Light sources

Abstract: An optical transmitter assembly comprises a laser (2) and an optical detector (4) arranged to receive light output from the laser (2) indirectly via a spherical lens (3). The source (2) and the detector (4) are mounted on a common support structure (1), and the lens (3) is mounted directly on the detector (4).

Description: This invention relates to light sources and in particular though not exclusively to optical transmitters. Optical transmitters have an important application in optical communications systems employing optical fibres as transmission medium. One of the major obstacles to the practical implementation of optical communication systems is the difficulty of achieving sufficiently accurate alignment in and of the various system and subsystem components, and maintaining that alignment for extended periods which may be as long as the lifetime of the components. The difficulty stems from the small dimensions of the components concerned. Particularly where transmission over single mode fibre is concerned, even minute misalignments of the order of a micrometre or less can cause noticeably increased transmission losses. The active region of a typical semiconductor laser is of the order of 2 µm in cross-section. The core of a single mode fibre is about 5 µm to 10 µm in diameter. In a conventional laser transmitter, the active region needs to be aligned with the fibre core. For practical reasons it is often necessary also to space the end of the fibre by a small distance, typically 20 to 25 µm for a lensed fibre end, from the adjacent laser face. This reduces the required accuracy of alignment in practice to about 1 to 2 µm if excessive coupling losses between the laser and the fibre are to be avoided. A further alignment is usually required between the back facet of the laser, that is to say the laser facet opposite that facing the fibre, and a monitoring photodetector. The usually much larger active area of the photodetector, typically 250µm or more in diameter for a slow speed monitoring device, relaxes the required accuracy of alignment somewhat. However, light needs to be incident on the active area from above (or below) the major plane of the device. This is achieved conventionally by mounting the photodetector with its major plane perpendicular to the active region of the laser. This approach is adopted despite the practical difficulties of handling a detector device in that orientation during assembly, and finding a satisfactory way of making electrical connections to the photodetector, for example. Problems of this nature adversely affect production costs, and present an obstacle to high volume production in particular. An improved arrangement is known from US-A-4 297 653 (D.R. Scrifes et al), in which a mirror is placed in the path of the primary output beam of a laser, which has been focused or collimated by a lens, at an angle to deflect the beam towards an optical fibre. The mirror is mounted atop a photodiode, and the divergence of the lens is such that most of the output from the lens is incident on the mirror, and a small portion of the output is incident on the exposed area of the photodiode adjacent to the mirror. This arrangement has the advantage of not requiring light output from the back facet of the laser, but introduces a certain amount of loss in the main beam because of the need to detect the diverging light in the area around the mirror instead of using a larger mirror to reflect and/or focus that diverging light into the fibre. The present invention aims to provide an optical transmitter assembly of simpler structure which readily lends itself to high volume production, and which utilises light naturally lost in the collimating or focusing lens. According to the present invention, there is provided an optical transmitting assembly comprising a light source, a lens for focusing a primary beam of light from the light source into an optical fibre or vice versa, and an optical monitoring detector arranged to receive light output from the source indirectly via the lens, all mounted on a common support structure, characterised in that the lens is directly affixed to the monitoring detector, and light incident upon the monitoring detector after passing through the lens consists essentially of light which is lost from transmission from the light source to the fibre or vice versa by being scattered and/or multiply reflected within the lens. Frequently both reflection and scatter mechanisms will be present. The light source will typically be a semiconductor laser device, although in other applications the light source may be a non-lasing device such as a light emitting diode or an optical amplifier. The lens may be an element of a compound lens structure, and is preferably directly mounted on the monitoring detector. The lens is advantageously a spherical lens. In order to increase the amount of light reaching the photdectector, the lens is conveniently mounted on the detector by an adhesive with a refractive index greater than that of air, thereby effectively extending the optical contact cross-section between the lens and the photodetector. The support structure may conveniently be a generally planar substrate, preferably of electrically insulating, thermally conductive material. Any one or more of the aforementioned components may be affixed directly to the substrate or be affixed to subsidiary support structures which are, in turn, affixed to or formed on the common substrates. The laser or other light source is conveniently mounted with its light generating region, in the case of a laser or an LED its active region, away from the support or substrate, in contrast to many earlier arrangements where the preferred arrangement was to mount the laser with its active area nearest the substrate. The photodetector is conveniently mounted on the substrate such that the face affording entry of incident light to its active area lies in a plane substantially parallel with the mounting surface of the substrate. The lens may be anti-reflection coated for high performance devices to minimise reflections into the optical source. In the case of an optical amplifier, lenses can be similarly mounted on respective photo-detectors at the input and output ends to provide means for monitoring and controlling the amplifiers. The common substrate conveniently comprises a monolithic block of electrically insulating but thermally conductive material, the thermal conductivity being required for dissipation of the heat generated in the light source. Using an electrically insulating material permits appropriate conductor tracks to be formed on the substrate, by metal deposition for example. The support structure may further provide surface areas for anchorage points for an associated optical fibre, control circuits, and the like. The invention will now be described further by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings of which:- Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of an opticall transmitter assembly; Figure 2 is a side view of the assembly of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a side view of an optical amplifier assembly. Referring now also to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, an optical transmitter assembly comprises a laser 2, a photodetector 4 and a spherical lens 3, all mounted on a common stepped substrate 1. The substrate 1 is of a material which is chosen to provide thermal dimensional stability, and good heat conduction and electrical insulation. The laser 2 may be any one of a variety of suitable semiconductor laser devices, the detailed structure of the semiconductor device being largely immaterial to the performance and understanding of the present invention. The approximate location of the active region of the laser device is indicated schematically by the narrow stripe 21. The laser 2 may be affixed to the substrate 1 by soldering or in some other suitable manner which allows heat conduction from the laser to the substrate and also provides electrical continuity to appropriate conductor tracks (not shown) on the top surface of the substrate 1. In Figures 1 and 2 the laser is shown with its active region uppermost; the laser may equally be mounted with the active region nearest the substrate. The optical output of the laser is coupled via a lens 3 into an optical fibre (not shown) in the manner described below. As can be seen from Figure 2 in particular, the laser 2 is mounted so that its active region 21 is remote from, and extends parallel to, the top surface of the substrate 1. The photodetector comprises a planar photodiode 4 having its entry face in a plane parallel to the top surface of the substrate 1. Instead of being a device with a planar device structure the photodiode may have a mesa structure, for example. The photodiode 4 is affixed to the substrate 1 in a similar manner to the laser 2, with electrical connection being made via the bottom surface of the body 0f the photodiode 4 via a first conductor track and by a bond wire from another conductor track to a suitable bonding area of the photodiode 4. The photodiode 4 serves to monitor the total optical output of the laser 2 by receiving and sensing a portion of the optical output of the laser 2, which portion of light is directed onto the active area of the photodiode 4 via internal reflections and/or scattering in the lens 3 as schematically illustrated in Figure 2 by arrows 6b. The lens 3 is a spherical lens of, for example, sapphire or high refractive index glass with a refractive index greater than 1.7. For many applications a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.2 is the preferred. The practical optimum value for the refractive index will vary with the application concerned as it involves, for example, a trade-off between reflection from the lens surfaces and the light-gathering ability of the lens. The dimensions of the lens will typically be 200 to 500 µm, although larger (up to about 2mm) and smaller (down to l50µm) lenses may be used if appropriate. The lens 3 is affixed by means of adhesive 5 to the top of the photodetector 4. The adhesive will typically be a light curable adhesive; its refractive index should be greater than the refractive index of the surrounding air to allow not only light internally reflected from the lens boundary, but also light scattered within the lens, to be coupled into the photodiode 4. The portion (6b) of optical power from the laser 2 which is incident on the entry face 41 of the photodiode 4, where it is converted into a corresponding electrical output voltage, is light which would normally have been lost from transmission. The present arrangement readily permits mounting of the laser diode 2 with its active region uppermost or nearest the substrate. Mounting the laser diode with its active region uppermost, however, has several significant advantages. Firstly, it avoids spurious interference effects which can arise from the very narrow virtual diffraction slit formed between the active region 21 and the surface 41 when the active region 21 is immediately adjacent the surface 41. Secondly, mounting the laser with its active region lowermost requires much more accurate alignment between the front facet of the laser and the corresponding edge of the substrate: if the substrate projects beyond the laser, the aforementioned interference effects will occur; if the laser overhangs the substrate heat conduction away from the active area is adversely affected leading to reduced device lifetime, or lower reliability, or both. Moreover, if the laser is affixed by soldering to the substrate with its active region 21, nearest the substrate, the formation of even a small solder bump may obstruct the light output of the laser and, again, cause interference effects. Using the approach of the present invention allows the laser 2 to be mounted with its active area 21, uppermost, and hence not only largely avoids these problems, but the use of the lens 3 further relaxes the lateral alignment tolerances between laser and fibre. The spacing of the lens 3 from the front facet of the laser is typically a few µm, depending upon the type of lens chosen (eg whether the lens is a spherical lens, or a graded index lens, etc). By using a spherical lens, spurious reflection from a cleaved fibre endface can be minimised by providing a lateral and/or angular offset between the fibre and the laser 2. A further advantage of employing the arrangement according to the present invention is that the laser can be designed for 100% reflection at its back facet, resulting in improved laser power output. As shown in Figure 3, the invention may also be applied to an optical amplifiying device. Referring now to Figure 3, the optical amplifier 102 shown there comprises a laser-like semiconductor structure with an active region. As before, knowledge of the operation of the device is largely immaterial for an understanding of the present invention. Briefly, unlike in the case of a laser, the endfaces of the semiconductor structure are made non-reflecting by application of an anti-reflection coating, for example. Thus, no resonant cavity is formed and the device is incapable of lasing, but can act like a travelling wave amplifier for light incident upon it. Undesirable reflection from the external lenses 3 and 103 can be largely avoided by ensuring that the axis of the active region 121 does not intersect the lens surface at right angles. As in the case of the lens in Figures 1 and 2, the photodiodes 4 and 104 can be connected to suitable electronic circuits. By providing photo diodes at each end of the amplifier which monitor input and output powers respectively, amplifier parameters such as gain can be readily controlled.

Claims: An optical transmitting assembly comprising a light source (2), a lens (3) for focusing a primary beam (6,106) of light from the light source (2) into an optical fibre or vice versa, and an optical monitoring detector (4) arranged to receive light output from the source (2) indirectly via the lens (3), all mounted on a common support structure (1), characterised in that the lens (3) is directly affixed to the monitoring detector (4), and light incident upon the monitoring detector (4) after passing through the lens (3) consists essentially of light which is lost from transmission from the light source (2) to the fibre or vice versa by being scattered and/or multiply reflected within the lens (3). An assembly as claimed in claim 1, where the lens (3) is directly affixed to the monitoring detector (4) by an adhesive which extends the optical contact cross-section between the lens and the monitoring detector (4). An assembly as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the lens (3) is an element of a compound lens structure. An assembly as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the lens (3) is a spherical lens. An assembly a claimed in claim 4, wherein the lens (3) comprises material such as sapphire or high refractive index glass having a refractive index glass greater than 1.7. An assembly as claimed in claim 5, wherein the lens (3) comprises material with a refractive index in the range 1.9 to 2.2. An assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the optical monitoring detector (4) is mounted on the substrate (1) such that its face affording entry of incident light to its active area (41) is substantially coplanar with the mounting surface of the substrate (1). An assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the light source comprises a semiconductor laser. An assembly as claimed in any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein the light source comprises a non-lasing device. As assembly as claimed in claim 8 or 9, wherein the lens (3) is mounted such that the axis of the active region of the light source does not intersect the lens surface at right angles.

Inventors: MUSK ROBERT WILLIAM, MUSK, ROBERT WILLIAM
Applicants: HEWLETT PACKARD LTD, HEWLETT-PACKARD LIMITED
Application year: 1988
Main classification: G02B6
IPC codes: H01S5, G02B6, H01L33, H01S3