PROCESS FOR PURIFYING AQUEOUS BUFFER SOLUTIONS

Abstract: Process for removing sodium sulphate from an aqueous citrate, adipate or phosphate buffer solution used for absorption of SO2 from exhaust gases, by evaporating an aqueous buffer solution at atmospheric pressure at a temperature near its boiling point, thereafter separating the precipitated sodium sulphate and optionally subjecting it to further treatment to recover accompanying buffer salt. The further treatment may consist in a treatment of the precipitated sodium sulphate together with accompanying buffer salt with water at elevated temperature. The solution which is then obtained, is mixed with the rest of the buffer solution.

Description: PROCESS FOR PURIFYING AQUEOUS BUFFER SOLUTIONS This invention relates to a process for purifying aqueous buffer solutions used for absorption of sulphur dioxide (S0 2 ) from exhaust gases. "Purifying" includes in this case also the recovery of buffers from a drawn off liquid flow. Such a drawing off is in many cases necessary in order to prevent impurities which accumulate in the process liquor, from building up to too high concentrations. The most important impurity will be sodium sulphate (Na 2 S0 4 ) , but other components may also be present. Impure solutions of the above type are for instance obtained when phosphate, citrate or adipate buffers are used for S0 2 recovery from exhaust gases in coal heated boiler plants. In such uses S0 2 is absorbed in the buffer solution to form bisulphite ions (HSO 3 ") . In such process acidic hydronium ions (H 3 O " ) are liberated which are then taken up by buffer ions to form more of the acidic buffer components. The following reactions are utilized in the absorption plant when for instance phosphate ions represent the buffer system: so 2(g) = S0 2 ( Z ) (χ) S0 2(fi) + 2H 2 0 (C) = H 3 0 + ( ^ + HS0 3 - (£) (2) H 3 0+ (£) + HP0 4 2~ (C) = H 2 P0 4 ~ (fi) + H 2° ( 2 ) (3) so 2 (g ) + H 2 ° ( < ?) + HP0 4 2" (£) = HS0 3 - (β) + H 2 P O ^ (4) From the absorption tower the solution is conveyed to the regeneration plant, in which the liquid in this case is evaporated according to Norwegian Patent Application 85.3622. In the process S0 2 is driven off together with evaporized water by reversing the reactions (l)-(3) , and a concentration and precipitation of Na HP0 4 takes place and possibly also of the oxidation product Na 2 S0 4 , as the buffers are usually employed in the form of Na salts: NaHS0 3(£) + NaH 2 Pθ 4(£) + nH 2 0 ($) = so 2 ( g ) + (n+l)H 2 0 (g) + Na 2 HP0 4(s) (n = a high number) . If citrate or adipate buffers are used instead of phosphate buffers, the regeneration does not take place by evaporation but by regular stripping with open steam in counter current towers. Then the regeneration takes place without any essential change in the liquid volume, by reversing the reactions (l)-(3) , in which citrate ions and citric acid (Ci 3~ , HCi 2 -» H 2 Ci~, H 3 Ci) or adipate ions and adipic acid (Ad 2 ~, HAd~, H 2 Ad) are included in the reactions (3) instead of the phosphate ions (HP0 4 2~ , H 2 P0 4 " ) . For all said three processes the oxidation loss of S0 2 is very small. Nevertheless, some increase of Na 2 S0 in the liquid must be expected, also because the gas from which S0 2 is removed, often contains small concentrations of S0 3 which are taken up by the buffer solution and which must be neutralized with a Na base (NaOH or Na 2 C0 3 ) . An obvious possibility to maintain the Na 2 S0 4 concentration at an acceptable low level, would be to draw off a small flow of process liquid and replace this by fresh buffer solution. For a 500 MW power plant with 0.25 vol% S0 2 in the exhaust gas and a sulphate formation corresponding to 0.25% of the amount of S0 2 , the amount of sulphate will amount to approx. 0.5 kmol/h. If it is desired to keep the sulphate concentration as low as 0.5 kmol/m 5 only by removing process liquid, 1 m 5 liquid per hour must be drawn off. With typically 3 moles per litre of Na HP0 4 in the buffer at a price of approx. US $ 1.2 per kilogram, the loss of Na 2 HP0 4 alone will represent US $ 511 per hour. Even with this low estimate for the sulphate formation, such a drawing off of process liquid to remove Na 2 S0 4 from the system will lead to unacceptably high losses of Na HP0 . In addition it may represent considerable environmental problems. This illustrates that there exists a need for being able to remove Na 2 S0 selectively from the process liquid, i.e. without loosing essential amounts of valuable buffer. The buffer systems discussed herein are all salts of polyvalent acids. The S0 2 uptake in the absorption tower displaces the buffer systems towards the more acidic buffer components. When reference is made to a selective removal of Na S0 4 , this means that no buffer components must be lost in essential amounts together with the Na S0 4 removed. This is a problem to which it has been very difficult to find a satisfactory solution so far, as demonstrated for two cases: Case 1 In a known process for S0 2 recovery from exhaust gases, S0 is absorbed in an aqueous Na 2 S0 3 solution to form NaHS0 3 : so 2(g) = S0 2 ( H ) S0 2 ( Z ) + Na 2 s0 3(£) + H 2°(£) = 2 aH S0 3 ( 5 ) The solution is regenerated by evaporation, whereby S0 2 is separated and solid Na 2 S0 3 crystallizes 2 NaHS0 3 (£) + n H 2 0 (£) = S0 2 (g) + (n+l)H 2 0 (g) + Na 2 S0 3(s) (n = high number) After dissolution of the buffer is ready for new absorption. For this "sulphite process" relatively high S0 2 losses by oxidation are reported. Na-base is added to neutraliz the sulphuric acid formed, and in one modification Na 2 S0 is removed from the absorption solution by cooling crystallization at about 0°C. The salt which is then taken out, is reported to contain a high concentration of valuable buffer salts (1) , which are thereby lost. In a modification extra S0 2 is added to convert all Na 2 S0 3 to NaHS0 3 in order to improve the selectivity in the Na 2 S0 4 precipitation (2) . In another modification Na 2 S0 4 is removed by evaporation crystallization at high temperature. It is reported that this modification produces crystals having a lower Na 2 S0 4 content than the cooling crystallization, which means that it is less selective (3). Particularly in the evaporation method, solutions having very high salt concentrations will be obtained, and it is then not possible on "the basis of solubility data for the individual salts to say, with a reasonable degree of certainty, which selectivity can be obtained. The same uncertainty must also be expected in connection with evaporation of solutions of other salt mixtures. Case 2 For the above mentioned citrate process, based on S0 2 absorption followed by regular steam stripping, there has been developed a multistep method for removing Na S0 4 from a drawn off flow of process liquid, whereby a very high selectivity is attained (Norwegian Patent 133.546): Step 1: Removal of Na-citrate by evaporation crystallization. Step 2: Removal of Na 2 S0 4 by cooling crystallization. Step 3: Removal of remaining Na-citrate by evaporation crystallization. It has been argued against this method that it requires extensive process control, and that sodium citrate must be precipitated by evaporation under vacuum (4) . Similar problems and objections may also be expected when the method is used for purifying adipate and phosphate buffers instead of citrate buffers, and there is accordingly a need for a simpler method for removing Na 2 S0 4 selectively from spent buffer solutions. Relevant buffer concentrations are 0.25 - 3.0 M for citrate and adipate buffers, and 2.0 - 5.0 M for phosphate buffers. It is normally desirable to keep the Na 2 S0 concentration in the range 0.1 - 2.0 M. On the basis of a comprehensive test program we have now found an unexpectedly simple method for selective removal of Na 2 S0 4 . This method may be adapted to the phosphate, citrate and adipate processes described above. The method is based on our observations that the solubility of Na 2 S0 4 in solutions simultaneously saturated with Na 2 S0 4 and one of the buffer salts in question, Na 2 HP0 4 , Na 2 HCi or NaHAd, is low at high temperatures, while at the same time the solubility is high for the buffer salts. According to the invention there is provided a process for removing sodium sulphate from aqueous citrate, adipate or phosphate buffer solutions used for absorption of S0 2 from exhaust gases, without essential loss of S0 2 and valuable buffer components. The process is characterized in that the aqueous buffer solution is evaporated at a temperature close to its normal boiling point to precipitate sodium sulphate and in that the precipitated sodium sulphate is separated from its mother liquor and subjected to a possible further treatment to separate and recover accompanying buffer salts. Evaporated S0 2 and the solution from which the Na 2 S0 4 crystals have been separated, are returned to the main process. Buffer solutions which are subjected to treatment, may herein be buffer solutions coming from the absorption unit in which they have been charged with S0 2 , or ready regenerated buffer solutions which have been made ready for new absorption. In particular for phosphate buffers the evaporation to remove Na 2 S0 4 may be combined with the previously mentioned evaporation in the main process, in such a way that only an adjusted part of the ready evaporated concentrate is taken out for sulphate removal. The process is demonstrated by the following three examples Example 1. Citrate buffer. Procedure: A controlled and known flow of buffer solution is drawn off from the liquid circulation cycle, for instance after the stripping tower. The liquid is evaporated at elevated temperature, i.e. substantially higher than in the first step of the above process for purifying citrate buffers, suitably at 100°C and atmospheric pressure. During this process Na 2 S0 4 crystallizes selectively. The evaporation is terminated before the Na-citrates have reached their saturation concentration. The evaporation may either be carried out as a continuous or as a discontinuous process. Crystallized Na 2 S0 4 is separated from the mother liquor which is returned to the main process, while the escaping steam, which will contain some S0 2 , may for instanc be combined with the S0 2 -containing exhaust steam from the stripping tower, so that S0 2 values are not lost. Precipitated Na 2 S0 4 may thereafter be subjected to a new process step in whic accompanying buffer components are dissolved in water at elevated temperature and conveyed back to the main process before the final removal of Na 2 S0 . The method is demonstrated in the following by evaporation of a Na 2 HCi-rich buffer, but may also be used on buffer solutions rich in NaH 2 Ci and H 3 Ci. The latter buffers may be useful in the use of the citrate process for purification of particularly S0 2 -rich gases. Data illustrating the usefulness Volume of buffer solution drawn off: 1000 ml Composition: 1.00 M Na CHi + 0.5 M Na 2 S0 Density of buffer solution: 1.19 g/ml Calculated starting composition: Na 2 HCi: 19.8% by weight Na S0 : 6.0% by weight This solution was evaporated at atmospheric pressure. The evaporation was carried out in a glass flask equipped with a water cooled condenser and a flask for collection of the condensate. Evaporated amount of water was measured to: 768.0 g Samples were then taken of crystal-free mother liquor for analysis. Weight and volume of the samples were determined before the samples were analysed with respect to Na, P and S. The following results were obtained for samples taken at 100°C: S Na C Density (g/ml) Sample 1 (g/100 g sample) 0. ,46 12. .98 21. ,12 1. ,49 Sample 2 (g/100 g sample) 0. .68 11. ,86 18. .91 1. .44 From the S- and C-analyses the salt concentrations are calculated to be: Na 2 S0 Na 2 CHi Sample 1 (g/100 g) 2.04 69.23 Sample 2 (g/100 g) 3.01 61.97 It is calculated that the salt concentrations found in this way correspond to an amount of Na in the samples of 14.2 and 12.3 g/100 g sample, respectively. The Na-analyses are in conformit with these values within reasonable limits of error. The Na-analyses are considered to be the least accurate of the analyses made. Mean value for the two samples give for the mother liquor: 65.5 % by weight Na 2 HCi 2.5 % by weight Na 2 S0 4 p = 1.47 g/ml. In comparison the solubility of Na 2 S0 4 in pure water of 100°C is given as 29.7 g/100 g solution (5) , i.e. about 12 times higher than that found in the mother liquor. Remaining H 2 0 in mother liquor: (1190 - (1.00 * 236.1 + 0.50 • 142) - 768.0 = 114.9 g From this the following is calculated: Weight of mother liquor: (114.9/(100 - 65.5 - 2.5)) 100 = 359.1 g Na 2 S0 4 in mother liquor 359.1 * 0.025= 8.98 g Na 2 HCi in mother liquor 359.1 * 0.655= 235.2 g Based on the above the precipitates as percentages are calculated: Na 2 S0 4 : 100 (0.5 * 142-8.98) = 87.4 % 1.0 * 0.5 * 142 Na 2 HCi: 100 (1.0 * 236.1-235.2 = 0.4 % 1.0 * 236.1 In the above example it is assumed that Na 2 S0 4 is precipitated by evaporation of the buffer solution taken from the flow after the S0 2 stripping. It is also possible to precipitate sulphate by evaporation of a S0 2 -rich solution drawn off from the process liquor which is conveyed to the stripping tower. However, this may entail a somewhat greater risk of corrosion. Example 2. Adipate buffers. Procedure: Process liquor for Na 2 S0 4 removal may in this case suitably be drawn off from the flows of process liquor immediately before the absorption column, i.e. after S0 2 has been removed by stripping and after free adipic acid (H 2 Ad) has been removed by cooling crystallization from the return liquid from the stripping tower. (The precipitated adipic acid is returned to the process liquid before stripping to facilitate the removal of S0 2 , see Norwegian printed specification 155684), The further process follows the description from the citrate process. Data illustrating the usefulness Volume of buffer solution drawn off: 1000 ml Composition: 1.00 M NaHAd+0.50 M Na 2 S0 Density of buffer solution: l.ll g/ml Calculated composition: 6.4 % by weight of Na 2 S0 4 . This solution was evaporated at atmospheric pressure. Amount of water evaporated off: 790.4 g. The mother liquor was then analysed as described for the citrate buffer, with the following result: 0.13 g S/100 g of sample 7.45 g Na/100 g of sample 28.64 g C/100 g of sample density p = 1.21 g/ml. On the basis of the S- and C-analyses the following salt concentrations are found: 66.8 % by weight of NaHAd 0.58 % by weight of Na S0 These salt concentrations correspond to a total Na- concentration of 9.33 g/100 g sample. This differs from the analysis with about 25%, which is more than expected on the basis of the assumed uncertainty of the analyses. (As previousl mentioned the S- and C-analyses are considered more accurate than the Na-analysis) . Remaining H 2 0: (1110 - (1.00 * 168.1 + 0.50 * 142)) - 790.4 = 80.5 From this the following is calculated: Weight of mother liquor: (80.5/(100 - 66.8 - 0.58)) 100 = 246.6g Na 2 S0 4 in mother liquor: 246.8 * 0.00058 = 1.43 g NaHad in mother liquor: 246.8 * 0.668 = 164.9 g Percentage precipitated: Na 2 S0 4 : 100 - (1.43/142 * 0.5) 100 = 98.0 % NaHAd: 100 - (164.9/168.1) 100 = 1.9 %. In the example it is assumed that the sulphate precipitatio takes place by evaporating the process liquid after the S0 2 stripping and adipic acid removal. Alternatively sulphate may be precipitated from S0 2 -rich liquid from the absorption tower and before the H 2 Ad-addition. Evaporation of adipic acid rich solution taken from the flow before or after the stripping tower is also a possibility, but there is a risk of co- precipitation of adipic acid which must be avoided. Example 3. Phosphate buffer. Procedure: The evaporation for regeneration of the process solution in the absorption-stripping-cycle may take place in two steps by allowing the liquid to pass in series or parallel through the two steps, and the exhaust steam from one of the steps serves as a heating medium for the other step (= "double effect" evaporation) . During the work with the invention it has been found that the precipitates is surprisingly rich in Na 2 S0 4 , in particular this applies to the precipitation in the first step where the steps are arranged in series, and it is sufficient to take out a small part of this precipitates to keep the Na 2 S0 4 concentration in the process liquid at a desired level. Co-precipitated amounts of Na 2 HP0 and Na 2 S 2 05 will be very small and will normally not represent any values of importance. However, the invention also comprises an unexpectedly simple embodiment in which the co-precipitated salts may generally be separated from Na 2 S0 4 so that the buffer salts may be returned practically quantitatively to the main process. Data illustrating the usefulness Start solution 2.50 M Na 2 HP0 4 0.10 M NaH 2 P0 4 0.50 M Na 2 S0 4 1.49 M S0 2 V = 2.70 1 p = 1.37 g/cm 5 . The composition corresponds here to a S0 2 charged buffer from the absorption tower. The solution is evaporated at atmospheric pressure, and precipitated salts are separated from the mother liquor by filtration in a pressure filter at 100°C, after the majority of the mother liquor has been removed by decanting clear liquid. The evaporation of decanted liquid is continued together with filtrate for new precipitation etc. The composition of the filter cakes are then found on the basis of analysis of samples with respect to Na, P, total S and S IV -content, after dissolutio in water. Results: Evaporation steps 1 2 3 Sum 1-3 (a) Weight at the start of the evaporation (g) 3699 2471.3 2186.7 (b) Evaporated before filtration H 2 0 + S0 2 (g) 1131.8 120.7 238.4 1490.9 (c) Filter cake, total weight (g) 50.1 111.1 108.8 270.0 Na 2 Sθ 4 (g) 28.4 55.4 41.2 125.0 Na 2 HP0 4 (g) 9.9 25.6 34.1 69.6 Na 2 S 2 0 5 * (g) 6.7 15.2 16.2 38.1 (d) Weight of decanted liquid and filtrate (g) 2471.3 2186.7 1807.0 (e) Not found (a)-((b)+(c)+(d) (g) 45.8 52.8 32.5 * Na S 2 θ5 is an anhydride of NaHS03 which only exists in dissolved form. Material which has not been recovered represents 1.2-2.1 %, and is presumably due to loss of slurry and small amounts of steam and S0 2 during the filtration. From this the following is calculated: Precipitated Na 2 S0 4 , proportion of initial amount (125/2.7 * 0.5 * 142) 100 = 65% 1) Proportion by weight of Na S0 4 in the filter cake: (125/270) 100 = 46% 2) Proportion by weight of Na 2 HP0 4 in the filter cake: (69.6/270) 100 = 26% 3) Proportion by weight of Na 2 S 2 θ5 in the filter cake: (38.1/270) 100 = 14% Sum 1) + 2 ) + 3 ) = 86% The missing 14% are assumed to be primarily water. It is remarked that the filter cakes were not washed. Washing would have contributed to reduce the content of phosphate and disulphite in the cakes, since some mother liquor has been included in the analysis. With reference to the power plant example discussed initially, the maintenance of 0.50 M Na 2 S0 4 in the process liquid will in this case require a salt removal of X kg/h, in which X * 0.65/142 = 0.5 kmol Na 2 S0 4 /h. From this follows: X = 109 kg/h. This removal is accompanied by Na 2 HP0 4 : 109 * 0.26 = 28 kg/h Na 2 S 2 0 5 : 109 * 0.14 = 15 kg/h. The value of the amount of phosphate is estimated on the basis of the price quoted above to 20 * 1.2 = 49 US $/h. This amount represents a negligible proportion of the costs connected with the S0 process. It it further remarked that totally 79.7 g S0 2 and 1411.2 g H 2 0 have been removed by the evaporation in the example given. In comparison the content of H 2 0 in the initial solution is calculated to be: 2.7 (1370-(2.5 * 142+0.1 * 120+0.5 * 142+1.49 * 64) ) = 2259 g. According to this the amount of water evaporated off is: (1411.2/2259)100 = 62 % of the initial amount. Thus, the amount of water removed by evaporation is almost the same as that which would be suitable to evaporate in the first step in a two step evaporation process. In the example given herein it was started with 0.1 mole/1 of the acidic buffer salt NaH 2 P0 4 . It has been found that the method is equally suitable for higher concentrations of this salt. As an example, after evaporating off 1385.9 g H 2 0 + S0 2 from a buffer with the initital composition 2.5M Na 2 HP0 4 + 0.50M NaH 2 P0 4 + 0.50M Na 2 S0 + 1.20M S0 2 , 193.5 g of filter cake was filtered off, with a composition 48% Na 2 S0 , 31% Na 2 HP0 4 and 18% Na 2 S 2 0 5 . Separation of co-precipitated buffer components from Na 2 S0 . Examples 1-2 above illustrate very good selectivity for the sulphate precipitation from the citrate and adipate buffers respectively, while example 3 indicates a lower selectivity for the phosphate buffer. In particular when phosphate buffers are used, but also with adipate and citrate buffers, for instance when the process control is not as good as illustrated in examples 1 and 2 , particularly so that the evaporation go much further than illustrated above, it will therefore be desirable with an embodiment which ensures that a negligible proportion of buffer salts are lost together with precipitated Na 2 S0 4 . In particular for the phosphate buffer this may be the case when the Na 2 S0 4 removal is started with finally evaporated and concentrated buffer/slurry from the regeneration part of the main process. It is thereby achieved that the removed Na 2 S0 4 has a high purity and thereby becomes simpler to sell commercially, or deposit. The essence of this part of the invention is that the Na 2 S0 precipitate from the evaporation step is subjected to a treatment with pure water at elevated temperature for selective solution of co-precipitated buffer salts. The solution which is thereby obtained is mixed with the rest of the buffer solution. The method is demonstrated with the following examples of results in laboratory experiments. Example 4. Citrate buffer. Initial mixture of solid salts: Na 2 HCi 25 g Na S0 4 100 g. - This mixture corresponds to a sulphate precipitation from a too advanced evaporation. 40 g of H 0 were added to the "precipitate" in' a closed glass flask equipped with stirrer, thermostated heating means, and a water cooled condenser for returning evaporated water. After 4 hours' treatment at 100°C a sample of clear liquid was taken out and analysed as explained above. Within the expected accuracy of analysis, 100% of the initial amount of NaHP0 4 and 6.5% of Na 2 S0 4 were recovered in the resulting solution. Example 5. Adipate buffer. Initial mixture NaHAd: 25 g Na 2 S0 4 : 100 g H 2 0: 50 g The experiment was carried out as described for the citrate buffer. The resulting solution was found to contain 100% NaHAd and 8.2% of Na 2 S0 4 in the initial mixture. Example 6. Phosphate buffer. Initial mixture Na 2 HP0 4 : 50 g Na 2 S0 4 : 100 g H 2 0: 90 g The experiment was carried out as described for the citrate buffer. Within the accuracy of analysis the resulting solution was found to contain 100% of Na 2 HP0 4 and 14% of Na 2 S0 4 in the initial mixture. The results in examples 4-6 illustrate that in this embodiment all the buffer will be recovered, while only Na 2 S0 4 will be removed from the system. The fact that some Na 2 S0 4 will accompany the buffer is insignificant, since there is no need for or desire to remove Na 2 S0 4 completely, but only to keep the Na 2 S0 4 concentration in the buffer solution at a suitably low level. 15 • References (1) NATO-CC S STUDY. PHASE 1.1. Status Report on the Sodium Sulfite Scrubbing Flue Gas Desulfurization Process. US EPA, Washington DC. PEDCO Environmental, Cincinnati, Ohio. Contract No 68-01-4147, August 1978. (2) DE-OS 25 06 666 (3) Pedroso, R.I. and Press, K.M. Sulphur recovered from flue gas at large coal fired power plants. In: "The Control of Sulphur and Other Gaseous Emissions", p F1-F20. 3rd Int. Symp. , Salford (UK) 1979. EFCE Publ. Series No. 4 (4) Keeth , R.S. , Ireland, P.A. and Moser, R.E. Economic Evaluation of 24 FGD-Systems. EPA/EPRI FGD Symposium. Atlanta, Ga. , Nov. 18.-21. , 1986. (5) Ull ann 4. Auflage , Band 17, p. 211.

Claims: P a t e n t c l a i m s 1. Process for removing sodium sulphate from an aqueous citrate, adipate or phosphate buffer solution used for absorptio of S0 from exhaust gases, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the aqueous buffer solution is evaporated at a temperature close to its normal boiling point, and the precipitated sodium sulphate is separated and optionally subjected to further treatment to recover accompanying buffer salt. 2. Process according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the citrate buffer solution is evaporated after stripping S0 2 with steam. 3. Process according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the adipate buffer solution is evaporated after stripping of S0 2 with steam and subsequent cooling for precipitation of free adipic acid. 4. Process according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the phosphate buffer solution is evaporated directly after the S0 2 absorption. 5. Process according to claim 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the phosphate buffer solution is evaporated in two or more steps, a salt which primarily consists of sodium sulphate being precipitated in the first step. 6. Process according to any of claims 1 - 5, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that evaporated S0 2 and accompanying steam are returned to the buffer solution to utilize S0 2 and the heat values in the exhaust steam. 7. Process according to any of claims 1 - 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that a minor part of a main stream " of the buffer solution is taken out and subjected to the treatment according to claim 1, whereafter the purified buffer solution is returned to the main stream of the buffer solution so that the concentration of sodium sulphate in the main stream is kept below to 2.0 M, particularly in the range 0.1 - 2.0 M. 8. Process according to any of claims 1 - 7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that precipitated sodium sulphate with accompanying buffer salts are treated with water at elevated temperature, and the resulting solution is returned to the main stream of the buffer solution.

Inventors: ERGA OLAV, ERGA, OLAV
Applicants: SINTEF
Application year: 1989
Main classification: B01D53
IPC codes: B01D53, C01B17, C01D5