Controlled release preparations of active materials

Abstract: A controlled release preparation of an active material comprising a reaction product obtained by reacting (a) a copolymer consisting essentially of maleic anhydride and at least one polyalkylene glycol ether represented by (I): wherein B represents a residue of a compound having from 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups; R¹ represents an alkenyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms; AO represents an oxyalkylene group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a combination thereof which may be linked together in blocks or at random; R² represents a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms; a represents a positive integer, b and c each represents 0 or a positive integer, and a + b + c = 2 to 8; ℓ ≧ 0, m ≧ 0, n ≧ 0, and ℓ + m + n = 1 to 1000; and (b) an active material. The preparation is soluble both in water and in an organic solvent and exhibits activity for a prolonged period of time.

Description: This invention relates to an active material releasing preparation which gradually releases an active material, such as perfumes, growth regulating substances, pheromones, hormones, vitamines, glycosides, enzymes, aminoglucosides and pesticides. More particularly, it relates to an active material releasing preparation for sustained release of an active material while controlling rapid deactivation of the active material or to an active material releasing preparation in which solubility of the active material is changed so as to permit its use in a solvent that has never been applied. Various attempts have been made to control deactivation of an active material to make the release slow or to change solubility of an active ingredient. For instance, it has been proposed that volatile active materials, such as perfumes, can be modified by adsorption onto a porous substance, conversion to a clathrate compound thereof, entrapping in gel. These techniques do not involve chemical reaction of the active material. On the other hand, it is known to obtain controlled release of an active material or to change solubility of an active material through chemical modification. For example, there have been proposed a process in which amino groups or carboxyl groups of proteins, such as enzymes, are reacted with a modified polyethylene glycol having a specific structure as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 104323/84 (the term "OPI" as used herein means "unexamined published Japanese patent application") and Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications , Vol. 121,261-265 (1984) as to reaction of amino groups, and in Japanese Patent Publication No. 7649/83 as to reaction of carboxyl groups; and a process in which amino groups of proteins are reacted with a copolymer having an acid anhydride group, e.g., an olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer, as reported in Macromolecules as Drugs and as Carriers for Biologically Active Materials , 160-181, The New York Academy of Sciences (1985). EP-A-0056627 discloses copolymers, which are prepared from a polyalkylen glycol monoalkyl ether and a maleic acid type monomer suitable as cement dispersing agents or as dispersions for pigments in coated papers or in aqueous paints or aqueous inks. The inventors have conducted studies on controlled release of a biologically or cosmetically active material from a system obtained by chemical reaction of an active material. As a result, it has now been found that a reaction product obtained by reacting an active material with a copolymer of maleic anhydride and a copolymerizable polyalkylene glycol ether is soluble in water and/or an organic solvent and capable of slowly releasing the active material upon hydrolysis. Subject matter of the present invention is a controlled release preparation for sustained release of an active material or for changing the solubility of the active material according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments of this controlled release preparation are subject matter of claims 2 to 11. The present invention relates to a controlled release preparation of an active material comprising a reaction product obtained by reacting (a) a copolymer consisting essentially of maleic anhydride and at least one polyalkylene glycol ether represented by formula (I): wherein Z represents a residue of a compound having from 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups; R¹ represents an alkenyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms; AO represents an oxyalkylene group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a combination thereof which may be linked together in blocks or at random; R² represents a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms; a represents a positive integer, b and c each represents 0 or a positive integer, and a + b + c = 2 to 8 ; ℓ ≧ 0, m ≧ 0, n ≧ 0, and ℓ + m + n = 1 to 1000 , and (b) the active material. In formula (I), alkenyl groups represented by R¹ include a vinyl group, an allyl group, a methallyl group, a 1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl group or a 3-methyl-3-butenyl group. Compounds having 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups per molecule which provide the residue Z in formula (I) include polyhydric phenols such as catechol, resorcine, hydroquinone, and phloroglucine; polyhydric alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, dodecylene glycol, octadecylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, styrene glycol, glycerine, diglycerine, polyglycerine, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,3,5-pentanetriol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, sorbitan, sorbide, a sorbitol-glycerine condensate, adonitol, arabitol, xylitol and mannitol; saccharides, such as xylose, arabinose, ribose, rhamnose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, sorbose, cellobiose, maltose, isomaltose, trehalose, sucrose, raffinose, gentianose, and melezitose; and partial ethers or partial esters thereof. Oxyalkylene groups represented by AO include an oxyethylene group, an oxypropylene group, an oxybutylene group, an oxytetramethylene group, an oxystyrene group, an oxydodecylene group, an oxytetradecylene group, an oxyhexadecylene group or an oxyoctadecylene group. Hydrocarbon groups represented by R² include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an amyl group, an isoamyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an undecyl group, a dodecyl group, an isotridecyl group, a tetradecyl group, a hexadecyl group, an isohexadecyl group, an octadecyl group, an isooctadecyl group, an oleyl group, an octyldodecyl group, a dococyl group, a decyltetradecyl group, a benzyl group, a cresyl group, a butylphenyl group, a dibutylphenyl group, an octylphenyl group, a nonylphenyl group, a dodecylphenyl group, a dioctylphenyl group, a dinonylphenyl group or a styrenated phenyl group. In formula (I) AOs in ( ) l , ( ) m , and ( ) n , respectively, may be the same or different. The copolymer which can be used in the present invention can be prepared by copolymerizing maleic anhydride and the polyalkylene glycol ether represented by formula (I) and, if desired, other copolymerizable monomers in the presence of a radical polymerization catalyst, e.g., benzoyl peroxide or azobisisobutyronitrile. The copolymerization may be carried out in a solvent such as toluene. In case of using a liquid polyalkylene glycol ether, the use of solvent may be eliminated. Other monomers which may be used include vinyl monomers which are copolymerizable with maleic anhydride and the polyalkylene glycol ether of formula (I). Specific examples of the vinyl monomers are acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid; salts of these acids with a monovalent or divalent metal, ammonium or an organic amine, esters of these acids with an alcohol having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, or esters of these acids with a polyoxyalkylene glycol; aromatic vinyl compounds such as styrene and methylstyrene; vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride; olefins such as isobutylene and diisobutylene; vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile or acrylamide. Active materials which are reacted with the abovedescribed copolymers are compounds having a hydroxyl group and compounds having an amino group. Examples of the compounds having a hydroxyl group include perfumes such as linalool, geraniol, citronellol, eugenol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, and cinnamic alcohol; growth regulating substances such as n-decanol, p-menthane-3,8-diol, gibberellin, cytokinin or indol-3-ethanol; pheromones such as 9-tetradecene-1-ol, 6-nonene-1-ol, and 6-methyl-5-heptene-1-ol; hormones such as oestradiol, testosterone, hydroxytestosterone, and cortisone; vitamines such as vitamines A, B₆ and C; glycosides such as saponine, anthocyan. Examples of the compounds having an amino group include various enzymes, such as hydrolases (e.g., amylase, protease, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, pectinase, lysozyme, hesperidinase, anthocyanase, aminoacylase, urease, invertase, melibiase, dextranase, peptidase, ribonuclease or lactase), oxidoreductases (e.g., glucose oxidase, uricase, catalase, lipoxygenase, cytochrome C or peroxidase), isomerases (e.g., glucose isomerase), transferases (e.g., cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase or transaminase), and eliminases (e.g., aspartase, hyaluronidase or chondroitinase); other peptides; aminoglucosides; and pesticides, such as 3,5-dichloroaniline, and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline. The reaction product of the copolymer and the active material can easily be obtained by mixing them in the presence or absence of a solvent under heating. In the maleic anhydride-polyalkylene glycol ether copolymer according to the present invention, the maleic acid unit exists in the form of an acid anhydride. This acid anhydride unit functions to chemically react with a hydroxyl group or an amino group of the active material to form an ester linkage or an amide linkage, while the polyalkylene glycol ether unit determines the form of the controlled active material release preparation, i.e., whether it is solid or liquid, and also determines solubility of the preparation in water or organic solvents. In more detail, when a polyalkylene glycol ether having an oxyethylene group is used in a high proportion, the resulting preparation is water soluble. When a polyalkylene glycol ether containing no or a slight amount of an oxyethylene group is used, the resulting preparation is water insoluble. In particular, the polyalkylene glycol ether of formula (I) having two or more alkenyl groups represented by R¹, which may be the same or different, provides a solid reaction product. The controlled release preparation of the active material of this invention comprises a reaction product obtained by the chemical reaction between the maleic anhydride-polyalkylene glycol ether copolymer and the active material and releases the active material, slowly and continuously, upon being hydrolyzed. Further, solubility of the preparation in water or organic solvents can be determined by appropriately selecting solubility of the copolymer. Accordingly, the controlled release preparation of the active material of the invention makes it possible to markedly broaden the range of application of the active material. The present invention is now explained in greater detail with reference to the preparation examples and the working examples. PREPARATION EXAMPLE 1 CH₂=CHCH₂O(C₃H₆O)₅(C₂H₄O)₁₅CH₃ 1022 g (1 mol) Maleic anhydride 103 g (1.05 mol) Benzoyl peroxide 12 g (0.05 mol) The above components were dissolved in 1 ℓ of toluene. The solution was transferred to a fournecked flask equipped with a condenser, an inlet for nitrogen, a thermometer, and a stirrer. The solution was stirred at 80° ± 2°C for 7 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to effect polymerization. The toluene and the unreacted maleic anhydride were removed from the reaction mixture by distillation under reduced pressure to obtain 980 g of a copolymer. The resulting copolymer was designated as Copolymer 1. Copolymer 1 was a viscous liquid and had a saponification value of 99.9. PREPARATION EXAMPLE 2 The above components were subjected to polymerization reaction in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1. As the reaction proceeded, a polymer began to precipitate. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was centrifuged to remove the toluene. The residual precipitate was washed successively with 300 ml of toluene and 500 ml of hexane and then vacuum dried at 60°C for 10 hours to obtain 1010 g of a copolymer. The resulting copolymer, designated as Copolymer 2, had a saponification value of 103. In the same was as for Copolymer 2, Copolymers 3 to 9 were prepared as shown in Table 1 below. EXAMPLE 1 In 300 ml of pyridine was dissolved 110 g of Copolymer 1, and 10 g of β-phenethyl alcohol (0.,41 equivalent to the saponification value of Copolymer 1) was added thereto, then refluxed for 4 hours to obtain 110 g of an ester of Copolymer 1 and β-phenethyl alcohol. Similarly, each of Copolymers 2 to 9 was esterified using β-phenethyl alcohol in an amount of 0.41 equivalent to the saponification value of the corresponding copolymer. In 20 g of a 50 wt% methanolic aqueous solution was dissolved 0.2 g of each of the resulting copolymer esters, and the solution was put in a petri dish of 10 cm diameter and allowed to stand in a thermostat at 50°C for 24 hours. Then, the solution remaining in the petri dish was dissolved in 20 g of a 50 wt% methanol aqueous solution having dissolved therein 0.2 g of sodium hydroxide, then refluxed for 1 hour. The β-phenethyl alcohol (a) in the resulting solution was quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. Separately, 0.2 g of the copolymer ester was dissolved in 20 g of a 50 wt% methanol aqueous solution having 0.2 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved therein, followed by refluxed for 1 hour, and then the β-phenethyl alcohol (b) in the solution was quantitatively determined. The percentage of the residual active material, β-phenethyl alcohol, was calculated by dividing (a) by (b). For comparison, the same procedure as the above was repeated but using 0.02 g of β-phenethyl alcohol to which 0.18 g of polyoxyethylene (10 mols) nonylphenyl ether or 0.18 g of polyacrylamide is added. The results obtained are shown in Table 2 below. It can be seen from the Table that the active material-copolymer preparation according to the present invention exhibits excellent persistency of activity. EXAMPLE 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, an ester formed between each of Copolymers 1 to 9 and geraniol was prepared, and the percentage of the residual active material was determined. For comparison, a composition of geraniol and polyoxyethylene (20 mols) sorbitan monooleate or polyacrylamide was evaluated in the same manner. The results obtained are shown in Table 3 below. As is apparent from Table 3, the active material-copolymer preparation according to the present invention exhibits excellent persistency of activity. Example 3 In 300 ml of pyridine was dissolved 50 g of Copolymer 8, and 18 g of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline was added to the solution. The solution was heated under reflux for 4 hours, followed by concentration to a half volume. To the concentrate was added 300 ml of n-hexane while cooling in order to form a precipitate. The precipitate was collected by filtration and dried to recover an amide of Copolymer 8 and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline. Ten grams of the resulting amide was charged in a 500-ml flask, and 100 ml of a 20% ethanolic aqueous solution having 0.1 g of sodium hydroxide dissolved therein was added thereto. After the mixture was boiled for 30 minutes, the liquid portion was removed. Then, 100 ml of a fresh ethanolic aqueous solution having the same composition as the above was added thereto, the mixture boiled for 30 minutes, and the liquid removed. This operation was repeated additional four times to obtain five liquid fractions 1 to 5. For comparison, the same procedure was repeated, except for replacing the amide of Copolymer 8 with 3 g of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline adsorbed onto 50 g of polystyrene for chromatography. The residual 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline in each liquid fraction was determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy, and its ratio (%) to the initial amount of 2.7-dichloro-4-nitroaniline was calculated. The results obtained are shown in Table 4. As can be seen from the results in Table 4, the controlled release preparation of active material according to the present invention exhibits excellent persistency of activity. Liquid Fraction No. Residual Active Material Invention (%) Comparison (%) 1 25.0 91.0 2 17.5 8.8 3 13.4 0.2 4 11.6 0 5 9.5 0 Example 4 To 4 ml of a 0.2M borate buffer (pH 8.5) containing 20 mg of horseradish peroxidase was added 200 mg of Copolymer 3 and stirred at 25°C for 30 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added 100 ml of phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.0) cooled to 0°C, in order to stop the reaction. Any unreacted copolymer was removed from the reaction mixture by filtration through Diaflo® Membrane A-50T (produced by Ulvac Service Co., Ltd.), and the residue was dried to obtain 170 mg of a modified peroxidase. The degree of modification of the resulting peroxidase was determined in accordance with the method described in Analytical Biochemicstry , Vol. 14, 328-336 (1966). As a result, it was found that 60% of the total amino groups in the peroxidase had been modified with Copolymer 3. Further, the resulting modified peroxidase was quite soluble not only in water but even in benzene, toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethane in each of which unmodified peroxidase is insoluble. Activity of the modified peroxidase in water and benzene was determined by using hydrogen peroxide and o-phenylenediamine as substrates, and the results being shown in Table 5, in which the activity of unmodified peroxidase in water was taken as a standard (100). It can be seen that the peroxidase preparation modified with the copolymer according to the present invention has solubility in each water and benzene and exhibits activity therein, indicating that the modification with the copolymer greatly improves properties of the unmodified enzyme.

Claims: A controlled released preparation for sustained release of an active material or for changing the solubility of the active material comprising a reaction product obtained by reacting (a) a copolymer consisting essentially of maleic anhydride and at least one polyalkylene glycol ether represented by formula (I): wherein Z represents a residue of a compound having from 2 to 8 hydroxyl groups; R¹ represents an alkenyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms; AO represents an oxyalkylene group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms or a combination thereof which may be linked together in blocks or at random; R² represents a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 24 carbon atoms; a represents a positive integer, b and c each represents 0 or a positive integer, and a + b + c = 2 to 8 ; ℓ ≧ 0, m ≧ 0, n ≧ 0, and ℓ + m + n = 1 to 1000 ; and (b) an active material, wherein said active material is a compound having a hydroxyl group or an amino group, and wherein said compound having a hydroxyl group is a perfume, a growth regulating substance, a pheromone, a hormone, a vitamine or a glycoside, and wherein said compound having an amino group is an enzyme, a peptide other than enzymes, an amino glucoside, or a pesticide. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1, wherein said copolymer further comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of styrene, methylstyrene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, isobutylene, diisobutylene, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile and acrylamide. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said perfume is linalool, geraniol, citronellol, eugenol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol or cinnamic alcohol. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said growth regulating substance is n-decanol, p-menthane-3,8-diol, gibberelline, cytokinin or indol-3-ethanol. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said pheromone is 9-tetradecene-1-ol, 6-nonene-1-ol or 6-methyl-5-heptene-1-ol. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said hormone is oestradiol, testosterone, hydroxytestosterone or cortisone. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said vitamin is vitamin A, B₆ or C. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said glycoside is saponine or anthocyan. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said enzyme is a hydrolase, an oxidoreductase, an isomerase, a transferase or an eliminase. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said enzyme is amylase, protease, cellulase, hemicellulase, lipase, pectinase, lysozyme, hesperidinase, anthocyanase, aminoacylase, urease, invertase, melibiase, dextranase, peptidase, ribonuclease, lactase, glucose oxidase, uricase, catalase, lipoxygenase, cytochrome C, peroxidase, glucose isomerase, cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase, transaminase, aspartase, hyaluronidase, or chondroitinase. A controlled release preparation of an active material as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said pesticide is 3,5-dichloroaniline or 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline.

Inventors: AKIMOTO SHIN-ICHI, HONDA SUSUMU, YASUKOHCHI TOHRU, AKIMOTO, SHIN-ICHI, HONDA, SUSUMU, YASUKOHCHI, TOHRU
Applicants: NIPPON OILS & FATS CO LTD, NIPPON OIL AND FATS COMPANY, LIMITED
Application year: 1988
Main classification: A61K47
IPC codes: C11B9, A61K8, A61L9, C08F8, A61K47, A61Q13, A01N25, C08F222