Extrusion apparatus

Abstract: A triple-wall foam coextrusion apparatus in which inner and outer layers of one synthetic resin material are coextruded with an intermediate layer of another synthetic resin material, and wherein the passages (20,30) for the first material are inclined to the axis 0′ along which the second material is extuded around a spider (5) to ensure uniform flow.

Description: The present invention relates to extrusion apparatus and, more particularly to an extrusion head which is capable of extruding tubular elements in which a relatively thick intermediate layer is sandwiched between inner and outer layers of the same material, at least the intermediate layer being composed of a synthetic resin foam. Multilayer extrusion heads have been previously proposed in which two or more layers or walls are extruded in a structure by passing the flow of one synthetic resin material through one passage and causing another synthetic resin material to flow codirectionally with the first flow, around the latter so as to meet it at a point in which the flows join to provide a multilayer structure. One such device is illustrated and described in US Patent 4,364,882. In that device, the flow from an extruder is passed axially and split into two generally annular streams which continue along separate paths until they meet a codirectionally moving stream from a second extruder which is forced into an annular passage between the first two streams. When the streams meet, they form a triple-wall coextrusion which can be condensed in thickness, if desired, to emerge from the extrusion head as a tubular structure having inner and outer layers which derive from the synthetic resin material of the first extruder, and an intermediate layer sandwiched and bonded to the outer and inner layers, which derives from the second extruder. Problems are encountered with such systems in part because the passage communicating with the intermediate annular passage is at right angles to the latter and to the axis of the extrusion head. When the right-angle flow from a radial passage, for example into an annular passage is effected, the flow distribution tends to be irregular and such irregularities can result in a defect in the operation and in the product made. Furthermore an extrusion apparatus for producing a three-layers pipe with a foamed core (EP 0 236 645 A1, figure 3) is known, in which the foamed material is fed through a central feed channel, which communicates with an inner cylindrical channel through an inclined channel-part positioned on one side of the extrusion head. Inner and outer cylindrical channels including the intermediate cylindrical channel for the foamed material are connected to a radial feeding channel upstream the intermediate channel and axially offset and diametrically opposite to the inclined channel-part of the feed-channel for the foamed material. In this construction of the extrusion head all parts of the head are supported at the upstream side of the head. Especially there are no webs necessary, supporting a spider as commonly used in multilayer extrusion heads for pipes, for example US-A-42 08 175. One mayor disadvantage of the known extrusion apparatus is that the foamed material is not symmetrically fed to the head. Such a unsymmetrical feeding may result in a non-uniform core. A further disadvantage is that because of the radially feeding channels for the inner and outer layer the flow of material is not uniform in the regions where the material is deviated by a sharp angle of 90 degrees. It is an object of the invention, therefore, to provide an improved triple-wall foam extrusion apparatus which allows the production of defect-free tubes with greater regularity over longer periods and with high efficiency. Furthermore the apparatus should be easy to assemble and maintain. The extrusion apparatus according to the invention comprises an extrusion body centered on a horizontal axis and formed with an elongate central passage communicating at an upstream end with a source of foamable synthetic resin, an elongate central member coaxially disposed in said central passage and extending the length thereof for diverting a flow of said foamable synthetic resin, said central member adapted to form with said central passage an intermediate wall of a triple wall coextrusion, said central member having an upstream end forming with said central passage a first diverging conical intermediate wall passage widening in a downstream direction for enabling a flow of said foamable synthetic resin to expand and decompress, said first intermediate wall passage communicating with a second intermediate wall passage immediately downstream thereof and divided axially into a plurality of arc segments by a plurality of webs of a spider disposed in said central passage for supporting said central member, said second intermediate wall passage flanking said spider at upstream and downstream sides thereof with respective upstream and downstream annular portions formed between said central member and said central passage, said second intermediate wall passage communicating with a third converging conical intermediate wall passage immediately downstream thereof formed between said central member and said central passage and narrowing in a downstream direction for compressing a flow of said foamable synthetic resin, said third intermediate wall passage communicating with a fourth converging conical intermediate wall passage immediately downstream thereof formed between said central member and said central passage and narrowing in a downstream direction for further compressing a flow of said foamable synthetic resin to obtain a first compression ratio between said second intermediate wall passage and said fourth intermediate wall passage, said fourth intermediate wall passage communicating with a fifth cylindrical intermediate wall passage formed between a downstream end of said central member and said central passage and defining a first land portion for proper plasticizing, stabilizing and controlling of back pressure of a flow of said foamable synthetic resin, a cylindrical inner wall channel formed in said central member and defining a second land coaxial with said first land, said inner wall channel communicating with a first feed channel passing through one of said webs of said spider and inclined at least in part at an acute angle to said axis and connected at an upstream end to a second source of synthetic resin for supplying a flow of said synthetic resin adapted to form an inner wall of said coextrusion to said second land; a cylindrical outer wall channel formed in said head outwardly of said intermediate wall passage and defining a third land coaxial with said first and second lands, said outer wall channel communicating with a second feed channel inclined at least in part at said acute angle to said axis and connected at an upstream end to said second source of supplying a flow of said synthetic resin adapted to form an outer wall of said coextrusion to said third land, and a pipe die positioned at the exit of the intermediate wall passge and the inner and outer wall channels. The foam PVC material forming the middle layer of the triple wall pipe undergoes an expansion which is much greater than that of the inner and outer layers of the pipe and requires 50% to 75% of the pipe material. In order to insure the proper expansion and bonding of the foam layer with the inner and outer layers, the extrusion head must be formed with restricted flow passages and precision angles for the proper flow and compression of the PVC foam, whereby the PVC foam after leaving the plasticizing extruder and entering the extrusion head in a compressed state is allowed to expand and decompress over a certain length of the flow passage, where the PVC foam is gradually once again compressed over a longer length of the flow passage to the exit, where it enters the die passages flanked by the inner and outer layers and is then expanded to the full pipe diameter. For the elimination or at least nearly complete reduction of negative influences of the webs of a spider it is important that the axially and symmetrically feeded more sensitive foamed material is primarily expanded, then decompressed and reduced in the flowing velocity by the first diverging conical intermediate wall passage. Therefore it reaches the part of the central passage with the webs in a prepared condition so that the dividing of the foamed material is less disadvantageous than under circumstances, where such a decompression and reduction of the flowing speed does not take place. Furtheremore in the following converting part the foamed material is compressed and thereby melted together where it was divided. The result is that in spite of the dividing webs the foamed material has a uniform structure when it reaches the land portion of the extrusion head. The existence of the webs is advantageously used for the provision of a feeding channel for the inner wall channel. Since the webs have an axial extension, it allows an inclined arrangement at an acute angle which is advantageous for uniform flow of the material for the inner layer. Not only the structure of the foamed material is uniform because of the special arrangement with the diverging and converging parts of the central channel, but also the layers have a uniform structure, because downstream of the feeding channels the flow of material is not divided by any insertions in the cylindrical channels. Further advantageous features of the invention are characterized in the subclaims. Extrusion apparatus embodying the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is an axial sectional view through the extrusion body according to the invention; Fig. 2 is a cross sectional view taken along line II-II of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a sectional view taken along line III-III of Fig. 1; and Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken along line IV-IV of Fig. 1. An extrusion head 1 centered on a horizontal axis O is formed with three coaxial flow passages in the downstream die exit area of the head for extruding triple layer pipe in which the intermediate layer is an expanded PVC foam material and the inner and outer layers are rigid PVC material. A central passage 2a is formed in an insert 2 of the head 1 for a PVC foam from a plasticizing extruder not shown. The passage 2a is confronted with the apex 3' of a conical head 3 of a mandrel 4 coaxially disposed in the extrusion head 1 and supported therein by the webs of a spider 5. The conical head 3 divides the flow of PVC foam into a conical passage 2b, which is expanded in the downstream direction by the divergence of the wall 7a of the conical head and the wall 8a of the extrusion head, the wall 7a forming an angle A₂ with the axis O of 25° to 42°, and the wall 8a forming an angle A₁ with the axis O of 32° to 45°, which will allow the PVC foam, which is to form the intermediate layer of the pipe, to expand and decompress. The outer conical wall 8a extends outwardly and rearwardly to blend with an annular wall 8b; having a diameter D₁ of 19.8 cm to 24.1 cm (7.8" to 9.5") which extends for a length L₁ of 0.5 cm to 3.8 cm (.2" to 1.5") to the spider 5 and continues on the other side thereof as annular wall 8c having a diameter D₂ of 20.3 cm to 22.9 cm (8" to 9"). The inner conical wall 7a extends from the apex 3' outwardly and rearwardly to blend with an annular wall 7b having a diameter d₁ 15.2 cm to 19 cm (6" to 7.5") which extends for a length of L₂ of 0.5 cm to 3 cm (.2" to 1.2") to the spider 5 and continues on the other side thereof as annular wall 7c having a diameter d₂ of 14 cm to 38.1 cm (5.5" to 7") the inner and outer annular walls 7b, 7c and 8b, 8c forming with the spider an arc segmental passage 2c which can be cylindrical or slightly converging or diverging. The annular spider 5, as best seen in Figs. 2-4 is formed with six webs spaced equally apart to withstand a great deal of pressure and support the spider cone 4 and mandrel 2 securely within the head 1. Five of the webs 9 are identical and are each formed with a leading knife edge 9' having beveled flanks 9a' forming between them an angle A₁₅ of 65° to 75°, and a trailing knife edge 9'' having beveled flanks 9a'' forming between them an angle A₁₆ of 45° to 56°, each web 9 having a thickness T₁ of 2.3 cm to 2.5 cm (.9" to 1") and a flow length L₃ measured along the walls 9a', 9a and 9a'' of 1.5 cm to 3.3 cm (.6" to 1.3"). The sixth web 10 is designed to allow a flow passage 20c for the PVC material forming the inner layer of the pipe to pass through it and as such, has a leading knife edge 10' and a trailing knife edge 10'' having respective beveled flanks 10a' and 10a'' forming between the same angle of A₁₇ 52° to 68°, the web 21 having a thickness T₂ of 2.5 cm to 5 cm (1" to 2") and a flow length L₄ measured along the walls 10a', 10a and 10a'' of 3.3 cm to 4.8 cm (1.3" to 1.9"). All of the spider webs 9 and 10 are designed with the proper leading and trailing edge angles and thicknesses to produce a smooth material separation and gradual bringing together of the foam without causing temperature changes or dragging, which could cause pipe tearing, visible lines or even extra back pressure and material burning. To obtain a superior quality triple wall pipe, each layer of material must have a high but controlled output rate. This is achieved by producing a compression ratio range defined, for instance, by the relationship of the spider outlet cross sectional area and the cross sectional area of the head or die exit 2f, or for the outer pipe layer, the cross sectional area of the annular passage 30c and the cross sectional area of the head exit 30e. The spider outlet area is 129 cm² to 193cm² (20"² to 30"²) which produces a compression ratio of 11:1 to 35:1, which is identical to the compression ratio between the annular chamber 30c and outlet 30e. Downstream of the spider 5, the annular passage 2c becomes a conical passage 2d which narrows in the downstream direction by the convergence of the inner mandrel wall 7d and the outer extrusion head wall 8d, the wall 7d forming an angle A₃ with the axis O of 15° to 26°, and the wall 8d forming an angle A₄ with the axis O of 20° to 32°, this convergence again compressing the foam until the proper compression ratio and foam volume is obtained. Still further downstream, the conical passage 2d becomes a more nearly horizontal conical passage 2e which narrows in the downstream direction by the convergence of the inner mandrel wall 7e and outer extrusion head wall 8e, the wall 7e forming an angle A₅ with the axis O of 1° to 9°, and the wall 8e forming an angle A₆ with the axis O of 17° to 30°, the configuration of the four angles A³, A₄, and A₆ continuously compressing the foam until the proper compresion ratio is obtained, which is reached in the die area where the passages all run horizontal and parallel and define the land length. Again, these angles will prevent turbulence and burning. Downstream of the conical passage 2e, the passage 2f becomes cylindrical and enters what is considered the die area or land length, in which the PVC foam layer runs parallel between the inner and outer layers of the pipe. The land length for the foam material must be a specific length to allow for proper material plasticizing, stabilizing and controlling of back pressure. The proper length is defined as the given cylindrical area corresponding to the die exit diameter. In this case, the land length L₅ of passage 2f is 5.1 cm to 25.4 cm (2" to 10") long. Also, in conjunction with the calculated length, the location of the land length is such that its exit point is in proper alignment with the respective exit points of the inner and outer layers. The PVC material which is to form the rigid inner and outer layers of the pipe is plasticized in a suitable extruder (not shown) and passed through an inlet 11 into a Y-block 12 centered on an axis O' inclined to the axis O to feed in the downstream direction at an angle A₇ of 55° to 75°. A wedge 13 formed in the Y-block divides the incoming flow into two passages 20a and 30a, each forming an angle A₈ with the axis O' of 20° to 30°, which allows no disturbance in the flow, yet allowing the Y-block 12 to be formed in one piece. Each passage 20a and 30a is joined by a respective insert 14 and 15, having a respective passage 20b and 30b, to the body of the extrusion head 1, each insert being designed to separetely control the output rate of their respective pipe layers as required. The inserts 14 and 15 also control proper melting conditions and back pressure in the extruder. Downstream of the insert 14, the flow passage 20b, which carries the pipe's inner layer of PVC material, becomes passage 20c which extends through the spider 5 and the web 10 thereof at an angle A₉ of 10° to 18° with the axis O'. The angle A₉ is such that the passage 20c passes directly through the centre of the web 10 from the insert 14 to the next mating part, the spider insert 16. The mating of the parts 1,5 and 16 requires extremely tight tolerances in the angle alignments during the assembly of the extrusion head. The spider insert 16 is designed to allow the proper turning angle conversion from the passage 20c to the central outlet passage 20e without turbulence, burns or back pressure build-up of the PVC material and is formed with an arcuate passage 20d, the central passage 20e maintaining the proper compression and residence time of the material. In order to do this, the flow area of the passage 20e must be 3.2 cm² to 7.7 cm² (.5"² to 1.2"²) and have a land length L₆ of 30.5 cm to 50.8 cm (12" to 20"). The passage 20e is also designed so that the exit point is in alignment with the other flow passage's exit points. Downstream of the insert 15, the flow passage 30b, which carries the pipe's outer layer of PVC material, becomes annular chamber 30c formed in extrusion head 1 and centered on axis O and having a back wall 17 inclined to a perpendicular to the axis O at an angle A₁₀ of 19° to 27°. The annular chamber 30c acts to distribute the flow of PVC material from the tubular passage 30b into an annular flow. Downstream of the annular chamber 30c, the passage 30d becomes conical and narrows in the downstream direction by the convergence of the inner wall 18 and the outer wall 19a, the wall 18 forming an angle A₁₁ with the axis O of 15° to 26°, and the outer wall 19a forming an angle A₁₂ with the axis O of 20° to 35°, this decrease in volume of the passage 30d acting to distribute the output rate evenly throughout the chamber and passage as the material leaves the extrusion head. However, to further even out PVC flow in the land area and provide the proper distribution and residence time, the outer wall along an upper portion 19b and 19c of the passage 30d bends through two more angles, namely angle A₁₃ of wall portion 19b at 17° to 30° to the axis O, and angle A₁₄ of wall portion 19c at 5° to 16° to the axis O, leaving the upper wall portion of passage 30e with a land length L₇ of 2.54 cm to 12.7 cm (1" to 5") while the lower wall portion 19a continues to the passage 30e at which a land length L₈ of 6.35 cm to 17.8 cm (2.5" to 7") is formed. At the exit point of the passages, all three PVC layers bond together entering the pipe die which has not been illustrated. Each layer has a specified percent of material thickness at this point. The outer layer has 15% to 20%, the inner layer has 18% to 30%, and the intermediate layer has 50% to 75% of the required pipe material. These wall thicknesses are controlled separately by the inserts 2, 14 and 15, which compress and control the flow as needed for each layer in the die or land area. All of the flow passages in this area run parallel to each other stabilizing the material at their proper percentage of thickness.

Claims: Extrusion apparatus comprising: an extrusion body centred on a horizontal axis (O) and formed with an elongate central passage (2) communicating at an upstream end with a source of foamable synthetic resin, an elongate central member (4) coaxially disposed in said central passage (2) and extending the length thereof for diverting a flow of said foamable synthetic resin, said central member (4) adapted to form with said central passage (2) an intermediate wall of a triple wall coextrusion, said central member (4) having an upstream end (3) forming with said central passage (2) a first diverging conical intermediate wall passage (2b) widening in a downstream direction for enabling a flow of said foamable synthetic resin to expand and decompress, said first intermediate wall passage (2b) communicating with a second intermediate wall passage (2c) immediately downstream thereof and divided axially into a plurality of arc segments by a plurality of webs (9, 10) of a spider (5) disposed in said central passage (2) for supporting said central member (4), said second intermediate wall passage (2c) flanking said spider (5) at upstream and downstream sides thereof with respective upstream and downstream annular portions formed between said central member (4) and said central passage (2), said second intermediate wall passage (2c) communicating with a third converging conical intermediate wall passage (2d) immediately downstream thereof formed between said central member (4) and said central passage (2) and narrowing in a downstream direction for compressing a flow of said foamable synthetic resin, said third intermediate wall passage (2d) communicating with a fourth converging conical intermediate wall passage (2e) immediately downstream thereof formed between said central member (4) and said central passage (2) and narrowing in a downstream direction for further compressing a flow of said foamable synthetic resin to obtain a first compression ratio between said second intermediate wall passage (2c) and said fourth intermediate wall passage (2e), said fourth intermediate wall passage (2e) communicating with a fifth cylindrical intermediate wall passage (2f) formed between a downstream end of said central member (4) and said central passage (2) and defining a first land portion for proper plasticizing, stabilizing and controlling of back pressure of a flow of said foamable synthetic resin, a cylindrical inner wall channel (20e) formed in said central member (4) and defining a second land coaxial with said first land, said inner wall channel (20e) communicating with a first feed channel (20a, 20b, 20c) passing through one (10) of said webs (9, 10) of said spider (5) and inclined at least in part at an acute angle (A7) to said axis (O) and connected at an upstream end to a second source of synthetic resin for supplying a flow of said synthetic resin adapted to form an inner wall of said coextrusion to said second land, a cylindrical outer wall channel (30e) formed in said head outwardly of said intermediate wall passage (2f) and defining a third land coaxial with said first and second lands, said outer wall channel (30e) communicating with a second feed channel (30a, 30b) inclined at least in part at said acute angle (A7) to said axis (O) and connected at an upstream end to said second source of supplying a flow of said synthetic resin adapted to form an outer wall of said coextrusion to said third land, and a pipe die positioned at the exit of the intermediate wall passage (2f) and the inner and outer wall channels (20e, 30e). Apparatus defined in Claim 1, wherein said first and second feed channels (20a, 20b, 20c, 30a, 30b) are formed in a feed fitting (12) provided on said body (1) and centered on a second axis (O1) inclined at said acute angle (A7) to said first mentioned axis (O), said first second feed channels (20a. 20b. 20c, 30a, 30b) being connected to said second source by a Y-shaped convergence of said first and second feed channels (20a, 20b, 20c, 30a, 30b) formed in said feed fitting (12) and centered on said second axis (O1). Apparatus according to Claim 1 or to Claim 2, wherein said acute angle (A7) is in the range of from 55° to 75°. Apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein a portion (20c) of said first feed channel (20a, 20b, 20c) forms an angle (A9) with said second axis of from 10° to 18°, whereby said portion (20c) of said first feed channel passes through said spider (5) at a centre of one (10) of said webs (10) upstream of said inner wall channel (2), whereby said second land thereof has a length (L6) in the range of from 30.5 cm to 50.8 cm. Apparatus according to Claim 2 or to Claim 4, wherein said second feed channel (30a, 30b) communicates with said outer wall channel (30d, 30e) at a coaxial annular chamber (30c) forming a part thereof and having a back wall (17) forming an angle (A10) with a perpendicular to said first axis (O) in the range of 19° to 27°, said annular chamber (30c) communicating with a converging conical portion of said outer wall channel (30d) immediately downstream thereof and formed between an inner conical surface (18) at an angle (A11) with said first axis (O) in the range of 15° to 26° and an outer conical wall (19a) at an angle (A12) with said first axyis (O) in the range of 20° to 35°, whereby said converging conical portion (30a) narrows in a downstream direction establishing a second compression ratio between said chamber (30c) and said land in the range of 11:1 to 35:1 and at least a circumferential portion of said third land has a length in the range of from 6.35 cm to 17.8 cm (2.5" to 7"). Apparatus according to any one of Claims 2 to 5, wherein said Y-shaped convergence includes an angle in the range of 40° to 60°. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said upstream end of said central member (4) has a first diverging conical surface (7a) forming an angle with said axis (O) in the range of 25° to 42° and forming with a second diverging conical surface (9a) of said central passage (2) having an angle (A1) with the axis (O) in the range of 32° to 45° said first diverging conical intermediate wall passage 2a. Apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein said upstream annular portion of said second intermediate wall passage (2c) is formed between a third annular upstream surface (7b) of said central member (4) having a diameter (d1) in the range of from 15.2 cm to 19 cm (6" to 7.5.") and an axial length (L2) in the range of from 0.5 cm to 3 cm (0.2" to 1.2") and a fourth annular upstream surface (8b) of said central passage (2) having a diameter (D1) in the range of from 19.8 cm to 24.1 cm (7.8" to 9.5") and an axial length (L1) in the range of from 0.5 cm to 3.8 cm (0.2" to 1.5"), and said downstream annular portion of said second intermediate wall passage (2c) is formed between a fifth annular downstream surface (7c) of said central member (4) having a diameter (d2) in the range of from 14.2 cm to 17.8 cm (5.5" to 7") and a sixth annular downstream surface (8c) of said central passage (2) having a diameter (D2) in the range of from 20.3 cm to 22.9 cm (8" to 9") in the diameters (d1, d2) of said third and fifth upstream and downstream surfaces (7b, 7c) respectively of said central member (4) being preferably the same and the diameters (D1, D2) of said fourth and sixth upstream and downstream surfaces (8b, 8c) respectively of said central passage (2a) being preferably the same and having a cross sectional area in the range of from 129 cm² to 193 cm² (20"² to 30"²). Apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein said third converging conical intermediate wall passage (2d) is formed between a seventh converging conical surface (7d) of said central member (4) forming an angle (A3) with said axis (O) in the range of 15° to 26°, and an eigth converging conical surface (8d) of said central passage (2a) forming an angle (A4) with said axis (O) in the range of 20° to 32°. Apparatus according to any preceding claim wherein said fourth converging conical intermediate wall passage (2e) is formed between a ninth converging conical surface (7e) of said central member (4) forming an angle (A5) with said axis (O) in the range of 1° to 9°, and a tenth converging conical surface (8a) of said central passage (2a) forming an angle (A6) with said axis in the range of 17° to 30°, whereby said first compression ratio is in the range of 11:1 to 35:1 and said first land has a length (L5) in the range of from 5 cm to 25 cm (2" to 10"). Apparatus according to Claim 4, wherein said one (10) of said webs (9, 10) of said spider (5) through which said first feed channel (20c) passes is formed with a leading and trailing knife edge (10' 10'') each formed with respective pairs of beveled flanks (10a', 10a'') forming between them an angle (A17) in the range of 52° to 68°, said one web (10) having a thickness of from 2.5 cm to 5 cm (1" to 2") and a flow length of from 3.3 cm to 22.8 cm (1.3" to 1.9"), remaining webs (9) of said spider (5) each fored with a respective leading knife edge (9') having a pair of beveled flanks (9a') forming an angle (A15) between them in the range of 65° to 75° and respective trailing knife edge (9'') each formed with respective pairs of beveled flanks (9a'') forming an angle (A16) between them in the range of 45° to 56°, said remaining webs (9) each having a thickness of from 2.3 cm to 2.5 cm (0.9" to 1") and a flow length of from 1.5 cm to 3.3 cm (6" to 1.3"). Apparatus defined in Claim 2, wherein downstream of the Y-shaped convergence the said first and second feed channels 20a, 20b, 20c, 30a, 30b include an insert 14, 15 being designated to separately control the output rate of synthetic resin for the inner and outer wall.

Inventors: DA SILVA FLAVIO, EIGRUBER HORST, SHAMET ROBERT F, SPENCE STEVEN E, DA SILVA, FLAVIO, EIGRUBER, HORST, SHAMET, ROBERT F., SPENCE, STEVEN E.
Applicants: AMERICAN MAPLAN CORP, AMERICAN MAPLAN CORP.
Application year: 1988
Main classification: B29C47
IPC codes: B29C47, B29L23, B29K105