OPTICAL SENSOR

Abstract: A moire fringe displacement sensor includes first and second gratings (3) (4), a polychromatic light source (1) illuminating the gratings, and a detector (8). The gratings are disposed such that a relative displacement of the first and second gratings causes a variation in the colour of the light reaching the detector. The detector (8) comprises first and second photo-responsive elements (11) (12), the responsivity with respect to wavelength of the first element (11) being different from that of the second (12). Signals from the photo-responsive elements are fed to a micro-processor (15) which calculates the colour of the light incident on the detector as represented by two or more parameters on the Chromaticity (CIE) Diagram, and interprets the colour in terms of the displacement of the first and second gratings.

Description: This invention relates to optical sensors, and in particular to moire fringe displacement sensors. In moire fringe displacement sensors, first and second gratings are disposed adjacent one to another, such that moire fringes are produced. Relative movement of the gratings causes a corresponding movement of the moire fringes, which movement is detected by monitoring the amplitude of light reaching a detector. One problem encountered with such sensors is that a constant source is required as any modulation in the strength of the source is indistinguishable by the detetor from modulation caused by the movement of the moire fringes. It is an object of the present invention to provide a moire fringe sensor which overcomes this problem. Accordingly there is provided apparatus for measuring displacement between first and second members comprising a polychromatic light source; a detector; first and second gratings; means for supporting the first grating for movement with the first member; means for supporting the second grating for movement with the second member, the arrangement being such that the source is adapted to illuminate the first and second gratings with polychromatic light and the first and second gratings are disposed relative one to the other such that a relative displacement between the first and second members causes a corresponding variation in the colour of the light reaching the detector, the detector being adapted to detect the intensity of polychromatic light incident thereon at a plurality of different wavelengths; and analysis means adapted to receive signals from the detector and to calculate therefrom the relative displacement between the first and second members. Conveniently the detector is adapted to monitor the ratio of incident light intensities at two or more separate predetermined wavelengths. In a preferred alternative, the detector comprises at least first and second photo-responsive elements, the responsivity and respect to wavelength of the first element being different from that of the second, signals from the photo-responsive elements being fed to the analysis means which calculates, from the signals from the photo-responsive elements, the colour of the polychromatic light incident on the detector as represented by two or more parameters on the Chromaticity (CIE) Diagram. In one convenient arrangement two different photo-responsive elements are employed, each with its own wavelength responsivity characteristic. Alternatively, one or both of the photo-responsive elements includes a coloured filter to impart a colour response characteristic, thereby allowing two identical photo-responsive elements to be employed, if desired. Preferably the responsivity with respect to wavelength of the at least first and second photo-responsive elements is such that their respective wavelength/intensity curves overlap for at least a part of the wavelength spectrum. By employing at least first and second photo-responsive elements, a change of colour is determined by assessing the change in the whole of a selected part of the spectrum (colour modulation) as opposed to merely detecing the change at two or more selected wavelengths (wavelength modulation). Thus a change from colour A (represented by wavelength/intensity curve A) to colour B (represented by wavelength/intensity curve B) will be calculated from the area between the two curves, thereby giving a more complete analysis of 'true' colour. Wavelength modulation is less sophisticated in that it is a calculation based on the distance between the curves at two or more selected wavelengths. By the term 'polychromatic light' there is herein meant any multi-wavelength radiation, and is specifically meant to include both visible light and infra red radiation. The term 'colour', whilst used herein for ease of understanding, should in no way imply that only visible light may be employed. Where the apparatus employs a source emitting radiation outside of the visible spectrum, the term 'colour' will refer to the spectral distribution of the radiation. Conveniently at least one of the first and second gratings is provided with coloured markings. The at least one grating conveniently comprises markings which absorb one or more wavelengths and reflect others, interspersed with non-reflective regions. This arrangement is employed in a refelective mode moire fringe sensor in which the source and detector are positioned on the same side of the first and second gratings. The non-reflective regions may be either absorbing regions or transmitting regions, both providing areas from which no light signal is returned to the detector. In an alternative transmissive mode moire sensor, the at least one grating comprises markings which absorb one or more wavelengths and transmit others, interspersed with non-transmissive regions. In this arrangement the source and detector are positioned on opposite sides of the first and second gratings, and the non-transmissive regions may be either absorbing regions or reflective regions. Conveniently both of the first and second gratings are provided with coloured markings. Alternatively, in addition to the first and second gratings, there is also provided a coloured filter between the source and the detector. Preferably the polychromatic light passes through the coloured filter after it has passed through the first and second gratings. As before, either transmissive mode or refelective mode sensors may be employed. The invention further resides in a method of measuring displacement employing apparatus as herein described. In particular there is provided a method of measuring displacement between first and second members including the steps of providing first and second gratings; supporting the first grating for movement with the first member; supporting the second grating for movement with the second member; illuminating the first and second gratings with polychromatic light, the arrangement being such that the first and second gratings are disposed relative one to the other such that a relative displacement between the first and second members causes a corresponding variation in the colour of the light passing through or reflected from the first and second gratings; detecting the intensity of the polychromatic light passing through or reflected from the first and second gratings at a plurality of different wavelengths; and calculating, from the detected intensity of the polychromatic light, the relative displacement of the first and second members. Conceivably the method includes the step of monitoring the ratio of detected light intensities at two or more selected wavelengths. In a preferable alternative the method includes the steps of detecting the polychromatic light with a detector comprising first and second photo-responsive elements, the responsivity with respect to wavelength of the first element being different from that of the second; calculating, from the output of the first and second photo-responsive elements, the colour of the polychromatic light incident on the detector as represented by two or more parameters on the Chromaticity (CIE) Diagram; and interpreting the colour of the polychromatic light incident on the detector in terms of the relative displacement of the first and second members. Embodiments of the invention will now be further described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which; Figures 1 to 4 are schematic diagrams of alternative embodiments of displacement measuring apparatus according to the invention. Refering to Figure 1 there is shown a polychromatic light source 1, such as an LED, light from which is transmitted by an optical fibre 2 to first and second gratings 3 and 4. The gratings 3 and 4 are each supported by a respective holder 5, 6 which is attachable to members (not shown) the relative displacement of which is to be measured. For example this displacement may be the movement between the piston of a hydraulic cylinder and its casing. Light reflected from the first and second gratings 3 and 4 is transmitted by means of a second optical fibre 7 to a detector 8. The grating 3 is ruled with a pattern of reflective markings 9, whilst the grating 4 is ruled with a similar pattern of coloured markings 10. The coloured markings 10 serve to absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, whilst the areas between the markings allow the light to pass therethrough. The gratings 3 and 4 are such that they generate a pattern of moire fringes, which fringes move when one grating is displaced relative to the other. Due to the coloured markings 10, a different colour signature is imposed on the light reaching the detector 8 depending on the displacement of one grating relative to the other. The detector 8 comprises two photo-responsive elements 11 and 12, signals from which are passed via lines 13 and 14 to a micro-processor 15 for analysis. The micro-processor 15 calculates the colour of the detected light in terms of two parameters on the Chromaticity (CIE) Diagram from the signals from the photo-responsive elements 11 and 12. The micro-processor, on detecting a change in colour, may give an indication of the displacement of one grating relative to the other, for example on a display unit (not shown). Figure 2 shows a similar arrangement to Figure 1 in which like features are designated with like reference numerals. In this arrangement both gratings 3 and 4 are provided with coloured markings 16 and 17, the colour of the markings 16 being different from the markings 17. As before a displacement of one grating relative to the other changes the colour signature of the light reaching the detector 8, which colour is calculated to determine the extent of the displacement. Figure 3 shows an alternative arrangement in which both gratings 3 and 4 are provided with markings 18, 19, which reflect all wavelengths of light generated by the source 1. Behind the gratings 3 and 4 there is provided a coloured filter 20 which absorbs some wavelengths, thereby imparting a colour signature to the light. The light passing through the filter 20 is refelected by a silvered layer 21 so that is passes back through the gratings and reaches the detector 8. The result of this arrangement is again a colour encoded signal which is analysed by the micro-processor 15 to establish any displacement of the gratings 3 and 4. Figure 4 shows a transmission version of the displacement measuring apparatus. Grating 3 is provided with markings 22 which either reflect or absorb light incident thereon. The spaces between the markings allow the light to be transmitted unaltered to grating 23 which is formed of a coloured glass having refelective or absorbing markings 24 thereon. Light falling on regions 25 between the markings 24 passes through the grating but is altered by the coloured glass to impart a colour signature to the signal reaching the detector 8. As before the micro-processor 15 calculates the colour of the light reaching the detector to give an indication of the displacement between the gratings 3 and 23.

Claims: Apparatus for measuring displacement between first and second members comprising a polychromatic light source; a detector; first and second gratings (3) (4); means (5) for supporting the first grating (3) for movement with the first member; means (6) for supporting the second grating (4) for movement with the second member; a source (1) adapted to illuminate the first and second gratings with polychromatic light; a detector (8) adapted to monitor polychromatic light passing through or refelected from the first and second gratings; and analysis means (15) adapted to receive signals from the detector (8) and to calculate therefrom the relative displacement between the first and second members; characterised in that the arrangement is such that the first and second gratings are disposed relative one to the other such that a relative displacement between the first and second members causes a corresponding variation in the colour of the light reaching the detector (8), and the detector (8) is adapted to detect the intensity of polychromatic light incident thereon at a plurality of different wavelengths. Apparatus according to Claim 1 characterised in that the detector (8) is adapted to monitor the ratio of incident light intensities at two or more separate predetermined wavelengths. Apparatus according to Claim 1 characterised in that the detector (8) comprises at least first and second photo-responsive elements (11) (12), the responsivity with respect to wavelength of the first element (11) being different from that of the second (12), signals from the photo-responsive elements (11) (12) being fed to the analysis means (15) which calculates, from the signals from the photo-responsive elements (11) (12), the colour of the polychromatic light incident on the detector (8) as represented by two or more parameters on the Chromaticity (CIE) Diagram. Apparatus according to any of Claims 1 to 3 characterised in that at least one of the first and second gratings (3) (4) is provided with coloured markings (10). Apparatus according to Claim 4 characterised in that the at least one grating comprises markings (10) which absorb one or more wavelengths and reflect others, interspersed with non-reflective regions. Apparatus according to Claim 4 characterised in that the at least one grating comprises markings (25) which absorb one or more wavelengths and transmit others, interspersed with non-transmissive regions. Apparatus according to any of Claims 1 to 3 characterised in that in addition to the first and second gratings (3) (4), there is also provided a coloured filter (20) between the source (1) and the detector (8). A method of measuring displacement between first and second members including the steps of providing first and second gratings (3) (4); supporting the first grating (3) for movement with the first member; supporting the second grating (4) for movement with the second member; characterised by the steps of illuminating the first and second gratings with polychromatic light, the arrangement being such that the first and second gratings (3) (4) are disposed relative one to the other such that a relative displacement between the first and second members causes a corresponding variation in the colour of the light passing through or reflected from the first and second gratings; detecting the intensity of the polychromatic light passing through or refelected from the first and second gratings at a plurality of different wavelengths; and calculating, from the detected intensity of the polychromatic light, the relative displacement of the first and second members. A method according to Claim 8 characterised by the step of monitoring the ratio of detected light intensities at two or more selected wavelengths. A method according to Claim 8 characterised by the steps of detecting the polychromatic light with a detector (8) comprising first and second photo-responsive elements (11) (12), the responsivity with respect to wavelength of the first element (11) being different from that of the second (12); calculating, from the output of the first and second photo-responsive elements (11) (12), the colour of the polychromatic light incident on the detector (8) as represented by two or more parameters on the Chromaticity (CIE) Diagram; and interpreting the colour of the polychromatic light incident on the detector (8) in terms of the relative displacement of the first and second members.

Inventors: JONES, GORDON REES
Applicants: THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL
Application year: 1988
Main classification: G01B9
IPC codes: G01D5