HALOARYLNITRILE DEGRADING GENE, ITS USE, AND CELLS CONTAINING THE GENE

Abstract: Nitrilase enzymes specific for the hydrolysis of the nitrile group of bromoxynil, nucleotide sequences encoding for such enzymes, and transformed cells in which the nitrilase expression is foreign are provided. The transformed cells are capable of expressing the nitrilase enzyme to provide detoxification of an environment and protect bromoxynil-sensitive cells from its cytotoxic effect. Particularly, plants are developed which are resistant to bromoxynil.

Description: HALOARY NITRI E DEGRADING GENE, ITS USE, AND CELLS CONTAINING THE GENE CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation-in-part of international application Serial No. PCT/US87/0004 , filed January 5, 1987 which is a Continuation-in-part of applicat Serial No. 845,662, filed March 28, 1986 which is a Continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 817,226, fil January 8, 1986, which incorporates both disclosures herein reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The opportunity to provide novel genetic capabilit to microorganisms and cells of higher organisms has opened broad avenues to new capabilities. In one arena is the con with various agents that are utilized for their cytotoxic effect. For example, many compounds used in agriculture ar directed to the killing of pests, weeds, or the like. In m cases, these compounds can have a relatively long residence time or extended residue. In many situations, one wishes to distinguish betw species which are to be retained and species which are to b killed. For example, it is frequently desirable to selecti kill weeds while having minimal adverse effect on crops. F the most part, many of the broad spectrum herbicides have a significant adverse effect on the crop, so that their use is primarily limited to preemergent use or careful postemergent application. It is therefore of great interest to be able to mod viable cells to make them resistant to stresses such as cytotoxic agents. Description of the Relevant Literature U.S. Patent No. 4,535,060 describes the use of a bacterial aroA gene to impart glyphosate resistance to glyphosate susceptible cells. Hsu and Camper, Can. J. Microbiol. (1976) 22_:537-543, describe isolation of ioxynil degraders from soil-enrichment cultures. Hsu and Clemson, Dissert. Abstr. Intrn. B36 (1976) No. 8, 3708, describe microbial degradation of a family of herbicides of 3,5-dihalogeno-4-hydroxybenzonitriles. Ingram and Pullin, Pestic. Sci. (1974) 5..287-291 describes the persistence of bromoxynil in three soil types. Smith, Abstr. Meeting Weed Soc. Am. (1971), pp. 16-17 describes the degradation of bromoxynil in Regina heavy clay. Smith and Fletcher, Hort. Res. (1964), 4_:60-62, report on 3,5-dihalogeno-4- hydroxybenzonitriles and soil microorganisms. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Nitrilases, nucleic acid sequences encoding such nitrilases, constructs containing the genes coding such nitrilases under the transcriptional and translational regulatory control of regulatory genes recognized by a desir host to which the nitrilase genes are foreign, host cells containing such constructs, and organisms and organism parts products containing such constructs are provided. The bromoxynil- and/or ioxynil-specific nitrilases find use for detoxifying habitats containing bromoxynil and related herbicides and protecting host cells from the cytotoxic effec of such herbicides. The constructs find use in distinguishin between host cells containing the construct and host cells lacking such construct. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS In accordance with the subject invention, novel DNA sequences, constructs, transformed cells, plants, and peptide are provided relating to hydrolysis of halogenated hydroxybenzonitriles, particularly 3,5-dibromo- or 3,5-diiodo-4- hydroxybenzonitrile. The invention concerns th production of an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the nitrile so as to detoxify the herbicidal activity of the nitrile and provide protection to a cell or host sensitive to the herbici or detoxify an environment contaminated with the herbicide. The structural gene of interest may be obtained from • unicellular microorganism, particularly a bacterium, which is shown to be capable of employing the benzonitrile as a nitrog source, usually being capable of employing the benzonitrile as the exclusive nitrogen source. Hereafter, in referring to benzonitrile or a nitrilase, it is intended that the benzonitrile be a halogeπated p-hydroxybenzonitrile, particularly 3,5-diiodo-or 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, and the nitrilase is a nitrilase which is capable of using su halogenated benzonitrile as a nitrogen source, particularly as its exclusive nitrogen source. The enzyme can be obtained in different ways, conveniently from bacteria which exist naturally in an environment containing bromoxynil or ioxynil. Particularly, enteric bacteria, more particularly of the species Klebsiella, are of interest. Klebsiella pneumoniae may be employed, more particularly var. ozaenae. Rather than isolation from soil, organisms may be grown in soil or other medium at increasingl higher concentrations of the benzonitrile and reduced amounts of alternative nitrogen sources until organisms which survive employing the benzonitrile as the sole nitrogen source are obtained. Regardless of the source of the bacterium containing the nitrilase, screening must be performed to insure that the nitrilase is efficient in the detoxification of the benzonitrile. In addition, the nitrilase should be specific for the benzonitrile rather than other analogs, which lack th halogens, have other substituents, or the like. The nitrilas of this invention will therefore be specific for the benzonitriles, as defined, and be relatively inactive toward analogs or substantially less active toward analogs. Desirably, there should be no significant reduction in rate of proliferation, that is, less than about 10% reduction, of t proliferation of the bacterium in the presence of a normal nitrogen source, e.g. ammonia, as compared to the benzonitr as the nitrogen source at comparable concentrations. Such result will not be observed with non-specified benzonitrile Once one or more host strains have been identified techniques may then be employed to identify the coding sequ for the nitrilase. The gene may be present on a chromosome plasmid. The genome may be fragmented, particularly with a restriction endonuclease, where one or a multiple of endonucleases may be employed to provide fragments ranging ^ about 5kb to 50kb. These fragments may be cloned on appropriate vectors in a convenient bacterium, e.g., E_^ col and the resulting transformants screened for nitrilase activity, where the host organism provides a negative background. Once one or more clones have been identified as ha nitrilase activity, the extrachromosomal elements containin • the desired DNA fragment, plasmids or viruses, may be isola by conventional techniques, such as lysis of the host, precipitation of the DNA, and separation of the vector DNA, plasmid or. virus DNA, from the chromosomal DNA. The extrachromosomal elements may then be cleaved by endonucleas restriction and the desired fragments isolated by various techniques for separation and identification of different si fragments, e.g., electrophoresis, density gradient centrifugation, or the like. Depending upon the size of the fragment, it will usually be further manipulated to reduce the size to more ^S'--'«a closely approximate the size of the gene and its flanking regulatory regions. Various techniques exist for manipulating the fragment containing the sequence coding for the enzyme an its regulatory flanking sequences. Partial cleavage with different restriction enzymes in different reaction mixtures may be employed, followed by cloning of the fragments to determine which fragments still retain the ability to provide expression of the nitrilase. Alternatively, the enzyme may be isolated and partially sequenced. Based on the amino acid sequence, probes can be prepared which may then be used to identify those fragments having the gene. By combining this approach with restriction enzyme cleavage, fragments can be cloned and screened for the presence of the desired gene. In addition, one may use exonucleases, such as Ba_131 to remove nucleotides from one or both ends of the fragment to further reduce the number of superfluous nucleotides. Alternatively, the gene may be cloned in an appropriate host and messenger RNA isolated by screening with probe, by identification in an appropriate jin vitro or in. vivo translation system, e.g., Xenopus oocytes or reticulolysate, o the like. The isolated messenger may then be used for preparing cDNA using conventional techniques involving a reverse transcriptase and formation of the complementary chai with a DNA polymerase. In this instance, the resulting structural gene lacks the regulatory regions associated with transcription. The nitrilase gene may be modified in a variety of ways, truncating either or both the 5'- or 3'-termini. extending the 5'- or 3'-termini. Usually, not more than 25, more usually not more than about 20 codons will be involved o the naturally occurring nitrilase. The nitrilase may be ~ * extended by as many as 50 amino acids, usually not more than - ■ about 30 amino acids. Combinations of substitution, truncati 6 and extension may be employed. Thus, the gene may be 7 manipulated in a ι variety of ways to change the characteristic of the enzyme, for convenience in manipulation of the plasmid or the like. The DNA sequence containing the structural gene expressing the nitrilase may be joined to a wide variety of other DNA sequences for introduction into an appropriate host cell. The companion sequence will depend upon the nature of the host, the manner of introduction of the DNA sequence into the host, and whether episomal maintenance or integration is desired. For prokaryotic hosts, a wide variety of vectors exi which may be used for introduction by transformation, conjugation, transduction or transfection of the DNA sequence into a prokaryotic host. DNA sequences include a wide variet of plasmids, such as ρBR322, pACYC184, pMB9, pRK290, etc.; cosmids, such as pVKlOO; or virus, such as P22, etc. For eukaryotic hosts, a wide variety of techniques m be employed for DNA introduction into the host, such as transformation with Ca ++ - precipitated DNA, involving a non-replicating DNA sequence, a plasmid or a minichromosome, transformation with a T-DNA containing sequence in Agrobacterium, microinjection with a icropipette, or electroporation. Depending upon whether a competent replication system is present in the DNA construction, will determine whether the DNA may be replicated as an episomal element, or the DNA may be integrated into the host genome, the structural gene expressed in the host. Episomal element may be employed, such as tumor inducing plasmids, e.g., Ti o Ri, or fragments thereof, or viruses, e.g:, CaMV, TMV or fragments thereof, which are not lethal to the host, and whe the structural gene is present in such episomal elements in manner allowing for expression of the structural gene. Particularly of interest are fragments having the replicatio function and lacking other functions such as oncogenesis, virulence, etc. The fragments obtained from the nitrilase source ma be cloned employing an appropriate cloning vector. Cloning be carried out in an appropriate unicellular microorganism, e.g., a bacterium, such as E^ coli. Desirably, one may use cosmid, where partial or complete digestion provides fragmen having about the desired size. For example, the cosmid pVKl may be partially digested with an appropriate restriction enzyme and ligated to fragments resulting from either partia or complete digestion of a plasmid, chromosome, or fragment thereof. Packaging will insure that only fragments of the desired size will be packaged and transduced into the host organism.. The host organism may be selected for benzonitrile resistance. The recipient strains may be modified to provid for appropriate genetic traits which allow for selection of transductants . In microorganisms, the transductants may be used for conjugation to other microorganisms, using a ~ mobilizing plasmid as required. Various techniques may be u 2 for further reducing the size of the fragment containing the structural gene for the nitrilase. For example, the cosmid ** vector may be isolated, cleaved with a varie * ty of restrictio 5 endonucleases, e.g., EcoRl, Bglll, SmaI, etc., and the 6 resulting fragments cloned in an appropriate vector, 7 conveniently the cosmid vector previously used. Instead of a cosmid vector, a variety of cloning vectors are available of small size, such as pACYC177 and ρACYC184. Thus, fragments o preferably less than about 5kb, usually less than about 4kb, and more preferably less than about 2kb, can be cloned and provide for benzonitrile resistance. Desirably, the fragment will be about lkb and less than about 5'kb, preferably less than about 4kb, particularly least about 1047bp, more particularly including flanking regions of at least about llOObp, preferably less than about 1.5kb. Of particular interest, is a Bglll-Smal fragment from Klebsiella ozaenae, more particularly a Pstl-HincII fragment about 1210bp. Of particular interest is truncaction of the nitrila gene by up to about 5 codons at the 5'-terminus and up to abo ιo codons at the 3'-terminus, or up to about 50, usually not more than about 30, preferably not more than 20 codons are added at the 5'- and/or 3'-terminus. Thus, the resulting enzyme may differ from the naturally occuring enzyme by as ma as 50 amino acids, more usually not more than about 30 amino acids, preferably by not more than about 25 amino.acids, involving a combination of substitution, extension and truncation. The nitrilase enzyme may be expressed by any convenient source, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic, includin bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungus, plant cells, etc. Where secretion is not obtained, the enzyme may be isolated by lysi the cells and isolating the nitrilase according to known ways Useful ways include chromatogr phy, electrophoresis, affinity - chromatography, and the like. Conveniently, bromoxynil may b conjugated through an appropriate functionality, e.g., the carboxyl group, to an insoluble support and used as a packing for the isolation of the nitrilase. The nitrilase specific activity will be at least abo o.l umol ammonia/ in/mg protein, generally at least about 0.5 or higher under conditions as described by Harper, Biochem. J (1977) 167:685-692. The purified enzyme can be used in a wide variety of ways. It may be used directly in assays for bromoxynil, ioxynil, or other related benzonitriles. Alternatively, the subject enzyme can find use as a label in diagnostic assays, being conjuc f ated to an analyte of interest, e.g., a hapten or antigen, cr to an antibody, as such assays are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,654,090; 3,817,837; and 3,850,752. The methods of conjugation, as well as the determination of the concentration of an analyte are described in extensive detail in these patents, and the appropriate portions of their disclosures are incorporated herein by reference. The DNA sequence encoding for the nitrilase may be used in a variety of ways. The DNA sequence may be used as a probe for isolation of wild type or mutated nitrilases. 1 Alternatively, the DNA sequence may be used for integration 2 recombination into a host to provide for imparting benzonitri 3 resistance to the host. ^ With plant cells, the structural gene as part of a 5 construction may be introduced into a plant cell nucleus by 6 micropipette injection for integration by recombination into 7 the host genome. Alternatively, electroporation may be 8 employed for introduction of the structural gene into a plant 9 host cell. Where the structural gene has been obtained from 10 source having regulatory signals which are not ' recognized by 11 the plant host, it may be necessary to introduce the 12 appropriate regulatory signals for expression. Where a virus 13 or plasmid, e.g. tumor inducing plasmid, is employed and, has 14 been mapped, a restriction site can be chosen which is 15 downstream from a promoter into which the structural gene may 16 be inserted at the appropriate distance from the promoter. " .7 Where the DNA sequences do not provide an appropriate . ' .8 restriction site, one can digest for various times with an 19 exonuclease, such as Bal31 and insert a synthetic restriction 0 endonuclease site (linker). 1 Of particular interest is the use of a tumor-inducin 2 plasmid, e.g., Ti or Ri, where the nitrilase gene may be 3 integrated into plant cell chromosomes. Descriptions of the 4 use of Ti-plasmids and Ri-plasmids may be found in PCT 5 Publication Nos. WO84/02913, 02919 and 02920 and EPO 6 Application 0 116 718, and Matzke and Chilton, J. Mol. App. 7 Genetics (1981) 1:39-49. 8 By employing the T-DNA right border, or both borders, 9 where the borders flank an expression cassette comprising the 0 nitrilase structural gene under transcriptional and translational regulatory signals for initiation and terminatio recognized by the plant host, the expression cassette may be integrated into the plant genome and provide for expression of the nitrilase enzyme in the plant cell at various stages of differentiation. Various constructs can be prepared providing for expression in plant cells. The constructs provide an expression cassette which is functional in plants for expression of the nitrilase in the plant host. To provide for transcription, a variety of tεanscriptional initiation regions (promoter regions), either constitutive or inducible, may be employed. The transcriptional initiation region is joined to th structural gene encoding the nitrilase to provide for transcriptional initiation upstream from the initiation codon, normally within about 200 bases of the initiation codon, where the untranslated 5'-region lacks an ATG. The 3'-end of the structural gene will have one or more stop codons which will be joined to a transcriptional termination region functional in a plant host, which termination region may be associated with the same or different structural gene as the initiation region. The expression cassette is characterized by having in the direction of transcription the initiation region, the structural gene under the transcriptional control of the initiation region, and the termination region providing for termination of transcription and processing of the messenger RNA, as appropriate. As transcriptional and translational regulatory regions, conveniently opine promoter and terminator regions be employed, which allow for constitutive expression of the nitrilase gene. Alternatively, other promoters and/or terminators may be employed, particularly promoters which provide for inducible expression or regulated expression in a plant host. Promoter regions which may be used from the Ti-plasmid include opine promoters, such as the octopine synthase promoter, nopaline synthase promoter, agropine synthase promoter, mannopine synthase promoter, or the like. Other promoters include viral promoters, such as CaMV Region promoter or full length (35S) promoter, the promoters associated with the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylate genes, e.g., che small subunit, genes associated with phaseolin, protein storage, B-conglycinin, cellulose formatio or the like. The various sequences may be joined together in conventional ways. The promoter region may be identified by the region being 5' from the structural gene, for example, th opine gene, and by restriction mapping and sequencing may be selected and isolated. Similarly, the terminator region may isolated as the region 3' from the structural gene. The sequences may be cloned and joined in the proper orientation provide for constitutive expression of the nitrilase gene in plant host. By modifying crop plant cells by introduction of a functional gene expressing the nitrilase enzyme, one can use bromoxynil, ioxynil, or analogous herbicide with a wide varie of crops at concentrations which ensure the substantially complete or complete removal of weeds, while leaving the crop relatively unaffected. In this manner, substantial economies can be achieved in that fertilizers and water may be more efficiently utilized, and the detrimental effects resulting from the presence of weeds avoided. The expression cassette expressing the nitrilase enzyme may be introduced into a wide variety of plants, both monocotyledon and dicotyledon, including maize, wheat, soybean tobacco, cotton, tomatoes, potatoes, Brassica species, rice, peanuts, petunia, sunflower, sugar beet, turfgrass, etc. The gene may be present in cells or plant parts including callus, tissue, roots, tubers, propagules, plantlets, seed, leaves, seedlings, pollen, or the like. By providing for benzonitrile-resistant plants, a wi variety of formulations may be employed for protecting crops from weeds, so as to enhance crop growth and reduce competiti for nutrients. For example, bromoxynil could be used by itse for postemergence control of weeds with safened crops, such a sunflower, soybeans, corn, cotton, etc., or alternatively, in combination formulations with other products. Conventional amounts of the pesticides would be applied to fields in the formulations to deliver from about 0. to 4 lb/acre, preferably 0.2 to 2 lb/acre, of bromoxynil, whe the other herbicide would be in amounts to deliver from about 0.1 to 4 lb/acre of active ingredient. Formulations would include other additives, such as detergents, adjuvants, spreading agents, sticking agents, stabilizing agents, or the like. The formulations may either be wet or dry formulations including flowable powders, emulsifiable concentrates and liquid concentrates, as in known in the art. The herbicidal solutions may be applied in accorda with conventional ways, for example, through spraying, irrigation, dusting, or the like-. The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. EXPERIMENTAL Materials and Methods Restriction enzymes and T4 ligase for ligations we utilized according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Standard methods in cloning and molecular analysis were performed according to Maniatis et al. , (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laborator New York. Clone analysis was performed as described by Ish-Horowitz et al., Nucl. Acids Res. (1981) 9_:2989-2998. E. coli strain MM294 was used for all cloning experiments. (Hanahan, Mol. Biol. (1983) 166:557-80.) The levels of antibiotics when employed were: Cm (chloramphenicol) 25ug/ml; Tc (tetracycline) lOug/ml; Ap (penicillin) 300ug/ml. Transformations of plasmid DNAs in E^ coli were performed according to Mandel and Higa, J. Mol. Biol. (1970 51:159-162. Bacterial isolates from a bromoxynil contaminated sample were isolated and screened. One such organism was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae sub-species ozaenae. Partial purification and characterization of the bromoxynil specific and nitrilase from the above organism yielded an active enzyme with an apparent molecular weight of 34kDal. 1 Upon repeated subculturing of K. ozaenae on solid L- agar, a variant was isolated which no longer was able to 3 utilize bromoxynil as a sole nitrogen source when this varian • "* organism was grown in defined liquid medium containing per 5 . liter KH z PO« (1.5g), K 2 HP0 4 (3.5g), MgSO_T7H 2 0 6 (O.lg), yeast extract (50mg), citrate, glycerol and succinate 7 at 0.1%, and trace elements as described by Barnett and 8 Ingraham, J. Appl. Bacteriol. (1975) . 18.:131-143. This medium 9 henceforth will be known as YETE multi-carbon medium. The YE 0 multicarbon medium contained 0.05% bromoxynil. Although this 1 organism did not utilize bromoxynil as sole nitrogen source, 2 would grow to full density in L-broth containing 0.05% 3 bromoxynil. A K. ozaenae variant colony was selected and gro 4 in lOmls of L-broth. Three independent K. ozaenae colonies 5 were also chosen from a LB plate containing bromoxynil and 6 grown under the same conditions. These same four K. ozaenae 7 colonies were simultaneously grown in lOmls L-broth 8 supplemented with 0.05% bromoxynil. Cultures were grown to 9 full density to 30°C and mini-prep plasmid DNA prepared from 0 each culture by the method of Ish-Horowitz e_t a_l. , Nucl. Acid 1 Res. (1981) 9_:2989. Undigested plasmid DNAs were 2 electrophoresed on a 0.5% agarose gel and the plasmid bands 3 visualized by ethidium bromide straining. 4 The K. ozaenae variant organism revealed a single 5 plasmid species (68Kb in size) grown either in the presence o 6 absence of bromoxynil. The three K. ozaenae colonies showe 7 a larger plasmid species (90Kb) when grown in the presence of 8 0.05% bromoxynil. In the absence of bromoxynil, both plasmid 9 forms are present in two of the three K. ozaenae colonies. 0 This data indicates conversion of the larger plasmid species a smaller form with the concommitant loss of approximately 2 of plasmid DNA when bromoxynil selection is relieved. All four colonies were grown in 200mls L-broth containing 0.05% bromoxynil. Cells were disrupted with a French press, the high speed supernatants dialyzed against buffer containing 0.05M KPO, pH7.5; 2.5mM dithiothreitol (DT and the individual crude extracts assayed for bromoxynil specific nitrilase activity. A crude extract prepared from K. ozaenae variant contained no detectable nitrilase activit while the other K. ozaenae crude extracts exhibited nitrilas specific activities of 0.124, 0.105 and 0.143umole NH,/min/m protein respectively. Cells (200ml) were grown at 30°C to m log phase in M9 medium (Miller (1972) Experiments in Molecul Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) containing 0.1% glucose and 0.04% bromoxynil. Crude extracts were prepared cell disruption, ultracentrifugation and dialysis of the supernatant in buffer containing 0.05M KP0 4 pH 7.5 and 2.5mM DTT. Substrate concentration was 3mM bromoxynil in all assays. Release of NH 3 was monitored according to Harper Biochem. J. (1977) 167:685-692. The ability of K. ozaenae variant to grow in L-broth containing bromoxynil may result i acquired impermeability of the organism to the compound. However, the organism cannot grow in defined media utilizing bromoxynil as sole nitrogen source. In summary, the K. ozaenae nitrilase appears to be plasmid encoded. The gene(s) encoding the enzyme appears to reside on a 22Kb plasmid DNA segment spontaneously lost from the K. ozaenae plasmid in the absence of bromoxynil selection The K. ozaenae bromoxynil specific nitrilase is expressed in E. coli. - * - - ■ Plasmid DNA from K. ozaenae grown under 0.05% bromoxynil selection was prepared and the DNA transformed to E 4 coli strain MM294 (thi, gyrA96, endl " , hsdR17) . - 1 Transformants were selected on nitrogen deficient (N " ) solid ° agarose minimal medium (containing per liter KH Z POA (1.5g), 7 K 2 HPO * (3.5g), MgSO 4 "7H 2 0 (O.lg) and 0.1% glucose) • 3 with the addition of 0.05% bromoxynil as sole nitrogen source. After 5 days incubation, 10 colonies appeared on the selective 0 plates. These colonies were restreaked on L-agar plates 1 containing 0.05% bromoxynil and tested for the presence of the 2 thiamine auxotrophic marker in MM294. None of the colonies 3 grew in minimal media in the absence of thiamine indicating th 4 strain to be E. coli MM294. All colonies could grow in M9 5 medium supplemented with thiamine and 0.05% bromoxynil as sole 6 nitrogen source. No growth was observed in this medium in the 7 absence of bromoxynil. Two of the colonies were selected for further analysis. hen crude extract preparations of E. coli 9 MM294 containing the 90kb plasmid were assayed for bromoxynil 0 specific nitrilase activity, a specific activity of 0.216umole 1 NH 3 released/min/mg was obtained. E. coli MM294 containing 2 the smaller plasmid species produced no detectable nitrilase 3 activity. The larger 90Kb plasmid in E. coli was designated 4 pBrxl while the smaller plasmid (68Kb) was designated pBrxlA. 5 To confirm that E. coli strain MM294 containing plasmid pBrxl produces the proper metabolite as a result of a ' bromoxynil specific nitrilase reaction, a 2ml culture of MM294 8 (pBrxl) was grown for 24hr at 30°C in M9 medium supplemented 9 with 0.05% bromoxynil. A culture filtrate sample was 0 chromatographed on a CiaHPLC column. All input bromoxynil in - ■ the culture filtrate was converted to a new metabolite peak. The identity of the metabolite peak was determined by spectra 4 analysis to be 3 '5'-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DBHB) . -* Thus, the product of the bromoxynil specific plasmid encoded - nitrilase expression in E. coli is the same as that observed 7 for K. ozaenae. The bromoxynil specific nitrilase gene is cloned in E. coli. To determine whether the DNA segment encoding the bromoxynil specific enzyme is clonable in E. coli, plasmid pBrxl was digested with BamHI resulting in two bands of 53Kb and 37Kb, respectively. The BamHI fragments were ligated int the BamHI site of the E. coli plasmid vector pACYC184 (Chang and Cohen, J. Bacteriol. (1978) 134:1141) and transformed to E. coli strain MM294. Cloning into the BamHI site of pACYC1 results in insertional inactivation of the tetracycline resistance gene. Ten chloramphenicol resistant tetracycline sensitive MM294 colonies were selected, mini-prep clone analysis DNA prepared and the DNA digested with BamHI . Four clones contained the 37Kb BamHI fragment while one clone harbored the larger 53Kb BamHI DNA fragment of pBrxl. Five clones contained a cloned BamHI fragment also found in plasmi pBrxlAwhich corresponds to the DNA segment remaining after spontaneous deletion of 22Kb of plasmid DNA from pBrxl. All clones were grown in 200ml L-broth in the presence of 20ug/ml chloramphenicol (to select for the plasmid), crude extract preparations obtained and assayed for bromoxynil specific nitrilase activity. Four clones containing the 37Kb BamHI fragment exhibited nitrilase. specific activities in the range 1 of 0.140umole NH 3 released/min/mg protein while no detectable 2 nitrilase activity was observed in the other six clones. Thi 3 data indicates the gene encoding a bromoxynil specific 4 nitrilase activity is located on a 37Kb BamHI fragment cloned ^ from plasmid pBrxl and that the 22Kb DNA segment spontaneousl 0 lost 'in the absence of bromoxynil selection is internal to th 7 37Kb BamHI fragment. ° To confirm the orientation of the BamHI fragments wi 9 respect to the vector pACYC184, DNA from the above four clone 10 was digested with EcoRI and electrophoresed on a 0.07% agaros gel. A combined EcoRI digest of plasmids pBrxl and pBrxlΔwas 2 also analyzed. 13 Both orientations of the 37Kb BamH7 fragment with - 1 * respect to the vector pACYC184 were defined and designated 15 plasmids pBrx2 and pBrx3, respectively. It was also observed 16 that the three EcoRI fragments are internal to the 22Kb DNA 17 segment that is spontaneously deleted from plasmids pBrx2 and 18 pBrx3. The sizes of these EcoRI fragments are 18Kb, 3Kb and 19 1.9Kb, respectively. The gene encoding the bromoxynil specif 0 nitrilase should be located within one of these three EcoRI 2 fragments if the nitrilase structural gene is not bisected by 2 an EcoRI restriction site. Localization of the bromoxynil specific nitrilase of E_ coli (pBrx3) was investigated. The results were as follow 5 6 27 28 29 0 TABLE 1 The Bromoxynil Specific Nitrilase is a Periplasmic Enzyme in E. coli. Nitrilase Culture Conditions 3 Specific Activity' toluenized cells (L-broth) 0.829 lysozyme treated cells (L-broth) 0.796 whole cells (L-broth) 0.770 whole cells (L-broth + Brxl) 1.25 whole cells (M9) 0.950 whole cells (M9 + Brxl) 1.45 whole cells/pACYC184 (M9) 0 a E. coli (MM294) cells containing plasmid ρBrx3 were grown to stationary phase in 5ml cultures at 37° i medium indicated. Cultures contained 20ug/ml chloramphenicol and 0.04% bromoxynil (Brxl) where indicated. One ml from each culture was harvested, washed once with nitrilase buffer (0.1M KP0 4 pH7.5) and cells resuspended in 0.1ml of this same buffer. 50ul samples were assayed for nitrilase activity according to Harper, Biochem. J. (1977) 167:685-692 with and without 3rnM bromoxynil as substrate. b umole NH 3 /min/mg. Protein was determined as O.D.600 of 1.4 = 10* cells/ml = 150ug. These data indicate that the cellular location of the nitril enzyme is the periplasmic space. A second observation is th the enzyme is expressed in the absence of bromoxynil in the medium suggesting that bromoxynil induction is not required enzyme expression. Further purification of the bromoxynil specific nitrilase. Further purification of K. ozaenae nitrilase was carried out with the following results. TABLE 2 Purification from E. coli of the Bromoxynil Specific Nitrilase. (Starting material 6gms cells) Fraction Volume Protein umole NH 3 /min S.A. Crude 3 100ml 210mg 18.15 0.086 35-50% NH4SO4 6ml 83mg 26.77 0.250 DEAE Sephadex 56ml 19mg 15.52 0.820 3 Cells were grown at 30° to mid log phase in M9 medium containing 0.04% bromoxynil and glucose. Crude extracts were prepared by cell disruption, ultracentrifugation and dialysis in buffer containing 0.05M KPO4 pH7.5 and 2.5mM DTT. Substrate concentration was 3mM in all nitrilase assays. b umole NH 3 /min/ng. A 2.5cm 2 x 10cm column was equilibrated in buffer containing 0.05% KP0 4 pH7.5, 2.5mM DTT and ImM EDTA. The sample was applied and the column developed with a 300ml linea gradient of 0.02M to 0.40M NaCl in the above column buffer. Buffer containing IM NaCl was applied at the end of the gradient. 5ml fractions were collected and 0.075ml aliquots o alternate fractions assayed for nitrilase activity. A single peak of enzyme activity eluted at 0.22M salt. Approximately 75% of the input nitrilase activity was recovered in the act fractions. Fractions spanning the nitrilase peak from the DEAE column were dialyzed against 0.02M KP0 4 ρH7.5 and 50ul (6ug protein) of each fraction applied to an 11.25% denaturing Laemmli gel. The enriched protein band that corresponds to t activity peak from the DEAE -. ' column is a polypeptide of 34,000 molecular weight. No other .polypeptides were enriched by the active column fractions.. These data support that the bromoxynil specific nitrilase is a polypeptide of approximate 34,000 molecular weight * and probably the product of a single gene. Clone ρBrx2 was completely digested with EcoRI and a approximately 19kb fragment isolated. The fragment was inserted into the EcoRI-digested pACYC184 vector (3.9kb) to provide the plasmid ρBrx5 which was transformed into E. coli described previously. The plasmid was isolated in convention ways and digested with Bglll to provide an approximately 6.7k fragment which remained inserted in the ρACYC184 vector. The isolated plasmid ρBrx7 was then digested with SmaI and Bglll provide an approximately 3.9kb fragment which was inserted in Smal-BamHI digested ρACYC177 (3.7kb) (Chang and Cohen, J_;_ Bacteriol. (1978) 134: 1141-1156) . The resulting plasmid whic provided penicillin resistance was transformed into E. coli a described previously and transformants selected on penicillin selected medium to provide plasmid ρBrx8, which carries the nitrilase gene on a 3.9kb fragment. pBrxδ is partially digested with PstI and the fragments inserted into PstI digested pUC18 (Yanisch-Perron e 1 aj.. , Gene (1985) 3_3:103-119) . The resulting plasmids were cloned in E. coli and screened for nitrilase activity. One 3 clone had a 5.3kb plasmid pBrx9 which was isolated and further ~ * digested with PstI and Hindi resulting in a 1210bρ fragment 5 having in the direction of PstI to Hindi, Clal, Sail, Seal, 6 and SphI restriction sites relatively evenly spaced. The 7 Pstl-HincII fragment was sequenced according to the method of Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1977) 7_4:5463-5468. The resulting sequence (with the appropriate amino acids 0 encoded) is set forth in the following sequence. 1 2 9 CTGCAGGATAGTAGGGGCTTGAAGAGGATACGCTGTTTGGCGAGCCATCAAAATAAGGGGA 95 ATG GAC ACC ACT TTC AAA GCA GCC GCT GTT CAG GCC GAA CCG GTA TGG ATG GAT GC Met Asp Thr Thr Phe Lys Ala Ala Ala Val Gin Ala Glu Pro Val Trp Met Asp Al 155 GCA ACA GCC GAT AAG ACC GTG ACG CTA GTA GCT AAA GCC GCA GCG GCT GGC GCG CA Ala Thr Ala Asp Lys Thr Val Thr Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Gi 215 GTC GCA TTT CCC GAA TTG TGG ATT CCG GGC TAC CCA GGA TTC ATG CTC ACG CAC AAC Val Ala Phe Pro Glu Leu Trp He Pro Gly Try Pro Gly Phe Met Leu Thr His As 275 ACC GAA ACC CTA CCA TTC ATC ATT AAA TAC CGC AAG CAG GCA ATC GCC GCC GAT GGA Thr Glu Thr Leu Pro Phe He He Lys Try Arg Lys Gin Ala He Ala Ala Asp Gly 335 GAA ATC GAA AAA ATT CGC TGC GCG GCT CAG GAG CAT AAC ATT GCG CTC TCC TTT GGG Glu He Glu Lys He Arg Cys Ala Ala Gin Glu His Asn He Ala Leu Ser Phe Gly 395 AGC GAA CGG GCT GGC CGT ACT CTC TAC ATG TCA CAA ATG CTT ATC GAT GCC GAT GGC Ser Glu Arg Ala Gly Arg Thr Leu Tyr Met Ser Gin Met Leu He Asp Ala Asp Gly 455 ACC AAA ATT CGT CGT CGA AAG CTC AAA CCA ACC CGC TTT GAA CGA GAA CTC TTT GGC Thr Lys He Arg Arg Arg Lys Leu Lys Pro Thr Arg Phe Glu Arg Glu Leu Phe Gly 515 GGT GAC GGA TCG GAC TTA CAG GTC GCC CAA ACT AGC GTT GGT CGG GTG GGT GCC CTC Gly Asp Gly Ser Asp Leu Gin Val Ala Gin Thr Ser Val Gly Arg Val Gly Ala Leu 575 TGC GCG GAG AAT TTG CAG TCG CTA AAC AAC TTT GCG CTT GCT GCC GAG GGT GAA CAG Cys Ala Glu Asn Leu Gin Ser Leu Asn Lys Phe Ala Leu Ala Ala Glu Gly Glu Gin ».i"" * 5" !, iT_!T | ? •Ht"l3. ~ ~ - ~~ " ~ 635 CAT ATC TCC GCC TGG CCA TTC ACG CTT GGA AGC CCT GTG CTC GTC GGA GAC TCC ATC His He Ser Ala Trp Pro Phe Thr Leu Gly Ser Pro Val Leu Val Gly Asp Ser He 695 GCC ATC AAC CAG GTC TAC GCG GCC GAG ACG GGG ACC TTC GTT CTC ATG TCG ACG CA ~ * Ala He Asn Gin Val Tyr Ala Ala Glu Thr Gly Thr Phe Val Leu Met Ser Thr Gi 5 755 GTT GGA CCG ACC GGC ATC GCC GCC TTC GAG ATC GAA GAC AGG TAC AAC CCG AAT CAG 6 Val Gly Pro Thr Gly He Ala Ala Phe Glu He Glu Asp Arg Tyr Asn Pro Asn Gin 7 815 CTT GGT GGT GGG TAC GCG CGG ATC TAC GGG CCT GAC ATG CAG TTG AAG AGC AAG TCG Leu Gly Gly Gly Tyr Ala Arg He Tyr Gly Pro Asp Met Gin Leu Lys Ser Lys Ser 9 875 ICA CCG ACC GAA GAG GGC ATC GTC TAC GCC GAG ATC GAC CTG TCG ATG CTT GAG GCA 0 Ser Pro Thr Glu Glu Gly He Val Tyr Ala Glu He Asp Leu Ser Met Leu Glu Ala 1 935 AAG TAC TCG CTC GAT CCC ACG GGC CAC TAT TCG CGC CCT GAT GTG TTC AGC GTG TCG 2 Lys Tyr Ser Leu Asp Pro Thr Gly His Tyr Ser Arg Pro Asp Val Phe Ser Val Ser 995 AAC CGG CAA CGG CAG CCT GCG GTG TCA GAA GTT ATC GAC TCA AAC GGT GAC GAG GAC Asn Arg Gin Arg Gin Pro Ala Val Ser Glu Val He Asp Ser Asn Gly Asp Glu Asp 1055 AGA GCA GCA TGC GAG CCC GAC GAG GGG GAT CGT GAG GTC GTA ATC TCT ACG GCA ATA Arg Ala Ala Cys Glu Pro Asp Glu Gly Asp Arg Glu Val Val He Ser Thr Ala He 1115 GTT CTA CCC CGT TAT TGC GGA CAT TCC TΛΛTAAAAAGAGACACGTGGTACCAAAGGGGTGTTCATG Val Leu Pro Arg Tyr Cys Gly His Ser 1200 GACGCAGAAAATATAGCCCAGAGTTAAAACGCGAAGCCATCGCTTTAACCCGTCAAC The Pstl-HincII fragment substantially free of 5'- 3 '-non-coding flanking regions may be ligated with EcoRI linkers, digested with EcoRI and is now ready to be introdu into a plant expression cassette by insertion into the EcoR site of ρCGN451. ρCGN451 includes an octopine cassette which contai about l,566bρ of the 5' non-coding region fused via an EcoR linker to the 3' end of the gene and.about l,349bρ of 3' non-coding DNA. The pTi coordinates are 11,207 to 12,823 f the 3' region and 13,643 to 15,208 for the 5' region as def by Barker et . a_l. , Plant Molecular Biology (1983) . 2:335. Th fragment wβs obtained as follows: A small subcloned fragme containing the 5' end of the coding region, as a BamHI-EcoR fragment was cloned in pBR322 as plasmid pCGN407. The . BamHI-EcoRI fragment has an XmnI site in the coding region, while pBR322 has two XmnI sites. ρCGN407 was digested with XmnI, resected wich Bal31 nuclease and EcoRI linkers added the fragments. After EcoRI and BamHI digestion, the fragme were size fractionated, the fractions cloned and sequenced. one case, the entire coding region and lObp of the 5' non-translated sequences had been removed leaving the 5' non-transcribed region, the mRNA cap site and 16bp of the 5' non-translated region (to a BamHI site) intact. This small fragment was obtained by size fractionation on a 7% acrylami gel and fragments approximately 130bp long eluted. This siz fractionated DNA was ligated into M13mp9 and several clones sequenced and the sequence compared to the known sequence of the octopine synthase gene. The M13 construct was designate pI4, which plasmid was digested with BamHI and EcoRI to prov the small fragment which was ligated to an Xhol to BamHI fragment containing upstream 5' sequences from pTiA6 (Garfink ■ ~ and Nester, J. Bacteriol. (1980) 144:732) and to an EcoRI to Xhol fragment containing the 3' sequences. The resulting Xho *• > fragment was cloned into the Xhol site of a ρUC8 derivative, - . designated pCGN426. This plasmid differs from pUC8 by having 7 the sole EcoRI site filled in with DNA polymerase I, and havi 8 lost the PstI and Hindlll site by nuclease contamination of 9 Hindi restriction endonuclease, when a Xhol linker was 0 inserted into the unique Hindi site of pUC8. The resulting plasmid pCGN451 has a single EcoRI site for the insertion of 2 protein coding sequences between the 5' non-coding region 3 (which contains l,550bp of 5' non-transcribed sequence 4 including the right border of the T-DNA, the mRNA cap site an 5 16bp of 5' non-translated sequence) and the 3' region (which 6 contains 267 bp of the coding region, the stop codon, 196bp o 7 3' non-translated DNA, the polyA site and l,153bp of 3* 8 non-transcribed sequence) . 9 The Xhol fragment containing the octopine synthase 0 (ocs) cassette was inserted into plasmid pCGN517, which has 1 tetracycline resistance and kanamycin resistance genes. 2 pCGN517 was prepared from pHC79 (Hohn, Gene (1980) LI:291) by 3 introducing into the unique PstI site, the Kan r gene from 4 pUC4K (Vieira, Gene (1982) £:259). pCGN517 was digested wit 5 Sail and the Xhol fragment inserted into the unique Sail site 6 The Xhol fragment was also inserted into a second 7 plasmid ρCGN529. ρCGN529 is prepared from pACYC184 by ° insertion of the Kan r gene from Tn5 (Rothstein e_t a^. , 1981, 9 in Movable Genetic Elements, p. 99, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, NY) and a Bglll fragment o 2.4kb from pRiA4 T-LDNA (White and Nester, J. Bacteriol. (19 144:710) inserted into the BamHI site remaining after substitution of the Hindlll-BamHI fragment of pACYC184 with Kan r gene of Tn5. The Xhol fragment containing the ocs cassette into which the EcoRI nitrilase gene is inserted at the unique Eco of the ocs cassette is inserted into pCGN517 and ρCGN529 to give two plasmids pNl and ρN2, respectively, which are used introduction into A. tumefaciens or A. rhizogenes, respectively, for integration to the T-DNA of the Ti- or Ri-plasmids. Integration into the respective plasmids can b achieved in a 3-way mating as described by Comai _t a_l. , Plasmid (1983) jL0.:21-30. Overnight cultures of E. coli host containing plasmids pRK2073, pNl or pN2 and A. tumefaciens A7 (Garfinkel, J. Bacteriol. (1980) 144 :732) or A. rhizogenes A4 (White, ibid. (1980) 144:710) are cultured overnight and the appropriate cultures mixed and spread on AB plates containing 150ug/ml kanamycin. Single colonies are restreaked twice. Correct integration is verified by Southern analysis of total Agrobacterium DNA. Endonuclease digested DNA is probed with nick-translated pBrx8. The bromoxynil specific nitrilase gene is expressed in gall tissue. — The plasmid pBrx9, which carries the nitrilase gene a 2.6 kb fragment, was digested with BamHI and treated with BaJ.31 to remove some 5' flanking region. BamHI linkers were added and reclosure was accomplished. The resulting plasmids which provided ampicillin resistance were transformed into "- • E^ coli as described previously and transformants selected o 3 ampicillin selective medium to provide 5.2 kb plasmids pBrxl6 ~ * and pBrxl7, which carry the nitrilase gene on a 2.6 kb 5 fragment. pBrxl6 was digested with BamHI and partially 6 digested with Hindi resulting in the 1.2 kb nitrilase gene 7 fragment. 8 The BamHl-HincII fragment was inserted into BamHl-S 9 digested pCGN46 to-provide the 6.6kb plasmid ρBrx22 containi 10 the nitrilase gene fragment. 11 PCGN46 (Comai et al., Nature (1985) 3T7:741-744) is 12 mannopine synthase (MAS) expression casette and contains a M .13 promoter and ocs 3' region. Construction of pCGN46 was 14 accomplished in the following manner. An approximately 5.5k 15 EcoRI fragment (Ecol3 or EcoC) carrying a portion of the T-R 16 DNA (Barker et al., Plant Mol. Biol. (1983) 2:325) includin 17 the mannopine synthase promoter region (PHAS) was cloned in 18 vector designated pVK232. After digestion of pVK232 with 19 EcoRI, Eco13 was inserted into the EcoRI site of pACYC184 to 20 yield plasmid pCGN14. pCGN14 was digested with SphI and Cla 21 (respectively at position 21562 and 20128 of the Barker et a 22 sequence, supra) to remove the P HA S region which was inserte 23 into pUC19 (Pharmacia, Inc.) which had been digested with Sp 24 and AceI to yield PCGN40. The P H AS region includes a Clal 25 recognition site internally which is methylated, so as to 26 resist digestion. 27 ρCGN40 was digested with EcoRV and EcoRI where the 28 EcoRV site is in the T-DNA, while the EcoRI site is in the 29 polylinker of pUC19 to provide a fragment having the P MA s 30 region. pCGN451 containing the octopine synthase cassette w digested with Smal and EcoRI and the larger fragment isolat ■ 7- • from which the octopine synthase 5' region had been removed 3 The EcoRV-EcoRI PHAS region was substituted into pCGN451 fo -* the octopine synthase 5' region, where the transcriptional 5 initiation and termination regions were separated by a polylinker to provide pCGN46. 7 The plasmid pBrx22 containing the 1.2 kb nitrilase gene fragment was transformed into E^ coli as described previously. The plasmid was isolated in conventional ways digested with Xho I to provide a 4.1 kb fragment containing promoter, bromoxynil gene containing 25 base pairs of bacte 5' untranslated sequence and ocs 3' region. The 4.1 kb fragment was inserted into the Sall-digested plasmid ρCGN78 provide the approximately 31 kb plasmid pBrx28. Construction of pCGN783 Construction of pCGN167 To construct ?CGN167, the Alul fragment of CaMV (b 7144-7735) (Gardner et al . . Nucl. Acids Res. (1981) 9 . :2871-2 was obtained by digestion with Alul and cloned into the Hin site of M13mp7 (Vieira Gene (1982) JL9_:259) to create C614. EcoRI digest of C614 produced the EcoRI fragment from C614 containing the 35S promoter which was cloned into the EcoRI site of pUC8 (Vierra et aj.. , Gene (1982) 1,9:259) to produce pCGN146. To trim the promoter region, the Bglll site (bp 767 was treated with Bglll and Bal31 and subsequently a Bglll linker was attached to the Bal31 treated DNA to produce pCGN pCGN148a containing a promoter region, selectable marker (KAN with 2 ATG's) and 3' region was prepared by digesting pCGN528 (see below) with Bglll and inserting the BamHI-Bglll promoter fragment from ρCGN147. This fragment wa cloned into the Bglll site of pCGN528 so that the Bglll site was proximal to the kanamycin gene of pCGN528. The shuttle vector used for this construct, ρCGN528, was made as follows. ρCGN525 was made by digesting a plasmid containing Tn5 which harbors a kanamycin gene (Jorgenson et a Mol. Gen. (1979) 177:65) with Hindlll-BamHI and inserting the Hindlll-BamHI fragment containing the kanamycin gene into the Hindlll-BamHI sites in the tetracycline gene of pACYC184 (Cha & Cohen J. Bacteriol. (1978) 134,1141-1156) . ρCGN52 * 6 was mad by inserting the BamHI fragment 19 of ρTiA6 (Thomashow et_ al. Cell (1980) j}.:729-739) into the BamHI site of pCGN525. pCGN528 was obtained by deleting the small Xhol fragment from pCGN526 by digesting with Xhol and religating. pCGN149a was made by cloning the BamHI kanamycin gen fragment from pMB9KanXXI into the BamHI site of pCGN148a. pMB9KanXXI is a pUC4K variant (Vieira & Messing, Gen (1982) jJ:259:268) which has the Xhol site missing but contai a functional kanamycin gene from Tn903 to allow for efficient selection in Agrobacterium. ρCGN149a was digested with Bglll and SphI. This sma Bglll-SphI fragment of pCGN149a was replaced with the BamHI-SphI fragment from Ml (see below) isolated by digestion with BamHI and SphI. This produces pCGN167, a construct containing a full length CaMV promoter, lATG-kana ycin gene, end and the bacterial Tn903-type kanamycin gene. Ml is an 1 EcoRI fragment from pCGN550 (see construction of pCGN587) a 2 was cloned into the EcoRI cloning site of M13mp9 in such a 3 that the PstI site in the lATG-kanamycin gene was proximal ** the polylinker region of M13mp9. ■■ > Construction of 709 (lATG-Kanamycin - 3' region) - pCGN566 contains the EcoRI-Hindlll linker of pUC18 7 (Yanisch-Perron, ibid) inserted into the EcoRI-Hindlll site pUC13-cm (K. Buckley, Ph.D. thesis, UC-San Diego, 1985). T ' Hindlll-Bglll fragment of pNW31c-8, 29-1 (Thomashow et. a_l. (1980) Cell .19:729) containing ORF1 and 2 (Barker et al. (1983), supra) was subcloned into the Hindlll-BamHI site of pCGN566 producing pCGN703. The Sau3A fragment of ρCGN703 containing the 3' re of transcript 7 from pTiA6 (corresponding to bases 2396-292 pT115955 (Barker et aj,. (1983), supra) was subcloned into t BamHI site of pUC18 (Yanisch-Perron et al. (1985), supra) producing pCGN709. Construction of pCGN766c (35s promoter - 3" region The Hindlll-BamHI fragment of pCGN167 (for construction see infra) containing the CaMV-35S promoter, lATG-kanamycin gene and the BamHI fragment 19 of pTiA6 was cloned into the BamHI-Hindlll sites of pUC19 (Norrander _t (1983), supra; Yanisch-Perron et_ a_l. (1985), supra) creatin pCGN976. The 35S promoter and 3' region from transcript 7 w developed by inserting a 0.7kb Hindlll-EcoRI fragment of pCGN976 (35S promoter) and the 0.5kb EcoRI-Sall fragment of pCGN709 (transcript 7:3', for construction, see supra) , int the Hindlll-Sall sites of pCGN566 creating pCGN766c. Final Construction of ρCGN783 2 The 0.7kb Hindlll-EcoRI fragment of ρCGN766c (CaMV-3 3 promoter) was ligated to the 1.5kb EcoRI-Sall fragment of 4 pCGN726c (l-ATG-KAN-3 ' region) into the HindiII-SalI sites of 5 ρUC119 (J. Vieira, Rutgers University, N.J.) to produce ρCGN7 6 The 2.2kb region of pCGN778, Hindlll-Sall fragment 7 containing the CaMV 35S promoter (l-ATG-KAN-3 ' region) replac 8 the Hindlll-Sall polylinker region of pCGN739 to produce 9 pCGN783. 10 pBrxl7 was digested with BamHI and partially digeste 11 with Hindi resulting in the 1.2kb nitrilase gene fragment. 12 The BamHI - Hindi fragment was inserted into BamHI - SmaI 13 digested ρCGN566 to provide the 3.7kb plasmid pBrx25 containi 14 the nitrilase gene fragment. 15 pCGN566 was constructed in the following manner. 16 pUC13 (Cm R ) (Ken Buckley Ph.D. thesis, U.C., San Diego) was 17 digested with EcoRI and Hindlll and polyliπkers from ρUC18 an 18 pUC19 were inserted respectively into the Linearized ρUC13 to 19 give pCGN566 which carries a chloramphenicol resistance marker 20 The plasmid pBrx25 containing the 1.2kb nitrilase gen 21 fragment was transformed into E_;_ coli as described previously. 22 The plasmid was isolated in conventional ways and digested wit 23 BamHI and EcoRI to provide again the 1.2kb nitrilase gene 24 fragment. The BamHI and EcoRI fragment was inserted into the 25 BamHI and EcoRI digested pCGN46 to provide the 6.6kb plasmid 26 pBrx27 containing the nitrilase gene fragment. 2 pBrx27 was transformed into E^ coli as described 28 previously. The plasmid was isolated in conventional ways and digested with Xhol Lo provide a -_ . 7 - r;b fragment containing MAS If! promoter, bromoxynil gene containing 11 base pairs of bacte 2 5' in translated sequence and ocs 3' region. The 4. lkb 3 fragment was inserted into Sail - digested ρCGN783 to provi ~ * the approximately 31kb plasmid ρBrx29. 5 Detection of nitrilase expression Plasmids pBrx28 and pBrx29 were transformed into t Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain K12. (Nester, Ann. Rev. Micro. (1981) 35_: 531. Hoekema et al., Nature (1983) 303: 179) K12 (pBrx28) and K12 (ρBrx29) were used to form galls Kalanchδe (Garfinkel, J. Bacteriol. (1980) 144: 732). About lgm (fresh weight) of gall tissue was ground liquid nitrogen in buffer containing 0.IM Tris pH 7.5, lOmM EDTA, 0.15M NaCl, 0.05% NP-40, 25 mg/ml BSA, ImM DTT and 0. ug/ml leupeptin. Samples were homogenized after the additi of 0.05g polyvinylpyrrolidone (Sigma), then centrifuged at 15,000g for 15 min. at 4°C. 25 ul of antiserum, prepared b injecting purified nitrilase into rabbits, and 250ul 10% (w/ suspension of S^ aureus (Calbiochem) were added to each supernatant and incubated for 16 hr. at 4°C. Samples were t centrifuged and the pellet washed twice with 20mM Tris pH 7. ImM EDTA, 150mM NaCl and 0.05% NP-40. The pellets were resuspended in lOOul 0.125M Tris pH 6.8, 4% SDS, 20% glycero and 10% BMe and heated for 2 min. at 90°C. The entire sampl was electrophoresed on 10% acrylamide gels (Laemmli, V.K. Nature 227: 680-685 (1970)). The resolved polypeptides were transferred to nitrocellulose filters (Schleicher and Schuel as described by Burnette (Anal. Biochem. 112: 195-203 (1981) Nitrocellulose filters (Schleicher & Schuell) were then lncuoated n BLOTTO (Johnson et. aj., Gen. Anal . Techno1. 1, 1 38-42 (1983)) for 1-3 hrs. at 42°C. followed by overnight *-- incubation at room temperature m BLOTTO containing a 1:50 solution of anti-nitrilase serum. Filters were washed for 10 ~ * rain, in 20mM Tris pH 7.5, 150mM NaCl; for 20 min. in the same 5 buffer containing 0.05% Tween-20 and for another 10 min. in 6 buffer without Tween-20. BLOTTO containing 10 6 cpm/ml of 7 l zs I-labelled protein A (9u Ci/mg; NEN) was then added to filters and incubated at room temperature for 2 hrs. The 9 filters were washed overnight in 50mM Tris pH 7.5, IM NaCl and 0 0.4% Sarkosyl. After rinsing and drying, filters were exposed 1 to Kodak AR X-ray film at -70°C. using a Dupont Cronex 2 intensifying serum. Transformation and regeneration of tobacco leaf slices co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens Tobacco plants are cultivated axenically (25°C, white light (16hr); MS (lmg/L IAA, 0.15mg/L kinetin) . Three-week-ol plants maintained through main shoot transplant are used as tissue donors. Young leaves (down to the fourth from the top) are selected, leaf disks 2mm in diameter are punched out and placed in Petri dishes (3cm in diameter) in 1ml of MS medium with lmg/L IAA. After keeping the disks overnight in total darkness, Agrobacterium (A772xpNl or pN2) cells (10 8 - lOVml in plant culture medium) are added to these cultures. Co-cultivation is carried out for 18-24hr in darkness. Leaf slices are freed from Agrobacterium by washing 3x with MS medium lacking hormones and containing 350mg/L cefotaxine (Boeh inger-Mannheim) . Leaf slices are transferred in 9cm Petri dishes in 10ml of MS medium without hormones. Phytagar (Gibco, 0.ό%; cefotaxine. 350mg/L) Petri dishes are seaLed witr 1 parafilm and kept under the same conditions as tissue donor 2 plants. Regenerating shoots are visible in the following 2-5 weeks. -* Plants are sprayed at the 6-leaf stage by directing -> spray of bromoxynil solution toward the potted plant. Each - pot contains a plant and receives 2.5ml of spray. Plants ar grown in a growth chamber at 25°C, 70% relative humidity, 60 light period. Growth is scored 9 days after spraying by counting the new leaves longer than 0.5cm. Construction of a tobacco small subunit promoter- bromoxynil gene chimera for expression of bromoxynil-specifi nitrilase in tobacco Construction of a tobacco ssu promoter cassette Genomic clones containing the tobacco small subunit gene were isolated from EcoRI partial genomic library prepar from Nicotiana tabacum (Samsum) DNA. Clones were screened using a 740 bp PstI DNA segment of a pea small subunit cDNA clone (Broglie et aj,. , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA (1981) 28:7304-7308). A 3.4 Kb EcoRI fragment containing a tobacco coding region and 5 '-flanking sequence was cloned from a Char 32 lambda phage clone (3-8) into M13mpl8 (Yanisch-Perron e_t a_l. , Gene (1985) 3_3:103-119) , which subclone was designated NSUE2018. The location of the TATA box (promoter) and putati ATG initiation codon for the small subunit protein was determined by DNA sequencing. A single-stranded DNA template W as prepared from NSUE2018 and annealed to a 25 base single-strand synthetic oligomer 2 (5'TGTTAATTACACTTTAAGACAGAAA3 * ) . This sequence is 3 complementary to the 25 base immediately 5' of the putative A ~ * of the tobacco small subunit gene. The primer was extended t 5 produce dsDNA employing the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase 6 I, -followed by digestion with Hindlll to produce a 7 double-stranded DNA fragment having a blunt end beginning at 8 the primer at one end and the Hindlll overhang at the other 9 end. pUC18 was digested with SmaI and Hindlll and the dsDNA 0 fragment prepared above inserted into the polylinker to provi 1 a 4.1 Kb plasmid designated pCGN625. pCGN625 was then digest 2 with Hindlll, blunt-ended with the Klenow fragment, digested 3 with EcoRI and inserted into EcoRI-Smal digested pUClδ to 4 produce a 4.1 Kb plasmid ρCGN627. A 6.3 Kb DNA segment was 5 obtained comprising a BamHI-PstI fragment from pACYC177 (Chan 6 & Cohen, J. Bacteriol. (1978) 134:1141-1156) joined at the 7 PstI site to a Pstl-EcoRI fragment comprising ocs 3' region, 8 12823 (EcoRI) to bp 10069 (PstI) (Barker et al . . , Plant Molec. 9 Biol. (1984) 1:335-350). The 6.3 Kb DNA segment was inserted 0 into pCGN627 digested with BamHI and EcoRI, so as to have the 1 ocs 3' region adjacent to the tobacco ssu fragment, providing 2 7.7 Kb plasmid, pCGN630. 3 The pCGN630 plasmid was then manipulated by digestin 4 with BamHI, blunt ending with the Klenow fragment, 5 recircularizing, digesting with Kpnl, blunt ending with T4 polymerase and insertion of BamHI linkers to provide a BamHI 7 site. The resulting plasmid pCGN1509 was digested with Bglll, ° blunt ended with Klenow polymerase, followed by ligation with 9 Hindlll linkers. The resulting plasmid pCGN1510 has a Hindll ' - 4 ' - 4 - ' - site internal to the ocs 3' region and a Hindlll site adja and external to the tobacco ssu region. pCGN1510 was then digested with BamHI and SstI cutting in the region between ssu region and the ocs 3' region and a BamHI-SstI fragment ρBrx25 inserted, so as to be between and in the correct orientation, the ssu promoter region and the ocs 3' termina region. The resulting 8.9 Kb plasmid was designated ρBrx36 pBrx36 was digested with Hindlll and inserted into Hindlll digested pCGN783 to : provide pBrx39 and pBrx40, with nitrilase gene in the opposite and the same direction of transcription as the kanamycin gene, respectively. The plasmids were transformed into A, tumefaciens strain LBA4404, followed by co-cultivation with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. "Xanthi") cotyledonary explants. Kanamycin-resistant shoots were regenerated into tobacoo pl in accordance with conventional techniques. Phenotype of Transgenic Tobacco Plants Expressing the Bromoxynil-Specific Nitrilase Gene Leaf tissue from transformed tobacco plants (5-6 l stage) were shown to express the nitrilase protein by conventional Western analysis. Approximately 5 mm leaf sec from surface-sterilized (10% hypochloriate; water-washed) leaves were suspended in bromoxynil containing media under photoautotrophic conditions. The media employed was MS sal containing 0.93 mg/1 naphthylacetic acid and 0.11 mg/1 benzylaminopurine, with varying amounts of bromoxynil. The concentration of bromoxynil varied from 10 "3 to 10 "6 M at 0.1 dilutions. The photoautotrophic conditions were 5% C0 2 10% 0 2 , 85% N 2 . Control tobacco leaf sections which had 1 not been transformed were bleached (inhibited) at 10 M 2 bromoxynil. By contrast, transformed leaf sections expressing the bromoxynil-specific nitrilase from plasmids pBrx39 and -* ρBrx40 were resistant to 10 " 5 M and 10 ~4 M bromoxynil, -* respectively. 6 7 Phenotype of Transqenic Tomato Plants Expressing the 8 Bromoxynil-Specific Nitrilase Gene 9 Co-cultivation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. 0 UC828) cotyledonary explants was carried out as described 1 previously with tobacco and kanamycin shoots regenerated. Lea 2 tissue from transformed tomato plants (7-10 leaf stage) was 3 shown to express the nitrilase protein by standard Western 4 analysis. Approximately 5 mm leaf sections from 5 surface-sterilized (10% hypochlorite; water washed) leaves wer suspended in bromoxynil-containing medium at varying 7 concentrations under photoautotrophic conditions. The media was MS salts containing 2 mg/1 2,4-dichloroacetic acid, 1 mg/1 isopentyladenine and 100 mg/1 myoinositol and bromoxynil at 10 -s or 10 "6 M. The same photoautotrophic conditions were 1 employed as described for tobacco. Control leaf sections whic had not been transformed were bleached at 10 "6 M bromoxynil, while transformed plants expressing the bromoxynil-specific nitrilase gene from pBrx29 were resistant to 10 ~5 M bromoxynil. Transgenic tomato plants (10-20 leaf stage) were sprayed with a commercial formulation of bromoxynil (BUCTRIL) and found to be resistant at 0.5 lbs/acre. 9 2 3 Preparation of Altered Nitrilase Having a Substi tuted C-termi 4 * - • ' Plasmid Brx9 was digested with SphI and then " recircularized so as to introduce a deletion in the coding 7 region at the C-terminus of the nitrilase gene. The DNA sequence from pUC18 is in reading frame with the 3'-SphI site of the nitrilase coding region, adding about ten codons to a TGA codon from pUC18. The presence of the additional 10 codons is adventitious and supports the fact that these codons may be removed to produce a truncated nitrilase, without significant affecting the activity of the nitrilase. The following is the sequence with the predicted ami acids of the C-terminal modified nitrilase (nit-11). 92 119 ATG GAC ACC ACT TTC AAA GCA GCC GCT GTT CAG GCC GAA CCG GTA TGG ATG GAT MET Asp Thr Thr Phe Lys Ala Ala Ala Val Gin Ala Glu Pro Val Trp MET Asp 146 173 GCC GCT GCA ACA GCC GAT AAG ACC GTG ACG CTA GTA GCT AAA GCC GCA GCG GCT Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala Asp Lys Thr Val Thr Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Ala Ala Ala 200 227 GGC GCG CAG CTC GTC GCA TTT CCC GAA TTG TGG ATT CCG.GGC TAC CCA GGA TCC Gly Ala Gin Leu Val Ala Phe Pro Glu Leu Trp He Pro Gly Tyr Pro Gly Phe 254 281 ATG CTC ACG CAC AAC CAA ACC GAA ACC CTA CCA TTC ATC ATT AAA TAC CGC AAG MET Leu Thr His Asn Gin Thr Glu Thr Leu Pro Phe He He Lys Tyr Arg Lys 308 335 CAG GCA ATC GCC GCC GAT GGA CCA GAA ATC GAA AAA ATT CGC TGC GCG GCT CAG Gin Ala He Ala Ala Asp Gly Pro Glu He Glu Lys He Arg Cys Ala Ala Gin 362 389 GAG CAT AAC ATT GCG CTC TCC TTT GGG TAC AGC GAA CGG GCT GGC CGT ACG CTC Glu His Asn He Ala Leu Ser Phe Gly Tyr Ser Glu Arg Ala Gly Arg Thr Leu 416 443 TAC ATG TCA CAA ATG CTT ATC GAT GCC GAT GGC ATC ACC AAA ATT CGT CGT CGA Tyr MET Ser Gin MET Leu He Asp Ala Asp Gly He Thr Lys He Arg Arg Arg 470 497 AAG CTC AAA CCA ACC CGC TTT GAA CGA GAA CTC TTT GGC GAA GGT GAC GGA TCG Lys Leu Lys Pro Thr Arg Phe Glu Arg Glu Leu Phe Gly Glu Gly Asp Gly Ser 524 551 GAC TTA CAG GTC GCC CAA ACT AGC GTT GGT CGG GTG GGT GCC CTC AAC TGC GCG Asp Leu Gin Val Ala Gin Thr Ser Val Gly Arg Val Gly Ala Leu Asn Cys Ala 578 605 GAG AAT TTG CAG TCG CTA AAC AAG TTT GCG CTT GCT GCC GAG GGT GAA CAG ATA Glu Asn Leu Gin Ser Leu Asn Lys Phe Ala Leu Ala Ala Glu Gly Glu Gin He 632 659 CAT ATC TCC GCC TGG CCA TTC ACG CTT GGA AGC CCT GTG CTC GTC GGA GAC TCC His He Ser Ala Trp Pro Phe Thr Leu Gly Ser Pro Val Leu Val Gly Asp Ser 686 713 ATC GGC GCC ATC AAC CAG GTC TAC GCG GCC GAG ACG GGG ACC TTC GTT CTC ATG He Gly Ala He Asn Gin Val Try Ala Ala Glu Thr Gly Thr Phe Val Leu MET 740 767 TCG ACG CAG GTG GTT GGA CCG ACC GGC ATC GCC GCC TTC GAG ATC GGA GAC AGG Ser Thr Gin Val Val Gly Pro Thr Gly He Ala Ala Phe Glu He Glu Asp Arg 794 821 TCA AAC CCG AAT CAG TAT CTT GGT GGT GGG TAC GCG CGG ATC TAC GGG CCT GAC Tyr Asn Pro Asn Gin Tyr Leu Gly Gly Gly Tyr Ala Arg He Tyr Gly Pro Asp 848 875 ATG CAG TTG AAG AGC AAG TCG TTG TCA CCG ACC GAA GAG GGC ATC GTC TAC GCC MET Gin Leu Lys Ser Lys Ser Leu Ser Pro Thr Glu Glu Gly He Val Tyr Ala 902 929 GAG ATC GAC CTG TCG ATG CTT GAG GCA GCA AAG TAC TCG CTC GAT CCC ACG GGC Glu He Asp Leu Ser MET Leu Glu Ala Ala Lys Tyr Ser Leu Asp Pro Thr Gly 956 983 CAC TAT TCG CGC CCT GAT GTG TTC AGC GTG TCG ATT AAC CGG CAA CGG CAG CCT His Tyr Ser Arg Pro Asp Val Phe Ser Val Ser He Asn Arg Gin Arg Gin Pro 1010 1037 GCG GTG TCA GAA GTT ATC GAC TCA AAC GGT GAC GAG GAC CCG AGA GCA GCA TGC Ala Val Ser Glu Val He Asp Ser Asn Gly Asp Glu Asp Pro Arg Ala Ala Gys 1064 1091 AAG CTT GGC ACT GGC CGT TTT ACA ACG TCG TGA CTG GGA AAA CCC TGG CGT TAC Lys Leu Gly Thr Gly Arg Phe Thr Thr Ser . Leu Gly Lys Pro Trp Arg Tyr 513 540 TTA CAG GTC GCC CAA ACT AGC GTT GGT CGG GTG GGT GCC CTC AAC TGC GCG GAG Leu Gin Val Ala Gin Thr Ser Val Gly Arg Val Gly Ala Leu Asn Cys Ala Glu 567 594 AAT TTG CAG TCG CTA AAC AAG TTT GCG CTT GCT GCC GAG GGT GAA CAG ATA CAT Asn Leu Gin Ser ' Leu Asn Lys Phe Ala Leu Ala Ala Glu Gly Glu Gin He His 621 648 ATC TCC GCC TGG CCA TTC ACG CTT GGA AGC CCT GTG CTC GTC GGA GAC TCC ATC He Ser Ala Trp Pro Phe Thr Leu Gly Ser Pro Val Leu Val Gly Asp Ser He 675 702 GGC GCC ATC AAC CAG GTC TAC GCG GCC GAG ACG GGG ACC TTC GTT CTC ATG TCG Gly Ala He Asn Gin Val Tyr Ala Ala Glu Thr Cly Thr Phe Val Leu MET Ser 729 756 ACG CAG GTG GTT GGA CCG ACC GGC ATC GCC GCC TTC GAG ATC GAA GAC AGG TAC Thr Gin Val Val Gly Pro Thr Gly He Ala Ala Phe Glu He Glu Asp Arg Tyr 783 810 AAC CCG AAT CAG TAT CTT GGT GGT GGG TAC GCG CGG ATC TAC GGG CCT GAC ATG Asn Pro Asn Gin Tyr Leu Gly Gly Gly Tyr Ala Arg He Tyr Gly Pro Asp MET 837 864 CAG TTG AAG AGC AAG TCG TTG TCA CCG ACC GAA GAG GGC ATC GTC TAC GCC GAG Gin Leu Lys Ser Lys Ser Leu Ser Pro Thy Glu Glu Gly He Val Tyr Ala Glu 891 918 ATC GAC CTG TCG ATG CTT GAG GCA GCA AAG TAC TCG CTC GAT CCC ACG GGC CAC He Asp Leu Ser MET Leu Glu Ala Ala Lys Tyr Ser Leu Asp Pro Thr Gly His 945 972 TAT TCG CGC CCT GAT GTG TTC AGC GTG TCG ATT AAC CGG CAA CGG CAG CCT GCG Tyr Ser Arg Pro Asp Val Phe Ser Val Ser He Asn Arg Gin Arg Gin Pro Ala 999 1026 GTG TCA GAA GTT ATC GAC TCA AAC GGT GAC GAG GAC CCG AGA GCA GCA TGC GAG Val Ser Glu Val He Asp Ser Asn Gly Asp Glu Asp Pro Arg Ala Ala Cys Glu 1053 1080 CCC GAC GAG GGG GAT CGT GAG GTC GTA ATC TCT ACG GCA ATA GGG GTT CTA CCC Pro Asp Glu Gly Asp Arg Glu Val Val He Ser Thr Ala He Gly Val Leu Pro 1107 1134 CGT TAT TGC GGA CAT TCC TAA TAA AAA GAG ACA CGT TGT ACC AAA GGG GTG TTC Arg Tyr Cys Gly His Ser . . Lys Glu Thr Arg Cys Thr Lys Gly Val Phe 1161 1188 ATG TCC AGA CGC AGA AAA TAT AGC CCA GAG TTA AAA CGC GAA GCC ATC GCT TTA MET Ser Arg Arg Arg Lys Try Ser Pro Glu Leu Lys Arg Glu Ala He Ala Leu 1215 ACC CGT C Thr Arg His 1 Preparation of Modified Nitrilase Having N-Terminal Substitut -- • Plasmid pBrx9 was digested with BamHI, followed by resection with Bal31 for about 5 min to remove about 51 nt. ~ * The enzyme was inactivated, the resected linear DNA sequence -> ligated with BamHI linkers, digested with BamHI and ° recircularized under ligating conditions. The resulting 7 plasmid ρBrx!5 was about 5.1 kb and had a small number of the 8 codons at the 5"-terminus deleted. pBrxl5 was partially 9 digested with Hind, so as to cleave at the Hinc site 0 downstream from the coding region for the nitrilase and completely digested with BamHI to provide a fragment which had the coding region for the nitrilase truncated at the 5'-terminus. This fragment was inserted into pCGN 566 which had been completely digested with BamHI and Smal to produce plasmid pBrx23, of 3.7 Kb. Plasmid pCGN 566 is a derivative o pUC13 with polylinkers from ρUC18 and pUC19 and the chloramphenicol resistance gene. The fragment from pBrxl5 is inserted to be in reading frame with an upstream initiation codon and where 17 amino acids encoded by the pUC19 sequence replace amino acids of the naturally occurring nitrilase. Based on the above sequence, the nitrilase retains activity with an extended N-terminal amino acid sequence as well as being truncated at the N-terminal sequence, or substituting the naturally occurring amino acids of the N-terminal sequence for other amino acids. The following provides the sequence of the N-terminal modified nitrilase (nit-23) . 1 27 54 2 ATG ACC ATG ATT ACG CCA AGC TTG CAT GCC TGC AGG TCG ACT CTA GAG GAT CCG MET Thr MET He Thr Pro Ser Leu His Ala Cys Arg Ser Thr Leu Glu Asp Pro 3 81 108 4 GAC ACC ACT TTC AAA GCA GCC GCT GTT CAG GCC GAA CCG GTA TGG ATG GAT GCC Asp Thr Thr Phs Lys Ala Ala Ala Val Gin Ala Glu Pro Val Trp MET Asp Ala 5 135 162 GCT GCA ACA GCC GAT AAG ACC GTG ACG CTA GTA GCT AAA GCC GCA GCG GCT GGC 6 Ala Ala Thr Ala Asp Lys Thr Val Thr Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Ala Ala Ala Gly 7 189 216 GCG CAG CTC GTC GCA TTT CCC GAA TTG TGG ATT CCG GGC TAC CCA GGA TTC ATG 8 Ala Gin Leu Val Ala Phe Pro Glu Leu Trp He Pro Gly Tyr Pro Gly Phe MET 9 243 270 CTC ACG CAC AAC CAA ACC GAA ACC CTA CCA TTC ATC ATT AAA TAC CGC AAG CAG 10 Leu Thr His Asn Gin Thr Glu Thr Leu Pro Phe He He Lys Tyr Arg Lys Gin 11 297 324 GCA ATC GCC GCC GAT GGA CCA GAA ATC GAA AAA ATT CGC TGC GCG GCT CAG GAG 12 Ala He Ala Ala Asp Gly Pro Glu He Glu Lys He Arg Cys Ala Ala Gin Glu 13 351 378 CAT AAC ATT GCG CTC TCC TTT GGG TAC AGC GAA CGG GCT GGC CGT ACG CTC TAC 14 His Asn He Ala Leu Ser Phe Gly Tyr Ser Glu Arg Ala Gly Arg Thr Leu Tyr 15 405 432 ATG TCA CAA ATG CTT ATC GAT GCC GAT GGC ATC ACC AAA ATT CGT CGT CGA AAG 16 MET Ser Gin MET Leu He Asp Ala Asp Gly He Thr Lys He Arg Arg Arg Lys 17 459 486 CTC AAA CCA ACC CGC TTT GAA CGA GAA CTC TTT GGC GAA GGT GAC GGA TCG GAC 18 Leu Lys Pro Thr Arg Phe Glu Arg Glu Leu Phe Gly Glu Gly Asp Gly Ser Asp 19 513 540 TTA CAG GTC GCC CAA ACT AGC GTT GGT CGG GTG GGT GCC CTC AAC TGG GCG GAG 20 Leu Gin Val Ala Gin Thr Ser Val Gly Arg Val Gly Ala Leu Asn Cys Ala Glu 21 567 594 AAT TTG CAG TCG CTA AAC AAG TTT GCG CTT GCT GCC GAG GGT GAA CAG ATA CAT - ~ - ~ ^~ Asn Leu Gin Ser Leu Asn Lys Phe Ala Leu Ala Ala Glu Gly Glu Gin He His 23 621 648 ATC TCC GCC TGG CCA TTC ACG CTT GGA AGC CCT GTG CTC GTC GGA GAC TCC ATC 24 He Ser Ala Trp Pro Phe Thr Leu Gly Ser Pro Val Leu Val Gly Asp Ser He 25 675 702 GGC GCC ATC AAC CAG GTC TAC GCG GCC GAG ACG GGG ACC TTC GTT CTC ATG TCG 26 Gly Ala He Asn Gin Val Tyr Ala Ala Glu Thr Gly Thr Phe Val Leu MET Ber 27 729 756 ACG CAG GTG GTT GGA CCG ACC GGC ATC GCC GCC TTC GAG ATC GAA GAC AGG TAC 28 Thr Gin Val Val Gly Pro Thr Gly He Ala Ala Phe Glu He Glu Asp Arg Tyr 29 783 810 0 AAC CCG AAT CAG TAT CTT GGT GGT GGG TAC GCG CGG ATC TAC GGG CCT GAC ATG Asn Pro Asn Gin Tyr Leu Gly Gly GLy Tyr Ala Arg lie Tyr Gly Pro Asp MET 837 864 CAG TTG AAG AGC AAG TCG TTG TCA CCG ACC GAA GAG GGC ATC GTC TAC GCC GAG Gin Leu Lys Ser Lys Ser Leu Ser Pro Thr Glu Glu Gly He Val Tyr Ala Glu 891 918 ATC GAC CTG TCG ATG CTT GAG GCA GCA AAG TAC TCG CTC GAT CCC ACG GGC CAC He Asp Leu Ser MET Leu Glu Ala Ala Lys Tyr Ser Leu Asp Pro Thr Gly His 945 972 TAT TCG CGC CCT GAT GTG TTC AGC GTG TCG ATT AAC CGG CAA CGG CAG CCT GCG Tyr Ser Arg Pro Asp Val ■ Phe Ser Val Ser He Asn Arg Gin Arg Gin Pro Ala 999 1026 GTG TCA GAA GTT ATC GAC TCA AAC GGT GAC GAG GAC CCG AGA GCA GCA TGC GAG Val Ser Glu Val He Asp Ser Asn Gly Asp Glu Asp Pro Arg Ala Ala Cys Glu 1053 1080 CCC GAC GAG GGG GAT CGT GAG GTC GTA ATC TCT ACG GCA ATA GGG GTT GTA CCC Pro Asp Glu Gly Asp Arg Glu Val Val He Ser Thr Ala He Gly Val Leu Pro 1107 1134 CGT TAT TGC GGA CAT TCC TAA TAA AAA GAG ACA CGT TGT ACC AAA GGG GTG TTC Arg Tyr Cys Gly His Ser Lys Glu Thr Arg Cys Thr Lys Gly Val Phe 1161 1188 ATG TCC AGA CGC AGA AAA TAT AGC CCA GAG TTA AAA CGC GAA GCC ATC GCT TTA MπET Ser Arg Arg Arg Lys Tyr Ser Pro Glu Seu Lys Arg Glu Ala He Ala Leu 1215 ACC CGT C Thr Arg His Purification of the Wild-Type and Altered Nitrilase Nitrilase was prepared from stationary phase MM 294 E coli cells containing the ρBrx9, pErxll or ρBrx28 plasmids. Cultures were grown under ampicillin selection until the wnole cell nitrilase assay yielded an OD640 of approximately 2.0. ° Cultures were centrifuged at 8,000 xg for 15 min at 4°C. The 7 cells were washed in 0.IM potassium phosphate buffer pH7.4, repelleted, dried, and frozen at -20°C. The pellet was thawed at 4°C and resuspended in 40ml 50mM potassium phosphate buffer Q with lrnM dithiothreitol, O.lmM EDTA (KDE) . The cell suspensio - was then passed through a French Pressure cell and centrifuged ^2 at 60,000 xg for . 40 min at 4°C. The resulting supernatant (crude extract) was diluted with KDE buffer to a protein 1 concentration of 12 mg/ml (Fraction I). Ammonium sulfate cuts 5 were performed on the crude extract and the 25-35% cut 6 (Fraction II) found to contain 85% of the nitrilase activity. 7 This fraction was resuspended in 10 ml of KDE buffer and 1 dialyzed extensively against this same buffer. 19 Fraction II was further purified over a DEAE Sephadex A-50 column (4.9cm z x 40 cm) equilibratred in KDE buffer. The nitrilase peak was eluted by a 0.IM to 0.4M NaCl gradient --- • in KDE buffer. Active fractions were pooled (Fraction III), 23 ammonium sulfate precipitated and dialyzed into 25 mM histidine, pH 6.2. " A Pharmacia chromatofocusing column ~~ ~- > (1.75cm z x 20 cm) was prepared with PBE 94 equilibrated with 26 25 mM histidine pH 6.2 The column was washed first with 27 polybuffer 74 pH 4.0 to create a 6 to 4 pH gradient and the 28 enzyme eluted with IM NaCl. The peak containing the .-jcr: - * e 2 "9 "' nzyπe fractions were ammoniu::_ suifate precipitated and dialyzed into KDE (Fraction IV). SDS-PAGE on an 11.25% ςei 49 1 revealed a strong band at approximately 37,000, with a slig 2 contaminant at approximately 70,000 molecular weight. 3 Densitometer scanning indicated that the Fraction IV nitrila 4 preparation was 99% homogenous. 5 The following table indicates the results of the 6 purification and the characteristics of the purified nitrila 7 products. 8 9 Comparison of the Purification „and Properties of 10 The Wild-Type and Altered Bromoxynil-specific Nitrilases 11 nit-wt 12 Ammonium sulfate cut 20-35 13 DEAE Sephadex elution 290 m 14 Chromatofocusing elution 1 M N l - pH 6-4 gradient/1 M NaCl was i6 Specific activity 19.7 17 Fold purification 35.8 18 Km (mM) 0.11 9 Vmax (umol/min/mg) 9 - Active enzyme form dimer By following the above procedures, plants can be 2 obtained which are bromoxynil resistant and can be used in t field in the presence of bromoxynil without significant adver ^ effect on their growth. 5 The subject invention provides for the improvement o ° plants by making them herbicidal resistant, particularly to 7 specific benzonitrile herbicides. Thus, the gene encoding fo 8 the nitrilase may be introduced into a plant host, whereby th 9 gene will be expressed and impart benzonitrile resistance to 0 the plant. -.n a- dition, the enzyme can be p roduced by c lonin of the gene in a convenient bacterial host, whereby the enzym is expressed. Enzymes having activity which can be monitored find a wide variety of uses, in assays for various analytes o for the benzonitrile substrate. In addition, the enzymes and bacteria expressing the enzymes can be used for removing the benzonitrile herbicide from contaminated environments. Although the foregoing invention has been described some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes o clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope o the appended claims.

Claims: What is claimed is : A substantially pure modified bacterial nitrilase of about 34KD substantially specific for 3, 5-dihalogena ted-p-hydroxy benzonitrile and having a specific activity of at least about 0.1 umol NH«/min/mg protein with bromoxynil as substrate, wherein said bacterial nitrilase is modified by at least one of substitutions, truncation or extension consisting of a total of not more than about 50 amino acids. 2. A substantially pure modified bacterial nitrilase according to claim 1, wherein said bacterial nitrilase has a specific, activity of at least about 0.1 umol NH_/min/mg protein with bromoxynil as substrate. 3. A substantially pure modified bacterial nitrilase according to claim 1, wherein said bacterial nitrilase has a specific activity of at least about 0.5 umol NH /min/mg protein. 4. A substantially pure modified bacterial nitrilase according to claim 1, wherein said bacterial nitrilase is a nitrilase from Klebsiella. 5. A bacterial host having a foreign gene expressing a substantially pure modified bacterial nitrilase specific for 3,5-dihalogenated-p-hydroxybenzonitrile. 6. A bacterial host according to claim 5, wherein said bacterial host is E. coli. 7. An expression cassette comprising in the direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation regulatory region functional in a plant cell and a gene encoding as substantially pure modified nitrilase according to claim 1, wherein said nitrilase has a specific activity of at least about 0.1 umol NH_/min/mg protein with bromoxynil as substrate. 8. An expression cassette according to claim 7, wherein said cassette further comprises the right T-DNA border. 9. An expression cassette according to claim 7, wherein said transcriptional and translational initiation regulatory region is functional in a plant cell. 10. n expression cassette according to claim 9, wherein said transcriptional and translational initiation regulatory region iε the regulatory region for transcription of an opine. 11. plasmid capable of stable maintenance in at least one of * E. coli or A. tumefaciens comprising an expression cassette comprising in the direction of transcription, a transcriptional and transla ional initiation regulatory region functional in a plant cell ' and a gene encoding susbstantially pure modified nitrilase susbstantially specific for 3, 5-dihalogenated-p-hydroxybenzonitrile and having a specific activity of at least about 0.1 umol NH,/min/mg protein with bromoxynil as substrate. 12. A plasmid according to claim 11, wherein said expression cassette comprises the right T-DNA border. 13. plasmid according to claim 11, wherein said transcriptional and translational initiation regulatory region Is functional in a plant cell. 14. plasmid according to claim 13, wherein said transcriptional and translational initiation regulatory region is functional in an opine region. SUBSTTUTE SHSST 15. A plasmid according to claim 14, wherein said transcriptional and transl tional initiation regulatory region is the mannopine synthase initiation regulatory region. 16. A DNA sequence comprising an open reading frame coding for a substantially pure modified nitrilase substantially specific for 3,5-dihalogenated-p-hydroxybenzonitrile and having a specific activity of at least about 0.1 umol NH_/min/mg protein with bromoxynil as substrate joined at either the 5' or 3' terminus to other than the wild type DNA. 17. A DNA sequence according to claim 16, wherein said open reading frame is bacterial DNA. 18.A DNA sequence according to claim 17, wherein said bacterial DNA is Klebsiella DNA. 19.A plant cell comprising an expression cassette according to any of claims 7 to 9. 20.A plant part comprising a plant cell according to claim 19. 21.A plant comprising a plant cell according to claim 19. 22. A method for producing a nitrilase specific for a 3, 5-dihalogenated-p-hydrox benzonitrile which comprises : - isolating K. ozaenae which produces nitrilase specific for said 3,5-dihalogenated-p-hydroxybenzonitrile - - growing said K. ozaenae in an appropriate medium - and - lysing said K. ozaenae and isolating said nitrilase.

Inventors: STALKER DAVID M, STALKER, DAVID
Applicants: RHONE POULENC AGROCHIMIE
Application year: 1988
Main classification: C12N9
IPC codes: C12N9, C12N15