Rod cluster spider having improved vane configuration

Abstract: The invention relates to a rod-cluster spider for use in a pressurized-water nuclear reactor vessel. The spider (100) comprises a hub (102) and, extending radially therefrom, vanes (106) with rod mounts (108) disposed thereon. Each vane (106) defines a plane of symmetry (136) intermediate the major planar surfaces thereof and a leading edge cross-sectional configuration which is non-symmetrical relative to the associated plane of symme­ try (136) and preferably which is substantially uniform and defines a flow stagnation line (138) which is off-set from the plane of symmetry (136). Corresponding vane elements (106), extending in generally diametrically opposite directions from the hub and having aligned planes of symmetry (136), have flow stagnation lines (138) which are offset in a common direction from the aligned, respective planes of symmetry (136); alternatively, adjacent pairs of equiangularly displaced vane elements may have oppositely directed such offsets, commonly for all such pairs.

Description: This invention relates to pressurized water reactors and, more particularly, to a spider, for mounting and adjustable positioning of rod clusters. As well known in the art, conventional pressurized water reactors employ control rods which are mounted within the reactor vessel, generally in parallel spaced relationship, for axial translational movement in telescoping relationship with the fuel rod assemblies. The control rods contain materials, known as poisons, which absorb neutrons and thereby lower the neutron flux level within the core. Adjusting the positions of the control rods relative to the respectively fuel rod assemblies associated therewith controls and regulates the reactivity and, correspondingly, the power output level of the reactor. Typically, the control rods, or rodlets, are arranged in clusters, and the rods of each cluster are attached to a spider, each spider, in turn, being connected to a mechanism operable to raise or lower the associated rod cluster. Certain advanced designs of pressurized water reactors employ both control rod clusters (RCC) and water displacer rod clusters (WDRC), and also so-called gray rod clusters which are structurally similar to the RCCs wherefore both are referred to herein collectively as RCCs. In one such reactor design, a total of over 2,800 reactor control rods and water displacer rods are arranged in 185 clusters, each of the rod clusters having associated therewith a spider to which the rods of the cluster are individually attached. In a typical pressurized water reactor of advanced design, there are, at successively higher elevations within the reactor vessel, a lower barrel assembly, an inner barrel assembly, and a calandria, each of generally cylindrical configuration, and an upper closure dome. The lower barrel assembly has mounted therein, in parallel relationship, a plurality of fuel rod assemblies supported at their opposite ends, by lower and upper core plates, the latter being welded to the bottom edges of the cylindrical sidewall of the inner barrel assembly. Within the inner barrel assembly there are mounted a large number of rod guides disposed in closely spaced relationship and in an array extending substantially throughout the cross-sectional area of the inner barrel assembly. The rod guides are of first and second types, respectively housing therewithin reactor control rod clusters (RCC) and water displacer rod clusters (WDRC); these clusters, as received in telescoping relationship within their respectively associated guides, generally are aligned with respectively associated fuel rod assemblies. One of the main objectives of the advanced designs of pressurized water reactors is to achieve a significant improvement in the fuel utilization efficiency, resulting in lower overall fuel costs. Consistent with this objective, the water displacement rodlet clusters (WDRCs) function as a mechanical moderator control, all of the WDRCs being fully inserted into association with the fuel rod assemblies, and thus into the reactor core, when initiating a new fuel cycle. Typically, a fuel cycle is of approximately 18 months, following which the fuel must be replaced. As the excess reactivity level diminishes over the cycle, the WDRCs are progressively, in groups, withdrawn from the core so as to enable the reactor to maintain the same reactivity level, even though the reactivity level of the fuel rod assemblies is reducing due to dissipation over time. Conversely, the control rod clusters are moved, again in axial translation and thus telescoping relationship relatively to the respectively associated fuel rod assemblies, for control of the reactivity and correspondingly the power output level of the reactor on a continuing basis, for example in response to load demands, in a manner analogous to conventional reactor control operations. The calandria includes a lower calandria plate and an upper calandria plate. The rod guides are secured in position at the lower and upper ends thereof, respectively, to the upper core plate and the lower calandria plate. Within the calandria and extending between aligned apertures in the lower and upper plates thereof is mounted a plurality of calandria tubes in parallel axial relationship, respectively aligned with the rod guides. A number of flow holes are provided in remaining portions of the calandria plates, at positions displaced from the apertures associated with the calandria tubes, through which the reactor core outlet flow passes as it exits from its upward passage through the inner barrel assembly. The core outlet flow, or a major portion thereof, turns from the axial flow direction to a radial direction for passage through radially outwardly oriented outlet nozzles which are in fluid communication with the calandria. In similar parallel axial and aligned relationship the calandria tubes are joined to corresponding flow shrouds which extend to a predetermined elevation within the dome, and which in turn are in alignment with and in close proximity to corresponding head extensions which pass through the structural wall of the dome and carry, on their free ends at the exterior of and vertically above the dome, corresponding adjustment mechanisms, as above noted. The adjustment mechanisms have corresponding drive rods which extend through the respective head extensions, flow shrouds, and calandria tubes and are connected to the respectively associated spiders to which the clusters of RCC rods and WDRC rods are mounted, and serve to adjust their elevational positions within the inner barrel assembly, and, correspondingly, the level to which the rods are lowered into the lower barrel assembly and thus into association with the fuel rod assemblies therein, thereby to control the reactivity within the core. A critical design criterion of such reactors is to mitigate vibration of the reactor internal structures, as may be induced by the core outlet flow as it passes through the reactor internal structures. A significant factor for achieving that criterion is to maintain the core outlet flow in an axial direction throughout the inner barrel assembly and thus in parallel axial relationship relatively to the rod clusters and associated rod guides. This is achieved, in part, by the location of the water inlet and outlet nozzles at an elevation corresponding approximately to that of the calandria assembly, and thus above the inner barrel assembly which houses the rod guides and associated rod clusters, as above noted. Additionally, structural elements known as formers are included within the vessel to assist in maintaining the desired axial flow condition within the inner barrel assembly. As before noted, a pressurized water nuclear reactor, of the type with which rod cluster spiders having the improved vane configuration of the present invention are intended for use, employs a large number of control rods, or rodlets, typically arranged in what are termed reactor control rod clusters (RCC) and, additionally, a large number of water displacer rods, or rodlets, similarly arranged in water displacer rod clusters (WDRC), an array of 185 such clusters containing a total of 2800 rodlets (i.e., the total of reactor control rods and water displacer rods) being mounted in parallel axial relationship within the inner barrel assembly of the reactor vessel. The rods of each cluster are mounted at their upper ends to a corresponding spider, and the spider-mounted cluster is received in telescoping relationship within a corresponding rod guide. The spider is connected through a drive rod to a corresponding adjustment mechanism, which provides for selectively raising or lowering the rod cluster relatively to an associated group of fuel rod assemblies, to control the reactivity, and thus the power output level of the reactor. While the design of such advanced reactors has addressed the achievement of a substantially axial core outlet flow, particularly through the upper internals and thus past the rod guides and associated clusters of rods, it has been determined that the configuration of the conventional spider vanes which support the rods may be susceptible to undesired vibrations; specifically, the conventional configuration of the generally radially extending vanes is not optimum, and thus does not satisfy the design criterion of mitigating vibrations. More particularly, the spider configuration typically comprises a central hub of generally cylindrical configuration, extending in parallel axial relationship relative to the vertical axis of the vessel. Vane assemblies are connected to and extend radially from the central hub, the vane assemblies being of differing configurations but generally comprising vertically oriented vanes, comprising metal sheets, having generally parallel, planar major surfaces, which interconnect two or more cylindrical rod support mounts to each other and to the hub. The rod support mounts as well extend in parallel axial relationship with the hub. The core outlet flow thus passes along the vanes in a parallel flow condition, consistent with the general design criterion of maintaining parallel axial flow. Each spider, and thus its associated vane assemblies, must be of considerable structural strength. For example, a control rod spider typically supports a total of eight control rods, disposed equiangularly about the central hub on four radially extending vane subassemblies; the total weight of the control rod cluster of eight rods is approximately 90 kg to 113 kg. A typical water displacer rod cluster may comprise up to 24 water displacer rods mounted in alternating groups of two and four rods on corresponding ones of a total of eight vane assemblies, each of the four-rod assemblies including both a radially extending vane element and a pair of transversely extending vane elements, the latter carrying the cylindrical support mounts on their outer extremities. The total weight of a water displacer rod cluster, thus configured, is approximately 318 kg to 363 kg. The spiders must support not only the dead weight of the respective rods clusters, but additionally must accommodate the forces imposed thereon both by the environment of the relatively fast-moving core outlet flow which passes thereover and the rod height adjustment functions. Thus, the configuration of the spiders must afford significant structural support while, at the same time, mitigating susceptibility to flow-induced vibrations. In European Patent Application No. 86309594.9 published 16.06.87 as Publication EP-A1-0225805, it has been determined that both of these requirements can be met by giving the trailing edge of each vane, that is to say, the downstream edge having regard to the coolant flow direction past the vane, a substantially square cross-section or, in other words, to make it flat. In accordance with the present invention, it has been recognized that within a small range of axial locations of the spider, at which the vanes pass through corresponding channels provided therefor in the support plates within the rod guides, the flow restrictions thus created result in considerable flow-induced random buffeting of the vanes, which become ordered on the vanes and result in a switching, or oscillatory loading (which may be a lateral force and/or a torque) being applied to the spider and the control rods supported thereby as well as to the associated drive mechanism. In accordance with the present invention, it has been determined that a major factor in the initiation of phenomenon of the switching, or oscillatory loading, is the typical symmetrical configuration of the vane leading edge cross-section. For example, as is typical and consistent with conventional design criteria, the vane leading edge configuration is of a semi-circular or other symmetrical type cross-section. In accordance with the present invention, however, it has been determined that the proper configuration for the cross-section of the vane leading edge should be non-symmetrical, thereby to eliminate the switching or oscillatory loading and correspondingly to mitigate the vibratory load conditions. Based on various operational parameters, a number of different non-symmetrical cross-sections are available, as disclosed in more detail hereinafter. A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is an elevational view, partially in section, of the kind of pressurized water reactor with which a rod cluster spider embodying the invention can be employed; Fig. 2 is a simplified, or schematic, cross-sectional view, taken along line 2-2 in Fig. 1, and illustrating the relatively dense packing of water displacer rod and control rod clusters together with their associated rod guides within the inner barrel assembly of the reactor vessel of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a plan view of an RCC spider; Fig. 4 is an elevational view, partially in section, of the RCC spider of Fig. 3 taken along the line 4-4 in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a plan view of a WDRC spider; Fig. 6 is an elevational view, partially in section, of the WDRC spider of Fig. 5, taken along the line 6-6 in Fig. 5; Figs. 7A and 7B are top plan and side elevational views, respectively, of a radial vane assembly; Fig. 8 is an elevational view of one of the rod support mounts of a spider; Fig. 9 is an elevational cross-section view of a segment of a spider vane having a conventional, semi-circular leading edge cross-sectional configuration, for illustrating flow conditions; Fig. 10 is a perspective, broken-away and partially hidden view of an RCC rod guide and internal support plate; Figs. 11 and 12 are elevational and cross-sectional views of the segment of the spider vane of Fig. 9 at successive elevations relative to, and as it passes through, a corresponding slot, or channel, in a rod guide internal support plate, as in Fig. 10; and Figs. 13A through 13D, inclusive; are illustrative elevational cross-sectional views of segments of spider vanes having various different non-symmetrical leading edge cross-sectional configurations in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. The pressurized water reactor 10 illustrated in Fig. 1 comprises a vessel 12 including an upper dome, or head assembly, 12a, cylindrical sidewalls 12b, and a bottom closure 12c comprising the base of the reactor 10. Radially oriented inlet nozzles 11 and outlet nozzles 13 (only one of each is seen in Fig. 1) are formed in the sidewall 12b adjacent the upper, annular end surface 12d thereof. Whereas the cylindrical sidewall 12b may be integrally joined, as by welding, to the bottom closure 12c, the head assembly 12a is secured to the end surface 12d of the sidewall 12b so as to be removable. The sidewall 12b defines an inner, generally annular mounting ledge 12e for supporting various internal structures, as later described herein. The bottom closure 12c contains bottom-mounted instrumentation 14, as schematically indicated. The lower barrel assembly 16 comprises a generally cylindrical sidewall 17 affixed at its lower end to a lower core plate 18 received on a mounting support 18b. The cylindrical sidewall 17 has at its upper end a mounting ring 17a which is seated on the annular mounting ledge 12e to support the assembly 16 within the vessel 12. The sidewall 17 is solid in the vicinity of the inlet nozzles 11 but has an aperture 17b having a nozzle ring 17c mounted therein which is aligned with and removably secured to the outlet nozzle 13. An upper core plate 19 is supported on a mounting support 17d affixed to the interior surface of the cylindrical sidewall 17 at a position approximately one-half the axial height thereof. Fuel rod assemblies 20 are supported within the lower barrel assembly 16 by means of bottom mounts 22 carried by the lower core plate 18 and by means of pin-like mounts 23 carried by, and extending through, the upper core plate 19. Flow holes 18a and 19a (only two of which are shown) in the lower and upper core plates 18 and 19 permit reactor coolant to flow into the lower barrel assembly 16 and therethrough in heat exchange relationship with the fuel rod assemblies 20 and thence to flow into the inner barrel assembly 24. A neutron reflecting shield 21 extends interiorly of sidewalls 17, around the reactor core region. The inner barrel assembly 24 includes a cylindrical sidewall 26 which is integrally joined at its lower end to the upper core plate 19 and has secured thereto, at its upper open end, a mounting ring 26a which is received on an annular hold-down spring 27 and supported, together with the mounting ring 17a of the sidewall 17, on the mounting ledge 12e. The sidewall 26 further includes an aperture 26b aligned with the aperture 17b and the output nozzle 13. Within the inner barrel assembly 24, and densely packed within the cylindrical sidewall 26, there are a plurality of rod guides disposed in closely spaced, parallel relationship with respect to each other; for simplicity of illustration, only two such rod guides are shown in Fig. 1, namely a rod guide 28 housing a cluster of radiation control rods 30 (RCC), and a rod guide 32 housing a cluster of water displacer rods 34 (WDRC). The rods of each RCC cluster 30 and of each WDRC cluster 34 are connected individually to the respectively corresponding spiders 100 and 120. Mounting means 36 and 37 are provided at the respective upper and lower ends of the rod guide 28 and corresponding mounting means 38 and 39 are provided at the respective upper and lower ends of the rod guide 32, the lower mounting means 37 and 39 being used to connect the respective rod guides 28 and 32 to the upper core plate 19, and the upper mounting means 36 and 38 being used to connect the respective rod guides 28 and 32 to a lower calandria plate 52 of a calandria assembly 50. The calandria assembly 50 includes, in addition to the lower calandria plate 52, an upper calandria plate 54 and a plurality of parallel spaced calandria tubes 56 and 57 which are in axial alignment with apertures in the lower and upper calandria plates 52 and 54 to which latter the calandria tubes 56 and 57 are connected. More specifically, the calandria tubes 56 and 57 are secured to calandria extensions 58 and 59 which are received in corresponding apertures in lower calandria plate 52 and are secured to the latter. Similar structures connect the upper ends of the calandria tubes 56 and 57 to the upper calandria plate 54. In the arrangement illustrated, only the calandria extensions 58 project downwardly from the lower calandria plate 52 and are connected to corresponding mounting means 36 for the upper ends of the RCC rod guides 28. The upper mounting means 38, associated with the WDRC rod guides 32, may be connected through flexible linkages (not shown) to the mounting means 36 of the RCC rod guides 28. Alternatively, the WDRC rod guides 32 could be connected independently to the lower calandria plate 52, in which case the calandria extensions 59, too, would project downwardly from the plate 52 to engage and laterally support the WDRC mounting means 38. Disposed within the head assembly 12a of the vessel 12 and extending upwardly from the upper calandria plate 54 there are flow shrouds 60 and 61 which are axially aligned with and connected to the calandria tubes 56 and 57, respectively. A corresponding plurality of head extensions 62 and 63 are axially aligned with the respective flow shrouds 60, 61, the lower ends 62a and 63a of the head extensions being flared, or bell-shaped, so as to facilitate the assemblage and, particularly, to guide the drive rods (not shown in Fig. 1) into the head extensions 62, 63 as the head assembly 12a is lowered onto the end surface 12d of the vessel sidewall 12b, as later explained herein with reference to Figs. 9A and 9B. The flared ends 62a, 63a also receive therein the corresponding upper ends 60a, 61a of the flow shrouds 60, 61 in the completed assembly, as seen in Fig. 1. The head extensions 62, 63 extend through the upper wall portion of the head assembly 12a and are sealed thereto. Control rod cluster (RCC) displacement mechanisms 64 and water displacement rod cluster (WDRC) displacement mechanisms 66 are associated with the respective head extensions 62, 63, flow shrouds 60, 61 and calandria tubes 56, 57 which, in turn, are associated with respective clusters of radiation control rods 30 and water displacement rods 34. The RCC displacement mechanisms (CRDMs) 64 may be of any suitable type known to the art, as may be the displacer mechanisms (DRDMs) 66 for the water displacer rod clusters (WDRCs) 34 which may be similar to the displacer mechanisms disclosed in applicant's U.S. Patent No. 4,439,054. The respective drive rods associated with the CRDMs 64 and the DRDMs 66 extend toward the respective clusters of radiation control rods 30 and water displacement rods 34 and are connected at their lower ends to spiders 100 and 120. The CRDMs 64 and DRDMs 66 thus function, through the corresponding drive rods, to lower or raise the RCCs 30 and WDRCs 34 through corresponding openings (not shown) in the upper core plate 19 telescopingly into or from, respectively, the associated fuel rod assemblies 20. As indicated in Fig. 1, the interior height D₁ of the lower barrel assembly 16 is about 4.5 m, the active length D₂ of the fuel rod assemblies 20 is about 3.8 m, the interior height D₃ is about 4.4 m and the extent of travel, D₄, of the rod clusters 30 and 34 and accordingly of the corresponding CRDM and DRDM drive rods is about 3.7 m. The RCCs 30 are adjusted in position relatively frequently as compared to the WDRCs 34, to achieve the desired power output level from the reactor. The WDRCs 34 are inserted fully into the lower barrel assembly 16 at the initiation of each fuel cycle, and the WDRCs 32, through their respective drive rods (not shown) and DRDMs 66, then are selectively removed as the excess reactivity is depleted over the fuel cycle. Typically, this is performed by simultaneously moving a group of four WDRCs 34 from their fully inserted positions to a fully raised position within the corresponding WDRC guides 32 in a continuous and controlled withdrawal operation. More specifically, the four WDRCs 34 of a given group are selected so as to maintain a symmetrical power valance within the reactor core, when the group is withdrawn. Typically, all of the WDRCs 34 remain fully inserted in the fuel rod assemblies 20 for approximately 60% to 70% of the approximately 18 month fuel cycle. Groups thereof then are selectively and successively moved to the fully withdrawn position, as the excess reactivity is depleted, so as to maintain a nominal, required level of reactivity which can sustain the desired output power level, under control of the variably adjustable RCCs 30. The reactor coolant, or water, enters the vessel 10 through the inlet nozzles, such as nozzle 11, thence flows downward through the annular chamber between the cylindrical sidewall 12b of the vessel 12 and the cylindrical sidewall 17 of the lower barrel assembly 16, and then reverses direction to flow through the flow holes 18a in the lower core plate 18 into and upwards through the lower barrel assembly 16, to exit the latter through the flow holes 19a in the upper core plate 19 and flow into the inner barrel assembly 24, continuing in parallel axial flow therethrough and finally exiting upwardly through flow holes 52a in the lower calandria plate 52. Thus, parallel axial flow conditions are maintained through both the lower and inner barrel assemblies 16 and 24. Within the calandria 50, the flow in general turns through 90° to exit radially through the outlet nozzles such as nozzle 13. The pressure of the cycle water, or reactor coolant, within the vessel 10 typically is in the range of about 153 atmospheres and provides the energy source, or fluid pressure to the DRDMs 66 for raising the DRDM drive rods from a fully inserted to a fully withdrawn position. As is apparent from Fig. 1, the spiders 100 and 120 are constantly subjected to a flow of reactor coolant coming from the core. Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional, schematic view, taken along the line 2-2 in Fig. 1, of the inner barrel assembly 24 which serves to illustrate diagrammatically the dense packing of the arrays of control rod clusters (RCCs) 30 and water displacer rod clusters (WDRCs) within the inner barrel assembly 24. For ease of illustration, only the sidewall 26 of the inner barrel assembly 24 is shown, the sidewalls 16 and 12b being omitted and the RCC and WDRC rod guides 28 and 32 housing the corresponding RCC and WDRC rods are shown only in general outline. As readily seen from Figs. 1 and 2, the RCC clusters 30 and WDRC clusters 34 are disposed, in interleaved arrays, substantially across the entire cross-sectional area of the inner barrel assembly 24. This dense packing of the respective rod clusters and associated spiders thus requires careful design to assure not only that parallel flow is maintained throughout, but also that flow induced vibrations and concomitant deleterious force effects are mitigated, to the extent possible. In Fig. 1A, there are shown three vertical banks 40, 42 and 44 of modular formers, the middle bank 42 of which is seen in Fig. 2; since the banks 40, 42 and 44 are identical except for their different heights, the view of Fig. 2 is illustrative as well of the banks 40 and 44 and additionally, of both top and bottom plan view of each thereof. Particularly, the modular formers are of two different configurations shown at 70 and 80, respectively, disposed symmetrically about quadrature-related diameters D1 and D3, and D2 and D4 and thus in an alternating succession at 45° angular segments. Attachment elements 90 secure the formers 70 and 80 to the sidewall 26, the outer edges 70′ and 80′ thereof comprising arcuate segments mating with the interior circumference of the sidewall 26, the inner edges 70″ and 80″ having configurations so as to mate with the periphery of the interleaved arrays of the RCC and WDRC rod guides 28 and 32. Figs. 3 and 4 are plan and elevational views of an RCC spider 100 which comprises a generally cylindrical central hub 102 having an internally threaded upper end portion 103 for connection to a drive rod (not shown) which extends, as described above, to an RCC adjustment mechanism 64 for vertically adjusting the position of the spider 100 and its associated control rods (not shown) within the RCC rod guide 28. Recesses 102a are provided to allow a metallic protective sleeve (not shown), which surrounds and overlaps the joint between the drive rod (not shown) and the hub 102, to be locked in place by indenting portions of it into the recesses 102a. Vane assemblies 106 are secured, at their inner edges, to the hub 102 and extend radially therefrom in quadrature. Each vane assembly 106 includes a pair of cylindrical support mounts 108 each having an interior bore 109 with an internally threaded portion 110 for threadedly receiving an externally threaded upper end portion of a control rod (not shown) to be supported from the spider 100. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate a WDRC spider 120 which likewise, as the RCC spider 100, includes a generally cylindrical hub 122 with an internally threaded upper end portion 161 for threadedly receiving a drive rod connected to one of the corresponding WDRC control mechanisms 66. The hub 122 has recesses 122a formed therein for the same purpose as explained above with respect to the recesses 102a in the hub 102 (Figs. 3 and 4). Two types of vane assemblies 126, 127 are connected to the hub 122 and radially extend therefrom in alternating, equiangularly displaced relationship with respect to each other. The vane assemblies 126 are substantially similar to the RCC vane assemblies 106 shown in Figs. 3 and 4 in that they extend radially from the hub 122 in quadrature relationship, and each includes a pair of radially displaced WDRC rod support mounts 128. Each vane assembly 127 includes integral transverse vanes 125 extending as first and second oppositely oriented pairs 125A and 125B from the radially extending, planar vane portions 123′ and 124′ of the assembly 127, and each of which transverse vanes carries a WDRC rod support mount 128 at its distal end. As best seen from Fig. 5, four vane assemblies 127 of the second type extend radially from the hub 122 in mutual quadrature relationship, each intermediate an adjacent quadrature-related pair of vane assemblies 106 in the alternating sequence as mentioned above. Each of the WDRC rod support mounts 128 has a threaded bore 129 at its lower extremity for receiving, in threaded engagement therewith, and externally threaded upper end portions of a corresponding WDRC rod. The configuration of the vane assemblies 106 and 126 is described more specifically with particular reference to Figs. 7a, 7b and 7c showing a vane assembly 130 as representative of either of the vane assemblies 106 and 126 seen in Figs. 3 to 6. The vane assembly 130 includes first and second planar vane elements 132 and 134, the latter interconnecting the radially inner and outer rod support mounts 138, and the former connecting the inner rod support mount 138 to the hub of the associated spider, for example, the hub 102 of Figs. 3 and 4 and the hub 122 of Figs. 5 and 6. The first planar vane element 132 furthermore is machined to include on its radially inward and radially outward longitudinal edges, respectively, flanges 133 and 133′ of reduced thickness and upper and lower stepped portions 135 and 135′. It is to be understood that the designation of a "planar vane element" or "planar vane element portion" as used herein is intended to describe a sheet-like structure, typically of metal, and having parallel, planar major surfaces substantially as shown. With concurrent reference to Figs. 7a, 7b, and Fig. 8, the illustrative rod support mount 138 includes a receiving slot 140 for receiving the flange 133, and upper and lower recessed portions 142 for receiving the corresponding upper and lower stepped portions 135 (135′) of the flange 132. It is to be understood that the illustrative, second planar vane element 134 includes corresponding flanges on its longitudinal edges for interconnection of the inner and outer rod elements 138. The vane assembly 130 of Figs. 7a and 7b will be seen to correspond substantially identically to the RCC vane assembly 106 of Figs. 3 and 4 and the WDRC vane assembly 126 of Figs. 5 and 6. Accordingly, the vane assemblies 106 and 126 include corresponding first and second planar vane elements 112 and 114 and 123 and 124, respectively, each thereof having longitudinal flanges corresponding to the flange 133 in Fig. 7b for connecting the associated vane assembly 106 and 126 to the respective RCC spider hub 102 and WDRC spider hub 122. This structure is illustrated for the RCC spider 100 in Fig. 4 by the receiving slot 111 in the hub 102 and the flange 115 received therein, and is illustrated for the WDRC spider 120 in Fig. 6 by the receiving slot 121 in the hub 122 and the flange 131 associated with the first planar vane element 123, received therein. The second type of vane assembly 127 of the WDRC spider 120, as seen in Fig. 6 corresponds substantially to the first vane assembly 126 in that it includes first and second planar vane element portions 123′ and 124′ which are integrally formed and extend radially from the hub 122, the first portion 123′ having a longitudinal flange 131′ received in a corresponding receiving slot 121′ in the hub 122. The assembly 127 furthermore includes first and second pairs 125A and 125B of third planar vane elements 125 integrally formed with and extending transversely from the first and second vane element portions 123′ and 124′, the first pair 125A being formed intermediate the portions 123′ and 124′ and the second pair 125B being formed on the outer longitudinal edge of the second vane element portion 124′. Each of the elements 125 carries a rod support mount 128 on its outer longitudinal edge. It will be understood that the third, or transverse, planar vane elements 125 may include similar flange structures on their outer longitudinal edges for mounting the corresponding rod support mounts 128. In assembling the respective RCC and WDRC spiders 102 and 120, the innermost planar vane elements 112, and 123, 123′ preferably are positioned with the respective flanges 115, 131 and 131′ inserted into the corresponding receiving slots 111, 121 and 121′ of the associated hubs 102 and 120, and then spot welded in place at the upper and lower extremities thereof as indicated by weld beads 116 in Fig. 3 and 119 in Fig. 6. Thereafter, the joints are brazed along the entire lengths thereof. Considering again the densely packed arrays of RCC and WDRC rod clusters as indicated in Fig. 2, it will be appreciated that the planar vane elements 112 and 113 of the RCC spider 100 and the planar vane elements, or integral portions thereof, 123, 124, 123′, 124′ and 125 of the WDRC spider 120 present, in the composite, a substantial linear length of planar or sheet-like elements subjected to parallel flow conditions. The core outlet flow can produce a so-called "vortex street" behind the trailing edge of each such vane element, that is to say, its downstream edge having regard to the flow direction of reactor coolant. The resulting vortex-induced vibration may be of sufficient magnitude to produce substantial wear and shortened life. The phenomenon of immersed two-dimensional vibration due to such a vortex street being formed behind the trailing edge of a planar element when subjected to parallel flow conditions has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. (See: Blevins, R. D., FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1977, page 18; R. Brepson et al., "Vibrations Induced by Von Karman Vortex Trail in Guide Vane Bends", FLOW-INDUCED STRUCTURAL VIBRATIONS, published by Sumposium Karlsruhe (Germany), August 14-16 1972 and edited by Eduard Naudascher, published by Springer-Verlag, 1974. See also, Tebes, G. H., et al. "Hydroelastic Vibrations of Flat Plates Related to Trailing Edge Geometry", Transactions of the ASME, JOURNAL OF BASIC ENGINEERING, December, 1961.) For a vane element (e.g., any of the vane elements 112, 114 or 123-125) of approximately 5" in height and 0.32" in thickness, under the flow conditions developed in normal operation of a reactor of the type herein described, the shedding frequency of a vane may be computed as follows: where f s Vortex shedding frequency [Hz]. S Strouhal number U Flow velocity past the vane [inch/sec.] D Characteristic length, vane thickness [inch] The Strouhal number may be dependent upon the volume of the Reynolds number (Re). The Re may be calculated as follows: where R Δ Reynolds number U Flow velocity past the vane [inch/sec.] ρ Fluid density, 6.11E-5 [lb f -sec²/inch⁴] µ Fluid viscosity, 1.14E-8 [lb f -sec/inch²] D Characteristic length, vane thickness [inch] Thus, the Reynolds number is: Re = 6.38 E 5 (3 ) A reasonably applicable Strouhal number may be extracted from Belvins, as: S ≈ 0.20 (4) From this, the calculated expected shedding frequency at operating conditions is: The shedding frequency as thus computed (i.e., f s = 240 Hz) is quite high, compared to the lowest natural frequencies of the surrounding structural components --typically f n < 100 Hz. It thus has been recognized that the primary vortex shedding function passes through the structural frequency domain of these structural components during the transition in operation of the reactor from a down condition, in which zero or low flow exists, to a full flow condition as exists in normal operation. This is contrary to the normal, desired state, which is to have the vortex shedding frequency lower than 0.8 times the lowest natural resonant frequency of the structure. Due to the variations in operating conditions, and the associated different levels of flow velocity, there is a potential for the shedding frequency (F s ) to coincide with one of the structural natural frequencies (f n ). It therefore is desirable to decrease the magnitude of the shedding forcing functions on the spider by an appropriate trailing edge configuration in order to mitigate any such forced response. Whereas the foregoing references indicate that a number of different trailing edge configurations of planar sheets disposed in parallel flow conditions are available for decreasing the magnitude of the shedding forcing functions on such structures, the theoretical analyses do not take into account the stress conditions to which the spiders are subjected in the environment of a pressure vessel of a reactor system. Particularly, as before noted, the spiders must not only sustain substantial static weight, but must be capable of withstanding additional kinetic forces both in relation to height adjustment operations, particularly in view of the need for assured, rapid translational movement of the RCC rod clusters when rapid shutdown of a reactor is required and due to flow induced forces. These design conditions must also be achieved in a limited axial space envelope. Conventional vane element designs, taking into account general hydrostatic flow conditions, have been based on the belief that a trailing edge configuration affording a gradual transition from the parallel planar surfaces serves to improve flow characteristics (e.g., trailing edge cross-sectional configurations ranging from semicircular to more gradually tapered forms). In fact, it has been determined that the tapered or curved surfaces extend the area of flow separation and expand the surface area subjected to the turbulent vortex which forms in the flow as it passes beyond the vane element. Moreover, tapered or restraint trailing edge configurations which reduce the flow separation problem have a reduced amount of structural material in the cross-section of the trailing edge, and this weakens the vane for a given height and thickness or, conversely, requires that the longitudinal dimension of the vane element (i.e., the axial height) be increased in order to afford sufficient structural strength. Weakening of the vane elements is not acceptable, and the alternative of increasing height is not practical in view of the corresponding increase in height of the inner barrel assembly which would be required to accommodate the increase vane height in view of the significant concomitant increase in the cost of the vessel which would result. Contrary to the standard semicircular cross-section trailing edge designs of prior art vane elements, and in accordance with the present invention, it has been determined that a square cross-sectional trailing edge configuration of the vane elements of the rod supporting spiders is near optimum, taking into account vortex in the flow and shedding frequency considerations, along with the required structural strength of the vane elements and the associated spiders and the restrictive allowable space envelope. The significant and determinative factors are to mitigate the shedding function so as to reduce the vibratory response of the structure, while maintaining maximum strength of the vane elements of a given size -- and to achieve these results in a structure which is easy to manufacture, in the interests of mitigating costs. The square, or substantially square, cross-sectional configuration of the trailing edge has been determined to meet these design and operational criteria, and is deemed surprising and unexpected, as a departure from conventional designs. Moreover, the square cross-sectional trailing edge configuration contributes to ease, and thus lower costs, of manufacture of the vane elements -- as contrasted to the conventional semicircular and/or other tapered cross-sectional trailing edge configurations heretofore employed. Accordingly, the vane elements 132 and 134 of the representative assembly 130 of Figs. 7a and 7c have square cross-sectional trailing edges 132b and 134b, respectively, while retaining conventional semicircular leading, i.e., upstream, edges 132a and 134a, respectively. Correspondingly, the vane elements 112, 112′, 114, 114′, 123, 123′, 124, 124′ and 125 of Figs. 4 and 6 have respective, semi-circular leading edges 112a, 112a′, 114a, 114a′, 123a, 123a′, 124a, 124a′, and 125a and square cross-sectional trailing edges 112b, 112b′, 114b, 114b′, 123b, 123b′, 124b, 124b′ and 125b. It is to be understood, however, that in accordance with the present invention, the leading edges particularly have non-symmetrical cross-sectional configurations, such as those of Figs. 13a through 13d or variations thereof, as now more fully explained, for avoiding the switching or oscillatory loadings to which prior art spider vanes are subjected as a result of flow-induced effects. Particularly, Fig. 9 illustrates in partial cross-section, a segment of a vane 134 as in Fig. 7c having a leading edge 134a of semicircular cross-section. The semi-circular configuration suggests itself as being nearly the obvious choice in the environment of the parallel axial flow F to which the vane 134 is subjected, the flow dividing equally about the vane 134 with respect to the plane of symmetry 136 which intersects the semicircular leading edge 134a at a flow stagnation line 138. The configuration thus, at least under ideal conditions, results in no net lateral loading on the vane 134 -- a seemingly obvious, desirable feature. It will be understood, of course, that the flow stagnation line 138 appears as only a single point and the plane of symmetry 136 appears as a line, in the two dimensional illustration of Fig. 9. In accordance with the present invention, the apparent desirability of providing a symmetrical cross-sectional configuration for the leading edge of a spider vane, be it of semicircular cross-section as in Fig. 9 or another, is in fact undesirable. This result is explained with reference to Figs. 10, 11 and 12. In Fig. 10, there is shown in a broken-away and partially hidden illustration, a perspective view of a section of the RCC rod guide 28 (see Fig. 1) which accommodates a RCC rod cluster and its associated spider 100 (see Figs. 3 and 4), taken in the section intermediate the upper and lower mounting means 36 and 37 thereof. Within the sidewall of the RCC rod guide 28, at spaced elevations, there are disposed horizontally oriented support plates 150 having an outer peripheral configuration corresponding to the interior surface of the side wall of the RCC rod guide 28. The support plate 150 includes an interior opening 152 for accommodating axial movement therethrough of a cylindrical rod support mount 108 and its associated rod, and a slotted opening, or channel, 154 for accommodating a corresponding vane section, e.g., vane 134 (Figs. 7a, 7b and 7c) of the associated RCC spider 100. As will be appreciated, the RCC spider 100 temporarily resides within each of the support plates 150 during the required vertical movement thereof for the normal operational control of the reactor power output. The broken-away vertical cross-sectional views of Figs. 11 and 12 illustrate the condition of the vane 134 at successive stages of its vertical movement as it passes through the slot 154 of an associated support plate 150. As shown in Fig. 11, the normal parallel axial flow which is symmetrically distributed when the vane 134 is in free space (i.e., not within a support plate 150) and as shown in Fig. 9, is altered significantly when the vane 134 is within the slot 154 in a support plate 150. Specifically, the presence of the vane 134 within the slot 154 creates a significant flow restriction within the normally open, or free area of the slot 154 in the support plate 150. The impinging flow F I nevertheless must be maintained, with the result that a much higher velocity flow occurs through the now constricted slot 154 before emerging as the outlet flow F O . At a small range of the elevational locations of the vane 134, the flow restriction produces vibration of the vane 134 and of its associated spider. The effect is believed to be most pronounced when the leading edge 134a of the vane 134 is within the slot 154 of the support plate 150, as illustrated in Fig. 12. As shown therein, as the flow F I enters the entrance of slot 154, it is confronted by the leading edge 134a of the vane 134. Due to the symmetrical configuration of the leading edge 14a (i.e., semicircular or other), the flow pattern around the leading edge and emerging as the outlet flow F O may switch from one side of the vane to the other, and thus relatively to the plane of symmetry 136. It is believed that the flow switching mechanism occurs in the following manner. Due to the turbulent condition of the flow, as illustrated in F t in Fig. 12, a greater proportion of the inlet flow F I will be directed to one side of the vane 134, the flow rate gradually building, or increasing, on that side and thereby initially increasing the lateral loading (i.e., in a direction perpendicular to the plane of symmetry PL/SYM) and thereby urging the vane away from the corresponding side wall of the slot 154 and increasing the clearance therethrough, concomitantly increasing the total flow through that side. The increased velocity of the flow through that more opened side, however, produces a decrease in the corresponding pressure on that side of the vane; at the same time, the opposite side of the vane, i.e., that side in which the flow in more significantly constricted or blocked, starts to develop a higher static pressure. The result is that the vane then is pushed laterally towards the opposite side of the slot where the flow rate is higher. Thereafter, the action repeats. Accordingly, there is produced a switching or oscillatory lateral loading on the vane 134 which correspondingly is transmitted to the spider and its associated hub as well as to the control rods supported by the spider and the drive system for the spiders. The resulting structural vibration clearly is potentially detrimental to the structural integrity of both the directly affected components and the associated components. In accordance with the present invention, it has been recognized that a major factor in the initialization of the switching, or oscillatory loading phenomenon is the symmetrical cross-section of the vane leading edge. As before noted, this symmetry enables the static forces to build up on the side of the vane for which the corresponding flow has been reduced, because the most leading line, or edge, 160 (ie, the flow stagnation line) is at the geometric plane of symmetry 136 of the vane 134, and the flow F I encounters a significant frontal area on that side of the vane. The present invention thus provides for off-setting the flow stagnation line of the vane leading edge away from the plane of symmetry 136A, 136B, 136C, 136D. Figs 13A through 13D illustrate exemplary such cross-sectional configurations, in each of which the static flow line 160A, 160B, 160C, 160D is shifted away from the plane of symmetry 136A, 136B, 136C, 136D of the vane, as a geometric whole (ie, relative to its major planar surfaces). More particularly, vane 134A of Fig 13A has a leading edge 161A cross-section of a non-symmetrical, convex configuration. The leading edge 161B cross-sectional configuration of vane 134B of Fig 13B defines a single acute angle with respect to one of the major planar surfaces thereof, ie, the left major planar surface as illustrated in Fig 13B, in which the flow stagnation line 160B is displaced a maximum distance from the plane of symmetry 136B. The leading edge 161C cross-sectional configuration of the vane element 134C of Fig 13C is convex, as in Fig 13A, but is defined by a double acute angle relative to the respective line 160C from the plane of symmetry 136C. Finally, the leading edge cross-sectional configuration of the vane element 134D of Fig 13D defines a truncated acute angle with respect to one of the major planar surfaces, i.e., the right surface as shown in Fig. 13D; the flow stagnation line 160D again is offset from the plane of symmetry 136D, but to a lesser degree than in Fig. 13B. As is apparent from Figs. 13A through 13D, the extent of offset of the flow stagnation line 160A-160D from the plane of symmetry 136A-136D may be adjusted by the configuration of the leading edge cross-section, to the extent desired. Any of the configurations of Figs. 13A through 13D or variations thereof, which meet the aforestated criterion, when adapted as the leading edge geometry of a spider vane, will serve to mitigate the lateral vibratory loading on the vane and the resultant switching, or oscillatory, loadings applied thereto and the resulting vibration. With reference to the planar views of the RCC spider 100 in Fig. 3 and the WDRC spider 120 in Fig. 5, it will be appreciated that the vanes are symmetrically disposed in generally diametric relationship about the respective central hubs 102 and 122. For ease of reference, the following discussion is directed to the RCC configuration of Fig. 3, but it will be understood to be equally applicable to the WDRC spider configuration of Fig. 5. A non-symmetrical vane configuration, illustratively any of Figs. 13A through 13D, may be afforded on each of the four vanes of the RCC spider 106 to produce a net torque in a given direction, e.g., counter-clockwise, on the drive rod connected to the spider; as a result, all similarly situation planar surfaces of the spider vanes would be urged against the corresponding, contiguous side wall of the slot 154 in the support plate 150 as those elements are illustrated in Figs. 10 to 12. Alternatively, the offsets of the non-symmetrical leading edge configurations of successive pairs of angularly displaced vane elements, relative to the respective planes of symmetry, may be oppositely directed, progressing about the central hub 102, so as to produce laterally diagonal loading on the central hub of the spider. The non-symmetrical configuration of the spider vane leading edges, in any such arrangement, serves to eliminate the switching or oscillatory movement of the vanes and thus overcomes the resulting vibratory loading and the related, detrimental effects which are produced by the conventional, symmetrical leading edge configuration of spider vanes. The particular configuration selected is best determined from consideration of environmental factors within a given pressure vessel. For example, the configuration of Fig. 13B is optimum with regard to producing non-symmetrical lateral loading but is less desirable from the standpoint of the bending strength of the vane leading edge. The configurations of Figs. 13A and 13D afford greater strength than that of Fig. 13B, but, due to the reduced off-set, correspondingly have a reduced capability of eliminating the flow switching problem. The configuration of Fig. 13C has flow-switching and strength characteristics intermediate those of Figs. 13A and 13B. The configuration of Fig. 13D is easiest to manufacture whereas those of Figs. 13B and 13C and somewhat more difficult, but easier than that of Fig. 13A. All thereof share the common characteristic that they comprise improvements over the standard, semicircular cross-sectional configuration of conventional spider vanes.

Claims: A spider assembly (100; 120; 130) for supporting rod clusters (30, 34) in a pressurized water reactor vessel (12) defining a predetermined axial direction of the core outlet flow therewithin, comprising: a hub (102; 122) of elongated configuration defining a central axis and adapted for positioning in said reactor vessel (12) in parallel axial relationship to the predetermined axial direction of the core outlet flow; a plurality of vane assemblies (106; 126, 127; 132, 134) connected to said hub (102; 122), each said vane assembly (106, 126, 127) having means (108; 128) for mounting at least one rod (30, 34) to each said vane assembly (106; 126, 127; 132, 134), and at least one vane element (112'; 123, 123'; 125; 132) interconnecting said rod mounting means (108; 128) and said hub (102; 122), said vane element (112'; 123, 123'; 125; 132) having generally parallel, major planar surfaces and being connected along an inner longitudinal edge (115; 131; 131'; 133) to said hub (102; 122) with said planar surfaces in parallel relationship to the axis of said hub (102; 122), characterized in that said vane elements (112'; 123, 123'; 125; 132) have a leading edge and a trailing edge relative to and extending transversely of the axial direction of coolant flow (F I ), the leading edge (161A-161D) having a substantially uniform cross-sectional configuration in a plane perpendicular to the major parallel planar surfaces, which is non-symmetrical relative to the plane of symmetry. A spider assembly (100; 120; 130) as recited in claim 1, wherein the leading edge (161A-161D) of each vane element defines a flow stagnation line (160A-160D) which is off-set from the plane of symmetry (136A-136D). A spider assembly (100; 120; 130) as recited in claim 2, wherein said plural vane assembly (106; 126, 127; 132, 134) extend radially from said hub (102, 122) at equiangularly spaced positions thereabout; and the respective flow stagnation lines (160A-160D) of the radially extending vane elements are off-set from the respective planes of symmetry (136A-136D) thereof in a common direction. A spider assembly (100; 120; 130) as recited in claim 2, wherein: said plural vane assembly (106; 126, 127; 132, 134) extend radially from said hub (102, 122) at equiangularly spaced positions thereabout with the plane of symmetry (136A-136D) of each vane element aligned with that of a corresponding vane element extending in the diametrically opposite direction from the hub (102, 122) and so as to define successive pairs of adjacent said spaced vane elements (112'; 123, 123'; 125, 132) and the respective flow stagnation lines (160A-160D) of the spaced vane elements (112', 123, 123'; 125; 132) of each successive pair are off-set from the respective planes of symmetry (136A-136D) in common, opposite directions relative to the respective planes of symmetry thereof. A spider assembly (100; 120; 130) as recited in claim 1, wherein each vane element (112'; 123, 123'; 125; 132) leading edge (161B) cross-section defines a single acute angle with respect to one of the major planar surfaces thereof. A spider assembly (100; 120; 130) as recited in claim 1, wherein each vane element (112'; 123, 123'; 125, 132) leading edge (161C) cross-section defines double acute angles with respect to the respective planar surfaces. A spider assembly (100; 120; 130) as recited in claim 1, wherein each vane element (112'; 123, 123'; 125; 132) leading edge (161D) cross-section defines a truncated acute angle with respect to one of the major planar surfaces thereof.

Inventors: SCOCKLING LARRY A, TREVOR FRANCIS A, SCOCKLING, LARRY A., TREVOR, FRANCIS A.
Applicants: WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP, WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION
Application year: 1988
Main classification: G21C7
IPC codes: G21C7