IMPROVED SUBMARINE CABLE PLOUGH

Abstract: A plough by means of which a cable may be buried below the sea-bed is characterised by means to vary the length of the path of a cable extending through the plough, which means is responsive to changes in tension in the cable. In one preferred form of the plough, the cable extends over two surfaces (6, 8; 6, 5, 13; 22, 23, 24, 25) and these surfaces are mounted so as to be relatively movable in response to changes in the cable tension.

Description: The present invention is an improved submarine cable plough, that is a device by means of which a cable may be buried in the sea-bed. It is becoming increasingly common to bury submarine cables in order to protect them from damage by fishing gear. This is most commonly done by ploughing, in which a special plough lifts up a slice of soil, places the cable beneath it and allows the soil to fall back on top of the cable. The cable passes over the plough, bending down into the soil and then back to the horizontal at its buried level around curved tracks which form an S-shaped curve. The friction as the cable slides through this S-shaped track tightens the cable behind the plough and tends to push slack in front of it. This is a potentially dangerous process because if excess slack accumulates in front of the plough, the cable may buckle underneath the plough and may then be damaged. The repair of such damage to a cable on the sea floor is very expensive. Various methods are employed to prevent this build-up of slack. The most common is to lay the cable and plough it into the sea-bed in a single continuous operation. The cable is kept tight so that it runs in a catenary from the cable-laying ship into the front of the plough without touching the sea-bed. The main disadvantage of this method is that the cable has to be laid with an excessively high tension. US-A- 3720070 describes an apparatus for regulating the pay-out tension of a cable fed through a cable plough from a cable reel. A cable guide is deflected by tension in the cable and this deflection varies the rate of the rotational drive to the cable reel. FR-A- 2310619 (& GB-A- 1540439) is concerned with a machine for laying in the ground a conduit or pipe which is not very flexible and describes an excavator boom which can be swung from an inoperative position to an operating position and of which the curvature is increased when the boom moves to its operating position. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved submarine cable plough by means of which it is possible to bury on a continuous basis a cable which has been laid on the sea-bed some distance ahead of the plough or even as a completely separate prior operation. It is a further object to provide such an improved plough whereby this process can be carried out with very low tension in the cable. It should be explained that one way of carrying out ploughing-in of a cable in a situation where slack can form in the cable ahead of the plough is to manoeuvre the plough to take up any slack which forms. For example, if it is known that the cable is becoming slack in front of the plough, then the cable can be tightened up by making the plough pursue a zig-zag course. This can be done using a steering system built into the plough or by steering the plough by moving the slip that is pulling it. The former method can in practice use up slack to the extent of one or two per cent. The latter method can use up rather large occasional slack loops by laying the loop out on the sea-bed. The presence of such slack can be detected by measuring the tension in the cable as it passes through the plough. In practice, difficulty arises because ploughing is a rapid process in which it is difficult to control the speed of the plough and in particular of the ship which is towing it. It is particularly difficult to stop quickly. The danger is that even if slack is detected, too much will acccumulate in front of the plough before it is possible to stop the operation and decide how to take up the slack. The improved submarine cable plough according to the present invention comprises a fixed or fixable, downwardlyfacing convex surface and an upwardly-facing convex surface mounted for movement in a generally vertical plane relative to said downwardly-facing surface whereby the length of the path of a cable passing over said two convex surfaces in turn is increased or decreased, and is characterised by monitoring means to monitor the tension in the cable and hydraulic means to move said upwardly-facing convex surface in response to a variation in said tension detected by said monitoring means, and is further characterised in that said upwardly-facing surface is articulated so that its curvature may be varied as said surface is moved. Both of said two surfaces may be movable but in a preferred form of the invention the downwardly-facing convex surface is fixed during a cable laying operation, although it may be retractable when not in use. Movement of the upwardly-facing surface is preferably a pivotal movement but a linear movement or sliding movement of the surface is a possible alternative. The movement of the upwardly-facing surface is brought about by the hydraulic means in response to a variation in cable tension detected by the monitoring means. Thus, for example, the tension may be monitored or specifically measured and tension values outside a desired predetermined range may give rise to the desired operation of the monitoring means. Because, using the plough according to the present invention, it is no longer necessary to maintain a high level of tension in the cable ahead of the plough, it is now made possible to carry out the burying of a cable as a separate operation from the cable-laying. To take full advantage of this facility, the plough may be designed to be capable of moving across the sea-bed to find an already-laid cable and of loading the cable into itself. The separation of laying and burying operations in this way is advantageous, since the cable-laying is carried out from a relatively expensive cable ship at high speed, while ploughing is carried out from a much cheaper vessel at relatively slow speed. The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Fig. 1 is a simplified view in elevation of a conventional submarine cable plough; Fig. 2 illustrates schematically a first embodiment of the improved plough according to the invention; Fig. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of the improved plough according to the invention, in its condition when the cable is taut; Fig. 4 is a view corresponding to Fig. 3 but showing the plough in its condition taking up maximum slack; Fig. 5 illustrates a preferred third embodiment of the improved plough according to the invention, in its condition when the cable it taut; and Fig. 6 is a view corresponding to Fig. 5 but showing the plough in its condition taking up slack in the cable to the maximum extent. The conventional plough illustrated in Fig. 1 comprises a plough body 1, digging into the sea-bed as shown and connected by a long beam 2 to a pair of skids 3 which control the ploughing depth. The cable 4 passes along the beam of the plough and bends round the fixed bend 5 in the plough body 1, being forced down into the ground by a cable depressor 6. At the front of the plough, the cable enters the plough through a bell mouth 7, either directly from the ship as at 4 a or from the sea-bed as at 4 b . The radii at 5, 6 and 7 are large enough not to damage the particular cable being laid. The cable depressor 6 can usually be moved up and down to facilitate loading the cable into the plough. Referring now to Fig. 2, in the illustrated form of the plough, a cable trough 8 along the top of the plough beam is made flexible so that it can be moved upwards by hydraulic means such as rams 9. The flexible trough 8 is so constructed that it cannot bend to a smaller radius than that tolerated by the cable. The bell mouth 7 is extended backwards to provide a radius 10 which co-operates with the flexible track 8, and the cable depressor 6 also provides a suitable co-operating curve. It will be evident that the length of cable curved in the plough is considerably greater when the flexible track is raised up than when it is lying flat along the plough beam. The device thus operates to take up any slack in the cable and is hereinafter referred to as a slack accumulator. Thus the tension in the cable is measured and if it is too low the hydraulic ram 9 is activated, for example by a closed loop servomechanism, to raise the track 8 and thereby restore the desired cable tension. The improved plough illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 is another embodiment of the invention, devised to be able to store a maximum amount of cable slack with a minimum of moving parts. A key feature is a curved track 5 which, instead of being a part of the plough body as in a conventional plough, is fixed to a pivoting arm 11, mounted for rotation about the centre 12 of the circular arc of the cable depressor 6. A second arcuate segment of track 13 is pivoted to the first track 5 at its front 14 and its freedom to rig downards is limited by, for example, a pin and slot arrangement 15 which enable the two parts 13 and 5 to form a single circular arc. The arm 11 is urged upwards about its pivot 12 by a hydraulic ram 16. This is controlled by oil flow from an hydraulic pump in a servo controlled system or by oil stored in an hydraulic accumulator 17 if a sprung system is required. Fig. 4 shows the accumulator in the fully raised position with a maximum amount of cable stored. If this fully-raised position is reached when the plough is being pulled along the cable while the cable is still connected to the cable laying vessel, which is not too far ahead, then the vessel can back up and take in cable to remove the slack. The slack accumulator makes it possible to plough along a previously laid cable, and this can be done with the plough shown in Figs. 3 and 4 if divers are available to load the cable into the plough, and to unload it when ploughing is complete. In one form of the improved submarine cable plough according to the invention, the need for divers is avoided in its application to already-laid cables by providing the plough with means of self-propulsion over the sea-bed and with a self-loading and unloading mecanism. Such latter mechanisms are readily devised by those skilled in the art. For this purpose, the two normal depth control skids 3 may be replaced by a pair of light-weight crawler tracks or by suitable support rollers or wheels. Turning now to the submarine cable plough which is illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6 of the drawings, which plough is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the plough body 1 is again supported at its operationally forward end upon skids 3. Projecting dowardly into the sea-bed ahead of the leading edge of the plough itself is a cutting disc 20, which penetrates the ground surface and thereby prepares the ground for the plough blade. A submarine cable 21 enters the front end of the plough through a bell mouth 7 and follows a path which varies between a shortest route illustrated in Fig. 5 and a longest route illustrated in Fig. 6. The cable path is determined by the relative positions of a downwardly convex surface 22 of a cable depressor 6 and an upward-facing surface formed in three inter-pivoted sections 23, 24 and 25. These sections are supported on an arm 26, which is pivotally mounted on the plough at 27. The arm 26 is movable by hydraulic means (not shown) between a generally horizontal orientation illustrated in Fig. 5 and a generally vertical orientation illustrated in Fig. 6. When the arm 26 is horizontal, the sections 23, 24 and 25 adopt a position in which they together present a level or shallow convex upper surface such that the cable 21 extends by a fairly direct path fry the inlet of the bell mouth 7 to the rearward end of the plough adjacent to the cable depressor 6. However, when the arm 26 is pivotted upwardly towards the position shown in Fig. 6, the sections 23, 24 and 25 mutually pivot to form a curved upper surface, which is elevated to an extent determined by the upward inclination of the arm 26 and over which the cable must pass. In this way, the length of the cable path through the machine is increased to a sufficient extent to take up slack in the cable and thereby maintain the tension in the cable between the desired predetermined limits. It will be observed that the movable upwardly-convex surface is formed in two parts in the form of the plough which is illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4 and that it is formed in three parts in the preferred embodiment illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6. While three such parts is an optimum number, the surface may if desired be formed in more sections than three. Furthermore the surface may be pivoted from its forward end or from a section other than an end section. In one embodiment (not illustrated), the surface is formed in three mutually pivoted sections and is supported at its middle section upon a parallel-motion linkage.

Claims: 1. A plough for burying a submarine cable below the sea-bed, which comprises a fixed or fixable, downwardly-facing convex surface (6; 22) and an upwardly-facing convex surface (8; 5; 13; 23, 24, 25) mounted for movement in a generally vertical plane relative to said downwardly-facing surface whereby the length of the path of a cable (21) passing over said two convex surfaces in turn is increased or decreased, characterised by monitoring means to monitor the tension in the cable and hydraulic means (9; 16) to move said upwardly-facing convex surface in response to a variation in said tension detected by said monitoring means, and further characterised in that said upwardly-facing surface (8; 5, 13; 23, 24, 25) is articulated so that its curvature may be varied as said surface is moved. 2. A submarine cable plough according to claim 1, characterised in that the relative movement of the said two convex surfaces is effected by pivotal movement of said upwardly-facing surface. 3. A submarine cable plough according to either of the preceding claims, characterised in that cable tension values detected by said monitoring means which lie outside a predetermined range of values cause a closed loop servomechanism to activate said hydraulic means to move said upwardly-facing convex surface.

Inventors: REECE, ALAN RICHARD
Applicants: SOIL MACHINE DYNAMICS LIMITED
Application year: 1988
Main classification: E02F5
IPC codes: E02F5, F16L1, H02G1