Magnetic resonance imaging methods and apparatus

Abstract: A magnetic resonance imaging method and apparatus wherein a spin echo (52) and a gradient echo (60) are generated in each magnetic resonance sequence repetition. The spin echo is phase encoded by a phase encode gradient (44) in regular steps spanning about a quarter of k-space. More particularly, steps from -n to G max /2, where n is a small integer and G max is the maximum phase encode gradient. An off-set phase encode gradient (58) shifts the phase encoding of the gradient echo by G max /2 relative to the first phase encoding gradient. Data to fill the empty portions of k-space (142, 267) between -n and-G max are generated from the complex conjugate (140, 160), of the first echo data (74) and the second echo data (76). The first and second echo data and the complex conjugate data are transformed (122, 132, 146, 166) to generate parted image representations (124, 134, 148 168). The first echo image representation and the corresponding conjugately symmetric image representation are phase correction (126, 150) in accordance with a phase map (112) derived from the central most first echo data (78). The partial image representations are summed (170) to produce a resultant image representation (172).

Description: This invention relates to the magnetic resonance imaging methods and apparatus. It finds particular application to medical diagnostic imaging and will be described with particular reference thereto. It is to be appreciated, however, that the present invention may also find application in other imaging techniques, particularly those in which only a partial or incomplete data set is available. Heretofore, medical diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging has included the sequential pulsing of radio frequency signals and magnetic field gradients across a region to be imaged. In two dimensional imaging, a patient is disposed in a region of interest in a substantially uniform main magnetic field. An RF excitation pulse is applied concurrently with a slice select gradient to excite resonance in a preselected frequency bandwith in the selected slice or other region of the patient to be imaged. A phase encode gradient is applied along one of the axes of the selected slice to encode material with a selected phase encoding. In each repetition of the pulse sequence, the phase encode gradient is stepped in regular intervals from a negative maximum phase encode gradient through a zero phase encode gradient to a positive maximum phase encode gradient. Magnetization manipulation pulses are applied to cause a magnetic resonance echo. During the ensuing echo, one set of data points, generally termed a view or step, is sampled in the presence of a read gradient applied orthogonal to the phase encode gradient across the slice. The complete set of view is operated on by a two dimensional inverse Fourier transform to derive an image representation. Various techniques have been developed to reduce the data acquisition time. Many of these techniques relate to the use of gradient echo sequences which have very short repeat times. However, images from magnetic resonance data that is T2 weighted e.g. spin echoes, find the widest diagnostic application. T2 weighted spin echo sequences have a relatively long repeat time, typically two seconds or more. Theoretically, the pair of views corresponding to like positive and negative phase encode gradients have a symmetric relationship. However, in practice the symmetry relationship is rendered unpredictable by sequence and field dependent phase considerations. In order to overcome these difficulties, conventionally both positive and negative phase encode views are collected forming a phase independent magnitude image. The data points within each view correspond to a preselected range of frequencies f o ± δf, where f o is the frequency of the center data value of the view. For the zero phase encoding view, a datum frequency f o + f₁ is symmetrically related to that of f o -f₁. For a real object, the data values for a positive phase encode view corresponding to a frequency of f o + f₁ are also related to the corresponding negative phase encode view at frequency f o - f₁ by conjugate symmetry. In this manner, each data point in a full data set, sometimes referred to as k space, is related to another point by the underlying property of complex conjugate symmetry. Thus, if the symmetry relationship can be rendered predictable, the data acquisition time can be reduced about in half. Others have reconstructed images utilizing only half a set of views, i.e. only the positive views or only the negative views, see, for example, page 946 of Abstract of the Fifth Annual Meeting of The Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (SMRM), Montreal, 1986, and US-A-4684891 (Claims 1 and 12 are delimited against the latter document). In one such half data reconstruction, about eight additional views were collected adjacent the zero or minimum phase encoding. The sixteen central views about the zero phase encoding were utilized to derive a phase map. The acquired data was filtered and the data set was completed by filling with zeroes. The Fourier transform of this data set was then phase corrected by the phase map to yield the final reconstruction. However, this technique produced less than satisfactory images which were particularly sensitive to artifacts caused by motion-induced errors in phase. Phase correction techniques using phase maps are described at page 379 of Abstract of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the SMRM, New York, 1987. The present invention provides a new and improved technique for reducing data acquisition time. According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a magnetic resonance imaging method comprising: (a) exciting magnetic resonance; (b) inducing a first echo with a first phase encoding; (c) changing the phase encoding by a phase encode offset and inducing at least one subsequent echo each with one other phase encoding; (d) sampling the first echo to acquire a first echo view and each subsequent echo to acquire subsequent echo views; (e) repeating steps (a) to (d) with a plurality of different first phase encodings until first and subsequent echo views which together span about a half of k-space are acquired; characterized by the steps of (f) generating complex conjugate views which span about half of k-space from the acquired first and subsequent echo views; and (g) creating an image representation from the first echo, subsequent echo, and complex conjugate views; the change in phase encoding in step (c) being such that some of the acquired first and subsequent echo views overlap in k-space; and said overlapping views being used for aligning and/or normalizing said first and subsequent echo views. According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus comprising: a main magnetic field means for inducing a generally linear main magnetic field through an image region; a radio frequency transmitting means for transmitting radio frequency pulses into the image region for selectively inducing magnetic resonance and for selectively causing the formation of a magnetic resonance echo; a gradient field means for causing magnetic field gradients across the image region, the magnetic field gradients including phase encode gradients varying in regular steps between resonance excitation sequences, a phase encode off-set gradient for changing the phase encode gradient between first and second echoes in each sequence, and a read gradient; a receiving means for receiving magnetic resonance signals from the image region and producing corresponding views; characterized in that said apparatus includes a first echo image memory means for storing first echo views received during a first echo in each sequence; a second echo image memory means for storing views received during a second echo in each sequence, said phase encoding off-set gradient having a magnitude such that some of said first and second echo views overlap in k-space; aligning means for utilising the overlapping views for aligning and/or normalizing views in the first and second echo memories; a conjugate symmetry means for generating conjugate symmetry views which are conjugately symmetric to the first echo views and the second echo views and a transform means for transforming the first echo, the second echo, and the conjugately symmetric views into image representations. One magnetic resonance imaging method and an apparatus for carrying out the method in accordance with the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of the magnetic resonance imaging apparatus; Figure 2 illustrates the imaging sequence used in the method and apparatus; and Figure 3 is a graphic representation to assist in conceptualizing synthesized additional views by conjugate symmetry. Referring to Figure 1, the apparatus includes a main magnetic field means, including a main magnetic field controller 10 and a plurality of electromagnets 12, which generates a substantially uniform, main magnetic field through an image region. With superconducting magnets, the controller 10 is only used to ramp up to field or down. A gradient field control means 20 selectively controls the application of gradient fields across the main magnetic field by gradient field coils 22. By selectively applying current to appropriate gradient field coils, slice select, phase encode, and read gradients are selectively applied along mutually orthogonal axes. The slice select gradients define an image slice or region and the phase encode and read gradients encode the magnetic resonance along mutually orthogonal axes of the slice. A transmitter 30 selectively applies radio frequency pulses to RF coils 32 to excite nuclear spin of hydrogen in the image region to magnetic resonance and to manipulate or orient the magnetization of the spin. Magnetic resonance signals generated by the resonating dipoles, particularly when the magnetization is refocused into spin and gradient echoes, are received by the RF coils 32 . A radio frequency receiver 34 demodulates the received radio frequency signals to a bandwidth of f o ± δf, where the center frequency f o of the bandwidth or spectrum ±δf is preferably zero. With reference to FIGURE 2, a sequence control means 36 causes the gradient field control 20 to apply a slice select gradient pulse 40 and the transmitter 30 to apply a 90° RF pulse 42 concurrently. Thereafter, a phase encode gradient 44 with one of a plurality of selectable magnitudes between -G max to +G max and a read gradient 46 are applied concurrently. More specifically to the preferred embodiment, the phase encode gradient 44 applies a phase encoding which varies in even steps between +G max /2 and -n, where n is small number of gradient steps. In the preferred embodiment, n is 16 steps and G max /2 represents at least 64 steps. A 180° RF refocusing pulse 48 is applied by the transmitter 30 concurrently with the application of a second slice select gradient pulse 50 to induce a spin echo 52 . The time interval between the 90° and 180° RF pulses is the same as the interval between the 180° RF pulse and the spin echo 52 . A read gradient 54 of a first polarity is applied to encompass the first or spin echo 52 . Immediately after the first echo, the polarity of the read gradient is reversed to create a second read gradient 56 with the opposite polarity. As the read gradient is changing, a second phase encode gradient 58 is applied to alter the phase encoding. In the preferred embodiment, the second phase encode gradient increases the phase encoding by G max /2. The inversion of the tread gradient causes a second or gradient echo 60 . The spin echo 52 and the gradient echo 60 occur the same duration to either side of the read gradient polarity change. With continuing reference to FIGURE 1 and further reference to FIGURE 3, the received magnetic resonance signals are quadrature detected. Specifically, the first, spin echo signal is detected and digitized by an analog-to-digital converter means 70 . Analogously, the second or gradient echo signal is detected and digitized by an analog-to-digital converter means 72 to generate a second digital view. Each view is commonly identified by the value of the phase encoding gradient with which the resonance data is encoded. Each view is frequency encoded by the read gradient pulse and includes a plurality of frequency components. The frequency component in the center of each view should be f o , those at one extreme f o + δf and those at the other extreme f o - δf. A data value at a frequency at f o - f₁ of one of the positive phase encode views is related by conjugate symmetry to a datum value at a frequency f o - f₁ of the corresponding negative phase encode view. For the zero phase encode view, the datum values are symmetric about f o . The imaging sequence is repeated to collect data over a contiguous phase encoded central or first set of views 74 adjacent the zero or minimum phase encode gradient. Data for a second or more strongly phase encoded set of views 76 are acquired for half the remaining views, preferably, the contiguous views between the central views 74 and either -G max or + G max . The central views include a centermost subset or kernel 78 of 2n views centered on the zero phase encode view. In the preferred embodiment, the second phase encode gradient pulse 58 causes the data to skip over a quarter of k-space. That is, the first or spin echo views 74 start at a phase encode gradient of -n and extend to about +G max /2. The second or gradient echo views 76 extend from (+G max /2) - n to +G max . The views between -n and -G max are not generated. The spin echo data is stored in a first or spin echo view memory means 80 and the second or gradient echo is stored in a second or gradient echo memory means 82. Because the spin and gradient echoes have opposite polarity, the polarity of one of them, presumably the gradient echo, is reversed as it is loaded into the gradient echo memory 82. Reversing the polarity includes loading each view in the opposite direction. A centering and aligning means 84 centers the data in the spin echo and gradient echo memories. For spin echo and gradient echoes, the magnitude of the acquired data is a maximum at the center of the data set, i.e. the datum value acquired with the zero or minimum phase encoding angle and with the zero or f o characteristic frequency. The data within the spin echo memory is examined to find the peak value. The data is shifted such that the peak value is moved to the memory coordinate corresponding to zero phase angle and the f o frequency. This may involve shifting data lines up or down, left or right. Any data lines or portion of data lines for which there is no data are filled with zeroes. The gradient echo data is centered by comparing the overlapping gradient and spin echo data lines. The gradient echo data is shifted to bring corresponding spin and gradient echo data in the region (G max /2)-n to G max /2 into alignment. A normalizing means 86 normalizes the data from the spin and gradient echoes. That is, the amplitudes of one or both are adjusted to bring the magnitudes into conformity. The magnitudes may be adjusted by taking the square root of the square of the ral and imaginary parts of the data values from the first and second echo memories in the region in whih they overlap, i.e. the region between G max /2 and (G max /2)-n. The average magnitude of each data set in this region is determined and the ratio of these magnitudes utilized to adjust one of the data sets up or down. The centered and normalized spin echo and gradient echo data sets F s (k x , k y ) and F g (k x , k y ) are stored in normalized spin echo and gradient echo data memory means 88 and 90, respectively. A phase map reconstrucing means 100 reconstructs a phase map (x,y) from the centermost data portion or kernel 78. More specifically, a central data selecting means 102 selects the largest available matrix of data which is centered on the zero phase encode view, e.g. a 2n by 256 data matrix centered at (0,0). The remainder of the data values, such as the remainder of a 256 x 256 array are loaded with zeroes. A roll off filter means 104 rolls-off the data values of the selected centermost matrix smoothly to the loaded zeroes. Various roll-off filters may be utilized such as a Hanning filter, a Hamming filter, or the like. The roll-off filter provides a smooth transition from the actually collected data to the surrounding zeroes to eliminate any discontinuities which might cause ringing or artifacts a two dimensional Fourier transform means 106 performs an inverse Fourier transform on the filtered data to construct a phase map, e.g. a 256 x 256 array of complex data values f p (x,y). The phase map may be either the complex number phase of the resultant complex image or the complex image, each element of which is normalized to a magnitude of 1.0. A phase determining means 110 determines the phase of each of the complex data values of the 256 x 256 matrix for storage in a phase memory 112 , such as a 256 x 256 memory. The values for the phase memory 112 may be determined by calculating the arctangent of the real and imaginary parts of each data value. Alternately, the phase determining means may normalize each complex data value such that it becomes a vector of unit length which is stored in the phase memory means 112 . The actually collected first or spin echo data F s (k x , k y ) from the normalized spin echo memory 88 is filtered with a roll-off filter 120 , such as a Harming filter. The filter smoothly ramps the actually collected data down to the loaded zeroes. The roll-off filter operates between views -n and 0 and between views G max /2 and (G max /2)-n. The filtered data is inverse Fourier transformed by a two dimensional Fourier transform means 122 to form a first image representation f₁(x,y) which is stored in a first image representation memory means 124. A first phase correction means 126 phase corrects the first image representation in accordance with the phase information in phase memory means 112 . More specifically, a phase correction complex conjugate means 128 calculates the complex conjugate of each value in the phase remory means 112 . For example, the complex conjugate of the unit vector e i(x,y) is e -i(x,y) . The phase correction means 126 multiplies each (x,y) value of the first image representation by the complex conjugate of the value in the phase memory means 112 for the corresponding (x,y) position. In the preferred embodiment, the corrected image representation is of the form: f₁(x,y)e -i(x,y) A roll-off filter means 130 smoothes the transition between the actually collected gradient echo data F g (k x , k y ) and the loaded zeroes across the (G max /2)-n to G max /2 region. The roll-off filter 130 is the complement of roll-off filter 120 . A Fourier transform means 132 performs an inverse two dimensional Fourier transform on the filtered gradient echo data to create a second image representation f₂(x,y) for storage in a second image representation memory means 134 . A spin echo complex conjugate means 140 generates a first or spin echo complex conjugate data set F s *(k x ,k y ) for each data value in a region 142 (FIGURE 3) with phase encode gradients from the zero to -G max /2, i.e. the complex conjugate of the first data set 74 . A filter means 144 ramps up the symmetrized data views form 0 to -n at a rate which is the complement of the filter 120 and ramps the symmetrized data down between views (-G max /2)+n and -G max /2 at the same rate as filter 120 . A Fourier transform means 146 performs an inverse, two dimensional Fourier transform on the complex conjugate data to create a third image representation f₃(x,y) for storage in a third image representation memory 148 . A second phase correction means 150 corrects each data value of the third image representation in accordance with the phase of the corresponding (x,y) address of the phase memory 112 . In the preferred embodiment, the third phase corrected image representation is of the form: f₃(x,y)e i(x,y) A gradient echo complex conjugate means 160 generates a gradient echo complex conjugate data set F* g (k x , k y ). From the complex symmetry relationship, each data value in a region 162 (FIGURE 3) with phase encode gradients from (-G max /2) is generated, i.e. the complex conjugate of the second data set 76 . A roll-off filter means 164 ramps down the symmetrized data in views -G max /2 to ( -G max /2)-n with a roll-off filter function that is the complement of filter function 144 . A Fourier transform means 166 performs an inverse, two dimensional Fourier transform on the complex conjugate data to create a fourth image representation f₄ (x,y) for storage in fourth image representation memory means 168 . A summing means 170 sums the first, second, third, and fourth image representations into a resultant or corposite image representation f(x,y) for storage in a resultant image memory 172 . The resultant image may be displayed on a video monitor 174 subject to further processing, stored on tape or disc, or the like. Alternately, a calibration scan of 2n views can be collected. More specifically, the 2n views of the spin echo adjacent the zero phase encode view are collected. The quarter k-space phase encode shift gradient 58 is applied such that the 2n views of the gradient echo adjacent G max /2 are collected. This data is used as described above to determine the offset required to center and the ratio required to normalize the spin echo and gradient echo data sets. The central spin echo phase encoded data is also utilized by the phase correction determining means 100 to generate the phase map stored in phase memory 112 . The centering, normalizing, and phase map from the 2n views are utilized in subsequent scans. The spin echo based image representations are phase corrected. However, the gradient echo based images, are not phase corrected in the above described embodiment. Optionally, the third and fourth image representations can be phase corrected in accordance with the phase correction from phase memory 112 . Where accurate phase correction of the gradient echo data is necessary, it is preferred that phase correction data be acquired in a separate, preliminary scan. That is, the central most 2n views between ± n are collected for both the spin echo and the gradient echo. The views are centered by the centering means 84 and the empty pixel values filled with zeroes. The phase correction determining means 100 determines appropriate phase corrections  (x,y) for the spin echo data and stores it in phase correction memory 112. An analogous phase correction determining means 100′ of the same construction as the spin echo phase map determining means 100 determines the phase map for the gradient echo data. The gradient echo phase map is stored in a phase memory means 112′ and a complex conjugate means 128′. A phase correction means 126′ may be provided for phase correcting the third image representation. Analogously, a phase correction means 150′ may be provided for phase correcting the fourth image representation. The phase correction data stored in phase memories 112 and 112′ is fixed during the initial scan of 2n views and is used unchanged through subsequent scans. The use of roll off filters to provide a smoothing function at data discontinuities, as described above, is known per se, see for example GB-A-2176012 page 2 line 64 to page 3, line 4 and Figure 4.

Claims: A magnetic resonance imaging method comprising: (a) exciting magnetic resonance; (b) inducing a first echo (52) with a first phase encoding; (c) changing the phase encoding by a phase encode offset and inducing at least one subsequent echo (60) each with one other phase encoding; (d) sampling the first echo (52) to acquire a first echo view and each subsequent echo (60) to acquire subsequent echo views; (e) repeating steps (a) to (d) with a plurality of different first phase encodings until first and subsequent echo views (74 or F s (k x , k y ), 76 or F g (k x , k y )) which together span about a half of k-space are acquired; characterized by the steps of (f) generating complex conjugate views (F s *(k x ,k y ), F g * (k x , k y )) which span about half of k-space from the acquired first and subsequent echo views (74 or F s (k x , k y ), 76 or F g (k x , k y )); and (g) creating an image representation f(x, y) from the first echo (74 or F s (k x , k y )), subsequent echo (76 or F g (k x , k y )), and complex conjugate views (F s *(k x ,k y ), F g *(k x ,k y )); the change in phase encoding in step (c) being such that some of the acquired first and subsequent echo views overlap in k-space; and said overlapping views being used for aligning and/or normalizing said first and subsequent echo views. A method according to Claim 1 further including phase correcting at least portions (f₁(x,y), f₃(x y)) of the image representation (f(x,y)) corresponding to a central portion of k-space. A method according to Claim 2 wherein the phase correcting is performed on Fourier transformations (f₁(x,y), f₂(x,y), f₃(x,y), f₄(x,y)) of at least some of the views (74 or F s (k x ,k y ), 76 or F g (k x ,k y ), F s *(k x ,k y ) and F g *(k x ,k y )). A method according to Claim 3 wherein the phase correcting is performed on Fourier transformations (f₁(x,y), f₃(x,y)) of the first echo views (74 or F s (k x ,k y )) and the complex conjugate first echo views (F s *(k x ,k y )). A method according to any one of Claims 2 to 4 wherein the phase correcting is performed in accordance with a phase map ((x,y)) generated from first echo views (78) phase encoded with phase encodings giving views on either side of and close to the center of k-space. A method according to any preceding claim wherein the change in phase encoding in step (c) corresponds to substantially one quarter of k-space (Gmax/2) and a single subsequent view only is acquired, the overlapping views thus lying adjacent half the maximum phase encoding gradient (G max). A method according to Claim 6 wherein the first echoes (52) are phase encoded with phase encoding gradients in steps from n steps on one side of the zero phase encode gradient to half way to a maximum phase encode gradient (G max ) on the other side of the zero phase encode gradient and wherein the subsequent echoes (60) are phase encoded in steps from half the maximum phase encode gradient (G max ) minus n to the maximum phase encode gradient (G max ), where n is an integer. A method according to Claim 7 further including filtering the first (74 or F s (k x ,k y )) and subsequent (76 or Fg(k x ,k y ) echo views corresponding to the steps between half the maximum phase encode gradient and half the maximum phase encode gradient minus n with complementary roll-off filters (120, 130). A method according to any preceding claim wherein the first echo (52) is a spin echo. A method according to any preceding claim wherein the or each subsequent echo (60) is a gradient echo. A method according to any of the preceding claims wherein a first polarity read gradient (54) is applied concurrently with each first echo (52) and wherein the or each subsequent echo (60) is induced by reversing the polarity of the read gradient (54) to cause an opposite polarity read gradient (56) concurrently with the subsequent echo (60). A magnetic resonance imaging apparatus comprising: a main magnetic field means (10, 12) for inducing a generally linear main magnetic field through an image region; a radio frequency transmitting means (30, 32) for transmitting radio frequency pulses into the image region for selectively inducing magnetic resonance and for selectively causing the formation of a magnetic resonance echo; a gradient field means (20, 22) for causing magnetic field gradients across the image region, the magnetic field gradients including phase encode gradients varying in regular steps between resonance excitation sequences, a phase encode off-set gradient for changing the phase encode gradient between first and second echoes in each sequence, and a read gradient; a receiving means (32, 34) for receiving magnetic resonance signals from the image region and producing corresponding views; characterized in that said apparatus includes a first echo image memory means (80) for storing first echo views (74 or Fs(k x ,k y )) received during a first echo (52) in each sequence; a second echo image memory means (82) for storing views (76 or Fg(k x ,k y )) received during a second echo (60) in each sequence, said phase encoding off-set gradient having a magnitude such that some of said first and second echo views (74 or F s (k x ,k y ), 76 or F g (k x ,k y )) overlap in k-space; aligning means (84) for utilising the overlapping views for aligning and/or normalizing views in the first (80) and second (82) echo memories; a conjugate symmetry means (140, 160) for generating conjugate symmetry views (F s *(k x ,k y ), F g *(k x ,k y )) which are conjugately symmetric to the first echo views (74 or F s (k x ,k y )) and the second echo views (76 or F g (k x ,k y )) and a transform means (122, 132, 146, 166) for transforming the first echo (74 or F s (k x ,k y )), the second echo (76 or F g (k x ,k y )), and the conjugately symmetric (F s *(k x ,k y ), F g *(k x ,k y )) views into image representations (f₁(x,y), f₂(x,y), f₃(x,y), f₄(x,y)). An apparatus according to Claim 12 further including: a phase correction determining means (100) for determining appropriate phase correction from at least the first echo views (74 or F s (k x ,k y )); and a phase correction means (126, 150) for correcting the first echo views (74 or F s (k x ,k y )) and the conjugately symmetric views (F s *(k x ,k y )) corresponding to the first echo views (74 or F s (k x ,k y )) in accordance with the determined phase correction.

Inventors: DEMEESTER GORDON D, DENISON KENNETH S, HOLLAND G NEIL, PROVOST TERRENCE J, DEMEESTER, GORDON D., DENISON, KENNETH S., HOLLAND, G.NEIL, PROVOST, TERRENCE J.
Applicants: PICKER INT INC, PICKER INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Application year: 1988
Main classification: G01N24
IPC codes: A61B10, G01R33, A61B5