2',3' DIDEOXYRIBOFURANOXIDE DERIVATIVES

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) possess improved antiviral properties, especially in the treatment of neurological disorders caused by neurotropic viruses, for instance HIV infections. In the above formula R is an acyl group derived from a carboxylic acid or a carbonic acid, and X is a thymine or hypoxanthine group or an optionally N-acylated cytosine, adenine or guanine group; when X is an acylated group R may also be a hydrogen atom.

Description: 2' ,3' Dideoxyribofuranoxide derivatives. This invention relates to antiviral compounds and more particularly to esters and amides of nucleoside derivatives which are active against human immunodeficien virus (HIV) , the retrovirus which causes the disease AIDS. AIDS is-a relatively new disease. It was discovered in 1981 and several thousand cases of the disease have been diagnosed since then. It is anticipated that the number will increase to at least several hundred thousand in the next few years. The situation is especially severe in several Central African countries. AIDS is fatal, and about 40% of all diagnosed cases have ended in death. Of those diagnosed as having AIDS three or more years ago it is estimated that 85% are. now dead. Clinical symptoms are weight loss, chronic diarrhoea, persisting fever and opportunistic infections due to loss of T-cells, thus upsetting the overall balance of the immune system. The patient loses his/her ability to combat otherwise insignificant infections. Several different methods to combat the infection have been tried. Among the methods tried are stimulation of the immune system and conventional treatment of the (secondary) life-threatening infections. So far the most promising method has been to attack the replication of the HIV-virus. Several different compounds interfering with replication have been tried, e.g. phosphonoformate (Foscarnet) , suramin, Evans Blue, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2', 3 '-dideoxynucleosides. European Patent Application No. 0196185A, for instance, describes pharmaceutical compositions containing AZT, a known compound which has shown great promise in the treatment of AIDS and AIDS- related complex. It is believed that AZT works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase, a vital enzyme in the life cycle of retroviruses. Further work has been done on alternative reverse transcriptase inhibitors which might avoid the limitations and drawbacks of AZT, for instance bone marrow suppression or the need for frequent administration of relatively large quantities, and among those suggested have been the 2' ,3'-dideoxy- nucleosides. The synthesis and activity of these compounds have been described (Mitsuya and Broder, Proc. Natl. Aσad. Sci. 8 , 1911 (1986)) and it was demonstrated that both the 2' and 3' positions must be unsubstituted while the 5'-hydroxy group must be present, presumably to allow iτi vivo conversion to the corresponding nucleotides. The compounds seem to have lower toxicity and higher potency than AZT; 2* ,3'-dideoxycytidine is now undergoing clinical trials. European Patent Application No 0206497A discloses 2' ,3'-dideoxyribofuranoside derivatives of cytosine or purine bases as antiviral compounds. While there is reference to esters of these compounds as possible metabolic precursors, there is no suggestion that esters would possess any advantageous properties compared with the parent 5'-hydroxy compounds and no esters are specifically named or their synthesis exemplified. There is no reference to any corresponding thymidine compounds or of any nucleoside derivatives having N-acylated amino groups. We have now found that esterification of the 5'-hydroxy group and/or a idation of amino groups present in the purine or pyrimidine ring can give significant advantages in terms of uptake, overall activity and site of action. Thus according to one feature of the invention we provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising as active ingredient one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a physiologically aσc<ceptable acyl group of formula R .CO- or R .O.CO-, R 1 "1* being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group, and X is selected from 2 3 wherein R and R , which may be the same of different, each represent a hydrogen atom or a physiologically acceptable acyl group of formula 4 4 4 R .CO- or R .O.CO-, R being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group, with the proviso that at least 2 one of R and R must be an acyl group, and/or salts thereof. X is advantageously a substituted or unsubstituted thymine group. According to a further feature of this invention we provide for the use of compounds of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined, and/or salts thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of retrovirus infections, in particular neurotropic viruses and especially HIV infections. The compositions may be formulated in conventional manner by admixture of one or more compounds of formula (I) as defined above with excipients and/or ' carriers. — The acyl groups R, R 2 and R3 in formula (I) are preferably C 1 _ 20 ac y 1 groups and more preferably C2_"L Q acyl groups (the term "acyl" as used herein is intended to include groups derived from either carboxylic or carbonic acids) . The acyl group may be saturated, unsaturated or contain an aromatic system, and can include, for instance, C, g alkanoyl and alkenoyl groups and C_ ?Q aroyl groups. The acyl groups may be substituted,, for instance by hydroxy or carboxy groups. Alkanoyl groups can carry C g ,- aryl groups. Suitable examples include formyl, acetyl, butyryl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl, stearoyl, palmitoyl, succinoyl, phenylacetyl, benzoyl, isobutyloxy- carbonyl, ethyloxycarbonyl and benzyloxycarbonyl groups. The compositions wherein R 2 and R3 are hydrogen and R is a group R .O.CO- as defined above form one particularly prefered aspect of the invention. Another prefered group of compounds according to 2 the invention are those in which R is an acyl 3 group as defined above, R is hydrogen or an acyl group as defined above and R is hydrogen or an 3 acyl group as defined above. In general R is preferably hydrogen. The salts of the compounds of formula (I) may be acid addition salts with organic or inorganic acids, for instance hydrochloric or phosphoric acid or ethanesulphonic acid, ethane disulphonic acid, 2-naphthylsulphonic acid, pivalic acid and pa oic acid. Antiviral counter-ions such as phosphono- formate or sura in may also be used. Organic or inorganic base salts may be formed with acidic groups present in the molecule; suitable counter- ions include alkali metal ions such as sodium and potassium ions, divalent ions such as calcium and zinc ions and organic ions such as tetraalkylammonium and choline or ions derived from meglumine or ethylene- diamine. Salts according to the invention may be formed by reaction of the compound of formula (I) with an appropriate acid or base. The compositions according to the invention may be used in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of retrovirus infections, in particular HIV infections, and such a method forms a further feature of the invention. It is believed that the esters of formula (I) are not themselves inhibitors of reverse transcripta but are converted jLn vivo to the 5-hydroxy-2,3- dideoxynucleosides. Nevertheless the esterification and/or amidation of the hydroxy and amino groups gives surprising advantages in terms of uptake and sustained activity. The compounds of formula (I) are more lipophiliσ than the parent compounds and this permits rapid and efficient absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract; the absorption rate may be optimised by careful choice of the. acyl group to give the desired balance of lipophiliσity and hydrophilicity. The lipophilic nature of the compunds of formula (I) also gives the molecules the ability to penetrate the cell membranes more easily and leads to higher intracellular concentrations, giving an improved dose/effect ratio. The steady hydrolysis of the ester compounds ensures a sustained concentration of the active compound in the cell and thereby permits longer intervals between doses, overcoming a significant drawback of the prior art compounds such as AZT. Finally, the compounds according to the invention can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and thus permit treatment of the neurological disorders which have been observed to be related to the presence of neurotropic viruses, e.g. retroviruses such as HIV, and lentiviruses (Yarchoan et al, The Lancet, January 17, 1987, page 132). This is a significant advantage compared to the corresponding unsubstituted compounds or other antiviral compounds and is not referred to anywhere in the prior art, for instance in EP-A-0206497. Attempts have been made to treat these neurological disorders with AZT but with limited success. The invention thus further provides a method of treatment of neurological disorders caused by neurotropic viruses wherein an effective dose of a compound of formula (I) or a salt thereof is administered to a patient suffering from such a disorder. Many of the compounds of formula (I) are new and form a still further feature of the invention. Thus we also provide compounds of formula (I) wherein R and X are as hereinbefore defined, with the further proviso that when R is an acetyl group then X is not a thymine radical; when R is a benzoyl group then X is not a thymine radical or an N-unsubstituted cytosine radical (i.e. a cytosine group X wherein 2 R is a hydrogen atom); and when R is a 3-(trifluoromethy benzoyl group then X is not an N-unsubstituted adenine radical (i.e. an adenine group X wherein 2 R is a hydrogen atom) ; and salts thereof. The known compounds of formula (I) are described in a number of publications; there is, however, no indication that they might be active against the HIV virus or have any other medical use. Compounds of formula (I) and, in particular, the novel compounds defined above, may be prepared by acylation of compounds of formula (II) [wherein R is as hereinbefore defined and X is as hereinbefore defined for X except that R and R and/or R may each additionaly represent a protecting group,, with the proviso that at least one of R, R 2 and R3 is a hydrogen atom] with an acylating agent serving to introduce an acyl group R CO-, R 1OCO-, R4CO- or R4OCO-, followed where required by removal of any protecting groups and/or unwanted acyl substituents. It should be noted that where, in the starting material, more than one of R, R 2 and R3 is hydrogen, diacylation or triacylation may occur. In general, we have found that using acid anhydrides as acylating agents to introduce a group T λ R CO or R CO O-acylation takes place more readily than N-acylation whereas using acid halides, N- aσylation or even N-diacylation predominates. However, N-acyl groups R CO- may be removed selectively, for example by reaction with a phenol such as p-methyl- phenol. Where it is desired to ensure that O-acylatioή to introduce a group R OCO- is effected while R 2 and R3 remain as hydrogen atoms, it may be desirable to protect the exocyσlic nitrogen atom first, to 2 form a compound of formula (I) in which R and 3 R are N-protecting groups, these being removed after introduction of the 0-acyl group. Such protecting groups may, in fact, be conventional N-protecting 4 groups including other groups R OCO- which may be selectively removed in the presence of the O-acyl group R OCO-. Thus, for example, an N-ben: σarbonyl group may be used to protect an exocylic 4 amino and if the O-acyl group R OCO- is not one which is removable by reduction, for example a straight chain alkoxycarbonyl group, the N-benzyloxy- carbonyl group can readily be removed selectively using hydrogen and a noble metal catalyst such as palladium. 2 In general, where more than one of , R and R are hydrogen, a mixture of acylated compounds may be produced. However, the individual components may readily be separated, for example by chromatography. Suitable acylating agents for use in the reaction have the formula Ac-L where L is a leaving group. hen the acyl group Ac- is derived from a carboxylic acid, i.e. is of formula R -CO- or A R " -CO-, then suitable acylating agents include the acid halides and acid anhydrides advantageously in the presence of a base; when the acyl group is derived from a carbonic acid, i.e. is of formula R .0.C0- or R .0.C0-, then acylating agents include the haloformate esters and reactive carbonic acid diesters. The base for use in the reaction with the acid halide or anhydride may, for example, be a heterocyclic base such as pyridine or dimethylamino pyridine. The latter increases the speed of the reaction and may be used advantageously with pyridine. The reaction will normally be carried out in the presence of an inert solvent such as dimethyl-formamide or a halogenated hydrocarbon such as dichloromethane. The starting compounds of formula (II) wherein 2 3 R, R and R are all hydrogen atoms are well described in the literature - see, for instance, Lin et al, J. Med. Che . £' 440 (1987) . The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be formulated conventionally by means well known in the art, and may be administered by any convenient route, for instance orally, rectally, vagirially, intraveneously or intramuscularly. Examples of suitable formulations include tablets and capsules, aqueous formulations for intravenous injection and oil-based formulations for intramuscular injection. Suitable dosages will lie in the range 0.1 to lOOmg per kilogram of bodyweight per 24 hour period. The compositions according to the invention may also contain other active antivirals for instance acyclovir, phosphonoformate, suramin, Evans Blue, interferons or AZT. The invention is illustrated by the following Examples. Capsugel is a Trade Mark. Example 1 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-5'-O-palmitoyl-cytidine Palmitoyl chloride (2.80g, 10.2 mol) is added dropwise during 30 minutes to a stirred solution of 2' ,3'-dideoxycytidine (2.11g, 10 mmol) in dry 1:1 pyridine/N,N-dimethylformamide (130ml) at 0°C. The mixture is stirred for 30 hours. Water (20ml) is added and the mixture is evaporated. The product is purified on.a column of silica gel with ethanol/- chloroform/hexane as solvent. Example 2 5'-O-Butyryl-2',3'-dideoxy-adenosine Butyryl chloride (1.09g, 10.2mmol) is added dropwise during 30 minutes to a stirred solution of 2',3'- dideoxyadenosine (2.45g, 10.mmol) in dry 1:1 pyridine/N,N dimethylfo mamide (100ml) at 0°C. The mixture is stirred at 0°C for 30 hours, water (20ml) is added and the mixture is evaporated. The product is purified on a column of silica gel with ethanol/- chloroform as solvent. Example 3 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-5'-0-hexanoyl-thymidine 2* ,3*-Dideoxythymidine (0.0100 g, 4.4203 x 10 "5 mole) was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (0.44ml) and dimethylformamide (0.44 ml) (both distilled from calcium hydride) and cooled to 0°C. Hexanoyl chloride (freshly distilled, 0.00682 ml, 4.8622 x 10~ 5 mole) was added with a syringe ' . The mixture was stirred for 48 hours under nitrogen at 0°C, when thin layer chromatography showed partial conversion. N,N-Dimethyl-4-aminoρyridine (0.0001 g) was added under exclusion of air and the mixture was stirred for a further 24 hours when hexanoyl chloride (0.00682 ml, 4.8622 x 10 ~5 mole) was added. After a further 24 hours water (2 ml) was added and the solution was evaporated under high vacuum. Water was added four times (4 2 ml) with high vacuum evaporation between each addition. The resulting semi-solid was dissolved in chloroform and applied to a silica column (E. Merck 9385) and eluted with chloroform and chloroform: ethanol 99:1. The title compound eluted first. Yield 0.0085 g (59.3%), mp 94-96 °C (uncorrected) . „ 1 H NMR(CDC1 3 300 MHz) O • 0.90 (t, 3H, J 6.8 Hz) ,- 1.32(m, 4H) , 1.66(m,2H), 1.83(m,lH), 1.95 (s,3H), 2.05(m, 2H) , 2.37(t, 2H, J 7.5 Hz), 2.45(m, 1H) , 4.33(m, 3H) , 6.08(d d, 1H, J χ 4.4 Hz, J_ 2 6.70 Hz), 7.40(s, 1H) , 8.54(bs, 1H) . 13 C NMR (CDC1 3 75 MHz) S : 12.674, 13.879, 22.288, 24.593, 25.919, 31.285, 32.223, 34.183, 64.801, 78.462, 86.180, 110.508, 135.272, 150.163, 163.530, 173.442. Example 4 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-5'-0'-palmitoyl-thymidine 2' ,3 '-Dideoxythymidine (0.0100 g 4.4203 x 10~ 5 mole) was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (0.221 ml) and dimethylformamide (0.221 ml) (both distilled from calcium hydride) and cooled to 0°C. Palmitoyl chloride (freshly distilled, 0.01476 ml, 4.8623 x 10 mol) was added with a syringe. The mixture was stirred for 4 days under nitrogen, when thin layer chromatography showed partial conversion. Pyridine (0.221 ml) and dimethylformamide (0.221 ml) (both cooled to 0°C) were added and the resulting mixture stirred at 10°C for 24 hours, when water (2ml) was added. The resulting mixture was evaporated at low temperature under high vacuum. Water was added four more times (4 2 ml) , with high vacuum evaporation between each addition. The resulting semisolid was suspended in chloroform and applied to a silica column (E. Merck 9385) and eluted first with chloroform, then with chloroform:methanol 9:1. The title compound eluted first. Yield 0.0076g (34.7%) p 92-94 °C (uncorrected.). H NMR(CDCl 3 300 MHz) & : 0.88 (t 3H, J 7.1 Hz), 1.25(m+s 20H) , l.βlfm 2H) r 1.83 (in 1H) , 1.95(s 3H) , 2.04(m 2H) , 2.37 (t 2H,J 3 Hz), 2.42(m 1H) , 4.32(m 3H) , 6.07(dd 1H) , 7.40 (s 1H) r 8.20 (broad s, 1H) . 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 75 MHz) 8 : 12.68, 14.12, 22.69-, 24.91, 25.89, 29.15, 29.25, 29.36, 24.46, 29.60, 29.68(large peak - 5 carbon atoms), 31.93, 32.23, 78.47, 86.16, 110.48, 135.25, 150.03, 163.35, 173.48. Example 5 N 4,5 r - -Dibenzoy1-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine and N4■ benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine 2' ,3'-Dideoxy cytidine (0.0200 g, 9.469x10 5 mole) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.0127g, 10.367x10 " mole) were dissolved in dichloromethane (1.0 ml, distilled from calcium hydride) . Benzoyl chloride (0.0146g, 10.367x10 " mole) was added with a syringe. The resulting mixture was stirred for 24 hours before distilled water (2.0 ml) was added. After complete evaporation (high vacuum) the residue was chromatographed on a silica column with chloroform and chloroform:ethanol 9:1. N 4 ,5 s -0-Dibenzoyl-2' ,3'- dideoxy-cytidine eluted first, followed by N 4- benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine. 4 N ,5'- -Dibenzoyl-2* ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine Yield 0.0144 g (36.4%) M.p. 180-190°C (uncorrected) (not recrystallized) . 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 , 300 MHz) 0 : 1.76- 1.92 ( , 1H) , 2.04-2.16 ( , 1H) , 2.18-2.30 (m, 1H) , 2.54-2.70(m, 1H) , 4.47-4.56(m, 1H, H4' ) , 4.56 (broad d, 2H, H5'), 6.10(dd, lH,Hl'), 7.43(d, lH,H5) , 5 7.46-7.54 (broad t, 4H,Ph), 7.56-7.64 (broad t, 2H, Ph) , 7.86 (broad d, 2H,Ph) , 8.05 (broad d, 2H,Ph) , 8.26 (d, 1H, H6, J 7.46 Hz), 8.59 (broad, 1H, NH) . 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz) 8 : 25.03, 33.42, i ' 64.73, 80.16, 88^27, 95.90, 127.42, 128.69, 129.06, 10 129.36, 129.57, 133.16, 133.16, 133.64, 144.19, 162.06, 166.27. N -benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine 15 Yield 0.0060 g (28.0%) M.p. 202-205°C (uncorrected) (not recrystallized). 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 , 300 MHz) £ : 1.85-2.05(m, 2H) , 2.16-2.30 (m, 1H) , 3.78-3.88 and 4.06-4.16(ABX, 2H, H5' ) , 4.29(m, 1H, H4 ') , 6.12(dd, 1H,H1'), 7.41-7.6.4(m, 3H,Ph) , 7.92 (broad d, 2H, 20 Ph) , 8.51(d, H6) , 8.52 (broad, 1H, NH) . " " " NMRfDMSOdg; 300 MHz) 8 : 1.72-1.90 (m, 2H) , 1.90- 2.10(m, 1H) , 2.35-2.48(m, 1H) , 3.55-3.65 and 3.72- 3.82 (2H, ABX, H5') , 4.12 (m, 1H, H4') , 5.16(t, 25 1H, OH), 5.95(dd, 1H, Hi') , 7.33(d, 1H, H5), 7.47- 7.56(broad t, 2H, Ph) , 7.59-7.66 (broad t, 2H, Ph) , 7.59-7.66 (broad t, 1H, Ph) , 7.99(broad d, 2H, Ph) , 8.55(d, 1H, H6 J 7.38 Hz), 11.22(s, 1H, NH) . 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 + 5% DMSOdg, 75 MHz) β : 23.66, 30 33.37, 62.00, 82.96, 87.82, 95.76, 127.53, 128.53, 132.34, 132.66, 132.95, 145.30, 154.91, 162.19. Example 6 5 '-_0-benzoyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxy-cytidine 35 4 ,5 '-0-Dibenzoyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxy-cytidine (0.0142g, 3.385xl0 ~5 mole) and p-methylphenol (0.0183 g, 1.689x10 " mole) were dissolved in toluene (0.5ml distilled from sodium and benzophenone) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The temperature was then increased to 120°C and the mixture was stirred for a further 12 hours. At this time thin layer chromatography (silica, chloroform:ethanol 99:1 and 9:1) revealed almost complete consumption of the starting material. The toluene was evaporated and the residue chromatographed on silica with chloroform ^ , chloroform:ethanol 99:1 and chloroform:ethanol 9:1. The compounds were eluted in the following 4 order: p-methylphenol, N ,5'- -dibenzoyl-2' ,3'- dideoxy-cytidine and 5'-jD-benzoyl-2 1 ,3 '-dideoxy- cσyyttiiddiinnee.. RReeccoovveerreedd 1155 ,,55'-ιO-dibenzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy- cytidine 0.0018 g (13 %) . Yield (5'-O-benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine) 0.0092g (86.0%). Glassy material. M.p. 114-116°C (uncorrected). (not recrystallized) 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 , 300 MHz) O : 1.67-1.86 (m, 1H) , 2.02-2.21(m,2H) ,2.44-2.62(m,lH) ,4.41- 4.46 (m,lH,H4'), 4.52-4.68 (ABX,2H,H5') , 5.54(d, H5, J 7.2 Hz), 6.08(dd, Hi'), 7.44-7.50 (broad t, 2H Ph) , 7.57-7.64(broad d, 1H, Ph) , 7.81(d, H6, J 7.2 Hz), 8.04(broad d 2H, Ph) , 5.1-6.3 (very broad, 2H, NH 2 ) . 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz)£) : 25.51, 33.28, 65.28, 73.98, 79.25, 87.64, 93.07, 128.55, 129.57, 129.63, 133.41, 140.93, 155.77, 164.46. Example 7 4 N -Benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-5'-0-palmitoyl-cytidine N 4 -Benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxycytidine (0.0215 g r 6.797x10 5 mole) was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (0.25 ml) and dimethylformamide (0.25 ml). N,N- dimethylaminopy idine (0.0083 g, 6.797xl0~ 5 mole) and palmitoyl chloride (0.0374 g, 1.359xl0~ 4 mole) were added at room temperature. The resulting mixture was heated to 60°C and stirred at this temperature for 12 hours, when a new aliquot of palmitoyl chloride (0.0374 g, 1.359x10 ol) was added at room temperature. The resulting mixture was heated to 60°C and stirred at this temperature for 12 hours, when a new aliquot of palmitoyl chloride (0.0374g, 1.359xl0~ 4 mol) and pyridine (0.25 ml) were added at room temperature. The temperature was again raised to 60°C and kept there for a furthe 8 hours. Water (2 ml) was added and the solvents - ■■ - removed at high vacuum. The resulting semi-solid was applied to a silica column and eluted with chloroform and chloroform:ethanol 99:1. The product was isolated as a white powder contaminated with palmitic acid. No attempt was made to remove the palmitic acid at this stage. Yield (after subtracting excess palmitic acid from the HNMR-integration) : 0.0199 g (52.8 %) . 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 , 300 MHz) 0 : 1.95(t, CHg) , 1.2-1.6 (m, CH 2 -alkyl) , 2.06-2.20(m, 1H) , 2.25-2.35(m, 1H) , 2.35-2..50(m,4H) , 2.60-2.75 (m,lH) , 4.40-4.58(m, 3H, H4' and H5 ' ) , 6.15(dd, Hi') , 7.55-7.80(m, 4H, Ph+H5) , 8.05 (broad d, 2H, Ph) , 8.26(d, 1H,H6) . 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz) (sample containing free palmitic acid)8 : 14.12, 22.69, 24.71, 24.95, 29.09, 29.17, 29.27, 29.36, 29.36, 29.45, 29.48, 29.60, 29.68, (broad-large resonance-several carbon ' atoms) , 31.92, 33.29, 34.06, 34.22, 64.22, 80.13, 88.43, 96.07, 128.15, 128.76, 132.86, 133.13, 144.80, 163.01, 173.43, 179.60. Example 8 2 ' ,3 '-Dideoxy-5 '-0-palmitoyl-cytidine N 4-b•enzoyl-2' ,3 '-dιdeoxy-5 '- -palmιtoyl-cytιdιne (0.0199 g, 3.587xl0~ 5 mole) (contaminated by some palmitic acid) and p-methylphenol (0.0256 g, 2.367x10 -4 mole) were dissolved in toluene (0.5 ml, distilled from sodium and benzophenone) . The resulting solution was refluxed for 15 hours. The toluene was evaporated and the residue chromatographed on a silica column and eluted with chloroform, chloroform:ethanol 99:1 and chloroform:ethanol 9:1. The benzoate of the p-methylphenol and the palmitic acid contamination from the preceding step were eluted first followed 4 by p-methylphenol, N -benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-5'- 0-palmitoyl-cytidine and 2* ,3'-dideo"xy-5'-0-palmitoyl- cytidine. Yield (2' ,3 '-dideoxy-5'-0-palmitoyl- cytidine ) 0.0107 g (66.2 %) M.p. 120-122 °C (uncorrected) (not recrystallized) . L HNMR(CDC1 3 , 300 MHz) 0 : 0.88 (t, CH 3 ) , 1.2-1.38 (broad s, 22H, alkyl chain), 1.57-1.76(m, 4H) , 1.96-2.06(m, 1H) , 2.06-2.18 (m, 1H) , 2.35(t, CH 2 ~ COO) , 2.43-2.58(m, 1H) , 4.32-4.40 (m, 3H, H5'+H ') , 5.0-6.0 (very broad 2H, NH 2 ) , 5.67 (d, 1H, H5, J 7.51 Hz), 6.05(dd, Hi'), 7.79(d, H6, J 7.51 Hz). 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz) & : 14.13, 22.69, 24.91, 25.50, 29.16, 29.27, 29.36, 29.47, 29.61, 29.65 and 29.69 (these two resonances represent several carbon atoms) 31.92, 33.16, 34.21, 64.81, 73.99, 79.18, 87.71, 92.82, 96.89, 141.09, 155.74, 165.40, 173.49. Example 9 2' ,3'-dideoxy-5'- -isobutyloxycarbonyl-thymidine 2' ,3'-Dideoxythymidine (O.Oiσo g, 4.42.10 "5 mole) and N,N-dimethylaminopyri ine (0.0059 g, 4.8x10 -4 mole) were suspended in dry dichloromethane (1ml) and cooled to 0°C. Isobutyl chloroformate (12.62 ul, 8.84x10 -5 mole) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 11 days. Water (2 ml) was added. After complete evaporation at high vacuum, the residue was chromatographed on a silica column. The product was eluted with chloroform and chloroform:ethanol = 99:1 Yield 0.0119 g (82.4%), mp 128-130 °C (uncorrected) (not recrystallised) . 1 HNMR (CDC1 3 ; 300 MHz) & : 0.96(d, 6H, J 6.75 Hz), 1.95(s, 3H) , 1.91-2.18(m, 4H) , 2.4(m, 1H) , 3.97(d, 2H, J .6.59 Hz), 4.32(m, 1H) , 4.40 (ABX, 2H) , 6.12(q, 1H) , 7.τ56(s, 1H) , 8.47(broad s, 1H) . 13 CNMR(CDC1 3 ,..75 MHz) £ : 12.51, 18.89,(2 carbon atoms), 25.40, 27.81, 32.46, 67.73, 74.61, 78.41, 85.97, 110.58, 135.64, 150.22, 155.21, 163.60. MSCI (isobutane): 327 (M+l, 41.4), 209(5.3), 202(7.4), 200(67.0), 169(16.5), 167(18.1), 145(58.4), 127(100), 83(24.6) . 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-cytidine (0.0250 g, 1.178 x 10 "4 mole) was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (0.25 ml) and N,N-dimethylformamide (0.25 ml) and cooled to 0 °C. Benzyl σhlorofor ate (0.0603 g, 3.534 -4 x 10 mole) was added with a syringe. N,N-dimethyl- aminopyridine (0.0144 g, 1.178 x 10 -4 mole) was added and the resulting solution stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. Thin layer chromatography (silica, " chloroform:ethanol 9:1) indicated partial conversion at this point. The mixture was cooled to 0°C and benzyl chloroformate (0.0603 g, 3.534 x 10 -4 mole) was added with a syringe. The mixture was stirred for a further 24 hours at room temperature. Water (2 ml) was then added and the solution was evaporated at high vacuum. The resulting semi- solid was applied to a silica column and eluted with chloroform and chloroform: ethanol 99:1. 4 N -Benzyloxycarbonyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidme Yield 0.0385 g (84.9 %) . Glassy material. HNMR (CDC1 3 , 300 MHz)δ : 1.82-1.98 (m, 2H) , 2.10-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.42-2.59(m, 1H) , 3.05 (broad, 1H, OH), 3.76 and 3.80 (ABX, 2H, H5') , 4.24 ( , H4') , 5.17 (s, 2H, 0-CH 2 -Ph) , 6.06 (dd, 1H,H1'), 7.24 (d, 1H, H5, J 7.57 Hz) 7.93 (broad, 1H, NH) , 8.50 (d, 1H, H, J 7.57 Hz) 13 CNMR (CDC1 3 , 75 MHz) £ : 24.10, 33^37, 62.93, 67.85, 82.r72, 88^19, 94.2 * 6, 128.33, 128.44, 128.64, 134.94, 145.01, 152.28, 155.23, 162.11. 4 N ,5'- -di(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine was also isolated in small Quantities. This product coeluted with several contaminants and decomposition products. The product was finally isolated by careful reσhromatography on a silica column with pure chloroform as eluent. 4 N ,5'-0-di (benzyloxycarbonyl)-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine. Yield: 0.0075 g (13.2%). Glassy material. 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 , 300MHz) & : 1.64 - 1.82 (m, 1H) , 1.92-2.08 (m, 1H) r 2.08-2.22 (m, 1H) , 2.46-2.62 (m, 1H) , 4.32- 4.40 (m, 1H, H5'), 4.34-4.52 (ABX, 2H, H4') , 5.21 (s, 2H, CH 2 -0) , 5.23 (s, 2H, CH 2 ~0) , 6.06 (dd, 1H,H1'), 7.21 (d, H5, J 7.38 Hz), 7.39 (broad, 10H, 2Ph) r 7.5 (broad, 1H, NH) , 8.16 (d, 1H, H6, J 7.38 Hz). 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz) 8 : 24.83, 33.23, 67.67, 67.95, 70.06, 79.51, 88.10, 94.16, 128.36, 128.52, 128.71, 134.86, 144.05, 152.12, 154.93, 162.05. Example 11 -t Q 5 '-O-Acetyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxy-cytidine and N ,5 ' -_0- iacetyl-2' ,3 ' -dideoxy-cyti ine. 2' ,3 '-dideoxy-cytidine (0.0300 g, 1.42x10 mole) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.0087 g, 7.10xl0~ 5 mole) were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane (1 ml) and pyridine (1 ml) . The resulting solution was cooled to 0°C and acetic anhydride (0.0290 g, 2.84x10 " mole) was added with a syringe. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. Water (4- ml) was then added and the solvents were removed by high vacuum evaporation. The resulting solid was chromatographed on a silica column and eluted with chloroform:ethanol 99:1, chloroform:ethanol 9:1 and chloroform:ethanol 7:3.. 5'-0-acetyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxy-cytidine Yield 0.0120 g (31.3 %) Oil, glassy material HNMR(CDC1 300 MHz)& : 1.60-1.78(m, 1H) , 1.94-2.20 (m, 2H) , 2.12(s, 3H) , 2.40-2.58(m, 1H) , 4.32(m, 3H, H4'+H5') , 5.77(d, 1H, H5, J 7.20 Hz) , 6.05(dd, 1H, Hi'), 7.40(d, 1H, H6, J 7.20 Hz) , 5.0-7.3(very broad, 2H, NH 2 ) . 13 CNMR (CDC1 3 , 75 MHz, pulse delay 3s)& : 20.85, 25.54, 33.02, 65.04, 78.98, 87.54, 93.58, 140.61, 155.76, 165.63, 170.63. N ,5 '-JD-diacetyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxy-cytidine Yield 0.0268 g (63.9%) M.p. 230°C (uncorrected) (not recrystallized) . ■ " " HNMR (CDC1 3 , 300 MHz)& : 1.63-1.80 (m, 1H) , 1.96- 2.09(m, 1H) , 2.10-2.23(m, 1H) , 2.15(s, 3H) , 2.30(s, 3H) , 2 ^ 48 m,_ 1H) , 4.30-4.45(m, 3H) , 6.06(dd, 1H, HI') , 7.46(d, 1H, H5 J 7.54 Hz) , 8.19(d, 1H, H6, J 7.54 Hz) , NH not seen. 13 CNMR (CDCl,, 75 MHz, pulse delay 3s)6 : 20.84, 24.85, 33.21, 64.40, 79.91, 88.20, 96.03, 143.96, 155.04, 162.90, 170.49, 171.12. Example 12 c N ,5'-0-Dibenzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-adenosine and 2',3'- dideoxy-N ,N ,5'-0_-tribenzoyl-adenosine 2* ,3 « -Dideoxyadenosine CO.0250 g, 1.063xl0 ~4 mole) was dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane (1.0 ml) and pyridine (0.25 ml) and cooled to 0°C. Benzoyl chloride (0.0299 g, 2.125x10 mole) was added with a syringe and the temperature raised to room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 24 hours, recooled to 0°C and benzoyl chloride (0.0299 g, 2.125x10 -4 mole) was added for the second time. The reaction mixture was stirred for a further 12 hours at room temperature. Water (4ml) was added and solvents and water were removed by high vacuum evaporation. The resulting semi-solid was chromatographed on a silica column and eluted with chloroform and chloroform:ethanol 99:1. Not all fractions contained pure compounds after the first column. The impure fractions were chromatographed a second time on a silica column and eluted with chloroform and chloroform: ethanol 99:1. N ,5'-0_-Dibenzoy1-2' ,3'-dideoxy-adenosine Yield : 0. 0387 g (82%) . Colorless oil. " ϊNMR CDClg , 300 MHz) 5 : 2. 17-2. 37 (m, 2H) , 2. 57-2. 71 (m, lH) , 2.73 (m, IH) , 4. 48-4. 68 (ABX+m, 3H , H5 ' +H4 * ) , 6 . 37 (dd , IH, HI') 7.39-7. 6(complex pattern, 6H, 2Ph) , 7.87- 8.06 (complex pattern 4H, 2Ph) , 8.26(s,lH), 8.79(s,lH), 8.99(broad s, IH, NH) . 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz, pulse delay 3s)δ : 26.39, 32.34, 65.51, 79.57, 86.23, 127.79, 128.48, 128.88, 129.49, 129.59, 132.77, 133.68, 141.38, 149.40, 151.05, 152.58, 164.46, 166.30. 2' ,3 '-Dideoxy-N , ,5'-0-tribenzoyl-adenosine Yield: 0.0087 g (15%) Clear glassy material. 1 HNMR(CDC 300 MHz)£ : 2.14-2.34(m, 2H) , 2.56-2.77(m, 2H) , 4.52-4.63(m, 3H, H4'+H5'), 6.36(dd, lH,Hl'), 7.32-- 7.58 (complex pattern, 9H, 3Ph) , 7.83-7.89(dd, 4H, 2Ph) , 7.98-8.02(dd, 2H, lPh) , 8.33(s, lH) , 8.62(s, IH) . 13 CNMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz, pulse delay 3s)§ Ϊ 26.13, 32.37, 65.61, 79.56, 86.18, 128.05, 128.51, 128.71, 129.44, 129.66, 132.96, 133^30, 134.03, 143.29, 151.73, 152.03, 152.29, .166 ^ 33, 172.28. Example 13 5'-O-Benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-adenosine (Alternative A) 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-N 6 , 6 ,5'-0-tribenzoyl-adenosine (0.0294 g 5.369xl0~ 5 mole) and p-methylphenol (0.0290 g, 2.685x10 -4 mole) were dissolved in toluene (1.0 ml distiled from sodium and benzophenone) and stirred at 50 °C for 1 hour. The temperature was then raised to 110°C and kept there for 24 hours. (The conversion from 2' ,3'-dideoxy-N ,N ,5'-0-tribenzoyl- 2' ,3"dideoxy-adenosine was fast (TLC) and the conversio from N 6,5'-0-dibenzoyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxyadenosine to 5'-0-benzoyl-2' ,3' -dideoxy-adenosine was slow (TLC) ) . The toluene was evaporated and the residue chromatographed on a silica column with chloroform, chloroform:ethanol 99:1 and chloroform: ethanol 9:1. Yield 0.0079 g (43.3 %) . Oil, which form foams upon vacuum drying. HNMR(CDC1 3 , 300 MHz) 0 : 2.14-2.32(m, 2H) , 2.52-2.64(m, IH) , 2.65-2.77( , IH) , 4.50-4.66(m, 3H, H4' and H5 ') , 5.66(broad s, IH, NH) , 6.31(dd, IH, HI') , 7.40-7.47(m, 2H, Ph) , 7.53-7.61(m, IH, Ph) , 7.96-8.0-2( , 2H, Ph) 8.05(s, IH) , 8.34(s, IH) . 13 CNMR (CDC1 3< . 75 MHz, pulse delay 3s) 5 " ; 26.40, 32.38, 65.60, 79.29, 85.84, 120.29, 128.46, 129.55, 129.62, 133.26, 138.80, 149.28, 152.95, 155.34, 166.35. 5'-O-Benzoy1-2' ,3'-dideoxy-adenosine (Alternative B) N 6 , 5'-O-Dibenzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-adenosine (0.0.200 g, 4.510xl0 "5 mole) and £-methylphenol (0.0122 • ._4 g, 1.127x10 mole) were dissolved in toluene (1.0 ml distilled from sodium and benzophenone) and stirred at 50 °C for 1 hour. The temperature was then raised to 110°C and kept there for 24 hours. The toluene was evaporated and the residue chromatographe on a silica column with chloroform, chloroform:ethanol 99:1 and chloroform: ethanol 9:1 Yield 0.0064 g (41.8%) . ( 1 HNMR- and 13 CNMR spectral data were identical with those obtained from the g 6 fi rreeaaccttiioonn ooff 22"" ,,33 ''--ddiiddeeooxxyy--NN ,,ftN ,5'-0-tribenzoyl- adenosine with p-methylphenol) Example 14 4 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-N -palmitoyl-cytidine and 2' ,3'-dideoxy- 4 N ,5'-£-dipalmitoyl-cytidine. 2' ,3'-Dideoxycytidine (0.005 g, 2.356xl0 ~5 mole) was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (0.22 ml) - and dimethylformamide (0.22 ml) and cooled to 0°C. Palmitoyl chloride (8 1, 2.59xl0~ 5 mole) was added with a syringe. Precipitates were formed immediately. To increase the solubility more pyridine (0.22 ml) was added. After 48 hours of stirring the temperature was increased to 15°C. After 24 more hours at this temperature palmitoyl chloride (10 jJl, 3.24xl0~ 5 mole) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (cat. amt.) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 days at 0°C. Water (2 ml) was added and the solution was evaporated under high vacuum. Water was added four more times (4x2 ml) with complete evaporation after each addition. The products were isolated by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with chloroform and subsequently with chloroform:ethanol 9:1. 2 ' , 3 '-Dideoxy-N -palmitoyl-cytidine Yield: 0.0032 g (30 %) white powder. 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 200 MHz)£>: 0.87(t, 6H, 2xCH 3 ) , 1.21-1.40 (broad, 24H) , 1.44-1.80(broad, 4H) , 1.80-2.00(m, 2H) , 2.10-2.25(m, IH) , 2.30-2.42(t, 4H) , 2.43-2.60(m, IH) , 3.81 and 4.07(dxAB, 2H H5 '•) 4.20-4.27(m, IH, H4 ') , 6.07(dd, HI') , 7.40(H5) , 8.15-8.25 (broad, 1H,NH) . 8.37(d, H6, J 7.32 Hz) . 4 2 ' ,3 '-Dideoxy-N ,5 '-0-dipalmitoyl-cytidine Yield: 0.0049 g (30 %) white powder Example 15 4 2 ', 3 '-Dideoxy-N -hexanoyl-cytidine and 2 ' , 3 '-dideoxy- 4 N , 5 '-0-dihexanoyl-cytidine 2' ,3'-Dideoxycytidine (0.0050 g, 2.356xlθ "5 mole) was dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (0.22 ml) and dimethylformamide (0.22 ml) and cooled to 0°C. Hexanoyl chloride (3.7 Ul, 2.60xl0~ 5 mole) was added with a syringe. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0°C for 48 hours. The temperature was increased to 15°C and the mixture stirred for 24 more hours when hexanoyl chloride (3.7 U1) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (cat. amt.) were added. The resulting solution was stirred at 0°C for 5 days. The solvents were then evaporated at high vacuum. Water was added four times (4x2 ml) with complete evaporation after each addition. The products were isolated by chromatography on a silica column eluted with chloroform and chloroform: ethanol 9:1^ --- 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-N -hexanoyl-cytidine Yield: 0.0018 g (24 %) white powder. " H NMR(CDC1 3 , 200 MHz) 6 : 0.88 (t 3H) , 1.15-1.40 (m, 4H) , 1.55- 1.75(m, 2H) , 1.85-1.98(m, 2H) , 2.10-2.25(m, 2H) , 2.41(t, 2H) , 2.4-2.6(m, 2H) , 3.93(dxAB, J AH4' 2.62 Hz, J BH4* 3.92 Hz, JAB 12.00 Hz, 2H) , 4.25(m, IH, H4M, 6.06 (dd, IH, HIM, 7.41(broad d, IH, H5M, MSCl(isobutane) : 310(M+1, 2.6), 252(3.3), 250(4.0), 248(2.5), 212(4.8), 211(12.5), 210(100.0), 201(3.1), 199(4.3), 154(2.7), 153(9.8), 152(5.5), 138(2.9), 116(2.4), 113(3.6) , 112(24.6), 109(2.6) , 101(35.9), 85(4.3), 83(9.0). 4 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-N -5 '-0_-dihexanoyl-cytidine Yield: 0.0031 g (32 %) white powder. H NMR(CDC1 3 , 200 MHz)5 = 0.89(broad t, 6H, 2-CH 3 ) , 1.2-1.4(m, 10H) , 1.5-1.85(m, 5H) , 1.85-2.10(m, IH) , 2.10-2.25(m, IH) , 2.30-2.50 (t, 4H, 2xCH 2 -CO) , 2.45-2.65 (m, IH) , 4.25-4.50(m, 3H, H4'+H5'), 6.05(d, HIM, 8.18(d, IH, H6) , 8.0-8.5(broad, IH, NH) . MSCI(isobutane) : 408(M+1, 3.5), 311(1.0), 310(2.3), 247(1.0), 245(2.9), 233(1.2), 211(3.7), 210(11.1), 200(12.0), 199(100), 148(2.5) , " 147(22.4) , 117(3.2), 112(7.6), 99(9.5), 83(17.9) , 88(17.0) , 81(6) . Example 16 N -Benzyloxycarbonyl-2 ' , 3 ' -d ideoxy-5 ' -Oι-ethyloxycarbonyl cytid ine . N -Benzyloxycarbonyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxycytidine (0.0358 g, 1.037x10 mole) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 ml, distilled from sodium and benzophenone) and cooled to -78°C. Sodium hydride (0.0045 g . - ■ 80 % in oil, 1.05x10 mole) was added, and the mixture was allowed to reach room temperature. The reaction mixture was recooled to 0°C when the hydrogen gas evolution ceased. Ethyl chloroformate ~ (0.0111 ml, 1.1403xl0~ 4 mole (98%)) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. Ethyl chloroformate (0.0111 ml, 1.1403x10 -4 mole) was added once more and the stirring continued for 4 more hours. Saturated ammonium chloride (1ml) was added and the whole mixture evaporated at high vacuum. The resulting solid (including NH.C1) was loaded on a silica column and the product eluted with chloroform:ethanol 99:1 and chloroform:ethan 9:1. Yield: 0.0350 g (80.9 %) . Oil. 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 300 MHzVβ : 1.34(t, CH 3 ) , 1.70-1.86 (m, IH) , 1.97-2.10(m, IH) , 2.10-2.23(m, IH) , 2.48-2.62(m, IH) , 4.24(k, CH 2 -CH 2 ) , 4.30-4.50(m,3H, H4'+H5') , 5.22(s, CH 2 ~0) . 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz)§ : 14.23, 24.81, 33.20, 64.50, 67.36, 67.87, 79.55, 88.06, 94.13, 134.95, 144.05, 152.21, 154,94, 162.09. Example 17 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-5'-O-ethyloxycarbonyl-cytidine N -Benzyloxycarbony1-5*-^-ethyloxycarbonyl-2' ,3'- dideoxy-cytidine (0.0350 g r 8.387xl0~ 5 mole) was added to a suspension of palladium on charcoal (5% Pd, 0.0040 g) in ethanol (1.0 ml). The air was replaced with nitrogen by repeated suction and addition of nitrogen. Hydrogen gas was added to the evacuated flask (15 ml flask) with a gastight syringe (5 ml) . The reaction flask was shaken with this " hydrogen pressure (1/3 atm) for 1 hour. Thin layer chromatography revealed partial consumption of the substrate and formation of a more polar product. The reaction slowed down after a while and the hydrogen pressure was increased to 1 atm. After a further 30 minutes more palladium on charcoal was added (0.0200 g) and the reduction continued until almost all the substr-ate was consumed (TLC) (2 hours) . The solvent was evaporated and the resulting black (charcoal) solid was subjected to a combined filtration and chromatography on a silica column. The eluents were chloroform, chloroform:ethanol 99:1 and chloro¬ form:ethanol 9:1. Yield: 0.0080 g (38.9 %) glassy material. 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 300 MHz)< : 1.33 (t, CH 3 ) , 1.65-1.85 ( , IH) , 1.90- 2.18 (m, IH) , 2.40-2.55 (m, IH) , 4.23 (k, CH 2 ~CH 3 ) , 4.28-4.43(m, 3H, H4'+H5M, 5.74(d, H5, J 7.44 Hz), 6.07(dd, IH, HIM, 7.78(d, IH, H6, J 7.44 Hz), 5.2-7.3 (very broad, 2H, NH 2 ) . 13 C NMR(CDC1 3 , 75 MHz, pulse delay 3s) S : 14.24, 25.31, 32.99, 64.39, 67.90, 78.68, 87.36, 93.54, 140.90, 154.99, 155.87, 165.63. Example 18 5 5 '' --0O--BBuuttyyrr<oyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine and N ,5'-0- dibutyroyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxy-cytidine. 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-cytidine (0.0200 g, 9.467x10 5 mole) and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.0116 g, 9.467x10 -5 mole) were dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (1 ml) and dichloromethane (1 ml) . The resulting mixture was cooled to * O°C and n-butyric anhydride (0.0236 g, 1.420xl0 ~4 .-mole) (95%) was added with a syringe. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours, water (2 ml) was added. Water and organic solvents were removed by high vacuum evaporation. The products were purified by chromatography on a silica column with chloroform:ethanol 9:1 as eluent. 5 '- -butyroyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine Yield: 0.0168 g (47.0 %) . 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 , 100 MHz) β : 0.96(t, CH 3 ), 1.47-1.83(m, IH) , 1.68(k, CH 2 ) , 1.83-2.20(m, 2H) , 2.20-2.67(m, IH) , 2.35(t, CH 2 ) , 4.35(broad, 3H, H4'+H5M, 5.76(d, IH, H5, J 7.3 Hz), 6.04(dd, IH, HIM, 5.5-7.2(very broad, 2H, NH 2 ) , 7.73(d, IH, H6) . 4 N ,5'- -dibutyroyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine Yield: 0.0021 g (4.1 %) . Oil. 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 100 MHz)S : 0.98(t, CH 3 ), 1.00(t, CH 3 ) , 1.7(2xk, 2- CH 2 ) , 2.0-2.5(2xt, 2-CH 2 ) , 4.37(broad, 3H, H4'+H5'), 6.05(dd, IH, HI'), 7.42(d, IH, H5, J 7.8 Hz), 8.18(d, IH, H6, J 7.8 Hz), 8.0 (broad, IH, NH) , H2' and H3' obscured by other peaks, Example 19 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-5'-0_-propioyl-cytidine and 2',3'- Dideoxy-N ,5'-0-dipropioyl-cytidine 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-cytidine (0.0200 g, 9.467xl0~ 5 mole) and N,N-dimethylaminopy i ine (0.0116 g, 9.467x10 mole) were dissolved in a mixture of pyridine (1 ml) and dichloromethane (1 mt) . T e ^ resulting mixture was cooled to 0°C and propionic anhydride (0.0185 g, 1.42x10 mole) was added with a syringe. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 14 hours, water (2 ml) was added. Water and organic solvents were removed by high vacuum evaporation. The products were purified by chromatography on a silica column with chloroform:ethanol 9:1 as eluent. 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-N 4 -5*-0-dipropioyl-cytidine Yield: 0.0132 g (43.1 %) . Oil. 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 , 100MHz) O 1.19(t, 2CH 3 ) , 1.43-2.78 (several multiplets, 4H, H2'+H3 « ), 2.46(2xk, 2CH 2 ) , 4.38(broad, 3H, H4M-H5M, 6.60(dd, IH, HIM, 7.44(d, IH, H5, J 7.3 Hz), 6.19(d, IH, H6, J 7.3 Hz), 9.0 (broad, IH, NH) . 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-5'-^-propioyl-cytidine Yield: 0.0085 g (33.5 %) . Oil. 1 HNMR(CDC1 3 , 100 MHz) .6 1.18(t, CH 3 ) , 1.43-2.70 (several multiplets 4H, H2'+H3M, 2.40(k, CH 2 ) , 4.33(broad, 3H, H4'+H5M, 5.73(d, IH, H5, J 7.8 Hz), 6.50(dd, IH, Hi 1 ), 7.79(d, IH, H6, J 7.8 Hz), 5.0-7.3 (very broad, 2H, H 2 ) . Pharmaceutical Example A Preparation of capsules for oral use 5'-O-Butyryl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-adenosine 50 mg Amylum maydis q.s. The powder is mixed and filled into hard gelatin capsules (Capsugel Size 00) . Pharamceutical Example B Preparation of an ointment N ,5'-O-Dibenzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-adenosine 1 g Liquid paraffin 100 g White soft paraffin to 1000 g White soft paraffin was melted and incorporated into the liquid paraffin and stirred until the mixture was cold. N ,5'-O-di-benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-adenosine was triturated with a portion of the basis and graduall the remainder of the basis was incorporated. The ointment was filled into lacquered aluminium tubes (20 g) and sealed. The ointment contained 0.1 % N ,5 '-0_-dibenzoyl-2' ,3 '-dideoxy-adenosine. Pharmaceutical Example C Suspension for parenteral administration 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-5'-0-palmitoyl-cytidine 200 gram Polysorbate 80 3 gram Sorbitol 400 gram Benzyl alcohol 8 gram Water ad 1000 ml 1M HC1 q.s. Polysorbate 80, Sorbitol and benzyl alcohol were dissolved in 500 ml distilled water. 2' ,3 '-Dideoxy- 5'- -palmitoyl-cytidine was screened through a 0.15 mm sieve and dispersed in the solution under vigorous stirring. The pH was adjusted to 4.5 by dropwise addition of 1M HC1. Water was added to 1000 ml, the suspension was- filled in 1 ml vials The vials were sterilized by -radiation. Each vial contained 200 mg 2' ,3'-dideoxy-5-O-palmitoyl-σytidine. Pharmaceutical Example D Preparation of tablets Gram N 4 ,5'-0-diacetyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine 200 Lactose 85 Polyvinylpyrrolidone 5 Starch 42 Talcum powder 15 Magnesium stearate 3 4 N , 5 , -0 > -Diacetyl-2* ,3*-dideoxy-cytidine and lactose were screened through" a 0 " .15 mm sieve and mixed together for 10 minutes. The mixed powder was wetted with an aqueous solution of polyvinyl-pyrrolidone. The mass was granulated, and the dried (40 °C) granulate was mixed with starch, talcum powder and magnesium stearate. The granulate was compressed into tablets. The tablet diameter was 11 mm, the tablet was 350 mg and each tablet contained 200 4 mg 17 ,5'-J)-dιacety1-2* ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine. Pharmaceutical Example E Preparation of a suspension for rectal administration Methyl parahydroxybenzoate (70 mg) and propyl parahydrox benzoate (15 mg) were dissolved in water (100 ml) at 90 °C. After cooling to 30 °C methyl cellulose (2g) was added and the mixture was agitated for 4 3 hours. 1 gram N -benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine - 31 - was screened through a 0.15 mm sieve, and dispersed in the solution under vigorous stirring. The suspe was filled in a 100 ml tube. The suspension contai 10 mg N -benzoyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine/ml. Pharmaceutical Example F Preparation of oral suspension Gram 2' ,3'-dideoxy-N -hexanoyl-cytidine 10 Carboxymethyl cellulose 1. Sorbitol 200 Sodium benzoate 1. Orange essence 0. Apricot essence 0. Ethanol 50 Water 236. Carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol and sodium benzoa were dissolved in water with stirring for 2 hours. A solution of the essences in ethanol was added. 2' ,3'-Dideoxy-N -hexanoyl-cytidine was screened thr a 0.15 mm sieve and dispersed in the solution under vigorous stirring. The suspension (10 gram) was filled in a 20 ml tube. Each tube contained 200 4 mg 2' ,3'-dideoxy-N -hexanoyl-cytidine. Pharmaceutical Example G Preparation of injection solution 10 mg 5'-Oι-acetyl-2' ,3'-dideoxy-cytidine were dissolved in 10 ml 0.9 % sodium chloride. pH was adjusted to 4.5 with IN HC1. The solution was sterile filtered and filled into a 10 ml vial. The solution contained 1 mg 5'-O-acetyl-2' ,3'-dideo cytidime/ l. Pharmaceutical Example H Preparation of tablets (controlled release formulation) ' Gram 2 ' ,3 ' -Dideoxy-5 ' -Jθ-ethyloxycarbonyl-cytidine 500 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 120 (Me hocel K15) Lactose 45 Povidone 30 Magnesium stearate 5 2' ,3'-Dideσxy-5'- -ethyloxycarbonyl-cytidine, hydroxyp methylcellulose and lactose were mixed together for 20 minutes and granulated with a solution of povidone. Magnesium stearate was added and the mixture was compressed into tablets. The tablet diameter was 13 mm, the tablet weight was 700 mg and each tablet contained 500 mg 2' ,3'-dideoxy- 5'^O-ethyloxycarbonyl-cytidine.

Claims: - 33 CLAIMS : 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising as active ingredient one or more compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a hydrogen atom or a physiologically acceptable acyl group of formula R .CO- or R .O.CO- R being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group, and X is selected from wherein R 2 and R3, which may be the same or different, are each a hydrogen atom or a physiological acceptable acyl group of formula R 4.CO- or R4.O.CO-, 4 R being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group, with the proviso that at least one of R 2 and R must be an acyl group, and/or salts thereof. 2. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein R 2 and 3 are hydrogen atoms and R is a group R .O.CO-, being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group. 3. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein R 2 is a group of formula R4.CO or R .0.C0-, R being an optionally substituted 3 alkyl or aryl group, R is a hydrogen atom or a 2 group as defined for R and R is a hydrogen atom • or a group of formula R . CO- or R .O.CO-, R being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group. 4. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in 2 3 any preceding claim wherein R, R and R are independent selected from hydrogen atoms and C-, 2Q acyl groups. 5. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any preceding claim wherein X is a substituted or unsubstituted thymine radical. 6. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any preceding claim further comprising an antiviral agent selected from acyclovir, phosphonoformate, suramin, Evans Blue, interferons and azidothymidine. 7. A pharmaceutical composition as claimed in any preceding claim for use in combating neurological disorders caused by neurotropic viruses. 8. Compounds of formula (I) wherein R and X are as defined in claim 1 with the further proviso that when R is an acetyl group then X is not a thymine radical; when R is a benzoyl group then X is not a thymine radical or an N-unsubstituted cytosine radical and when R is a 3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzoyl group then X is not an N-unsubstituted adenine radical; and salts thereof. 9. Compounds as claimed in claim 8 wherein R2 ■3 1 and R are hydrogen atoms and R is a group R .O.C0-, R being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group. 2 10. Compounds as claimed in claim 8 wherein R is a group of formula R 3.CO- or R3.0.C0-, 3 being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group, R is a hydrogen atom or a group as defined for 2 R and R is a hydrogen atom or a group of formula R .CO- or R .0. CO- , R being an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group. 11. Compounds of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 and/or salts thereof for use in combating neurologica disorders caused by neurotropic viruses. 12. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 7 or a salt thereof which comprises reaction of a compound of formula (II) [wherein R is as defined in claim 8 and X is as defined in claim 8 for X except that R and R 2 and/or R3 may each additionally represent a protectin group, with the proviso that at least one of R, 2 3 R and R is a hydrogen atom] with an acylating agent serving to introduce an acyl group R CO-, R 1OCO-, R4CO- or R4OCO-, followed where required by removal of any protecting groups and/or unwanted acyl substituents. 13. A method of -treatment of viral disorders wherein an effective dose of a compound of formula (I) as defined in claim 1 and/or a salt thereof is administered to a patient suffering from such a disorder. 14. A method as claimed in claim 11 in which the said disorder is caused by a neurotropic virus. 15. A method as claimed in claim 1 in which the virus- is an HIV virus.

Inventors: KLAVENESS JO, RISE FRODE, UNDHEIM KJELL, KLAVENESS, JO, RISE, FRODE, UNDHEIM, KJELL
Applicants: HOLMES MICHAEL JOHN, NYCOMED AS, HOLMES, MICHAEL, JOHN, NYCOMED A.S.
Application year: 1988
Main classification: C07D405
IPC codes: A61K31, A61P25, A61P31, C07D405, C07D473