Non-volatile memory ciruit using ferroelectric capacitor storage element

Abstract: A non-volatile memory cell and related system utilize ferroelectric capacitors as data storage elements. Circuitry is provided for writing to a single ferroelectric capacitor storage element, as well as to dual storage elements operating inversely. The storage elements are read by use of a sense amplifier in a configuration which automatically restores the original data states, thereby eliminating the need for a subsequent restore operation. Memory systems are described which include circuitry for driving bit lines, word lines and drive lines to accomplish both the write and read operations.

Description: Technical Field The present invention pertains in general to integrated circuit memories and in particular to such memories having non-volatile storage. Background of the Invention Integrated circuit memories have come into extensive use in many applications, particularly for computer systems. It has been a pronounced technological trend to increase the capacity and density of such memories. As manufacturing and design techniques have improved, the cost of memory circuits has decreased dramatically, and this has greatly expanded the number of applications and the size of the market. However, the low cost, large capacity integrated circuits now in use have volatile memory storage, that is, the data stored in these memories is lost when the power is removed. There are many applications that could be enhanced if low cost memories could be made which are non-volatile. In certain applications, it is essential that the data be retained in the memory when power is removed. To fill this market, there have been developed a number of types of non-volatile memories. Among the most common of these now in use is the electronically programmable read only memory (EPROM). However, the non-volatile memories now available typically have a rather low density of memory storage, are generally complex to manufacture, often have a limited lifetime and are much more expensive than volatile memories. The need for non-volatile memory storage in integrated circuits has long been recognized, but a low cost solution has not yet been found. The phenomenon of ferroelectric materials has been recognized and studied for many years. Such materials have multiple orientation states which can be selected by the application of an electric field. The particular orientation state which is set in a ferroelectric material can be used to represent a data state. This orientation state is retained even when no further power is applied to the material. It is thus possible to store a particular state in a non-powered device and then to read the data state at a later time. It has long been recognized that ferroelectric materials could serve as a memory element in an electrical circuit. An early recognition of this application is shown in U.S. Patent No. 2,695,396 to Anderson. Since the Anderson patent, there have been more disclosures of circuitry which utilize ferroelectric elements from memory storage. Such patents include 4,144,591 to Brody, 4,149,301 to Cook and 4,360,896 to Brody. Still other patents report circuits which use ferroelectric materials in a memory. European Patent Application EP-A-0 278 167 discloses ferroelectric memory cell embodiments utilizing a single transistor and single ferroelectric capacitor, as well as dual transistors and dual ferroelectric capacitors storing complementary polarization states. This European patent application was filed before the instant application and published thereafter. This European patent therefore falls within the terms of Article 5 4(3) EPC for the following Contracting States : DE, GB, FR, IT, NL. According to this prior art memory architecture, the sense amplifiers cannot be decoupled from the memory array bit lines or the I/O data terminals of the memory and therefore limitations are imposed on the device. For example, the bit lines are not disclosed as being isolatable from the sense amplifier during sensing and switching to a digital state, whereby transients and noise resulting from electrical switching is coupled throughout the array via the bit lines. Further, the European application does not make any provisions for sensing the cell readout voltages after termination of the drive line pulse, thereby exacerbating reliability of the ferroelectric material. Although sense amplifier isolation is disclosed in a dynamic random access memory in the technical article (IEEE International Solid State Circuits Conference, 32nd Conference, Coral Gables, FL, U.S.A., Feb. 1985, Vol. 28, pages 256-257; H. Hirsch, et al.: "Megabit DRAMs"), there is no common teaching of isolating the sense amplifier after pulsing the drive line to both resolve the bit line voltage to a digital state and restore the polarization state to the ferroelectric capacitor if destructively read. It is well known that when a ferroelectric capacitor is read, one polarization state is destroyed while the other polarization state is not destroyed. In the European patent application identified above, the drive line pulse is terminated during the time when the sense amplifier applies a digital state to the bit line to restore the polarization state, irrespective of whether the state was destructively read. The German Patent Specification DE-A-2 754 987 discloses a memory having a volatile section and a nonvolatile backup to store the data in the event of a power failure. The nonvolatile device associated with each volatile cell section is a MNOS transistor functioning as a binary capacitor. It is also stated that the gate insulator of the transistor can be ferroelectric material. The memory cell of this prior art patent comprises a static ram flip-flop with the nodes thereof coupled to the binary capacitors which are pulsed with voltages significantly higher than the ordinary cell supply voltages. This type of cell does not require a sense amplifier separate and apart from the SRAM flip-flop and thus cannot be isolated therefrom. A matrix of ferroelectric capacitors is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,938,194 by Anderson. Positive and negative pulse drivers are applied to row access transistors for applying the positive or negative pulses to the row lines associated with the ferroelectric capacitors. In like manner, another pulse source is utilized for applying write pulses through column access transistors to the column lines of the array. By coordinating the pulses, as well as the row and column access transistors, the ferroelectric capacitors can be written with polarization states, as well as read. In order to write a polarization state into a ferroelectric capacitor, the appropriate polarity pulse must be applied across the capacitor by way of the row and column lines. Accordingly, depending upon the particular polarization state to be written into the ferroelectric capacitor, the specific pulse source must be activated to generate the appropriate polarity of voltage across the ferroelectric capacitor. Summary of the Invention The present invention is defined by the appended claims. A selected embodiment of the present invention comprises a non-volatile memory circuit which includes a ferroelectric capacitor which selectively stores first and second polarization states therein. An access transistor provides a series connection to the ferroelectric capacitor upon receipt of a selection signal for the memory circuit. Circuitry is provided which includes drive lines connected to the ferroelectric capacitors, and bit lines connected through the access transistor to the terminals of the capacitor. The access transistor is turned on to establish a series connection through the capacitor and transistor between the drive and bit lines. The circuitry further applies a drive line pulse to the capacitor for producing a data readout signal on the bit line corresponding to the polarization state stored in the ferroelectric capacitor, thereby providing a read function for the memory circuit. Drive line circuitry and sense amplifier circuitry apply a first voltage state and a second, opposite polarity voltage state to the ferroelectric capacitor for producing respectively the first and second polarization states in the ferroelectric capacitor. This is a write function for the memory circuit, which can be carried out in conjunction with and immediately subsequent to a read operation without changing the address applied to the memory. An embodiment of the present invention is a method for reading and modifying by writing a given data state into a non-volatile memory cell in one memory cycle. The first step comprises applying a read command to the memory and addressing a memory cell by activating an access transistor to connect a ferroelectric capacitor between a drive line and a bit line. The access transistor connects the ferroelectric capacitor serially between a drive line and a bit line. A drive pulse is applied on the drive line to the ferroelectric capacitor to apply a predetermined polarity electric field across the ferroelectric capacitor. The quantity of charge transferred from the ferroelectric capacitor to the bit line depends upon the polarization state previously set in the ferroelectric capacitor. The voltage on the bit line is compared by a sense amplifier with a reference or to a differential charge from a second ferroelectric capacitor to produce a data state which corresponds to the stored polarization state. The read command causes the digital state of the sense amplifier to be transferred to a data I/O of the memory. Without changing the address applied to the memory, a write command is applied together with a data state coupled to the data I/O of the memory. The sense amplifier transfers the data state to the memory array bit line, and thus to the memory cell addressed. A drive signal ending with a transition from one digital state to another is applied to the drive line to a first terminal of the ferroelectric capacitor. The difference between the drive signal voltage and the bit line voltage writes the desired polarization state to the ferroelectric capacitor, whereby the polarization state is stored in the capacitor and corresponds to the desired data state. Lastly, the access transistor is deactivated to isolate the ferroelectric capacitor. In this manner, reading a memory cell and modifying the contents thereof can be carried out in less time than separate read and write operations. A still further embodiment of the present invention relates to a read operation, which is destructive, but allows the original polarization state to be restored without the need for a subsequent write operation to the memory cell. A sense amplifier of the invention allows the bit lines and the data I/O of the memory to be isolated during switching of the sense amplifier to a digital state based on the readout bit line voltage. When the ferroelectric capacitor of a cell is read, a voltage is developed on the bit line of a magnitude based on the polarization state stored in the ferroelectric capacitor. One polarization state is destructively read while the other is not. The bit line voltage is applied to the nodes of the sense amplifier and then isolated, after the drive line pulse has been driven to an inactive state. The sense amplifier is supplied with a supply voltage and is driven to a digital state in correspondence with the isolated bit line voltage. Then, the sense amplifier is coupled to the bit line which, together with the inactive drive line voltage, restores the ferroelectric capacitor to its original polarization state if it is the state that was destructively read. Otherwise, the polarization state remains as it was after reading and not altered by the read operation. The digital state of the sense amplifier is then coupled to the data I/O of the memory. Description of the Drawings For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following Detailed Description taken in conjunction with the following Drawings in which: FIGURE 1 is a hysteresis curve illustrating the polarization characteristics of a ferroelectric capacitor, FIGURE 2 is a single cell ferroelectric capacitor memory circuit in accordance with the present invention, FIGURE 3 is a set of waveforms illustrating the reading of data states for the memory circuit shown in FIGURE 2, FIGURE 4 is a memory system which includes a single cell ferroelectric capacitor memory circuit, together with the peripheral circuits required to write data into the memory cell and read data from the memory cell, FIGURE 5 is a set of waveforms illustrating the writing of data 1 and data 0 states into the memory system shown in FIGURE 4, FIGURE 6 is a set of waveforms illustrating the reading of a data 1 from the memory system shown in FIGURE 4, FIGURE 7 is a set of waveforms illustrating the reading of a data 0 state from the memory system shown in FIGURE 4. FIGURE 8 is a non-volatile memory circuit having a double memory cell in accordance with the present invention, FIGURE 9 is a memory system utilizing the double memory cell circuit shown in FIGURE 8, FIGURE 10 is a set of waveforms illustrating the writing of data 1 and data 0 states into the memory system shown in FIGURE 9, FIGURE 11 is a set of waveforms illustrating the reading of a data 1 state from the memory system shown in FIGURE 9, FIGURE 12 is a set of waveforms illustrating the reading of a data 0 state from the memory system shown in FIGURE 9, FIGURE 13 is an illustration of the sense amplifier shown in FIGURES 4 and 9 together with bit-line equalization circuitry, isolation circuitry and column address circuitry, FIGURE 14 is a set of waveforms illustrating the operation of the sense amplifier shown in FIGURE 13 for reading a data 1 state, FIGURE 15 is a set of waveforms illustrating the operation of the sense amplifier shown in FIGURE 13 for writing a data 1 state into a memory cell, and FIGURE 16 is a set of waveforms illustrating the operation of the memory system shown in FIGURE 9 and the sense amplifier shown in FIGURE 13 to perform a read/modify/write cycle. Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention utilizes a ferroelectric capacitor as a non-volatile storage element in an electronic memory. It has been well established that ferroelectric capacitors can be set to have first and second opposite polarization states. Such operation with a ferroelectric capacitor is shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,695,396, 3,155,833 and 4,360,896. It has been found that a ferroelectric ceramic material having a designation PLZT is suitable for use in accordance with the present invention. PLZT is a perovskite crystal made up of lead, lanthanum, zirconium and titanium. This ferroelectric material can be produced as described in copending application entitled Method for Preparing PLZT and PZT Sol-Gels and Fabricating Ferroelectric Thin Films. (Attorney docket no. B-23,729, filed concurrently with this application and assigned to the same assignee.) A further description of ferroelectric materials is in "Sol-Gel Processing of PbTiO 3 , PbZrO 3 , PZT, PLZT Thin Films", Brit. Cer. Proc., Vol. 36, 1985 pages 107-121 and "Preparation of Ferroelectric PZT Films by Thermal Decomposition of Organometallic Compounds", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 19, 1984, pages 595-598. Referring now to FIGURE 1 there is illustrated a hysteresis curve showing the polarization versus electric field for a ferroelectric capacitor. When a positive electric field is applied across the terminals of a ferroelectric capacitor, there is produced the polarization state indicated as Ps. As the electric field intensity decreases toward 0, the polarization is shown by the upper right side curve. When the electric field intensity decreases to 0, the polarization state is designated as P(0). This polarization state is arbitrarily defined to be a data 0. When the electric field intensity goes negative, the polarization of the capacitor is shown by the curve which extends through the upper left and lower left quadrants. As the negative electric field returns to 0, the hysteresis of the capacitor produces a polarization state P(1), which is negative polarization. This is arbitrarily defined to be a data 1 state. When a positive electric field is again applied to the terminals of the ferroelectric capacitor, the polarization is indicated by the curve extending through the lower right and upper right quadrants until the polarization state Ps is again reached. It can be seen that with alternating positive and negative polarity electric fields that the polarization will be indicated by traveling counterclockwise around the hysteresis curve as indicated by the arrows in the curve. The polarization between the P(0) and P(1) points is termed remnant because it remains after the electric field is removed. The polarization between the Ps and P(0) points is termed non-remnant since it is lost when the electric field goes from a maximum to zero. A memory cell circuit representative of the present invention is illustrated in FIGURE 2. A memory circuit 20 includes a ferroelectric capacitor 22 and an access transistor 24. The ferroelectric capacitor 22 can be set to have a data 1 polarization state as indicated by the downward pointing arrow, which indicates a negative polarization state. It can further be set to have a data 0 state, which is indicated by the upward pointing arrow. Access transistor 24 is an MOS enhancement mode device which has the drain terminal thereof connected to one terminal of the ferroelectric capacitor 22. A second terminal of the capacitor 22 is connected to a drive line 26. The gate terminal of transistor 24 is connected to a word line 28 which receives a selection signal for selecting the memory circuit 20. The source terminal of transistor 24 is connected to a bit line 30 which transmits data states to and receives data states from the ferroelectric capacitor 22. The physical configuration shown in Figure 2 for circuit 20 has the bit line 30 perpendicular to the drive line 26 and the word line 28. Although the word line 28 is typically orthogonal to the bit line 30, the drive line 26 may be parallel to either of the lines 28 or 30. Further, the positions of the transistor 24 and capacitor 22 can be reversed. The read operation for the circuit 22 is illustrated by the waveforms shown in FIGURE 3. When the signal on the word line 28 is in a high state, the transistor 24 is turned on, thereby serially connecting the ferroelectric capacitor 22 between the drive line 26 and the bit line 30. After the word line has turned on the transistor 24, the drive line goes from 0 to a positive voltage state. When the capacitor 22 has previously been set to have a negative polarization state, data 1, the rising voltage on the drive line applies an electric field across the capacitor 22. Referring back to FIGURE 1, this is a movement along the hysteresis curve from the point P(1) upward and to the right until the polarization of the capacitor is Ps. When the drive line voltage falls, the polarization follows the upper curve back to the point P(0). There is thus a net shift of current through the transistor 24 to the bit line 30. The bit line 30, in a typical integrated circuit configuration, has an inherent capacitance which is charged by the current flow through the capacitor 22. In an application where the bit line 30 has insufficient capacitance, a capacitor can be connected to it. Further referring to FIGURE 3, it can be seen that when the ferroelectric capacitor is in the P(1) state initially and a positive going pulse is applied through the drive line 26 that there will be a net voltage remaining on the bit line 30 after the drive line pulse has returned to 0. As a comparative reference, the P(1) polarization state is shown as a dotted line for each of the bit line waveforms. When the ferroelectric capacitor 22 is in the P-(0) state representing a data 0, and the positive drive pulse is applied, the polarization indicated in the hysteresis curve in FIGURE 1 transitions from the P(0) point upward to the right until the polarization is at the Ps point. When the drive line falls, the polarization returns to P(0). There is no net change in polarization and therefore no current flow through the transistor 24. As a result, there is no charge transferred into the bit line 30. The temporary charging of the bit line 30 is due to the non-remnant polarization. For convenience, the data 1 state has been defined to be a high level state following activation of the ferroelectric capacitor. This corresponds to the charge transferred to the bit line when the capacitor has been read. Likewise, the data 0 state corresponds to a low or zero voltage state after the capacitor has been read. The operation of a sense amplifier in conjunction with the circuit 20 is further described below. Still referring to Figure 3, the sense amplifier is activated at a particular time to read the bit line. It can be activated either during the time that the drive line 26 is active, as shown by the dotted line 35, or after the drive line pulse has returned to 0 as indicated by the line 38. By activating the sense amplifier, at the time shown by line 35, during the period of the drive line pulse, the data in the memory cell is retrieved faster. However, by waiting until the drive line pulse has returned to zero, as indicated by line 38, the data retrieval is slower but the long-term reliability of the memory cell 20 may be increased due to a reduced wear-out mechanisms. Such a residual voltage can tend to reduce the lifetime of ferroelectric materials. A memory system 36, which utilizes the single cell memory circuit 20, is illustrated in FIGURE 4. The memory system 36 employs the circuit 20 and all common elements are identified by similar reference numerals. The address for a particular memory cell is received at an address terminal 38. This can be a parallel input. The memory system 36 is enabled by a chip enable signal shown by the symbol CE bar at a terminal 40. When the chip enable signal goes to a low state, the memory system 36 is enabled. The CE bar signal is also provided to the circuits 46 and 48. A read/write (R/W) bar command is input to the memory system 36 at a terminal 42. An output enable signal, shown as OE bar at terminal 44, provides the function of enabling the output from the system 36, that is, preparing the output to be read. The address signal is input through terminal 38 to a drive line decoder and drivers circuit 46 and a word line decoder and drivers circuit 48. The circuit 46 generates the drive line signal at line 26, while the circuit 48 generates the word line signal at line 28. The chip enable bar signal is input through the terminal 40 to a sense timing and control circuit 54 as well as to the circuits 46 and 48. Likewise, the read/write command signal at terminal 42 and the output enable command at terminal 44 are input to a sense timing and control circuit 54. The output from the sense timing and control circuit 54, is input to a sense amplifier 56, which also receives a reference voltage or reference cell input through a line 58. The sense amplifier 56 detects voltage states on the bit line 30 for read operations and generates required data states on line 30 for write operations. The read/write signal is further transmitted through terminal 42 to a data input/output and decoder circuit 60. The output enable signal at terminal 44 is also input to the circuit 60. A data input and output terminal 62 is connected to the data input/output and decode circuit 60. Input data is transmitted through terminal 62 and output data from the memory cell 20 is received at terminal 62. The circuit 60 is connected to transfer data to and from the sense amplifier 56 through a line 64. The input to line 58 can also be from a "dummy cell." This is a memory cell having the same architecture as other memory cells, such as cell 20, on the same column line, but having a different capacitor size. Dummy cells are well known in the field of dynamic random access memory circuits. The dummy cell is always maintained in the same state and is driven each time a memory cell is accessed on the same column line. The output of the dummy cell produces a reference having a level between the data outputs generated by the data memory cell. Operation of the memory system 36 is now described in reference to FIGURE 4 and to the waveforms shown in FIGURES 5, 6 and 7. The writing of a data 1 and a data 0 is shown in reference to FIGURE 5. There will first be described the writing of a data 1 state into the memory circuit 20. A data state 1 is applied to the input/output terminal 62, while an address that selects the memory circuit 20 is input through the terminal 38. The memory system 36 is activated by a low input at the chip enable terminal 40. A write signal is input to the terminal 42. The circuit 48 decodes the address and applies a word line signal to the line 28 to activate the transistor 24. This occurs at the rising edge of the word line signal. The circuit 46 generates a drive line pulse on the drive line 26. The sense amplifier 56 responds to the data 1 input by generating a high level pulse signal on the bit line 30. When the transistor 24 is conductive, the ferroelectric capacitor 22 receives a net zero voltage when the drive line pulse is high. But when the drive line pulse goes to zero, the ferroelectric capacitor 22 receives a negative electric field (bit line 30 high and drive line 26 low) and is therefore oriented to have a negative polarization, which is indicated as P(1) in FIGURE 1. When the word line 28 drops to the low level, the transistor 24 is turned off and the ferroelectric capacitor 22 is isolated. The capacitor 22 retains the P(1) polarization state. The writing of a data 0 state is much like that for the data 1 state described above. The only difference is that the sense amplifier 56 holds the bit line at a low data state. The word line is activated in the same manner. With a low state on the bit line 30 and a high state on the drive line 26, the ferroelectric capacitor has its polarization set to the P(0) state, as indicated in FIGURE 1. When the drive line pulse goes low, there is no voltage across the capacitor 22. Further, as noted above, the negative polarization state indicates a data 1, while a positive polarization state is used to indicate a data 0. This is an arbitrary definition that is used for convenience in reading the outputs from the memory circuit 20. The reading of a data state which has previously been stored in the memory circuit 20 is now described in reference to FIGURE 6. In reading a memory circuit there must be applied an address to the terminal 38 and this address is decoded by the circuit 48 to produce the word line signal at line 28. The chip enable signal is provided through line 40 to activate the memory system 36. The read state of the read/write signal is input through the terminal 42. For this case, the data state to be read from the memory circuit 20 will be output to the input/output terminal 62. Upon receipt of the chip enable command, a predetermined voltage pulse is generated by the circuit 46 and applied as the drive pulse to the drive line 26. This is a positive going pulse. For reading a data 1 state, which has the negative polarization, the drive line causes a charge transfer through the transistor 24 to the bit line 30. This serves to charge the bit line 30 and increase the voltage thereon as indicated by the waveform for bit line 30 in FIGURE 6. Even after the drive line 26 returns to 0, there remains a net charge on the bit line 30. This is a result of transitioning counterclockwise from the P(1) state to the P(0) state as shown in the hysteresis curve in FIGURE 1. At the time indicated by a line 72, the sense amp 56 is activated. The sense amp 56 has two inputs which are compared. The first input is the bit line 30 and the second input is a reference voltage which is received through line 58. If the bit line voltage exceeds the reference voltage, then the sense amplifier 56 drives the bit line to a full positive voltage state. This is shown in FIGURE 6 immediately following the line 72. Thus the P(1), negative polarization orientation produces a data 1, positive voltage state. The data state on the bit line 30 is then passed through the line 64 to the output circuit 60 for supply to the terminal 62. Thus, the complete cycle of applying an address to the memory system 36 is completed by receiving an output data state at the terminal 62. The output data reaches a valid state as indicated by line 75. A further important aspect of the present invention is the restore aspect. As can be seen in FIGURE 6, the sense amplifier drives the bit line 30 back to the full positive power state. Since the transistor 24 is turned on because word line 28 is high, and the drive line 26 has returned to the low voltage state, the negative polarization state P(1) is reapplied to the ferroelectric capacitor 22. The sense amplifier then pulls the bit line to 0 thereby reducing the electric field across the capacitor 22 to zero. The word line 22 then returns to 0, thereby deactivating the transistor 24 and isolating the capacitor 22. As a result of this operation and timing, the ferroelectric capacitor 22 is destructively read, but immediately restored to the original state. This process of immediate restoration provides a considerable time saving over previous destructive reading techniques which take the output data and performing a complete write cycle to restore the original state in the memory cell. The process of the present invention in providing immediate restoration of the data state to the ferroelectric capacitor significantly increases the speed of the memory system 36 and its availability, as compared to previous non-volatile memory circuits. The operation of reading a data 0 for the memory system 36 shown in FIGURE 4 is illustrated by the waveforms shown in FIGURE 7. The addressing, enabling and read\write inputs to the system 36 are the same as described above in reference to FIGURE 6. When the word line 28 goes to the high state, the transistor 24 is activated, thereby connecting the ferroelectric capacitor 22 serially between the drive line 26 and bit line 30. The circuit 46 likewise produces a fixed positive drive pulse on the drive line 26. In this instance the ferroelectric capacitor has previously been set to the P(0) polarization state. The application of a positive field to the ferroelectric capacitor 22 results in only moving the polarization state from P(0) up to P s and then back to P(0) as shown in the hysteresis curve in FIGURE 1. As a result, there is little or no net current transfer through the transistor 24 to the bit line 30, which returns to a low voltage state following the drive pulse. The sense amplifier 56 is activated at a time indicated by a line 74 to make a comparison between the voltage on the bit line 30 and the reference voltage received through line 58. In this case the voltage on the bit line 30 is less than the reference voltage, therefore, the sense amplifier drives the bit line 30 to the low voltage state following the drive pulse. This voltage state is then passed through the line 64 to the circuit 60 and applied to the input/output terminal 62. Note that in the case for reading a data 0, there is no change in the polarization state on the ferroelectric capacitor 22. Thus, the reading of a data 0 state does not destroy the data state in the capacitor 22. Therefore, there is no need for any type of restore operation or subsequent write cycle. For the operations of reading both a data 1 state and a data 0 state, the present invention eliminates any need for a separate data restoration step, which is the conventional process used in memory systems having destructive reads. The process of providing automatic restoration is a substantial advantage for the circuit of the present invention. A further aspect of the present invention is a double element memory circuit 80 shown in FIGURE 8. The circuit 80 uses two ferroelectric capacitors for the storage of a single data state. This effectively doubles the signal-to-noise ratio for the memory circuit which in turn increases its reliability and decreases its susceptibility to noise and other interference. It has further been found that certain ferroelectric capacitor substances have a history characteristic, at least during the early lifetime. When compared to a fixed reference, as with the circuit 20 shown in FIGURE 2, the history characteristic can change sufficiently to reduce the signal-to-noise ratio to an unacceptable level. The circuit 80 provides identical ferroelectric capacitors which have the same history characteristics. The two capacitors are also subjected to the same number of pulse cycles. By reading these two capacitors differentially, the time changing of characteristics can be minimized, while the increased voltage differential enhances the reliability of the memory circuit. The circuit 80 has a drive line 82, a word line 84, a bit line 86 and bit bar line 88. The lines 86 and 88 have inverse voltage states. There is further included a data input/output line 90. The memory circuit 80 includes ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94 and access transistors 96 and 98. A first terminal for each of the capacitors 92 and 94 is connected to the drive line 82. The drain terminals for each of the MOS transistors 96 and 98 are connected respectively to the remaining terminals of the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94. The word line 84 is connected to the gate terminals of the transistors 96 and 98. The source terminals of transistors 96 and 98 are connected respectively to the bit line 86 and the bit bar line 88. The memory circuit 80 further includes a sense amplifier 97 which has the bit lines 86 and 88 as inputs. The sense amplifier 97 is further connected to the data input/output line 90. The data 1 and 0 states correspond to the polarization states described above for circuit 20 in FIGURE 2. In the memory circuit 80, the capacitors 92 and 94 are always set to have opposite polarization states. The operation of the memory circuit 80 is very similar to that shown for circuit 20 in FIGURE 2. The major difference is that the reference voltage is removed and replaced with a second ferroelectric capacitor memory cell. The sense amplifier functions in the same manner to detect the differences between the two bit lines just as detecting the difference between one bit line and the reference voltage. The writing and restoration operations function in the same manner as described above. A memory system 102 for implementing the dual memory circuit 80 is illustrated in FIGURE 9. The common circuit elements from FIGURE 8 are reproduced in FIGURE 9 with similar reference numerals. The memory system 102 receives addresses through an address terminal 104 and these addresses are provided to a drive line decoder and driver circuit 106 and a word line decoder and driver circuit 108. The address input may comprise parallel lines. The circuit 106 produces the drive line signals for line 82, while the decoder and driver circuit 108 produce the word line signals for line 84. A chip enable signal, CE bar, is input through a terminal 110 where it is provided to a sense timing and control circuit 112, as well as to the circuits 106 and 108. A read/write signal is input at a terminal 114 where it is provided to the sense timing and control circuit 112, as well as to a data input/output and decode circuit 116. The circuit 112 provides timing and control signals through a line 117 to the sense amplifier 97. The decode circuit 116 provides data to and from the sense amplifier 97 through the line 90. An input/output terminal 118 provides data to and from the data input/output and decode circuit 116. The memory system 102 further includes an output enable terminal 126 which is connected to the sense timing and control circuit 112, as well as to the data input/output and decode circuit 116. Operation of the memory system 102 shown in FIGURE 9 is now described in reference to FIGURES 10, 11 and 12. Writing of data into the capacitors 92 and 94 is described in reference to the memory system 102 shown in FIGURE 9 and the waveforms in FIGURE 10. The first description is for the writing of a data 1 state. An address is received through the terminal 104 and this address is decoded by the circuit 108 to activate the word line 84. The data 1 state is input through the terminal 118 to the circuit 116 which further provides this data state to the sense amplifier 97. The drive line 82 is driven to a positive state by the circuit 106. The sense amplifier 97 applies a high signal to the bit line 86 and a low level signal to the bit line 88. Since the high state on the word line 84 has activated the transistors 96 and 98, the ferroelectric capacitor 92 initially has a high state on both terminals, but after the drive line pulse goes to a low state, the bit line 86 will be high and the drive line will be low, thereby applying a negative field to produce the negative polarization state P(1) on capacitor 92. The ferroelectric capacitor 94 has a high state on the drive line 82 and a continuous low state on the bit bar line 88. This applies a positive field polarity which establishes the polarization state P(0) on the capacitor 94. Thus, the capacitors 92 and 94 are set to have opposite polarization states. This combination is arbitrarily defined to be a data 1 state. The writing of a data 0 is much like that of writing a data 1 with the only difference being a reversal of the voltage states on the bit line 86 and bit bar line 88. As a result of this reversal, the ferroelectric capacitor 92 is set to a P(0) polarization state, while the ferroelectric capacitor 94 is set to a P(1) polarization state. This combination is arbitrarily defined to be a data 0 state. In each of the above write examples, the word line is turned off after the polarization orientation is set to thereby isolate the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94. Note in Figure 10 that the word line 84 signal can be turned off, go low, either before or after the signal at the bit lines 86 or 88 goes low. The reading of a data 1 state for the memory system 102 is illustrated by the waveforms in FIGURE 11. In detecting a data state, a sense amplifier must be turned on. The time at which a sense amplifier 97 is activated is optionally done at the times indicated by lines 128 and 130. For the first example, the sense amplifier is activated at the time indicated by the vertical line 128. In reading the memory system 102, there must again be applied an address through the terminal 104, which address is decoded by the circuit 108 to activate the word line 84. This serves to turn on the transistors 96 and 98. This occurs when the signal on line 84 goes to the initial high state. The read command is input through the terminal 114 to the circuit 116 which in turn transmits a command for activating the circuit 106 to apply a pulse to the drive line 82. This is shown in FIGURE 11. For the capacitor 92, the polarization state is switched from P(1) to P(0) which transfers charge to the bit line 86. The bit bar line 88 receives little or no net charge and therefore the voltage on line 88 is approximately zero after the drive line has returned to a low level. The sense amplifier 97 is turned on at the time indicated by line 128. This sense amplifier compares the voltage states on the lines 86 and 88. Whichever line has the greater voltage will be driven to the full positive voltage level. This is shown for the line 86 in FIGURE 11 immediately following line 128. The remaining line, line 88, is held at the low level voltage state. After the sense amplifier 97 is activated, the data 1 state condition exists for the bit lines 86 and 88, the word line drops to the low level to deactivate the transistors 96 and 98, thereby isolating the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94. It is important to note at this point that the ferroelectric capacitors have been left in the same polarization state that they were in before the read operation occurred. The circuit of the present invention provides automatic self-restoration in the same manner as described above for the single element memory circuit. There is thus no requirement to have a second write cycle to restore the data state which was read from the cell, which is the usual practice when making a destructive read from a memory. In an optional read method, the sense amplifier is activated at the time indicated by line 130. The waveform responses for this activation time are shown by the dashed lines. This sense amplifier activation occurs during the time that the drive line 82 pulse is still high. Reading at the earlier time in the cycle provides a faster read cycle, but is more sensitive to differences in the two capacitors 92 and 94. There is also a different capacitor wear-out mechanism which affects long term reliability. In the read operation shown in FIGURE 11, the word line can be turned off during either of times identified by lines 127 or 129. At the time shown by line 127 the sense amplifier 97 is still on and the bit lines 86 and 88 are differentially charged. If the word line goes off at the time for line 127, a voltage will be left across one of the capacitors 92 or 94. Although this charge will leak off, it could possibly be detrimental to the ferroelectric material. If this is the case, the word line should be turned off at approximately the time shown by line 129, which is after the sense amplifier 97 has been turned off and voltage has been removed from both of the capacitors 92 and 94. The operation for reading a data 0 from the memory system 102 is illustrated by the waveforms in FIGURE 12. Like the read operation described above, the address is provided through terminal 104, a chip enable signal through terminal 110 and a read command through terminal 114. In FIGURE 12, there are shown two times for activating the sense amplifier, these times are indicated by the lines 132 and 134. In this read operation, the drive line 82 receives a similar positive drive pulse which is applied to the capacitors 92 and 94. But since the polarization states of these capacitors are opposites, the bit bar line 88 retains a charge, while the bit line 86 returns to a low voltage state when the drive voltage pulse on line 82 drops. When the sense amplifier 97 is activated, at the time indicated by line 132, the bit bar line 88 is pulled to a high voltage state, while the bit line 86 is held at the low voltage state. Again, it must be noted that this action of the sense amplifier 97, in conjunction with the drive line returning to a zero state, serves to restore the initial polarization states to the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94 thereby eliminating the need for any subsequent restore cycle. As an option, the sense amplifier can be turned on at the time indicated by the line 134. This produces a faster, more sensitive read cycle. In each of the above circuits there is included a sense amplifier for detecting data states by comparison of a bit line state to a reference value or the comparison of the states of two bit lines. Referring to FIGURE 13, a circuit 140 includes a sense amplifier 142 for carrying out these functions. Additional circuitry is included within the circuit 140 for accomplishing additional aspects of the memory operations. The sense amplifier 140 includes transistors 144, 146, 148 and 150. These are connected between a sense amp line 152 and a sense amp bar line 154. These sense amp lines connect to the bit lines shown in FIGURE 9 and the bit line and reference line shown in FIGURE 4. The sense amplifier 142 is controlled through an SN (Sense Negative) line 156 and an SP (Sense Positive) line 158. Transistors 144 and 146 are enhancement mode NMOS devices while transistors 148 and 150 are enhancement mode PMOS devices. The drain terminals of transistors 144 and 148 are connected to the sense amp line 152 while the source terminals of transistors 146 and 150 are connected to the sense amp bar line 154. The gate terminals of transistors 144 and 148 are connected to the bit bar line 154, while the gate terminals of transistors 146 and 150 are connected to the sense amp line 152. The source terminal of transistor 144 is connected to the drain terminal of transistor 146, as well as to the SN line 156. The source terminal of transistor 148 is connected to the drain terminal of transistor 150 and to the SP line 158. Circuit 140 further includes a data line 164 and a data bar line 166. A column line 168 and a column bar line 170 are connected to transistors 172, 174, 176 and 178 to connect or isolate the data lines 164 and 166 with the corresponding sense amp lines 152 and 154. The transistors 174 and 176 are enhancement NMOS devices. The transistors 172 and 178 are enhancement PMOS devices. Transistors 172 and 174 each have the source and drain terminals thereof connected between line 164 and line 152. Transistors 176 and 178 likewise have the source and drain terminals thereof connected between the data bar line 166 and the bit bar line 154. Column line 168 is connected to the gate terminals of transistors 174 and 176, while the column bar line 170 is connected to the gate terminals of transistors 172 and 178. The column and column bar lines 168 and 170 have inverse states. When the column line 168 is high and the column bar line 170 is low, the sense amp lines 152 and 154 are connected to the data lines 164 and 166. But, when the column line 168 is low and the column bar line 170 is high, the data lines 164 and 166 are isolated from the sense amp lines 152 and 154. The sense amplifier 142 can be isolated from an internal bit line 184 and a bit bar line 186 by the action of isolation transistors 188, 190, 192 and 194. The transistors 190 and 192 are enhancement mode NMOS devices, while the transistors 188 and 194 are enhancement mode PMOS devices. The circuit 140 further includes an I (Isolation) line 196 and an I bar line 198 which, when activated, provide isolation between the bit lines 184, 186 and the sense amp lines 152, 154 connected to the sense amplifier 142. The I line 196 is connected to the gate terminals of transistors 190 and 192 and the I bar line 198 is connected to the gate terminals of transistors 188 and 194. The source and drain terminals of transistors 188 and 190 are connected between the lines 152 and 184, while the source and drain terminals of transistors 192 and 194 are connected between lines 154 and 186. The lines I and I bar have inverse states. When the I line is high and the I bar line is low, the lines 152 and 184 are connected together and the lines 154 and 186 are connected together. When opposite voltage states are present on the lines 196 and 198, the sense amp lines 152, 154 and the bit lines 184, 186 are isolated. When the circuit 140 is employed as the sense amplifier 97 in FIGURE 4, bit lines 184 and 186 are connected respectively to bit lines 86 and 88. Likewise, for FIGURE 9, the bit lines 184, 186 are connected respectively to the bit lines 86, 88. The circuit 140 further includes an E (Equalization) line 204. This line is connected to the gate terminals of enhancement mode MOS transistors 206 and 208. Transistor 206 has the drain terminal thereof connected to bit line 184, and transistor 208 has the source terminal thereof connected to bit line 186. The source terminal of transistor 206 and the drain terminal of transistor 208 are connected together and to a circuit ground. When the E line 204 is activated, the transistors 206 and 208 are turned on, thereby connecting together the bit lines 184 and 186 together and to ground. This is done prior to any reading of the sense amp lines of the memory circuit to equalize the voltage levels on the bit lines before any charge is transferred from the ferroelectric capacitors. Operation of the sense amplifier 142 in the circuit 140 is now described in reference the circuits shown in FIGURES 9 and 13 and to the waveforms shown in FIGURES 14 and 15. A read operation to read a data 1 is illustrated in FIGURE 14. In the initial condition, the chip enable signal goes low to allow access to the memory system 102. Word line 84 is turned on to activate transistors 96 and 98. The isolation signal I goes high to connect the sense amp lines 152 and 154 from the bit lines 184, 186. The equalization signal, previously on, at line 204 goes low to separate the balanced bit lines 184 and 186. Next, the drive pulse at line 82 goes high thereby causing charge transfer from capacitors 92, 94 to lines 152, 154, 184, and 186. Capacitor 92 undergoes a polarization state change and transfers greater charge to lines 152, 184. Lines 154, 186 receive a lesser charge. When the drive pulse returns to zero, net charge remains on lines 152 and 184. At the time shown by a line 210, the isolation signal at line 198 is deactivated to isolate bit lines 184, 186 from the sense amp lines 152, 154. The sense amplifier 142 is then activated by the SP and SN signals on lines 150 and 156. As a result, the sense amp line 152 is pulled to a full positive voltage state and sense amp line 154 is held at zero. Just before the time indicated by vertical line 212, the output enable bar signal at line 126 goes to the active state. At the time shown by line 212, the isolation I signal at line 196 goes high to connect the sense amp lines 152, 154 to the bit lines 184, 186. This pulls bit line 184 high. Next, the column signal at line 168 is activated during the time period 214. This applies the data states on the lines 152, 154 to the data lines to the data lines 164, 166. The output enable signal at line 126 goes to the disable state during period 214. Also the isolation signal at line 196 goes low which allows the bit line 184 to go low due to activation of the equalization signal at line 204. Next, the chip enable signal at line 110 goes to the high, disabled, state. At the start of a time period 216, the word line signal at line 84 goes low to turn off transistors 96 and 98 and thereby isolate the capacitors 92 and 94, which have both been maintained at their original polarization states. Next the SP and SN signals at lines 150 and 156 return to the initial states to deactivate the sense amplifier 142. This causes the sense amp line 152 to go to the ground state together with line 154. This completes the read cycle. The use of the sense amplifier 142 and the writing of data states is indicated by the waveforms shown in FIGURE 15. For this example, a data 1 state is written into the memory system, such as the system 102. The equalization line 204 connects the bit lines 184 and 186 to equalize the charge at a ground level. In the next step, the column line 168 transitions to the high voltage state to activate the column transistors172, 174, 176 and 178 which connect the data lines 164 and 166 to the sense amp lines 152 and 154. During this part of the cycle, the I line 196 is activated to connect the bit line 184 to the sense amp line 152 and the bit line 186 to the sense line 154. The sense amplifier 142 is activated when the transitions occur for the SP line 158 and the SN line 156. The data signal on lines 164 and 166 serve to set the state of the sense amplifier 142. Sense amplifier 142 is turned on at the time indicated by a line 218. Thus, the appropriate data states are established on the sense amp lines 184 and 186. At the beginning of an interval 220, the drive line 82 transitions from the low state to the high voltage state. Referring back to FIGURE 9, this action serves to set the state in the ferroelectric capacitor 94. When the drive line pulse drops from the high to the low state, a polarity differential is developed across the ferroelectric capacitor 92, which is the opposite from that applied to the capacitor 94. Therefore, inverse polarization states are set to the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94. This occurs during a time period 220. The sense amplifier 142 is turned off during a time period 222 after the data states have been set in the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94. The word line 114 signal is deactivated prior to the turning off of the sense amplifier 142 to isolate the ferroelectric capacitors. Finally, the equalization signal at E line 204 returns to a high state to balance and discharge the bit lines 184 and 186. Referring now to FIGURE 16, there is shown a group of waveforms illustrating a memory operation process which is termed read/modify/write. This is a process for providing a very fast read from a memory, modification of the results by operation of software, followed by writing the modified results back into the memory. All of this is accomplished in a single cycle which is shorter than the sum of both a read and write cycle. Further referring to FIGURE 16, there are three sequential time periods which are labeled as READ, MODIFY and WRITE. The read portion is basically the same as that shown in FIGURE 14 for reading a logic state, while the write portion is basically the same as that shown in FIGURE 15 for writing a logic state. The equalization signal at line 204 is maintained high before the cycle starts to equalize the bit lines 184 and 186. The read/modify/write cycle is initiated by the chip enable signal at line 110 going to a low, active, state. Following this transition, the signal at word line 84 goes to a high state to activate the transistors 96 and 98. The isolation signal at line 196 is next activated to connect the bit lines 184, 186 with sense amp lines 152, 154. Next, the drive line 82 is supplied with a positive pulse which applies a bias to the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94. The amount of charge transferred to the bit lines 184 and 186 is dependent upon the previous polarization orientations of the capacitors 92 and 94, as described above. Following the drive line pulse, the isolation signal at line 196 returns to a low state to isolate the bit lines 184 and 186 from the sense amp lines 152 and 154. At this time, the sense amplifier 142 is activated by state transitions of the SP and SN lines 156 and 158. Activation of sense amplifier 142 causes the sense amp lines 152 and 154 to be driven to either a high or a low voltage state depending upon the charge received from the ferrolectric capacitors 92 and 94. In the present example, the sense amp line 152 is driven to a low state, while the sense amp line 154 goes to a high state. This is the reading of a logic 0 from the memory system 102. Following activation of the sense amplifier 142, the isolation signal at line 196 is again activated to connect the bit lines 184 and 186 to the sense lines 152 and 154. As a result, the bit lines 184 and 186 are driven to or held at the states of the corresponding lines 152 and 154. After activation of the isolation signal at line 196, and still during the read portion of the waveform, the column signal at line 168 is activated to connect the sense lines 152 and 154 with the data lines 164 and 166. This serves to transfer the data state read from the memory system 102 to the output data lines 164 and 166. At this point, there is a transition in the waveforms to the modify portion of the cycle. During this time, the memory has its address circuitry activated by a microprocessor with no address change. The memory is awaiting the start of the write cycle of the read, modify, write sequence. No new address is provided to the memory system 102. Immediately following the modify portion of the cycle, the write enable signal at line 114 transfers from the read state to the write state. Thereafter, the equalization signal, which was previously in the on state, is deactivated to decouple the bit lines 184 and 186. Next, the column line goes to the active state to couple the bit lines 152 and 154 to the data lines 164 and 166. This serves to transfer the data state to be written into the memory system 102 from the output data lines to the terminals of the sense amplifier 142. For the present example, this is the inverse of the state read from memory, that is, a logic 1 state. Next, the data lines 164 and 166 go through a state transition. The write enable signal next transitions from the write enable state to the write disable state. Shortly thereafter, the isolation signal at line 196 goes to the high state to couple the bit lines 184 and 186 to the sense amplifier lines 152 and 154. The column signal at line 168 then transfers to the low state to decouple the data lines 164 and 166 from the sense amplifier bit lines 152 and 154, but this step is optional. Next, the drive line pulses to provide the appropriate differential across the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94. The logic state on the bit line 184 is maintained for a sufficient time period to apply the appropriate voltage field differential across the ferroelectric capacitors 92 and 94. This is similar to the write operation described above. The equalization signal at line 204 is next activated to couple bit lines 184 and 186, after the isolation signal at line 196 is deactivated to decouple bit lines 184 and 186 from the sense amplifier lines 152 and 154. In the final steps, the chip enable signal returns to the disable state, the word line returns to a low state, thereby deactivating the access transistors 96 and 98 and the sense amplifier control signals at lines 156 and 158 return to the inactive state. The above description in reference to FIGURE 16 can provide a read/modify/write cycle in a shorter time than separate cycles because the address provided to the memory system 102 does not have to be changed but is maintained throughout the entire cycle. In summary, the present invention comprises a circuit for writing to and reading from non-volatile memory cells using ferroelectric capacitors.

Claims: Claims for the following Contracting States : DE, GB, FR, IT, NL A method of reading a data state from a ferroelectric memory cell (20) having a transistor (24) and a ferroelectric capacitor (22), a word line (28) for driving the transistor (24) into conduction, where the memory cell (20) is connected to a sense amplifier (56) by a bit line (30), the method comprising the steps of: reading of the memory cell (20) by addressing the memory cell (20) by driving the word line (28) to an active state to drive the transistor (24) into conduction thereby connecting the ferroelectric capacitor (22) between the drive line (26) and the bit line (30), and pulsing the drive line (26) to transfer electrical charge in the ferroelectric capacitor (22) corresponding to a stored polarization state to the bit line (30) to thereby produce a bit line voltage corresponding to the polarization state, maintaining the sense amplifier (56) inactive during the pulsing of the drive line (26), and after the drive line (26) pulse is returned to an inactive state, enabling the sense amplifier (56) to compare the bit line voltage with a reference voltage and produce a digital state on the bit line (30) corresponding to the polarization state read from the ferroelectric capacitor (22), thereby enhancing long-term reliability of the ferroelectric capacitor (22). The method of Claim 1, further including isolating the bit line (30) from the sense amplifier (56), and carrying out the sense amplifier enabling step after the bit line (30) has been isolated from the sense amplifier (56) and after a node of the sense amplifier (56) has been charged to the bit line (30) voltage, whereby the sense amplifier (56) switches to a digital state during a time when the sense amplifier (56) is isolated from the bit line (30). The method of Claim 2, further including connecting the sense amplifier (56) to the bit line (30) after the sense amplifier (56) has switched to a digital state, thereby to drive the bit line (30) to the digital state. The method of Claim 1, further including isolating a data I/O (62) of the sense amplifier (56) during switching of the sense amplifier (56) to a digital state, and thereafter connecting the data I/O (62) to the sense amplifier (56) to produce a digital readout signal corresponding to the polarization state read from the ferroelectric memory cell (20). The method of Claim 1, further including charging a node of the sense amplifier (56) with the bit line (30) voltage, and isolating the sense amplifier (56) from the bit line (30) and from a data I/O (62) of the memory cell (20) during switching of the sense amplifier (56) to the digital state. The method of Claim 1, further including maintaining an address signal applied to the word line (28) during a first pulsing of the drive line (26) to read a polarization state from the ferroelectric capacitor (22), and during a second pulsing of the drive line (26) to write a new polarization state in the ferroelectric capacitor (22). The method of Claim 1, further including restoring the ferroelectric capacitor (22) to the original polarization state if destructively read, and preventing restoring of the original polarization state in the ferroelectric capacitor (22) if not destructively read. A method of reading a data state from and writing a data state into a ferroelectric memory cell (20) having a transistor (24) and a ferroelectric capacitor (22), a word line (28) for driving the transistor (24) into conduction, where the memory cell (20) is connected to a sense amplifier (56) by a bit line (30), the method comprising the steps of: applying a read command to the memory cell (20); applying an address signal to the memory cell (20) by driving the word line (28) to an active state to drive the transistor (24) into conduction thereby connecting the ferroelectric capacitor (22) between a drive line (26) and the bit line (30); pulsing the drive line (26) to transfer electrical charge corresponding to a stored polarization state in the ferroelectric capacitor (22) to the bit line (30) to thereby produce a bit line voltage corresponding to the polarization state; sensing the bit line (30) voltage by the sense amplifier (56) and producing a bit line digital state corresponding to the polarization state read from the ferroelectric memory cell (20); transferring the digital state to a data I/O (62) of the memory; applying a write command to the memory cell (20); maintaining the address signal applied to the memory cell (20) during the reading thereof; applying a digital signal to the data I/O (62) of the memory cell (20) and driving the sense amplifier (56) to a corresponding digital state; driving the bit line (30) by the sense amplifier (56) to the digital state and applying the digital state to one plate of the ferroelectric capacitor (22); and pulsing the drive line (26) a second time to apply a voltage to another plate of the ferroelectric capacitor (22) to polarize the ferroelectric capacitor (22) to a polarization state corresponding to the digital state applied to the data I/O (62). The method of Claim 8, further including isolating the bit line (30) from the sense amplifier (56) during reading of the memory, and carrying out a sense amplifier enabling step after the bit line (30) has been isolated from the sense amplifier (56) and after a node of the sense amplifier (56) has been charged to the bit line (30) voltage, whereby the sense amplifier (56) switches to a digital state during a time when the sense amplifier (56) is isolated from the bit line (30). The method of Claim 9, further including connecting the sense amplifier (56) to the bit line (30) after the sense amplifier (56) has switched to a digital state, thereby to drive the bit line (30) to the digital state. The method of Claim 9, further including isolating a data I/O (62) of the sense amplifier (56) during switching of the sense amplifier (56) to a digital state, and thereafter connecting the data I/O (62) to the sense amplifier (56) to produce a digital readout signal corresponding to the polarization state read from the ferroelectric memory cell (20). The method of Claim 9, further including charging a node of the sense amplifier (56) with the bit line (30) voltage, and isolating the sense amplifier (56) from the bit line (30) and from the data I/O (62) of the memory cell (20) during switching of the sense amplifier (56) to the digital state. The method of Claim 8, further including restoring the ferroelectric capacitor (22) to the original polarization state if destructively read, and preventing restoring of the original polarization state in the ferroelectric capacitor (22) if not destructively read. A method of reading a data state from a ferroelectric memory cell (20) having a transistor (24) and a ferroelectric capacitor (22), a word line (28) for driving the transistor (24) into conduction to connect the ferroelectric capacitor (22) between a drive line (26) and a bit line (30), where the memory cell (20) is connected to the sense amplifier (56) by the bit line (30), the method comprising the steps of: reading of the memory cell (20) by addressing the memory cell (20) with a word line (28) signal to drive the transistor (24) into conduction thereby connecting the ferroelectric capacitor (22) between the drive line (26) and the bit line (30), and pulsing the drive line (26) to transfer electrical charge corresponding to a polarization state stored in the ferroelectric capacitor (22) to the bit line (30) to thereby produce a bit line voltage corresponding to the polarization state, sensing the bit line (30) voltage by the sense amplifier (56) and driving the sense amplifier (56) to a digital state the sensing and driving commencing after the drive line (26) pulse has been driven to an inactive state; restoring a polarization state to the ferroelectric capacitor (22) if destructively read by maintaining the inactive drive line (26) state applied to one plate of the ferroelectric capacitor (22) and applying the digital state of the sense amplifier (56) to the other plate of the ferroelectric capacitor (22); and maintaining the original polarization state in the ferroelectric capacitor (22) without restoration thereof if not destructively read. The method of Claim 14, further including restoring a destructively read polarization state by applying opposite digital states to the drive line (26) and the bit line (30) and thus across the plates of the ferroelectric capacitor. The method of Claim 14, further including preventing restoration of a nondestructively read polarization state by applying the same digital state to the drive line (26) and the bit line (30) and thus across the plates of the ferroelectric capacitor (22) after nondestructive reading thereof. The method of Claim 16, further including applying a pulse to the drive line (26) to nondestructively read the ferroelectric capacitor, and thereafter applying digital low states to the drive line (26) and the bit line (30). A method for writing a different data state into a ferroelectric memory cell (20) carried out by selecting said memory cell (20) by activating an access transistor (24) to connect a ferroelectric capacitor (22) between a drive line (26) and a bit line (30), initially isolating the bit line (30) from a sense amplifier (56) ; receiving an external data signal and latching a state of the external data signal and thereafter driving the bit line (30) with the latched signal; applying the latched data signal, which has one of a plurality of voltage states to a first terminal of said ferroelectric capacitor (22) via said bit line (30); applying a transition of a drive pulse between a first digital state and a second digital state to a second terminal of said ferroelectric capacitor (22) via the drive line (26), wherein the voltage difference between said drive line digital states and said bit line data signal establishes a given polarization state in said ferroelectric capacitor (22), said given polarization state corresponding to said external data signal; and deactivating said access transistor (24) to isolate said ferroelectric capacitor (22) after said ferroelectric capacitor (22) has been set to said given polarization state. The method of Claim 18, wherein said drive line (26) is driven with a pulse having first and second sequential states separated by said transition for respectively establishing opposite polarization states in said ferroelectric capacitor depending on the digital state of the bit line. The method of Claim 18, wherein the step of deactivating said access transistor (24) occurs prior to the termination of said data signal. The method of Claim 18, wherein the step of deactivating said access transistors (24) occurs after termination of said data signal. Claims for the following Contracting State : SE An integrated semiconductor memory having an array (36) of memory cells (20), each with a switching transistor (24) and a ferroelectric capacitor (22), and a word line (28) connected to a control terminal of the switching transistor (24) for addressing the memory cell (20), a bit line (30) connected to a sense amplifier (56) for resolving bit line readout signals into digital signals, wherein said transistor (24) and said ferroelectric capacitor (22) are connected in series to define a memory cell (20), and said memory cell (20) is connected between the bit line (30) and a drive line (26); and wherein a drive line driver circuit (46) is connected to said drive line (26) for pulsing the drive line (26) with a signal to read and write the memory cell (20). The semiconductor memory of Claim 1, further including a drive line decoder (46) and a word line decoder (48) for decoding an address and driving a selected drive line (26) and a selected word line (28) with respective signals for accessing a selected memory cell (20) and reading the memory cell (20). The semiconductor memory of Claim 2, wherein said word line decoder (48) generates an address signal having a starting transition and an ending transition to turn on the switching transistor (24) during the time period between the starting and ending transitions, and said drive line decoder (46) generates a drive line signal having an ending transition occurring between the starting and ending transition of the word line signal, whereby the ferroelectric capacitor (22) is pulsed by the drive line signal while connected by said switching transistor (24) between the drive line (26) and the bit line (30). The semiconductor memory of Claim 2, wherein said word line (28) and said drive line (26) are arranged in a parallel manner along a row of the array (36), and said bit line (30) is perpendicular to both said word line (28) and said drive line (26). The semiconductor memory of Claim 4, wherein each ferroelectric memory cell capacitor (22) in a row is connected to the same drive line (26), and each memory cell transistor (24) in a row is connected to the same word line (28), and each memory cell transistor (24) in a row is connected to a different bit line (30). The semiconductor memory of Claim 1, wherein each said drive line (26) is pulsed during a read operation to pulse a ferroelectric capacitor (22) connected thereto to produce an electrical charge corresponding to a first or second polarization state, said electrical charge being transferred through a transistor (24) of the cell (20) to the bit line (30) to develop a voltage thereon, and said sense amplifier (56) connected to the bit line (30) resolves the bit line voltage to a digital state. The semiconductor memory of Claim 1, wherein each memory cell (80) includes a pair of said transistors (96, 98), each connected to the same word line (84), and a pair of said ferroelectric capacitors (92, 94), each connected by a respective said transistor (96, 98) to the same drive line (82) but to different bit lines (86, 88). The semiconductor memory of Claim 7, further including a differential sense amplifier (97) having differential inputs/outputs, and said bit lines (86, 88) are connected to the respective differential inputs/outputs of the sense amplifier (97). The semiconductor memory of Claim 8, wherein each ferroelectric capacitor (92, 94) of a memory cell (80) is polarized to opposite polarization states. The semiconductor memory of Claim 1, further including a supply voltage coupled to the memory cell (20) for reading and writing the memory cell (20). A method of reading a data state from a ferroelectric memory cell (20) having a switching transistor (24) and a ferroelectric capacitor (22), and a word line (28) for driving the transistor (24) into conduction, where the memory cell (20) is connected to a sense amplifier (56) by a bit line (30), the method comprising the steps of: addressing the memory cell transistor (24) by driving the word line (28) to drive the transistor (24) into conduction and to connect the ferroelectric capacitor (22) between the drive line (26) and the bit line (30); pulsing the drive line (26) connected to the memory cell (20) during the time when the transistor (24) is driven into conduction by the word line (28) so that the ferroelectric capacitor (22) is pulsed; and producing a capacitor charge on the bit line (30) in response to the pulsing thereof, said capacitor charge being one magnitude corresponding to a first polarization state stored in said ferroelectric capacitor (22) or a different magnitude corresponding to a second polarization state stored in said ferroelectric capacitor (22), said capacitor charge produced on the bit line (30) producing a corresponding bit line voltage. The method of Claim 11, further including resolving the bit line voltage to a digital state by sense amplifier (56) so that the sense amplifier digital state corresponds to the polarization state stored in the ferroelectric capacitor (22). The method of Claim 11, further including decoding an address to produce a word line pulse and a drive line pulse. The method of Claim 13, further including producing the word line pulse having a starting transition and an ending transition, and producing the drive line pulse having an ending transition occurring within the starting and ending transition of the word line pulse. The method of Claim 11, wherein a pulsing of a ferroelectric capacitor (22) is destructive of the polarization state thereof, and further including restoring the polarization state of the ferroelectric capacitor (22) by resolving the bit line readout voltage to a digital state by the sense amplifier (56) so that the digital state is applied by the sense amplifier (56) to the ferroelectric capacitor (22) via the bit line (30), and returning the drive line pulse to an inactive state while the transistor (24) is conducting. The method of Claim 11, wherein only one polarization state of the ferroelectric capacitor (22) is destructively read, further including the step of resolving the bit line readout voltage to a digital state after returning the drive line pulse to an inactive digital state, and driving the bit line (30) by the sense amplifier (56) to a digital state opposite the drive line inactive state to thereby restore the polarization state that was destructively read from the ferroelectric capacitor. The method of Claim 16, further including non-destructively reading a polarization state of the ferroelectric capacitor (22) and isolating the bit line (30) from the sense amplifier (56) after the drive line (26) is returned to an inactive digital state but before the sense amplifier (56) resolves the bit line voltage to a digital state being the same as the inactive digital state of the drive line (26), and connecting the sense amplifier (56) to the bit line (30), whereby the ferroelectric capacitor (22) has the same voltage state on each plate thereof and the original polarization state is not modified. The method of Claim 11, further including reading a memory cell (80) having two transistors (96, 98) and two respective ferroelectric capacitors (92, 94) for storing complementary polarization states, and wherein the addressing steps drive both transistors (96, 98) of the memory cell (80) into conduction to connect the respective ferroelectric capacitors (92, 94) between the same drive line (82) and different bit lines (86, 88), pulsing both ferroelectric capacitors (92, 94) with the same drive line pulse, producing different electrical charges on the respective bit lines (86, 88) and thus different bit line voltages, and coupling the different bit line voltages to differential inputs of a differential sense amplifier (97) for resolution into a digital state corresponding to the complementary polarization states stored in the ferroelectric capacitors (92, 94). A method of reading a data state from and writing a data state into a ferroelectric memory cell (20) having a switching transistor (24) and a ferroelectric capacitor (22), and a word line (28) for driving the transistor (24) into conduction, where the memory cell (20) is connected to a sense amplifier (56) by a bit line (30), the method comprising the steps of: reading said memory cell (20) by: a) applying a selection signal to the word line (28) for activating the switching transistor (24) to connect the ferroelectric capacitor (22) between a drive line (26) and the bit line (30), b) reading said memory cell (20) by applying a drive pulse via said drive line (26) to the ferroelectric capacitor (22) for transferring electrical charge from the capacitor (22) to said bit line (30) to produce a charge signal on said bit line (30), the amplitude of said transferred charge being a function of the polarization state read from said ferroelectric capacitor (22), c) comparing with a differential sense amplifier (56) the charge signal on the bit line (30) with a reference signal (58) and driving the bit line (30) to a high digital state when said charge signal is greater than said reference signal (58) or driving said bit line (30) to a low digital state when said charge signal is less than the reference signal (58), wherein said high and low digital states represent corresponding data states stored in the ferroelectric memory cell (20); and writing said memory cell (20) by: a) applying a selection signal to said word line (28) for activating the switching transistor (24) to connect the ferroelectric capacitor (22) between the drive line (26) and the bit line (30), b) applying a data signal to the sense amplifier (56) which in turn drives said bit line (30) to one of two data states corresponding to the data signal applied to the sense amplifier (56), and c) applying a drive pulse to said drive line (26) to establish an electric field across the ferroelectric capacitor (22) to set a polarization state therein, said electric field having a polarity corresponding to the data signal applied to the sense amplifier, thereby writing said data signal as a polarization state in said ferroelectric capacitor (22). The method of Claim 19, further including during the reading of the ferroelectric capacitor (22) carrying out the comparing step before the termination of the drive pulse. The method of Claim 19, further including during the reading of the ferroelectric capacitor (22) carrying out the comparing step after termination of the drive pulse. The method of Claim 19, wherein the high or low digital state produced by the comparing step produces a voltage across the ferroelectric capacitor (22) relative to the drive line (26) to reestablish a polarization state in the ferroelectric capacitor (22) after a destructive read thereof. The method of Claim 19, further including maintaining the same address coupled to the memory cell (20) during the reading and writing steps. A method of writing a data state into a ferroelectric memory cell (20) having a switching transistor (24) and a ferroelectric capacitor (22), and a word line (28) for driving the transistor (24) into conduction, where the memory cell (20) is connected to a sense amplifier (56) by a bit line (30), the method comprising the steps of: selecting said memory cell (20) by activating the switching transistor (24) to connect the ferroelectric capacitor (22) between a drive line (26) and the bit line (30); applying a drive pulse to said drive line (26) and to a first terminal of said ferroelectric capacitor (22); applying a data signal which has one of two voltage states to said bit line and to a second terminal of said ferroelectric capacitor (22) wherein the voltage difference between said drive pulse and said data signal establishes a given polarization state in said ferroelectric capacitor (22), said given polarization state corresponding to said data signal; and deactivating the switching transistor (24) to isolate said ferroelectric capacitor (22) after said ferroelectric capacitor (22) has been set to said given polarization state. The method of Claim 24, wherein said drive pulse has first and second sequential states for respectively establishing opposite polarization states in said ferroelectric capacitor (22). The method of Claim 24, wherein the step of deactivating the switching transistor (24) occurs after termination of said drive pulse. The method of Claim 24, further including writing a memory cell (80) having two ferroelectric capacitors (92, 94) connected by respective switching transistors (96, 98) between a drive line (82) and respective bit lines (82, 88), including the steps of driving the bit lines (86, 88) to opposite digital states by a sense amplifier (97) to polarize the ferroelectric capacitors (92, 94) to opposite polarization states. The method of Claim 27, further including terminating the drive pulse during the time when the bit lines (82, 88) are driven to opposite digital states by the sense amplifier (97).

Inventors: EVANS JOSEPH T JR, MILLER WILLIAM D, WOMACK RICHARD H, EVANS, JOSEPH T., JR., MILLER, WILLIAM D., WOMACK, RICHARD H.
Applicants: NAT SEMICONDUCTOR CORP, NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION
Application year: 1988
Main classification: G11C11
IPC codes: G11C14, G11C11, G11C17