Contact lenses for animals

Abstract: A contact lens for an animal having a nictitating membrane has a curved central region (12) and a peripheral region (14) of opposite curvature having an annular surface region (15) which contacts the eye tissue to support the lens.

Description: The present invention relates to contact lenses for animals, for example fowl . As is well known, fowl, such as domestic hens raised for egg production, are naturally combative. Hens typically attack one another with their beaks to establish a "pecking order" within the flock. This pecking behavior is aggravated by the sight of blood, and a chicken will concentrate its pecking on visibly bloodied areas of another bird. Left unchecked, this pecking behavior results in reduced egg production and an unacceptably high death rate within domestic egg-laying hen flocks. One prior method of addressing chickens' pecking behavior, described in U.S. Patent No. 3,418,978, issued to I. Wise et al. on December 31, 1968, is to insert vision-distorting contact lenses in the eyes of birds. The central portion of the lens is spaced from the animal's cornea to provide a chamber between the lens and cornea for the nictitating membrane (i.e. inner eyelid). The thickness and curvature of the central portion produce some vision distortion. The outer portion of the lens, which bears on the eye, has a curvature which generally conforms to the contour of the eye. A curvature discontinuity or "break" exists on the interior and exterior surfaces of the lens at the junction between the central and outer lens portions. The lens is formed by injecting, for example, a thermoplastic resin into a mold at a surface corresponding to the exterior surface of the central portion of the lens and a depression is intentionally formed during molding in the center of the exterior surface to produce added vision distortion. The distortion of the hen's vision reduces the bird's tendency to peck other hens. Additionally, the lens may be tinted red to produce red vision at all times, thus rendering the bird incapable of discerning red blood and thereby reducing pecking. While such contact lens and fabrication method may be satisfactory in some applications, the lens tends to irritate the eyes, resulting in corneal damage (e.g. ulceration) and attempts by the minimal to remove it. Thus, the lens typically may not be retained in the eye for any appreciable amount of time. That is, the lens "retention factor" may not be as high as is desirable in some applications. According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a contact lens for an eye of an animal having a nictitating membrane, said contact lens comprising: a curved central region adapted to be spaced from the eye tissue to provide a chamber for said nictitating membrane, and a peripheral region contiguous with said central region, the central region and the peripheral region being shaped such that contact between the lens and the eye tissue for support of the contact lens on the eye tissue takes place in said peripheral region; said lens being characterised in that the inner and outer surfaces of said peripheral region smoothly merge into the inner and outer surfaces of said central region without discontinuity, and in that the peripheral region is entirely curved, its curvature extending to the edge of the lens, which curvature is opposite to that of said curved central region, the outer part of the peripheral region providing said contact for support on the eye tissue. The opposite (or reverse) curvature of the peripheral region provides a tangential interface between the bearing surface of the contact lens and the eye (specifically, the sclera), thereby allowing the peripheral region of the contact lens to fit snugly beneath the outer eyelids of the animal, thereby impeding the contact lens from sliding out of the eye and thus aiding in the retention of the contact lens in the eye for extended periods of time. Also, the area of the bearing surface is increased over that which would occur if the curvature of the central region was carried through the peripheral region, further aiding the retention of the contact lens in the eye. Preferred embodiments include the following features. The contact lens is adapted for the eye of an egg-laying hen and has an edge diameter between 13.0 millimeters and 15.3 millimeters. The inner diameter of the annular portion is 1 millimeter less than the edge diameter. The contact lens is tinted to filter out light having wavelengths other than in the band front 5300 to 6800 Angstroms, and specifically is tinted red. The contact lens comprises a hydrophobic material having a relatively low wetting angle. A suitable lens material is polymethyl methacrylate. However, other materials, such as gas permeable materials (including silicone, a combination of polymethyl methacrylate and silicone, and cellulose acetate butyrate), may also be used. The contact lens permits the nictitating membrane to completely retract without restriction from the contact lens, thereby substantially reducing eye irritation and permitting the contact lens to be maintained in the eye for extended periods of time. Also, damage to the eye (such as corneal degeneration) is avoided because the contact lens rests on the eye radially outwardly of the cornea. Preferred embodiments include the following features. The lens includes a central region bounded by the peripheral region and adapted to be disposed over and spaced from the cornea when in place. The radius of curvature of the central region is selected to form a chamber between the central region and a surface of the eye within which the nictitating membrane nay move without interference from the contact lens. The contact lens includes an interior surface having a transition between the curvature of the central region and the opposite curvature which is substantially smooth and free of discontinuities in the slopes of the curvatures. For the eye of an egg-laying hen, the radius of the curvature of the central region is between 7.0 millimeters and 8.5 millimeters, and the radius of the reverse curvature is between 1.3 millimeters and 1.9 millimeters. The curvature transition is disposed radially outwardly from a center of the contact lens a distance selected to dispose the transition over the fully retracted nictitating membrane. The radius of the curvature of the central region defines an angle of between about 33° and about 39° at the transition with a line drawn through an origin of the radius of curvature parallel to a diameter of the contact lens. A uniformly smooth curvature of the interior surface further enhances the freedom with which the nictitating membrane may move under the contact lens, because there is no corner or "break" on the interior surface to catch and irritate the nictitating membrane as it moves. The nictitating membrane, being free to move over the cornea, efficiently cleans the corneal surface, thereby minimizing mucus buildup on the interior surface of the contact lens. Preferably, at least a portion of the central region has a thickness greater than that of the peripheral region, with no curvature discontinuities existing on the exterior surface of the contact lens. Thus, no place (such as a corner or crevice) is provided within which mucus may accumulate and irritate the eye. Preferred embodiments for use with egg-laying hens include the following features. The thickness of the peripheral region is between approximately 0.08 millimeters and 0.32 millimeters, and is preferably 0.16 millimeters. The maximum thickness of the central region is 0.5 millimeters. The thickness of the portion of the central region through which the animal sees varies in an amount selected to minimize vision distortion. Contact lens-induced vision distortion is unnecessary to reduce a chicken's propensity for pecking by an acceptable amount. Rather, satisfactory reduction in the undesired pecking behavior may be achieved with non-distorting, tinted (for example, red-tinted) contact lenses. Preferably, the peripheral region has a maximum thickness lens than 0.19 mm. The probability of eye irritation increases as the thickness of the contact lens increases. A relatively thick contact lens does not allow the outer eyelids to freely move over the exterior surfafce of the lens, permitting mucus to accumulate on the lens. The extreme thinness possible with our present contact lenses makes the lens quite pliable and hence comfortable on the eye. The contact lens also has an exterior surface which is relatively close to the eye and closely resembles the contour of the eye. Thus, the outer eyelids may freely move over and clean the exterior surface of the contact lens, inhibiting mucus build-up and thereby reducing eye irritation. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment. In the drawings:- Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of animal contact lens according to the present invention; Fig. 2 is a transverse sectional view of the animal contact lens of Fig. 1 in place in the eye; and Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an injection moulding apparatus for fabricating the animal contact lens of Fig. 1. Referring to Fig. 1, a contact lens 10 for use in several species of animals, such as fowl (e.g. chickens, and specifically egg-laying hens), dogs, horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, and others, is shown. Contact lens 10 is generally circular in shape when viewed from above or below and comprises central region 12 and peripheral or edge region 14. As discussed in detail below, the curvature of peripheral region 14 is opposite to the curvature of central region 12; that is, peripheral region 14 has a "reverse curvature" with respect to central region 12. Central and peripheral regions 12, 14 meet along an annular transition region 16. Contact lens 10 comprises a commercially available hydrophobic plastic material, here L-40 PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), available from Cyro Industries of Woodcliff Lake, NJ. A hydrophobic, rather than hydrophilic material is used to avoid a tight fit between lens 10 and the cornea of the eye caused by the tendency of hydrophilic material to absorb eye fluid. The material should have a "wetting angle" which is as low as possible so (such as between 8° and 16°) that an even film of eye fluid will form on the surfaces of lens 10 when the lens is in place in the eye. This helps supply oxygen to the cornea. Contact lens 10 is tinted a selected color or colors to affect the behavior of the animal in a selected way, as is discussed in detail below. For example, when used to reduce the pecking behavior of egg-laying hens, lens 10 is tinted between green and dark red (e.g. to filter out light having wavelengths other than in the band between about 5300 and 6800 Angstroms) to reduce the hens' affinity for blood. Contact lens 10 has an exterior surface 18 and an interior surface 20, which meet at a rounded edge 22. Surfaces 18, 20 are substantially smooth and free of any discontinuities (such as "breaks" in curvature or depressions). The thickness of peripheral region 14 is substantially constant. However, the thickness of lens 10 gradually increases between transition region 16 and the radial center 21 of lens 10 for purposes to be discussed. The change in thickness is sufficiently gradual in those portions of lens 10 that overlay the pupil of the eye that contact lens 10 introduces substantially no vision distortion. Referring to the dimensions identified in Fig. 1, it is noted at the outset that the specific dimensional values discussed here apply to use of contact lens 10 with chickens, preferably with egg-laying hens, and specifically with White Leghorn egg-laying hens. Of course, the required dimensions of lens 10 will be different for different kinds of animals having larger or smaller eye dimensions, and will even vary among White Leghorns. The overall diameter, D, of lens 10, measured between edges 22, is selected so that contact lens 10, when in place in the eye, contacts the eye tissue at an annular region 15 on interior surface 20 disposed radially outward from the region on the eye where the nictitating membrane joins the sclera. Diameter D is between about 13.0 and 15.3 millimeters (mm) for egg-laying hens, and preferably between 14.1 mm and 14.4 mm, and most preferably 14.3 mm, for White Leghorns. The inner diameter of annular region 15 is about 1.0 mm less than diameter D, leaving approximately a 1/2 mm lip adjacent edge 22 to bear on the eye tissue. Thus, the inner diameter of annular region 15 is about 13.3 mm for White Leghorn egg-laying hens. Lens 10 is radially symmetrical about a center point C; thus diameter D comprises a pair of equal edge radii, D/2, of 7.15 mm. Peripheral region 14 has a constant thickness between 0.08 mm and 0.32 mm for egg-laying hens, preferably between 0.12 mm and 0.20 mm for White Leghorns, and most preferably 0.16 mm. Beginning at transition region 16, the thickness of lens 10 in central region 12 gradually increases to a maximum at the radial center 21 of lens 10. Such increase in thickness is made to allow lens 10 to be fabricated by injection molding with the mold being filled uniformly by the injected lens material, as will be explained. The thickness at center point 21 is preferably between 0.254 mm and 0.42 mm for White Leghorns, and is most preferably 0.381 mm. In any event, the thickness at center 21 should be no greater than 0.5 mm to avoid supporting exterior surface 18 so far from the surface of the eye as to interfere with the movement of the outer eyelids over lens 10. If lens 10 is fabricated by another method (such as by grinding), the lens thickness need not be increased at all in central region 12. The injection molding point or gate 23 is located at a radius from center 21 greater than the radius of the fully dilated pupil of the eye. Gate 23 is radially disposed 3.5 mm from lens center 21. The thickness of lens 10 at gate 23 is most preferably 0.25 mm. The curvature of interior surface 20 in central region 12 is defined by a radius, R₁, denoted as the interior "sag radius", measured from an origin, O₁. Interior sag radius R₁ is selected to be sufficiently large to maintain interior surface 20 in central region 12 spaced from the nictitating membrane when the membrane is either extended (i.e. closed) or fully retracted (i.e. open). Interior sag radius R₁ is between 7.0 mm and 8.5 mm for egg-laying hens and is preferably between 7.2 mm and 7.6 mm, most preferably 7.531 mm, for White Leghorns. The sag radius R₂ of exterior surface 18 in central region 12 is measured from origin O₂ and is between 7.0 mm and 8.5 mm for egg-laying hens. Radius R₂ is preferably between 7.2 mm and 7.6 mm for White Leghorns, most preferably 7.341 mm. Exterior sag radius R₂ may be viewed as comprising two components R a , R b . Component R a denotes the distance between origin O₂ and center point C, and is 3.547 mm for White Leghorn egg-laying hens. Component R b is measured between center point C and exterior surface 18, and for White Leghorn egg-laying hens is 3.794 mm. Center point C defines a point located at substantially the center of the eyeball when contact lens 10 is in place in the eye. Thus, component R b is selected to be slightly larger than the distance from the center C of the eyeball to lens surface 20 (taking the thickness of contact lens 10 at center 21 into account); here to provide a minimum spacing of between 0.25 mm and 0.30 mm between the cornea and interior lens surface 20 at center 21. Thus, origins O₁, O₂ are spaced by 0.571 mm for a thickness of 0.381 mm at lens center 21. As discussed, reverse curved peripheral region 14 has a curvature opposite to the curvature of central region 12. That is, peripheral region 14 curves away from the curvature of central region 12, commencing at transition region 16. When contact lens 10 is in place in the eye, the nictitating membrane, when retracted, lies between the eye tissue and interior surface 20 below transition region 16. Thus, the radius, R T , of transition region 16 from center 21 is determined in the general case by the thickness of the nictitating membrane and the radial location of the retracted nictitating membrane with respect to the center C of the eye. At transition region 16, the exterior sag radius R₂ makes an angle, α, with respect to a reference line 26 drawn through origin O₂ parallel to lens diameter D. Such angle is preferably between 33°50′ and 39°1′ for egg-laying hens, and specifically between 35°30′ and 36°54′, most preferably 36° 7′, for White Leghorns. A radius of 36°7′ provides a radius R T of approximately 5.8 mm (taking the 0.16 mm thickness of contact lens 10 at transition region 16 into account). Peripheral region 14 has a radius of curvature, R₃ (measured from origin O₃ to interior surface 20), between 1.3 mm and 1.9 mm for egg-laying hens, and preferably between 1.5 mm and 1.7 mm, most preferably 1.67 mm, for White Leghorns. It is noted that origin O₃ is located a perpendicular distance, H (5.217 mm), from reference line 26. Referring to Fig. 2, contact lens 10 is shown in place on an eye 28 of a White Leghorn egg-laying hen. The process for inserting lens 10 into eye 28 is well known and will not be described here. The procedure may be performed entirely by hand or with the aid of, for example, a vacuum applicator. The cornea 34 of eye 28 is separated from lens 30 by interior region 36. Iris 37 defines the pupil of eye 28. Scleral ring 40 begins at the junction 39 between cornea 34 and sclera 38 and extends radially outwardly from junction 39. The typical diameter of the cornea of an egg-laying hen is about 8.2 mm. The eye also includes outer eyelid 42 and nictitating membrane 44 (shown fully retracted in Fig. 2). Nictitating membrane 44 joins scleral tissue 38 at a region 45 on the nasal side of the sclera at scleral ring 40. With contact lens 10 in place on eye 28, a chamber 46 is disposed between the surface of cornea 34 and the interior surface 20 of contact lens 10. Chamber 46 has a minimum depth, occurring at contact lens center 21, of 0.25 mm to 0.30 mm, and the curvature of interior surface 20 maintains the depth of chamber 46 substantially constant in the portion of central region 12 through which the hen sees (as defined by iris 37). The maximum depth of chamber 46 occurs at approximately the corneal-scleral junction 39, and is between approximately 0.95 mm and 1.0 mm. Of course, the exact depth of chamber 46 will vary from hen to hen. The typical thickness of an egg-laying hen's nictitating membrane 44 when fully retracted is only about 0.50 mm; membrane 44 is thinner still (typically between 0.10 mm and 0.15 mm thick) when fully extended over cornea 34 and scleral ring 40 (i.e. when closed). The depth of chamber 46 may be increased (by increasing sag radii R₁, R₂), but, if made too large, outer eyelids 42 may be unable to freely open and close over exterior surface 18. Contact lens 10 rests on an annular region 48 of eye 28 disposed radially outwardly from the region 45 in which nictitating membrane 44 joins sclera 38; that is, contact lens 10 does not bear on nictitating membrane 44 or portions of cornea 34. Specifically, annular region 15 of lens surface 20 bears on annular region 48 of the scleral tissue 38 radially outside of retracted nictitating membrane 44 at the edge of eye 28 immediately under outer eyelids 42. In egg-laying hens, the center of the fully retracted nictitating membrane 44 is typically disposed between 6.1 mm and 6.2 mm from the center C of eye 28. Thus, the inner radius of annular region 15 from center C (6.65 mm) provides ample room for nictitating membrane 44 to retract. The reverse curvature shape of peripheral region 14 provides a tangential interface between annular region 15 of interior surface 20 and annular region 48 of eye 28. This allows edge 22 to fit snugly under outer eyelids 42 to reduce the possibility of contact lens 10 sliding out of eye 28. Also, the area of the lens which bears on the eye tissue is increased over that which would be obtained by maintaining the central region curvature all the way to edge 22, further aiding retention. The curvature of interior surface 20 and large inner diameter of annular lens region 15 provide a peripheral chamber 47 within which nictitating membrane 44 retracts without interference from the contact lens. That is, as nictitating membrane 44 is retracted, sufficient space 47 (slightly greater than 0.50 mm) is provided between the eye tissue and the interior surface 20 of lens 10 for nictitating membrane 44 to move freely and without restriction from contact lens 10. While there may be some contact between the fully retracted nictitating membrane 44 and interior surface 20 at or near the region 45 where nictitating membrane 44 joins sclera 38, such contact does not impede the movement of nictitating membrane 44 because the lens rests on (i.e. is supported by) scleral tissue rather than on nictitating membrane 44. The curvatures of surfaces 18, 20 are uniformly smooth over the entire contact lens. Thus, there are no discontinuities or "breaks" in the curvatures of interior surface 20 and exterior surface 18. Although the curvature direction of surfaces 18, 20 changes in transition region 16, such directional change occurs smoothly rather than as a corner or "break". Alternately stated, there are no discontinuities in the slopes of the curvatures of surfaces 18, 20. In the region of contact lens 10 through which the animal sees (i.e. , the region of lens 10 disposed radially inwardly of gate 23), the thickness of the lens varies slightly (from 0.25 mm to 0.381 mm). This small thickness change produces substantially no distortion (e.g. blurring) in the vision of eye 28. It is, of course, possible to alter the curvature of surfaces 18 or 20 to improve an animal's vision, if such is desired in a given application. Referring to Figs. 1 and 3, a process for fabricating contact lens 10 by injection molding in molding unit 60 will now be discussed. Molding unit 60 comprises sections 62, 64 fabricated from steel. Molding unit 60 may be constructed to allow simultaneous injection molding of several contact lenses 10, for example a dozen or more lenses. Section 62 includes a curved surface portion 66 conforming to interior surface 20 of lens 10. Thus, surface 66 includes central surface portion 68 and peripheral surface portion 70, corresponding to the curvatures of the interior surface of the lens in central and peripheral regions 12, 14, respectively. Section 62 also includes a pair of annular recesses 74, 76 for receiving section 64 thereon. Section 62 has an injection passage 78 disposed therethrough from bottom surface 80. Passage 78 terminates in a narrow injection tube 82 which intersects surface 66. Tube 82 is aligned to inject the lens material (here PMMA) into central region 12 of lens 10 at gate 23 (Fig. 1). The region of lens 10 into which the lens material is injected should have a thickness greater than the remainder of the lens to allow the mold to be filled uniformly; hence the greater thickness of central region 12. Section 64 includes a curved surface 84 having a curvature corresponding to that of exterior lens surface 18. A portion 86 of surface 84 is provided with a reverse curvature to match the curvature of exterior surface 18 in peripheral region 14. Section 64 includes a pair of annular protrusions 88, 90 for engaging recesses 74, 76 respectively of section 62, when mold 60 is closed. In operation, the molding process is performed with mold sections 62, 64 disposed on their sides (i.e. with passage 78 disposed horizontally) to provide more thorough and efficient injection. When mold 60 is closed, a cavity 92 is disposed between curved mold surfaces 66, 84 corresponding to the shape and thickness selected for contact lens 10. The lens material (here formed by mixing PMMA powder with a granular color additive and heating the mixture to liquid form) is injected horizontally through injection tube 82. Air is vented from cavity 92 by a number of grooves (not numbered) radially disposed in surfaces 88, 90. A small area of roughness is formed on interior surface 20 at gate 23 due to the injection of lens material. After cavity 92 has been filled with the lens material and the material has solidified (i.e., cured), mold sections 62, 64 are separated. The lens material may comprise several other compositions (approved by the FDA for contact lenses), such as a gas-permeable PMMA-silicone combination, silicone, or CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate). Also, the color of contact lens 10 may be changed if lens 10 is to be used with different animals (for example, horses, dogs, pigs, cattle, sheep, etc.) or in applications other than reducing aggressive behavior. For example, contact lens 10 may be tinted a selected color to decrease an animal's sensitivity to certain wavelengths of ambient light. Also, tinted contact lenses may be employed to alter other behavior characteristics of chickens, for example, reproduction or "feed conversion ratio" (that is, the ratio between the amount of feed consumed per unit of weight gain or per egg produced), in place of exposing the chickens to colored ambient light. Thus, farm workers tending to the chickens can work comfortably under normal lighting and birds with contact lenses tinted various colours may be kept in the same area.

Claims: A contact lens for an eye of an animal having a nictitating membrane, said contact lens comprising: a curved central region adapted to be spaced from the eye tissue to provide a chamber for said nictitating membrane, and a peripheral region contiguous with said central region, the central region and the peripheral region being shaped such that contact between the lens and the eye tissue for support of the contact lens on the eye tissue takes place in said peripheral region; said lens being characterized in that the inner and outer surfaces of said peripheral region smoothly merge into the inner and outer surfaces of said central region without discontinuity, and in that the peripheral region is entirely curved, its curvature extending to the edge of the lens, which curvature is opposite to that of said curved central region, the outer part of the peripheral region providing said contact for support on the eye tissue. A contact lens according to Claim 1, further characterised in that said opposite curvature is selected to dispose an outer edge of said peripheral region beneath the outer eyelid when the contact lens is in place in the eye to assist in retaining the contact lens in the eye. A contact lens according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, further characterised in that the interior surface of the said outer part of the peripheral region rests on the eye tissue, when the contact lens is in place in the eye, at an annular region on the eye disposed radially outward of the region of the eye at which the nictitating membrane joins the eye tissue. A contact lens according to Claim 3, further characterised in that said interior surface in said central region is adapted to be spaced from the eye tissue in said central region, when the contact lens is in place in the eye, by an amount sufficient to allow the nictitating membrane to move beneath said contact lens without interference from said interior surface in said central region. A contact lens according to Claims 3 or 4, further characterised in that it is adapted for the eye of an egg-laying hen, said contact lens having an edge diameter between 13.0 millimeters and 15.3 millimeters. A contact lens according to Claim 5, further characterised in that the inner diameter of said annular portion is 1 millimetre less than said edge diameter. A contact lens according to any preceding claim, further characterised in that said contact lens is tinted to filter out light having wavelengths other than in the band from 5300 Angstoms to 6800 Angstroms, and preferably is tinted red. A contact lens according to any preceding claim, further characterised in that said contact lens comprises a hydrophobic material having a relatively low wetting angle. A contact lens according to any of Claims 1 to 7, further characterised in that said contact lens comprises polymethyl methacrylate, silicone, a combination of polymethyl methacrylate and silicone, or cellulose acetate butyrate. A contact lens according to Claim 1 to 7, further characterised in that said contact lens comprises a gas permeable material. A contact lens according to any preceding claim, further characterised in that said peripheral region has a first thickness and at least a portion of said central region has a second thickness greater than said first thickness. A contact lens according to any of Claims 1 to 11, further characterised in that said contact lens is adapted for the eye of an egg-laying hen, the transition between central and peripheral regions being disposed radially outwardly from the centre of the contact lens at a distance selected to dispose said transition substantially over the fully retracted nictitating membrane. A contact lens according to Claim 12, further characterised in that the radius of nominal curvature of said interior surface defines an angle of between about 33° and 39° at said transition with a line drawn through an origin of the radius of curvature of said central region parallel to a diameter of the contact lens. A contact lens according to any preceding claim, further characterised in that said contact lens is adapted for the eye of an egg-laying hen, the radius of curvature of said central region being between 7.0 millimeters and 8.5 millimeters. A contact lens according to any preceding claim, further characterised in that the radius of said opposite curvature is between 1.3 millimeters and 1.9 millimeters. A contact lens according to any preceding claim, further characterised in that said contact lens has a maximum thickness of 0.5 millimetres. A contact lens according to Claim 11, further characterised in that said first thickness is between approximately 0.08 millimeters and 0.32 millimeters, and preferably is substantially 0.16 millimeters. A contact lens according to Claims 11 or 17, further characterised in that said second thickness is a maximum of 0.5 millimeters. A contact lens according to any of Claims 11, 17 or 18, further characterised in that the thickness of a portion of said central region through which the animal sees is substantially constant to minimize vision distortion. A contact lens according to any preceding claim, further characterised in that the interior and exterior surfaces of the whole of the lens are each substantially smooth and free from discontinuities. A contact lens according to any preceding claim, further characterised in that said peripheral region has a maximum thickness less than 0.19 millimetres. Use of a contact lens according to any preceding claim in husbandry of animals having a nictitating membrane to temper the aggressive behaviour of such animals to each other thereby increasing the feed conversion ratio, whether in egg production or in meat production. A method of increasing egg production comprising the insertion of contact lenses according to any of Claims 1 to 21 in the eyes of a flock of egg producing fowl to temper their aggressive behaviour.

Inventors: LEIGHTON ALVAH T, WISE RANDALL E, LEIGHTON, ALVAH T., WISE, RANDALL E.
Applicants: ANIMALENS INC, ANIMALENS INCORPORATED
Application year: 1988
Main classification: A01K45
IPC codes: A01K45, A01K37, G02C7, A01K29