Holographic deflection device

Abstract: A holographic deflection device having a tunable laser (13), and at least one hologram (11) for deflecting light incident thereupon from the tunable laser, so that the deflection of the light can be controlled by a change of the wavelengh of the beam from the tunable laser.

Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an optical deflection device. More precisely, it relates to a holographic deflection device by which the deflection angle can be controlled only by controlling the wavelength of the light beam source and it is not necessary to move a lens. 2. Description of the Related Art In conventional optical deflection devices, the deflection angle is usually controlled by a mechanical displacement of a rotating polygonal mirror or an oscillating mirror by a motor. It is also known to use a hologram scanner in which a hologram is mechanically moved. In these types of known optical deflection devices having mechanically movable portions, the devices are relatively large, lubrication of the movable portions is necessary, and unavoidable wear of the movable portions occurs. Also, the precision of the control of deflection angle depends on the limited mechanical precision of the mechanical movable portions. The scanning speed is limited by the mechanical movement. Also known is an optical deflector which incorporates a solid element, such as an acoustooptic element, but this optical deflector can realize only a small deflection angle and thus has only a limited use. In view of the above, and contrary to the usual practice of the prior art in which it is considered that the deflection angle can be controlled only by a mechanical displacement of a lens or a mirror, the inventors of the present invention decided to investigate a non-mechanical control of the deflection angle. IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin. Vol. 29, No. 8 (1987) discloses on pages 3673-74 a scanner comprising two identical, antiparallel arranged holograms. Scanning is hereby achieved by a lateral shift of the laser beam - the final deflection angle is kept constant. Namely, the primary object of the present invention is to provide an optical deflection device by which the deflection angle can be optically controlled without moving the lens or mirror. For an example of a prior art holographic scanner corresponding to the preamble of claim 1, see IBM TDB vol. 29, No 8, January 1987, page 3673, article entitled "Straight-line, two-dimensional holographic scanner". SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention achieves the object mentioned above with the holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing a principle of an optical system according to the present invention; Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing a modified optical system according to the present invention; Fig. 3 is a schematic view showing another optical system according to the present invention; Fig. 4 is a schematic view showing still another optical system according to the present invention; Fig. 5 is a schematic perspective view of a holographic deflecting device according to the present invention; Fig. 6 is a schematic view showing an optical principle of the holographic deflecting device shown in Fig. 5; Fig. 7 is a schematic plan view showing the deflection of light rays in a holographic deflecting device shown in Fig. 6; Fig. 8 is a schematic plan view of a hologram module by which a holographic deflecting device according to the present invention is realized; Fig. 9 is a schematic perspective view of one rectangular prism shown in Fig. 8; Fig. 10 is a schematic plan view of a modified hologram module according to the present invention; Fig. 11 is a schematic perspective view of a hologram module showing how light is incident thereupon; Fig. 12 is a schematic plan view of a holographic deflecting device according to the present invention, which is applied to a laser printer; Fig. 13 shows a modification of Fig. 12; Fig. 14 is a diagram showing a wavelength sweep necessary to realize a constant speed scanning; Fig. 15 is a schematic view of a hologram module according to the present invention, in which a hologram is located between two reflecting surfaces; Fig. 16 is a schematic view of light tracks viewed from a second reflecting surface of the hologram module shown in Fig. 15; Fig. 17 is a schematic view of light tracks viewed from a first reflecting surface of the hologram module shown in Fig. 15; Fig. 18 is a diagram showing light tracks, obtained by calculations, in a hologram module shown in Fig. 15; Fig. 19 is a diagram showing a relationship between a variation of angle and the number of diffraction by a hologram according to the present invention; Fig. 20 is a diagram showing a relationship between a variation of angle and a variation of wavelength; Fig. 21 is a schematic perspective view of a hologram module in which a plurality of beams are incident thereupon; Fig. 22 shows a modification of Fig. 21; Fig. 23 is a schematic perspective view of another hologram module according to the present invention; Fig. 24 is a schematic perspective view of still another hologram module according to the present invention; Figs. 25A and 25B are a schematic plan view and a front elevational view, respectively, of another hologram module; Fig. 26 is a schematic plan view of a hologram module different from that of Figs. 25A and 25B; Fig. 27 is a schematic plan view of another hologram module different from that of Figs. 25A and 25B; and, Fig. 28 is a schematic view showing one example of how to copy a master hologram. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In Fig. 1, which shows a basic principle of the deflection device according to the present invention, the device essentially comprises a hologram lens 11 having a focal length depending on the wavelength of the beam transmitted therethrough, and a tunable laser 13. The hologram lens 11, as is well known, converges light by a diffraction effect and this function is largely dependent upon the wavelength of the beam. The hologram lens 11 is inclined from the optical axis X of the tunable laser 13 at a predetermined angle , so that when the wavelength of the laser beam incident upon the hologram lens 11 varies, the deflection angle of the hologram lens 11 also varies, as shown by an imaginary line. Consequently, the focal point on an image plane M is scanned in the directions shown by arrows in Fig. 1. The present invention utilizes this characteristic of the hologram lens to realize a laser scanner which can scan the laser beam only by controlling the wavelength of the laser beam and without a mechanical displacement of the hologram lens 11. Note that, when the present invention is applied to a deflection device unable to carry out beam scanning, the hologram lens 11 can be replaced by a common plane hologram having plane relief type gratings and not able to converge light. It should be noted that the focal length of the hologram changes slightly, in addition to the change of the deflection angle, when the wavelength of the laser beam is changed, as is well known, and accordingly, this should be taken into consideration when the position of the image plane M is determined. Supposing that the spatial frequency (1/pitch of the gratings) of a diffraction hologram is f and the wavelength is λ, then the following equation stands, as is well known: sin 2 + sin 1 = f·λ wherein, ₁ = incident angle, ₂ = exit (deflection) angle. Accordingly, for example, if f = 1813/mm, ₁ = ₂ = 45°, λ = 780 nm, the change Δλ of λ by Δλ = 2 nm, and Δλ = 20 nm causes 0.29° and 3.00° changes in the deflection angle, respectively. In this case, when the distance between the hologram and the image plane M is 1000 mm, the scanning width is 5.1 - 52.0 mm. The deflection angle can be determined by the angle  by which the hologram lens 11 is inclined from the optical axis of the laser beam source 13, and in practice, it may not be possible to obtain a desired deflection angle by a single hologram lens. Therefore, it is possible to provide a plane hologram (not hologram lens) 15, in an angled (angular spiral) arrangement, as shown in Fig. 2, so that the deflection angle can be integrated when light is transmitted through the plane hologram 15. In the illustrated embodiment, the plane hologram 15 is inclined at approximately 45° with respect to the beam incident thereupon, so that when a laser beam having a predetermined wavelength is passed through the plane hologram 15, the laser beam is deflected by approximately 90°. It should be noted that the angular displacement of the laser beam can be optionally determined in accordance with the position of the image plane M and the number of plane holograms 15. The arrangement shown in Fig. 2 is directed to a realization of a hologram scanner similar to Fig. 1. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 2, the first and final holograms are formed as hologram lenses 11 to converge the light at a point (focal point) on the image plane M. However, if a convergence of the light is not necessary, the final hologram lens 11 can be replaced with a plane hologram 15. It will be also easily understood that the final hologram lens 11 can be replaced with a common optical lens, such as a glass lens, if the lens is needed only to converge the light, i.e., only to focus the beam without controlling the deflection angle in accordance with a change of the wavelength of the beam. Generally speaking, the scanning range (width) for a hologram scanner increases in proportion to the increase of the number of plane holograms 15 and hologram lenses 11. Theoretically, the deflection angle and the scanning width are increased N times when the number of hologram stages is N. Although there are various known tunable lasers 13 which can be used in the present invention, a tunable semiconductor laser is preferably used in the illustrated embodiment. Figure 3 shows another embodiment of the present invention, in which the deflection device is applied to a device for reading optical information, such as a bar-code reader (pen reader). In Fig. 3, the light emitted from the tunable semiconductor laser 13 is collimated by a collimating lens 19 into parallel light and then reflected at 90° to the right in Fig. 3 by a half mirror 21 which is inclined at an angle of 45° from the optical axis of the half mirror 21. The reflected light is then deflected by the plane hologram 15 which is inclined at an angle of 45° with respect to the reflected light, and then converged onto an information medium (e.g. bar-code) S by the hologram lens 11. The light reflected by the information medium S is deflected again by the hologram lens 11 and the plane hologram 15, is transmitted through the half mirror 21, and is focussed on a optical detector 25 by a collecting lens 23. In this arrangement, when the wavelength of the laser beam is changed by the tunable laser 13, the light emitted from the hologram lens 11 is scanned to read the bar-code on the medium S, as mentioned above. In this embodiment, the change of the wavelength enables the beam to be non-mechanically scanned, and the combination of this deflection device of the present invention with an optical detector enables a bar-code reader to be easily realized. Figure 4 shows an embodiment in which the deflection device of the present invention is applied to a tracking servo-system for an optical head of an optical disc apparatus. The basic construction of the arrangement shown in Fig. 4 is similar to that shown in Fig. 3 and, accordingly, the elements shown in Fig. 4 corresponding to those in Fig. 3 are denoted by the same numerals. Note that the collecting lens 24 are adapted to scan the light on the optical disc 30, and the information on the optical disc 30 is detected by the optical detector 25. In Fig. 4, two plane holograms 15 are arranged. It should be noted that an achromatic lens can be located behind the plane hologram or hologram lens(es) to correct any chromatic aberration occurring due to the associated hologram or hologram lens. Figures 5 to 7 show an embodiment of a compact hologram module or hologram unit forming a deflection device according to the present invention, in which a desired number of holograms are integrally incorporated in a transparent polygonal body in the following special arrangement. As shown in Fig. 5, four plane diffraction holograms 15A - 15D are located in a parallelepiped glass body 32 in a diagonal arrangement. When the laser beam emitted from the tunable laser 13 is incident at a slant from above upon the glass body 32 at a predetermined angle, the light is successively diffracted downward by the holograms 15A to 15D substantially along an angle spiral path (having one and a half turns in the illustrated embodiment) and finally emitted outward from the final hologram (hologram 15B in the illustrated embodiment). In this arrangement, when the wavelength of the laser beam is varied by the tunable laser 13, the light emitted from the hologram module can be scanned from point 101 to point 103 in the direction A shown in Fig. 5. This will be described below in more detail with reference to Figs. 6 and 7. In Fig. 6, which shows only the plane holograms 15A - 15D perpendicular to each other, one of the holograms, i.e., the first hologram upon which the light is incident from the tunable laser 13, i.e., the hologram 15A, has a non-hologram portion 31 in which a hologram is not formed: This will be referred to as a beam incident portion. Similarly, the hologram from which the deflected light is emitted, e.g., the hologram 15C, has a non-hologram portion 33 in which a hologram is not formed: This will be referred to as a beam emitting portion. Preferably, the beam incident portion 31 is formed in an upper edge portion of the hologram 15A and the beam emitting portion 33 is formed in a lower edge portion of the hologram 15C. The light incident upon the beam incident portion 31 (non-hologram portion) of the hologram 15A at a slant from above and toward the second hologram 15B through the beam incident portion 31 are first diffracted by the second hologram 15B toward the third hologram 15C at a diffraction angle ₁. The light is then diffracted by the third hologram 15C toward the fourth hologram 15D at a diffraction angle ₂. This diffraction is repeated. The light is sent downward substantially along the angled spiral path every time the diffraction occurs. In the illustrated embodiment, the light is emitted outward from the emitting portion 33 (non-hologram portion) of the third hologram 15C after the light has passed through about one and a half turns of the angled spiral. The change of the wavelength of the laser beam incident upon the incident portion 31 of the first hologram 15A causes the change in the deflection angle of the plane holograms, to enable a scan of the emitted rays between points 101 and 103. Alternatively, instead of the beam being incident upon the incident portion at a slant from above, it is also possible to incline the diffraction grating of at least one hologram, e.g., the hologram 15A, at a predetermined inclination angle Δ, from the axis of symmetry (center axis of the four holograms), as shown in Fig. 6. The inclined gratings cause the light perpendicularly incident upon the side face of the parallelepiped glass body 32 to be diffracted downward. The above alternative, in which the hologram has an inclined diffraction grating, can be applied to any hologram, but preferably is applied to the hologram which first diffracts the incident beam, i.e., the hologram 15B, in the illustrated embodiment. Note that, in Fig. 6, although the hologram 15A is shown with inclined diffraction gratings, this is only for clarification, since the inclination of the diffraction gratings can be seen clearest in the hologram 15A rather than the hologram 15B. Figures 8 and 9 show a concrete example of the construction of the hologram module shown in Figs. 5 to 7. In Fig. 8, the hologram module has four rectangular prisms 50 having a height of 20 mm and a side length of 10 mm, and having a right-angle triangular cross section. Two of the prisms 50 have hologram material applied to the adjacent side faces defining a right angle. The hologram material can be, for example, PVCz (polyvinyl carbazole), but is not limited thereto. The hologram material is subject to a holographic exposure to form a diffraction grating 53 f = 2738/mm. The holographic exposure is carried out, for example, by the interference (interference having an equal angle of 26.4°) of two beams from an He-Cd laser (λ = 325 nm) or by the interference (interference having an equal angle of 37.2°) of an He-Cd laser having λ = 441.6 nm. One of the two rectangular prisms having the diffraction grating (holograms) 53 has non-hologram portions having a width of 5 mm in the height direction on an upper edge portion of one side face and on a lower edge portion of the other side face, to provide the incident portion 31 and the emitting portion 33 (Fig. 9). The two rectangular prisms having holograms formed thereon and opposed to each other, and the remaining two rectangular prisms 50 having no hologram formed thereon and opposed to each other, are bonded together by an adhesive to form a parallelepiped hologram module (assembly) in which the latter two prisms 50 having no hologram are located between the first two prisms 50 having holograms, so that the assembly has a hologram (grating) 53 located in a diagonal arrangement in the parallelepiped transparent body. Figure 10 shows a modified embodiment of Fig. 8. In Fig. 10, each of the rectangular prisms 50 has one hologram (grating) 53 on one of the side faces defining a right angle. Namely, in the modification shown in Fig. 10, four identical rectangular prisms 50 having the holograms 53 are bonded together, similar to Fig. 8, to realize a hologram module equivalent to the hologram shown in Fig. 8. Laser beams 4 mmø in diameter are incident upon the hologram module shown in Fig. 8. The laser beam source is, for example, a tunable semiconductor laser by which the wavelength of 780 nm can be varied within the range of ±5 nm. When the collimated light is incident upon the incident portion (non-hologram portion) 31 of the rectangular prism 50 at an incident angle of, for example, 22.8° with respect to an axis X normal to the side face of the associated prism 50, the incident light is refracted by the glass surface (refractive index = 1.51) of the prism 50, so that the refracted light is orientated in the direction of 14.9° in the glass. The light in the glass is diffracted by the first hologram 53. Generally speaking, the diffraction angle  m of of the light by the m'th (m-order) hologram is given by the following equation: sin m = f(λ/n) - cos m-1 1 wherein n is a refractive index. When the diffraction angle is varied by Δ m ' due to the change Δλ of the wavelength, and if it is supposed that  m = π/4 + Δ m ', the equation 1 ○ can be approximately represented by the following equation: Δ m ' = Δ m-1 ' + 2· Δλ λ 2 wherein f(λ/n) = √2 From this, the change of the diffraction angle by a diffraction of N times can be represented by: Δ m ' = 2NΔλ/λ 3 Finally, the exit angle  of the light emitted from the emitting portion 33 of the hologram module is given by the following equation, in accordance with Snell's law:  = sin -1 (nsinΔ m ') 4 For example, when the light is diffracted eight times, the following equation is obtained from equations 3 ○ and 4 ○ : Δ 8 ' ≒ 5.9°  ≒ 8.9° wherein Δλ = 5 nm, λ = 780 nm. Figure 12 shows the application of the device of the invention to a known laser printer. In this application, the beam emitted from the tunable semiconductor laser 13 is scanned along a straight line (scanning line) on a photosensitive recording drum 57 of the laser printer by the hologram module 40 of the present invention, as mentioned above, through a known f lens 55 for focussing the scanning beam, which otherwise would be scanned in an arc as shown at 110 in Fig. 12, onto a plane. The subject of the present invention is not directed to the laser printer itself, and accordingly, a detailed explanation of the construction of the laser printer will not be given herein. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 12, to obtain the diffraction angle of  = 60°, the following equation is obtained from equations 3 ○ and 4 ○ : Δ m ' ≒ 19.3° = 0.34 rad Therefore, 2NΔλ/λ = 0.34. If it is supposed that λ = 780 nm, then Δλ = 16 nm when N = 8, Δλ = 11 nm when N = 12, and Δλ = 8.2 nm when N = 16. It is confirmed that, although an increase of N leads to a decreased efficiency (η) in the use of the light, η is more than 66% when N = 8, since each of the holograms has a high efficiency of light usage of more than 95%. Figure 13 shows another embodiment, in which the laser beam light emitted from the tunable semiconductor laser is collimated by a collimating lens 59, so that parallel beams of light are incident upon the hologram module 40. The f lens is not provided in this embodiment. In this embodiment, the beam is actually scanned in an arc, as mentioned before. It is also possible to provide an additional hologram in order to correct the focussing points along the arc, to scan the beam in a straight line. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 13, the last hologram of the hologram module corrects the beam. In Fig. 12, it is also possible to provide a difference in the variation of the wavelength per unit time, as shown in Fig. 14, i.e., to carry out a timed control of the sweep of the wavelength and thus realize scanning at the same speed. The invention can be also applied to a bar-code reader or an optical head, etc. Figures 15 to 17 show another embodiment of the present invention, in which a combination of a transmission hologram and reflecting mirrors is used to realize a hologram module of the invention. In Fig. 15, the module essentially has two reflecting surfaces 71, 72 and a transmission hologram 150 located between the reflecting surfaces 71, 72. In the illustrated embodiment, the reflecting surfaces 71 and 72 are embodied by reflecting mirrors formed on adjacent side faces of a rectangular optical glass 74, so that the light entering the hologram module is reflected by the reflecting surfaces. Also, in the illustrated embodiment, the reflecting surface 71 has partial non-reflecting portions 71a and 71b, through which the light is transmitted, so that the incident light can pass through the non-reflecting portion 71a into the hologram module and the outgoing light can be emitted therefrom through the non-reflecting portion 71b, which is located lower than the non-reflecting portion 71a, as shown in Fig. 15. The reflecting surfaces 71 and 72 intersect each other at a predetermined angle P (e.g. 90°), at an intersecting axis (z-axis). Preferably, the plate-like hologram 150 is extended so that it intersects the z-axis. Also preferably, the hologram 150 has plane gratings with grating grooves parallel to the z-axis. The parallel arrangement of the grating grooves to the z-axis is not always necessary. The optical glass 74, which is an optical media, is formed, for example, by BK7. In theory, the optical medium can be air. In this case, the reflecting surfaces 71 and 72 can be formed on respective plate-like reflecting mirrors which intersect each other at a predetermined angle P. The laser beam (wavelength λ) is incident upon the hologram module through the non-reflecting portion 71a of the reflecting surface 71 from the tunable laser 13, preferably at an incident angle of α with respect to the surface plane thereof, as shown in Fig. 17. The incident light is preferably parallel but can be convergent. The incident light enters the optical medium (optical glass 74) through the non-reflecting portion 71a without being reflected. The light reaches the hologram 150 and is diffracted thereby toward the reflecting surface 72. The light is then reflected again by the reflecting surface 72 toward the hologram 150, so that the light is diffracted by the hologram 150 toward the reflecting surface 71. The reflection by the reflecting surfaces 71 and 72 and the diffraction by the hologram 150 are repeated, and finally, the light is emitted from the hologram module through the non-reflecting portion 71b. In Figs. 15 to 17, the solid line shows one example of the beam track and the points represented by 1, 2, 3 and 4 are points on the hologram 150 at which the light is diffracted. The points at which the light is diffracted by the hologram 150 are successively moved downward in the order of 1, 2, 3 and 4, as shown in Fig. 17. The imaginary line in Figs. 15 to 17 shows one example of a beam track when the wavelength of the laser beam is changed from λ to λ′ = λ + Δλ. When the wavelength is increased by Δλ, the diffraction angle is increased accordingly, and thus the diffraction angle is successively increased every time the light is diffracted by the hologram. The points represented by 1′, 2′, 3′ and 4′ are points on the hologram 150 at which the light having a wavelength of λ′ is diffracted. The light is finally emitted through the non-reflecting portion 71b from the hologram module. It should be recalled that the angle and the position of the light emitted from the hologram module through the non-reflecting portion 71b vary in accordance with the change of the wavelength of the beam, as mentioned above, so that the light can be scanned by a control of the wavelength of the incident beam. The following is an example of the design of the hologram module shown in Figs. 15 to 17. The optical glass 74, which is made of BK7 (refractive index n = 1.51), has a square section 20 mm × 20 mm and a plane grating 150 which is inclined at 45° with respect to the reflecting surfaces 71 and 72 formed on the two adjacent side faces of the optical glass 74. The hologram 150 is embedded in the glass body (optical glass). The plane grating of the hologram is formed by the holographic interference of two fluxes of the beam from an Ar laser (λ = 488 nm) at the same incident angle of ±41.9°. The hologram is preferably a phase hologram and the material of the hologram can be polyvinyl carbazol or gelatin dichromate, etc. The reflecting surface 71 has non-reflecting portions corresponding to the incident portion 71a and outgoing portion 71b in the direction perpendicular to the z-axis. The reflectivity of the reflecting surfaces is more than 99%, which is realized by forming multilayers of film on the reflecting surfaces. The collimated light (beam diameter: about 0.8 mm) from the tunable laser 13 is incident upon the side face of the glass body through the non-reflecting portion (incident portion) 71a at an incident angle of about 2° (α = 2°) substantially in parallel with the reflecting surface 72. The angle of the light entering the glass body is changed from α to α′, which can be obtained from the following Snell's law: α′ = sin -1 (nsinα) ≒ 1.32° wherein n = refractive index of the glass body = 1.51 (i) First, the wavelength of the laser beams is set at λ (= 780 nm). The incident light is incident upon point 1 of the hologram 150, at an incident angle of  i (1) (= 45°), when projected in a plan view (Fig. 15). The outgoing angle  o (1) of the light diffracted by the hologram 150 at the point 1 is given by the following equation: sin o (1) = fλ/n - sin i (1) = 45° Then, the light is reflected by the reflecting surface 72 and reaches point 2 of the hologram 150, where the light is similarly diffracted by the hologram 150. The foregoing operations are repeated, so that the light is successively moved downward. If the diffraction by the hologram takes place twice, the light is moved downward by 40 nm × tanα′ = 0.92 mm, and if the diffraction takes place ten times, the downward displacement of the light is about 4.61 mm. Accordingly, in the latter case, if the non-reflecting portion 71b is provided in an area which extends downward from a point below the incident portion 71a by about 4.61 mm, the light can be emitted from the hologram module through the non-reflecting portion 71b. (ii) Subsequently, the wavelength of the laser beam is changed to λ′ (= 785 nm). Also, in this case, the light is incident upon point 1 of the hologram 150 at an incident angle of 45°. The diffraction angle (sin' o (1) ) at point 1 of the hologram 150 is as follows: sin' o (1) = fλ'/n - sin i (1) From λ' = λ + Δλ is obtained: ' o (1) ≒ 45.74° Accordingly, the light is incident upon and reflected by the reflecting surface 72 at an angle of about 0.74°. The reflected light is incident upon point 2' at an incident angle of  i (2) = 45° - 0.74° = 44.26°. Generally speaking, in the hologram module of the present invention, the light incident upon the hologram at an incident angle of  O is incident again upon the hologram at an incident angle of sin⁻¹ (cos o ) after reflection by the associated reflecting surface. In the repetition of the diffraction by the hologram, the change in the angle of the hologram causes a reduction of the incident angle of the subsequent incidence of the light upon the hologram, and accordingly, an increase of the diffraction angle. This results in a synergetic effect of a change of the angle by the hologram and the reduction of the incident angle, resulting in a large change in angle. Figure 18 shows one example of a beam track, which can be mathematically obtained, in the present invention. The light is subject to repeated diffraction and reflection to cause the change in the outgoing angle and the position thereof. Note that the numbers of the diffraction points (1',2', ... 11') and the reflection points (1,2, ... 10) in Fig. 18 do not correspond to those in Figs. 16 and 17. Figure 19 shows a relationship between the number of diffractions by the hologram and the change in angle when the wavelength varies by +5 nm and -5 nm, respectively. The change in angle referred to means a difference in angle occurring when the wavelength changes and when the wavelength does not change. Two change curves are shown in Fig. 19, one for in the air and the other for in the glass. For, example, when the diffraction takes place ten times, the change of +5 nm in the wavelength causes a change of 22.7° in angle in the air, and the change of -5 nm in wavelength causes a change of -7.98° in angle. If eleven diffractions occur, the light is then emitted from the hologram module through a non-reflecting portion which is provided on the reflecting surface 72, similar to the non-reflecting portion 71b of the reflecting surface 71, and the change in angle (Δ) is 34.0°. Figure 20 shows a relationship between the change in angle (Δ) and the change of wavelength (Δλ) in the case of eleven diffractions (number N of the diffraction is 11). Note that the change of -5 nm in wavelength causes a -8.3° change in angle. Therefore, a ±5 nm change in wavelength can produce an about 42° change in angle. This change in angle is sufficient for the application of the hologram module of the present invention, for example, to a laser printer. The efficiency η of light usage is given by the following equation, provided that the efficiency of the hologram is 95% and the reflectivity of the reflecting surfaces is 99%. η = 0.99 10 x 0.95 11 = 0.51 When the present invention is applied to a laser printer, a beam focussing function and a constant speed scanning function are required. The beam focussing can be achieved by a known additional optical system, such as an optical head in an optical disc apparatus which has a beam converging function and which can be provided at a portion of the hologram module from which the light is emitted, e.g., at the non-reflecting portion 71b. The constant speed beam scanning can be achieved by control of the electric current of the tunable laser which controls the change of the wavelength in relation to time, as mentioned above with reference to Fig. 14. Figures 21 and 22 show another application of the present invention, in which more than two tunable lasers (three tunable lasers 13a, 13b, and 13c are shown in the illustrated embodiment) are provided to realize a multi-beam scanner. Namely, the beams are emitted from three separate tunable lasers and are reflected by respective additional mirrors M toward the non-reflecting portion (incident portion) 71a of the reflecting surface 71. The incident angles of the three beams can be either identical to or different from each other. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 21, the outgoing portion, i.e. the exit non-reflecting portion 72b, is formed on the reflecting surface 72 rather than on the reflecting surface 71. In Fig. 22, the three beams are incident upon the incident portion 71a at an incident angle α′ with respect to a line normal to the incident surface, along an oblique line, unlike Fig. 21 in which the three beams are incident upon a vertical line. The beam deflection is non-mechanically effected. In theory, it is possible to scan the beam at a high speed up to a limit of the response to the wavelength of the laser, which is at least one thousand times the scanning speed (about 300 m/sec at the most) of the mechanical scanning of the existing polygon mirror. Figures 23 and 24 show modified embodiments of Figs. 21 and 22. In Fig. 23, the reflecting surface 72 is inclined by Δø with respect to a vertical plane, which is perpendicular to a vertical plane including the reflecting surface 71. With this arrangement, it is possible to make the light incident upon the incident portion (non-reflecting portion) 71a normal thereto (i.e. α or α′ = 0°), since the light incident upon the incident portion 71a is diffracted by the hologram 150 toward the reflecting surface 72 which reflects the diffracted light downward at an angle determined by the inclination angle Δø of the reflecting surface 72, so that the light is finally emitted from the hologram module through the non-reflecting portion 72 formed on the side face thereof, similar to the arrangement shown in Figs. 21 and 22. In Fig. 24, the diffraction grating of the hologram 150 is inclined at an angle Δø with respect to the vertical, instead of the inclination of the reflecting surface 72 as shown in Fig. 23. The arrangement shown in Fig. 24 is functionally equivalent to the arrangement shown in Fig. 23. Namely, even if the light is incident upon the incident portion 71a perpendicularly thereto, the light can be emitted from the hologram module through the lower non-reflecting portion 71b formed on the side face including the reflecting surface 71 or 72. With the arrangements illustrated in Figs. 23 and 24, since the light can be incident upon the incident portion 71a perpendicularly thereto, an easier optical arrangement of the incident light can be expected. In Figs. 21 to 24, numerals 101 and 103 designate incident light and outgoing light, respectively. Figures 25A, 25B, 26, and 27 show three modified embodiments in which the most significant feature resides in the use of a reflection hologram instead of the transmission hologram in the above-mentioned embodiments. In Figs. 25A and 25B, a hologram module has a glass body 63 with a triangular section which is provided, on adjacent side faces defining an angle P which is less than 90° in the illustrated embodiment, with a reflecting surface 71 and a reflection hologram 65. Alternatively, it is also possible to provide separate plates having the reflecting surface 71 and the reflection hologram 65, respectively, so that the plates intersect each other at an angle P, without the glass body 63. In this alternative, the optical medium is air, not glass. The side face of the hologram module including the reflecting surface 71 has a partial non-reflecting portion 71a (Figs. 21, 23, 24, etc.) upon which the light 101 is incident. Similarly, the side face including the reflection hologram 65 has a partial non-hologram portion 65b through which the light 103 or 103′ is finally emitted, as shown in Fig. 25B. The light 101 incident upon the non-reflecting portion (incident portion) from the tunable laser 13 is diffracted by the reflection hologram 65 toward the reflecting surface 71, by which the diffracted light is reflected. The light, after repeated diffraction by the reflection hologram 65 and repeated reflection by the reflecting surface 71, similar to the foregoing embodiments, is emitted from the hologram module through the non-hologram portion 65b. In the arrangement shown in Figs. 25A and 25B, the light is incident upon the incident portion 71a at a predetermined angle, similar to, for example, Fig. 21. The hologram module shown in Figs. 25A and 25B is functionally almost equivalent to the aforementioned embodiments. The reflection and diffraction angle increases as the angle P defined by the reflecting surface 71 and the reflection hologram 65 increases. Note that the spatial frequency f of the hologram is given by the following equation. 2 sinp = fλ/n wherein n is the diffraction index of the optical medium 63 and λ is the wavelength of the beams. When P = 45°, the tracks of the light are almost identical to those of Fig. 18. If the incident portion upon which the light from the tunable laser 13 is incident and the outgoing portion from which the light is finally emitted from the hologram module are provided on the side face including the reflecting surface 71, similar to Figs. 15 to 17, and when N = 10, an about 22.7° of variation Δ of the angle is obtained by the variation Δλ of the wavelength of the beam by +5 nm. Numeral 103' designates one example of the light which is finally emitted from the hologram module when the wavelength of the incident beam is changed. In Fig. 26, two reflection holograms 65A and 65B are provided on the adjacent side faces of the glass body 63. Namely, the reflecting surface 71 in Fig. 25A is replaced with the additional reflection hologram 65B in Fig. 26. In the hologram module shown in Fig. 26, the light 101 from the tunable laser 13 is incident upon the incident portion (non-hologram portion) which corresponds to the incident portion 71a, for example, in Fig. 21, and which is provided on one of the side faces including the reflection hologram 65B or reflection hologram 65A, at a predetermined incident angle. In this embodiment, the incident light is repeatedly diffracted and reflected between the two reflection holograms 65A and 65B. In Fig. 26, the light 103 and 103' is emitted from a non-hologram portion which corresponds to the non-hologram portion 65B shown in Fig. 25B and which is provided on the side face including the reflection hologram 65A, similar to the aforementioned embodiments. In Fig. 26, when the angle P defined by the two reflection holograms 65A and 65B is 90° (P = 90°), a variation Δ similar to that in Fig. 18 can be expected. In a modification illustrated in Fig. 27, a transmission hologram 150 and reflection holograms 65A and 65B are provided. The transmission hologram 150 is located between the opposite side faces of two identical glass bodies having a right angle triangle cross section. The reflection holograms 65A and 65B are aligned perpendicularly to the transmission hologram 150. In this embodiment, the incident portion (non-hologram portion) upon which the light 101 from the tunable laser 13 is incident and the outgoing portion (non-hologram portion) from which the light 103 is finally emitted are both provided on the transmission hologram 150. In this embodiment, the light can be scanned in accordance with the change in wavelength of the incident beam, similar to the aforementioned embodiments. In Figs. 25A, 26 and 27, numerals having a prime, such as 1′, 2′, etc., designate the order of the diffraction and reflection of the incident light in the hologram module. When plane gratings of, for example, f = 2740/mm², at an equal pitch of the hologram are formed to realize the hologram module of the invention, it should be borne in mind that they may have different incident angles at the incident points. For example, referring to Fig. 25A, 26 or 27, it can be easily understood that the light is incident upon the points 1, 2′, 3′, 4′, etc., of the hologram 65, 65A, 65B, or 150. From this view point, it is preferably necessary to form a hologram having constant pitch gratings in which the light can be always incident upon any grating (points) at a Bragg angle. Such a hologram having constant pitch gratings and different Bragg angles can be produced in the process as disclosed, for example, in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 58-158678 corresponding to US Application Serial No. 467.773. Figure 28 shows an example of how to produce a hologram used in the present invention, in which a master hologram with 2740/mm² of equi-pitch gratings is first formed by interference exposure process of two groups of coherent light (plane waves at 41.9° and -41.9°). Then, a copy hologram plate 201 with a photosensitive layer on which a copy hologram is to be formed is located below the master hologram 200 through an index matching liquid (e.g. xylene or ethyl alcohol, etc.) 203. When the master hologram is copied on the photosensitive layer of the copy hologram plate to form a copy hologram, the copying light 207 is incident upon the master hologram 200 at different incident angles  c (x), which are properly selected to be optimum, depending on the position x of the master hologram 200. Such light having different incident angles can be easily created, for example, by a cylindrical lens or the like. The angle P in Figs. 15, 25A, and 26 is less than 180°, and preferably less than 90°.

Claims: A holographic scanner comprising : a tunable laser (13); holographic deflection means (11, 15; 53) for producing a deflected beam; said holographic deflection means comprising a first hologram (11) disposed in the optical path of the beam emitted by the laser for deflecting the beam incident on the hologram, the deflection angle at the first hologram (11) varying in response to a variation in the wavelength of the laser, and a second hologram (15, 53) in the optical path of the beam deflected from the first hologram, the deflection angle at the second hologram varying in response to a variation in the wavelength of the laser, characterized in that the arrangement of the second hologram is such that the variation of the deflection angle at the second hologram (15, 53) is increased with respect to the variation of the deflection angle at the first hologram (11). A holographic scanner comprising : a tunable laser (13); holographic deflection means (65; 150) for producing a deflected beam; said holographic deflection means comprising a hologram disposed in the optical path of the beam emitted by the laser for deflecting the beam incident on the hologram, the deflection angle at the first hologram varying in response to a variation in the wavelength of the laser, characterized by means for directing the beam deflected from said hologram (65; 150) back onto said hologram so as to effect a second deflection back from said hologram, the arrangement being such that the variation of the deflection angle after the second deflection is increased with respect to the variation of the deflection angle after the first deflection. A holographic scanner according to claim 1, wherein said holograms (11,15;53;65;150) are non parallel. A holographic scanner according to claim 3, wherein said holograms (11, 15; 53; 65; 150) are contained in an optical medium. A holographic scanner according to claim 4, wherein said optical medium is air. A holographic scanner according to claim 4, wherein said optical medium is glass. A holographic scanner according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said deflection holograms comprise at least one transmission hologram (11,15;53;150). A holographic scanner according to claim 7, wherein said diffraction holograms (11,15;53;150) comprise a hologram lens (11) for converging light upon a point. A holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2, wherein said deflection holograms comprise at least one reflection hologram (65). A holographic scanner according to claim 2, wherein said deflection hologram comprise at least one transmission hologram (150) and at least one reflection hologram (65) in combination. A holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2, wherein said deflection hologram comprise at least one transmission hologram (11,15;53;150) and/or at least one reflection hologram (65), and a reflecting surface means (21;71,72) for directing light towards a said at least one transmission and or reflecting hologram. A holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2, wherein said holographic deflection means comprises a hologram module (32,50) in which said diffraction holograms are provided (53;65;150). A holographic scanner according to claim 12, wherein said hologram module comprises a transparent optical body (32,50) in which said diffraction holograms (53;65;150) are provided. A holographic scanner according to claim 13, wherein said transparent optical body (32,50) has a polygonal cross section. A holographic scanner according to claim 13, wherein said transparent optical body is made of a polygonal glass body (32,50). A holographic scanner according to claim 13, wherein said holograms (15A-15D;53) are radially arranged in the polygonal transparent body (32) with respect to the center axis of the polygon. A holographic scanner according to claim 16, wherein said polygonal transparent body (32) has a square cross section and wherein said holograms (15A-15D;53) are arranged along the diagonals thereof. A holographic scanner according to claim 17, wherein said square transparent body (50) is made of four identical prisms (50) whose cross-section includes a right angle, said hologram (53) being formed on one side face of each rectangular prism. A holographic scanner according to claim 17, wherein said square transparent body is made of four prisms (50) whose cross-section comprises a right angle, two opposed prisms of which have said holograms (53) on adjacent side faces thereof (fig. 8). A holographic scanner according to claim 19, wherein said square transparent body (32;50) has a beam incident face upon which the light is incident to the transparent body toward the holograms (15A-15D;53) and a beam emitting face through which the outgoing light is finally emitted from the transparent body. A holographic scanner according to claim, 20, wherein said beam incident face and the beam emitting face are formed on the side faces of the prisms (32;50) on which said holograms (15A-15D;53) are formed. A holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2, wherein said at least one hologram (11,15;53;65;150) has a plane grating. A holographic scanner according to claim 1, comprising a hologram module (32;50) which has a transparent optical body whose cross-section comprises a right angle, in which said at least one hologram (11,15;53;65;150) is provided. A holographic scanner according to claim 23, wherein said at least one hologram (15;53) is located along a diagonal of the cross-section angle, and wherein said rectangular transparent optical body (32;50) has on adjacent side faces (71;72) thereof reflecting surfaces which reflect the light diffracted by the hologram inward toward the hologram. A holographic scanner according to claim 23, wherein said hologram (15;53) is located along a diagonal of the cross-section, and wherein said rectangular transparent optical body (32;50) has, on adjacent side faces thereof, reflecting surfaces (71;72) which reflect the light diffracted by the hologram inwardly toward the hologram. A holographic scanner according to claim 25, wherein said transparent optical body (32;50) has a beam incident portion upon which the light from the tunable laser (13) is incident to the transparent body on one side face thereof and a beam emitting portion through which the outgoing light is finally emitted therefrom on one side face of the transparent body. A holographic scanner according to claim 26, wherein said beam incident portion and beam emitting portion are formed on the same side face of the transparent body (32;50) as that on which the reflecting surface is formed (figs. 23 & 24). A holographic scanner according to claim 26, wherein said beam incident portion and beam emitting portion are formed on the side faces of the transparent body (32;50) on which the reflecting surfaces are formed. A holographic scanner according to claim 26, wherein one of said reflecting surfaces (71) is inclined at a predetermined inclination angle (Δϕ) with respect to a vertical plane perpendicular to the vertical plane including the other reflecting surface (72) (fig. 24). A holographic scanner according to claim 29, wherein light is incident upon the incident portion perpendicularly thereto. A holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2, wherein light is incident upon said at least one hologram (11,15,53;65;150) non perpendicularly thereto. A holographic scanner according to claim 30, wherein said holographic deflection means has inclined diffraction gratings. A holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2, comprising a polygonal transparent optical body (32;50) which has said at least one hologram (15;53;65;150) and a reflecting surface (71,72) on adjacent side faces of the polygonal transparent body. A holographic scanner according to claim 33, wherein said adjacent side faces form a predetermined angle therebetween of less than 90°. A holographic scanner according to claim 33, wherein said hologram (15;53;150) is a reflection diffraction hologram. A holographic scanner according to claim 35, wherein said reflection surface (71,72) is formed by a reflection diffraction hologram (65). A holographic scanner according to claim 33, comprising reflection diffraction holograms (65) and a transmission diffraction hologram (15;53;150) in combination. A holographic scanner according to claim 37, wherein said transparent optical body is made of two identical triangular bodies which are joined together to form a triangle in cross section, and wherein said reflection diffraction holograms (65) are aligned on one side face of the triangle, said transmission diffraction hologram being located along the joint of the two triangular bodies (fig. 27). A holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2, comprising a plurality of tunable lasers (13A,13B,13C). Use of a holographic scanner according to claims 1 or 2, to scan an object with light emitted from said at least one hologram (11,15,53;65;150). Use of a holographic scanner as claimed in claim 40, wherein the wavelength of the light is controlled in accordance with time to scan the object at a constant speed. A holographic scanner according to claim 1, wherein said holograms (65;150) have equi-pitch plane gratings having different Bragg angles.

Inventors: HASEGAWA SHIN-YA, IKEDA HIROYUKI, INAGAKI TAKEFUMI, YAMAGISHI FUMIO, HASEGAWA, SHIN-YA, IKEDA, HIROYUKI, INAGAKI, TAKEFUMI, YAMAGISHI, FUMIO
Applicants: FUJITSU LTD, FUJITSU LIMITED
Application year: 1988
Main classification: H01S3
IPC codes: G02B5, G02B26