PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF METHANOL AND A COMPOSITION SUITABLE FOR USE AS A CATALYST IN SAID PROCESS

Abstract: Process for the preparation of methanol by contacting CO and H₂ with a novel catalytic system formed by combining a) a nickel salt of an acid having a pK a < 4.70, b) an alcohol, and c) a hydride of an alkali metal or of an alkaline earth metal.

Description: The invention relates to a process for the production of methanol. The invention also relates to a novel composition. A process for the production of methanol is described in US patent specification 4,619,946 and concerns reacting carbon monoxide with hydrogen in the presence of a catalytic system of the type NaH-RONa- nickel acetate in which R represents an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms. This catalytic system can be made more active by "conditioning", involving contacting for a prolonged time with a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen at such an elevated temperature and elevated pressure that a substantial amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is consumed for this conditioning. Another process for the production of methanol is described in Japanese patent application publication No. 56-169,634 and concerns reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising a nickel compound and an alkali metal alkoxide. It is an object of the present invention to produce methanol in the presence of a catalytic system having enhanced activity. It is another object of the present invention to produce methanol in the presence of a catalytic system that retains its activity for a long time. Accordingly, the invention provides a process for the production of methanol which process comprises contacting a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a catalytic system prepared by combining the following components: component (a): a nickel salt of an acid having a pK a , measured in aqueous solution at 25°C, of less than 4.70, component (b): an alcohol, and component (c): a hydride of an alkali metal and/or a hydride of an alkaline earth metal. The anion of the salt in component (a) may be derived from a great variety of acids having a pKa, measured in aqueous solution at 25°C, of less than 4.70. It is preferred that the salt in component (a) is a salt of a carboxylic acid. Among these acids preference is given to formic acid and oxalic acid. Component (a) is most preferably nickel formate or nickel oxalate. Examples of carboxylic acids from which component (a) may be derived are dicarboxylic acids such as malonic acid, dimethylmalonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and terephthalic acid. The carboxylic acids from which component (a) may be derived may contain substituents, for example alkoxy groups, particularly those having not more than five carbon atoms, hydroxy groups, cyano groups and fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms. Examples of such carboxylic acids are glycolic acid, 2-hydroxypropionic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, glyceric acid, tartronic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, tropic acid, benzilic acid, salicylic acid, anisic acid, gallic acid, 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid, 3,5-dibromobenzoic acid, cyanoacetic acid, monofluoroacetic acid, difluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. Component (a) is not derived from acetic acid as the only acid, this acid having a pK a of 4.75. It is, however, not excluded that component (a) contains anions of a carboxylic acid having a pK a of less than 4.70 and also anions of acetic acid. A mixture of the salts in question may be used in component (a), for example of a formate and an oxalate or of a formate and a benzoate. The salts in component (a) may contain crystal water, but are preferably free therefrom. The alcohol of component (b) may be aromatic or cycloaliphatic but is preferably aliphatic. Preference is given to alkanols, in particular to those having in the range of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule. Among the latter alkanols those having of from 4 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule are preferred, because such alkanols can be easily separated from methanol by means of distillation. Examples of such alkanols are tert-butyl alcohol, tert-pentyl alcohol, hexanol, heptanol and alkanols having of from 8 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule. Tert-butyl alcohol and tert-pentyl alcohol are particularly preferred. Dihydric alcohols may also be used, for example ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol or 1,2-pentanediol. Component (b) may also be glycerol. Component (b) may be a mixture of alcohols, for example of tert-butyl alcohol and ethylene glycol or of tert-pentyl alcohol and 1,4-butanediol. Component (c) may be a hydride of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, calcium, strontium, barium or magnesium. Preference is given to sodium hydride. The hydride may be added as such, but it has been found that the hydride may advantageously be added as a suspension in an inert diluent, for example a mineral oil, such as a heavy hydrocarbon oil, preferably a so-called white paraffin oil. If desired, an alcoholate of an alkali metal or an alcoholate of an alkaline earth metal may also be combined in the catalytic system. This alcoholate is preferably a sodium alcoholate or a potassium alcoholate. Among the alcoholates preference is given to alkoxides, particularly to those having of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule, such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium propoxides, sodium butoxide, sodium isobutoxide, sodium tert-pentoxide and potassium 2-methyldode-2-oxide. It has, furthermore, been found that the activity of the catalytic system can be further enhanced by a pre-treatment. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention the catalytic system is pre-treated by contacting it for a prolonged time with a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen at such an elevated temperature and elevated pressure that no substantial consumption of carbon monoxide and hydrogen takes place. Usually, a period of from 10 min to 5 h at a temperature between 30°C and 150°C and a pressure between 5 and 100 bar is sufficient for the pre-treatment. The pre-treatment has reached its end where the pressure progressively starts decreasing which is a signal for formation of substantial amounts of methanol. Surprisingly, the present pre-treatment consumes very little carbon monoxide and hydrogen but yet results in the formation of a catalytic system having a considerably enhanced activity for the production of methanol. At the end of the pre-treatment the temperature may be adjusted to the required reaction temperature, which is a value at which substantial amounts of methanol are produced. This adjustment may be an increase of the temperature, but it is also possible that the temperature can be decreased. Such an increase or decrease of the temperature will usually be over a range of 10°C to 50°C. It is, however, possible, that no adjustment of the temperature is required at all, pre-treatment and methanol production being carried out at substantially the same temperature. The process according to the present invention may be carried out at a temperature and a pressure which are not critical and may vary within wide ranges. Preferably, a temperature of from 30°C to 150°C and a pressure of from 5 to 100 bar are used. The process according to the present invention may be carried out with an organic diluent in which the catalytic system is present, at least partly, as a suspension. Suitably, a weight ratio of organic diluent to component (a) of from 0.1 to 5000 is used, but this weight ratio may be lower than 0.1 or higher than 5000. The process according to the present invention is preferably carried out using a molar ratio of component (c) to component (a) of from 0.5: 1 to 100: 1 and, more preferably, from 1: 1 to 50: 1, but the use of molar ratios below 0.5 and above 100 is not excluded. The process may be carried out using a molar ratio of component (b) to component (a) which is not critical and may vary within wide ranges, preferably of from 0.1 to 1 to 100 to 1. Any inert diluent may in principle be used. Examples of suitable diluents are ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, acetophenone, cyclohexanone and acetylacetone; ethers such as anisole, 2,5,8-trioxanonane (also referred to as "diglyme"), diethyl ether, diphenyl ether, diisopropyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, the three xylenes and ethylbenzene; halogenated aromatic compounds, such as chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzen; halogenated alkanes, such as dichloromethane and carbontetrachloride; alkanes, such as hexane, heptane, octane, 2,2,3-trimethylpentane and kerosene fractions; cycloalkanes, such as cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane; nitriles, such as benzonitrile and acetonitrile; sulphoxides, such as dimethyl sulphoxide; sulphones, such as diisopropyl sulphone, tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide (also referred to as "sulfolane"), 2-methyl-4-butylsulfolane and 3-methylsulfolane. Mixtures of two or more solvents may be used. Very good results have been obtained with ethers. The carbon monoxide and hydrogen may be used as pure gases or diluted with an inert gas such as a noble gas or nitrogen. The process according to the present invention may be carried out using a molar ratio carbon monoxide to hydrogen in the gaseous mixture which is not critical and may vary within wide ranges, suitably of from 1: 0.2 to 1: 20. The carbon monoxide and hydrogen may be obtained by partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, for example of natural gas. The methanol produced according to the invention may be used for a variety of purposes, for example for the manufacture of synthetic gasoline, as a fuel component and for the production of methyl tert-butyl ether. The process according to the present invention may be carried out batchwise, semi-continuously or continuously. The invention also provides a novel composition prepared by combining the following components: component (a): a nickel salt of an acid having a pK a , measured in aqueous solution at 25°C of less than 4.70, component (b): an alcohol, and component (c): a hydride of an alkali metal and/or a hydride of an alkaline earth metal. Said novel composition may be used as a catalytic system in the process according to the present invention. The invention is further illustrated by means of the following Examples. Each experiment was carried out in a 300 ml Hastelloy C autoclave ("Hastelloy" is a trade mark) provided with a magnetic stirrer. The sodium hydride was used as a suspension in white paraffin oil containing 80% by weight of NaH. The reaction mixtures were analysed by means of gas-liquid chromatography. Comparative Experiment A The autoclave was charged under a nitrogen atmosphere with diglyme (50 ml), nickel acetate · 4H₂O (10 mmol), sodium hydride (60 mmol) and tert-butyl alcohol (20 mmol), heated to a temperature of 45°C with stirring and kept at this temperature for 2 h. Then, a solution of tert-butyl alcohol (30 mmol) in diglyme (50 ml) was introduced into the autoclave, the autoclave was sealed and a mixture of 1 volume of carbon monoxide and 2 volumes of hydrogen was admitted until a pressure of 45 bar was obtained. The autoclave was further heated to a temperature of 100°C and the pressure was then kept at a value between 30 and 60 bar by introducing intermittently said mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The pressure remained constant after 2 h at 100°C which indicates that the catalyst had lost its activity. At this moment the autoclave was allowed to adopt ambient temperature and then depressurized. The reaction mixture contained a black-green solid substance and 2.8 g of methanol and 0.3 g of methyl formate. Example 1 Comparative Experiment A was repeated with the difference that nickel acetate · 4H₂O (10 mmol) was replaced with nickel formate · 2H₂O (10 mmol) and that the temperature was kept at 100°C for 5 h instead of 2 h. At the end of this period of 5 h the pressure was decreasing which indicates that the catalytic system had retained activity. The reaction mixture contained a yellow solid substance and 3.8 g of methanol; the presence of methyl formate could not be detected. Comparison of Example 1 with Comparative Experiment A shows that in Example 1 where nickel formate was used more methanol and no methyl formate was formed and that the catalytic system had a longer life. Example 2 The autoclave was charged under a nitrogen atmosphere with diglyme (50 ml), nickel formate · 2H₂O (10 mmol), sodium hydride (60 mmol) and tert-butyl alcohol (20 mmol), heated to a temperature of 45°C with stirring and kept at this temperature for 0.5 h. Then, a solution of tert-butyl alcohol (30 mmol) in diglyme (50 ml) was introduced into the autoclave, the autoclave was sealed and a mixture of 1 volume of carbon monoxide and two volumes of hydrogen was admitted until a pressure of 45 bar was obtained. The autoclave was further heated to a temperature of 85°C and kept at this temperature for 2 h in order to pre-treat the catalytic system. The pressure remained almost constant during these 2 h which indicated that almost no reaction took place. The autoclave was further heated to a temperature of 100°C and the pressure was then kept at a value between 30 and 60 bar by introducing intermittently said mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The pressure was still decreasing after 3 h at 100°C which indicates that the catalytic system had retained activity. At this moment the autoclave was allowed to adopt ambient temperature and then depressurized. The reaction mixture contained a yellow solid substance, 13.5 g of methanol and 1.5 g of methyl formate. Comparison of Example 2 where the catalyst had been pre-treated for 2 h at 85°C with Example 1 where no pre-treatment had taken place shows that the pre-treatment considerably enhanced the production of methanol. Comparative Experiment B Example 2 was repeated with the difference that nickel formate · 2H₂O (10 mmol) was replaced with nickel acetate · 4H₂O (10 mmol) and that the reaction was terminated after 4 h at 100°C instead of 3 h at 100°C. The pressure decreased during the period of 2 h heating at 85°C which indicates that pre-treatment of the catalyst and/or methanol formation took place. At the moment of termination of the experiment the pressure had obtained a constant value which indicates that the catalyst had lost its activity. The reaction mixture contained 3.6 g of methanol and 0.4 g of methyl formate. Comparison of Comparative Experiment B where nickel acetate was used with Example 2 where nickel formate was used shows that heating for 2 h at 85°C in the presence of nickel acetate does not enhance the production of methanol. Example 3 The autoclave was charged under a nitrogen atmosphere with diglyme (50 ml), nickel oxalate · 2H₂O (10 mmol), sodium hydride (60 mmol) and tert-butyl alcohol (20 mmol), heated to a temperature of 45°C with stirring and kept at this temperature for 0.5 h. Then, a solution of tert-butyl alcohol (30 mmol) in diglyme (50 ml) was introduced into the autoclave, the autoclave was sealed and a mixture of 1 volume of carbon monoxide and 2 volumes of hydrogen was admitted until a pressure of 45 bar was obtained. The autoclave was further heated to a temperature of 100°C and kept at this temperature for 2 h in order to pre-treat the catalytic system. The pressure remained almost constant during these 2 h which indicates that almost no reaction took place. The autoclave was further heated to a temperature of 120°C and the pressure was then kept at a value between 30 and 60 bar by introducing intermittently said mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The pressure was still decreasing after 2.5 h at 120°C which indicates that the catalytic system had retained activity. At this moment the autoclave was allowed to adopt ambient temperature and then depressurized. The reaction mixture contained a yellow solid substance and 6 g of methanol. Comparative Experiments C and D Comparative Experiment A was repeated with the difference that nickel acetate · 4H₂O (10 mmol) was replaced with nickel acetylacetonate (10 mmol, Comparative Experiment C) or nickel cyanide (10 mmol, Comparative Experiment D). In both cases, the reaction mixture contained a black-green solid substance and no methanol. Comparative Experiment E The autoclave was charged under a nitrogen atmosphere with diglyme (100 ml), nickel acetate 4.H₂O (10 mmol) and potassium tert-butoxide (60 mmol), sealed and pressurized with a mixture of 1 volume of carbon monoxide and 2 volumes of hydrogen until a partial pressure of hydrogen of 30 bar and of carbon monoxide of 15 bar was obtained. The autoclave was heated to a temperature of 80°C, kept at this temperature for 2 h, then further heated to a temperature of 100°C and kept at this temperature for 3 h. At the end of this period the autoclave was allowed to adopt ambient temperature and depressurized. The reaction mixture contained a black-green solid substance and 0.2 g of methyl formate and less than 0.1 g of methanol.

Claims: 1. A process for the production of methanol which process comprises contacting a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a catalytic system prepared by combining the following components: component (a): a nickel salt of an acid having a pK a , measured in aqueous solution at 25°C, of less than 4.70, component (b): an alcohol, and component (c): a hydride of an alkali metal and/or a hydride of an alkaline earth metal. 2. A process as claimed in claim 1 in which the salt in component (a) is a salt of a carboxylic acid. 3. A process as claimed in claim 2 in which the salt in component (a) is nickel formate or nickel oxalate. 4. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which component (b) is an alkanol, preferably having of from 4 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule, more preferably tert-butyl alcohol or tert-pentyl alcohol. 5. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which component (c) is sodium hydride. 6. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which the catalytic system is pre-treated by contacting it for a prolonged time with a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen at such an elevated temperature and elevated pressure that no substantial consumption of carbon monoxide and hydrogen takes place. 7. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which a temperature of from 30°C to 150°C and a pressure of from 5 to 100 bar are used. 8. A composition prepared by combining the following components: component (a): a nickel salt of an acid having a pK a , measured in aqueous solution at 25°C, of less than 4.70, component (b): an alcohol, and component (c): a hydride of an alkali metal and/or a hydride of an alkaline earth metal. 9. A composition as claimed in claim 8 in which the salt in component (a) is a carboxylate, preferably nickel formate or nickel oxalate. 10. A composition as claimed in claim 8 or 9 in which the alcohol in component (b) is an alkanol of from 4 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule, more preferably tert-butyl alcohol or tert-pentyl alcohol. 11. A composition as claimed in any one of claims 8 to 10 in which the hydride in component (c) is sodium hydride.

Inventors: DRENT, EIT, JAGER, WILLEM WABE, SIE, SWAN TIONG
Applicants: SHELL INTERNATIONALE RESEARCH MAATSCHAPPIJ B.V.
Application year: 1988
Main classification: C07C31
IPC codes: C07C67, C07C31, C07C29, C07B61, B01J31, C07C27