APPARATUS FOR CHEMICALLY GENERATING AND DISPERSING GAS

Abstract: A gas generator chemically generates a gas from a chemical reaction between two reagents (Ra,RB) contained within a common container. The reagents are normally separated by a gas generation chamber (Gb) into different regions of the container in the absence of gas generation therein. A reference pressure source (GA) of a predetermined pressure forces the two reagents into contact with each other when the pressure of gas in the gas generation chamber is less than the predetermined pressure. A valve (V) in fluid communication with the gas generation chamber (GB) is provided to withdraw the generated gas from the chamber when OPEN. As the gas flows through the valve from the chamber the gas pressure in the chamber drops permitting more mixing of the reagents. When the chamber pressure becomes equal to or higher than the predetermined pressure applied by the reference pressure source, the reagents become separated again and gas generation ceases.

Description: The invention relates to an apparatus for chemically generating gas and supplying the gas to a utilization device at a predetermined pressure. Conventional CO₂ gas cylinders are heavy, relatively expensive and available only as returnable, refillable packages. Since such cylinders are under very high pressure, handling requires appropriate care. With the trend toward mini-sized and home-dispensers for soft-drinks, where the syrup-packaging is generally one-way, it is logistically attractive to make one-way CO₂-packaging also available. Moreover, certain conventional distribution channels, such as super-market stores, could only be effectively exploited if one-way packaging were available. An additional factor is that lay dispenser-users are understandably nervous of handling high-pressure gas cylinders. High-pressure CO₂-capsules, generally containing about 8 g CO₂, are already available, but these are expensive and restricted in practical capacity to a limit of around 16 - 20 g. They do not, therefore, represent a solution, since such quantities are barely sufficient for carbonating 2 liters of beverage without reckoning the considerable additional CO₂ quantities needed for propulsion of the beverage in the dispenser. Inexpensive, light-weight, unpressurized or moderately pressurized CO₂-packaging can therefore provide a whole scope of new business opportunities with respect to small-sized dispensers designed for non-professional users. Ullmanns Enzyklopädie der Technischen Chemie, 4th Edition 1974, volume 7, pages 65/66 discloses an apparatus for chemically generating gas and supplying the gas at a predetermined pressure. That apparatus comprises a supply means which feeds a solid reagent into the gas generation chamber in response to a pressure drop in the gas generation chamber and requires a continous water supply to said chamber. US-A-3,554,707 discloses a gas generator wherein the solid reagent is located in a cage in the middle of the apparatus and the liquid is in a compartment which is entirely composed of bellows so that these can be squeezed by natural resilience of the bellows to bring the liquid into contact with the solid reagent until sufficient pressure is generated to separate the reagents. The problem underlying the invention is to provide a compact gas generator which is portable and easily deliverable. The solution of that problem is set forth in claim 1 and preferred embodiments of the invention are set forth in the subclaims. The gas generator of the present invention provides gas at or near user pressure. It can be combined with an outside reference pressure source to generate gas automatically by mixing the necessary reagents to the degree required to maintain the reference pressure. It can maintain a predetermined pressure in the head-space of a beverage bottle during use and can maintain a predetermined pressure in a liquid container and also propell the liquid through a simple dispensing head. It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a dispensing head for a container of a simple disposable construction. The gas generator can be of a capsule construction suitable for use in an aerosol container for maintaining head space pressure. The second reagent can be a substance, such as sodium bicarbonate, which in contact with a liquid acid, such as phosphoric acid, generates CO₂. Alternatively, a powdered mixture of bicarbonate and a solid acid, such as citric acid, may be employed and then only water is needed to release the CO₂ gas. The chemicals used can be types normally found in beverages, so that their use in a beverage dispensing system, or other food application, need not arouse concern. Since the chemicals only generate a gas pressure when they are mixed in the aqueous state, their packaging can be relatively simple. Chemical generation of CO₂ gas is well-known but has so far had limited application, since a convenient, simple method enabling Co₂-gas generation at a controlled user pressure of the order, say, of 100 to 800 kPa (1 - 8 Bar) has not been available. According to the present invention, devices are provided which package the chemicals within a system, which releases CO₂ at a predetermined pressure. It allows the chemicals to be consumed only as and when CO₂-gas is drawn off, whereby the chemicals react just sufficiently to maintain the required user pressure. The net result is that the chemical mixture can either be supplied as a liquid system or as a liquid-solid system or finally as a solid system, depending on application. It can be contained in relatively simple plastic packaging, capable of withstanding only moderate pressures, or depending on the system employed by the user, even in non-pressurized dry solid form. This involves relatively inexpensive packaging and the system as a whole can provide the user with simplicity and convenience. Furthermore, a convenient CO₂ gas-generation package has uses in many household applications associated with beverages and other products, aside from direct use in beverage dispensers. Examples of these are: Capsules inserted in large carbonated beverage bottles, which release CO₂ once the closure is applied, and thus maintain a CO₂ pressure in the head-space of the package until the product is consumed. In this way, the freshness of the beverage can be maintained throughout the period of consumption, providing improved quality with larger packages. Such a device would be pencil-like in shape, inserted within the bottle during the bottling process prior to capping and additionally ensure a high shelf-life without requiring exceptional barrier properties in the package itself. Inclusion of gas-generator in simple dispensing heads, thus maintaining a head-space pressure in extra-large beverage bottles and bottles of other products, so that the user may dispense the liquid by simply pressing the dispensing head. This will improve the convenience of large liquid packages. In the case of carbonated beverages, it will enable the sale of ready-for-use "premix" dispensers comprising of a large bottle, a simple dispensing head and a CO₂-gas generator. Inclusion of gas-generator in devices requiring a propellant gas, such as aerosols. Here the availability of a controlled, low-pressure source of CO₂ within the aerosol will resolve a continuing industry problem. Current propellants for aerosols are liquids with of boiling points, which additionally must be non-inflammable and have harmless vapours. While presently used halogenated hydrocarbons are variously suspect on health, environmental, and other grounds, CO₂ is both non-inflammable and completely harmless both to the environment and to humans. It is proposed to describe herein the principles of the CO₂-gas generator of the present invention in some of its various possible forms and also to describe its embodiment with reference to the various applications described above. A laboratory gas-generator, generally referred to as "Kipps Apparatus" is well-known, but this produces gas at pressures barely above atmospheric and cannot be transported. Other systems currently available using acid/bicarbonate chemicals involve the user in inconvenient manipulation. The system of the present invention can provide medium pressure gas, in transportable and convenient form. Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein: Figures 1A to 1C are diagrammatic views in side elevation illustrating the basic principles of the gas generators of the present invention; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a variation of the basic principles of the gas generators of the present invention; Figure 3A is an elevational sectional view of one embodiment of a gas generator of the present invention; Figure 3B is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the CO₂-valve (V) of Figure 3A; Figure 3C is a cross-sectional view illustrating an alternative arrangement for outputting CO₂ gas from the gas generator; Figure 3D is an elevational cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3E is an enlarged view showing detail "A" of Figure 3D; Figure 3F is an enlarged view showing details of valve V₁ of Figure 3E; Figure 3G shows an alternative construction to the valve V₁ of Figure 3E; Figure 3H shows still another alternative construction for the valve assembly V₁ of Figure 3E; Figure 3I shows an embodiment of the present invention with the valving arrangements illustrated in Figures 3G and 3H; Figures 3J and 3K are further embodiments of the present invention; Figure 3L is an embodiment of the invention employing only liquid reagents; Figure 3M shows an embodiment of the present invention utilizing an external reference pressure source; Figures 4A to 4C show a gas generator capsule of the present invention inserted in a beverage bottle; Figure 4A being a sectional view of the capsule, Figure 4B a partial sectional view of the capsule in a bottle, and Figure 4C a diagrammatic view illustrating the relative proportions of the capsule and the bottle; Figures 5A to 5C illustrate the use of the gas generator of the present invention in a beverage bottle equipped with a manually actuable dispensing head; and Figures 6A and 6B illustrate the use of a gas generator capsule of the present invention in an aerosol container for maintaining the required gas head-space pressure therein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Basic Principles The basic principles are shown in Figure 1A to 1C. Firstly, in Figure 1A, a pre-pressurized gas chamber G a presses a reagent R a through a small orifice SO. As reagent R a contacts reagent R b in the lower chamber G b , CO₂ gas is released. REagent R a continues to flow through to the chamber G b , until the gas pressure in chamber G b is equal to that of chamber G a . Flow stops due to the surface tension of liquid R a . When gas is drawn off by opening valve V, more reagent R a flows into chamber G b so as to equalize pressures again. The pre-set pressure in chamber G a acts as a reference and controls the product gas-pressure accordingly. It acts in effect as a pre-set pressure memory. As a result, the gas content of reagents R a and R b is released only as it is used and the total pressure of the system does not exceed that of the pre-set reference G a , which in effect is the user-pressure, i.e. the lowest system-pressure possible. The system is automatic in response and once pre-packaged delivers gas at the pre-arranged pressure until the reagents are exhausted. The user only needs to open valve V. Simple materials can be used for packaging the system, since relatively low pressures are involved. Regarding the reagents, many options are available. REagent R a can be simply water, whereby R b would then be a solid mixture of alkali and acid (e.g. sodium bicarbonate and citric acid). Alternatively, R a could be an acid solution (e.g. phosphoric acid) and R b an alkali such as sodium bicarbonate, enabling quicker system responses to pressure change. For rapid system response to pressure change, both R a and R b could be aqueous solutions, as indicated in Figure 1B. The pressure memory provided by gas chamber G a can be replaced by a mechanical system, such as a spring, if this is more convenient to a particular application (see Figure 1C). In such a case the gas chamber G a is replaced by the spring S p and a piston or membrane P, or by similar devices. All devices must have the effect of providing a constant and desired pressure at the orifice SO. A transportable system, as shown in Fig. 2, would be to suspend the reagent R b between 2 fine screens and to supply reagent R a through the small orifice SO. All previously described methods of pressuring R a to a predetermined level can be used or alternatively a pre-pressurized flexible pouch, dead-weighted so that it sinks to the bottom of the container. The pouch FP expands to maintain pressure G b . Once G b is in equilibrium with the pressure in FP, the reagent R a is pushed back into its own chamber and gas generation stops. Surface tension forces prevent leakage of reagent R a onto R b once pressures in FP and G b are equalized, even if the device is inverted or placed in a horizontal position. The above variations are intended to indicate only a part of the range of options available, using the same basic principles. All may have application depending on the type of user -system employed. Pre-pressuring of gas-space G a or pouch FP can be achieved by using coated reagent R b pellets together with reagent R a . Thus the space (or pouch) can be sealed in an unpressurized state and the pre-determined pressure (dependent entirely on the quantity of reagents used) is generated some time after packing. The slowly-dissolving coating could, for example, be sugar or some other slowly-dissolving medium in water. As a further option, the pressurized pouch can contain a liquid whose boiling point is chosen to provide a constant pressure at the operating temperature. Such an arrangement would be more compact, since a pre-pressurized pouch or chamber, using gas only, must have a volume which is relatively large compared with unacceptable pressure variations. Physical Construction Gas Generator One embodiment of the gas-generator, based on the principles already described, and constructed from moulded plastic parts, is shown in Figure 3A. The base section 10 contains a flexible plastic pouch 12 with a dead-weight 14. In the manner already described, this has been filled with coated reagent R b pellets and liquid reagent R a in correct proportions so as to generate the desired pressure, once the coating has been dissolved some time after sealing. The reagent R a is filled into this base section 10. Since the flexible pouch 12 first expands at a later state, the base section 10 is only partly filled and presents no handling problems in assembly. The middle section 16, also moulded plastic, comprises a small orifice 18 in its base. A circular filter paper 20 is laid over the orifice 18, covering the entire base and the reagent R b is poured in pellet or powder form on top of the filter. A fine retention screen 22 is laid over the reagent R b . The top section 24,also moulded plastic, is then applied and holds down the reagent retention screen 22. The joints of the 3 sections are welded by appropriate means. Some time after assembly, the coated pellets in the flexible pouch 12 dissolve and the pouch expands pushing reagent R a through the orifice 18 and onto reagent R b . As soon as the gas pressure in the gas-space G b rises up to the predetermined pressure within the pouch 12, the reagent R a is expelled into the lower compartment and the pouch is forced to contract appropriately. Thereafter, the pouch re-expands to bring reagent R a in contact with R b , whenever the gas-space pressure falls, and thus maintains the required gas supply pressure. Gas is drawn-off through a simple valve such as illustrated in Figure 3B. Alternatively, a simple tapping device may be used as shown in 3C. Here, the dome 26 of the device is punctured at a pre-determined break-point 27 by an external tool 28 which at the same time seals against the entry duct 30. The same break-point 27 serves as the pressure safety disc of the device. The system is transportable once the gas-space has achieved equilibrium pressure (shortly after assembly) since surface tension forces at the orifice will not permit liquid to enter the reagent R b space. A further embodiment is illustrated by 3D. Here the pre-determined pressure is provided by gas space G a and reagent R a is pushed up a tube 32 to R b . When pressure G a and G b have equalized, R a returns down to the tube 32 to its own space and the reaction stops. For transportation a simple valve V₁ at base of central tube 32, can be used. Alternatively, as shown in 3G, the central tube 32 can be sealed at the base and have a pre-determined break-point 34, which is broken by pressing in the base prior to use. The appropriate pressure can be applied by rotating an external cap 36 including a pressure applying pin 38. A further variation of the same principle is shown in 3H, whereby the central tube 32 has a foil seal 39 which is punctured by pressing in the base. This is done by pressing the cylinder against an external protrusion 40. (For example, a protrusion in the CO₂-compartment base in a dispenser). Figure 3I shows an embodiment of 3D with the valving arrangements described in Figures 3G and 3H. Figures 3J and 3K are further embodiments of the principles described, which may prove easier to manufacture in a high-speed line. Figure 3L is an embodiment of a system employing only liquid reagents for R a and R b . Here the flow of reagent R a stops, once pressure-equilibrium between G a and G b has been reached, due to the action of surface tension forces in the orifices at the base of chamber G a . The reagent R a is released at the time of use by pressing in the base, which in turn raises the puncturing tube 42 to break the foil seal 44 at the base of chamber G a . Provided the device is to be used in a dispenser, which can be designed to provide the necessary pressure on reagent R a externally, a non-pressurized generator, with all the attendant production and transportation advantages, is possible. An embodiment of this is shown in Figure 3M. Now there is no in-built pressure memory, and in its place, a simple bellows 46 or membrane or piston is used. The reference pressure is applied from an external source, within the equipment employing the generator, and this presses the bellows 46. Thereafter, the generator operates as already described. Beverage Refresher The gas generator can be constructed as a capsule which is inserted in a beverage bottle and releases gas only when the closure is applied. An embodiment of this is shown in Figures 4A and 4B. The gas generator itself employs one of the principles explained above, but many of the other principles could also be adapted to this application. The capsule is pencil-shaped so that it can be passed through the normal finish of a bottle (see Figure 4C). The capsule of Figure 4A comprises the same 4 basic components already outlined above for the gas generator: a base-section containing reagent R a , a pre-pressurized pouch, a middle-section containing reagent R b , a top-section (which in this case locates in the mouth of the bottle) and finally a gas-valve, which in this case is opened by the pressure of the applied closure. The middle-section has an orifice which protrudes above the surface or the reagent R b . The fine screen or sieve, retaining the reagent R b is pressed over the lips of the orifice and located by protrusions on the outside of the orifice tube. Reagent R a flows onto R b until the gas space achieves equilibrium with the pressure of the flexible pouch. A simple moulded plastic valve V₂, which is actuated by the downward pressure of the closure is welded to the top-section. The embodiment of this valve is illustrated in Figure 4B, together with the method of location of the capsule in the mouth of the beverage bottle. The valve consists of 2 moulded plastic parts: the valve housing and the valve spindle. The valve spindle locates in the gas exit tube and is moulded with a series of fingers, which act as springs. Assisted by the gas pressure, the springs help to seat the valve, whenever the downward pressure of the closure is removed. Thus, no gas escapes while the bottle is open. When the closure is reapplied, gas is generated and fills the bottle head-space until this is at equilibrium with the pressure in the flexible pouch. During transportion of the bottle, the gas valve is open. It is, in fact, open at all times after the bottle is first capped. However, no reagents can pass into the beverage since the reagent immediately below the gas valve is powder, the gas exit tube is constructed so as to prevent liquids/solids escaping, and the gas pressure helps to keep the liquid in the lower space. Moreover since beverage-type components are used as reagents, a leakage of the capsule would not affect the safe consumption of the beverage. Finished Beverage Dispenser The gas-generator may be used to maintain a gas pressure in the head-space of a beverage bottle (or other liquid container) and thus enable the beverage (or other liquid) to be dispensed through a dip-tube by opening a valve at the head of the dip-tube. An embodiment of this is shown in Figure 5A, 5B and 5C. The gas-generator capsule is shown in Figure 5A. It consists of a base section containing reagent R a and including a pre-pressurized flexible plastic pouch, a middle section containing reagent R b and including an orifice, filter-paper and retention screen; and a top-section which holds down the screen and includes the gas outlet. The gas-outlet is sealed when the gas generator is assembled and the tube is cut to initiate gas release immediately prior to cap application after filling. The gas is generated, in the mode already described, to maintain a head-space gas-pressure in the bottle. The gas-generator is cradled in moulded support hoops on the dispensing dip-tube, as shown in Figure 5B. A dispensing head embodiment is shown in Figure 5C. It consists of five parts: a capping section, which screws onto the threads of the bottle-finish and connects to the dip-tube, a valve-spindle, a transportation sealing lock-ring, a spring and a press-down-head. The capping-section includes a spout. The valve spindle seats against a shoulder on the base of the capping section and opens the flow when depressed downwards. A series of membranes, moulded onto the valve spindle, seal against the bore of the top of the capping section to prevent liquid leakage. The spring presses the valve spindle upwards so as to close the valve. In this it is assisted by the head-space pressure within the bottle. When the spring is compressed by a downward pressure on the dispenser head, the valve opens and liquid flows, propelled by the gas-pressure in the head-space. For safe transportation, the sealing lock-ring presses the dispensing head upwards ensuring that the dispensing valve remains closed. The user breaks the seal of this ring by screwing it downwards to a stop. This frees the dispensing head and enables it to be used. All 5 dispenser-head parts described are constructed of moulded plastic. Aerosol Application The capsule described above for the finished beverage dispenser can be also used to maintain a required gas head-space pressure in an aerosol. Two examples of such an assembly are shown in Figures 6A and 6B. This employs the principles already described. The release of gas can be initiated by cutting the gas outlet tube shortly before the aerosol is sealed or by employing a simple valve, as shown in principle in Figure 4B, which opens on application of the container lid.

Claims: An apparatus for chemically generating gas and supplying the gas to a utilization device at a predetermined pressure comprising: a container having at least one partition for defining first and second reagent chambers (Ga, Gb) on opposite sides thereof, said partition having an orifice (S0) therein; a liquid reagent (Ra) in the one chamber (Ga) and a second reagent (Rb) in the other chamber (Gb), said liquid reagent (Ra) and second reagent (Rb) chemically reacting to generate said gas upon contact with each other; a gas generation chamber within said container for accommodating the generated gas under pressure and valve means (V) in fluid communication with said gas generation chamber for withdrawing gas therefrom when OPEN and preventing the flow of gas therefrom when CLOSED; characterized by reference pressure means for applying said predetermined pressure to said liquid reagent (Ra) to propel said liquid reagent toward said second reagent in opposition to a force caused by the pressure of the generated gas against the liquid reagent; and said orifice (S0) in the partition being of a size selected as a function of surface tension properties of the liquid reagent (Ra) for permitting said liquid reagent to pass therethrough and contact the second reagent to generate said gas into said gas generation chamber when the pressure in the gas generation chamber is less than the predetermined pressure applied to said liquid reagent by said reference pressure means, and precluding the liquid reagent from contacting the second reagent when the pressure in said gas generation chamber is equal to or greater than said predetermined pressure; whereby the pressure of gas withdrawn through said valve means when OPEN is substantially maintained at said predetermined pressure. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said reference pressure means comprises a flexible pouch (FP, 12) filled with a second gas at said predetermined pressure, said pouch contacting the first side of said first reagent. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the second gas is generated by a chemical reaction of additional reagents within said flexible pouch (FP). The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said reference pressure means is a compression spring (Sp) which exerts a force against said first side of the first reagent (Ra). The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said reference pressure means is a bellows (46) filled with a supply of gas at said predetermined pressure, said bellows exerting a force on the first side of said first reagent (Ra). The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said additional reagents include coated pellets in a liquid reagent for generating a desired pressure once the coating has dissolved. The apparatus of claim 3, further including filter means (20) placed over said orifice. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said second reagent is also liquid. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said reference pressure means is a weighted flexible pouch filled with coated pellets of the same composition as said second reagent and an additional liquid reagent, the reagents in said pouch reacting to generate a gas of predetermined pressure. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said valve means includes a wall portion in said gas chamber puncturable by a plunger, said wall portion also being puncturable by pressures above a safe pressure limit in said gas generation chamber.

Inventors: PLESTER, GEORGE
Applicants: THE COCA-COLA COMPANY
Application year: 1988
Main classification: B01J7
IPC codes: B65D83, B01J7, B05B9, B01J13, B67D1, C01B31, B01F1