Catalytic process for preparing optically active threonine

Abstract: A 2-N-acylaminoacetoacetic ester represented by the formula: wherein R¹ represents lower alkyl, or phenyl or benzyl each of which may be substituted with lower alkyl group or lower alkoxy; R² represents hydrogen, a lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, or phenyl or benzyloxy, each of which may be substituted with lower alkyl or lower alkoxy, is dissolved in a solvent (e.g. an alkanol), mixed with a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex as a cata­ lyst, and hydrogenated at 25 to 50°C at a H₂ pressure of 10-100 kg/cm² for 15 to 48 hours, to obtain as an inter­ mediate an optically active N-acyl threonine represented by: wherein R¹ and R² are as defined above. The intermediate (II) can be selectively prepared in a high yield and is then hydrolysed with HCl to obtain optically active threonine (CH₃CHOHCHNH₂COOH). Natural or non-natural type threonine can be prepared selectively by selecting the absolute configuration of the ligand of the ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex, of which four general formulae are given, all containing a "BINAP" tertiary phosphine; syntheses of the catalyst are given.

Description: This invention relates to a process for preparing optically active threonine, which is important as an essential amino acid and also is useful as an intermediate for synthesizing pharmaceuticals, by asymmetric hydrogenation of a 2-N-acylaminoacetoacetic ester in the presence of a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex as a catalyst, followed by hydrolysis. The process of this invention can be used to prepare either natural or non-natural type threonine by suitably selecting the absolute configuration of the ligand of the ruthenium-optically active phosophine complex used. There have been proposed many processes for preparing optically active threonine. A commonly used process comprises synthesizing DL-threonine and then optically resolving the racemate with an enzyme to obtain the desired isomer, the undesired isomer being reused through racemization, as described in Fodor, et al., J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 178, 503 (1949). A problem in the conventional synthesis of threonine lies in the difficulty of selectively synthesizing As a result of extensive investigations to overcome the above-described problems and meet the requirements of the art, the inventors have found that an optically active N-acylthreonine can be synthesized selectively in high yield by hydrogenation of a 2-N-acylaminoacetoacetic ester in the presence of a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex as a catalyst. This process has been found to be capable of synthesizing either natural type threonine or non-natural type threonine as desired, by selecting the absolute configuration of the ligand of the ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex. The present invention is based on these findings. The present invention relates to a process a threo form. That is, the product obtained generally comprises a mixture of a threo form and an erythro form in a ratio of 8 to 2. Another problem is that since each of the threo form and the erythro form comprises optical isomers (antipodes), isolation of the respective desired isomers cannot be achieved without racemic resolution. This means that the whole process involves a step of separating and purifying the isomer and a step of racemizing the undesired isomer, thus leading to an increase of production cost. FR-A-2176128 (=GB-A-1423911) discloses in Example 8 thereof a process of preparing optically active N-acetylthreonine by asymmetrical hydrogenation of optically active 2-N-acylaminoacetoacetic acid (1-2-acetylamino-3-oxobutyric acid) in the presence as catalyst of a rhodium phosphine complex. Our EP-A-174057 discloses the use of ruthenium phosphine BINAP catalyst of the type used in the present invention for asymmetric hydrogenation, e.g. of benzamidocinnamic acid. for preparing optically active threonine which comprises asymmetrically hydrogenating a 2-N-acylaminoacetoacetic ester represented by formula (I): wherein R¹ represents a lower alkyl group, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group, a benzyl group, or a benzyl group substituted with a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group; R² represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group, a benzyloxy group, or a benzyloxy group substituted with a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group, in the presence of a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex as a catalyst to obtain an optically active threonine derivative represented by formula (II): wherein R¹ and R² are as defined above, and then hydrolyzing the compound of formula (II). The 2-N-acylaminoacetoacetic ester represented by formula (I) which can be used in the present invention as a starting compound can be obtained by known processes, for example, the process described in Shulgin, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. , Vol. 74, 2427 (1952) and Attenburrow, et al., J. Chem. Soc. , 310 (1948). Specific but non-limiting examples of the compound of formula (I) includes methyl 2-N-accetamidoacetoacetate, ethyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate, n-butyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate, t-butyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate, benzyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate, p-methoxybenzyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate, p-methylbenzyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate, methyl 2-N-benzamidoacetoacetate, ethyl 2-N-benzamidoacetoacetate, benzyl 2-N-benzamidoacetoacetate, ethyl 2-N-benzyloxycarbonylamidoacetoacetate, methyl 2-N-ethoxycarbonylamidoacetoacetate, ethyl 2-N-t-butoxycarbonylamidoacetoacetate, benzyl 2-N-benzyloxycarbonylamidoacetoacetate, methyl 2-N-formamidoacetoacetate, benzyl 2-N-formamidoacetoacetate and t-butyl 2-N-formamidoacetoacetate. The ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex to be used as a catalyst includes those represented by the following formulae (III), (V), (VI) and (VII): Ru x H y Cl z (R³-BINAP)₂(T) p (III) wherein R³-BINAP represents a tertiary phosphine represented by formula (IV): wherein R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or a t-butyl group; T represents a tertiary amine; when y represents 0, x represents 2, z represents 4, and p represents 1; and when y represents 1, x represents 1, z represents 1, and p represents 0. [RuH u (R³-BINAP) v ]Y w (V) wherein R³-BINAP is as defined above; Y represents CℓO₄, BF₄ or PF₆; when u represents 0, v represents 1 and w represents 2; and when u represents 1, v represents 2 and w represents 1. wherein R³-BINAP is as defined above; and R⁴ represents a lower alkyl group or a trifluoromethyl group. [Ru(R³-BINAP)MCℓ k ] ℓ X m (VII) wherein R³-BINAP is as defined above; M represents Zn, Aℓ, Ti or Sn; X represents N(C₂H₅)₃ or CH₃CO₂; when X is N(C₂H₅)₃, ℓ is 2, m is 1, and k is 4 when M is Zn, 5 when M is Aℓ, or 6 when M is Ti or Sn; and when X is CH₃CO₂, ℓ is 1, m is 2, and k is 2 when M is Zn, 3 when M is Aℓ, or 4 when M is Ti or Sn. The complex of formula (III) can be obtained by the process disclosed in T. Ikariya, et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. , 922-924 (1985) and JP-A-61-63690 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application"). More specifically, the complex of formula (III) wherein y is 0 can be prepared by reacting 1 mole of [RuCℓ₂(COD)] n (wherein COD represents cycloocta-1,5-diene, hereinafter the same), which is obtainable by reacting ruthenium chloride and COD in an ethanol solution, and 1.2 mols of a 2,2′-bis(di-p-R³-phenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (R³-BINAP) by heating in a solvent (e.g., toluene, ethanol) in the presence of 4 moles of a tertiary amine (e.g., triethylamine). The complex of formula (III) wherein y is 1 can be prepared by reacting 1 mole of [RuCℓ₂(COD)] n , 2.25 moles of R³-BINAP, and 4.5 moles of a tertiary amine. The complex of formula (V) wherein u is 0, v is 1, and w is 2 can be prepared by reacting Ru₂Cℓ₄(R³-BINAP)₂(NEt₃) (wherein Et represents an ethyl group, hereinafter the same), which is obtained by the above-described process, with a salt represented by formula (VIII): MY (VIII) wherein M represents Na, K, Li, Mg, or Ag; and Y is as defined above, in a solvent system comprising water and methylene chloride in the presence of a quaternary ammonium salt or quaternary phosphonium salt represented by formula (IX): R⁵R⁶R⁷R⁸AB (IX) wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ each represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 16 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, or a benzyl group; A represents a nitrogen atom or a phosphorus atom; and B represents a halogen atom, as a phase transfer catalyst. The reaction can be carried out by adding the reactants and the phase transfer catalyst of formula (IX) to a mixed solvent of water and methylene chloride and stirring the system. The amounts of the salt of formula (VIII) and the phase transfer catalyst of formula (IX) to be added range from 2 to 10 moles (preferably 5 moles) and from 1/100 to 1/10 mole, respectively, per mole of ruthenium. The reaction sufficiently proceeds by stirring at a temperature of from 5 to 30°C for a period of from 6 to 18 hours, usually 12 hours. Examples of the phase transfer catalyst of formula (IX) are described in literature, e.g., W.P. Weber and G.W. Gokel, Sokan Ido Shokubai (Japanese translation), 1st Ed., Kagaku Dojinsha (1978). After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is allowed to stand still, and the aqueous layer is removed by liquid-liquid separation. The methylene chloride solution thus separated is washed with water and the methylene chloride was removed by distillation under reduced pressure to obtain the desired compound. The complex of formula (V) where u is 1, v is 2, and w is 1 can be prepared by reacting RuHCℓ(R³-BINAP)₂ with the salt of formula (VIII) in a mixed solvent of water and an organic solvent, e.g., methylene chloride, in the presence of the phase transfer catalyst of formula (IX). The amounts of the salt of formula (VIII) and the phase transfer catalyst of formula (IX) range from 2 to 10 moles (preferably 5 moles) and from 1/100 to 1/10 mole, respectively, per mole of ruthenium. This reaction sufficiently proceeds by stirring at a temperature of from 5 to 30°C for a period of from 6 to 18 hours, usually 12 hours. The complex of formula (VI) can be prepared by reacting Ru₂Cℓ₄(R³-BINAP)₂(NEt₃) with a carboxylic acid salt in an alcohol solvent, e.g., methanol, ethanol, and t-butanol, at a temperature of from about 20 to 110°C for 3 to 15 hours. After the reaction, the solvent is removed by distillation, and the residue is extracted with a solvent, e.g., diethyl ether, ethanol, etc., to obtain the desired complex, followed by concentration to dryness to obtain a crude complex. Recrystallization of the crude product from ethyl acetate, etc. gives a purified product. The acyloxy group (R₄=alkyl group) to be introduced can be determined by selecting the carboxylic acid to be used. For example, when sodium acetate is used as a carboxylic acid salt, Ru(R³-BINAP)(OCOCH₃)₂ is yielded. The complex of formula (VI) having a trifluoroacetyl group (R⁴=trifluoromethyl group) can be obtained by reacting the above-prepared diacetate complex with trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride at about 25°C for about 12 hours. The complex of formula (VII) can be prepared by starting with Ru₂Cℓ₄(R³-BINAP)₂(NEt₃) or Ru(R³-BINAP)-(OCOCH₃)₂. That is, Ru₂Cℓ₄(R³-BINAP)₂(Net₃) is reacted with a Lewis acid selected from zinc chloride, aluminum chloride, titanium tetrachloride, and tin tetrachloride in a solvent, e.g., methylene chloride, at 10 to 25°C for 2 to 20 hours, and the solvent is removed by distillation, followed by drying to solidify to obtain the desired compound. Ru(R³-BINAP)(OCOCH₃)₂ is reacted with the above-recited Lewis acid in a solvent, e.g., methylene chloride, at 10 to 25°C for 2 to 20 hours, and the solvent is removed by distillation, followed by drying to solidify to obtain the desired compound. In the processes stated above, an optically active ruthenium-phosphine complex can be obtained by using R³-BINAP having the corresponding optical activity. Specific examples of the ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex used in the present invention are shown below. Ru₂Cℓ₄(BINAP)₂(NEt₃) [BINAP represents 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl, hereinafter the same) RuC₂ℓ₄(T-BINAP)₂(NEt₃) [T-BINAP represents 2,2′-bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl] Ru₂Cℓ₄(t-Bu-BINAP)₂(NEt₃) [t-Bu-BINAP represents 2,2′-bis(di-p-t-butylphenylphosphino)-1,1′- binaphthyl] RuHCℓ(BINAP)₂ RuHCℓ(T-BINAP)₂ RuHCℓ(t-Bu-BINAP)₂ [Ru(BINAP)](CℓO₄)₂ [Ru(T-BINAP)](CℓO₄)₂ [Ru(t-Bu-BINAP)](CℓO₄)₂ [Ru(BINAP)](BF₄)₂ [Ru(T-BINAP)](BF₄)₂ [Ru(t-Bu-BINAP)](BF₄)₂ [Ru(BINAP)](PF₆)₂ [Ru(T-BINAP)](PF₆)₂ [RuH(T-BINAP)₂]CℓO₄ [RuH(T-BINAP)₂]CℓO₄ [RuH(BINAP)₂]BF₄ [RuH(T-BINAP)₂]BF₄ [RuH(BINAP)₂]PF₆ [RuH(T-BINAP)₂]PF₆ Ru(BINAP)(OCOCH₃)₂ Ru(BINAP)(OCOCF₃)₂ Ru(T-BINAP)(OCOCH₃)₂ Ru(BINAP)(OCO-t-Bu)₂ (t-Bu represents a t-butyl group) Ru(T-BINAP)(OCOCF₃)₂ Ru(t-Bu-BINAP)(OCOCH₃)₂ [Ru(BINAP)ZnCℓ₄]₂(NEt₃) [Ru(BINAP)AℓCℓ₅]₂(NEt₃) [Ru(BINAP)SnCℓ₆]₂(NEt₃) [Ru(BINAP)TiCℓ₆]₂(NEt₃) [Ru(T-BINAP)ZnCℓ₄]₂(NEt₃) [Ru(T-BINAP)AℓCℓ₅]₂(NEt₃) [Ru(T-BINAP)SnCℓ₆]₂(NEt₃) [Ru(T-BINAP)TiCℓ₆]₂(NEt₃) [Ru(BINAP)ZnCℓ₂](OCOCH₃)₂ [Ru(BINAP)AℓCℓ₃](OCOCH₃)₂ [Ru(BINAP)SnCℓ₄](OCOCH₃)₂ [Ru(BINAP)TiCℓ₄](OCOCH₃)₂ [Ru(T-BINAP)ZnCℓ₂](OCOCH₃)₂ [Ru(T-BINAP)AℓCℓ₃](OCOCH₃)₂ [Ru(T-BINAP)SnCℓ₄](OCOCH₃)₂ [Ru(T-BINAP)TiCℓ₄](OCOCH₃)₂ The process of the invention can be carried out as follows: a solution of a 2-N-acylaminoacetoacetic ester (I) dissolved in an equivalent amount to ten times the volume of a solvent, e.g. an alcohol, methanol, ethanol or isopropanol, is charged into an autoclave in a nitrogen stream, and from 1/50 to 1/1000 mole of a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex is added thereto per mole of the ester. The hydrogenation reaction is effected at a temperature of from 25 to 50°C at a hydrogen pressure of from 9.8 x 10 ⁵ to 10⁶ Pa (10 to 100 kg/cm²) for a period of from 15 to 48 hours, to thereby obtain an N-acyl-threonine (II). The resulting compound is then subjected to hydrolysis in a hydrochloric acid aqueous solution in a usual manner, followed by purification to obtain optically active threonine. The present invention is now illustrated in greater detail with reference to Reference Examples and Examples. REFERENCE EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of Ru₂Cℓ₄[(+)-BINAP]₂(NEt₃) (di[2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl]tetrachloro-diruthenium triethylamine): To 100 ml of toluene were added 1 g (3.56 mmoles) of [RuCℓ₂(COD)] n , 2.66 g (4.27 mmoles of (+)-BINAP, and 1.5 g of triethylamine in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the mixture was heat-refluxed for 10 hours. The solvent was removed from the reaction mixture by distillation under reduced pressure, and the residual solid was dissolved in methylene chloride, followed by filtration through "Celite" filter acid. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness to obtain 3.7g of the entitled compound as a deep brown solid. Elemental Analysis for C₉₄H₇₉Cℓ₄NP₄Ru₂: Calcd. (%): Ru 11.96; C 66.85; H 4.71; P 7.33 Found (%): Ru 11.68; C 67.62; H 4.97; P 6.94 ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ ppm: 1.30-1.50 (t, 6H, NCH₂CH₃), 3.05-3.30 (q, 4H, NCH₂CH₃) 6.40-8.60 (m, 32H, Ar-H) REFERENCE EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis of [Ru((-)-T-BINAP)](CℓO₄)₂ ([2,2′-bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl]ruthenium perchlorate): In a 250 ml-volume Schlenk's tube was charged 0.54 g (0.30 mmole) of Ru₂Cℓ₄[(-)-T-BINAP]₂(NEt₃). After thorough displacement of the atmosphere with nitrogen gas, 60 ml of methylene chloride was added thereto, and then a solution of 0.73 g (6.0 mmoles) of sodium perchlorate in 60 ml of water and a solution of 16 mg (0.06 mmole) of triethylbenzylammonium bromide in 3 ml of water were added to the mixture. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was allowed to stand, and the aqueous layer was removed. The methylene chloride was removed from the organic layer by distillation under reduced pressure, and the residue was dried under reduced pressure to obtain 0.59 g (99.6%) of the entitled compound as a deep brown solid. Elemental Analysis for C₄₈H₄₀Cℓ₂O₈P₂Ru: Calcd. (%): Ru 10.32; C 58.90; H 4.12; P 6.33 Found (%): Ru 10.08; C 58.61; H 4.53; P 5.97 ³¹P NMR (CDCl₃) δ ppm: 12.920 (d, J=41.1 Hz) 61.402 (d, J=41.1 Hz) REFERENCE EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis of Ru[(-)-BINAP](OCOCH₃)₂ ([2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl]ruthenium-diacetate): In a 250 ml-volume Schlenk's tube were charged 1.43 g (0.85 mmole) of Ru₂Cℓ₄[(-)-BINAP]₂(NEt₃) and 3.06 g (37 mmoles) of sodium acetate. After thorough displacement of the atmosphere with nitrogen, 100 mℓ of t-butanol was added thereto. The mixture was heated at reflux for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, 5-butanol was removed by distillation under reduced pressure of 20 mmHg, and the residual solid was extracted twice with 10 mℓ portions of ethyl ether. The ethyl ether was removed from the extract by distillation, and the resulting solid was further extracted twice with 10 mℓ portions of ethanol. The extract was concentrated to dryness to obtain 1.50 g of crude Ru[(-)-BINAP](OCOCH₃)₂. Recrystallization of the crude product from ethyl acetate gave 0.79 g (52%) of the entitled compound as a yellowish brown solid. Melting Point: 180-181°C (with decomposition) Elemental Analysis for C₄₈H₃₈O₄P₂Ru: Calcd. (%): Ru 12.01; C 68.48; H 4.55; P 7.36 Found (%): Ru 11.85; C 68.35; H 4.61; P 7.28 ³¹P-NMR (CDCℓ₃) δ ppm: 65.00 (s) ¹H-NMR (CDCℓ₃) δ ppm: 1.75 (s, 6H, 6.5-7.8 (m, 32H, naphthyl ring and phenyl proton) REFERENCE EXAMPLE 4 Synthesis of [Ru((-)-T-BINAP)SnCℓ₆]₂(NEt₃) (bis[ruthenium-(2,2′-bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl)hexachlorotin]triethylamine): In a 80 mℓ-volume Schlenk's tube was charged 0.52 g (0.3 mmole) of Ru₂Cℓ₄[(-)-T-BINAP]₂(NEt₃). After thorough displacement of the atmosphere with nitrogen, 20 mℓ of methylene chloride and 0.16 g (0.6 mmole) of SnCℓ₄ were added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 15 hours. After completion of the reaction, the methylene chloride was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the residue was dried to solidify to obtain 0.68 g (100%) of the entitled compound as a deep brown solid. Elemental Analysis for C₁₀₂H₉₅Cℓ₁₂NP₄Sn₂Ru₂: Found (%): P 5.91; C 53.48; H 4.36; Cℓ 17.56 Calcd. (%): P 5.33; C 52.72; H 4.12; Cℓ 18.31 ³¹P-NMR (CDCℓ₃) δ ppm: 14.14 (d, J=41.7 Hz) 62.57 (d, J=41.7 Hz) In the foregoing Reference Examples, ³¹P-NMR spectra were measured by means of AM400 Model (161 MHz) manufactured by Bruker Co., and the chemical shift was determined by using 85% phosphoric acid as an external standard. EXAMPLE 1 In a 500 mℓ-volume stainless steel-made autoclave whose atmosphere had been replaced with nitrogen was added a solution of 29 g (0.12 mole) of ethyl 2-N-benzamidoacetoacetate and 582 mg (0.33 mmole) of Ru₂Cℓ₄[(-)-BINAP]₂(NEt₃) prepared according to Reference Example 1 in 100 mℓ of methylene dichloride, and the solution was stirred at room temperature at a hydrogen pressure of 40 kg/cm² for 80 hours to effect hydrogenation. The solvent was removed by distillation, and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (eluent = 7:3 mixture of hexane:isopropanol) to remove the catalyst and to obtain 23.0 g of N-benzoyl-D-threonine ethyl ester, which was crystallized from a 2:1 mixed solvent of ethyl ether and n-hexane to obtain 15.0 g of crystals. Recrystallization from a 2:1 mixed solvent of benzene and ethyl ether to obtain 12.0 g (41.4%) of a pure product. Melting Point: 85-86.5°C [α] 25 / D = -29.5° (chloroform c = 3.225) Then, 3.6 g of the resulting ester was refluxed in 10% hydrochloric acid for 3 hours to obtain a uniform solution. The solution was allowed to stand under ice-cooling for 1 hour, followed by filtration to remove benzoic acid crystals. The filtrate was concentrated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in 10 mℓ of water. After adjusting to a pH of 7.0 with 28% aqueous ammonia, the solution was subjected to recrystallization from a 1:2 mixed solvent of water and ethanol to obtain 1.2 g (71%) of D-threonine. [α] 25 / D = +27.6° (H₂O, c = 1.23) Optical Yield: 97.2%ee ¹H-NMR (D₂O) δ ppm: 4.18 (1H) 3.55 (1H, J=4.86 Hz) 1.25 (3H, J=6.78 Hz) EXAMPLE 2 In a 500 mℓ-volume stainless steel-made autoclave whose atmosphere had been replaced with nitrogen was charged a solution of 20.7 g (0.11 mole) of ethyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate and 444 mg (0.25 mmole) of Ru₂Cℓ₄[(-)-T-BINAP]₂(NEt₃) prepared according to Reference Example 1 in 200 mℓ of methylene dichloride, and the mixture was stirred at 50°C at a hydrogen pressure of 100 kg/cm² for 24 hours to effect hydrogenation. The solvent was removed by distillation and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (eluent = 7:3 mixture of hexane and isopropanol) to remove the catalyst and to obtain 19.5 g (93%) of N-acetyl-D-threonine ethyl ester. Then, 4.4 g of the resulting ester was refluxed in 10% hydrochloric acid for 3 hours to prepare a uniform solution. The solution was concentrated to dryness, and 10 mℓ of water was added to the residue. The solution was adjusted to a pH of 7 with 28% aqueous ammonia and then recrystallized from a 1:2 mixed solvent of water and ethanol to obtain 2.2 g (79%) of D-threonine. [α] 25 / D = +28.0° (H₂O, c = 1.85) Optical Yield: 98.6%ee ¹H-NMR (D₂O): The same as in Example 1 EXAMPLE 3 In 50 ml of methanol were dissolved 17.3 g (0.1 mole) of methyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate and 422 mg (0.25 mmole) of Ru₂Cℓ₄[(+)-BINAP]₂(NEt₃) as synthesized in Reference Example 1, and the solution was charged in an autoclave in a nitrogen stream. The solution was subjected to hydrogenation at 35°C at a hydrogen pressure of 40 kg/cm² for 24 hours. The methanol was removed by distillation, and 72 mℓ of 10% hydrochloric acid was added to the residue, followed by heat-refluxing for 3 hours to obtain a uniform solution. The solution was concentrated to dryness, and 50 mℓ of water was added therto. The solution was adjusted to a pH of 7 with 28% aqueous ammonia. The precipitated crystals were collected and dried to obtain 8.1 g (0.07 mol, 68%) of L-threonine. [α] 25 / D = -27.8° (H₂O, c = 2.0) Optical Yield: 97.9%ee EXAMPLE 4 In 50 ml of ethanol were dissolved 18.7 g (0.1 mole) of ethyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate and 461 mg (0.5 mmole) of [Ru((+)-BINAP)](CℓO₄)₂ prepared according to Reference Example 2, and the solution was charged in an autoclave in a nitrogen stream. The solution was subjected to hydrogenation at 25°C and at a hydrogen pressure of 70 kg/cm² for 40 hours. The ethanol was removed from the reaction mixture by distillation under reduced pressure, and to the residue was added 70 ml of 10% hydrochloric acid, followed by heat-refluxing for 4 hours. The solution was concentrated to dryness, and 47 mℓ of water was added to the residue. The solution was adjusted to a pH of 7 with 28% aqueous ammonia, and the precipitated crystals were collected and dried to obtain 8.56 g (72%) of L-threonine. [α] 25 / D = -27° (H₂O, c = 1.5) Optical Yield: 95%ee EXAMPLE 5 In 80 mℓ of ethanol were dissolved 28 g (0.1 mole) of ethyl 2-N-benzyloxycarbonylamidoacetoacetate and 1,105 mg (0.5 mmole) of [(Ru((-)-BINAP)SnCℓ₆]₂(NEt₃) as synthesized in Reference Example 4, and the solution was charged in an autoclave in a nitrogen stream. The solution was subjected to hydrogenation at 30°C and at a hydrogen pressure of 50 kg/cm² for 30 hours. The ethanol was removed from the reaction mixture by distillation under reduced pressure, and 70 mℓ of 10% hydrochloric acid was added to the residue, followed by heat-refluxing for 3 hours. The solution was concentrated to dryness, and 50 mℓ of water was added to the residue. The solution was adjusted to a pH of 7 with 28% aqueous ammonia. The thus precipitated crystals were collected and dried to obtain 8.33 g (70%) of D-threonine. [α] 25 / D = +25.6° (H₂O, c = 2.1) Optical Yield: 90%ee EXAMPLE 6 In 54 mℓ of ethanol were dissolved 18.7 g (0.1 mole) of ethyl 2-N-acetamidoacetoacetate and 89.7 g (0.1 mmole) of Ru[(-)-T-BINAP](OCOCH₃)₂ prepared according to Reference Example 3 and the solution was charged in an autoclave in a nitrogen stream. The solution was subjected to hydrogenation at 30°C and at a hydrogen pressure of 70 kg/cm² for 35 hours. The ethanol was removed from the reaction mixture by distillation, and to the residue was added 70 mℓ of 10% hydrochloric acid, followed by heat-refluxing for 3 hours. The solution was concentrated to dryness. To the residue was added 50 mℓ of water, and the solution was adjusted to a pH of 7 with 28% aqueous ammonia. The precipitated crystals were collected and dried to obtain 8.9 g (72%) of D-threonine. [α] 25 / D = +27° (H₂O, c = 1.7) Optical Yield: 88%ee EXAMPLES 7 TO 14 The same procedure of Examples 1 to 6 was repeated, except for altering the substrate, catalyst and reaction conditions as shown in Table 1. The reaction results are shown in Table 1. The present invention thus provides a process for preparing optically active threonine, which is important as an essential amino acid and also useful as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals, by asymmetric hydrogenation of a 2-N-acyloaminoacetoacetic ester using a cheap ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex as a catalyst and then hydrolyzing the product. By the present invention, either natural type threonine or non-natural type threonine can be selectively synthesized by selecting the absolute configuration of the ligand of the ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex. Therefore, the process of the present invention is industrially highly useful.

Claims: A process for preparing optically active threonine which comprises asymmetrically hydrogenating a 2-N-acylaminoacetoacetic ester represented by formula (I): wherein R¹ represents a lower alkyl group, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group, a benzyl group or a benzyl group substituted with a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group; R² represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group, a benzyloxy group or a benzyloxy group substituted with a lower alkyl group or a lower alkoxy group, in the presence of a ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex as a catalyst to obtain an optically active threonine derivative represented by formula (II): wherein R¹ and R² are as defined above, and then hydrolysing the compound of formula (II). A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said ruthenium-optically active phosphine complex is selected from a compound represented by formula (III): Ru x H y Cl z (R³-BINAP)₂(T) p (III) wherein R³-BINAP represents a tertiary phosphine represented by formula (IV): wherein R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, or a t-butyl group; T represents a tertiary amine; when y represents 0, x represents 2, z represents 4, and p represents 1; and when y represents 1, x represents 1, z represents 1, and p represents 0, a compound represented by formula (V): [RuH u (R³-BINAP) v ]Y w (V) wherein R³-BINAP is as defined above; Y represents CℓO₄, BF₄ or PF₆; when u represents 0, v represents 1, and w represents 2; and when u represents 1, v represents 2, and w represents 1, a compound represented by formula (VI): wherein R³-BINAP is as defined above; and R⁴ represents a lower alkyl group or a trifluoromethyl group, and a compound represented by formula (VII): [Ru(R³-BINAP)MCℓ k ]ℓ X m (VII) wherein R³-BINAP is as defined above; M represents Zn, Aℓ, Ti, or Sn; X represents N(C₂H₅)₃ or CH₃CO₂; when X is N(C₂H₅)₃, ℓ is 2, m is 1, and k is 4 when M is Zn, 5 when M is Aℓ, or 6 when M is Ti or Sn; and when X is CH₃CO₂, ℓ is 1, m is 2, and k is 2 when M is Zn, 3 when M is Aℓ, or 4 when M is Ti or Sn. A process as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, which is carried out by dissolving the ester (I) in a solvent, adding 1/50 to 1/1000 mole of the catalytic complex per mole of the ester, and hydrogenating at a hydrogen pressure of 9.8 x 10⁵ to 9.8 x 10⁶ Pa for 15 to 48 hours at a temperature of 25° to 50 C, followed by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid.

Inventors: KUMOBAYASHI HIDENORI, TAKETOMI TAKANAO, KUMOBAYASHI, HIDENORI, TAKETOMI, TAKANAO
Applicants: TAKASAGO PERFUMERY CO LTD, TAKASAGO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
Application year: 1988
Main classification: C07C231
IPC codes: C07C227, C07C229, B01J27, C07C269, C07C231, C07B61, C07C67