FASTENING RAILWAY RAILS

Abstract: A railway rail-fastening clip, made by bending an initially straight rod, is approximately in the form of a letter e. The axis of all parts of the clip, except possibly the free end of the lower arm 35 of the e , lies in a single plane B. The rod may have a length less than 15 times the thickness of the rod. A retaining arrangement for the clip may have an opening in which lie the centre arm and the upper arm of the e, the lower arm of the e pressing downwardly on the flange at the bottom of a railway rail. The opening may be in an electrically insulating bushing in a clip-retainer made of metal.

Description: This invention relates to a clip which is suitable for fastening a railway rail and to a railway rail-and-fastening assembly including the clip. Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings show such a clip which has been widely known since about 1976 and has been patented in numerous countries. It is made by bending an initially straight steel rod, of circular cross-section, so that it has three arms 1, 3 and 5 connected together by reverse bends 2 and 4, the shape being such that when arm 1, which is straight, is horizontal and the lowest parts of the arms 3 and 5 lie in the same horizontal plane X and the clip is viewed from one end (Figure 1), the angle G between the reverse bend 2 and a plane Y, which is parallel to the plane X and contains the lowest part of the arm 1, is less than 45°, for example about 10°. This is in contrast to a previously known clip of somewhat similar shape in which the corresponding angle was about 69° according to the drawings in some patent specifications but usually more than 80° in practice. When the clip is in the orientation shown in Figure 1 and it is viewed from above (Figure 2), the clip looks like a letter e and in consequence the clip has become widely known as an e-clip, whereas the previously known clip is known as a P-R clip. An e-clip is essentially made from a rod having a length less than eighteen times its thickness, whereas a P-R clip was usually made from a rod having a length at least 24 times its thickness. The numerous patent specifications relating to the e-clip suggest that the ratio between length and thickness of the rod may be less than 15 but in practice the ratio has usually been about 17. Figure 3 shows an e-clip according to Figures 1 and 2 with its centre arm 1 driven, in a direction parallel to the length of a rail having a flange 6 at its base, into a hole through the upper part 7 of a cast metal retaining member having a lower part 8 which is embedded in a concrete railway sleeper 9, the arm 3 of the clip bearing downwardly on a ledge 10 on the retaining member and the arm 5, which has a flat surface 5A at its bottom, bearing downwardly on the flange 6 through an insulator 11. This insulator and a pad 12 beneath the flange 6 of the rail electrically insulate the rail from the sleeper, which is essential if the rail is to be used to carry electric currents for signalling. The clip reaches the position illustrated in Figure 3 by driving it in the direction towards the viewer. Sometimes it is impossible to drive the clip in that direction, for example due to the presence of obstructions such as plates joining two lengths of rail together. It is possible to drive the same clip in the opposite direction but then the arm 3 of the clip, instead of the arm 5, will bear downwardly on the insulator 11 and the area of contact between the clip and the insulator will be further to the left, considering Figure 3, and lower because the upper surfaces of the flange 6 and the insulator 11 are inclined to the horizontal, with the result that less downward force is exerted on the rail. If it is required to drive a clip in the direction away from the viewer and still have the arm 5 of the clip bearing on the rail, it is necessary to use the modified clip shown in Figures 4 and 5, which is also called an e-clip but in fact is like a mirror-image of a letter e. The e-clip has the advantage, over the P-R clip, that it is made from a shorter rod, and is therefore lighter and less costly, and it exerts a greater downward force on the flange 6 of the rail, without being so highly stressed that the number of clips which break is unacceptable. However, the provision of two basic kinds of clip, the one shown in Figures 1 and 2 and the one shown in Figures 4 and 5, is a major disadvantage of both the P-R clip and the e-clip. Also, neither type of clip is convenient when it is desired to install clips by automatic machinery comprising an upright tubular feeder containing a stack of clips and means for taking always the lowest clip in the stack and driving it into one of the retaining members, whereupon all the other clips in the stack descend in the feeder, because the clips are not shaped so as to form a neat stack in which all the clips retain the same orientation. The usual method of making the P-R clip and the e-clip is, in a first stage, to bend an initially straight rod until it has the shape shown in Figures 6 and 7 (in which Figure 7 shows a view taken as indicated by the arrow VII in Figure 6), the axis of the rod in the parts 1, 2 and 3 lying in one plane R and the axis of the rod in the parts 3, 4 and 5 lying in another plane T inclined to the plane R, and then, in a second stage, to shape the rod further to provide the final shape shown in Figures 1 and 2 or Figures 4 and 5. The necessity for this second stage adds to the cost of production of the clip and the additional engagement of the rod by the shaping tools weakens the rod. It is an object of the present invention to overcome at least the second of the above-mentioned disadvantages of the e-clip. According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a clip which is suitable for fastening a railway rail, the clip having been made by bending an initially straight rod approximately to the shape of a letter e, characterised in that the longitudinal axis of all parts of the rod lies in a single plane when the clip is free from stress. According to a modification of the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a clip which is suitable for fastening a railway rail, the clip having been made by bending an initially straight rod approximately to the shape of a letter e, characterised in that the longitudinal axis of all parts of the rod, except the free end of the lower arm of the e, lies in a single plane when the clip is free from stress. Most clips according to the first aspect of the invention, and according to the modification of the first aspect of the invention, will be made from rods at least 8 mm. thick and in most cases the cross-section of the rod will be circular but, in principle, cross-sections other than circular, for example square or hexagonal, could be used and for light or narrow-gauge railways thinner rods may be suitable. Preferably, the rod when straight had a length less than 18 times, and better still less than 15 times, the thickness of the rod, i.e. the diameter of the rod if the rod is of circular cross-section, and preferably the clip has a first straight portion in the centre arm of the e, a second straight portion in the upper arm of the e and a third straight portion in the lower arm of the e, these straight portions being parallel to one another and the shortest distance between the first and second straight portions being less than the shortest distance between the first and third straight portions. Preferably, in contrast to the e-clip, the overlap between the centre arm and the lower arm of the e is less than the thickness of the rod, so as to reduce still further the required length of the rod. According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided an assembly comprising a foundation for a railway rail, a rail having at its base a flange standing on the foundation, a clip-retaining arrangement projecting above the foundation beside the rail flange and a substantially e-shaped clip having the centre arm of the e in an opening in the clip-retaining arrangement and substantially parallel to the rail, the lower arm of the e bearing downwardly on the upper surface of the rail flange, characterised in that the clip is a clip according to the first aspect of the invention and the upper arm of the e is in the same opening in the retaining arrangement as is the centre arm. The retaining arrrangement preferably includes a metallic part which at least partially defines an opening and a bushing of electrically insulating material in that opening, the clip having its centre arm and its upper arm within the bushing. The foundation could be a wooden, steel or concrete railway sleeper or a block of concrete or a long slab of concrete extending along the railway track. If it is a concrete railway sleeper and if the bushing is provided, preferably the metallic part of the clip-retaining arrangement has a tail portion which has been incorporated in the sleeper during casting of the concrete and the sleeper has a recess in its upper surface, which recess has been formed by the presence of the bushing during the casting operation. Flat clips made by bending steel rods of circular cross-section so that the axis of the entire rod remains in a single plane have been proposed previously. An example is shown in Figures 8 and 9, of which Figure 8 shows a plan view and Figure 9 shows a cross-sectional view taken as indicated by the arrows IX. However, the intention was that only the arm 13 should lie in a passageway, parallel to the rail, in a retaining arrangement for the clip, either the arm 14 or the arms 15 and 16 projecting over the flange of the rail. Of course, the clip is made from a very long rod and is uneconomical. Another known arrangement is shown in Figure 10. The somewhat S-shaped clip 17 is flat before it is installed in the assembly, in which two arms 18 and 19 of the clip are held in recesses in a block 20 and the third arm 21 bears downwardly on the flange 22 of a rail via an electrical insulator 23. Two clips in accordance respectively with the first aspect of the invention and the modification of the first aspect of the invention, and an assembly in accordance with the second aspect of the invention, are described below with reference to Figures 11 to 20 of the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 11 shows a plan view of a first clip, Figure 12 shows an end view of the same clip, taken as indicated by the arrow XII in Figure 11, Figure 13 shows a side view of part of the same clip, taken as indicated by the arrow XIII in Figure 11, Figure 14 shows, by means of a view corresponding to Figure 13, part of a second clip which differs from the first clip only as shown, Figure 15 shows a side view of a retaining member, Figure 16 shows a flat blank from which the retaining member of Figure 15 was made, Figure 17 shows an end view of a railway rail and means on its left side for supporting it and holding it down, Figure 18 shows a plan view of the parts shown in Figure 17, Figure 19 shows to a larger scale an end view of part of the same rail and means on its right side for supporting it and holding it down, and Figure 20 shows a plan view of the parts shown in Figure 19 but with parts of the rail removed to reveal a pad underneath the rail. The clip shown in Figures 11 to 13 is made by bending an initially straight rod of spring steel, of circular cross-section, having a length of 260 mm. and a diameter of 18 mm. (ratio length: diameter = 14.44) which has previously been formed at each end with a chamfer 30 extending around its entire periphery. The bending of the rod takes place in a single operation and results in the clip being approximately in the shape of a letter e having a centre arm 31 joined by a reverse bend 32 to an upper arm 33 which is joined by another reverse bend 34 to a lower arm 35. The three arms 31, 33 and 35 have portions 31A, 33A and 35A, respectively, which are straight and parallel to one another, the shortest distance K between portions 31A and 33A being less than one and a half times the diameter D of the rod and also less than one and a quarter times that diameter and in fact about equal to that diameter, whereas the shortest distance L between the portions 31A and 35A is about twice the diameter D. The portions 31A and 35A have an overlap of M which is less than the diameter D and is even less than three quarters of the diameter D. The distance W between the right-hand end of the clip and the left-hand end of the arm 31 is less than half the overall length Z of the clip. The dimensions M, W and Z are measured along lines parallel to the lengths of the straight portions 31A, 33A and 35A of the clip. The axis of the rod, over the entire length of the bent rod, lies in a plane B shown in Figure 12. Instead, the arm 35 could be slightly up-turned as shown at 36 in Figure 14 in order to make it easier to move the arm 35 along the rail. The chamfering 30 at the free end of the arm 35 serves the same purpose. The chamfering of the free end of the arm 31 facilitates withdrawal of the clip from a bushing, which is described below. The flat blank 40 shown in Figure 16 is made from strip steel of rectangular cross-section and of width 60 mm. At one end it has a tongue 41 and at the other end it has two spaced parallel arms 42A and 42B, the arrangement being such that the tongue 41 of one such blank fits in the space 42C between the two arms 42A and 42B of another such blank, so that many such blanks can be stamped from a very long strip of steel without there being much material wasted. Each of the blanks is then bent to form a clip-retainer 48 shaped as shown in Figure 15, which shows an arch having a flat top 43, two rounded corners 44, a left-hand side constituted by the two arms 42A and 42B and a right-hand side 45 the lower end of which is constituted by the tongue 41, the extreme end 46 of which is bent to the right as shown. The left-hand side and the right-hand side of the arch diverge from each other and from a central vertical plane C as they proceed downwardly. Figures 17 to 20 show a bushing 50 made from electrically insulating material, for example nylon reinforced with glass fibres, by injection moulding. The bushing is about 65 mm. long (measured vertically in Figures 18 and 20) and is formed with an opening in the form of a through passageway 51 which has a cross-section corresponding in shape to that of an athletics racetrack, i.e. having two parallel straight sides and two semi-circular ends. The upper surface 52 of the bushing is flat and externally the bushing has on its lower side two flat surfaces 53 and 54 which are inclined to one another by an angle of about 135°. The bushing has at one side a projection 55 which lies between the arms 42A and 42B of the clip-retainer 48, just below the upper ends 49 of these arms, when the bushing is inserted into the upper part of the arch in the clip-retainer, as shown in Figures 17 and 19. Then the upper surface 52 of the bushing is in contact with the inside of the flat top 43 of the arch in the clip-retainer and rounded surfaces 63 of the bushing contact the insides of the rounded corners 44 of the arch. Four such assemblies of steel clip-retainer 48 and insulating bushing 50 are suitably supported in a mould which is used to make concrete railway sleepers and the wet concrete mix is poured into the mould so that it sets around the parts of the clip-retainer 48 which are below the upper ends of the surfaces 53 and 54 of the bushing, which parts act as anchoring means for anchoring the clip-retainer 48 to the concrete. The bushings cause four recesses 60 to be formed in the top of the sleeper 70 and by other means two wider and deeper recesses 56 are formed in the top of the sleeper, each of which receives a pad 57 of electrically insulating material on which stands the flange 58 of a flange-footed railway rail 59. When the railway sleeper is horizontal, the upper surface 52 of the bushing 50 is also horizontal but the straight sides of the cross-section of the passageway 51 through the bushing are inclined by about 12 or 13° to the horizontal. Two identical clips according to Figures 11 to 13 are driven, in opposite directions parallel to the rail, by applying force to the free ends of their arms 31 or to their reverse bends 34, until in each case the arms 31 and 33 enter the passageway 51 through one of the bushings and the arms 35 press downwardly on opposite sides of the flange 58 of the rail. This causes the clips to become distorted so that the arm 35 of each of them is raised, in relation to its arms 31 and 33, by an amount F which is known as the "deflection" of the clip. Each pad 57 is made by moulding electrically insulating material, for example high-density polyethylene, and it has recesses in its two opposite major faces whereby there are formed in each of these faces several islands 61 of the pad material which are joined together by a central web 62 of the pad material, the islands being in the form of chevrons which are arranged in rows and in columns perpendicular to the rows, the chevrons on one face of the pad registering with those on the opposite face of the pad. Each pad has, extending along two opposite sides, upstanding portions 65 which prevent the rail moving to the left or to the right (considering Figure 17). Each upstanding portion has an inclined face 66, remote from the rail, in contact with a side wall of the recess 56 in the sleeper and above that has two sideways-extending portions 67, one on each side of the clip-retainer 48. Each of the sideways-extending portions 67 is formed at each end with a recess 68, one or the other of which, according to the direction in which the clip is driven, receives the reverse bend 34 of the clip. The end wall of the recess 68 is abutted by the clip when the clip is driven into its position and prevents it from being driven too far. It is believed that the deflection of the clip can be high without unacceptable danger of the clip breaking and the ratio between the force applied to the rail and the deflection of the clip is low. Consequently, it is believed that the force applied by the arm 35 of the clip to the rail flange is not altered much by the dimensions of the various parts of the assembly differing slightly from the desired values. The parts 31, 32 and 33 of the clip are immobilised by fitting tightly in the bushing and this is thought to contribute to the distribution of stresses in the remainder of the clip being more uniform than in the case of the clips according to Figures 1 and 2 and Figures 4 and 5, with the consequence that the clip will have an even longer useful life, being even less prone to breakage on account of metal fatigue. The clip shown in Figures 17 and 18, for example, could be placed in a different orientation and then driven in the opposite direction (i.e. downwardly, considering Figure 18) so that its arms 31 and 33 enter the bushing 50 and the arm 35 bears upon the rail flange. This is not possible with the clips shown in Figures 1 to 5. The clip shown in Figures 11 to 13 can form a neat stack with other such clips and thus can easily be used in the automatic machinery mentioned above. This is true also of a clip as shown in Figures 11 and 12 but with the modification according to Figure 14. The steel clip-retainer 48 only partially defines an opening 69 for the bushing 50, the opening being also partly defined by the concrete below the bushing, and the bushing can be extracted and replaced by another if necessary. If desired a cast steel clip-retainer could be used in place of the sheet steel clip-retainer 48, in which case it will alone define an opening for the bushing 50, which it will surround on all sides, considering Figure 19. The dimensions and materials mentioned above are only exemplary. Other dimensions and other suitable materials may be employed instead.

Claims: 1. A clip which is suitable for fastening a railway rail, the clip having been made by bending an initially straight rod approximately to the shape of a letter e (Fig. 11), characterised in that the longitudinal axis of all parts of the rod lies in a single plane (B) when the clip is free from stress. 2. A clip which is suitable for fastening a railway rail, the clip having been made by bending an initially straight rod approximately to the shape of a letter e (Fig. 11), characterised in that the longitudinal axis of all parts of the rod, except the free end of the lower arm (35) of the e, lies in a single plane (B) when the clip is free from stress. 3. A clip according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the rod when straight had a length less than 15 times the thickness (D) of the rod. 4. A clip according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that it has a first straight portion (31A) in the centre arm (31) of the e, a second straight portion (33A) in the upper arm (33) of the e and a third straight portion (35A) in the lower arm (35) of the e, these straight portions (31A, 33A, 35A) being parallel to one another and the shortest distance (K) between the first and second straight portions (31A and 33A) being less than the shortest distance between the first and third straight portions (31A and 35A). 5. A clip according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the overlap (M) between the centre arm (31) of the e and the lower arm (35) of the e is less than the thickness (D) of the rod. 6. A clip according to any preceding claim characterised in that the rod is chamfered (30) around its entire periphery at both ends. 7. An assembly comprising a foundation (70) for a railway rail, a rail (59) having at its base a flange (58) standing on the foundation (70), a clip-retaining arrangement (48, 50) projecting above the foundation (70) beside the rail flange and a substantially e-shaped clip having the centre arm (31) of the e in an opening (51) in the clip-retaining arrangement (48, 50) and substantially parallel to the rail (59), the lower arm (35) of the e bearing downwardly on the upper surface of the rail flange (58), characterised in that the clip is a clip according to any preceding claim and the upper arm (33) of the e is in the same opening (51) in the clip-retaining arrangement (48, 50) as is the centre arm (31). 8. An assembly according to claim 7, characterised in that the clip-retaining arangement (48, 50) includes a metallic part (48), which at least partially defines an opening (69), and a bushing (50) of electrically insulating material in that opening (69), the clip having its centre arm (31) and its upper arm (33) within the bushing (50). 9. An assembly according to claim 8, characterised in that the bushing (50) has a passageway (51) through it, the cross-section of the passaageway (51) having substantially the form of a conventional athletics race track, with two parallel straight sides, which are inclined by a small angle to the horizontal, and two-semi-circular ends. 10. An assembly according to claim 8 or 9, characterised in that the foundation is a concrete railway sleeper (70), the metallic part (48) of the clip-retaining arrangement (48, 50) has anchoring means (45, 42A, 42B) which has been incorporated in the sleeper during casting of the concrete and the sleeper (70) has a recess (60) in its upper surface, which recess has been formed by the presence of the bushing during the casting operation. 11. An assembly according to claim 10, characterised in that the sleeper (70) is formed with a recess (56) in which lies the flange (58) of the rail (59), there being a pad (57) of electrically insulating material between the bottom of the flange (58) and the floor of the recess (56), the pad having at two opposite sides upstanding portions (65) which prevent the rail moving sideways and at the tops of which there are sideways-extending portions (67) on opposite sides of the metallic part (48) of the clip-retaining arrangement (48, 50).

Inventors: HARKUS, LANCE
Applicants: PANDROL LIMITED
Application year: 1988
Main classification: E01B9
IPC codes: E01B9