A SYNTHESIS FOR BETA-LACTAMS WITH THE AID OF A METAL COMPOUND

Abstract: Trans-β-lactams are prepared in a nearly quantative yield by a condensation reaction of a new intermediate metal enolate and an appropriate imine. Certain new metal enolates are provided as intermediates.

Description: The present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of certain trans-β-lactam compounds and new intermediates therefor. This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a trans-β-lactam compound of formula I wherein R₂ and R₃ is each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, each optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, or is where R₆, R₇ and R₈ is each alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and R₆, R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and R₂, R₃ are the same or different and R₂ and R₃ are not both methyl or benzyl, or R₂, R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring with up to 8 ring atoms, each optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R₁ is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl or aralkyl, or is where R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ is each alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are the same or different, R₄ is alkyl, hydroxy, halogen, sulphonyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl, each optionally substituted, or is where R₅ is alkyl. This invention relates also to new metal compounds of formula II wherein R₂' and R₃' is R₂ and R₃ except of both being hydrogen, R₁₂ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, each optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, M is zinc, aluminum, zirconium, boron, tin or titanium, P is an alkali metal, W, X, Y and Z is alkyl, aryl, halide, alkoxide, thiolate, triflate or any other substituted sulphonate or any other suitable anionic group, and W, X, Y and Z are the same or different and a, b, c and m = 0-1, n = 1-6, all being integers. This invention relates also to a process for the preparation of S-trans-β-lactams of formula Ia wherein R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are as defined above. Many research efforts have been expended to discover or synthesize new β-lactams and to develope new methods to synthesize known β-lactams (2-azetidinones). This is because these compounds are potent antibodies, very well tolerated by human beings. The β-lactams obtained are four-membered cyclic amides, the principle building blocks of penicillins and cephalosporins. Developing a method for synthesizing interesting 1,2-diaminoethanes, 1-amino-2-imino-ethanes, α-hydroxy-imines and related organic compounds (M.R.P. van Vliet, G. van Koten, J.T.B.H. Jastrzebski, K. Vriese and A.L. Spek, J. Organometal. Chem., 251 , C17 (1983); M.R.P. van Vliet, Ph.D. Thesis, Amsterdam (1987); M.R.P. van Vliet, G. van Koten, P. Buysingh, J.T.B.H. Jastrzebski and A.L. Spek, Organometallics, 6 , 537 (1987)), metal precursor complexes were formed whereby ZnWX and AlWXY were involved. Embroidering on this the synthesis of trans-β-lactams from the metal complexes formed between the α-imino-esters R a -N=C(H)C(OR b )=O (where R a is alkyl, R b is alkyl) and diethylzinc, was found, as depicted in scheme I. The trans-geometry of the β-lactams formed is unambigously confirmed by an X-ray crystal structure determination of the β-lactam compound in which R a is t-butyl and R b is methyl (M.R.P. van Vliet, J.T.B.H. Jastrzebski, W.J. Klaver, K. Goubitz and G. van Koten, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 106 , 132 (1987)). A serious disadvantage of this β-lactam preparation is that only a small variation in substituents is possible, only with R a is t -butyl or i -propyl and R b is methyl or ethyl is a β-lactam formed. Moreover, only with primary dialkyl zinc compounds a β-lactam is formed. Recent reinvestigations of the reaction depicted in scheme I revealed that firstly an organozinc complex is formed which is probably converted into a zinc enolate, which in a subsequent reaction with a second equivalent of the iminoester is converted into the trans-β-lactam species (see scheme II). A zinc enolate compound has been isolated of which the structure in the solid was confirmed by an X-ray determination. The recent reinvestigations showed that the supposed intermediate zinc enolate (see scheme II) and other metal enolates could be prepared in situ via another route by the reaction of an alkali metal enolate with a suitable metal compound. This reaction has been depicted in scheme III, all variable substituents are as defined above. The metal enolates so obtained show a unique reactivity in that, in reaction with appropiate imine substrates they afford exclusively the trans-β-lactams in quantitative yields. This novel reactivity is surprising because the present routes involving enolates yielded only cis-β-lactams or a mixture of cis- and trans-β-lactams. Many syntheses of β-lactams are known, see for instance a comprehensive review of the various syntheses of β-lactams in "The Chemistry of Heterocycles", Part 2, chapter II, The synthesis of the β-lactam Function by G.A. Koppel, edited by John Wiley and Sons (1983). However, there are no routes described to synthesize trans-β-lactams with 1-H (-or hydrolysable group), 3-NH₂ and 4-alkyl substituents by aldolcondensation followed by ringclosure. P. Andreoli, G. Gainelli, M. Contento, D. Giacomini, G. Martelli and M. Panunzio report in Tetrahedron Lett., 27(15 ), 1695-1698 (1986) the reaction of nitriles with glycinate esters in the presence of a lithium compound and trimethylchlorosilane. However, the isolated 3,4-disubstituted azetidinones have mainly the cis-configuration. The synthesis of 4-unsubstituted β-lactams from formaldehyde imines, formed in situ from nitriles and glycinate esters, has been described in European Patent Application No. 180398. N-unsubstituted 2-azetidinones have been prepared from N-trimethylsilyl aldimines and ester enolates in the presence of lithium diisopropylamide (D.J. Hart, K. Kanai, D.G. Thomas and T.K. Yang, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 48 , 289 (1983). These 2-azetidinones do not have a (substituted) nitrogen atom at the 3-position. the present invention comprises the unexpected, easy and selective synthesis of 1,3,4-trisubstituted trans-2-azetidinones in which the atom linked to the C-3 carbon atom is nitrogen and in which, if necessary, the substitutent at the 1-position can easily be removed by hydrolysis. The target compounds containing at least 90% of the trans configuration have been obtained from a condensation reaction of a new intermediate amino metal enolate and an appropriate imine in a nearly quantative yield. This is in no way described or taught in the literature. Also a way has been found to synthesize one stereospecific enantiomer in significant excess. It is possible to synthezise an enantiomerically enriched trans-β-lactam enantiomer by choosing the suitable enantiomer of the glycine alkyl ester as a starting material. Suitable means here the glycine alkyl enantiomer that is appropriate to prepare the desired trans-β-lactam enantiomer. It is an object of the invention to provide a process for the preparation of a trans-β-lactam of formula I wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄ are as defined above, characterized in that a compound of formula II wherein R₁₂, M, P, W, X, Y, R, a,b,c, m and n are as defined above, R₂' and R₃' is R₂ and R₃ respectively with the proviso that when R₂ and R₃ is hydrogen R₂' and R₃' together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring of formula III wherein R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, R₁₈, R₁₉ and R₂₀ is each alkyl, aryl, aralkyl and R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, R₁₈, R₁₉ and R₂₀ are the same or different, is reacted with an imine of formula IV where R₄ is as defined above and R₁' is R₁, with the proviso that when R₁ is hydrogen, R₁' is where R₆, R₇ and R₈ are as above defined, which group is hydrolysed after the reaction by acid or base, and with the proviso that when R₂ and R₃ are both hydrogen, the ring of formula III is removed after the reaction by acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis. In another object of the invention compounds are provided of formula II, depicted above, wherein R₂' and R₃' are R₂ and R₃, respectively, except of both being hydrogen, and R₁₂, M, P, W, X, Y, Z, a, b, c, m and n are defined as above. Furthermore, the invention provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula II, as defined above, characterized by the reaction of a R₂'R₃'N-glycine alkyl ester with an alkali metal base and a metal compound with the formula MW(X) a (Y) b (Z) c where R₂', R₃', M, W, X, Y, Z, a, b, c, m and n are as defined just above. The invention also provides a one-pot process for the preparation of trans-β-lactams of formula I, as defined above, characterized by the conversion of a R₂'R₃'N-glycine alkyl ester where R₂' and R₃' are as defined under formula II, just above, with an imine of formula IV as defined above, in the presence of an alkali metal base and a metal compound of formula MW(X) a (Y) b (Z) c where M, M, X, Y, Z, a, b and c are as defined above, with the proviso that when R₂, R₃ is hydrogen the ring of formula III is removed after the reaction by acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis. Finally, the invention provides a process for the preparation of a (3S)-trans-β-lactam of formula Ia wherein R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are as defined above, characterized by the conversion of the suitable enantiomer of the R₂'R₃'N-glycine alkyl ester, with R₂' and R₃' are as defined on page 7, with the proviso that when R₂' and R₃' are both hydrogen, the ring of formula III is removed after the reaction by acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis. Preferably, the alkali metal base used is lithium diisopropylamide or sodium hexamethyldisilazane. Preferably, M in the metal compound MW(X) a (Y) b (Z) c is zinc or aluminum. The values of a, b and c depend on the valency of M. It is certainly possible to carry out the synthesis of trans-β-lactams as a "one-pot" process. For instance, first of all lithium diisopropylamide is generated by adding one equivalent n-butyllithium in n-hexane to a solution of diisopropylamine in benzene at room temperature, followed by the addition of Et₂NCH₂COOEt. The resulting lithium enolate partly crystallizes during the reaction. Then one equivalent of dry zinc dichloride is added (a clear solution is now obtained) and finally one equivalent of N-(benzylidene)methylamine is added and the reaction mixture is generally refluxed for half an hour. According to this procedure a variety of trans-β-lactams can be synthesized using the appropiate imines. However, if no metal compound (MW(X) a (Y) b (Z) c with M, P, W, X, Y, Z, a, b and c are as defined above) is added, no β-lactam is formed. It is also possible to synthesize an enantiomerically enriched trans-β-lactam from a suitable enantiomerically pure glycine alkyl ester and an appropiate imine. For instance, reaction of the pure (-)menthyl ester of N,N-diethylglycine with N-methylbenzaldimine afforded the trans-β-lactam in a quantitative yield. ¹H NMR experiments of this compound in CDCl₃ with optically active paramagnetic shift reagents show the presence of two enantiomers in a 1:2 molar ratio, thus indicating an enantiomeric excess of 33%. All these reactions are preferably carried out in inert, apolar or weakly polar solvents as for instance pentane, benzene and diethyl ether. Furthermore, it is very important that the metal compounds (with the formula MW(X) a (Y) b (Z) c where M, P, W, X, Y, Z, a, b and c are defined as above) used in these reactions essentially are free of water. When small amounts of water are present, lower yields are obtained and the stereo-selectivity decreases. The following examples illustrate the present invention. General procedure All reactions were carried out in an atmosphere of dry nitrogen using standard Schlenk-techniques (Manipulations of air-sensitive compounds, D.F. Shriver, editor Mc. Graw Hill, New York, 1969). Solvents were distilled from sodium prior to use. N- t -butyliminoethylglyoxylate and N- i -propyliminomethylglyoxylate were prepared in a condensation reaction; cf. t -butylamine and i -propylamine with ethylglyoxylate and methylglyoxylate respectively. 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilylacyclopentane-1-acetic acid ethyl ester has been described in Tetrahedron Lett., 22 , 1787 (1981). Solutions of n-butyllithium in n-hexane and diethylzinc in n-hexane are commercially available. It is very important to use a dry metal compound to prepare the metal enolates. Therefore for instance zinc dichloride was either prepared from zinc and dry hydrogen chloride in diethyl ether or commercially available zinc dichloride was dehydrated in refluxing thionyl chloride. Example I Synthesis of the ethylzinc enolate lithium chloride complex of N,N-diethyglycine ethyl ester. To a solution containing 2.02 g (20 mmoles) of diisopropylamine in 30 ml diethyl ether, 13.33 ml (1.5 molar) n-butyllithium in hexane, equivalent to 20 mmoles n-butyllithium, was added at 0°C. The temperature of the reaction mixture was raised to room temperature and stirred for 10 minutes. To a stirred solution of the resulting lithium diisopropylamide 3.18 g (20 millimole) of N,N-diethylglycine ethyl ester was added so as to form immediately a white suspension of the lithium enolate of N,N-diethylglycine ethyl ester. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and then cooled to -35°C. At this temperature, a solution containing 2.6 g (20 mmoles) of ethylzinc chloride in 15 ml diethyl ether was added with stirring, resulting in formation of a heavy precipitate in a colourless solution. This reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at -35°C, the temperature was then raised to 25°C and stirring was continued for another 30 min. The solution was then decanted from the precipitate which was washed three times with 15 ml portions of n-pentane. Finally the product was dried in vacuo at 25°C. The yield was 4.5 g (76.3%) of the ethylzinc enolate lithium chloride complex of N,N-diethylglycine ethyl ester as an air sensitive white solid with the properties:¹H NMR (60 MHZ, C₆D₆): δ 3.70 (s, 1H, C=C H ), 3.60 (m, 2H, OC H ₂CH₃), 2.65 (m, 4H, NC H ₂CH₃), 1.55 (t, 3H, ZnCH₂C H ₃), 1.15 (m, 9H, CH₂C H ₃ and OCH₂C H ₃), 0.50 (m, 2H, ZnC H ₂CH₃). Analyses found: C 40.56; H 7.58; N 4.65; Zn 22.09. Analyses calculated for C₁₀H₂₁NO₂ZNLiCl: C 40.70; H 7.17; N 4.74; Zn 22.16. Example II Synthesis of 1-methyl-3-substituted-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. A. Synthesis of trans-1-methyl-3-diethylamino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. 2.95 g (10 mmoles) of the ethylzinc enolate lithium chloride complex of N,N-diethylglycine ethyl ester (the product obtained from example I) was dissolved in 20 ml benzene at room temperature. To this clear colourless solution was added 1.19 g (10 mmoles) of N-(benzylidene)methylamine. The resulting solution was refluxed for 30 min. During this period some precipitate formed. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with 25 ml diethy; ether. To this mixture, 10 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium-chloride solution was added. The aqueous layer was separated and the organic layer was twice washed with 10 ml of an aqueous ammonium chloride solution and twice with 10 ml portions of water, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo yielding 2.2 g (95%) of the 2-azetidinone product as a white solid with the properties: m.p. 70-71°C. ¹H NMR (60 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.30 (m, 5H, arom.), 4.60 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H, NC H CHPh), 4.10 (d, J= 1.6 Hz, 1H, NCHC H Ph), 2.90 (s, 3H, NC H ₃), 2.90 (q, 4H, NC H ₂CH₃), 1.15(t, 6H, NCH₂C H ₃). Analyses found: C 72.13; H 8.80; N 11.73. Analyses calculated for C₁₄H₂₀N₂O: C 72.38; H 8.68; N 12.06. B. Synthesis of 1-methyl-3-methylphenylamino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. 10 mmoles of n-butyllithium (6.67 ml of a 1.5 molar solution in hexane) was added to a stirred solution containing diisopropylamine (1.40 ml; 10 mmoles) and 25 ml benzene at room temperature. This reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min. Then N,N-methylphenylglycine ethyl ester (1.93 g; 10 mmoles) was added. The solution was stirred for another 10 min. Then 10 mmoles of zinc dichloride (10.00 ml of a 1.0 molar solution in diethyl ether) was added. After stirring of another 10 min, N-(benzylidene)methylamine (1.19 g; 10 mmoles) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 25 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into 20 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution. The water layer was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic extract was dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo yielding 2.50 g (94%) of the 2-azetidinone product as a pale brown solid. The 60 MHz ¹H NMR-spectrum revealed that the product was a mixture of cis - and trans -isomers ( cis / trans ratio 2:98). Recrystallization from diethyl ether afforded the pure 2-azetidinone products as pale yellow ( trans -isomer) and brown ( cis -isomer) crystals which could be separated by crystal-picking. Properties of the trans -isomer): m.p. 84°C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.44 (m, 3H, Ar H ), 7.30 (m, 2H, Ar H ), 7.12 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H, Ar H ), 6.76 (t,J= 7.0 Hz, 1H, Ar H ), 6.56 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H, Ar H ), 4.75 (br.s, 1H, N-C H -CH-Ph), 4.50 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, N-CH-C H -Ph), 3.15 (s, 3H, Ph-N-C H ₃), 2.90 (s, 3H, N-C H ₃). 13 C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 167.76 (C=O), 149.26, 137.12, 129.75, 129.64, 129.20, 126.86, 119.22, 114.91 (Ar C ), 78.35 (N- C H-CH-Ph), 63.51 (N-CH- C H-Ph), 35.42 (Ph-N- C H₃), 27.35 (N- C H₃). IR (KBr): 1760 cm -1 . Properties of the cis -isomer: m.p. 137°C, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 6.40-7.44 (m, 10H, Ar H ), 5.10 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H, N-C H -CH-Ph), 4.77 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H, N-CH-C H -Ph), 3.18 (s, 3H, Ph-N-C H ₃), 2,70 (s, 3H, N-C H ₃). IR (KBr): 1748 cm -1 . Example III Synthesis of trans-1-(substituted)-3-diethylamino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone (one-pot process). A. Synthesis of trans-1-methyl-3-diethylamino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. 13.33 ml (1.5 molar) of n-butyllithium in hexane, equivalent to 20 mmoles n-butyllithium was added to a solution of 2.02 g (20 mmoles) of diisopropylamine in 25 ml benzene. The resulting solution of lithium diisopropylamide so obtained was stirred for 10 min. Then 3.18 g (20 mmoles) of N,N-diethylglycine ethyl ester was added giving an immediate white suspension. This suspension was stirred for 30 min. Then a solution of 2.73 g (20 mmoles) of zinc dichloride in 20 ml diethyl ether was added resulting in a yellow solution and this solution was stirred for another 10 min. Most of the diethyl ether and hexane present in solution was evaporated in vacuo . 2.38 g (20 mmoles) of N-(benzylidene)methylamine was added to the resulting benzene solution and the reaction mixture refluxed for 30 min. During this period some solid material precipitated. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature and diluted with 20 ml of diethyl ether. 15 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added to the reaction mixture. The organic phase was separated and was washed twice with 15 ml portions of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution and twice with 15 ml portions of water, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo yielding 4.2 g (90.5%) of the trans-2-azetidinone product as a white solid with the same properties as those given for the product in example I. B. Table I shows the synthetic scheme for this 2-azetidinone and another representative example. Example IV Synthesis of trans-3-methylphenylamino-4-([trimethylsilyl] ethynyl)-2-azetidinone. 10 mmoles or n-butyllithium (6.67 ml of a 1.5 molar solution in hexane) was added to a stirred solution containing diisopropylamine (1.40 ml; 10 mmoles) and 25 ml benzene at room temperature. This reaction mixture was stirred for 15 min and then N,N-methylphenylglycine ethyl ester (1.93 g; 10 mmoles) was added. The solution was stirred for another 10 min and then 10 mmoles of zinc dichloride (10.00 ml of a 1.0 molar solution in diethyl ether) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for another 5 min and then N-(3-trimethylsilyl-2-propynylidene)-trimethylsilylamine (1.98; 10 mmoles) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into 20 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution. The water layer was extracted with diethyl ether. The organic extract was dried with magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo yielding 2.70 g (99%) of the 2-azetidinone product as a dark-brown solid. Recrystallisation from diethyl ether/pentane afforded the pure trans -product as off-white crystals with the properties: m.p. 136°C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.08 (m, 2H, Ar H ), 6.74 (m, 3H, Ar H ), 6.18 (br. s, 1H, N- H ), 4.90 (br. s, 1H, N-C H -CH-C≡C), 4.03 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, N-CH-C H -C≡C), 2.85 (s, 3H, N-C H ₃), 0.35 (s, 9H, SiMe₃). IR (KBr): 1786 cm⁻¹. Analyses found: C 65.59, H 7.66, N 10.21. Analyses calculated for C₁₅H₂₀N₂OSi: C 66.13, H 7.40, N 10.28. Example V Synthesis of trans-3-diethylamino-4-substituted-2-azetidinone (one-pot process). Following the same procedure and using the same reaction conditions as used in Example III, 1-unsubstituted trans -β-lactams were obtained by carrying out the reaction with N-trimethylsilyl protected imines, instead of N-(benzylidene)methylamine. The N-SiMe₃ group is hydrolyzed during the aqueous work up. Representative examples are given in Table II. Example VI Synthesis of 1-methyl-3-amino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. A. Synthesis of 1-methyl-3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl)-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. 10 mmoles of n-butyllithium (6.67 ml of a 1.5 molar solution in hexane) was added to a stirred solution containing diisopropylamine (1.40 ml; 10 mmoles) and 25 ml of diethyl ether at -70°C. This reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min and then 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentane-1-acetic acid ethyl ester (2.45 g; 10 mmoles) was added. The solution was stirred for another 15 min at -70°C and then 10 mmoles of zinc dichloride (6.76 ml of a 1.48 molar solution in diethylether) was added. After 5 min at -70°C, a white solid (LiCl) began to precipitate. Then N-(benzylidene)methylamine (1.19 g; 10 mmoles) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for another 15 min at -70°C and, after being warmed up to room temperature, quneched with 20 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution. The water layer was extracted with diethyl ether. The diethyl ether extract was washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated invacuo to give 3.05 g (96%) of the pure 2-azetidinone product as a pale yellow solid. The ¹H NMR spectrum revealed that the product was a mixture of cis and trans isomers ( cis / trans ratio 8.92). Recrystallisation from diethyl ether/hexane gave the pure trans -product as colourless crystals with the properties: m.p. 90.5-91.5°C, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.17-7.44 (m, 5H, Ar H ), 4.10 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H, N-C H -CH-Ph), 4.05 (m, 1H, N-CH-C H -Ph), 2.75 (br. s, 3H, N-C H ₃), 0.63-0.85 (m, 4H, Si-C H ₂-C H ₂-Si), 0.12 (s, 6H, Si(CH₃)₂), 0.04 (s, 6H, Si(C H ₃)₂). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 170.23 (C=O), 137.03, 128.83, 128.25, 126.18 (Ar C ), 72.92 (N- C H-CH-Ph), 68.63 (N-CH- C H-Ph), 26.58 (N- C H₃), 7.94 (Si- C H₂ C H₂-Si), 0.59 (Si( C H₃)₂), 0.10 (Si( C H₃)₂). B. Direct conversion into 1-methyl-3-amino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. Following the same procedure as described above up to but not including the quenching step, a reaction mixture containing 1-methyl-3-)2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl)-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone was prepared. The reaction mixture at room temperature was quenched with 50 ml of a 1 molar HCl solution in water. The water layer was extracted with diethyl ether and then basified with solid KOH to pH 11 and extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract was washed with 50 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give 1.28 g (73%) of the pure 2-azetidinone product as a pale yellow oil, which solidified upon standing. The ¹H NMR spectrum revealed that the product was a mixture of cis - and trans siomers ( cis / trans ratio 8.92) with the properties: IR (CDCl₃) : 1740 cm -1 , ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7,18-7,44 (m, 5H, Ar H ), 4.19 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H, H₂N-C H -CH-Ph), 3.91 (m, 1H, H₂N-CH-C H -Ph), 2.76 (br. s, 3H, N-CH₃), 1.91 (br. s, 2H, N H ₂), for the trans -isomer; ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4,75 (d, J= 4.9 Hz. 1H, H₂N-C H -CH-Ph), 4.47 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H, H₂N-CH-C H -Ph), 2.83 (s, 3H, N-C H ₃) for the cis -isomer. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 170.33 (C=O), 136.59, 128.67 128.16, 125.89 (Ar C ), 70.23 (N- C H-CH-PH), 67,28 (N-CH- C H-Ph), 26.53 (N- C H₃) for the trans -isomer; ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃); δ 64.60 (N- C H-CH-Ph), 63.60 (N-CH- C H-Ph) for the cis -isomer. Pure trans -1-methyl-3-amino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone could be obtained by starting from pur trans -1-methyl-3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl)-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. To a solution of the pure trans -2-azetidinone (0.80 g; 2,5 mmoles) in 20 ml of diethyl ether was added 20 ml of a 1 molar HCl solution in water at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour, then the etheral layer was separated and thereafter the water layer was neutralized with solid KOH and pH 6 and extracted with dichloromethane. The dichloromethane extract was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give 0.37 g (84%) of the pure trans 1-methyl-3-amino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone as a colourless oil, which solidified upon standing; m.p. 51.5°C. Table III shows this scheme for preparing 3-amino-substituted β-lactams and some of the intermediate β-lactams prepared, their percent yields and their physical data. a upon hydrolysis the trimethylsilyl group is removed and replaced with a hydrogen. Addendum to Table III: physical data of compounds 2, 3 and 4. 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl)-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone: trans -isomer: pale yellow solid, m.p. 101°C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.12 (s, 5H, ArH), 6.29 (br. s, H, N H ), 4,23 (d, J = 2,1 Hz, 1H, N-C H -CH-Ph), 3.92 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H N-CH-C H -Ph), 0.70 (s, 4H, Si-C H ₂-C H ₂-Si), 0.13 (s, 6H, Si(C H ₃)₂), 0.05 (s, 6H, Si(C H ₃)₂. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 171.65 (C=O), 139.34, 128.76, 128.13, 125.51 (Ar C ), 73.61 (N- C H-CH-Ph), 62,76 (N-CH- C H-Ph), 7.97 (Si- C H₂- C H₂-Si), 0.45 (Si( C H₃)₂). cis -isomer: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 4.68 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H, N- C H-CH-Ph), 4.42 (d, J = 5,3 Hz, 1H, N- CH-C H -Ph). 3-amino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone: trans -isomer: pale yellow solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃: δ 7.10 (s, 5H, Ar H ), 6.32 (br. s, 1H N H ), 4.22 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, H₂N-C H -CH-Ph), 3.81 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H, H₂N-CH-C H -Ph), 1.62 (br. s, 2H, NH₂). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 171.55 (C=O), 138.93, 128.77, 126.69, 125.46 (Ar C ), 71.08 (N- C H-CH-Ph), 62.70 (N-CH- C H-Ph). IR (CDCl₃): 1755 cm -1 . 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disilacyclopentyl-1-aza)-4-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]-2-azetidinone: trans -isomer: pale brown solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.25 (br. s, 1H, N H ), 4.48 (d, J =2,1 Hz, 1H, N-C H -CH-C≡CSiMe₃), 3.61 (d, J= 2.1 Hz, 1H, N-CH-C H -C CSiMe₃), 0.71 (s, 4H, Si-C H ₂-C H ₂-Si), 0.15 (br. s, 21H, Si(CH₃)₂. 1-benzyl-3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl)-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone: trans -isomer: pale yellow oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃):δ 7.13 (s, 5H, Ar H ), 4,59 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1H, N-C H ₂-Ph), 3.96 (d, J = 15 Hz, 1H, N-C H ₂-Ph), 3.79 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H, N-C H -CH-CH₃), 3,24 (dq, J = 2.2 and J = 6.0 Hz, 1H, N-CH-C H -CH₃), 1,32 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H, N-CH-CH-C H ₃), 0.74 (s, 4H, Si-C H ₂-C H ₂-Si), 0.15 (s, 6H, Si(C H ₃)₂), 0.09 (s, 6H, Si(C H ₃)₂). 13 C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 168.79 (C=O), 138.87, 128.40, 128.01, 127.38 (Ar C ), 68.46 (N- C H-CH-CH₃), 56.87 (N-CH- C H-CH₃), 43.73 (N- C H₂-Ph), 16.40 (N-CH-CH- C H₃), 7.80 (Si- C H₂-CH₂-Si), 0.32 (Si( C H₃)₂), 0.05 (Si( C H₃)₂). Example VII Synthesis of 1-methyl-3-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. 10 mmoles of n-butyllithium (6.67 ml of a 1.5 molar solution in hexane) was added to a stirred solution containing diisopropylamine (1.40 ml; 10 mmoles) and 25 ml of diethyl ether at -70°C. This reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min and then N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)glycine ethyl ester (2.47 g; 10 mmoles) was added. The solution was stirred for another 10 min at -70°C and then 10 mmoles of zinc dichloride (6.76 ml of a 1.48 molar solution in diethyl ether) was added. After 5 min at -70°C a white solid (LiCl) began to precipitate. Then N-(benzylidine)methylamine (1.19 g; 10 mmoles) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for another 15 min at -70°C and after being warmed up to room temperature quenched with 20 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution. The water layer was extracted with diethyl ether. The diethyl ether extract was washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give 2.41 g (75%) of the trans -azetidinone product as a pale yellow oil with the properties: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 7.08-7.42 (m, 5H, Ar H ), 4.18 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H, N-CH-C H -Ph), 4.09 (m, 1H, N-C H -CH-Ph), 2,73 (br. s, 3H, N-C H 3), 0.20 (s, 18H, Si(C H ₃)₃. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 171.57 (C=0) 136.92, 128.78, 128.11, 125.76 (Ar C ), 75.25 (N- C H-CH-Ph), 68.61 (N-CH- C H-Ph), 26.59 (N- C H₃), 2.39 (Si(CH₃)₃). IR (CDCl₃): 1742 cm -1 . Example VIII Synthesis of 1-methyl-3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl)-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone employing diethyl aluminum chloride as metal source. 10 mmoles of n-butyllithium (6.67 ml of a 1.5 molar solution in hexane) was added to a stirred solution containing diisopropylamine (1.40 ml; 10 mmoles) and 25 ml of diethyl ether at -70°C. This reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min and then 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentane 1 acetic acid ethyl ester (2.45 g; 10 mmoles) was added. The solution was stirred for another 15 min at -70°C and then 20 mmoles of diethyl aluminum chloride (20.00 ml of a 1.0 molar solution in hexane) was added. Immediately a white solid began to precipitate. Then N-(benzylidene)methylamine (1.19 g; 10 mmoles) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred for another 15 min at -70°C and after being warmed up to room temperature quenched with 20 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution. A vigorous evolution of ethane occurred. The water layer was extracted with diethyl ether. The diethyl ether extract was washed with water, dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give 2.86 g (90%) of the pure 2-azetidinone product as a pale yellow solid with the same physical data as the product obtained in example VIA. The ¹H NMR spectrum revealed that the product was a mixture of cis - and trans -isomers ( cis / trans ratio 10:90). Example IX Synthesis of an enantiomerically enriched trans-1-methyl-3-diethylamino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone. 13.33 ml of 1.5 molar n-butyllithium in hexane, equivalent to 20 mmoles n-butyllithium, was added to a solution of 2.02 g (20 mmoles) of diisopropylamine in 25 ml benzene. The resulting solution of lithium diisopropylamide was stirred for 10 min. Then 3.18 g (20 mmoles) of the corresponding enantiomerically pure N,N-diethylglycine menthyl ester was added causing an exothermic reaction. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min. Then a solution of 2.73 g (20 mmoles) of zinc dichlorde in 20 ml of diethyl ether was added resulting in a yellow solution. This solution was stirred for 10 min. Most of the diethyl ether and hexane present in solution was evaporated in vacuo . 2.38 g (20 mmoles) of N-(benzylidene)methylamine was added to the resulting benzene solution and the reaction mixture refluxed for 70 min. During this period some solid material precipitated. The reaction mixture was cooled down to room temperature and diluted with 20 ml of diethyl ether. 15 ml of a saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was added to the reaction mixture. The organic phase was separated and was washed twice with 15 ml portions of a saturated aqueous ammonium chlordie solution and twice with 15 ml portions of water. The organic phase was extracted with 2 portions of 20 ml 4 molar HCl solution in water. The acidic aqueous phase was washed 3 times with 20 ml portions of diethyl ether. The aqueous phase was made basic with a concentrated ammonia solution and extracted with three 20 ml portions of diethyl ether. The organic extract was dried with sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo yielding 3.5 g (75%) of the 2-azetidinone as a white solid, with the same properties as those given for example IIA. ¹H NMR (60 MHz, CDCl₃) in the presence of an optically active paramagnetic shift reagens (Eu(TFC)₃) showed the presence of two resonances for H3 of the two enantiomers at 5.30 and 5.50 ppm respectively in a 1:2 ratio, thus indicating an enantiomeric excess of 33%. Under the same conditions for the 2-azetidinone obtained in example IIA the ratio of these resonances was 1:1. Experiment without the additional metal compound. An etheral solution of the lithium enolate of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentane-1-acetic acid ethyl ester was prepared as described in Example VI at -70°C. In contrast to the procedure followed in Example VI a metal compound (with the formula MW(X) a (Y) b (Z) c with M, P, W, Y, Z, a, b and c are as defined above) was not added and the lithium enolate in 25 ml of diethyl ether was directly reacted further with N-(benzylidene)methylamine (1.19 g; 10 mmoles) at -70°C. After 2 hours stirring at -70°C no formation of the β-lactam cound be detected using ¹H NMR.

Claims: A process for the preparation of a trans-β-lactam compound of formula I wherein R₂ and R₃ is each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, each optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, or is where R₆, R₇ and R₈ is each alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and R₆, R₇ and R₈ are the same or different, and R₂ , R₃ are the same or different and R₂ and R₃ are not both methyl or benzyl, or R₂, R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring with up to 8 ring atoms, each optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, R₁ is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, aryl or aralkyl, or is where R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ is each, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and R₉, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are the same or different, R₄ is alkyl, hydroxy, halogen, sulphonyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl, each optionally substituted, or is where R₅ is alkyl, characterized in that a compound of formula II wherein R₁₂ is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, each optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, M is zinc, aluminun, zirconium, boron, tin or titanium, P is alkali metal, W, X, Y and Z is alkyl, aryl, halide, alkoxide, thiolate, triflate or any other substituted sulphonate or any other suitable anionic group, and W, X, Y and Z are the same or different and a, b, c and m = 0-1, n = 1-6, all being integers, R₂' and R₃' is R₂ and R₃ respectively, with the proviso that when R₂ and R₃ is hydrogen R₂' and R₃' together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring of formula III wherein R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, R₁₈, R₁₉ and R₂₀ is each alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and R₁₃, R₁₄, R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, R₁₈, R₁₉ and R₂₀ are the same or different, is reacted with an imine of formula IV where R4 is as defined above and R₁' is R₁ with the proviso that when R₁ is hydrogen, R₁' is where R₆, R₇ and R₈ are as above defined, which group is hydrolysed after the reaction by acid or base, and with the proviso that when R₂ and R₃ are both hydrogen, the ring of formula III is removed after the reaction by acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis. A compound of formula II, as depicted in claim 1, wherein R₂' and R₃' are R₂ and R₃, respectively, except of both being hydrogen, and R₁₂, M, P, W, X, Y, Z, a, b, c, m and n are as defined in claim 1. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula II, as defined in claim 2, characterized in that a R₂'R₃'N-glycine alkyl ester is reacted with an alkali metal base and a metal compound with the formula MW(X) a (Y) b (Z) c , where R₂', R₃', M, P, W, X, Y, Z, a, b, c, m and n are as defined in claim 2. A one-pot process for the preparation of a trans-β-lactam of formula I, as defined in claim 1, characterized in that a R₂'R₃'N-glycine alkyl ester where R₂' and R₃' are as defined in claim 1 is reacted with an imine of the formula IV as defined in claim 1, in the presence of an alkali metal base and a metal compound with the formula MW(X) a (Y) b (Z) c where M, W, X, Y, Z, a, b and c is as defined in claim 1, with the proviso that when R₂, R₃ is hydrogen the ring of formula III is removed after the reaction by acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis. A process for the preparation of a (3S)-trans-β-lactam of formula Ia, where R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ are as defined above, according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that the suitable enantiomer of the R₂'R₃'N-glycine alkyl ester where R₂', R₃' are as defined in claim 1, is converted, with the proviso that when R₂, R₃ is hydrogen the ring of formula III is removed after the reaction by acid or base catalyzed hydrolysis. A process according to claim 1 or 4, characterized by the synthesis or trans-β-lactams of formula I, as depicted in claim 1, wherein R₁ is methyl, R₄ is phenyl, and R₂, R₃ is ethyl or R₂, R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl or R₂, R₃ is hydrogen or R₂, R₃ is trimethylsilyl or R₂ is methyl, R₃ is phenyl or R₁ is benzyl, R₄ is phenyl and R₂, R₃ is ethyl or R₂, R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl or R₂, R₃ is hydrogen or R₁ is hydrogen, R₄ is phenylethynyl and R₂, R₃ is ethyl or R₁ is hydrogen, R₄ is trimethylsilylethynyl and R₂, R₃ is ethyl or R₂, R₃ together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentyl or R₂, R₃ is hydrogen or R₂ is methyl, R₃ is phenyl or R₁ is trimethylsilyl or hydrogen, R₄ is phenyl and R₂, R₃ is ethyl or R₂, R₃ form together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza 2,5-disilacyclopentyl or R₂, R₃ is hydrogen. A process according to any one of claims 1, 3, 4, 5 or 6 characterized in that M is zinc or aluminum. A process according to any one of claims 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 characterized in that the alkali metal base is lithium diisopropylamide or sodium hexamethyldisilazane. A compound according to claim 2, characterized in that M is zinc. Compound according to claim 2 R₂, R₃ is ethyl, M is zinc, X, Y is ethyl, P is lithium W is chloride, n is 2. A process for the preparation of (3S,4S)-1-methyl-3-diethylamino-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone (formula Ia with R₂, R₃ is ethyl, R₁ is methyl, R₄ is phenyl) according to claim 5, characterized in that an enantiomerically pure menthyl ester of N,N-diethylglycine is converted with N-(benzylidene)methylamine in the presence of lithium diisopropylamide and zinc dichloride.

Inventors: JASTRZEBSKI, JOHANN TOENS BARTHOLD HEINRICH, VAN DER STEEN, FREDERIK HENDRIK, DRS., VAN KOTEN, GERARD, PROF. DR., Jastrzebski, Johann Töns Barthold Heinrich
Applicants: RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT
Application year: 1988
Main classification: C07D205
IPC codes: C07D205, C07F3, C07F7