METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF SMALL ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Abstract: The method and the device are designed for assembling a stator (14), formed by a stack (16) of core plates and its windings (18), on to a respective head support (12) of a small, rotary electric machine, in a position concentric with a rotary shaft (20) mounted in the support. The method is of the type in which the periphery of one end face of the stack (16) of laminations rests on coplanar peripheral surfaces (22) of the support (12) which define a reference plane (P), a centering device (34) is interposed between the shaft (20) and the stack (16), and the stack (16) and the support (12) are held together by means of peripheral bolts (24) which are inserted in regions located in correspondence with the coplanar surfaces (22) of the support (12), are perpendicular to these surfaces (22), and are screwed into the support (12). Before the bolts (24) are tightened, the stack (16) is clamped between, at one end, the coplanar surfaces (22) and, at the other end, thrust members (52) applied to the other end face of the stack (16) in regions also corresponding with the regions in which the bolts (24) are inserted, with a clamping force normal to the reference plane (P) and at least substantially equal to that predetermined for tightening the bolts (24), the bolts (24) are then tightened with the predetermined tightening force, and the clamping force applied by the thrust members (52) is released.

Description: METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF SMALL ELECTRICAL MACHINES The present invention relates to the manufacture of rota¬ ry electrical machines and has" been developed for the ma¬ nufacture of hermetic motor-compressor units for refrige¬ rant fluids. It relates, in the first place, to a method for assembl¬ ing a stator, as defined in the preamble of claim 1. A method of this type is known from the document IT-A- 996,643. In this document, a centering device is describ¬ ed, inter alia, which includes two concentric, "tulip"- type collets, of which the inner one is designed to con¬ tract around the shaft and the outer one is designed to expand against the surface of the bore in the stack of laminations. This collet ensures very accurate centering of all the laminations in the stack relative to the shaft before the stack is clamped by means of the bolts. When the bolts are tightened, however, -the clamping torque is transmitt¬ ed, by friction, from the heads of the bolts to the imme¬ diately-adjacent lamination, causing the first lamination to be forced radially against the outer collet; this, for¬ ce is transmitted by friction to successive laminations so that the laminations are forced along a generatrix a- gainst the outer collet and, when this is released, the accuracy of centering obtained thereby is cancelled out. This inaccuracy means, on the one hand, that larger air gaps have to be provided in the design stage and this re¬ duces the efficiency of the electrical machine. What is worse in the case of a non-synchronous motor, is that the mutual displacement of the laminations caused by tighten¬ ing of the bolts causes irregularities in the air gaps resulting in the motor being unable to reach its starting torque under load. This problem is particularly serious in the case of small hermetic motor compressors for re¬ frigerators, particularly considering the fact that test¬ ing of the motor is carried out only on the finished com¬ pressor, that is when the compressor motor is enclosed in its hermetic casing. In this case, rejection of the com¬ pressor due to defects in its motor involves a cost cor¬ responding to that of the finished product. Currently, in order to avoid displacement of the lamina¬ tions during tightening of the bolts, in small electric motors, before the construction of the windings, the sta- tor stack is impregnated with a thermosetting resin whose hardening results in a monolithic stack in which the la¬ minations can no longer be displaced by the tightening torque. Methods of this type are known, inter alia, from the documents US-A-3 ,356 ,360 and US-A-3 „573 , 129. Impregnation is a fairly expensive operation both in ca¬ pital expenditure and in time: from the latter point of view, it constitutes a lengthy additional step in the ma¬ nufacture of an electrical machine. According to another method, known from the document FR- A-l,452 r 093 r a stator stack of laminations is fitted a- round an expandable collet of the "tulip"-type. After the collet has been expanded in the bore of the stack, the latter is submitted to axial compression. While the stack is compressed the laminations are welded together on the periphery of the stack to obtain a monolithic stack. The document FR-A-2 ,093 , 227 discloses a method similar to that of FR-A-1,452 ,093. According to FR-A-2 , 093 , 227 use is made of a non-expandable mandrel and the laminations of the stack under axial compression, with the mandrel fitted in the bore of the stack, are welded along welding lines adjacent to the bolt holes. The methods according to FR-A-1 , 452 , 093 and FR-A- 2,093,227 have the drawback of requiring welding opera¬ tions which constitute a lengthy additional step in the manufacture of an electrical machine. The main object of the present invention is to provide a method which enables a small electrical machine to be produced with a very small, regular air gap between the stator and the rotor without the need to impregnate or weld the core stack. According to the present invention, this object is achie¬ ved by means of a method as defined in the characterising part of claim 1. Thanks to this solution the following takes place: before tightening of the bolts, the stack, which has already been centered around the shaft with the maximum possible precision by a centering device such as the dou¬ ble collet of the document IT-A-996 , 643 , is put into sub¬ stantially the same final condition of compression as that in which the bolts will hold the stack after they have been tightened; since the bolts are tightened on to the compressed stack, the mutual friction between laminations, due to compression by the thrust members, prevents them from sliding relative to each other. From the documents US-A-3 , 356 , 360 and US-A-3 , 573 , 129 , compression of an unwound stack, by means of a tool, with a view to impregnating it with a ther osetting resin is known but this is to achieve a different Object from that of the present invention. Indeed, according to these do¬ cuments, the object of the precompression is to reduce the quantity of resin necessary to impregnate the pack. After hardening of the resin, the precompression caused by the tool is released. In other words, this precompres¬ sion is not used to put the stack of an already-wound stator into the condition in which it will be after tigh¬ tening of the bolts. The document US-A-4 , 290 , 291 discloses an apparatus in which a stack of laminations of an already-wound stator is submitted to axial compressive forces between pads that simulate mounting pads in a compressor. The compres¬ sive forces simulate and closely approximate the compres¬ sive forces that ultimately will be applied to the bolt hole regions under the heads of mounting bolts in a com¬ pressor. Various eccentricities and dimensional varia¬ tions between the bore and bolt holes are transferred to the bore. While the stack is held with the preselected compressive force, the bore is shaped with a roller bur¬ nisher so that it will be concentric relative to the bolt holes. This method does not solve the problem of the invention. After the burnishing step, which represents an additional cost, the compressive forces are released and the stator is no longer in the condition in which it will be after tightening of the bolts. Thus, also in this case the tightening of the bolts gives rise to the same drawbacks mentioned in connection with the prior art of IT-A- 996,643, that is the loss of accurate centering obtained by the burnishing. The invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method and to a small electrical machine and a unit including such a machine, produced by the method. By the term unit is meant particularly, but not exclusi¬ vely, a motor-compressor for refrigerant fluids in which the support for the stator is constituted by the body or crankcase of the refrigerant-fluid compressor. The invention will be understood more clearly from a rea¬ ding of the detailed description which follows, with re¬ ference to the attached drawings which show, by way of non-limiting example, the device and the method according to the invention in their application to the assembly of a motor-compressor unit for refrigerant fluids. In the drawings: Figure 1 is a perspective view of a motor-compressor unit arranged for the stator stack of its electric motor to be centered and clamped in a device according to the invention, in which the principal' parts of the device de¬ signed to cooperate with the unit to carry out the method according to the invention are also shown in the posi¬ tions in which they are situated before the method is carried out. Figure 2 is a partially-sectioned elevational view showing diagrammatically the motor-compressor unit and the parts of the device in the same positions as in Figu¬ re 1 , Figure 2 is a view similar to that of Figure 2 show¬ ing the motor-compressor unit and the parts of the device in a position corresponding to a preparatory step of the method, - Figure 4 is a view similar to that of Figures 2 and 3 showing the motor-compressor unit and the parts of the device in a first step of the method, - Figure 5 is a plan view seen as indicated by the ar¬ row V of Figure 4 showing the motor-compressor unit and certain parts of the device in the same conditions as in Figure 4, on an enlarged scale, - Figures 6 and 7 are elevational views similar to the above which show the motor-compressor unit and the parts, of the device in two subsequent steps of the method, and - Figure 8 is a section taken in the plane indicated by the line VIII-VIII of Figure 7 on an enlarged scale, sho¬ wing the unit and parts of the device in the same condi¬ tions as in Figure 7. Particular reference will be made to Figure 1 to describe the motor-compressor unit, generally indicated 10, which is submitted to the method according to the invention and the principal members of the device for carrying out the method. The various parts of the unit and of the device also appear in the other drawings which may be referred to, and in which they are indicated by the same reference numerals. The motor-compressor unit 10 includes a body or crankcase 12 consisting of an iron or light alloy casting. The body 12 acts as a head support for the stator, generally indi¬ cated 14, of an electric motor. The stator 14 comprises a stack of core laminations 16 with its windings 18. The body 12 also supports a rotary shaft 20 which consti¬ tutes both the shaft of the electric motor and the crank¬ shaft of the compressor, of which the casing 12 also f orms a part . One end face of the stack 16 rests on ground, coplanar peripheral surfaces 22 of the body 12. These surfaces 22, for the reason which will be explained below, project re¬ lative to the periphery of the stack 16. Bolts 24 extend through the stack 16 in correspondence with the coplanar surfaces 22. The axes of the bolts 24 are normal to the plane defined by the surfaces 22. The bolts 24 are screwed into corresponding threaded hol¬ es in the body 12. Their function is to clamp the lamina¬ tions of the stack 16 together and to fix the stack 16 firmly to the body 12. A further function of the bolts 24 is to fix respective annular caps 26 to the stack. The stacks 26 are designed to receive helical springs for su¬ spension of the unit 10 (upside-down relative to the po¬ sition shown in Figure 1) in the hermetic casing of a compressor. The main components of the device according to the inven¬ tion will now be described in its use with a motor-com¬ pressor unit such as that indicated 10. The device includes a lower assembly consisting essen¬ tially of means for supporting the body 12 in the arran¬ gement illustrated in Figures 1 to 4,6 and 7, in which the coplanar surfaces 22 are substantially horizontal and facing upwards. In the embodiment shown, the support means comprise three columns 28 which are movable verti¬ cally upwards and downwards, as will be better explained below. At its upper end, each column 28 carries a respec¬ tive shaped support 30 on which the body 12 rests. At the lower end of each column 28 there is a respective thrust member (not shown) for driving the vertical upward and downward movement of the respective column and for exerting an upward reaction force on the body 12 through the respective column 28 and its support 30. More will be said about this -force below. For now, it will suffice to say that the thrust members are independent of each other both with regard to their travel in operation and to the generation of the force exerted. The thrust members preferably consist of linear fluid ac¬ tuators, but wedges movable transversely to the direction of movement of the columns 28 and their supports 30 could be used instead. The device according to the invention also includes an upper assembly the principal parts of which will now be described. The upper assembly comprises a central column 32, movable vertically upwards and downwards, which supports beneath it a double collet 34 of the "tulip s -type, described and shown in detail in the document IT-A-996,643 to which the reader is referred. Some details of the double collet 34 are shown in Figure 6 to which reference will be made briefly. The double collet comprises an inner collet 36 and an outer collet 38. The inner collet 36 is radially contrac- tible and arranged to grip and centre the shaft 20. The outer collet 38, on the other hand, is radially expansi¬ ble and designed to engage the surface of the bore in the stack 16 and to centre the stack relative to the shaft 20. Contraction of the inner collet 36 is caused by means of a conical bush 40 and expansion of the outer collet 38 is caused by means of a conical bush 42. The two bushes 40 and 42 are carried by the lower ends of respective tubular, concentric shafts which are slidable within the column 32 and are driven by respective linear fluid actuators, not shown. Another actuator, not shown, causes the column 43 and the double collet 34 to descend and rise. The upper assembly also includes pneumatic screwdrivers 44 for screwing the respective bolts 24. Each screwdriver essentially comprises a rotary shaft 46, movable verti¬ cally along its axis and carrying a screwing head or soc¬ ket wrench 48 at its lower end. The upper ends of the shafts 44 are associated with respective pneumatic motors or the like. The screwing heads 48 are arranged to engage the hexagonal heads of the bolts 24 within the caps 26. The upper assembly also includes a pressure plate 50 which is movable vertically upwards and downwards inde¬ pendently of the shafts 46 and has holes for the passage of these shafts. Sleeve-shaped thrust members 53 are as¬ sociated with the plate 50. The sleeves 52 are slidable in the plate 50 in the direction of its movement and re¬ act against the plate itself, with the interposition of disc compression springs 53, preferably of the Bauer ty¬ pe. The sleeves 52 have respective lower radial faces 54 which, as will be better explained below, are arranged to engage the upper lamination of the stack 16 in the region immediately surrounding the caps 26. In the embodiment shown, the sleeves have a lateral notch 55 so as not to interfere with the head of the winding 18 during the com- pression of the stack 16 which will be described below. A fluid actuator is associated with the pressure plate 50 and is arranged to cause both vertical travel of the sleeves 52, independently of the travel of the screwdriv¬ ers 44, and to exert a clamping force, of which more will be said below, on the stack 16 by means of the springs 53 and the radial faces 54 of the sleeves 52. The device according to the invention also includes a pair of opposite lateral slides 56 which are movable ho¬ rizontally towards the unit 10 carried by the support means 28, and in the opposite direction. Each of the sli¬ des 56 carries a pair of fingers 58 in' the form of rock¬ ers, each arranged to pivot slightly in a vertical plane. Each finger 58 has a downwardly-facing shoulder surface 60 against which one of the coplanar surfaces 22 of the body 12 is intended to abut for the purpose which will be explained below. For now, it will suffice to say that each finger 58 can pivot between a rest position, in which it is slightly lowered as in Figures 2 and 3, and a slightly raised position, as in Figures 4,6 and 7. This raised position is determined by adjustment screws 62 in such a way that the shoulder surfaces 58 define a refe¬ rence plane P which is strictly perpendicular to the ver¬ tical axes of the components of the upper unit of the de¬ vice and, in particular, to the vertical axes of the sleeves 52. Reference will now be made to Figure 2 and to subsequent Figures to describe the operation of the device and the method carried out thereby. The device preferably consists of a work station incorpo¬ rated in a assembly line in which units such as 10 are transported in a direction normal to the plane of the drawing of Figure 2. When a unit 10 arrives at the station, it is placed, in a manner not shown, on the supports which, together with their columns 28, are in a lowered position. In this preliminary step of Figure 2, the whole of the upper assembly is raised and the slides 56 are moved a- part and away from the unit 10. It should be mentioned that, in the unit 10 which arrives at the station, the bolts 24 are screwed into the body 12 but not tightened so that the laminations of the stack 16 are loose. In a subsequent step of the method, the slides 56 are mo¬ ved closer, together, in the direction of the arrows A of Figure 3, so that the shoulder surfaces 50 of the fingers 58 overlap the coplanar surfaces 22 of the frame 12. In a further subsequent step illustrated in Figure 4, the three columns 28 are moved upwardly in the direction of the arrow B until the coplanar surfaces 22 abut the shoulder surfaces 60. In this way, the fingers 58 effect their small angular upward movement until the point at which the shoulder surfaces 60, and hence the coplanar surfaces, are brought with maximum precision into the plane P which, from this point onwards, constitutes a re¬ ference plane for the whole of the rest of the operation. The situation of Figure 4 is clarified by the plan view of Figure 5. In the next step of the method illustrated in Figure 6, the whole of the double collet 34 is moved downwardly in the direction of the arrow C until it is interposed be¬ tween the shaft 29 and the surface of the bore in stack 16. The inner collet 36 is next contracted around the shaft 20 and then the outer collet 38 is expanded against the inner edges of the laminations which define the sur¬ face of the bore in the stack 16. In this operation, all the laminations of the stack 16 are centered as exactly as possible about the shaft 20 by virtue of the fact that the laminations, being loose, can slide on each other. In the next step, illustrated in Figure 7, the pressure plate 50 is moved downwardly in the direction of the ar¬ row D until the radial faces 54 of the sleeves 52 abut the upper lamination of "the stack 16 around the caps 26- The faces 54, because of the actuator associates with the pressure plate 50, exert a clamping force normal to the reference plane P between these surfaces and the coplanar surfaces 22 of the body 12. This clamping force is equal to or at least substantially equal to that predetermined for subsequent tightening of the bolts 24. By virtue of the springs 53, both the travel in operation and the clamping force exerted by each sleeve 52 are independent of those of the other sleeves 52. The reaction force exerted by the thrust members associa¬ ted with the lower columns 28 is such as to ensure that the coplanar surfaces 22 remain firmly applied against the shoulder faces 60 of the fingers 58, that is that they remain in the reference plane P. The plan view of Figure 8 shows, inter alia, circular sector-shaped dotted areas 54a where the radial faces 54 exert pressure on the upper lamination of the stack 16. As will be seen, there are two areas 54a in the neigh¬ bourhood of each bolt 24, located substantially symmetri¬ cally about the axis of the bolt 24 so that the resultant of the forces exerted thereby is substantially on the axis of the bolt itself. Whilst the stack 16 is clamped by the thrust members constituted by the sleeves 52, the screwdrivers 44 are lowered (arrow E) and their screwing heads 48 engage the heads of the bolts 24. Finally, the shafts 46 of the screwdrivers 44 are rotated (arrow F) , fully tightening the bolts 12 with a torque such as to exert the predetermined clamping force on the pack by means of the bolts themselves. The method of assembling the stator 14 on its end support constituted ' by the body 12 of the compressor is thus com¬ pleted and the various components of the device are re¬ turned to the positions of Figure 2. The bolted unit 10 is then moved away on the conveyor line and sent on to a station for fitting the rotor into the stator cavity.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. A method for assembling a stator (14) formed by a stack of core laminations (16) and its windings (18) on to a respective head support (12) of a small rotary elec¬ trical machine in a position concentric with a rotary shaft (20) mounted in the support (12), in which the pe¬ riphery of one end face of the stack (16) of laminations rests on peripheral coplanar surfaces (22) of the support (12) which define a reference plane (P) , a centering de¬ vice (34) is interposed between the shaft (20) and the stack (16), and the stack and the support are held toge¬ ther by means of peripheral bolts (24) inserted in re¬ gions corresponding with the coplanar surfaces (22) of the support (12), perpendicular to these surfaces, and are screwed into the support, characterised in that befo¬ re the bolts (24) are tightened, the stack (16) is clamp¬ ed between the coplanar surfaces (22) on one side and thrust members (52) on the other side, said thrust mem¬ bers (52) being applied to the other end face of the stack (16) in regions also corresponding with the regions of insertion of the bolts (24), with clamping forces nor¬ mal to the reference plane (P) and at least substantially equal to those predetermined for the tightening of the bolts (24), the bolts (24) are then tightened with the predetermined tightening force and the clamping force ap¬ plied by the thrust members (52) is then released. 2. A method according to claim 1, characterised in that before the stack (16) is clamped by means of the thrust members (52) , the regions of the coplanar surfaces (22) of the support (12) which project from the periphery of the stack (16) are applied against shoulder surfaces (60), which are also coplanar, by irreversible forces re¬ acting in the direction opposite to the force which will be exerted by the thrust member (52) , and in that forces are exerted by the thrust members (52) normal to the pla¬ ne defined by the shoulder surfaces (22) . 3. A method according to claim 2, characterised in that the reaction forces are exerted by means of thrust mem¬ bers which are independent of each other with respect both to their travel in operation and to the generation of the force exerted. 4. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, characteri¬ sed in that thrust members (52) are used which are inde¬ pendent of each other with respect both to their travel in operation and to the generation of the clamping force exerted. 5. A method according to claim 1 or claim 4, characteri¬ sed in that pressures exerted by the thrust members (52) are distributed in correspondence with each bolt (24) in two areas (54a) which are symmetrical about the axis of the bolt (24) . 6. A device for assembling a stator, formed by a stack of core laminations (16) and its windings (18) , on to a respective head support (12) of a small rotary electrical machine, in a position concentric with a rotary shaft (20) mounted in the support (12) , in which the periphery of one end face of the stack (16) rests on the peripheral coplanar surfaces (22) of the support (12) which define a reference plane (P), and the stack (16) is traversed by peripheral bolts (24) situated in correspondence with the coplanar surfaces (22), perpendicular to these surfaces and which are screwed into the support, the device inclu¬ ding means for supporting the support, a centering device (34) which can be interposed between the shaft (20) and the stack (16) and means (44) for tightening the bolts, characterised in that it also includes thrust members (52) for clamping the stack (16) between the thrust mem¬ bers and the coplanar surfaces (22), before the bolts (24) are tightened and while the centering device (34) keeps the stack centered relative to the shaft (20), with clamping forces normal to the reference plane (P) and at least substantially equal to those predetermined for the tightening of the bolts (24). 7. A device according to claim 6, characterised in that it also includes coplanar shoulder surfaces (60) against which regions of the coplanar surfaces (22) projecting relative to the periphery of the stack (16) can be appli¬ ed before the stack is clamped by the thrust members (52), and the support means (30) for the support (12) are movable towards the shoulder surfaces (60) to apply the projecting regions of the coplanar surfaces (20) against the shoulder surfaces (60) with irreversible forces reac¬ ting in the direction opposite to the force which will be exerted by the thrust members (52), and in that the thrust members (52) are arranged so as to exert forces on the stack (16) normal to a plane defined by the shoulder surfaces (60) . 8. A device according to claim 7, characterised in that the shoulder surfaces (60) are each formed by a respecti¬ ve pivoting finger (58) with which is associated a res¬ pective adjustable stop (62) for defining a stop position for the pivoting fingers (58) in which the shoulder sur¬ faces (60) engaged by the respective projecting regions of the coplanar surfaces (22) are situated in the refe¬ rence plane (P) . 9. A device according to claim 7, characterised in that the support means consist of several supports (30) mova¬ ble independently of each other, each of which is asso¬ ciated with a respective thrust member arranged to gene¬ rate a reaction force independent of that of the other thrust members. 10. A device according to claim 9, characterised in that the thrust members are linear fluid actuators. 11. A device according to claim 9, characterised in that • the thrust members consist of wedges movable transversely to the direction of movement of the supports (30) and co¬ operating with the supports to cause the movement of the latter and generate their reaction forces. 12. A device according to claim 6, characterised in that the means for tightening the bolts are constituted, in known manner, by screwdrivers (44) which comprise an a- xially movable rotary shaft (46) with a terminal screwing head (48) , in that the thrust members consist of sleeves (52) each of which surrounds a screwing head (48) , has a flat radial end face (54) for engagement with the stack (16) in the neighbourhood of . the axis of a respective bolt (24) , and is carried slidably along the axis of the respective screwdriver (44) by the pressure plate (50) and reacts against this plate (50) with the interposition of a compression spring (53) , and in that the pressure plate (50) is movable along the shafts (46) of the screw¬ drivers (44) and independently of these and is associated with a fluid actuator for moving the pressure plate (50) and its sleeves (52) towards the stack (16) and for exer¬ ting the clamping force by means of the radial faces (54) of the sleeves (52) through the compression springs (53) . 13. A device according to claim 12, characterised in that each radial face (54) is such as to engage the stack (16) in two areas (54a) which are substantially symmetrical a- bout the axis of the respective bolt (24). 14. A small electrical machine or unit including such a machine, in which a stator stack of core laminations (16) is mounted on a head support (12) in which the rotary shaft (20) of the motor is rotatably mounted, characteri¬ sed in that the stack (16) and the shaft (20) are center¬ ed with respect to each other by the method according to any of the claims 1 to 5. 15. A motor compressor unit for refrigerant fluids com¬ prising an electric motor and a compressor, in which a stator stack of core laminations (16) of the motor is mounted on the body (12) of the compressor, which acts as a head support for the stator of the motor and in which is rotatably mounted the rotary shaft (20) common to t.he motor and to the compressor, characterised in that the stack (16) and the shaft (20) are centered with respect to each other by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

Inventors: LANFRANCO ANTONELLO, LANFRANCO, ANTONELLO
Applicants: ASPERA SRL, ASPERA S.R.L.
Application year: 1988
Main classification: H02K15
IPC codes: H02K15