METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR WELL BORE DATA TRANSMISSION

Abstract: Method and apparatus of transmitting data signals within a well bore having a string of tubu­ lar members (11, 13) suspended within it, employing an electromag­ netic field producing (32) means to transmit the signal to a magentic field sensor (19), which is capable of detecting con­ stant and time-varying fields, the signal then being con­ ditioned so as to regenerate the data signals before transmission across the subsequent threaded junction by another electromagnetic field producing means and magne­ tic sensor pair.

Description: This invention relates to the transmission of data within a well bore, and is especially useful in obtaining downhole data or measurements while drilling. In rotary drilling, the rock bit is threaded onto the lower end of a drill string or pipe. The pipe is lowered and rotated, causing the bit to disintegrate geo­ logical formations. The bit cuts a bore hole that is lar­ ger than the drill pipe, so an annulus is created. Section after section of drill pipe is added to the drill string as new depths are reached. During drilling, a fluid, often called "mud", is pumped downward through the drill pipe, through the drill bit, and up to the surface through the annulus - carrying cuttings from the borehole bottom to the surface. It is advantageous to detect borehole conditions while drilling. However, much of the desired data must be detected near the bottom of the borehole and is not easily retrieved. An ideal method of data retrieval would not slow down or otherwise hinder ordinary drilling operations, or require excessive personnel or the special involvement of the drilling crew. In addition, data retrieved instan­ taneously, in "real time", is of greater utility than data retrieved after time delay. A system for taking measurements while drilling is useful in directional drilling. Directional drilling is the process of using the drill bit to drill a bore hole in a specific direction to achieve some drilling objective. Measurements concerning the drift angle, the azimuth, and tool face orientation all aid in directional drilling. A measurement while drilling system would replace single shot surveys and wireline steering tools, saving time and cutting drilling costs. Measurement while drilling systems also yield valuable information about the condition of the drill bit, helping determine when to replace a worn bit, thus avoiding the pulling of "green" bits. Torque on bit mea­ surements are useful in this regard. See T. Bates and C. Martin: "Multisensor Measurements-While-Drilling Tool Improves Drilling Economics", Oil & Gas Journal, March 19, 1984, p. 119-37; and D. Grosso et al.: "Report on MWD Experimental Downhole Sensors", Journal of Petroleum Technology, May 1983, p. 899-907. Formation evaluation is yet another object of a measurement while drilling system. Gamma ray logs, forma­ tion resistivity logs, and formation pressure measurements are helpful in determining the necessity of liners, redu­ cing the risk of blowouts, allowing the safe use of lower mud weights for more rapid drilling, reducing the risks of lost circulation, and reducing the risks of differential sticking. See Bates and Martin article, supra. Existing measurement while drilling systems are said to improve drilling efficiency, saving in excess of ten percent of the rig time; improve directional control, saving in excess of ten percent of the rig time; allow logging while drilling, saving in excess of five percent of the rig time; and enhance safety, producing indirect benefits. See A. Kamp: "Downhole Telemetry From The User's Point of View", Journal of Petroleum Technology, October 1983, p. 1792-96. The transmission of subsurface data from subsurface sensors to surface monitoring equipment, while drilling operations continue, has been the object of much inven­ tive effort over the past forty years. One of the earliest descriptions of such a system is found in the July 15, 1935 issue of The Oil Weekly in an article entitled "Electric Logging Experiments Develop Attachments for Use on Rotary Rigs" by J.C. Karcher. In this article, Karcher described a system for transmitting geologic formation resistance data to the surface, while drilling. A variety of data transmission systems have been proposed or attempted, but the industry leaders in oil and gas technology continue searching for new and improved systems for data transmission. Such attempts and proposals include the transmission of signals through cables in the drill string, or through cables suspended in the bore hole of the drill string; the transmission of signals by elec­ tromagnetic waves through the earth; the transmission of signals by acoustic or seismic waves through the drill pipe, the earth, or the mudstream; the transmission of signals by relay stations in the drill pipe, especially using transformer couplings at the pipe connections; the transmission of signals by way of releasing chemical or radioactive tracers in the mudstream; the storing of sig­ nals in a downhole recorder, with periodic or continuous retrieval; and the transmission of data signals over pressure pulses in the mudstream. See generally Arps, J.J. and Arps, J.L.: "The Subsurface Telemetry Problem - A Practical Solution", Journal of Petroleum Technology, May 1964, p. 487-93. Many of these proposed approaches face a multitude of practical problems that foreclose any commercial develop­ ment. In an article published in August of 1983, "Review of Downhole Measurement-While-Drilling Systems", Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper number 10036, Wilton Gravley reviewed the current state of measurement while drilling technology. In his view, only two approaches are presently commercially viable: telemetry through the drilling fluid by the generation of pressure-wave signals and telemetry through electrical conductors, or "hardwires". Pressure-wave data signals can be sent through the drilling fluid in two ways: a continuous wave method, or a pulse system. In a continuous wave telemetry, a continuous pressure wave of fixed frequency is generated by rotating a valve in the mud stream. Data from downhole sensors is encoded on the pressure wave in digital form at the slow rate of 1.5 to 3 binary bits per second. The mud pulse signal loses half its amplitude for every 1,500 to 3,000 feet of depth, depending upon a variety of factors. At the surface, these pulses are detected and decoded. See generally the W. Gravley article, supra, p. 1440. Data transmission using pulse telemetry operates several times slower than the continuous wave system. In this approach, pressure pulses are generated in the drilling fluid by either restricting the flow with a plunger or by passing small amounts of fluid from the in­ side of the drill string, through an orifice in the drill string, to the annulus. Pulse telemetry requires about a minute to transmit one information word. See generally the W. Gravley article, supra p. 1440-41. Despite the problems associated with drilling fluid telemetry, it has enjoyed some commercial success and pro­ mises to improve drilling economics. It has been used to transmit formation data, such as porosity, formation ra­ dioactivity, formation pressure, as well as drilling data such as weight on bit, mud temperature, and torque on bit. Teleco Oilfield Services, Inc., developed the first commercially available mudpulse telemetry system, primarily to provide directional information, but now offers gamma logging as well. See Gravley article, supra; and "New MWD-­ Gamma System Finds Many Field Applications", by P. Seaton, A. Roberts, and L. Schoonover, Oil & Gas Journal, February 21, 1983, p. 80-84. A mudpulse transmission system designed by Mobil R. & D. Corporation is described in "Development and Success­ ful Testing of a Continuous-Wave, Logging-While-Drilling Telemetry System", Journal of Petroleum Technology, October 1977, by Patton, B.J. et al. This transmission system has been integrated into a complete measurement while drilling system by The Analyst/Schlumberger. Exploration Logging, Inc., has a mudpulse measure­ ment while drilling service that is in commercial use that aids in directional drilling, improves drilling effi­ ciency, and enhances safety. Honeybourne, W.: "Future Measurement-While-Drilling Technology Will Focus On Two Levels", Oil & Gas Journal, March 4, 1985, p. 71-75. In addition, the Exlog system can be used to measure gamma ray emissions and formation resistivity while drilling occurs. Honeybourne, W.: "Formation MWD Benefits Evaluation and Efficiency", Oil & Gas Journal, February 25, 1985, p. 83-92. The chief problems with drilling fluid telemetry in­ clude: 1) a slow data transmission rate; 2) high signal attenuation; 3) difficulty in detecting signals over mud pump noise; 4) the inconvenience of interfacing and har­ monizing the data telemetry system with the choice of mud pump, and drill bit; 5) telemetry system interference with rig hydraulics; and 6) maintenance requirements. See generally, Hearn, E.: "How Operators Can Improve Perfor­ mance of Measurement-While-Drilling Systems", Oil & Gas Journal, October 29, 1984, p. 80-84. The use of electrical conductors in the transmission of subsurface data also presents an array of unique pro­ blems. Foremost, is the difficulty of making a reliable electrical connection at each pipe junction. Exxon Production Research Company developed a hard­ wire system that avoids the problems associated with making physical electrical connections at threaded pipe junctions. The Exxon telemetry system employs a continuous electrical cable that is suspended in the pipe bore hole. Such an approach presents still different problems. The chief difficulty with having a continuous conductor within a string of pipe is that the entire conductor must be raised as each new joint of pipe is either added or re­ moved from the drill string, or the conductor itself must be segmented like the joints of pipe in the string. The Exxon approach is to use a longer, less fre­ quently segmented conductor that is stored down hole in a spool that will yield more cable, or take up more slack, as the situation requires. However, the Exxon solution requires that the drilling crew perform several operations to ensure that this system functions properly, and it requires some addi­ tional time in making trips. This system is adequately described in L.H. Robinson et al.: "Exxon Completes Wire­ line Drilling Data Telemetry System", Oil & Gas Journal, April 14, 1980, p. 137-48. Shell Development Company has pursued a telemetry system that employs modified drill pipe, having electrical contact rings in the mating faces of each tool joint. A wire runs through the pipe bore, electrically connecting both ends of each pipe. When the pipe string is "made up" of individual joints of pipe at the surface, the contact rings are automatically mated. While this system will transmit data at rates three orders of magnitude greater than the mud pulse systems, it is not without its own peculiar problems. If standard metallic-based tool joint compound, or "pipe dope", is used, the circuit will be shorted to ground. A special electrically non-conductive tool joint compound is re­ quired to prevent this. Also, since the transmission of the signal across each pipe junction depends upon good physical contact between the contact rings, each mating surface must be cleaned with a high pressure water stream before the special "dope" is applied and the joint is made-up. The Shell system is well described in Denison, E.B.: "Downhole Measurements Through Modified Drill Pipe", Journal Of Pressure Vessel Technology, May 1977, p. 374-­ 79; Denison, E.B.: "Shell's High-Data-Rate Drilling Tele­ metry System Passes First Test", The Oil & Gas Journal, June 13, 1977, p.63-66; and Denison, E.B.: "High Data Rate Drilling Telemetry System", Journal of Petroleum Technology, February 1979, p. 155-63. A search of the prior patent art reveals a history of attempts at substituting a transformer or capacitor coupling in each pipe connection in lieu of the hardwire connection. U.S. patent number 2,379,800, Signal Trans­ mission System, by D.G.C. Hare, discloses the use of a transformer coupling at each pipe junction, and was issued in 1945. The principal difficulty with the use of trans­ formers is their high power requirements. U.S. patent num­ ber 3,090,031, Signal Transmission System, by A.H. Lord, is addressed to these high power losses, and teaches the placement of an amplifier and a battery in each joint of pipe. The high power losses at the transformer junction remained a problem, as the life of the battery became a critical consideration. In U.S. patent number 4,215,426, Telemetry and Power Transmission For Enclosed Fluid Sys­ tems, by F. Klatt, an acoustic energy conversion unit is employed to convert acoustic energy into electrical power for powering the transformer junction. This approach, however, is not a direct solution to the high power losses at the pipe junction, but rather is an avoidance of the larger problem. Transformers operate upon Faraday's law of induction. Briefly, Faraday's law states that a time varying magnetic field produces an electromotive force which may establish a current in a suitable closed circuit. Mathematically, Faraday's law is: emf= - dΦ/dt Volts; where emf is the electromotive force in volts, and dΦ/dt is the time rate of change of the magnetic flux. The negative sign is an indication that the emf is in such a direction as to pro­ duce a current whose flux, if added to the original flux, would reduce the magnitude of the emf. This principal is known as Lenz's Law. An iron core transformer has two sets of windings wrapped about an iron core. The windings are electrically isolated, but magnetically coupled. Current flowing through one set of windings produces a magnetic flux that flows through the iron core and induces an emf in the second windings resulting in the flow of current in the second windings. The iron core itself can be analyzed as a magnetic circuit, in a manner similar to dc electrical circuit analysis. Some important differences exist however, in­ cluding the often nonlinear nature of ferromagnetic ma­ terials. Briefly, magnetic materials have a reluctance to the flow of magnetic flux which is analogous to the resis­ tance materials have to the flow of electric currents. Reluctance is a function of the length of a material, L, its cross section, S, and its permeability U. Mathemati­ cally, Reluctance = L/(U *S), ignoring the nonlinear na­ ture of ferromagnetic materials. Any air gaps that exist in the transformer's iron core present a great impediment to the flow of magnetic flux. This is so because iron has a permeability that exceeds that of air by a factor of roughly four thousand. Consequently, a great deal of energy is expended in rela­ tively small air gaps in a transformer's iron core. See generally, HAYT: Engineering Electro-Magnetics, McGraw Hill, 1974 Third Edition, p. 305-312. The transformer couplings revealed in the above-­ mentioned patents operate as iron core transformers with two air gaps. The air gaps exist because the pipe sections must be severable. Attempts continue to further refine the transformer coupling, so that it might become practical. In U.S. pa­ tent number 4, 605,268, Transformer Cable Connector, by R. Meador, the idea of using a transformer coupling is further refined. Here the inventor proposes the use of closely aligned small toroidal coils to transmit data across a pipe junction. To date none of the past efforts have yet achieved a commercially successful hardwire data transmission system for use in a well bore. In the preferred embodiment, an electromagnetic field generating means, such as a coil and ferrite core, is employed to transmit electrical data signals across a threaded junction utilizing a magnetic field. The magnetic field is sensed by the adjacent connected tubular member through a Hall Effect sensor. The Hall Effect sensor pro­ duces an electrical signal which corresponds to magnetic field strength. This electrical signal is transmitted via an electrical conductor that preferably runs along the inside of the tubular member to a signal conditioning circuit for producing a uniform pulse corresponding to the electrical signal. This uniform pulse is sent to an electromagnetic field generating means for transmission across the subsequent threaded junction. In this manner, all the tubular members cooperate to transmit the data signals in an efficient manner. The invention may be summarized as a method which includes the steps of sensing a borehole condition, gene­ rating an initial signal corresponding to the borehole condition, providing this signal to a desired tubular mem­ ber, generating at each subsequent threaded connection a magnetic field corresponding to the initial signal, sen­ sing the magnetic field at each subsequent threaded con­ nection with a sensor capable of detecting constant and time-varying magnetic fields, generating an electrical signal in each subsequent tubular member corresponding to the sensed magnetic field, conditioning the generated electrical signal in each subsequent tubular member to regenerate the initial signal, and monitoring the initial signal corresponding to the borehole condition where de­ sired. Fig. 1 is a fragmentary longitudinal section of two tubular members connected by a threaded pin and box, ex­ posing the various components that cooperate within the tubular members to transmit data signals across the threaded junction. Fig. 2 is a fragmentary longitudinal section of a portion of a tubular member, revealing conducting means within a protective conduit. Fig. 3 is a fragmentary longitudinal section of a portion of the pin of a tubular member, demonstrating the preferred method used to place the Hall Effect sensor within the pin. Fig. 4 is a view of a drilling rig with a drill string composed of tubular members adapted for the trans­ mission of data signals from downhole sensors to surface monitoring equipment. Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of the signal condition­ ing means, which is carried within each tubular member. The preferred data transmission system uses drill pipe with tubular connectors or tool joints that enable the efficient transmission of data from the bottom of a well bore to the surface. The configuration of the connec­ tors will be described initially, followed by a descrip­ tion of the overall system. In Fig. 1, a longitudinal section of the threaded connection between two tubular members 11, 13 is shown. Pin 15 of tubular member 11 is connected to box 17 of tubular member 13 by threads 18 and is adapted for re­ ceiving data signals, while box 17 is adapted for trans­ mitting data signals. Hall Effect sensor 19 resides in the nose of pin 15, as is shown in Fig. 3. A cavity 20 is machined into the pin 15, and a threaded sensor holder 22 is screwed into the cavity 20. Thereafter, the protruding portion of the sensor holder 22 is removed by machining. Returning now to Fig. 1, the box 17 of tubular member 13 is counter bored to receive an outer sleeve 21 into which an inner sleeve 23 is inserted. Inner sleeve 23 is constructed of a nonmagnetic, electrically resistive substance, such as "Monel". The outer sleeve 21 and the inner sleeve 23 are sealed at 27,27′ and secured in the box 17 by snap ring 29 and constitute a signal transmission assembly 25. Outer sleeve 21 and inner sleeve 23 are in a hollow cylindrical shape so that the flow of drilling fluids through the bore 31,31′ of tubular members 11, 13 is not impeded. Protected within the inner sleeve 23, from the harsh drilling environment, is an electromagnet 32, in this in­ stance, a coil 33 wrapped about a ferrite core 35 (obscured from view by coil 33), and signal conditioning circuit 39. The coil 33 and core 35 arrangement is held in place by retaining ring 36. Power is provided to Hall Effect sensor 19, by a lithium battery 41, which resides in battery compartment 43, and is secured by cap 45 sealed at 46, and snap ring 47. Power flows to Hall Effect sensor 19 over conductors 49, 50 contained in a drilled hole 51. The signal condi­ tioning circuit 39 within tubular member 13 is powered by a battery similar to 41 contained at the pin end (not de­ picted) of tubular member 13. Two signal wires 53, 54 reside in cavity 51, and conduct signal from the Hall Effect sensor 19. Wires 53, 54 pass through the cavity 51, around the battery 41, and into a protective metal conduit 57 for transmission to a signal conditioning circuit and coil and core arran­ gement in the upper end (not shown) of tubular member 11 identical to that found in the box of tubular member 13. Two power conductors 55, 56 connect the battery 41 and the signal conditioning circuit at the opposite end (not shown) of tubular member 11. Battery 41 is grounded to tubular member 11, which becomes the return conductor for power conductors 55,56, Thus, a total of four wires are contained in conduit 57. Conduit 57 is silver brazed to tubular member 11 to protect the wiring from the hostile drilling environment. In addition, conduit 57 serves as an electrical shield for signal wires 53 and 54. A similar conduit 57′ in tubular member 13 contains signal wires 53′,54′ and conductors 55′,56′ that lead to the circuit board and signal conditioning circuit 39 from a battery (not shown) and Hall Effect sensor (not shown) in the opposite end of tubular member 13. Turning now to Fig. 2, a mid-region of conduit 57 is shown to demonstrate that it adheres to the wall of the bore 31 through the tubular member 11, and will not interfere with the passage of drilling fluid or obstruct wireline tools. In addition, conduit 57 shields signal wires 53,54 and conductors 55, 56 from the harsh drilling environment. The tubular member 11 consists generally of a tool joint 59 welded at 61 to one end of a drill pipe 63. Fig. 5 is an electrical circuit drawing depicting the preferred signal processing means 111 between Hall Effect sensor 19 and electromagnetic field generating means 114, which in this case is coil 33 and core 35. The signal conditioning means 111 can be subdivided by func­ tion into two portions, a signal amplifying means 119 and a pulse generating means 121. Within the signal amplify­ ing means 119, the major components are operational am­ plifiers 123, 125, and 127. Within the pulse generating means 121, the major components are comparator 129 and multivibrator 131. Various resistors and capacitors are selected to cooperate with these major components to achieve the desired conditioning at each stage. As shown in Fig. 5, magnetic field 32 exerts a force on Hall Effect sensor 19, and creates a voltage pulse across terminals A and B of Hall Effect sensor 19. Hall Effect sensor 19 has the characteristics of a Hall Effect semiconductor element, which is capable of detec­ ting constant and time-varying magnetic fields. It is distinguishable from sensors such as transformer coils that detect only changes in magnetic flux. Yet another difference is that a coil sensor requires no power to detect time varying fields, while a Hall Effect sensor has power re­ quirements. Hall Effect sensor 19 has a positive input connected to power conductor 49 and a negative input connected to power conductor 50. The power conductors 49, 50 lead to battery 41. Operational amplifier 123 is connected to the out­ put terminals A, B of Hall Effect sensor 19 through resis­ tors 135, 137. Resistor 135 is connected between the in­ verting input of operational amplifier 123 and terminal A through signal conductor 53. Resistor 137 is connected between the noninverting input of operational amplifier 123 and terminal B through signal conductor 54. A resistor 133 is connected between the inverting input and the out­ put of operational amplifier 123. A resistor 139 is con­ nected between the noninverting input of operational am­ plifier 123 and ground. Operational amplifier 123 is powered through a terminal L which is connected to power conductor 56. Power conductor 56 is connected to the po­ sitive terminal of battery 41. Operational amplifier 123 operates as a differential amplifier. At this stage, the voltage pulse is amplified about threefold. Resistance values for gain resistors 133 and 135 are chosen to set this gain. The resistance values for resistors 137 and 139 are selected to complement the gain resistors 137 and 139. Operational amplifier 123 is connected to operatio­ nal amplifier 125 through a capacitor 141 and resistor 143. The amplified voltage is passed through capacitor 141, which blocks any dc component, and obstructs the passage of low frequency components of the signal. Resis­ tor 143 is connected to the inverting input of operational amplifier 125. A capacitor 145 is connected between the inverting input and the output of operational amplifier 125. The non-­ inverting input or node C of operational amplifier 125 is connected to a resistor 147. Resistor 147 is connected to the terminal L, which leads through conductor 56 to bat­ tery 41. A resistor 149 is connected to the noninverting input of operational amplifier 125 and to ground. A resis­ tor 151 is connected in parallel with capacitor 145. At operational amplifier 125, the signal is further amplified by about twenty fold. Resistor values for resis­ tors 143, 151 are selected to set this gain. Capacitor 145 is provided to reduce the gain of high frequency compo­ nents of the signal that are above the desired operating frequencies. Resistors 147 and 149 are selected to bias node C at about one-half the battery 41 voltage. Operational amplifier 125 is connected to operatio­ nal amplifier 127 through a capacitor 153 and a resistor 155. Resistor 155 leads to the inverting input of opera­ tional amplifier 127. A resistor 157 is connected between the inverting input and the output of operational ampli­ fier 127. The noninverting input or node D of operational amplifier 127 is connected through a resistor 159 to the terminal L. Terminal L leads to battery 41 through con­ ductor 56. A resistor 161 is connected between the non-­ inverting input of operational amplifier 127 and ground. The signal from operational amplifier 125 passes through capacitor 153 which eliminates the dc component and further inhibits the passage of the lower frequency components of the signal. Operational amplifier 127 in­ verts the signal and provides an amplification of appro­ ximately thirty fold, which is set by the selection of resistors 155 and 157. The resistors 159 and 161 are selec­ ted to provide a dc level at node D. Operational amplifier 127 is connected to compara­ tor 129 through a capacitor 163 to eliminate the dc com­ ponent. The capacitor 163 is connected to the inverting input of comparator 129. Comparator 129 is part of the pulse generating means 121 and is an operational ampli­ fier operated as a comparator. A resistor 165 is connec­ ted to the inverting input of comparator 129 and to ter­ minal L. Terminal L leads through conductor 56 to battery 41. A resistor 167 is connected between the inverting input of comparator 129 and ground. The noninverting in­ put of comparator 129 is connected to terminal L through resistor 169. The noninverting input is also connected to ground through series resistors 171, 173. Comparator 129 compares the voltage at the inverting input node E to the voltage at the noninverting input node F. Resistors 165 and 167 bias node E of comparator 129 to one-half of the battery 41 voltage. Resistors 169, 171, and 173 cooperate together to hold node F at a volt­ age value above one-half the battery 41 voltage. When no signal is provided from the output of opera­ tional amplifier 127, the voltage at node E is less than the voltage at node F, and the output of comparator 129 is in its ordinary high state (i.e., at supply voltage). The difference in voltage between nodes E and nodes F should be sufficient to prevent noise voltage levels from acti­ vating the comparator 129. However, when a signal arrives at node E, the total voltage at node E will exceed the voltage at node F. When this happens, the output of com­ parator 129 goes low and remains low for as long as a sig­ nal is present at node E. Comparator 129 is connected to multivibrator 131 through capacitor 175. Capacitor 175 is connected to pin 2 of multivibrator 131. Multivibrator 131 is preferably an L555 monostable multivibrator. A resistor 177 is connected between pin 2 of multi­ vibrator 131 and ground. A resistor 179 is connected be­ tween pin 4 and pin 2. A capacitor 181 is connected be­ tween ground and pins 6, 7. Capacitor 181 is also connec­ ted through a resistor 183 to pin 8. Power is supplied through power conductor 55 to pins 4,8. Conductor 55 leads to the battery 41 as does conductor 56, but is a separate wire from conductor 56. The choice of resistors 177 and 179 serve to bias input pin 2 or node G at a vol­ tage value above one-third of the battery 41. A capacitor 185 is connected to ground and to con­ ductor 55. Capacitor 185 is an energy storage capacitor and helps to provide power to multivibrator 131 when an output pulse is generated. A capacitor 187 is connected between pin 5 and ground. Pin 1 is grounded. Pins 6, 7 are connected to each other. Pins 4, 8 are also connected to each other. The output pin 3 is connected to a diode 189 and to coil 33 through a conductor 193. A diode 191 is connected between ground and the cathode of diode 189. The capacitor 175 and resistors 177, 179 provide an RC time constant so that the square pulses at the output of comparator 129 are transformed into spiked trigger pul­ ses. The trigger pulses from comparator 129 are fed into the input pin 2 of multivibrator 131. Thus, multivibrator 131 is sensitive to the "low" outputs of comparator 129. Capacitor 181 and resistor 183 are selected to set the pulse width of the output pulse at output pin 3 or node H. In this embodiment, a pulse width of 100 microseconds is provided. The multivibrator 131 is sensitive to "low" pulses from the output of comparator 129, but provides a high pulse, close to the value of the battery 41 voltage, as an output. Diodes 189 and 191 are provided to inhibit any ringing, or oscillation encountered when the pulses are sent through conductor 193 to the coil 33. More specifi­ cally, diode 191 absorbs the energy generated by the col­ lapse of the magnetic field. At coil 33, a magnetic field 32′ is generated for transmission of the data signal across the subsequent junction between tubular members. As illustrated in Fig. 4, the previously described apparatus is adapted for data transmission in a well bore. A drill string 211 supports a drill bit 213 within a well bore 215 and includes a tubular member 217 having a sensor package (not shown) to detect downhole condi­ tions. The tubular members 11, 13 shown in Fig. 1 just below the surface 218 are typical for each set of connec­ tors, containing the mechanical and electronic apparatus of Figs. 1 and 5. The upper end of tubular member and sensor package 217 is preferably adapted with the same components as tu­ bular member 13, including a coil 33 to generate a magne­ tic field. The lower end of connector 227 has a Hall Effect sensor, like sensor 19 in the lower end of tubular member 11 in Fig. 1. Each tubular member 219 in the drill string 211 has one end adapted for receiving data signals and the other end adapted for transmitting data signals. The tubular members cooperate to transmit data sig­ nals up the borehole 215. In this illustration, data is being sensed from the drill bit 213, and from the forma­ tion 227, and is being transmitted up the drill string 211 to the drilling rig 229, where it is transmitted by suitable means such as radio waves 231 to surface moni­ toring and recording equipment 233. Any suitable commer­ cially available radio transmission system may be employed. One type of system that may be used is a PMD "Wireless Link", receiver model R102 and transmitter model T201A. In operation of the electrical circuitry shown in Fig. 5, dc power from battery 41 is supplied to the Hall Effect sensor 19, operational amplifiers 123, 125, 127, comparator 129, and multivibrator 131. Referring also to Fig. 4, data signals from sensor package 217 cause an electromagnetic field 32 to be generated at each threaded connection of the drill string 211. In each tubular member, the electromagnetic field 32 causes an ouput voltage pulse on terminals A, B of Hall Effect sensor 19. The voltage pulse is amplified by the operational amplifiers 123, 125 and 127. The output of comparator 129 will go low on receipt of the pulse, providing a sharp negative trigger pulse. The multivibra­ tor 131 will provide a 100 millisecond pulse on receipt of the trigger pulse from comparator 129. The output of multivibrator 131 passes through coil 33 to generate an electromagnetic field 32′ for transmission to the next tubular member. This invention has many advantages over existing hardwire telemetry systems. A continuous stream of data signals pulses, containing information from a large array of downhole sensors can be transmitted to the surface in real time. Such transmission does not require physical contact at the pipe joints, nor does it involve the sus­ pension of any cable downhole. Ordinary drilling operations are not impeded significantly; no special pipe dope is re­ quired, and special involvement of the drilling crew is minimized. Moreover, the high power losses associated with a transformer coupling at each threaded junction are avoided. Each tubular member has a battery for powering the Hall Effect sensor, and the signal conditioning means; but such battery can operate in excess of a thousand hours due to the overall low power requirements of this invention. The present invention employs efficient electromagne­ tic phenomena to transmit data signals across the junction of threaded tubular members. The preferred embodiment em­ ploys the Hall Effect, which was discovered in 1879 by Dr. Edwin Hall. Briefly, the Hall Effect is observed when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field. The component of the magnetic field that is perpendicular to the current exerts a Lorentz force on the current. This force disturbs the current distribution, resulting in a potential difference across the current path. This poten­ tial difference is referred to as the Hall voltage. The basic equation describing the interaction of the magnetic field and the current, resulting in the Hall voltage is: V H =(R H /t)*I c *B*SIN X, where: - I c is the current flowing through the Hall sensor; - B SIN X is the component of the magnetic field that is perpendicular to the current path; - R H is the Hall coefficient; and - t is the thickness of the conductor sheet. If the current is held constant, and the other con­ stants are disregarded, the Hall voltage will be directly proportional to the magnetic field strength. The foremost advantages of using the Hall Effect to transmit data across a pipe junction are the ability to transmit data signals across a threaded junction without making a physical contact, the low power requirements for such transmission, and the resulting increase in battery life. This invention has several distinct advantages over the mudpulse transmission systems that are commercially available, and which represent the state of the art. Foremost is the fact that this invention can transmit data at two to three orders of magnitude faster than the mud­ pulse systems. This speed is accomplished without any in­ terference with ordinary drilling operations. Moreover, the signal suffers no overall attenuation since it is regenerated in each tubular member.

Claims: 1. An improved data transmission system for use in a well bore, comprising: a tubular member with threaded ends adapted for connection in a drill string having one end adapted for transmitting data signals and the other end adapted for receiving data signals; an electromagnetic field generating means carried by the transmitting end of the tubular member; a Hall Effect sensor means carried by the receiving end of the tubular member for receiving data signals; a signal conditioning means located in the tubular member and electrically connected to the Hall Effect sen­ sor means and the electromagnetic field generating means for conditioning the data signals; and a power supply means, located in the tubular member, for providing electrical power to the Hall Effect sensor means, and the signal conditioning means, electrically connected to each. 2. In a drill string having a plurality of sections connected together, having one end adapted for receiving data signals and the other end adapted for transmitting data signals, an improved means for transmitting electri­ cal signals through the string, comprising: a Hall Effect sensor mounted in the receiving end of each section for sensing an electromagnetic field and for producing electrical signals corresponding thereto; a signal conditioning means located in each section for producing processed electrical signals in response to the electrical signals produced by the Hall Effect sensor; an electromagnetic field generating means mounted in the transmitting end of each section for generating an electromagnetic field corresponding to the processed elec­ trical signals produced by the signal conditioning means; a power supply means for providing electrical power to the Hall Effect sensor and the signal conditioning means; and an electrical conducting means communicating between the Hall Effect sensor, the signal conditioning means, the electromagnetic field producing means, and the power supply means. 3. An improved data transmission system for use in a well bore, comprising: a tubular member with threaded ends adapted for con­ nection in a drill string having a pin end adapted for receiving data signals and a box end adapted for trans­ mitting data signals; a Hall Effect sensor mounted in the pin of the tubu­ lar member for sensing a magnetic field and for producing electrical signals corresponding to the strength thereof; a signal conditioning means carried within the tubu­ lar member for producing electrical signals corresponding to the signals produced by the Hall Effect sensor; an electromagnet mounted in the box of the tubular member for generating a magnetic field in response to the output of the signal conditioning means; an electrical conducting means for communicating between the Hall Effect sensor, the signal conditioning means, and the electromagnet; and a power supply means for providing electrical power to the Hall Effect sensor, and the signal conditioning means, electrically connected to each. 4. In a drill string having a plurality of sections connected together, each section having a box of the upper end of each section and a pin on the lower end of each section, an improved data transmission system, comprising: a Hall Effect sensor mounted in the pin of each sec­ tion for sensing a magnetic field and for producing an electrical signal corresponding thereto; a signal conditioning means located in each section for producing electrical pulses in response to the elec­ trical signals produced by the Hall Effect sensor; an electromagnet mounted in the box of each section for generating a magnetic field in response to the pulses provided by the signal conditioning means; a battery for providing electrical power to the Hall Effect sensor, and the signal conditioning means; and an electrical conducting means communicating between the Hall Effect sensor, the signal conditioning means, the electromagnet and the power supply. 5. In a drill string having a plurality of tubular members connected together, each having a pin and a box, an improved means for data transmission, comprising: a Hall Effect sensor mounted in the pin of each tubu­ lar member, responsive to the magnetic flux density of a magnetic field, for generating a Hall voltage corresponding thereto; a signal amplifying means for amplifying and filter­ ing the Hall voltage generated by the Hall Effect sensor, electrically connected to the Hall Effect sensor and loca­ ted in each tubular member; a pulse generating means for producing a pulse of uniform amplitude and duration in response to the ampli­ fied and filtered Hall voltage, electrically connected to the signal amplifying means and located in each tubular member; a coil wrapped about a ferromagnetic HF core loca­ ted in the box of each tubular member and electrically connected to the pulse generating means for producing an electromagnetic field in response to the pulse; and a battery, located in each tubular member, for pro­ viding electrical power to the Hall Effect sensor, the signal conditioning means, and the pulse generating means, electrically connected to each. 6. An improved data transmission system for use in a well bore, comprising: A tubular member with threaded ends adapted for connection in a drill string having a pin end adapted for receiving data signals and a box end adapted for trans­ mission data signals; a Hall Effect sensor mounted in the pin of each tubular member, responsive to the magnetic flux density of a magnetic field, for generating a Hall voltage cor­ responding thereto; a signal conditioning means composed of a signal amplifying means and a pulse generating means, electrical­ ly connected to the Hall Effect sensor and located in each tubular member; a signal amplifying means for amplifying the Hall voltage generated by the Hall Effect sensor; a pulse generating means for producing a pulse of uniform amplitude and duration in response to the ampli­ fied Hall voltage; a ferrite core located in the box of each tubular member; a coil wrapped about the ferrite core and electri­ cally connected to the signal conditioning means, for producing an electromagnetic field in response to the pulse produced by the pulse generating means; and a battery for providing electrical power to the Hall Effect sensor, and the signal conditioning means, electrically connected to each. 7. A method of data transmission in a well bore having a string of tubular members with threaded connec­ tors suspended within it, the method comprising the steps sensing a borehole condition; generating an initial signal corresponding to the sensed borehole condition; providing the initial signal to a desired tubular member; generating at each subsequent threaded connection a magnetic field corresponding to the initial signal; sensing the magnetic field at each subsequent threaded connection with a sensor capable of detecting constant or time-varying magnetic fields; generating an electrical signal in each subsequent tubular member that corresponds to the sensed magnetic field; conditioning the generated electrical signal in each subsequent tubular member to regenerate the initial signal; monitoring the borehole condition either within the borehole or at the earth's surface as desired. 8. A method of transmitting a data signal in a well bore having a plurality of threaded tubular members connec­ ted and suspended within it, the method comprising the steps of: generating a magnetic field at a threaded connection corresponding to the data signal to be transmitted; sensing the magnetic field across the threaded con­ nection with a sensor capable of detecting both constant and time-varying magnetic fields; generating an electrical signal corresponding to the sensed magnetic field; conditioning the generated electrical signal to re­ generate the data signal; repeating the above steps at each threaded connec­ tion until the data signal arrives at the desired location; monitoring the data signal at the desired location. 9. A method of data transmission in a well bore having tubular members with threaded connectors, the me­ thod comprising the steps of: sensing a borehole condition; generating an initial signal corresponding to the sensed borehole condition; generating at each threaded connection a magnetic field corresponding to the initial signal; sensing the magnetic field at each threaded connec­ tion with a sensor capable of detecting constant or chan­ ging magnetic field strenghts; generating in each tubular member an electrical signal corresponding to the sensed magnetic field; conditioning the generated electrical signal in each tubular member to regenerate the initial signal; monitoring the borehole condition at the earth's surface. 10. A method of logging while drilling utilizing a plurality of connected threaded tubular members sus­ pended in a well bore, the method comprising the steps of: sensing a formation condition; generating an initial signal corresponding to the sensed formation condition; providing the initial signal to a desired tubular member; generating at each subsequent threaded connection a magnetic field corresponding to the initial signal; sensing the magnetic field at each subsequent threaded connection with a sensor capable of detecting constant or time-varying magnetic fields; generating an electrical signal in each subsequent tubular member that corresponds to the sensed magnetic field; conditioning the generated electrical signal in each subsequent tubular member to regenerate the initial sig­ nal; monitoring the formation condition either within the borehole or at the earth's surface as desired; producing a log or record of the formation condi­ tion.

Inventors: HOWARD, MIG ALLEN
Applicants: HUGHES TOOL COMPANY
Application year: 1988
Main classification: E21B47
IPC codes: E21B47