Scanning equalization radiography

Abstract: A radiographic machine in which the exposure is equalized as between different areas of the image plane so as to enhance high spatial frequency features of the image and suppress low spatial frequency features and achieve other benefits as well. A fan beam (12) which is wide enough to encompass the object (16) being imaged (18) is swept across the object and segments of that beam (23) are individually pulse width modulated at each of a number of sampling intervals during the sweep by monostable or bistable shutter pins (20) which either completely block or com­ pletely uncover the sectors which they control (22). An alternate embodiment adds beam width modulation as well, by making the shutter pins either completely block their sectors or uncover them only to the degree necessary for beam width modulation.

Description: The invention is concerned with a radiographic system. In the field of radiography it is desirable to reduce the undesirable effects on a radiographic image due to variations in thickness of the irradiated object which cause large variations in exposure at the image plane that can exceed the practical or desirable exposure range of the film or other imaging medium. In prior proposals to reduce such variations in exposure, Old Delft U.S. Patents Nos. 4,675,893, 4,677,652, 4,715,056 and 4,741,012 discuss sweeping the imaged object with a fan-shaped beam of x-rays, detecting the post-patient intensity of sectors of the beam and using a feedback scheme to modulate the pre-patient intensity of sectors of the fan beam in a way which would reduce image plane variations in exposure. These patents propose to use attenuating reeds which are moved to a greater or lesser degree in to the respective sectors of the beam under servo control, thereby to attenuate a sector to a greater or lesser degree. A proposal which is believed similar in principle is made in Edholm U.S. Patent No. 3,755,672, and involves using a feedback scheme to form a radiation filter which would attenuate a conical or pyramidal beam to different degrees depending on the solid angle position in the beam. A parent U.S. patent application of the inventor herein, on which U.S. Patent No. 4,733,087 is expected to be granted on September 20, 1988, teaches image equalization by (i) sweeping the sectors of a fan beam of x-rays across the object while individually controlling the respective velocities of the sectors as functions of the post-object intensities of the sectors; (ii) in the alternative, pulsing the sectors in a pulse-width modulation scheme in which the pulse widths depend on measurements of post-object intensities of the sectors; and (iii) using a single, pencil-shaped beam of penetrating radiation which scans the object in raster fashion and is modulated through a feed-back scheme in terms of pulse width or beam width or velocity. The techniques proposed in the Old Delft patents cited above appear to suffer from the need for precise positioning of the reeds while the fan beam sweeps the patient and for precise calibration to ensure that at any one time each reed attenuates its sector of the fan beam to the required degree, and also from the need to minimize the inherent lag in the feedback loop. Similar considerations appear to apply to the Edholm patent cited above, as well the additional consideration of the need to form the filter before the imaging exposure could start. In addition, it is believed that there may be time variations in the output of the x-ray tube which may be too rapid to be accommodated by system of the type proposed in the Old Delft and Edholm patents. The techniques taught in said parent U.S. patent application provide effective equalization for improved imaging but a need for improvement still remains. For example, the systems described in said parent application which scan a single, pencil-shaped x-ray beam in raster fashion need a significant amount of time to complete the scan or would need high x-ray output to speed up the scan. The systems which sweep the sectors of a fan beam while individually modulating the sectors through velocity modulation or pulse width modulation are described as implemented through relatively complex mechanisms for effecting the sector modulation. European patent application published as EP-A-223432 was cited during the prosecution of this application and describes a method and device for producing flux equalised x-ray images for medical radiography through the use of a scanning fan-shaped x-ray beam and a feedback control system which regulates the beam intensity at a multiple number of points along the fan beam to compensate for the x-ray attenuation variations of the patient. According to the invention there is provided a radiographic system in which in use a beam of penetrating radiation from a source sweeps an object, emerges from the object and impinges on an imager to form a radiographic image of the swept object, the radiographic system comprising a feedback system for detecting the beam emerging from the object to derive a feedback signal related to a parameter of the emerging beam, and a shutter mechanism comprising a plurality of radiation attenuating pins selectively operable to pulse width modulate the beam as a function of the feedback signal to reduce at least one of the spatial and temporal variations in at least one selected parameter of the emerging beam received by the imager, each of the radiation attenuating pins controlling a respective sector of the beam by being movable between a blocking position which substantially blocks the beam in the respective sector and an open position which substantially permits the beam to reach the imager in the respective sector, characterised in that each of the radiation attenuating pins also partially overlaps at least one adjacent pin in the direction of beam penetration to control partially at least one adjacent sector of the beam: (a) by partly blocking the beam in the at least one adjacent sector when the radiation attenuating pin is in the blocking position; and (b) by permitting the blocked part of the beam in the at least one adjacent sector. to reach the imager when the radiation attenuating pin is in the open position, such that radiation attenuation across the width of the beam is substantially uniform. The invention also provides a method of forming a radiographic image of an object, the method comprising: using a beam of penetrating radiation from a source to sweep an object so that the beam emerges from the object and impinges on an imager to form a radiographic image of the swept object; detecting by way of a feedback system the beam emerging from the object to derive a feedback signal related to a parameter of the emerging beam; and employing a shutter mechanism comprising a plurality of radiation attenuating pins each controlling a respective sector of the beam by being movable between a blocking position which substantially blocks the beam in the respective sector and an open position which substantially permits the beam to reach the imager in the respective sector, the mechanism being employed by selectively operating the attenuating pins to pulse width modulate the beam as a function of the feedback signal so as to reduce at least one of the spatial and temporal variations in at least one selected parameter of the emerging beam received by the imager, characterised by using each of the radiation attenuating pins who partially overlaps at least one adjacent pin in the direction of beam penetration to control partially at least one adjacent sector of the beam: (a) by partly blocking the beam in the at least one adjacent sector when the radiation attenuating pin is in the blocking position; and (b) by permitting the blocked part of the beam in the at least one adjacent sector to reach the imager when the radiation attenuating pin is in the open position, such that radiation attenuation across the width of the beam is substantially uniform. In the practice of the invention the object can be a patient or an inanimate object such as an industrial part. The modulation can be carried out by using bistable shutter pins wherein each shutter pin has only two stable positions and transits between them rapidly under feedback control. In a blocking position a shutter pin completely blocks its sector of the fan beam and in an open position the pin completely uncovers its sector of the fan beam. The sweep of the fan beam across the object being imaged is divided into a number of sampling time intervals and each sector remains on for only a portion of each sampling interval. The duration of each such portion for each sector of the fan beam is determined by the feedback control, on the basis of detecting the post-object beam for the same sector only or for other sectors as well. The shutter pins can be moved between their blocking and open positions by pin drivers similar in construction to the pin driver heads of dot matrix printers, which in turn are controlled through a feedback loop as a function of the radiation detected at a number of angular positions in the fan beam emerging from the object. Also, in the practice of the invention, the shutter pins are not constrained to precise end positions. They are required to move rapidly between their end positions but the end positions need not be precisely fixed so long as in its blocking position a shutter pin substantially completely interrupts its sector of the fan beam and in its open position a shutter pin substantially completely uncovers its sector of the fan beam. The shutter pins can be in a single row across the width of the fan beam or in multiple rows. While their cross-section can have almost any shape, round pins are convenient to manufacture and use, and can be arranged in a staggered array, to overlap partly such that each beam sector controlled by a shutter pin overlaps partly with at least one adjacent sector. The feedback detector can be a linear array of detector elements extending along the width of the fan beam and moving so as to follow the sweeping motion of the fan beam, or can be a detector having a large enough detection area to receive the emerging fan beam at all times without moving or with only limited motion. In each case, the feedback detector can be in front of the image plane or behind the image plane. Of course, if it is in front of the image plane, it should be reasonably transparent to x-ray so as not to attenuate the imaging beam excessively, and its x-ray transmission characteristics should be reasonably uniform across the detection area so as not to introduce excessive mask artifacts in the image. In a particular exemplary but nonlimiting embodiment of the invention, an x-ray source provides a fan beam of penetrating radiation and a scanning mechanism sweeps the fan beam across the object which is to be imaged in a sweeping direction which is transverse to the plane of the fan beam. An imager receives the fan beam which emerges from the object after suffering attenuation due to its passage therethrough and uses this emerging fan beam to form an image of the swept object. A feedback system also receives the emerging fan beam and generates a feedback signal as a function thereof, for example as a function of the radiation detected at each of a number of angular positions in the emerging fan beam. A shutter mechanism individually pulse width modulates sectors of the fan beam as a function of the feedback signal so as to reduce variations in a selected parameter of the radiation in the emerging beam received by the imager and to thereby improve a selected parameter of the image. Pulse width modulation in this context refers to dividing the sweeping motion into a number of sampling time intervals and keeping each sector on for only a part of each sampling interval, the duration of the on time in each sampling interval for each sector of the fan beam being determined as a function of the feedback signal. Alternatively, such pulse width modulation of the sectors of a fan beam can be combined with beam width modulation of the sectors. In this context beam width modulation refers to dynamically changing the cross-sections of the respective sectors of the fan beam, while the beam sweeps the object, as a function of the feedback signal. One way to do this is to change the feedback scheme such that in its open position a shutter pin need not completely uncover its sector of the fan and to precisely control the open positions of the pins so as to control the cross-section of the sectors during the on times in the sampling time intervals. In each case, the goal of the modulation scheme is to reduce variations in one or more parameters of the emerging beam received by the imager so as to improve the quality of the image formed thereby. It is desirable to establish an appropriate relationship between the dimensions of the slit collimator which defines the fan beam thickness, the speed of this collimator and the duration of a sampling time interval. Preferably, this relationship is such that the duration of a sampling time interval is an integral submultiple of the time T s that the slit collimator takes to move through the slit dimension which defines the fan beam thickness, e.g., to have 2 or 3 or 4 sampling time intervals per time T s but not a non-integral multiple such as 2.2 or 3.4 sampling time interval per T s . In addition, it is desirable to synchronize the sampling time intervals with the waveform of the line voltage which powers the x-ray tube. For example, if the line voltage is at 60 Hz the number of sampling time intervals per sweep per sector of fan beam 12 can be 15, 30, 60 or 120, and the start of a time interval can be synchronized with a cycle of the line voltage waveform in a way which reduces undesirable effects of the ripple on the waveform of the power supplied to the x-ray tube. There can be a respective feedback detector element for each shutter pin, such that a feedback channel is made up of a shutter pin, the beam sector controlled by that pin and the feedback detector element on which that sector impinges (and the feedback network to process the detector element output and drive the pin). However, alternatively, additional benefits can ensue from greater freedom in the use of the feedback detector output to control the off and on times of the beam sectors. For example, if there are shutter pins 1, 2, 3, ..., n, ..., N, where n is a positive integer, and there is a fan beam sector and a feedback detector element for each pin, the on and off time for fan beam sector n in a giving sampling time interval can be determined by only the output of detector element n, or by the output of several detector elements, for example by a selected combinations of detector elements n-M through n+M, where M is an integer. For example, the on and off times of beam sector n can be controlled as a function of the combination C of the outputs of three detector elements with appropriate weigthing, i.e., by C = [0.25(n-1) + 0.5n + 0.25(n+1)]. The feedback signal for an angular position in the emerging fan beam can be derived as a function of the exposure measured at that angular position and a sector of the fan beam can therefore be turned off as soon as enough exposure has been measured at its angular position or positions in a given sampling time interval, with some accounting for feedback lag time. In the alternative, the feedback signal from each angular position for an initial part of a sampling time interval can be used to estimate how long it would take to reach a desired exposure level at each respective angular position at the feedback detector plane. The latter technique allows output for several angular positions at the feedback detector plane to be combined effectively, without inaccuracies due to differences in the closure times of different shutter pins. In the alternative the latter technique can be used to reduce the effect of lag time, particularly in a case where the lag time of the feedback system is high, for example because of high transit times in the movement of pins between their end positions. As has previously been mentioned herein, the shutter pins can be monostable devices and a type of frequency modulation of the beam sectors can be used in place of the pulse width modulation described above. In particular, each shutter pin can be biased toward its open (or its blocking) position, and can be impulsed toward its blocking (or open) position against the bias so that it will return to its open (or blocking) position as soon as the bias force overcomes the inertia force, in much the same way as the pins of a dot matrix printer. Thus, in any one of the sampling time intervals referred to above the number of impulses imparted to a pin determines the cumulative on time (or the cumulative off time) for the respective sector of the fan beam. One of the advantages of the pulse width modulation scheme to be described in greater detail hereinafter is that it can achieve highly effective and practical exposure equalization and thereby can advantageously enhance desirable qualities of the image and suppress undesirable qualities. In conceptual terms, the overall effect of exposure equalization in this context could be viewed as a way to enhance the high spatial frequencies in the image and suppress the low spatial frequencies, or as an edge enhancement. In a simplistic way, this could be viewed as a result similar to that of blurring an image, for example by dividing the image into areas and replacing the pixel values in each area by the average of the pixel values in that area, and then producing a new image by subtracting on pixel-by-pixel basis the blurred image from the original image. In practical terms, systems embodying the invention achieve accurate control over the relevant image qualities which is flexible enough to allow different desired levels and kinds of image qualities to be enhanced or suppressed and which adequately takes into account the practical limitations of the components and systems that are used to implement the invention. For example, the feedback in a system embodying the invention can be handled in a way which removes undesirable effects of the inherent lag in feedback channels which involve mechanical motion of components such as the shutter pin. Moreover, the feedback scheme to be described hereinafter is such that it can respond rapidly enough to the inherent time variations in the output of the x-ray tube, in a way which does not detract from image fidelity. The above and further features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims and together with objects and advantages thereof will become clearer from consideration of the detailed description below taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a partly top plan and partly block diagram view of exemplary components of an x-ray machine embodying the invention. Fig. 2 is a side elevation of relevant components shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a top plan view of shutter pin mechanism forming a part of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 4 is a side elevation of the mechanism shown in Fig. 3, and Fig. 5 is an enlarged view of overlapping shutter pins. Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a part of a particular implementation of the shutter pin mechanism and Fig. 7 is a side elevation of the mechanism shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 8 is a side elevation illustrating an alternate embodiment involving both pulse width and beam width modulation. Fig. 9 is a perspective view illustrating an equalization system. Fig. 10 is a perspective view illustrating a feedback detector which is two-dimensional in the feedback detecting plane and can be used in an alternate embodiment of the invention in which the output for two or more annular positions in a fan beam can be used to control a sector of the beam and the feedback detector can be stationary or can undergo a motion which is less than the sweeping motion of the fan beam. Fig. 11 illustrates a related system not embodying the invention, in which system a pencil beam of penetrating radiation scans the object in raster fashion and is dynamically modulated. Fig. 12 is a perspective view of a portion of the Fig. 11 system. Fig. 13 is a perspective view of a modified version of the Fig. 11 system. Fig. 14 is a perspective view of a detail of Fig. 13. Figs. 15 and 16 are plots used in explaining the Figs. 11-14 systems. Fig. 17 is an elevation of a rotating spiral slit collimator and a horizontal slit collimator. Referring to Figs. 1 and 2 for a general description of an embodiment of the invention, an x-ray tube 10 generates penetrating radiation which is collimated into a fan beam 12 by a fore collimator 14 and impinges on and is swept relative to a body 16, e.g., from a top to a bottom position as seen in Fig. 2. Fan beam 12 emerges from body 16 after suffering attenuation due to its passage therethrough and impinges on an imager 18 to form an image of the swept part of body 16. The beam is swept in this example by using a sweep motion control 23 to move fore collimator 14, for example along a vertical plane (as seen in Fig. 2) or along an arc centered at the source (focal) spot in x-ray tube 10. Imager 18 can be an x-ray film cassette or any other suitable imaging system such as a scintillating screen coupled to an image intensifier or any other suitable large area detector such as photostimulable phosphor layers. While it is preferred to use a large area imager which need not move while an image is being formed, it is possible to use instead an imaging detector which extends along the width of fan beam 12 and is able to receive the emerging fan beam only when aligned therewith. Such an imaging detector can be swept relative to body 16 to follow the sweeping motion of fan beam 12. In order to achieve a desired degree and kind of image equalization, a number of sectors in impinging beam 12 are pulse width modulated by means of a shutter pin assembly 20 controlled as a function of a feedback signal which in turn is a function of the radiation detected by a feedback detector 22 at a number of angular positions in the fan beam emerging from body 16. The output of feedback detector 22, which in this example also moves under the control of sweeping motion control 23 to receive emerging beam 12 at all times, is supplied to a microprocessor 24 which in turn controls pin drivers 26 which move the shutter pins in assembly 14 between blocking and open positions. While in this example feedback detector 22 is behind the image plane, as discussed below in alternate embodiments it can be in front of the image plane, e.g., the image plane can be at position 18′ illustrated in Fig. 2. As seen in the enlarged view of Figs. 3 and 4, in this example of the invention shutter pin assembly 14 has two rows of shutter pins 28 and 30. Each pin moves up and down (in the view of Figs. 2 and 4) between a blocking position and an open position. Pin 28 is shown in its blocking position in Fig. 4 and pin 30 is shown in its open position in the same Fig. 4. When a pin 28 or 30 is in its blocking position, as is pin 28 in Fig. 4, it blocks a respective sector of fan beam 12 to prevent it from impinging on body 16. When a pin is in its open position, as is pin 30 in Fig. 4, it uncovers its respective sector of fan beam 12 to permit it to impinge on body 16. It can be said therefore that when a pin is in its blocking position, it turns off its respective sector of beam 12 and when a pin is in its open position it turns on its respective sector of beam 12. In operation, as seen in Figs. 1, 2 and 9, as beam 12 and feedback detector 22 sweep relative to body 16, the emerging beam 12 forms an image at imager 18 and the body-attenuated radiation which emerges from detector 18 is measured at feedback detector 22 for respective angular positions in fan 12. For example, feedback detector 22 can be in the form of a row of detector elements 22 1 , ...,22 n , ..., 22 N , where N is a positive integer, arranged next to each other along the width of fan beam 12. Each detector element can comprise, for example, a set of a scintillator crystal and a photodiode providing an electrical signal which varies as a function of the intensity of the radiation impinging thereon. In a simple case, there can be one detector element corresponding to each respective one of shutter pins 28 and 30. For example, there can be a total of 50 shutter pins numbered 1-50 and matching detector elements 1-50. Each pin turns on and off a corresponding one of sectors 1-50 of fan beam 12. Suppose that the time it takes fan beam 12 to sweep down (in the view of Fig. 2) along the part of body 16 which is to be imaged, is divided into 60 equal sampling time intervals. The feedback scheme in this case can be considered to involve 50 channels each defined by a unique shutter pin and a unique feedback detector element. During a sampling time interval a sector irradiates an area of about 1 cm 2 at the image plane. Consider as an example channel 25 defined by feedback detector element 22 25 and shutter pin 25 which turns on and off sector 25 in fan beam 12. In the first sampling time interval T 1 fan beam is in its top position (as viewed in Fig. 2) and at the start of that first sampling time interval pin 25 is in its open position and therefore sector 25 of fan beam 12 is turned on. Feedback detector element 22 25 measures the radiation which has travelled through body 16 along sector 25 of beam 12 and outputs a signal related to the intensity of the radiation received thereby. A feedback network 24 accumulates the output of feedback detector 22 25 and, when the accumulated signal indicates that the exposure at feedback detector 22 25 during this sampling time interval T 1 has reached a desired level, provides a control signal to pin drivers 26 to move shutter pin 25 from its open to its blocking position. Shutter pin 25 stays in its closed position for the remainder of sampling time interval T 1 . At the start of the next sampling time interval, T 2 , feedback network 24 supplies another control signal to pin drivers to move shutter pin 25 to its open position and starts accumulating the output of feedback detector 22 25 for sampling time interval T 2 . When the accumulated signal indicates that the exposure at feedback detector 22 25 again has reached the desired level, feedback network 24 sends a control signal to pin drivers 26 to move shutter pin 25 to its blocking position where it remains for the rest of sampling time interval T 2 . This cycle is followed for each of the remaining sampling time intervals for channel 25. The remaining channel 1-24 and 26-50 operate in the same manner. Shutter pin assembly 20 can use a single row of pins which extends across the width of fan beam 12, with the individual pins extending and moving along directions transverse to the plane of the fan beam. However, in the exemplary embodiment discussed here assembly 20 uses staggered pins, which can be considered as being in a row made up of pins 28 and a parallel row made up of pins 30, as seen in Figs. 3-5. The pins in a row can be uniformly spaced, either linearly or angularly (with respect to the angular extent of fan beam 12), and the two rows are offset from each other such that a pin from one row controls a sector of fan beam 12 while a pin from the other row controls the adjacent sector. As seen in Fig. 5, the shutter pins overlap in part so that each sector controlled by a shutter pin overlaps in part with at least one adjacent sector. In particular, each of the two sectors at the sides of fan beam 12 overlaps in part with one adjacent sector while every other sector overlaps in part with two adjacent sectors). For example, if shutter pins 28 and 30 are the same in size and have circular cross-sections, and the interpin spacing as viewed from the source spot in tube 10 is about 85% of the pin diameter, the projected pin thickness (i.e., the thickness through which the fan beam would pass if all pins are in their blocking positions) would vary only by about 10% across the width of fan beam 12. The pin diameters can be of the order of 500-1000 microns for use in chest radiography and of the order of 100-300 microns for mammography. Suitable other diameters can be selected for modulation when imaging bodies having significantly different transmission characteristics. The pin, or at least the portions which interrupt fan beam 12, can be of any suitable material which highly attenuates x-rays, such as tantalum or tungsten, and has suitable metallurgical and mechanical characteristics. In the case of mammography, the pins can be made of steel or a similar material. In the case of chest radiography, if 50 shutter pins in a single row are used, positioned close to the source, the row length along the width of the fan beam can be about 2.5 cm. If two rows are used, with overlap as illustrated in Figs. 3-5, the pin array length along the width of fan beam 12 can be about 2.1 cm. The transit time of a pin's motion between its blocking and open position preferably should be less than a few milliseconds and it is believed that a transit time of about 0.5 millisecond or less is the most preferred range. Fan beam 12 can be about 2-3 mm thick near the source, where the array of pins 28 and 30 is located, such that a shutter pin would have to travel along its axis only over this distance of about 2-3 mm (plus a margin of error) between its blocking and open positions. About 50-100 sampling time intervals can make up the time taken to sweep the beam across body 16. In this example, the exposure time per image is about 1 second and the dynamic range is about 40-50. Dynamic range in this context can mean the ratio between the precisely controlled maximum on time and minimum on time for a sector allowed in a particular embodiment of the system. The shutter pins can be moved between their end positions by pin drivers similar to those used in dot matrix printers. The pin drivers can be in a single row or in a double, staggered row. The pin drivers can all be on the same side of fan beam 12, as are drivers 26 in Fig. 2, or can be on opposite sides of fan beam 12, as are pin drivers 26a and 26b in Figs. 6 and 7, where pin drivers 26a drive shutter pins 28 up to their blocking positions and down to their open positions while pin drivers 26b drive shutter pins 30 down to their blocking positions and up to their open positions. In the embodiment discussed in detail above the shutter pins are bistable devices and their exact location at the end positions is relatively unimportant. However, if pulse width modulation of the type described above is combined with beam width modulation, the location of a shutter pin at its open position becomes important. This is illustrated in Fig. 8 for two exemplary shutter pins 28a and 28b. In its closed position each of shutter pins 28a and 28b completely blocks its sector of fan beam 12, as in the case of pins 28 and 30 discussed above. However, in its open position each of shutter pins 28a and 28b returns to a position in which it may block in part its sector of fan beam 12. In the illustration of Fig. 8, shutter pin 28a has returned to an open position in which it uncovers about 50% or its sector of fan beam 12 while shutter pin 28b has returned to an open position in which it uncovers about 75% of its sector of fan beam 12. In this embodiment, the degree to which each shutter pin uncovers its sector of beam 12 when brought to its open position for any one sampling time interval, is determined by a feedback signal supplied from feedback network 24 to pin drivers 24, and this feedback signal in turn is a function of the output of feedback detector 22. In this case the exact position of a shutter pin when in its blocking position is still unimportant but the exact position in the open position is important, and pin drivers 26 must be different in this respect and capable of selecting the open position. It should be clear that in this embodiment when a shutter pin is in its "open" position, it can still block a part of its sector of fan beam 12, the degree of blocking determining how thick the sector is. Thickness in this context refers to the dimension of a sector in the direction normal to the plane of fan beam 12. It should also be clear that for any one sector the open position of the shutter pin can differ as between sampling time intervals. Note that when beam width modulation is used, and in this embodiment it can be called more precisely beam thickness modulation, it is desirable to make the thickness of the beam significantly larger than the source (focal) spot in the x-ray tube. If the focal spot were an ideal point source, then this consideration would not apply. However, in practical terms the source spot can be a round area approximately 1-2 mm in diameter. For beam width (thickness) modulation, beam 12 should be thick enough at the plane in which the shutter pins move to avoid undue penumbra effects and yet thin enough to avoid excessive transit times of the pins; a thickness of about at least about 5 mm is desirable at the plane in which the shutter pins move. Feedback detector 22 can be in the form of a linear array of detector elements 22n, as illustrated in Fig. 9. In this simplified case only 6 detector elements are shown, but the same principle applies for the practical case of using of the order of 50-100 detector elements. Further, in this simplified case there is a one-to-one correspondence between feedback detector elements and shutter pins although, as discussed below for alternate embodiments, this is not a constraint. In the example of Fig. 9, there are n channels for controlling n sectors of fan beam 12, and each channel has its own feedback detector element and its own shutter pin which in this example is a bistable device controlled as discussed in connection with Figs. 1-7. Feedback detector 22 can be implemented in other ways as well. For example, feedback detector can be in a form which does not sweep the object together with fan beam 12. For this alternative, feedback detector 22 can be large enough to receive the emerging beam at all times during the sweep of beam 12 without any motion of feedback detector 22. As one example, feedback detector 22 can be a large crystal viewed by an array of photodetectors, in a structure similar to that used in nuclear cameras, or it can be large ionization chamber, for example a chamber filled with pressurized xenon with strip electrodes extending in the vertical direction (in the y-direction in Fig. 10), or it can be two-dimensional array of small detector elements, as illustrated in Fig. 10, or it can be a row of parallel long crystals, where the row extends across the width of fan beam 12 and each crystal is long enough (in the y-direction in Fig. 10) to receive the emerging beam throughout its sweep and is viewed by a photodetector attached to a vertical end. Fig. 10 illustrates a specific example of a feedback detector 22 having a rectangular array of detector elements 22 n arranged such that a sector of fan beam 12 impinges at any one time on at least two vertically adjacent detector elements 22 n . While for simplicity only and array of 7x4 detector elements is shown, in practice the array is much larger, for example 50x50 or 100x100 or 100x120 elements (100 in the x-direction and 120 in the y-direction). In operation, for each sampling time interval the outputs of several detector elements are combined to control one or several shutter pins. In one example, only the outputs of the detector elements which are in the group irradiated during the time interval by the sector controlled by a respective pin are combined with each other to control that pin. The combining can be simple averaging of the outputs or it can involve a weighting function which allows the different detector elements in the group to influence the on time of the sector to different degrees. For example, the detector element or elements irradiated by the sector at the start of the sampling time interval can be allowed to exert a greater influence over the decision when to move the pin to its blocking position than elements irradiated by the same sector only later in the same sampling interval. In another example, the outputs of additional detector elements, which are not irradiated by a sector during a given sampling time interval, can contribute to the feedback signal that controls the shutter pin for that sector for that sampling interval. These additional detector elements can be spaced from the sector of interest in the x-direction or in the y-direction or both. The contributions of these additional detector elements can be weighted by any suitable one-dimensional or two-dimensional weighting function. To ensure that these contributions are not influenced by the transition of other sectors from on to off states, they can be derived only from radiation detected by the relevant detector elements during an initial portion of the relevant sampling time interval, e.g., the initial 100 microseconds. As another example, a combination of the outputs of a number of detector elements can be used to form a feedback signal controlling the on and off times of several shutter pins. For example, the detector elements irradiated by sectors 1-3 of fan beam 12 can be averaged and used to control the shutter pins of sectors 1-3 so that these pins move as a unit, the same can be done with sectors 4-6, etc. The effect of this is to vary the effective size of the beam sectors, with corresponding effects on the low spatial frequency rejection of the system. Stated differently, the output of a detector element can be used to control the on and off times not only of the sector which irradiates it but also of other sectors of fan beam 12. Stated still differently, the output of one detector element can contribute to controlling the on and off times of more than one sector of fan beam 12. The properties of an equalized image are dictated primarily by the amount or exposure due to the respective sectors of fan beam 12 during the respective sampling time intervals. This amount of exposure in turn can be dictated by the on time of the sector during a sample interval and, if beam width modulation is used as well, by the cross-section of the beam during the sample interval. The one-dimensional transfer function S(f) of the system in the direction along the width of fan beam 12 can be approximated by the following expression in frequency space, in which f is the image spatial frequency, Wb is the beam width at the image plane, P(f, Wd) corresponds to the Fourier transform of the profile of the radiation detected for a sector at feedback detector 20, pi is the constant 3.14 and * denotes multiplication: S(f) = 1 - sinc(pi*f*Wb)*P(f,Wd) The parameter P(f*Wd) can be controlled by weighting the relative contributions of different feedback detector elements 20n. Stated differently, this can control the shape of the transmission measurement profile to tailor it so as to influence the transfer function in a desired manner. For example, if the outputs of a group of feedback detector elements are simply averaged over a square area which corresponds to a desired area of the image plane, the transfer function becomes: S(f) = 1 - sinc(pi*f*Wb)*sinc(pi*f*Wd) If the weighting is not simple averaging, then the relationship expressed generally by equation (1) becomes different. As earlier noted, in the invented system the size Wb of a sector of fan beam 12 need not be the same as the area at the feedback plane which determines the parameter Wd. For example, making Wd relatively small changes the shape of the transfer function but still maintains the same bandpass. Making Wd relatively larger can increase the bandpass and simulate the effect of making larger the cross-section of the controlled sector of fan beam 12. In the example of Fig. 10, the desired combination of detector element outputs is made in feedback network 24, which can incorporate a microprocessor programmed to carry out the necessary computations and/or a look-up table in which the desired relationships can be stored. As is known in the art, the typically analog output of a detector element is digitized, in this example by suitable A/D conversion circuits in network 24, and the digital values are processed using known types of digital processing equipment to carry out the combining of signals taught by this invention. While the shutter pins can be operated substantially independently from each other, additional benefits can be derived from permitting one channel to influence another. For example, if for a given sampling time interval T s sector n of fan beam 12 encounters very low average attenuation path while sector n+1 encounters very high attenuation due to material which partly extends into the path of sector n, if the channels operate independently it is likely that sector n+1 would overexpose the image region where it partly overlaps sector n. This can be obviated by including in feedback network 24 a circuit which allows adjacent feedback channels to influence each other, for example to ensure that the time difference between the change to blocking position of the respective shutter pins will not exceed a preset value for any two adjacent sectors of fan beam 12. Of course, this is only one example and many other interactions between and combinations of detector element outputs are of course possible. In an alternate embodiment the pulse width modulation described above can be replaced with a variant which can still be called pulse width modulation but can involve a number of interruptions of a beam sector during any given sample interval. In particular, the shutter pins in assembly 14 in the described embodiment are monostable devices which can be driven away from their stable position against a bias, for example a bias spring, and return to their stable position when the bias force overcomes the inertia due to a driving impulse, for example as the pins of a dot matrix printer. In this embodiment the feedback signal is used to control the frequency at which a pin is pulsed away from its stable position, such that a sector of the beam can be interrupted more than once per sampling interval, usually many times, but the sum of the two or more on times of a sector during a sampling time interval add up to the desired total on time for that sampling time interval. The stable position of a pin can be its open position or its blocking position. In an earlier-developed system the beam of penetrating radiation is a pencil beam rather than a fan beam, e.g., its cross-section at the image plane is a square of, e.g., 3.5 cm per side. The pencil beam is scanned relative to the object (patient or inanimate object) in raster fashion to inscribe overlapping lines (e.g., horizontal) at the image plane. A feedback system monitors the post-object primary and/or scattered radiation and on the basis thereof controls one or more of the following parameter of the pre-object beam during its raster scanning motion in order to achieve a desired goal such a exposure equalization at the image plane or signal-to-noise (SN) ratio equalization: (1) the beam velocity along a scan line at the image plane (velocity modulation); (2) the on and off times of the beam during each of a number of sampling time intervals during each scan line (pulse width modulation); (3) the cross-section of the beam (beam width modulation); (4) the intensity of the pre-object beam; and (5) the hardness of the pre-object beam. Referring to Figs. 11-16, in the pencil beam system, which is related to but does not form part of the present invention, the output of x-ray tube 32 is formed into a vertical fan by a rotating wheel collimator 36a and then into a raster scanning, pencil beam 34 by a slit collimator 36b. Beam 34 passes through object 38 and impinges on a receptor 40 (e.g., a film cassette) and then on a feedback detector 44 (Figs. 11 and 12). Collimators 36a and 36b form a fore collimator 36 which moves vertically to effect the vertical component of the raster scan of beam 34. Feedback detector 44 can be small, in which case it follows both the vertical and horizontal motion of beam 34 or can be long enough in the horizontal direction so that it only needs to scan vertically. For feedback, a microcomputer 46 uses the output of detector 44 to generate a feedback signal driving grid tank interface 48 which in turn controls grid tank 50 of tube 32 to modulate parameters of beam 34 such as its on-off state, its intensity or its hardness. In the variation of Figs. 13 and 14, where like elements bear like reference numerals, a scanning image intensifier 44a converts x-radiation to light reflected by mirror 54 onto light amplifier 58 through an objective lens 56. The splitter 60 directs a part of the amplified light to a camera 62 which serves as an imager forming the equivalent of an x-ray image of the scanned object, and a part to the exposure detection system illustrated in more detail in Fig. 14. Mirror 64 move such that at any one time a detector D1 receives light generated at image intensifier 44a by primary radiation (i.e., radiation within the path of scanning beam 34) while detector D2 looks at light from one or more selected scatter measurement areas which are outside the current footprint of beam 34 at the image plane. For SN ratio equalization, the ratio for low contrast objects can be approximated as follows, where N(o) is the x-ray photon fluence impinging on the object, T is the object transmission, A is the pixel size, n is the detector quantum efficiency and R is the ratio of scattered to primary x-ray photons at the image plane: SN = [N(o)ATn / (1+R)] 1/2 The ratio of the outputs of detectors D2 and D1 can be used, after normalization, as a measure of the parameter R, and this measure can be used for control the output of tube 32, and hence the parameter N(o), in a feedback scheme which maintains the parameter SN approximately constant and thereby achieve SN equalization at the image plane. In the alternative, no SN equalization is performed but the output of detector D2 is used to form an image approximating the distribution of scatter at the image plane, and this image is subtracted from the x-ray image on pixel-by-pixel basis to obtain a difference image which is substantially free of the nonlinear effects of scatter. For intensity and/or hardness modulation of beam 34, a scan line can be divided into a number of overlapping sample areas, each corresponding to a sampling time interval, as illustrated in Fig. 16, beam 34 can be pulsed, for a very short initial part of each sampling interval, at low x-ray energy and then at high x-ray energy, and the feedback signals from these pulses can be used to calculate one or both of: (1) the duration of the on time of the beam for the remainder of the same time interval which would give adequate exposure at the image plane; and (2) the KV (hardness) for the remainder of the on time of the beam during that sampling interval in accordance with the curves illustrated in Fig. 16. The dual energy information derived from these short pulses (e.g., about 25 microseconds each) can be used to estimate the hardness and/or pre-object photon flux needed for a desired level of exposure. Exposure equalization by beam pulse modulation can be carried out by switching beam 34 on during each sampling time interval for only that portion of the interval which gives a desired level of exposure at the image plane, as determined by the feedback system, where the switching can be by means of a tetrode switching arrangement fitted to the HV generator which powers x-ray tube 32. Such a switch can control one or both of the on time and the KV of beam 34 during each sampling time interval, for example at KV in the range from about 50 to about 140KV, and at frequencies of the order of thousands of Hz. In order to effect beam velocity modulation, the rotational speed of wheel collimator can be controlled in accordance with the feedback signal. If it is desirable that the footprint of beam 34 at the image plane travel at constant linear velocity along a scan line when the angular speed of wheel collimator 36a is constant, a wheel collimator with a spiral rather than a radial slit can be used, as illustrated in Fig. 17, where a rotating collimator slit 36a′ is superposed on fore slit collimator 36b. Beam width modulation can be effected by dynamically varying the width of a slit such as 36b in accordance with the feedback signal. Having thus described the present invention by reference to preferred embodiments and related systems it is to be well understood that the embodiments in question are exemplary only and that modifications and variations such as will occur to those possessed of appropriate knowledge and skills may be made without departure from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Claims: A radiographic system in which in use a beam (12) of penetrating radiation from a source (10) sweeps an object (16), emerges from the object and impinges on an imager (18) to form a radiographic image of the swept object, the radiographic system comprising a feedback system (22, 24) for detecting the beam emerging from the object to derive a feedback signal related to a parameter of the emerging beam, and a shutter mechanism (20) comprising a plurality of radiation attenuating pins (28, 30) selectively operable to pulse width modulate the beam as a function of the feedback signal to reduce at least one of the spatial and temporal variations in at least one selected parameter of the emerging beam received by the imager, each of the radiation attenuating pins controlling a respective sector of the beam by being movable between a blocking position which substantially blocks the beam in the respective sector and an open position which substantially permits the beam to reach the imager in the respective sector, characterised in that each of the radiation attenuating pins (28) also partially overlaps at least one adjacent pin (30) in the direction of beam penetration to control partially at least one adjacent sector of the beam: (a) by partly blocking the beam (12) in the at least one adjacent sector when the radiation attenuating pin is in the blocking position; and (b) by permitting the blocked part of the beam in the at least one adjacent sector to reach the imager (18) when the radiation attenuating pin is in the open position, such that radiation attenuation across the width of the beam is substantially uniform. A system as in claim 1 in which partial overlap of the radiation attenuating pins (28, 30) is selected such that the pin thickness through which the beam will pass in all sectors when all the radiation attenuating pins are in their respective blocking positions is substantially the same. A radiographic system as claimed in claim 1 or 2, in which the radiation attenuating pins (28, 30) are staggered such that an edge portion of each pin (28) overlaps a portion of at least one adjacent pin (30). A radiographic system as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, in which each radiation attenuating pin (28, 30) has a circular cross-section. A system as in claim 4, in which the radiation attenuating pins (28, 30) are arranged to move axially between their blocking and open positions. A system as in claim 1, in which the time of the sweep of the beam (12) is made of a number of sampling time intervals T s and the shutter mechanism causes each sector of the beam to be on for only a selected portion. of each sampling time interval T s , which selected portion can comprise two or more time-separated subportions, and the source (10) of the beam comprises a fore collimator (14) which as a slit aperture which defines the beam and sweeps the object (16) therewith, the slit aperture having a selected dimension in the thickness direction of the beam and the fore collimator taking time T c to move through the selected dimension in the course of the sweep, and wherein T c = MT s , where M is a positive integer. A system as in any preceding claim, in which the radiation attenuating pins (28, 30) are between the source (10) of the beam (12) and the object (16). A system as in any preceding claim, in which each radiation attenuating pin (28, 30) is a bistable device. A system as in any preceding claim, in which each radiation attenuating pin (28, 30) is a monostable device. A system as in any preceding claim, in which the feedback system comprises a number of detector elements (22n) each of which receives a respective portion of the emerging beam and generates an output related to the radiation received thereby. A system as in claim 10, in which the feedback system comprises a feedback circuit (24) which uses the output of a detector element (22n) to control the on and off times of a sector of the beam which corresponds positionally to the detector element. A system as in claim 11, in which the output of a detector element (22n) contributes to the control of the on and off times of more than one sector of the beam in each of the sampling time intervals (T s ). A system as in claim 11, in which the output of a detector element (22n) contributes to the control of the on and off times of only one sector of the beam in any one sampling time interval. A system as in any preceding claim, in which the penetrating radiation comprises x-rays. A system as in claim 14, in which the object (16) is a patient. A system as in any preceding claim, in which the imager comprises a digital receptor (18). A system as in any preceding claim, in which the feedback system comprises a feedback detector (22) which sweeps the object (16) together with the beam. A system as in claim 1, in which the feedback system comprises a feedback detector which is swept with the beam as the beam sweeps the object. A method of forming a radiographic image of an object, the method comprising: using a beam (12) of penetrating radiation from a source (10) to sweep an object (16) so that the beam emerges from the object and impinges on an imager (18) to form a radiographic image of the swept object; detecting by way of a feedback system (22, 24) the beam emerging from the object to derive a feedback signal related to a parameter of the emerging beam; and employing a shutter mechanism (20) comprising a plurality of radiation attenuating pins (28, 30) each controlling a respective sector of the beam by being movable between a blocking position which substantially blocks the beam in the respective sector and an open position which substantially permits the beam to reach the imager in the respective sector, the mechanism being employed by selectively operating the attenuating pins to pulse width modulate the beam as a function of the feedback signal so as to reduce at least one of the spatial and temporal variations in at least one selected parameter of the emerging beam received by the imager, characterised by using each of the radiation attenuating pins (28, 30) who partially overlaps at least one adjacent pin in the direction of beam penetration to control partially at least one adjacent sector of the beam: (a) by partly blocking the beam (12) in the at least one adjacent sector when the radiation attenuating pin is in the blocking position; and (b) by permitting the blocked part of the beam in the at least one adjacent sector to reach the imager (18) when the radiation attenuating pin is in the open position, such that radiation attenuation across the width of the beam is substantially uniform.

Inventors: PLEWES DONALD B, PLEWES, DONALD B
Applicants: OPTISCHE IND DE OUDE DELFT NV, B.V. OPTISCHE INDUSTRIE "DE OUDE DELFT"
Application year: 1988
Main classification: G21K1
IPC codes: A61B6, H04N7, G21K1, H05G1, H04N5, G06T1, G03B42