and is focussed into a spectrometer, either by direct connection or via an optical fibre. In the case of direct connection, use is made, for example, of a so-called Newton arrangement with a mirror arranged at an angle in front of the receiving mirror. An alternative to positioning transmitter and receiver at either end of the measuring distance is to transmit the radiation out and back over the measuring distance via a reflector. In this connection, all the components in the system must be accurately aligned, since transmitter and receiver are normally positioned next to one another, so that the radiation which, is reflected back must be directed in a different direction from the transmitted radiation. A suitable type of reflector for positioning at the far end of the measuring distance could be a so-called retroreflector, which is an optical component in which a number of reflecting areas are arranged in such a manner that the light which strikes the same is returned in the opposite direction, even in the case of incident light which deviates to a certain extent from the direction of the normal. By virtue of the fact that a retroreflector usually has a relatively high angular tolerance, the requirement for alignment and stability is relatively low. However, use of a retroreflector in the known arrangement described above, with transmitter and re¬ ceiver positioned side by side, would still occasion problems. The maximum intensity of the reflected light would in fact go back into the transmitting telescope and only a small part would reach the receiver. The invention The aim of the present invention is to bring about an arrangement for transmission and reception of electro¬ magnetic radiation, in which transmitter and receiver are positioned in the same place and in which the arrangement is easy to align. Said ai is achieved by means of an arrangement according to the present invention, which is characterized in that the transmitting and receiving part has a second reflec- tor, which is positioned between the radiation source and the main reflector, so that this second reflector on the one hand shades a part of the main reflector reflecting area for the radiation transmitted by the radiation source towards the main reflector, forming a shadow area on the main reflector reflecting area for transmitted radiation, and on the other hand receives a part of the reflected radiation from the main reflector and reflects this back towards a detector for reception of the radia¬ tion, which shadow area for transmitted radiation also comprises a reflecting receiving area for the radiation which is incident upon the main reflector and reflected back towards the detector by the second reflector, the remaining part of the main reflector reflecting area, which is not shadow area for transmitted radiation, forming a transmitting area for the radiation which is transmitted by the radiation source and reflected in the main reflector. List of figures The invention is described in greater detail below using an exemplary embodiment with reference to the attached drawings, in which Fig. 1 shows schematically an arrangement according to the invention with the ray path for transmitted radiation drawn in, Fig. 2 shows schematically an arrangement in which the ray path for the incident radiation is drawn in, Fig. 3 indicates the main reflector reflecting area which is used upon transmission of the radia- tion and Fig. 4 shows the main reflector reflecting area which is used upon reception of incident radiation. Preferred embodiment The example shown envisages an arrangement for measuring air pollution, with which light is transmitted over a measuring distance of, for example, 100 m to 10km, after which the light is collected and analyzed by means of a spectrometer. In this connection, an absorption spectrum of a given gas is selected between a transmitter and a receiver, the spectrometer measuring the intensity of the received light as a function of the wavelength within a given wavelength band. According to the example shown, electromagnetic radiation of the light type is used, which can lie within the visible or invisible wavelength range. To this end, the arrangement according to the invention has a combined transmitting and receiving part 1 and a reflecting part 2, which consists of a separate unit situated at a distance from the transmitting and receiving part with, in between, the gaseous medium which is to be analyzed.. The transmitting and receiving part 1 is made up of a main reflector 3 in the form of a concave mirror, which is expediently designed with a parabolic or spherical mirror surface 4. A light source 5 in the form of a lamp is positioned on the optical axis 13 of the arrangement, close to the focus of the concave mirror 3. Between the light source 5 and the concave mirror 3, a second reflector 6 is positioned, which forms part of the transmitting and receiving part and the reflecting area 7 of which is turned towards the reflec¬ ting area 4 of the concave mirror 3. According to the example shown, this second reflector is designed as a plane mirror. Furthermore, both the concave mirror 3 and the plane mirror 6 are advantageously designed with circular shape, that is to say forming with their peri¬ phery a closed circular curve. This circular curve of the plane mirror has a radius of curvature which is less than the radius of curvature of the periphery of the concave mirror 3, that is to say the plane mirror 6 covers an area which is considerably smaller than the area of the concave mirror 3. An example of the dimensional relationships, in the case of a distance to the reflecting part 2 of approximately 1 km, is as follows: the distance along the optical axis 13 between the radiation source 5 and the concave mirror 3 = 1.2 m, the distance between the two mirrors 3 and 6 = 0.9 m and thus the distance between the light source 5 and the plane mirror 6 = 0.3 m. The concave mirror 3 has a diameter with regard to its periphery of, for example, 0.3 m, whereas the plane mirror 6 should in this con¬ nection have a diameter of approximately 0.05 m. The reflecting part 2 has a diameter of, for example, approximately 0.15 m and is advantageously circular accordingly. In principle, the reflecting part 2 can consist of a plane mirror but advantageously consists of a retroreflector, which reflects the incident light in the opposite direction parallel to the incident light within a given angular range.for the angle of incidence. By these means, the exact alignment of the reflecting part 2 becomes non-critical. In Fig. 1, for the sake of clarity, only the ray path in the case of transmission of the radiation and only the components which influence this are shown. In this connection, it has been indicated above that the light source 5 is positioned close to the focus, which in practice means that it is not necessarily positioned exactly at the focus, resulting in the rays reflected by the concave mirror 3 not being completely parallel, owing to the fact that the reflecting part 2 is not positioned at infinite distance, for which reason the transmitted ray beam has rays 8, 9 which are slightly convergent. These deviations are, however, very small, for which reason it is possible to speak of the light source being positioned in the general area of the focus and of the transmitted rays from the concave mirror being essen- tially parallel. Fig. 2 shows in a corresponding manner only the ray path for the rays 9, 11 which are reflected from the reflect¬ ing part 2 and incident upon the transmitting and receiv- ing part 1. A collecting element for the ray beam, which is situated on the optical axis 13 at a point 12 between the concave mirror 3 and the plane mirror 6, belongs to the receiving components in the transmitting and receiv¬ ing part. This collecting element can consist of a light guide for guiding the collected light to a spectrometer for spectral analysis of the received ray beam. By means of the arrangement according to the invention described above, with the smaller mirror 6 positioned between the light source 5 and the larger, concave mirror 3 and turned towards the latter, and with a size of the smaller mirror which is selected in relation to on the one hand the positioning of the smaller mirror and on the other hand the size of the larger, concave mirror, it is brought about on the one hand that the smaller mirror shades the larger mirror from the rays which are trans¬ mitted from the light source and directed towards the larger mirror and on the other hand that, by means of the smaller mirror, only a part of the essentially parallel rays, which are incident upon the larger mirror and reflected back, is received. This is seen in both Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 and is clarified schematically in Figs 3 and 4, which show the different zones into which the surface of the concave mirror 3 can be divided by means of the effect of the smaller mirror 6. The mirror surface 4 of the concave mirror can thus be divided into three zones, namely a first zone 14, which is annular in the example shown, constitutes a trans¬ mitting area and is hatched in Fig. 3, a second zone 15, which is likewise annular in the example shown, con- stitutes a receiving area and is hatched in Fig. 4, and a third, circular zone 16, which forms a shadow area for incident rays and is not used. The shape of these zones is determined by the shape and mutual positioning of the two mirrors 3, 6 and in the example shown the mirrors have a circular outer contour and are positioned sym- metrically in relation to the optical axis 13. According to the invention, the receiving area 15 lies within an area which is at the same time a shadow area 17 for the radiation transmitted by the light source 5 towards the concave mirror 3. Briefly, the arrangement according to the invention functions in the following manner, the transmitted radiation, which is shown in Fig. 1, being described first. A ray beam is transmitted from the light source 5, preferably in a direction which is essentially towards the concave mirror 3. The latter is struck by the ray beam in the first zone 14, that is to say the transmit¬ ting area, since a part of the mirror surface 4 is shaded by the smaller, plane mirror 6 in such a manner that the shadow area 17 for the transmitted ray beam is formed. By virtue of the fact that the light source 5 is situated in the area of the focus of the concave mirror 3, the annular ray beam is reflected in the concave mirror in essentially parallel rays, which are propagated through the gaseous medium which is to be analyzed. As a result of diffraction, aberration, reproduction effects and, where appropriate, parallel shift in the reflecting part 2, the transmitted light beam with annular cross-section becomes "fused" and is returned, after reflection in the reflecting part 2, as a collected light beam. The ray path described, from the light source 5 and to the reflecting part 2 after passage through the gaseous medium, can thus be seen from Fig. 1. Parallel shift occurs in the reflecting part 2 in the event of use of a suitable reflector, such as one of the types of retro- reflector available on the market. A suitable retro- reflector is, for example, made by Precision Lapping Optical Co, USA. By means of parallel shift in the reflecting part, the rays undergo, upon reflection, parallel shift through a distance which is determined by the construction of the reflector, which thus contributes to the fact that the transmitted annular ray beam becomes "fused" . The extent of the parallel shift is adapted to the radial dimension of the receiving area 15 and the transmitting area 14. The ray path after reflection in the reflecting part 2 is to be described now with reference to Fig. 2. The reflected ray beam 10, 11 accordingly passes back through the gaseous medium as essentially parallel rays and again strikes the mirror surface 4 of the concave mirror 3, with the exception of that part of the incident ray beam which strikes the plane mirror 6 and is thus obscured by the latter, as a result of which the shadow area 16 is formed for incident rays. However, not all the ray beam which is incident upon the concave mirror 3 and reflected by the latter strikes the plane mirror 6 on its mirror surface 7. This depends upon the relationship between the size of the two mirrors and the positioning of the smaller mirror 6 along the distance between the light source 5 and the concave mirror 3. By these means, the receiving area 15 is created, which thus falls within the shadow area 17 for the transmitted ray beam and thus forms a common circular boundary line 18 between shadow area 17 and the transmitting area 14 for transmitted rays and between the receiving area 15 for incident rays and surrounding area 19 of the mirror surface 4 of the concave mirror 3. The area 19 brings about reflection of the rays to the areas outside the outer contour of the plane mirror 6. The fact that the ray beam, which is incident upon the concave mirror 3 and reflected by the reflecting part 2, arrives to a large extent within the boundary line 18, that is to say within the receiving area 15, depends, as mentioned above, on the one hand on imperfections in the optical components and refraction phenomena in the transmission medium and on the other hand also, in the chosen example, on parallel shift in the reflecting part, by which means the light rays can be "shifted in" to the receiving area 15 with a selected parallel shift. The ray beam, which is incident upon the mirror surface 7 of the plane mirror 6, is reflected in the mirror surface 7 in such a manner that the ray beam converges towards the point 12, that is to say towards the collecting element, to be conveyed onward via, for example, the light guide or mirrors arranged at an angle towards a place outside the incident ray beam to a spectrometer for spectral analysis. With the arrangement described above, transmitting and receiving part can thus be arranged in the same place without having to be positioned side by side, which leads to a number of advantages, such as: - only one component must stand in a stable manner and be aligned accurately all complicated components are in one and the same place only one place requires a power supply - measurement over, several distances can be made more economical the same light source as is used in measurement is also available for calibration for compensation of instrument factors the measuring distance can be halved while retaining sensitivity. The invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiment described above and shown in the drawings, but can be modified within the scope of the following Claims. It is not, for example, in itself necessary that the plane mirror 6 is positioned symmetrically on the optical axis 13, but it can even be positioned in such a manner that it only partially projects into and shades the ray beam. The same effect occurs in fact, irrespective of the laterally displaced position of the mirror in relation to the optical axis, namely that the receiving area 15 falls within the shadow area which occurs for the transmitted ray beam. The radiation source 5 also can be positioned outside the optical axis 13. Furthermore, it is not necessary that the mirrors are designed with a circular outer contour, but they can have another shape. The smaller mirror 6 does not necessarily need to be plane, but can also be concave or convex. Other types of telescope principle can be used, for example the Cassegrain type, in which case the point 12 is behind the concave mirror 3. In the latter case, an opening is arranged in the concave mirror for the passage of the rays which are reflected back from the smaller mirror. In the example shown, an arrangement for measuring air pollution by means of spectral analysis is considered. The construction and the functioning of the arrangements after the collection at point 12 can be of per se conven¬ tional type, for which reason these should require no more detailed description. Exactly the same arrangement, with the exception of the part which concerns the spec¬ trometer, can be used for distance measurement, in which case the distance is quite simply determined starting. from measurement of the time lag between transmitted ray beam and received ray beam, which is indicated, for example, in pulses, and with knowledge of the velocity of propagation of the radiation. Alternatively, the dis- tance can be determined by means of measurements of phase shift of monochrome transmitted light. The arrangement can also be used for completely different purposes and can in this connection be used in conjunction with electromagnetic radiation of another type, for example, microwave radiation or radio waves. It is even con¬ ceivable that radiation within completely different wavelength ranges is possible, such as sound waves, for example ultrasound. The medium in between, through which the ray beam is transmitted, can also be a liquid or solid medium. The collecting element 12 can be situated outside the light beam, which is incident upon the concave mirror 3, in which case the smaller mirror 6 is arranged at an angle of e.g. 45° for a 90° deflection of the ray beam, which is incident upon the smaller mirror, to the collecting element which in this connection can be constituted by the light input to the spectrometer. The reflecting part 2 can also consist of a simple plane mirror. Use of a retroreflector with parallel shift is thus not a necessary prerequisite for the invention, but rather an advantageous embodiment. In the Claims, reference is made to the positioning of the detector. The collecting element, which can accord¬ ingly convey the collected light beam onwards to another place, is in this connection equated with the term detector. As is the case in most optical systems, the ray path can be reversed, while retaining the basic function. In this connection, however, the light source 5 and the collect¬ ing element or the detector 12 must change places.. The light source is thus positioned between the main reflec- tor 3 and the second reflector, while the collecting element 12 or the detector is positioned beyond the reflector 7, at the focus of the main reflector in the example shown. The light source, in the example shown, is positioned in such a manner that the sum of the distance between the main reflector 3 and the second reflector 6 and between the latter and the light source is equal to the focal distance of the main reflector. Furthermore, the size and position of the reflector are selected in such a manner that the radiation transmitted by the light source, after reflection in the reflector 6, illuminates a part of the main reflector, but not all. The part of the main reflector illuminated in this manner constitutes a transmitting area, while the remaining part of the main reflector constitutes a receiving area for the radiation which returns from the retroreflector 2. The part of the returning radiation which falls within the receiving area is focussed to the collecting element 12. The reflector 6 also has the characteristic of shading the collecting element from direct or reflected (but not via the retroreflector) radiation from the light i source.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. Arrangement for transmission and reception of electromagnetic radiation, consisting of a transmitting and receiving part (1) for transmission and reception of the electromagnetic radiation, and a reflecting part (2), arranged so as to reflect the transmitted electromagnetic radiation back to the transmitting and receiving part, while passing through a medium which transmits radiation. The transmitting and receiving part includes an electro- ' magnetic radiation source (5) and a concave main reflec¬ tor (3) which is common to transmission and reception. The arrangement is characterized in that the transmitting and receiving part has a second reflector (6) , which is positioned between the radiation source (5) and the main reflector (3) , so that this second reflector on the one hand shades a part of the main reflector reflecting area (4) for the radiation transmitted by the radiation source towards the main reflector, forming a shadow area (17) on the main reflector reflecting area for transmitted radiation, ard on the other hand, receives a part of the reflected radiation from the main reflector and reflects this back towards a detector (12) for reception of the radiation, which shadow area for transmitted radiation also comprises a reflecting receiving area (15) for the radiation which is incident upon the main reflector and reflected back towards the detector by the second reflec¬ tor, the remaining part of the main reflector reflecting area, which is not shadow area for transmitted radiation, forming a transmitting area (14) for the radiation which is transmitted by the radiation source and reflected in the main reflector. 2. Arrangement for transmission and reception of electromagnetic radiation, consisting of a transmitting and receiving part (1) for transmission and reception of the electromagnetic radiation, and a reflecting part (2), arranged so as to reflect the transmitted electromagnetic radiation back to the transmitting and receiving part, while passing through a medium which transmits radiation. The transmitting and receiving part includes an electro¬ magnetic radiation source (5) and a concave main reflec¬ tor (3) which is common to transmission and reception. The arrangement is characterized in that the transmitting and receiving part has a second reflector (6) , which is positioned between the main reflector (3) and its focal plane with a reflecting area turned towards the main reflector, and that the radiation source (5) is posi¬ tioned between the main reflector (3) and said second reflector (6) . Said second reflector is arranged so as to direct radiation from the radiation source towards a part of the main reflector reflecting area and to shade the detector from radiation from the radiation source. Said part of the reflecting area forms a transmitting area from which radiation is transmitted towards the reflecting part. The remaining part of the reflecting area constitutes a receiving area for radiation returning from the reflecting part and reflected via the receiving area to a detector (12) . 3. Arrangement according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the radiation source (5) consists of a light source and that the main reflector (3) and said second reflecting area (6) consist of mirrors. 4. Arrangement according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the sum of the distance between the main reflec¬ tor (3) and the second reflector (6) and between the latter and the light source (5) is equal to the focal distance of the main reflector (3) , as a result of which an essentially parallel ray beam is transmitted from the transmitting area (14) of the main reflector, that the reflecting part (2) is arranged so as to reflect the ray beam in an essentially parallel form, that the ray beam is reflected by the main reflector in a direction towards the area of the focus and that the sum of the distance between the main reflector and the second reflector and between the latter and the detector (12) is equal to the focal distance of the main reflector. 5. Arrangement according to Claim 4, characterized in that the reflecting part (2) is of the retroreflector type, arranged so- as to reflect the ray beam parallel to the incident ray beam within a given angular range for the angle of incidence. 6. Arrangement according to Claim 4, characterized in that said second reflector (6) is positioned in such a manner and is of such a size in relation to the main reflector (3) that said transmitting area (14) and said receiving area (15) are essentially the same size. 7. Arrangement according to Claim 1, 2 , 4 or 5, charac¬ terized in that the reflecting part (2) is arranged so as to, upon reflection, subject the rays to parallel shift in a manner known per se, depending upon the radial dimension of the transmitting area (14) and the receiving area (15) . 8. Arrangement according to Claim 5, characterized in that the main reflector (3) and said second reflector (6) have an essentially circular shape, that said second reflector is positioned at a distance from the light source (5) which corresponds to approximately 1/4 of the distance of the light source to the main reflector. 9. Arrangement according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said second reflector (6) consists of a plane mirror, positioned on and perpendicular to the optical axis (13) of the arrangement. 10. Arrangement according to Claim 7, characterized in that said second reflector (6) is positioned symmetri¬ cally on the optical axis (13) of the arrangement and has a diameter which is between 0.15-0.20 times the diameter of the main reflector. 11. Application of the arrangement according to Claim 1 or 2 for measurement and analysis of the composition in the medium, through which the ray beam is transmitted. 12. Application according to Claim 11, in which the ray beam is collected in said detector, which forms part of a spectrometer for spectral analysis.

Inventors: GALLE BO, GALLE, BO
Applicants: IVL INST VATTEN LUFTVARDSFORSK, AKTIEBOLAGET INSTITUTET FOER VATTEN- OCH LUFTVAARDSF
Application year: 1989
Main classification: G01J3
IPC codes: G01J3, G01N21