WOVEN CABLE WITH MULTIPLE LOSSY TRANSMISSION LINES

Abstract: A modification of a woven cable (wire and fabric woven together to form a flat ribbon cable) assembly, in which the signal wires of the transmission lines are replaced with solderable resistance wires (30), thereby providing an economical method of building multiple lossy transmission lines.

Description: The present invention relates to electrical cables, and particularly to woven electrical cables used for probing applications which require multiple probes, for example, measuring instruments such as analog or digital oscilloscopes or logic analyzers. Electrical cables are used to transfer electrical signals from one point to another. Three important concerns of electrical cable design are maintaining the integrity of the signals during transfer, maintaining the integrity of the system under test, and withstanding physical manipulation without being bulky, heavy, or difficult to use. One economical method of providing protection from physical impacts and abrasions which is well-known is to encase the electrical cable in a strong, durable, woven cable. A type of cabling method used in the prior art required the use of a coaxial cable with a resistive center conductor for each signal to be probed. For example, a logic analyzer having 16 probes would require 16 coaxial cables tied together from the logic analyzer to the system under test. This tended to greatly improve the performance of the probing system, since the shielding was greatly improved, bandwidth was increased, and crosstalk was reduced. However, the result was an extremely bulky, costly, and heavy cable, making it difficult for the user to operate with a typical system under test. A second prior art signal transference system used with a measuring instrument having multiple probes is shown in Figure 1. This system used resistor-capacitor attenuation circuits for each probe and had a pod 10 containing active electronics located in close proximity to the probe tips 20. The system used a twisted pair cable 90 from the pod 10 to the measuring instrument and used a relatively short single wire 100 (approximately 25.4 cm (ten inches long) from the pod 10 to the probe tip 20 for each probe. Each probe tip 20 was connectable to the system under test. The pod 10 contained drivers to actively transmit the signals to the measuring instruments on the twisted pair cable 90. The twisted pair cable 90 provided some shielding and avoidance of crosstalk once the signals from the system under test reached the pod 10. Prior to the signals reaching the pod 10, however, crosstalk developed in the wire 100 because the wire 100 and the ground wire 110 formed a lossless transmission line with very little shielding. Also, the probes had a higher input capacitance because the resistor-capacitor attenuation networks were located in the pod and not at the probe tips. This limits the effective bandwidth of the probes because of the resonant circuit formed by the single wire inductance and its stray capacitance. US-A-4143236 describes a woven transmission cable which comprises longitudinal conductor wires arranged side by side for transmitting high frequency signals, and having longitudinal ground wires on each side of each of the conductor wires. The conductor and ground wires are interwoven with insulating fibre strands to define a woven pattern. The desired impedance of the conductor wires is set by the spacing of the ground wires from the conductor wires in the woven pattern. Control of the impedance produces uniform transmission signals and reduced cross-talk interference. According to the invention, there is provided a woven electrical cable for use with multiple probe systems, comprising: a plurality of signal carrying means for connection to a measuring instrument and probe tips for carrying signals from a system under test; a plurality of conductive means for connection to a reference voltage in the system under test and a reference in the measuring instrument for electrically shielding the signal carrying means; and fabric means having a non-conductive nature and being woven around said signal carrying means and said conductive means so as to isolate said signal carrying means and so as to maintain a relatively constant proximity therebetween, said fabric means also protecting the signal carrying means and the conductive means from physical impacts and abrasions and electrical static discharge, wherein said signal carrying means has sufficient resistance to form, in combination with said conductive means, a cable which, when terminated in use with its non-characteristic impedance, becomes lossy so as to damp out reflections occurring in the cable. In accordance with the illustrated preferred embodiment of the present invention, a cable for use in multiple probing applications is constructed from wire and fabric woven together to form a flat ribbon cable, having resistance wires for signals alternating with standard lossless wires for ground to form a lossy transmission line. This is a cost effective method of building multiple passive probe systems for measuring instruments such as logic analyzers or multi-channel oscilloscopes. In addition, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (also sold under the trade name "Teflon") jacket covering the resistance wires provides protection against electrostatic discharge and mechanical impacts. In one embodiment, using two conducting wires on each side of each resistance wire for ground return of the signal and shielding to the chassis respectively provides an optimum configuration for maintaining signal and shielding integrity. In a second embodiment, however, using only one conducting wire on each side of each resistive wire still maintains good signal integrity with some loss of shielding while significantly lowering the fabrication cost of the cable and minimizing the width of the cable for a given number of channels. Preferred embodiments of cable will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a diagram of a prior art probe system using twisted pair cable. Figure 2 is an end view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention using 30 gauge wire for grounding in combination with smaller resistance wire for signal transference. Figure 3 is a side view of a ribbon cable according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention which illustrates the relationship of the signal wires in the fabric to each other. Figure 4 is an end view of a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. Figure 2 is an end view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Resistance wires 30 are flanked on either side by conducting wires 40, and a woven fabric 50 isolates each wire from the rest of the wires, while still keeping the wires in close proximity with each other. The resistance wires 30 in combination with the conducting wires 40 form a lossy transmission line which damps out reflections occurring in the cable because the cable is not terminated in its characteristic impedance. Crosstalk is reduced because of the improved shielding provided by the conducting wires on either side of the resistive wire and reflections are damped out by the resistive wire, producing a more accurate replication of the signal under test over a wider bandwidth, and yet the cable is lightweight, durable, easily maneuverable, and economical. A bandwidth of 200 MHz was realized for the embodiment shown in Figure 2. Any of a number of wires having resistance characteristics could be used with the conducting ground wire to create a lossy transmission line. For example, one wire used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention is an alloy of approximately 55% copper and 45% nickel, has a resistance of approximately 125 ohms m⁻¹ (38 ohms per foot), and is sold under the trade name CB Cupron alloy by Carpenter Technology Corporation in Reading, Pennsylvania. This wire also works well because it is solderable and therefore easy to terminate. Using this alloy to make a wire which meets with the resistance level specified by the design results in a very fragile wire with a diameter of approximately 0.07 mm (.00275 inch). Consequently, it is desirable to protect the wire from physical impacts and stress. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, two methods of protecting the resistance wire are used. First, the wire is coated with a PTFE jacket to protect the fragile wire from physical impacts and stress. In addition, the PTFE is an appropriate dielectric which tends to provide protection against electrical static discharge. Second, the wire is contained in a very tough, durable, flexible woven fabric which provides additional strength and shielding from physical impacts and stress. One example of a fabric material which meets these criteria is polyester, also sold under the trade name Celanese 500 Denier D-224 and used by Woven Electronics Corp. of Simpsonville, South Carolina, in their woven cable assembly. It is known that the pattern of weaving may also be used to increase the performance of the cable as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 is a side perspective view of the woven cable according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. Resistance wires 70 and 80 alternate as to the side of the fabric cross-pieces 60 the wires will be on. As resistance wires 70 are located on one side of any given fabric cross-piece of the fabric cross-pieces 60, the alternate resistance wires 80 will be located on the other side of the given fabric cross piece. This technique of avoiding parallel wire configurations reduces crosstalk. The ground wires flanking each resistance wire and the remainder of the fabric are not shown. Another embodiment shown in Figure 4 provides improved performance over the embodiment shown in Figure 2, but is more expensive and slightly bulkier. In this embodiment, each resistive wire 120 is flanked on either side by two conducting wires 130. The pair of conducting wires 130 closest to the resistive wires 120 are used for a signal return and the other pair are connected to the earth ground of the measuring system. In a cable for a plurality of probes, four conducting wires 130 appear between each resistive wire 120, as opposed to two conductive wires 40 between each resistive wire 30 in the embodiment illustrated in Figure 2. The two conducting wires provide good isolation, and the four conducting wires provide good isolation and good shielding integrity. The shielding continues to improve as more conducting wires are added between the resistive wires, but the rate of improvement soon becomes insignificant.

Claims: A woven electrical cable for use with multiple probe systems, comprising: a plurality of signal carrying means (30) for connection to a measuring instrument and probe tips for carrying signals from a system under test; a plurality of conductive means (40) for connection to a reference voltage in the system under test and a reference in the measuring instrument for electrically shielding the signal carrying means; and fabric means (50) having a non-conductive nature and being woven around said signal carrying means and said conductive means so as to isolate said signal carrying means and so as to maintain a relatively constant proximity therebetween, said fabric means also protecting the signal carrying means and the conductive means from physical impacts and abrasions and electrical static discharge, wherein said signal carrying means (30) has sufficient resistance to form, in combination with said conductive means, a cable which, when terminated in use with its non-characteristic impedance, becomes lossy so as to damp out reflections occurring in the cable. A woven electrical cable as in claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of protective means coating the signal carrying means (30) having a dielectric nature for increasing the strength of the signal carrying means (30), and for further protecting the signal carrying means from physical impacts and abrasions and electrical static discharge. A woven electrical cable as in claim 1, wherein: each signal carrying means (30) is flanked by the conductive means (40), there being two separate conductive means associated with each signal carrying means, the two conductive means (40) being located on opposite sides of the signal carrying means (30) which they shield, and all signal carrying means (30) and conductive means (40) lie in a plane. A woven electrical cable as in claim 1, wherein: each signal carrying means (120) is flanked by the conductive means (130), there being four separate conductive means (130) associated with each signal carrying means (120), such that two conductive means (130) are located on one side and two conductive means (130) are located on the opposite side of the signal carrying means (120) which they shield, and all signal carrying means (120) and conductive means (130) lie in a plane. A woven electrical cable as in claim 1, further comprising: sheath means coating the conductive means (40) for protecting the conductive means from physical impacts and abrasions and for aiding in grounding electrical static discharge. A woven electrical cable according to any one of claims 1 to 5, in which the cable is lossy within a bandwidth of 200 MHz. A multiple probe system comprising a plurality of probe tips for connection to a system under test and a measuring instrument, the probe tips and measuring instrument being connected by a woven electrical cable according to any of claims 1 to 6 wherein the signal carrying means connect the probe tips to the measuring instrument, and the conductive means are connected to the reference in the measuring instrument and by the probe tips to the reference voltage in the system under test.

Inventors: ZAMBORELLI, THOMAS J.
Applicants: HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY
Application year: 1988
Main classification: H01B7
IPC codes: H01B7, H01B11, G01R1