CATADIOPTRIC PROJECTION LANTERN

Abstract: A transparency projector includes a transparent sheet (32) having one surface formed with a field of corner reflectors (33) in which corresponding surfaces of each of the corner reflectors are deviated from orthogonality. A transparency (39) adjacent to the retrodirectional reflector sheet is illuminated by a light source (34) adjacent to a projection lens (36) and light reflected from the retrodirectional reflector sheet back through the transparency forms images (37, 38) of the light source at positions on each side of the light source which are within the aperture of the projection lens (36). A transparency having three-dimensional ink spots which form dioptric lenticules can be projected by the transparency projection system without degradation of color.

Description: Description Catadioptric Projection Lantern Technical Field This invention relates to projection lanterns and, more particularly, to a new and improved catad¬ ioptric projection lantern for projecting images of transparencies on a projection screen. Background Art Modern office copying machines are capable of producing full-size (e.g.., 21.6cm by 27.9cm) transpar¬ encies which may then be used in an "overhead projec¬ tor" to project information onto a screen during a conference or in similar situations. In such overhead projectors, the transparency is placed on an illumi- nated platen, which is usually disposed in a horizon¬ tal orientation, and light transmitted by the trans¬ parency is reflected through an overhead mirror to a projection lens, which in turn reproduces an enlarged image of the transparency on a projection screen. The platen upon which the transparency is placed may be lighted from beneath by a light source and -condensing lens system which is often bulky and heavy in view of the large platen area to be illuminated. Alterna¬ tively, to reduce the overall bulk and weight of the projection lantern, the light source may be in the overhead portion of the projector, and a reflecting Fresnel lens is mounted in the platen on which the transparency is placed. When transparencies are made with certain types of ink, such as "hot melt" inks used in thermal trans¬ fer printers and certain ink jet printers, the inks do not penetrate into the transparency substrate but adhere to the surface of the substrate and retain a three-dimensional form. Thus, hot melt inks which are solid at room temperature and are liquefied by heating for application and then resolidified by freezing on the substrate are distinct from solvent-based inks which dry by evaporation or absorption and leave only a microscopically thin residue on the surface of the substrate. When such three-dimensional ink spots are formed on a transparency substrate, they refract the light transmitted through them in the manner of a dioptric lenticule. As a result, transparencies made with such inks disperse light passing through the ink spots so that most of it is not collected by the pro¬ jection lens, producing gray shadows rather than col¬ ored images when projected by conventional projection lanterns. Disclosure of Invention Accordingly, it is an object of the present in¬ vention to provide a new and improved projection lan¬ tern which overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages of conventional projection lanterns. Another object of the invention is to provide a projection lantern having a compact structure which is convenient for use and compact for storage or trans¬ portation. A further object of the invention is to provide a projection lantern especially adapted to produce images of transparencies containing three-dimensional ink spots without degradation of the image. These and other objects of the invention are attained by providing a projection lantern including a retroreflective element for illuminating the transpar¬ ency. In accordance with a particular embodiment of the invention, a retroreflective element is formed with an array of deviating corner reflectors arranged to return incident light in a direction deviating by a small angle from the direction of incidence of the light. An illuminating light source and projection lens are positioned on the same side of the transpar- ency, separated by an angle corresponding to the de¬ viation angle so that light projected toward the transparency from the light source is reflected back through the-transparency toward the projection lens. For optimum efficiency, the projection lens may include two portions disposed on opposite sides of the light source to collect light deviated at opposite angles by the retroreflective element. A retroreflective element providing the advan- tages of the invention is prepared by forming a mold master designed to produce an array of retroreflective corner elements, each having a corresponding surface deviating from 90° by a small angle, and using the mold to form a transparent plastic sheet having an array of reflective internal corner elements on one surface. Brief Description of Drawings Further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from a reading of the following de- scription in conjunction with the accompanying draw¬ ings in which: Fig. 1 is a fragmentary schematic diagram illus¬ trating the arrangement of a conventional projection lantern; Fig. 2 is. a fragmentary schematic diagram illus¬ trating the arrangement of the illuminating system for a conventional reflection projection lantern; Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the displacement of a ray reflected retrodirectionaflly by a corner reflector; Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the deviation of a reflected ray from a deviated corner reflector; Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the devia- tion of parallel incident rays in both directions by a deviated corner reflector; Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the ar¬ rangement of an illuminating system for a projection lantern using a deviated corner retroreflective ele¬ ment in accordance with an * embodiment of the inven- tion; Fig. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary schematic dia¬ gram showing a portion of the retroreflective element and transparency of Fig. 6 and illustrating the angu¬ lar shift in a ray incident on a dioptric lenticule reflected by a retroreflective element because of ray displacement in the retroreflector; Fig. 8 is a schematic perspective view illustrat¬ ing a convenient and compact projection lantern ar¬ ranged according to the invention; Fig. 9 is an enlarged fragmentary schematic view illustrating the fabrication of a mold master used in the preparation of a retroreflective element in ac¬ cordance with the invention; and Fig. 10 is an enlarged plan view illustrating schematically the arrangement of corner reflectors in a retroreflective element according to the invention. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention In the conventional projection lantern illus¬ trated schematically in Fig. 1, a light source 10 provided with a reflector 11 projects light through a condenser lens system 12 so as to provide uniform, substantially parallel illumination of a transparency 13 which is to be imaged by a projection lens 14 on a remote screen (not shown) . In overhead-type projec- tors, a 45° mirror is interposed between the transpar¬ ency 13 and the projection lens 14 so that the trans¬ parency can be disposed in a horizontal position, but for convenience of illustration the mirror is not shown in Fig. 1. In such projection lanterns, the condenser lens system is designed to project an image 15 of the light source 10 substantially in the plane of the projection lens 14 for optimum efficiency of the system. Moreover, to provide maximum illumination of the transparency 13 in a uniform manner, the con¬ denser lens system 12 must be large and bulky even if a portion of that system incorporates a Fresnel lens. To eliminate the necessity for a bulky illumina¬ tion system adjacent to the transparency, reflection- type systems of the type shown in Fig. 2 have been used. In this case, a reflecting Fresnel lens 16 is mounted immediately behind the transparency 13 and a light source 17 and an accompanying mirror 18 are disposed adjacent to the projection lens 19 so that the reflective Fresnel lens 16 images the light source substantially in the plane of the projection lens 19. In this case, as shown in Fig. 2, light from the source 17 passes through the transparency 13 at slightly displaced positions in its passage to and from the reflecting Fresnel lens 16 so that the illu¬ mination of the transparency may be affected by the image on the transparency. A retroreflector is a device which reflects a ray of light back in the same direction from which it came. Retroreflectors can be made by providing lenses with reflective focal surfaces or by arranging three planar reflecting surfaces in mutually orthogonal relation to form a corner producing a "corner reflec¬ tor". With a corner reflector, any ray of light re¬ flected successively from all three surfaces is ex¬ actly reversed in direction, although slightly dis¬ placed. As shown in Fig. 3, for example, a corner reflector comprising three mutually orthogonal re¬ flecting surfaces 20, 21 and 22 receives a ray 23 which is reflected successively by the surfaces 20, 21 and 22 so that it returns as a ray 24 parallel to the incident ray 23 but displaced by a distance D from that ray. If the corner reflector is designed so that the angle between one of the reflecting surfaces and the other surfaces is slightly different from 90°, the emerging ray will no longer be parallel to the inci¬ dent ray, but will in all cases be deviated by an angle equal to twice the difference between the angle between the-surfaces and 90°. This is illustrated in Fig. 4 in which the reflective surfaces 25 and 26 are at right angles, but the reflective surface 27 is disposed at an angle of 90° plus α from each of the other surfaces. In this case, an incident ray 28 is reflected successively by the surfaces 25, 26 and 27 so that the emerging ray 29 diverges by an angle of 2α from a direction parallel to the incident ray 28, the angle of divergence being measured in the plane of the incident and emerging rays. Furthermore, the direction of the deviation of the emergent ray is dependent upon the order in which the rays strike the surfaces separated by the deviat¬ ing angle. As shown in Fig. 5, for example, an inci¬ dent ray 30, parallel to the incident ray 28, which strikes the surface 27 first and is then reflected by the surfaces 26 and 25 will emerge as a ray 31 in¬ clined at an angle 2α in the direction away from the incident ray 30. It is apparent, of course, that an array or field of adjacent corner reflectors covering a relatively large area will retroreflect light from a source which is spaced from the array in lines converging at the light source, thus focusing light from the light source back onto itself. Similarly, an array of devi¬ ated corner reflectors will retroreflect light from a light source spaced from the array so that it is fo¬ cused at positions spaced on opposite sides of the light source by twice the angle of deviation of the deviated corner reflectors in the array. In this case, the retroreflectors in the array must be ori- ented so that all of the corresponding reflective surfaces are parallel to each other, thereby main¬ taining the direction of deviation and the orientation of the deviation angle uniform. The result of such arrangement of an array of deviated corner reflectors is illustrated in Fig. 6 in which a, retroreflective element 32 comprises a trans¬ parent- sheet with an array of corner reflectors 33 formed in one surface. In this case, each corner reflector has one surface disposed at an angle which is greater than 90° from the other reflective surfaces by the angle α in the manner shown in Figs. 4 and 5. With this arrangement, a light source 34 with a re- flector 35 disposed immediately in front of a projec¬ tion lens 36 will be imaged by the retroreflector element 32 at two locations, 37 and 38, which are separated from the source 34 by angles 2α as seen from the retroreflective element 32. If the light source images 37 and 38 are located at positions within the aperture of the projection lens 36, as illustrated in Fig. 6, the reflected light will be substantially entirely transmitted to the projection screen to re¬ produce an image of a transparency 39 disposed in front of the retroreflective element 32. Thus, if the angle of deviation of the deviated surfaces of the corner reflectors is 3°, the angle of deviation of the light source images 37 and 38 from the light source 34 is 6°, and if the light source is 38.1cm from the retroreflective element 32, the images 37 and 38 will be spaced approximately 3.8cm from the light source so as to be within the aperture of a " 7.62cm lens. Preferably, the angle of deviation α of the corner elements is between about 1° and about 5°. If desired, the unitary projection lens 36 shown in Fig. 6 may, of course, be replaced by a composite projection lens having effective portions surrounding the light source .34 and coinciding with the images 37 and 38. For example, the lens may have a central aperture in which the light source is mounted and a surrounding reflective surface may be formed in the lens element to replace the reflector 35. In any case, of course, a 45° mirror may be interposed in the light path between the transparency 39 and the light source 34 and projection lens 36 to provide an overhead-type projector. With this arrangement, an efficient and conveni- 5 ent projection lantern is provided without requiring any light source adjacent to the transparency to be projected, and necessitating only a light-weight com¬ bined illumination and projection lens element sup¬ ported, together with a 45° mirror, by a single tripod * 10 arrangement. Since the retroreflective element 32 may be made of a plastic material and need only be placed in position underneath the transparency being pro¬ jected, the entire system may conveniently be packaged in compact form for transportation or storage. 15 Furthermore, the unique catadioptric projection lantern. of the invention eliminates the problems here¬ tofore encountered in projecting transparencies made with inks such as hot melt inks which produce 'three- dimensional spots on the surface of a transparency. 20 Such spots have substantially spherical surfaces and act dioptrically in the manner of a small high-speed piano-spherical lens having, for example, a diameter of about 0.1mm and a focal length between about 0.127mm and about 0.25mm. Thus, the lenticules have 25 an f/number between about 1.25 and 2.5. As shown in the enlarged view of Fig. 7, the transparency 39 has such a three-dimensional ink spot 40 providing a dioptric lenticule. The rear surface 41 of the transparency is in contact with the front 30 surface 42 of the retroreflector element 32 which has a rear surface 43 formed with internal deviated corner elements 44 which are metallized to provide internal retroreflection of rays entering the surface 42. Thus, each ray 45 entering the surface 42 will be 35 internally reflected within one of the corner elements 44 and returned along a path 46 which is displaced from the path of the ray 45 by a distance D, which will be no more than the maximum dimension of each corner element as viewed from the direction of the incoming ray. Thus, if the maximum dimension of the corner element is 0.025mm, all returning rays 46 will be displaced-by no more than 0.025mm from- the corre- sponding incoming ray 45. Preferably, the maximum diversion of the corner reflectors is no greater than about one-fifth the diameter of the dioptric lenti- cules. A retroreflective projection lantern in accord- ance with the invention has less stringent registra¬ tion requirements than a reflective Fresnel lens type projector of the type shown in Fig. 2. In the Fresnel lens type projector, the quality of the image pro¬ jected by the lens 19 is not directly sensitive to the distance between the transparency 13 and the reflect¬ ing Fresnel lens 16, but, in either type of projector, the transparency must be kept relatively flat since the image is to be projected onto a flat surface and projection lanterns have a relatively small depth of field. In the retroreflective type projector, it is important to keep the separation between the transpar¬ ency 39 and the corner reflectors 44 small. Because this type of device relies on ray tracing, it is im- portant to insure that the light returned from the corner reflector passes through the ink spot 40 close to its initial point of entry. In an idealized retro¬ reflective projector, the corner reflectors 44 would be infinitesimally small and would return each ray of light directly along its initial path. This would cause the ray to be refracted through the ink spot lens and directly back to the source. If it were possible to position the projection lens 36 along the same path as the source, then this light could be projected onto the viewing screen. In a practical retroreflective projector, it is necessary to separate the paths of the source and the operative projection lens segments. This is achieved by the deviated corner reflector which deviates each returned ray from the corresponding incoming ray by the angle 2α in the plane in which the reflector is deviated. Also, in a practical projector the corner reflectors are of finite size and the returned ray is displaced from the incoming ray by a distance D which depends on the point of incidence on the corner re¬ flector. D can have any value from zero, if it en¬ counters the center of the reflector, up to the maxi- mum dimension of the corner reflector 44. Both of these effects cause the reflected ray 46 to pass through a different region of the ink spot 40 than the entering ray 45. In order to obtain good color quality, it is necessary to maintain high photo- metric efficiency. This is achieved if the reflected ray 46 emerges from the ink spot 44 in a direction which is close to being parallel to the direction of the entering ray 45. It is also important that the reflected ray 46 not be displaced by an amount which causes it to miss the ink spot 40 through which the incoming ray 45 passed. These conditions can be achieved with high efficiency if the deviation angle α of the corner reflectors 44 is about 5°, the reflector size is about 0.025mm, and the separation between the transparency image and reflectors is less than about 0.25mm. Now consider what happens if the reflector 16 (Fig. 2) or 32 (Fig. 6) is translated along the plane of the transparency. In the Fresnel type projector, the center of the reflecting lens 16 is being dis¬ placed which causes the image of the source 17 to miss the projection lens 19. In the retroreflective type projector, there is no such center and no loss of efficiency occurs. In other words, the efficiency of the projection lantern of the invention is not sensi¬ tive to the lateral positioning of the retroreflective element 32. Similarly, if the 45° projection mirror or re¬ lated optics are rotated in a plane orthogonal to the image plane, the reflection Fresnel type projector loses efficiency because the position of the light source image is sensitive to such rotations while the retroreflective type projector is insensitive to such rotations. In either type of projector, the distance from the transparency to the projection lens determines the focal plane of the projected image. An adjustment must be provided for this so that the projector may be placed at different positions from the projection screen and different projected sizes may be obtained. If the retroreflective projector uses an angu- larly segmented projection lens with segments posi¬ tioned at the locations of the light source images 37 and 38 (Fig. 6), rather than an angularly continuous lens such as the lens 36 shown in Fig. 6 or a lens with a central aperture for the light source, rotation of the retroreflective element causes the projected source images 37 and 38 to rotate, and as a result the images can miss the projection lens segments. This single degree of freedom to which the retro¬ reflective type projector may be sensitive can easily be controlled by using the simple tripod mounting arrangement shown in Fig. 8. In this arrangement, the orientation of the retroreflective element is fixed with respect to the orientation of a projection lens holder 47 which contains the projection lens 36 with appropriate focusing controls, the light source with condensing lens arrangement, and an internal 45° mir¬ ror. This is accomplished by providing a collapsible or removable tripod support comprising three legs 48 and providing three receptacles 49 for the tripod legs which are keyed to the orientation of the deviated corner reflectors in the retroreflective element 32. For this purpose, the receptacles 49 may be integrally formed at two corners and an opposite side of the ret- roreflective element. As a result-, such a projector can avoid any orientation sensitivity and, at the same time, can be made more portable than a Fresnel type projector. Because of the displacement D between the inci¬ dent and reflected rays, the returning rays 46 may be deviated by a small angle β because they pass through a different portion of the lenticule 40 as shown in Fig. 7. Assuming a 0.025mm maximum displacement D and a focal length f for the lenticule 40 of 0.25mm, the angle β is determined by the following relation: tan β = D/f = 0.1 so that β, the maximum angle of dispersion of parallel incoming rays, is 5.7°. Accordingly, if the lens 36 in Fig. 6 is large enough to subtend an angle of at least 5.7° as seen from the transparency 39, substan¬ tially all of the light dispersed by the lenticules 40 in the transparency will be collected by the projec¬ tion lens and the image of the transparency will be projected in full color without degradation. Conse¬ quently, a projection lens 36 having a diameter of 51mm will collect all light from lenticules in a transparency positioned 20 inches from the projection lens. If the lenticules 40 have a shorter focal length, such as 0.127mm, the maximum dispersion of parallel rays resulting from the ray displacement D will be larger, but a projection lens having a corre¬ spondingly larger aperture of, for example, 76mm, will permit collection and projection of substantially all of the light transmitted through the dioptric lenti¬ cules of the transparency. Thus by positioning a retroreflective element substantially in the focal plane of the dioptric len¬ ticules of a transparency having three-dimensional ink spots, each ray incident from the light source on each ink spot is transmitted to the retroreflective element at an angle dependent upon its direction and location of incidence on the ink spot. The incident ray is then reflected by the retroreflective element and returned at an angle deviating from the incident ray by 2α or about 6° in the example described above from the direction of the incident ray. As previously explained, the maximum angular dispersion of the returning rays, because of the ray displacement D in the retroreflector, will be approxi¬ mately 5.7° for a lenticule having a focal length of 0.25mm. Light from a point source thus results in a 5.7° cone of light returned after passage in both directions through a lenticule and reflection by a one-mil corner retroreflector. Thus, the retroreflec¬ tor compensates for refraction of light by the diop¬ tric lenticules formed by the three-dimensional ink spots, effectively preventing wide dispersion and loss of the illuminating light which would occur if the spots were illuminated uniformly from behind the transparency. To prepare a deviated retroreflective element in accordance with the invention, a mold master may be cut with three rows of grooves extending at angles of 60° with respect to each other. One set of three such grooves, 50, 51 and 52, formed in a master 53 is il¬ lustrated in Fig. 9. The center lines of the grooves shown in Fig. 9 extend at angles\of 60° with respect to each other. By making cuts witn ~ -a v0.529° tool for two of the grooves and a cut for the third groove with a 70.529° plus tool, a corner 54 is formed with two surfaces extending at 90° with respect to each other, and a third surface extending at 90° plus α with re¬ spect to the other two surfaces. Repeated parallel cuts made in this manner, forming a pattern of the type shown in Fig. 10, produces a mold having identi¬ cal projecting corners, each having a corresponding surface deviated from orthogonal relationship to the other surfaces by an angle α. ϋsing a master mold of the type illustrated in Fig. 10, a large number of "mother" patches with mat¬ ing surfaces having indented corners may be electro¬ formed on the surface of the master and a complete * field or array of deviated retroreflectors is con¬ structed by assembling such mother patches in proper orientation in a chase, so that all of the correspond¬ ing surfaces of the corner elements are parallel to each other. A "daughter" field with projecting corners is then electroformed on the field consisting of "mother" patches, and the final mold having in¬ dented corners is electroformed on the surface of the "daughter" field thereafter. A transparent molded plastic sheet having projecting corner elements is formed in any conventional way from the final mold and the surface containing the projecting corners is metallized to produce a field of deviated retroreflec¬ tive corners so as to provide the retroreflective element 32 shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. Although the invention has been described herein with reference to specific embodiments, many modifica¬ tions and variations therein will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, all such vari¬ ations and modifications are included within the in- tended scope of the invention as defined by the fol¬ lowing claims.

Claims: Claims 1. A transparency projector comprising light source means, retroreflective means spaced from the light source means to reflect light received from the light source means through an adjacent trans¬ parency back through the transparency generally toward the light source means, and projection lens means adjacent to the light source means for projecting an image of a transparency disposed adjacent to the retroreflector means. 2. A transparency projector according to Claim 1 wherein the retroreflector means comprises a sheet formed with a plurality of corner reflec¬ tors. 3. A transparency projector according to Claim 2 wherein the corner reflectors have one surface which deviates by a small angle from orthogonal relationship with the other, surfaces. 4. A transparency projector according to Claim 3 wherein the retroreflector means produces images of the light source means on opposite sides of the light source means at positions within the aperture of the projection lens means. 5. A transparency projector according to Claim 4 wherein the deviation angle of the surfaces of the corner reflectors is between 1° and 5°. 6. A transparency projector according to Claim 4 wherein the images of the light source means are within a 76mm aperture of the projection.lens means. 7. A transparency projector according to Claim 1 in¬ cluding transparency means disposed adjacent to the retroreflector means having dioptric lenti¬ cules on one surface thereof wherein the rer.ro- reflective means has a retroreflective surface positioned proximate to the plane of the dioptric lenticules. 8. A transparency projector according to Claim 7 wherein the retroreflective surface of the retro- reflector means includes a field of corner re¬ flectors in which each corner reflector has a maximum dimension substantially less than the diameter of the dioptric lenticules of the trans¬ parency. 9. A transparency projector accordingly to Claim 8 in which the maximum dimension of the corner reflectors is no more than about one-fifth the diameter of the dioptric lenticules of the trans¬ parency. 10. A transparency projector according to Claim 1 wherein the retroreflector means includes a field of corner reflectors wherein one surface of each of the corner reflectors deviates from an orthog¬ onal relationship to the other surfaces by an angle between about 1° and about 5°. 11. A method for preparing a retrodirectional element comprising forming a mold containing a field of indented corner elements, using the mold to form a sheet of transparent plastic material having one surface formed with a field of projecting corner elements, and providing a reflective coat¬ ing on the surface of the transparent sheet hav¬ ing the projecting corner elements. 12. A method according to Claim 11 including the step of forming the mold so that each of the corner elements has one surface which deviates from orthogonality with respect to the other surfaces by a specified angle so that the resulting sheet of transparent material has corner reflectors with corresponding parallel surfaces deviating from orthogonality with respect to the other surfaces by the same angle. 13. A method according to Claim 12 wherein the angle of deviation of the deviating surfaces of the corner elements is between about 1° and about 5°. 14. A retroreflective element comprising a sheet of transparent material having one surface formed with projecting corner elements and a reflective coating on the surface formed with the corner elements. 15. A retroreflective element according to Claim 14 wherein one surface of each of the corner ele- ments deviates from orthogonal relationship with respect to the other surfaces and all of said one surfaces are disposed in parallel relationship in the sheet. 16. A retroreflective element according to Claim 15 wherein the angle of deviation of the deviating surfaces of the corner elements;.is between about 1° and about 5°.

Inventors: FISCHBECK KENNETH H, HOISINGTON PAUL A, FISCHBECK, KENNETH, H., HOISINGTON, PAUL, A.
Applicants: SPECTRA INC, SPECTRA, INC.
Application year: 1988
Main classification: G03B21
IPC codes: G02B5, G03B21