Process for chemical vapor deposition

Abstract: A thin film of a high temperature superconductive oxide of rare earth metal-alkali earth metal-copper-­ oxygen system or group V metal-alkali earth metal-­ copper-oxygen system, which has an excellent crystallinity, particularly a single crystalline structure, is formed on a substrate by a CVD method, in which halides of the metals and an oxygen source gas are separately fed over a substrate (6) and caused to react with each other at that point, i.e., over the substrate, to deposit a desired film.

Description: The speed of computers has been remarkably increased, and a multiplication of processors, increase of the switching speed of devices, and a high density packaging of such devices for shortening the length of wiring are carried out to cope with this increase of the speed of computers. A high density wiring or interconnection necessitates fine wiring or interconnection patterns, which decreases the sectional areas of conductors used for the wiring or interconnection but increases the electrical resistance of the wiring or interconnection. This lowers the speed of an electrical signal transmission and distorts the wave-shape thereof. If a superconductive material can be used as a material for wiring instead of a normal conductor such as copper, the above-mentioned problems will be quickly solved, and if a Josephson element and the like are formed with a superconductive material and integrated, the high speed and low electric power consumption thereof, in combination with a fine packaging art, will allow the realization of a super high speed computer system. Conventional superconductive materials need a low temperature for transition to a superconductive state and, therefore, must be cooled by liquid helium or liquid hydrogen. Since these cooling mediums are difficult to handle and are expensive, it is practically difficult to use these superconductive materials. Nevertheless, high temperature superconductive materials, represented by Y-Ba-Cu-O system oxide or ceramics, have been recently developed, and this has opened up new possibilities in the utilization of superconductive materials. Since oxide superconductors exhibit a superconducting behavior at a relatively high temperature, i.e., higher than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (77K), oxide superconductors can be widely utilized in, for example, semiconductor devices such as IC's, as parts of various devices, and as wiring in devices a strong demand has arisen for such superconductors. To satisfy this demand, it is necessary to efficiently form a high quality thin film. For example, a semiconductor integrated circuit is composed completely of thin film elements, including a Josephson element, and as a result, the characteristics of a thin film, which depend on the crystallinity thereof, such as crystal size and crystal orientation of the thin film, and the uniformity and reproducibility of the thin film, are important factors determining the yield and reliability of elements and an integrated circuit. Conventional methods of forming a thin film of a semiconductor material include sputtering and evaporation. In the sputtering process, a target having a composition similar to that of a material to be deposited is used and is vaporized by ion sputtering to be deposited on a substrate. In the evaporation process, a material (source) for forming a thin film is heated until evaporation occurs and is deposited on a substrate. These conventional thin film forming methods may be applied to a high temperature superconductive material but it is difficult to provide a good crystallinity thin film, particularly a single crystalline thin film, thereby. The sputtering method is suitable for forming a thin film of a single element (Si or a metal) or a simple compound which is not easily decomposed (SiO₂ , Al₂O₃ , etc.), but it is difficult to form a thin film of a complex compound by sputtering, since such a compound is decomposed by the sputtering, and thus control of a composition is very difficult. In the evaporation process, if a compound composed of multi-elements is used, it is difficult to form a film having a uniform composition, since an element which is easily evaporated is first evaporated and a material which is not easily evaporated remains. Particularly, it is difficult to evaporate a compound such as an oxide and deposit it in a uniform manner. In this regard, a method has been proposed of depositing a film of metals having a ratio between the metals required for a desired metal oxide, followed by oxidizing the metal film. In this method, however, the volume of the film is changed by oxidation, which causes roughness of the surface of the film, peeling of the film, or a nonuniform film quality, and it is difficult to obtain a dense film thereby. In either the sputtering or the evaporation process, it is difficult to form a single crystalline film having a complex composition, since a deposition of discrete metals, alloy and metal oxides or compounds on a substrate occurs. For example, as seen in Fig. 1, when a superconductive oxide of the Y-Ba-Cu-O system mentioned above is formed, discrete metals such as Y, Ba and Cu, various discrete oxides or compounds such as Y₂O₃ , BaO₂ , Y-Ba-O, CuO, Cu₂O, Y-Cu-O, Y-O, Ba-Cu-O and Ba-O, or alloys, are deposited on a substrate, and as a result, it is difficult to obtain a film of a compound having a desired composition or a good crystallinity, and such a film has a disadvantageously decreased current density and reduced boundary characteristics when made into a fine pattern, and the like, and thus it is not practical for application to a semiconductor integrated circuit. EP-A-0 180 936 describes a process for chemical vapor deposition of an oxide superconductive film on a substrate. It is desirable to provide a method of forming a thin film of a high temperature superconductive oxide having an excellent crystallinity, which is applicable to thin film devices such as a semiconductor integrated circuit, etc. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for chemical vapor deposition of an oxide superconductive film on a substrate. In this process, the substrate is held in a reaction chamber and heated to a first temperature; a first flow of vapours of a halide of a rare earth metal, an alkali earth metal or a halide of an alkali earth metal and a halide of copper having a second temperature equal to or lower than the first temperature is introduced at a position over the substrate in the reaction chamber; a second flow of an oxygen source gas is introduced into the reaction chamber at a position over the substrate; the first and second flows being separated from each other until approaching the substrate, at which point the flows come into contact with each other, and are heated to the first temperature, and react with each other to deposit a superconductive oxide of rare earth metal-alkali earth metal-copper-oxygen system on the substrate. Preferably, the typical superconductive oxide formed in the above process is represented by the formula X₁Z₂CuO x where X stands for at least one rare earth metal, Z stands for at least one alkali earth metal, and x has a value different to the stoichiometric value. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention there is also provided a process for chemical vapor deposition of an oxide superconductive film on a substrate, wherein the substrate is kept in a reaction chamber and heated to a first temperature; a first flow of vapors of a halide of a metal of the V group of the elemental periodic table, halides of two alkali earth metals, and a halide of copper having a second temperature equal to or lower than the first temperature is introduced to a position over the substrate in the reaction chamber; a second flow of an oxygen source gas is introduced to a position over the substrate in the reaction chamber; the first and second flows being separated from each other until approaching the substrate, at which point the flows come in contact with each other, are heated to the first temperature, and react with each other to deposit a superconductive oxide of a metal of the V group of the periodic table - an alkali earth metal - an alkali earth metal-copper-oxide system on the substrate. Preferably, the typical superconductive oxide formed in this latter process is represented by the formula QZ¹Z²Cu y O x , where Q stands for a metal of the V group of the periodic table, Z¹ and Z² stand for an alkali earth metal, y has a value of about 2 or about 1.5, x has a value different from the stoichiometric value. In the above two chemical formulae, the ratios of metals may be deviated from that in the formulae; typically, within 10% from the formulae. The first flow is usually produced by flowing a carrier gas such as helium or argon. The oxygen source gas may be oxygen, air (oxygen-containing gas), water vapor, etc. Preferably hydrogen is used, as it has an effect of accelerating the reaction for the deposition of a superconductive oxide film. A main feature of the process of the present invention is that (1) source gases or vapors of metals or metal halides and (2) an oxygen source gas are separated until approaching near to a substrate, and that a temperature of the source gases or vapors of metals or metal halides before approaching the substrate is lower than a temperature of the substrate at the point at which the source gases or vapors react with an oxygen source gas. If the source gases or vapors of metals or metal halides and an oxygen source gas are not separated until nearing a substrate, i.e., come into contact with each other before nearing the substrate, they react with each other to form an oxide there and control of the composition of the source gases or vapors near the substrate, i.e., where a desired reaction should occur, becomes impossible. If a temperature of the source gases or vapors of metals or metal halides is higher than a temperature of the substrate, there must be a portion having a temperature lower than the temperature of the source gases or vapors before the substrate where the source gases or vapors are deposited, making it impossible to control the composition of the source gases or vapors to a desired one near the substrate. For the same reasons as above, the source gas or vapor should not be cooled before reaching the substrate after it is evaporated from a source thereof at a required temperature, to provide a desired concentration. This is a second important feature of the process of the present invention. A third important feature of the process of the present invention is that the appropriate temperature ranges of the various source gases or vapors of metals or metal halides, are as follows: By a process exemplifying the present invention, a film of a single crystalline high Tc (transition temperature) superconductive oxide can be obtained, whereby a film of a high Tc superconductive oxide having an excellent film quality, film uniformity and reproducibility, due to a high crystallinity such as crystal size and crystal orientation, can be deposited, and a result, by applying such a high quality superconductive oxide film to IC'S, to various parts of devices, and to wiring, the yield and reliability thereof can be increased. Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 schematically illustrates the deposition of a Y-Ba-Cu-O system film by sputtering; Fig. 2 is a sectional view of an apparatus for CVD; Fig 3 is a X-ray diffraction pattern of a YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x film formed in Example 1; Fig. 4 is a photograph of the electron diffraction pattern of the film shown in Fig. 3; Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the determination of an electrical resistance of a film; Fig. 5 is a graph of the resistance of the film formed in Example 1, in relation to temperature; Fig. 6 schematically illustrates the deposition of a Y-Ba-Cu-O system film by CVD; Fig. 7 is a sectional view of another CVD apparatus; Fig. 8 is a photograph of the electron diffraction pattern of a film shown in Fig. 9; Fig. 9 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the BiSrCaCuO x film formed in Example 6; Fig. 10 is a graph of the resistance of the film shown in Fig. 9, in relation to temperature; and, Figs. 11 and 12 show CVD apparatuses which may be used in the process of the present invention. The present invention is described below with reference to the drawings. Example 1 Figure 2 illustrates an apparatus for CVD used to obtain this example. In Fig. 2, a cylindrical reaction tube 1 is made of quartz and is heat resistant. The reaction tube 1 is surrounded by four resistance heaters 2a-2d, which generate heat by passing an electrical current therethrough to heat respective portions of the reaction tube 1. In the reaction tube 1, a source chamber 3 is arranged in which three source boats 4a-4c are placed. The source boats 4a-4c contain BaCl₂ , YCl₃ , and CuCl, respectively, and release BaCl₂ gas, YCl₃ gas, and CuCl gas, respectively, when heated by the heaters 2b-2d. The source chamber 3 has a small-diameter gas inlet port 3a at one end of the chamber 3, through which helium gas as a carrier gas is introduced. The other end of the source chamber 3 is open, and a substrate supporter 5 is placed near that other end at a predetermined distance therefrom. The substrate supporter 5 is made of quartz or ceramics, and substrates 6 on which a superconductive oxide is to be deposited are mounted on the substrate supporter 5. The reaction tube 1 also has a small diameter gas inlet port 1a at one end of the reaction tube 1, through which helium gas as a carrier gas, as well as carbon dioxide gas and hydrogen gas serving as a reducing agent, are introduced into the reaction chamber 1. The reaction chamber 1 has an outlet port 1b at the other end thereof for evacuating the gas in the reaction tube 1. In the operation to obtain this example, first, substrates 6 are mounted on the supporter 5 and BaCl₂ , YCl₃ , and CuCl are placed in the source boats 4a to 4c, respectively. Then, the reaction tube 1 is heated by the resistance heaters 2a to 2d to release BaCl₂ gas, YCl₃ gas, and CuCl gas while a carrier gas (He) is introduced through the gas inlet port 3a into the source chamber 3 to carry the released gases over the substrates 6. Also, a carrier gas (He) as well as CO₂ and H₂ gases are introduced through the gas inlet port 1a into the reaction tube 1 outside the source chamber 3 and passed over the substrates 6 while the substrates 6 are heated by the resistance heater 2a, and as a result, oxidation and reduction reactions occur over or near the substrates and a high temperature superconductive oxide film of YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x is deposited on the substrates 6 by the following chemical reaction. YCl₃ + 2BaCl₂ + 3CuCl + 7CO₂ + 5H₂ → YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x + 7CO + 10HCl The particular conditions for deposition are as follows. In this operation, the heating temperatures of the CuCl, YCl₃ , BaCl₂ and the substrates are selected such that these temperatures increase from T Cu to T y to T Ba to T sub . Namely, the arrangement of CuCl, YCl₃ , and BaCl₂ in the source boats 4a to 4c should be such that the heating temperatures of the heaters 4a to 4c are increased from 4c to 4b to 4a, in that order. The obtained YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x film is annealed in an oxygen atmosphere in the reaction tube 1 with the heater 2a maintained at 850°C for 8 hours, and then gradually cooled. Figure 3 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern of the thus-obtained film on a (100)MgO substrate with Cu, Kα ray. This pattern clearly demonstrates a formation of (001)YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x on (100)MgO. Next, as shown in Fig. 4, the substrate 6 on which the YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x film 7 is formed is cut into pieces measuring 5 mm x 10 mm, after annealing. Four probes 8 are formed by silver paste on this film 7, and wirings 9a to 9d with a constant electric current source 10 and a voltage meter 11 are connected to the probes 8. The electrical resistance of the film 7 is then determined in relation to the temperature, and as shown in Fig. 5 the electrical resistance rapidly decreases at about 90K and reaches a zero electrical resistance at about 87K, demonstrating the existence of a superconductive state. The conditions of forming this film are T sub = 1000°C, T Ba = 1000°C, T y = 670°C, and T Cu = 350°C. The superconductive behavior was also confirmed for other films formed under other conditions. Accordingly, an excellent single crystalline high temperature superconductive oxide film can be easily formed in accordance with the present invention. Figure 5 schematically illustrates the process of this deposition, wherein gases of YCl₃ , CuCl, HCl, BaCl₂ , H₂ , CO, CO₂ , etc., chemically react with each other over the substrate to uniformly deposit a film of a compound of a Y-Ba-Cu-O system on the substrate. Example 2 In this example, O₂ and H₂ are used as the oxidizing and reducing agents instead of the CO₂ and H₂ used in Example 1. The operation of forming a superconductive oxide film is carried out in the same way as in Example 1, except that the following conditions prevail. After the deposition of a Y-Ba-Cu-O system film, the film is annealed in an oxygen atmosphere as in Example 1, and as a result, a single crystalline film of YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x exhibiting superconductive behavior was obtained. Note that the CO₂ and H₂ used as oxidizing and reducing agents in Example 1 must be selected with great care and the conditions of the operation must be strictly controlled, since O₂ has a weak oxidizing effect and H₂ has a strong reducing effect, and thus the deposited film can be reduced from an oxide to a metal. In comparison with this, the use of O₂ and H₂ permits a less careful selection and easier control of the conditions of operation. Example 3 The deposition of a YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x film was carried out as in Examples 1 and 2, but BaBr₂ or BaI₂ was used instead of BaCl₂ , YF₃ or YBr₃ instead of YCl₃ , and CuF, CuF₂ , CuCl₂ , CuBr, CuBr₂ or CuI instead of CuCl. The resultant films also proved to be excellent single crystalline superconductive oxide films. Example 4 The deposition of a YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x film was carried out as in Example 2, but Ba was used instead of BaCl₂. The conditions of operation were as follows: After the deposited film was annealed in an oxygen atmosphere, a single crystalline YBa₂Cu₃O 7-x film exhibiting superconductive behavior was obtained. Example 5 Using the same procedures as in the above Examples, a film of a compound having a composition of LnBa₂Cu₃O 7-x where Ln is a lantanide element was deposited on a substrate by using a halide of a lantanide element instead of a halide of yttrium. The lantanide elements include Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb. Two or more lantanide elements could be used in combination. The halides of the lantanide element include the chloride, bromide, and iodide of the element. The thus obtained LnBa₂Cu₃O 7-x film was also a single crystalline superconductive oxide film exhibiting superconductive behavior at about 90K. Example 6 Figure 7 illustrates the apparatus for CVD used in this Example for forming a film of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system superconductive oxide. The structure of this apparatus is very similar to that of the apparatus in Fig. 2 except that, in this Example, four source boats and five resistance heaters are used. In Fig. 7, reference numeral 21 denotes a reaction tube, 21a a gas inlet port, 21b a gas outlet port, 22a to 22e resistance heaters, 23 source chamber, 23a a gas inlet port, 24a to 24d source boats, 25a substrate supporter, and 26 substrates. SrI₂ , CaI₂ , CuI and BiCl₃ were placed in the source boats 24a to 24d, respectively, and a carrier gas of He was introduced through the gas inlet port 23a into the source chamber 23. The substrates 26 were of (100)MgO. Through the gas inlet port 21a, another carrier gas of He in comlination with O₂ and H₂ as the oxidizing and reducing agents was introduced into the reaction tube 21 outside the source chamber 23. The reaction gas was evacuated from the outlet port 21b. The conditions of operation used for depositing a BiSrCaCuO x film on a substrate were as follows: Figure 8 is a photograph of the transmission electron diffraction pattern of (100)BiSrCaCuOx on (100)MgO, which clearly demonstrates that the BiSrCaCuOx film definitely has a single crystalline form. This film was obtained under the conditions of T sub = 825°C, T Bi = 170°C, T Sr = 825°C, T Cu = 450°C, and T ca = 800°C. Figure 9 shows an X ray diffraction pattern obtained from a film deposited according to the above operation, with CuKα ray. In Fig. 9, in addition to the diffraction peaks of (100)MgO, diffraction peaks (008), (0010) and (0012), which stem from particular diffraction planes oriented to (100) of MgO were observed, and thus the formation of a single crystal of BiSrCaCuO x was confirmed. The particular conditions of operation for this film of Fig. 8 were; T sub = 825°C, T Bi = 170°C, T sr = 825°C, T Ca = 800°C, T Cu = 450°C. The electrical resistance of the film obtained as above was determined in relation to the temperature, in the same manner as described before with reference to Fig. 4. The result is shown in Fig. 10, in which the electrical resistance rapidly decreases at about 90K and reaches a zero electrical resistance at about 77K, thus exhibiting a superconductive state. Example 7 In the same way as in Example 6, other QZ¹Z²CuO x films were deposited, where Q stands for a group V metal of the periodic table, and Z¹ and Z² stand for a alkali earth metal. The group V metal may be Te, Nb, V, Sb, As, etc., and the alkali earth metal may be Ba, Mg, Be, etc. The obtained QZ¹Z²CuO x films were single crystalline and exhibited superconductive behavior. Note that a high temperature superconductive film of BiSrCaCuO x can be deposited at about 800°C, which is about 100 - 200°C lower than that for a film of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ -x , and as a result, during the deposition of a BiSrCaCuO x film, a mutual reaction between the substrate and the deposited film is prevented, giving a superconductive film having an abrupt interface. This advantageously enhances the performance of elements for which the interface characteristics thereof are important, such as a Josephson element and a superconductive transistor, etc. Although only one source chamber 3 or 23 was used in the apparatus for CVD in Fig. 2 and 7, a plurality of source chambers may be used for each source, for example, as shown in Fig. 11. The CVD apparatus shown in Fig. 11 is the same as that in Fig. 2 except that three source chambers 3-1 to 3-3 are provided in which sources 4a to 4c are arranged, respectively. In this apparatus in Fig. 11, the temperature control of the three sources 4a to 4c is similar to that for the apparatus of Fig. 2, but the flow rates of the respective source gases can be separately controlled, which allows a more precise control of the amount or flow rate of source gases. Figure 12 schematically illustrates another CVD apparatus which may be used for the process of the present invention. In this apparatus, source gases are separately formed and fed to a reactor 31. The source feeding lines 34a to 34c are separated and separately heated, so that each source gas can be fed to the reactor 31 at a desired temperature and a desired flow rate. In this configuration, the temperature of a source gas can be selected regardless of the temperatures of the other source gases. As described above, the present invention provides a process for chemical vapor deposition of a superconductive oxide, more specifically a process for CVD of a superconductive oxide of (a rare earth metal or a metal of the V group of the periodic table)-(alkali earth metal)-(copper)-(oxide) system on a substrate.

Claims: A process for chemical vapor deposition of an oxide superconductive film on a substrate, wherein the substrate is held in a reaction chamber and heated to a first temperature, characterised in that a first flow of vapors of a halide of a rare earth metal, an alkali earth metal or a halide of an alkali earth metal and a halide of copper having a second temperature equal to or lower than the first temperature is introduced at a position over the substrate in the reaction chamber; a second flow of an oxygen source gas is introduced at a position over the substrate in the reaction chamber, the first and second flows are separated from each other until said first and second flows approach a point near to the substrate at which said flows first come into contact with each other, and are heated to the first temperature to cause a reaction between each flow and deposit a superconductive oxide of a rare earth metal-alkali earth metal-copper-oxygen system on the substrate. A process according to claim 1, wherein the superconductive oxide is represented by the formula X₁Z₂CuO x where X stands for at least one rare earth metal, Z stands for at least one alkali earth metal, and x has a value different from the stoichiometric value, and wherein the ratios of the metals may deviate within 10%. A process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the vapor of a rare earth metal halide is formed by heating a source of the rare earth metal halide at a third temperature, the vapor of an alkali earth metal or an alkali earth metal halide is formed by heating a source of the alkali earth metal or the alkali earth metal halide at a fourth temperature and the vapor of the copper halide is formed by heating a source of the copper halide at a fifth temperature, said third, fourth and fifth temperatures being equal to or lower than said first temperature. A process according to claim 3, wherein the rare earth halide is yttrium chloride and a source of yttrium chloride is heated at a temperature of from 650 to 750°C. A process according to claim 4, wherein the source of yttrium chloride is heated at a temperature of from 675 to 725°C. A process according to claim 3, wherein the alkali earth metal is barium and a source of barium metal is heated at a temperature of from 600 to 800°C. A process according to claim 6, wherein the source of barium metal is heated at a temperature of from 650 to 750°C. A process for chemical vapor deposition of an oxide superconductive film on a substrate, wherein the substrate is held in a reaction chamber and heated to a first temperature, characterised in that a first flow of vapors of a halide of a metal of the V group of the elemental periodic table, halides of two alkali earth metals, and a halide of copper having a second temperature equal to or lower than the first temperature is introduced to a position over the substrate in the reaction chamber; a second flow of an oxygen source gas is introduced to a position over the substrate in the reaction chamber; the first and second flows are separated from each other until said first and second flows approach a point near to the substrate at which said flows first come in contact with each other and are heated to the first temperature to cause a reaction between each flow and deposit a superconductive oxide of a metal of the V group of the periodic table - an alkali earth metal - an alkali earth metal-copper-oxide system on the substrate. A process according to claim 32, wherein the superconductive oxide is represented by the formula QZ¹Z²Cu y O x , where Q stands for a metal of the V group of the periodic table, Z¹ and Z² stand for an alkali earth metal, y has a value of about 2 or about 1.5, x has a value different from the stoichiometric value, and wherein the ratios of the metals may deviate within 10%. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the vapors in the first flow are carried by a carrier gas. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the second flow further contains hydrogen as a reaction accelerator. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the oxygen source gas is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. A process according to claim 8, wherein the vapor of a halide of a metal of the V group of the periodic table is formed by heating a source of the halide of the metal of the V group at a third temperature, the vapors of halides of alkali earth metals are formed by heating sources of the halides of alkali earth metals at fourth and fifth temperatures, and the vapor of copper halide is formed by heating a source of copper halide at a sixth temperature, said third, fourth, fifth and sixth temperatures being equal to or lower than said first temperature. A process according to claim 13, wherein the halide of the metal of the V group of the periodic table is bismuth halide and a source of bismuth halide is heated to a temperature of from 150 to 250°C. A process according to claim 14, wherein the bismuth halide is heated to a temperature of from 170 to 200°C. A process according to claim 3 or 13, wherein the or a said alkali earth metal halide is calcium iodide and a source of calcium iodide is heated at a temperature of from 700 to 900°C. A process according to claim 16, wherein the source of calcium iodide is heated at a temperature of from 750 to 850°C. A process according to claim 3 or 13, wherein the or a said alkali earth metal halide is strontium iodide and a source of strontium iodide is heated at a temperature of from 750 to 950°C. A process according to claim 18, wherein the source of strontium iodide is heated at a temperature of from 775 to 850°C. A process according to claim 3 or 13, wherein the or a said alkali earth metal halide is barium iodide and the source of barium iodide is heated at a temperature of from 850 to 1050°C. A process according to claim 20, wherein the source of barium iodide is heated at a temperature of from 900 to 1000°C. A process according to claim 3 or 13, wherein the or a said alkali earth metal halide is barium chloride and the source of barium chloride is heated at a temperature of from 950 to 1100°C. A process according to claim 22, wherein the source of barium chloride is heated at a temperature of from 1000 to 1050°C. A process according to claim 3 or 13, wherein the or a said alkali earth metal halide is magnesium chloride and a source of magnesium chloride is heated at a temperature of from 700 to 850°C. A process according to claim 24, wherein the source of magnesium chloride is heated at a temperature of from 750 to 800°C. A process according to claim 3 or 13, wherein the copper halide is copper chloride and a source of copper chloride is heated at a temperature of from 300 to 500°C. A process according to claim 26, wherein the source of copper chloride is heated at a temperature of from 350 to 400°C. A process according to claim 3 or 13, wherein the copper halide is copper bromide and a source of copper bromide is heated at a temperature of from 350 to 500°C. A process according to claim 28, wherein the source of copper bromide is heated at a temperature of from 400 to 450°C. A process according to claim 3 or 13, wherein the copper halide is copper iodide and a source of copper iodide is heated at a temperature of from 400 to 600°C. A process according to claim 30, wherein the source of copper iodide is heated at a temperature of from 450 to 550°C. A process according to claim 3 or any one of claims 16 to 31 as appended to claim 3, wherein the three sources of the rare earth metal halide, the alkali earth metal halide or the alkali earth metal, and the copper halide are arranged in a passage and heated in the passage to the third to the fifth temperatures respectively, a carrier gas is flowed over the sources in the passage toward the substrate, the arrangement of the three sources being such that temperatures for heating the three sources increase in the direction of the flow of the carrier gas. A process according to claim 3 or any one of claims 16 to 31 as appended to claim 3, wherein the three sources of the rare earth metal halide, the alkali earth metal halide or the alkali earth metal, and the copper halide are arranged in separate passages and heated to the third to the fifth temperatures respectively in the respective passages, the passages being directed toward the substrate, and carrier gases flowing through the passages toward the substrate. A process according to claim 33, wherein the passages of the three sources of the rare earth metal halide, the alkali earth metal halide or the alkali earth metal, and the copper halide pass through a furnace having first to third zones in the direction of the flow of the carrier gases, the three sources being arranged in the first to third zones on a one-to-one basis, the first to third zones having temperatures increasing from the first to third zones. A process according to claim 13 or any one of claims 14 to 31 as appended to claim 13, wherein the four sources of the halide of the metal of the V group, the alkali earth metal halides, and the copper halide, are arranged in a passage and heated in the passage to the third to the sixth temperatures respectively, a carrier gas is flowed over the sources in the passage toward the substrate, the arrangement of the three sources being such that temperatures for heating the four sources increase in the direction of the flow of the carrier gas. A process according to claim 13 or any one of claims 14 to 31 as appended to claim 13, wherein the four sources of the halide of the metal of the V group, the alkali earth metal halides, and the copper halide are arranged in separate passages and heated to the third to the sixth temperatures respectively in the respective passages, the passages being directed toward the substrate, and carrier gases flowing through the passages toward the substrate. A process according to claim 36, wherein the passages of the four sources of the halide of the metal of the V group, the alkali earth metal halides, and the copper halide pass through a furnace having first to fourth zones in the direction of the flow of the carrier gases, the four sources being arranged in the first to fourth zones on a one-to-one basis, the temperatures of the first to fourth zones increasing from the first to fourth zones. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the substrate is of single crystalline magnesium oxide. A process according to any preceding claim, wherein the substrate has a buffer-layer on a surface thereof, the buffer layer being of one selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, barium fluoride, and magnesium spinel on silicon.

Inventors: IHARA MASARU, IKEDA KAZUTO, KIMURA TAKAFUMI, YAMAWAKI HIDEKI, IHARA, MASARU, IKEDA, KAZUTO, KIMURA, TAKAFUMI, YAMAWAKI, HIDEKI
Applicants: FUJITSU LTD, FUJITSU LIMITED
Application year: 1988
Main classification: H01L39
IPC codes: H01B13, H01B12, H01L39, C01G1, C04B41, C01G3, C23C16