IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO NOISE REDUCTION SYSTEMS

Abstract: Active noise reduction systems. In order to overcome problems in an active noise reduction system of sound buffets at low frequency and signal enhancement caused by imperfect transfer functions of a noise cancelling sound generator and a microphone, one or more high pass filters for reducing low frequency signals are provided in a feedback loop between the sound generator and microphone. A low pass filter is provided for extending the bandwidth of the system but which does not introduce unduly large phase shifts.

Description: IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO NOISE REDUCTION SYSTEMS This invention relates to systems for reducing the level of acoustic noise fields within ear-defenders or earphone structures worn by personnel (e.g., pilots, vehicle drivers, military personnel) in high noise environments. Known active noise reduction (ANR) systems for reducing the acoustic noise field in ear-defenders comprise noise pick-up microphones and noise-canceling sound generators (usually known as loudspeakers) mounted within the internal cavities or enclosures of the respective ear-defenders. The noise pick-up microphones produce electrical signal outputs in response to the acoustic noise fields within the cavities and these signal outputs are phase inverted, filtered and amplified in a feedback loop and fed to the noise-canceling sound generators which produce noise- canceling acoustic signals of substantially the same amplitude but of opposite phase to the acoustic noise field waveforms. The design considerations underlying such ANR systems are described in "Some design considerations for earphone active noise reduction systems", Twiney et al., Vol. 2, pp.95-102, Proc. Spring Conference, 1985, York, Institute of Acoustics. Problems arise through inherent imperfections in the pick-up microphones and sound generators, by way of unwanted phase changes producing ' ' signal enhancement or by way of failure to cope with large amplitude signals in certain frequency regions. One problem which occurs is that of large pressure pulses (buffets) which occur inside an ear-defender or earphone structure due to relative movement between the human head and the earphone, or propagate to the earphone from a device that causes a rapid pressure change, e.g. a gun, helicopter, vehicle, explosive device. These pulses are very high in amplitude, and create large signals in the feedback loop as a result of high system loop gain. Due to the inadequacy of the sound generator to produce enough sound output, drive voltages appear at the sound generators which are higher than the maximum input voltage, and may overdrive the sound generator and cause permanent failure. Another problem which arises is that of signal enhancement at certain frequencies within the bandwidth of the feedback loop wherein due to imperfect transfer functions of the noise pickup microphone and sound generator the ANR will, at certain frequencies be feeding in-phase(i.e. positive feedback) signals rather than anti-phase(i.e. negative feedback) signals to the sound generator. A further problem which occurs is that due to the imperfect transfer functions of both the microphone and generator, the total bandwidth for feedback signals having an appropriate phase is limited, being bounded by regions in which positive feedback occurs. It is usual to employ in feedback systems in general a lowpass first order filter operating at a high frequency in order to stabilize the loop. However such first order low pass filters are not appropriate for filtering out sound energy frequencies in ANR systems because of the large phase changes which occur in the cut-off regions which give rise to problems of positive feedback and signal enhancement. IT was previously thought, as appears from the article referred to above, that electronic processing to overcome problems in ANR systems had limited application because of the causal relation between amplitude and phase response of electronic filters. Nevertheless it has now been found as a result of careful investigation into the problems, arising in feedback loops of ANR systems, that electronic processing may be used to advantage. It is an object of the present invention to overcome one or more of the above problems. Accordingly the present invention provides in a first aspect an active noise reduction system comprising :- a noise-canceling sound generator, a microphone acoustically coupled to said generator, a feedback loop connected between the microphone and the generator, the feedback loop including loop stabilisation means for filtering and inverting the phase of the microphone signal and means for amplifying the microphone signal, and the feedback loop further including high pass frequency filter means for filtering out low frequency sound energy from high pressure sound pulses arising from buffets at low frequency. Thus this aspect of the invention is based on the recognition that the major part of sound energy in high pressure pulses is present at low frequencies say below 100 Hz and thus the provision of low frequency filter means in the feedback loop can reduce a major part of the sound energy in the pulses. Such further filter means is conveniently referred to as an anti-buffet filter (ABF). The amount of ABF correction is limited because stability of the feedback loop must be maintained, the total loop gain being kept below unity where the total phase shift may cause constructive interference Said further filter means may be used in conjunction with a voltage limiting means, which prevents the generator from being overdriven by amplification of high pressure sound pulses. Such voltage limiting means may comprise a non-linear amplifier or zener diode arrangement. It is also an object of the present invention to overcome the problem of signal enhancement with a simple and effective mechanism. In a further aspect, the present invention provides an active noise reduction system comprising: - a noise cancelling sound generator, a microphone acoustically coupled to said generator, and a feedback loop connected between said microphone and said generator, wherein said feedback loop comprises: loop stabilisation means for inverting the phase of microphone signals and filtering the microphone signals, and means for amplifying the phase inverted and filtered signals; and, further filter means coupled between the phase inverting means and the amplifying means for increasing loop gain and/or adjusting phase shift by predetermined amounts within one or more predetermined frequency bands. Thus in accordance with the invention, the provision of further filter means increasing gain or adjusting phase shift, preferably both, prevents enhancement of the signal in the feedback loop arising from imperfect transfer functions of the microphone and generator. The further filter means is conveniently termed an anti-enhancement filter (AEF). The amount of AEF correction is limited by the need to maintain stability of the feedback loop (the total loop gain must be kept below unity when the total phase shift may cause constructive interference). This further aspect of the invention is based on our discovery that enhancement problems caused by transducer imperfections arise in a frequency region centred at about 500 Hz where the gain decreases whereas the phase lag in this area increases to about 3π/2. Thus a high pass filter which adjusts the gain in this region whilst providing a phase advance compensating phase shift can significantly reduce the problems of signal enhancement. In a particularly preferred form of the invention, it has been discovered as a result of careful investigation into the operability of ANR systems that the functions of the ABF and AEF , which operate at different frequencies and with different transfer functions can be accomplished by the use of a single high pass filter (ABEF) for attenuating frequencies below a predetermined frequency, the ABEF having appropriate transfer characteristics to prevent phase shifts harmful to loop stability. As mentioned above, it is normal to employ in ANR systems loop stabilisation filters which include low pass filters for reducing the gain at high frequencies to prevent loop instability. It has now been discovered that the problem of low pass filters producing unduly large phase changes at the high end of the feedback loop bandwidth can be avoided and the present invention provides in a further aspect an active noise reduction system comprising:- a noise-cancelling sound generator, a microphone acoustically coupled to said generator, a feedback loop connected between the microphone and the generator, the feedback loop including loop stabilisation means for filtering and inverting the phase of the microphone signal and means for amplifying the microphone signal, and the feedback loop further including low pass frequency filter means for filtering out high frequency sound energy, the gain of the filter in the cut-off region having a step shape, decreasing from a relatively high constant gain region to a relatively low constant gain region in a transitional region where the gain decreases continuously from the high region to the low region. By providing a cut-off filter characteristic having a step function in the cut-off region, the phase change will be kept much smaller than that which would occur with a first order low pass filter and by careful application the ANR bandwidth can be increased whilst signal enhancement kept to acceptable levels. As preferred speech signals are injected at a single point in the feedback loop between the AEF and the amplifying means, in order that the speech signals are substantially uncoloured by the AEF and other filters.lt will be understood that the speech signals are in a frequency range which is for the most part above the frequency range in which the ANR is operative and the speech signals are not therefore reduced. They may however be affected by higher frequency filters in the feedback loop. A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing wherein :- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an active noise reduction system according to the present invention; Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of a preferred anti-buffet (ABF)filter; Figure 3 is a graph of the ABF characteristics; Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a preferred anti-enhancement filter (AEF), and Figure 5 is a graph of the filter characteristics; Figure 6 is a circuit diagram of a low pass filter for defining an upper limit of the feedback loop bandwidth; Figure 7 is a graph of the low pass filter characteristics; Figure 8 is a circuit diagram of an ABEF combining both AEF and ABF characteristics; Figure 9 is a graph of the transfer functions of the ABEF of figure 8. Referring to Figure 1 of the Drawings, the active noise reduction system illustrated comprises a generally cup-shaped circumaural earphone structure 1 arranged to enclose the wearer's ear 2. The rim of the structure 1 is cushioned against the side of the wearer's head 3 by means of a compliant ring cushion 4. The earphone structure 1 embodies a small noise pick-up microphone 5, which detects the noise within the earphone adjacent to the wearer's ear 2 and provides an electrical output dependent upon the detected noise. This output signal from the microphone is passed through an anti-buffet filter 6, a loop stabilisation unit 7,a low-pass filter 8, an anti-enhancement filter 10 and amplifier 12, to a noise cancelling sound generator (loudspeaker) 14 which is mounted on a baffle 16 within structure 1. Loop stabilisation unit 7 includes a phase inverter 72, a loop stabilizing filter 74 for filtering out very high frequencies, and a voltage limiting circuit 76 comprising a zener diode switching arrangement for limiting high amplitude input signals. Filter 6 is placed first in the feedback loop in order to minimise signal values in the loop. The effect of the anti-enhancement filter is to reduce noise effects arising from imperfect transfer functions of microphone 5 and generator 14. A speech signal is injected between anti-enhancement filter 10 and amplifier 12 at an input node 18. The introduction of the speech signal at this point allows the speech signal to be substantially uncoloured by the loop filters. If desired the speech signals may be pre-emphasised by amplification where they may be attenuated by the ANR system. Referring to Figure 2, the ABF 6 comprises an amplifier 20 having a negative feedback loop with a resistor Rl connected to its inverting input, which receives an input signal from a resistive/capacitive network R2, R3, Cl. The non-inverting input of the amplifier is connected through a resistor R4 to ground. The characteristics of ABF 6 are shown in Figure 3, whence it may be seen that the filter has a loss factor of about 8db up to about 100 Hz at which frequency the loss reduces continuously until at about 500Hz the filter exhibits a small gain factor. The phase shift introduced by the filter rises in the transitional region to a maximum at about 200 Hz. This phase shift must be taken into account when considering the overall loop stability. The effect of the ABF 6 on the overall feedback loop transfer function is to attenuate the low frequency end of the function whereby noise in the frequency range up to 200Hz is severely attenuated. The preferred form of AEF is shown in Figure 4 as comprising two cascaded stages 20, 22, each stage comprising an amplifier 24 with a resistor Rl in a negative feedback loop and with the inverting amplifier input being connected to ground via the series combination of a resistor R2 and capacitor Cl. The filter characteristics are shown in Figure 5 with the gain having an step- form, being roughly Odb up to 100 Hz and then rising to lOdb gain at 1 kHz. The phase shift rises in die region in which the gain changes, having a maximum value of 25° at roughly 500 Hz. Because of the precise transfer functions of the microphone and generator, the gain reduces to a minimum value at about 500 Hz whereas the phase shift in this area rises to a maximum of about more than 3π/2. By providing AEF, the transfer functions are modified in this area to reduce phase shift and increase gain, thereby reducing signal enhancement. A circuit diagram of low pass filter 8 is shown in Figure 6 as comprising a transitional second order filter including an amplifier 10 having a non-inverting input connected to a filter input via resistors Rl, R2 and a capacitor Cl coupled between the amplifier input and ground. Two feedback loops are provided from the amplifier output to the non-inverting input: a first loop including a capacitor C2 and a second loop comprising resistors R3, R4, R5 and a capacitor C3 in series with a resistor R9 connected between resistors R4, R5 and ground. A further feedback loop is provided comprising a resistor R7 connected between the amplifier output and the inverting amplifier input. A further resistor R8 is connected between resistor R7 and ground. The characteristics of the filter are shown in Figure 7 where the gain is close to Odb up to about 1000Hz and is about -30db around 10,000Hz. The gain decreases between these regions relatively quickly in a cut-off region. The phase shift across the filter is roughly 150° in the region below 1,000Hz and above 10,000Hz, but decreases to a minimum of about 45° in the centre of the cut-off region. Such a phase change of roughly 105° is acceptable and is much smaller than 180 degrees resulting from a second order low-pass filter.Although a second order filter is shown, the filter could be a higher or lower order if desired. Referring now to Figure 8, there is shown a high pass filter which combines the functions of the AEF and ABF and is herein referred to as an ABEF. The filter is a second order filter comprising two filter sections connected in cascade, the filter sections being identical, (i f desired a first order filter could be employed). Each filter section comprises an input port 80 coupled to the inverting input of an amplifier 82 through a resistance Rl connected in parallel with a capacitance Cl and a resistance R2.The non-inverting input of the amplifier is connected to ground via a resistance R3, and the output of the amplifier 86 is connected in a negative feedback loop to the inverting input of the amplifier via a resistor R4. Referring now to Figure 9, the characteristics of the filter of Figure 8 are shown where the gain is slightly greater than Odb up to about 500 Hz and then rises to about lOdb at a frequency of 2 kHz in a transitional region between 500Hz-2kHz. The phase shift changes from a constant level of about 0° to a maximum value of -30° at about 1 kHz. It will be appreciated that although the particular embodiment specifically described is applied to a circumaural earphone structure, the invention may also be applied to other earphone structures such as the supra-aural type. It will also be appreciated that the filters shown may be replaced by digital filters, and the elements of the feedback loop may be digitised by employing a micro-computer with appropriate routines. The invention claimed is intended to cover both analog and digital systems.

Claims: CLAIMS 1. An active noise reduction system comprising:- a noise-cancelling sound generator, a microphone acoustically coupled to said generator, and a feedback loop connected between said microphone and said generator, wherein said feedback loop comprises: loop stabilisation means for inverting the phase of microphone signals and filtering the microphone signals, and means for amplifying the phase inverted and filtered signals; and, the feedback loop further including first high pass frequency filter means for filtering out sound energy from high pressure sound pulses arising from low frequency buffets. 2. A system according to claim 1 wherein the further filter means is connected between the microphone and said loop stabilisation means . 3. A system according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the further filter means comprises an amplifier with a negative feedback loop with the input of the filter connected to an inverting amplifier input through a resistive-capacitive combination and with the non- inverting amplifier input connected to reference potential via a resistive connection. 4. A system as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the first filter means has a gain characteristic which is relatively low in a first frequency band and then rises continuously to a relatively high value in a second frequency band, the phase shift introduced by the filter rising to a maximum value in the transitional region of filter gain. 5. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein said loop stabilisation means includes means for limiting the amplitude of the signals in the feedback loop. 6. A system as claimed in any preceding claim, including second high pass filter means coupled between the loop stabilisation means and the amplifying means for increasing loop gain and/or adjusting phase shift by predetermined amounts within one or more predetermined frequency bands to compensate for transfer characteristics of the microphone and generator. 7. A system as claimed in Claim 6 wherein the second filter means has a gain characteristic which is relatively low in a first frequency band and then rises continuously to a relatively high value in a second frequency band, the phase shift introduced by the filter rising to a maximum value in the transitional region of filter gain. 8. A system as claimed in Claim 7 wherein the second filter means includes one or more stages, each stage comprising an amplifier with a negative resistive feedback loop, and a resistive capacitive path to ground connected to the amplifier input. 9. A system as claimed in any of claims 6 to 8 wherein the functions of the first and second filters are provided by a single high pass filter means , with the transfer characteristics selected to filter out sound energy from high pressure sound pulses and to increase loop gain and/or adjust phase shift to compensate for transfer characteristics of the microphone and generator. 10. A system according to any preceding claim wherein a speech signal is injected into the feedback loop between the filters referred to above and the amplifying means. 11. A system according to any preceding claim including a low- pass frequency filter means, the gain of the filter in the cut-off region having a step-shape decreasing from a relatively high constant gain region to a second relatively low constant gain region in a transitional region where the gain decreases continuously from the high region to the low region. 12. A system as claimed in claim 11, wherein the low pass frequency filter means comprises a second order transitional filter comprising an operational amplifier with a resistive-capacitive feedback loop connected between the output and non-inverting amplifier input, and a resistive feedback loop connected between the amplifier output and inverting input. 13. Active noise reduction systems substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings. 14. An active noise reduction system comprising:- a noise-cancelling sound generator, a microphone acoustically coupled to said generator, and a feedback loop connected between said microphone and said generator, wherein said feedback loop comprises: loop stabilisation means for inverting the phase of microphone signals and filtering the microphone signals, and means for amplifying the phase inverted and filtered signals; and, further filter means coupled between the phase inverting means and the amplifying means for increasing loop gain and/or adjusting phase shift by predetermined amounts within one or more predetermined frequency bands. 15. A system as claimed in Claim 14 wherein the further filter means has a gain characteristic which is relatively low in a first frequency band and then rises continuously to a relatively high value in a second frequency band, the phase shift introduced by the filter rising to a maximum value in the transitional region of filter gain. 16. A system as claimed in Claim 15 wherein the further filter means includes one or more stages, each stage comprising an amplifier with a negative resistive feedback loop, and a resistive capacitive path to ground connected to the amplifier input. 17. A system as claimed in any of claims 14 to 16 wherein a , speech signal is injected into the feedback loop between the further filter means and the amplifying means. 18. A system according to any of claims 14 to 17 including a low pass frequency filter means, the gain of the filter in the cut-off region having a step shape, decreasing from a relatively high constant gain region to a relatively low constant gain region in a transitional region where the gain decreases continuously from the high region to the low region. 19. A system according to claim 18, wherein the low pass filter frequency filter means comprises a second order transitional filter comprising an operational amplifier with a resistive-capacitive feedback loop connected between the output and the non- inverting amplifier input, and a resistive feedback loop connected between the amplifier output and inverting input. 20. An active noise reduction system comprising :- a noise-cancelling sound generator, a microphone acoustically coupled to said generator, and a feedback loop connected between said microphone and said generator, wherein said feedback loop comprises: loop stabilisation means for inverting the phase of microphone signals and filtering the microphone signals, and means for amplifying the phase inverted and filtered signals; and a low pass frequency filter means for defining the upper limit of the feedback loop frequency pass band, the gain of the filter in the cut-off region having a step shape, decreasing from a relatively high constant gain region to a relatively low constant gain region in a transitional region where the gain decreases continuously from the high region to the low region. 21. A system according to claim 20, wherein the low pass filter frequency filter means comprises a second order transitional filter comprising an operational amplifier with a resistive-capacitive feedback loop connected between the output and the non- inverting amplifier input, and a resistive feedback loop connected between the amplifier output and inverting input.

Inventors: SALLOWAY ANTHONY JOHN, TWINEY ROBERT CHRISTOPHER, SALLOWAY, ANTHONY, JOHN, TWINEY, ROBERT, CHRISTOPHER
Applicants: PLESSEY OVERSEAS, PLESSEY OVERSEAS LIMITED
Application year: 1988
Main classification: G10K11
IPC codes: G10K11