System for measuring amount of air introduced into combustion chamber of internal combustion engine with avoiding influence of temperature dependent air density variation and pulsatile air flow

Abstract: A system for measuring intake air amount to be introduced into an engine cylinder employs a throttle angle sensor as a basic intake air flow amount indicative factor. Basic intake air flow amount is derived on the basis of a throttle vale angular position and an engine speed. The basic intake air flow amount is corrected with taking delay factor to introduce the intake air past the throttle valve into the engine cylinder, and a temperature dependent factor compensating variation of air density depending upon the temperature condition.

Description: The present invention relates to a system for detecting an intake air flow amount in an internal combustion engine as indicated in the precharacterizing part of claim 1. In this prior art system (FISITA XXI, Paper 865078, page 127, Figure 5), engine speed, air temperature upstream of the throttle valve, and the angular position of the throttle valve are measured in order to determine the intake air amount supplied to the combustion chambers. In this prior art system, various correction factors may be used, one of which is dependent on the engine coolant temperature. However, this correction factor is only used after cranking of the engine and is decreased in accordance with the number of engine revolutions and the engine coolant temperature. A similar system is known (JP-GM-B 60-39465), in which intake air volume is arithmetically derived on the basis of the throttle valve angular position and the engine speed and intake air weight is derived on the basis of the intake air volume and intake air density which is variable depending upon the temperature of the intake air. In order to monitor the intake air temperature, an intake air temperature sensor is disposed in the air induction system upstream of a throttle valve. The prior art system derives the air density on the basis of the intake air temperature monitored by the intake air temperature sensor. This may achieve substantial improvement in precision of measurement of an intake air amount. However, this system does not concern variation of the air density caused downstream of the sensor due to temperature variation caused by various factors. For example, in some of the air induction systems, the intake air is heated by means of an engine coolant recirculated from the engine cooling chamber for obtaining better fuel atomization characteristics. In such case, the intake air temperature downstream of the intake air temperature sensor becomes higher than that measured to cause lowering of the intake air density. Alternatively, because of adiabatic expansion of the intake air caused at the throttle valve, the intake air temperature tends to be lowered to increase the intake air density. In addition, in case of a single-point injection system, fuel is injected into the air induction system upstream of the throttle valve so that the injected fuel can be atomized utilizing the jet flow through the throttle valve. Atomization of the fuel naturally lowers the temperature of the intake air to cause increasing of the air density. Therefore, the intake air amount data to be used for engine control, such as fuel injection control, spark ignition timing control and so forth, cannot precisely correspond to that actually introduced into the engine combustion chamber. Furthermore, it is generally known (FISITA XXI, Paper 865106, Item 5.1) to consider a first order delay fuction for the amount of intake air through the intake manifold. However, this prior art systen uses an intake air amount meter directly measuring the amount of intake air. Therefore, in this prior art system, the amount of intake air is not calculated on the basis of various input parameter such as speed of the engine, temperature of the intake air, and opening degree of the throttle valve. It is the object of the invention to provide an intake air amount detecting system which can provide intake air amount data as precise as that required in today's high precision engine control systems. In accordance with the invention there is provided a system for detecting intake air flow amount in an internal combustion engine, comprising: first means for monitoring an engine revolution speed to produce an engine speed indicative first signal; second means for monitoring a throttle angle position to produce a throttle angle indicative second signal representing a path area of an intake air; third means for deriving a basic intake air flow amount from the first signal and second signal; an engine coolant temperature sensor for producing an engine coolant temperature indicative signal; an intake air temperature sensor for producing an intake air temperature indicative third signal as an intake air density affecting parameter, and means for deriving an air density dependent first correction value for correcting said basic intake air flow amount on the basis of said third signal; characterized by means for deriving on the basis of said first and second signal values and values stored in a memory a delay time based correction coefficient which is a coefficient depending upon lag of time of introduction of intake air into said engine cylinder from a position of said throttle valve to said engine cylinder and for correcting said basic intake air flow amount on the basis of said delay time based correction coefficient; said means further deriving an air density dependent second correction value based on said engine coolant temperature indicative signal value for correcting said intake air flow amount also on the basis of said second correction value. In a practical operation, correction of the second signal value is performed by varying magnitude of modification of the first correction value on the basis of the engine coolant indicative signal value, depending upon the first signal value. Preferably the means further varies magnitude of modification of the first correction value derived on the basis of the engine coolant temperature indicative signal value depending upon the second signal value. In the preferred construction, the intake air temperature sensor is disposed within the intake air passage at a position upstream of the throttle valve. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings: Fig. 1 is a schematic or fragmentary block diagram of a single-point fuel injection type internal combustion engine with a fuel injection control system as an example of an engine control system, to which the preferred embodiment of an intake air amount measuring system, according to the invention is applied; Fig. 2 is a block diagram of a control unit in the preferred embodiment of the fuel injection system associated with the preferred embodiment of the intake air amount measuring system of Fig. 1 , which control unit serves both for controlling fuel injection and for deriving an intake air flow amount; Fig. 3 is a flowchart showing a routine for deriving an intake air volume Q CYL to be introduced into an engine combustion chamber; Fig. 4 is a flowchart showing a routine for deriving an intake air amount Q AINJ at a portion of an air induction system, to which a controlled amount of fuel is to be injected; Fig. 5 is a flowchart showing a routine for deriving a fuel injection amount Ti ; Fig. 6 is a flowchart showing a routine for deriving an intake air temperature dependent correction coefficient KTA ; Fig. 7 is an illustration of a two-dimensional table for deriving an intake air flow path area A th to be looked up in terms of a throttle valve angular position ϑ th ; Fig. 8 is an illustration of a two-dimentional table for deriving a by-pass passage path are A BY to be looked up in terms of a duty cycle of a idling control valve control signal ISCD ; Fig. 9 is an illustration of a two-dimensional table for deriving a linearized intake air flow amount Q HO representative of basic air volume, to be looked up in terms of unit path area A/N per engine revolution cycle; Fig. 10 is an illustration of a two-dimensional table for deriving an air flow amount correction rate KFLAT to be looked up in terms of a total air flow path area A and an engine speed N ; Fig. 11 is an illustration of a three-dimensional table for deriving a delay dependent coefficient K₂ to be looked up in terms of the engine speed N and the total air flow path area A ; Fig. 12 is an illustration of a two-dimensional table for deriving a basic intake air temperature dependent correction coefficient KTAO to be looked up in terms of an intake air temperature T A ; Fig. 13 is an illustration a two-dimensional table for deriving an engine coolant temperature dependent correction coefficient KTATW to be looked up in terms of an engine coolant temperature Tw ; Fig. 14 is an illustration showing a two-dimensional table for deriving an engine load dependent value KTAQHO to be looked up in terms of the linearized intake air flow amount Q HO ; Fig. 15 is an illustration showing a two-dimensional table for deriving an engine speed dependent value KTAN to be looked up in terms of the engine speed N ; Figs . 16(A) and 16(B) are illustration showing part of the air induction system for showing position of the parameters for arithmetic operation of derivation of intake air weight; Figs. 17(A), 17(B), 17(C) and 17(D) are illustration showing influences of environmental condition affecting air/fuel ratio; Figs. 18(A), 18(B), 18(C) and 18(D) are illustration of arithmetically obtained and actually measured air/fuel ratio at various linearized intake air flow amounts corresponding to influencing factors of Figs. 17(A), 17(B), 17(C) and 17(D) ; Figs. 19(A), 19(B), 19(C) and 19(D) are illustration of arithmetically obtained and actually measured air/fuel ratio at various engine speed corresponding to influencing factors of Figs. 17(A), 17(B), 17(C) and 17(D) ; Figs. 20(A), 20(B) and 20(C)) are illustration showing variation of air/fuel ratio relative to engine speed when the intake air temperature T A , the engine coolant temperature Tw and the engine speed N are constant. Figs. 21(A), 21(B), 21(C) and 21(D) are illustration showing variation of air/fuel ratio relative to engine speed when the intake air temperature T A , the engine coolant temperature Tw and the engine load are constant. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings, particularly to Figs. 1 and 2 , the preferred embodiment of an intake air amount measuring system, according to the present invention, will be disclosed in terms that it is applied to a single-point fuel injection type internal combustion engine as illustrated in Fig. 1 . The shown engine is associated with a fuel injection control system with an air/fuel ratio control. The shown type internal combustion engine has an air induction system which defines an intake air flow passage 16 , in which a throttle valve 15 is disposed in a throttle body provided at the intermediate position between an air inlet (not shown) and an intake port of an engine cylinder defined in an engine block 10 . As is well known, the throttle valve 15 is associated with a manually operable accelerator (not shown) such as an accelerator pedal, to be rotatingly driven for varying an angular position and whereby varying an intake air flow path area. A fuel injection valve 17 is disposed within the intake flow passage 16 at an orientation upstream of the throttle valve 15 . The fuel injection valve 17 is so designed as to inject a controlled amount of fuel into air flowing through the throttle body where the throttle valve 15 is disposed. Since the throttle valve 15 limits air flow rate flowing therethrough, the flow velocity of the air at the throttle body becomes higher than that in other sections of the induction system by jet effect. Furthermore, part of the intake air collides onto the throttle valve to generate a swirl therearound. These jet effect and swirl generated around the throttle valve 15 will assist atomization of the injected fuel and mixing of the atomized fuel with intake air for forming uniform mixture ratio of air/fuel mixture. An intake manifold 18 is interposed between the throttle body and the intake port of the engine cylinders in order to distribute the air/fuel mixture to each of the engine cylinders through its branch passages. The intake manifold 18 is formed with an engine coolant passage 18a for introducing an engine coolant recirculated from an engine coolant chamber or cooling water jacket (not shown) defined in the engine block. This arrangement of the engine coolant chamber in the intake manifold 18 is intended to heat the air/fuel mixture to be introduced into the engine cylinder for better combustion characteristics and better frame propagration in a combustion chamber. A throttle angle sensor 19 is associated with the throttle valve 15 . The throttle angle sensor 19 comprises a potentiometer variable of output voltage depending upon the angular position of the throttle valve. The output voltage of the throttle angle sensor 19 serves as "throttle angle indicative signal ϑ th ". A crank angle sensor 20 is also provided for monitoring a crank shaft angular displacement and for detecting the crank shaft at a specific angular positions, e.g. 70 o or 66 o before top-dead-center (BTDC) of one of engine cylinder in compression stroke. The crank angle sensor 20 is so designed as to produce a crank reference signal ϑ ref every time the crank shaft at the specific angular position is detected and a crank position signal ϑ pos at every predetermined angle, e.g. 2 o of crank shaft angular displacement. The shown system is further provided with an engine coolant temperature sensor 21 which is disposed within the engine coolant chamber 18a defined in the intake manifold 18 and designed to monitor an engine coolant temperature Tw to produce an engine coolant temperature indicative signal. Though the shown embodiment employs the engine coolant temperature sensor 21 disposed within the engine coolant chamber 18a of the intake manifold, it may possible to utilize the engine coolant temperature data as monitored by an engine coolant temperature sensor disposed within the cooling water jacket in the engine block as the equivalent data, since the temperature transfer coefficient of the engine coolant is relatively smaller than that of the intake air and therefore the temperature drop of the engine coolant to the engine coolant chamber 18 from that in the engine block can be disregarded. The show system is also provided with an intake air temperature sensor 22 which is disposed within the air induction system at a position upstream of the throttle body and monitors intake air temperature T A . An oxygen (O₂) sensor 23 is disposed within an exhaust passage 11 of the engine for monitoring oxygen concentration contained in an exhaust gas and whereby monitors rich and lean of the air/fuel mixture combustioned in the combustion chambers. The O₂ sensor thus produces an O₂ sensor signal LAMBDA having a value variable depending upon the oxygen concentration monitored in the exhaust gas. The throttle angle indicative signal ϑ th , the crank reference signal ϑ ref , the crank position signal ϑ pos , the engine coolant temperature indicative signal Tw , the intake air temperature indicative signal T A and the O₂ sensor signal LAMBDA are fed to a microprocessor which serves as a control unit 25 . The control unit 25 derives a fuel injection amount Ti on the basis of the control parameters obtained from the aforementioned sensor signals for controlling fuel injection amount to be injected through the fuel injection valve 17 . The control unit 25 is also connected to an idling speed control valve 27 disposed in a by-pass passage 26 by-passing the throttle valve 15 for introducing controlled amount of intake air into the combustion chamber therethrough. The idling speed control valve 27 includes an electromagnetic actuator driving the valve between open and close positions cyclically according to duty cycle of an idling speed control signal produced by the control unit. As shown in Fig. 2 , the control unit 25 comprises an input/output interface 30 , CPU 31 , ROM 32 and RAM 33 . ROM 32 stores a various control programs including a fuel injection control program, an idling air control program, an intake air measuring program and so forth. ROM 32 may also store permanent values to be used during execution of control programs. The control unit may perform the control programs in time-sharing basis as governed by a main control program which is excuted as background job. ROM 32 further stores various tables to be utilized in derivation of the intake air amount, detailed discussion of respective tables will be given later. RAM 33 may be provided a plurality of memory blocks for storing input data, intermediate data and so forth to be used in control operation and derivation of the intake air flow amount. Detail of the content in ROM 32 and RAM 33 will be discussed later with discussion of the process illustrated in Figs. 3 to 21 . Fig. 3 shows a flowchart of a routine for deriving an intake air volume Q CYL to be introduced into the engine cylinder. Basically, the shown embodiment is designed to derive the intake air volume Q CYL on the basis of the throttle angle indicative signal ϑ th and an engine speed data N . In practice, the engine speed data N is derived on the basis of the crank reference signal ϑ ref or the crank position signal ϑ pos . Namely, in case that the engine speed data N is derived on the basis of a frequency of the crank position signal ϑ pos , the crank position signals ϑ pos is counted within a predetermined period. For this purpose, an engine speed counter (not shown) may be provided in the input/output unit. The engine speed counter may be triggered at the initial stage of process for deriving the engine speed data N . At the same time, an engine speed timer (not shown) is also triggered to measure the predetermined period. When the timer value of the engine speed timer reaches a given value corresponding to the predetermined period, the counter value of the engine counter is latched. The latched counter value is processed to derive the engine speed data N . The process for deriving the engine speed data N based on the count of the crank position signal ϑ pos is well known technique and require no detailed discussion. In the alternative, the engine speed data N can be obtained by measuring an interval of occurrences of the crank reference signals ϑ ref . Namely, the period of the pulse form crank reference signal ϑ ref is inversely proportional to the engine speed, the engine speed data can be obtained by obtaining reciprocal of the pulse period of the crank reference signal ϑ ref . This procedure in derivation of the engine speed data N may be preferred when an economical system rather than high precision is required. The routine shown in Fig. 3 may be triggered with a predetermined interval, e.g. 20 ms to update the intake air volume data Q CYL . Immediately after starting execution, a table shown in Fig. 7 to be used for deriving a path area A th variable depending upon the throttle valve open angle in terms of the throttle angle indicative signal ϑ th , which table is stored in ROM 32 and will be hereafter referred to as " A th table", is accessed at a step 1031 . The path area A th at the throttle valve 15 to flow the intake air will be hereafter referred to as "throttle valve path area". As will seen from Fig. 7 , the throttle valve path area A th is thus derived by looking-up the A th table, at the step 1031 . At a step 1032, the idling air control signal ISCD which is a pulse signal having duty cycle defining open and close period of the idling speed control valve 27 is used for deriving the path area A BY . The path area A BY as defined by the ratio of open period relative to the closed period, is set in a table of Fig. 8, which table will be hereafter referred to as "A BY table". Similarly to the throttle valve path area A th , the A BY table is looked up in terms of the idling speed control signal ISCD to derive the path area A BY in the by-pass passage 26 . The path area derived at the step 1032 will be hereafter referred to as "by-pass passage path area". At a step 1033 , a total intake air path area A is calculated by adding the by-pass passage path area A BY to the throttle valve path area A th . Based on the total intake air path area A as derived at the step 1033 , a ratio of the total intake air path area A versus the engine speed N is calculated at a step 1034 . The ratio of the total intake air path area A versus the engine speed N will be hereafter referred to as A/N ratio. At the step 1034 , table look up is performed against a table of Fig. 9 to derive a linearized intake air flow amount Q HO in terms of the A/N ratio. The linearized air flow amount Q HO represents basic intake air volume in steady or stable engine driving condition. The table illustrated in Fig. 9 storing the linearized intake air flow amount Q HO in terms of the A/N ratio will be hereafter referred to as " Q HO table". It should be noted that though the shown embodiment derives the linearized air flow amount Q HO based on the A/N ratio, it may be possible to utilize a A/(N x V) ratio with taking the volume V of the engine cylinder. Then, based on the linearized intake air flow amount Q HO derived at the step 1034 and the engine speed N , an intake air volume correction coefficient KFLAT is derived, which correction coefficient KFLAT will be hereafter referred to as " KFLAT value". The KFLAT value is stored in ROM 32 in a form of a table shown in Fig. 10 , which table will be hereafter referred to as "KFLAT table". This KFLAT table is looked up in terms of the linearized intake air flow amount Q HO and the engine speed N to derive the KFLAT value. This KFLAT value is introduced in derivation of the intake air flow amount as a correction factor for obtaining constant air/fuel ratio, e.g. stoichiometric value of air/fuel ratio by compensating possible deviation of the actual air/fuel ratio and the stoichiometric value caused by maintaining air/fuel ratio control based on the linearized air flow amount Q HO . Based on the linearized intake air flow amount Q HO derived at the step 1034 and the KFLAT value derived at the step 1035, a steady state air flow amount Q H is derived by modifying the linearized air flow amount Q HO by the KFLAT value, at a step 1036. Thereafter, at a step 1037 , a delay time based correction coefficient K ₂ is derived on the basis of the total intake air path area A and the engine speed N . The delay time based correction coefficient K₂ is set in view of the delay time of introduction of the air past the throttle valve 15 into the engine cylinder. This delay time based correction coefficient K ₂ is set in a three-dimensional table stored in ROM 32 and is designed to be looked up in terms of the total air flow path area A and the engine speed N , as shown in Fig. 11 . In case that the (A/(N x V) ) is used for deriving the linearized air flow amount Q HO , the parameters to be used for deriving the delay time based correction coefficient K₂ becomes A and (N x V). At a step 1038 , the intake air volume Q CYL is derived from the following equation: Q CYL = Q CYL-1 + K₂(Q H - Q CYL-1 ), where Q CYL-1 is the intake air volume derived in the immediately preceding execution cycle of the routine of Fig. 3. During the engine is driven in steady state, the Q CLY-1 becomes nearly equal or equal to the intake air amount Q H as derived at the step 1036. The process of derivation of the intake air volume Q CYL based on the throttle valve angular position ϑ th and the engine speed N has been disclosed in the aforementioned JP-GM-B 60-39465. As will be appreciated, since the throttle valve angular position ϑ th and the engine speed N are free from influence of pulsatile flow of the intake air, the intake air volume Q CYL derived through the foregoing process can be precise with avoiding the influence of the pulsatile flow of the air. In case of a multi-point injection type fuel injection internal combustion engine, the intake air volume Q CYL as derived through the process set forth above, can represent the intake air amount at the position where fuel injection is performed. However, in case of the single-point injection type fuel injection internal combustion engine, intake air flow amount Q AINJ at the position of the fuel injection valve 17 tends to be different from the intake air volume Q CYL at the intake port of the the engine cylinder. The deviation between Q AINJ and Q CYL becomes substantially in the engine transition state where pressure variation occurs in the air induction passage. In order to compensate this deviation between Q AINJ and Q CYL , the control unit 25 executes a deviation compensating routine of Fig. 4 . Through the process of Fig. 4, the intake air flow amount Q AINJ at the fuel injection point can be derived in precise fashion. The intake air amount Q AINJ will be hereafter referred to as "injection point air amount". At a step 1061 , a correction value CM is derived according to the following equation: CM = (Q CYL - Q CYL-1 ) x KMANI, where KMANI is a given constant value determined corresponding to volume of the intake air flow path. This correction value CM compensates loss of air volume in the air flow path between the fuel injection valve and the intake port. Therefore, at a step 1062 , the injection point air amount Q AINJ is calculated by adding the correction value CM to the intake air volume Q CYL derived at the step 1038 . Thereafter, the intake air volume Q CYL is registered as Q CYL-1 data for the next execution cycle. In the process set forth above, since the intake air amount Q CYL is derived with taking the delay of introduction of the intake air into the engine cylinder by utilizing the delay time based correction coefficient K₂ , the obtained intake air volume Q CYL or the injection point air amount Q AINJ can be precise enough to allow high precision engine control. Example of use of the intake air amount Q CYL or the injection point air amount Q AINJ will be discussed herebelow in terms of the fuel injection control with air/fuel ratio control. Fig. 5 shows a process for deriving the fuel injection amount in the fuel injection control. As will be appreciated from Fig. 5, the shown routine is designed to be adapted both for single-point injection type and multi-point injection type engines. In case of the single-point injection type internal combustion engine, the injection point air amount Q AINJ is used as engine load indicative feature. However, as seen from the preceding discussion, since the injection point air amount Q AINJ is determined with taking the engine speed N as a feature, the engine speed parameter is not need to be taken into account for deriving the fuel injection amount in case that the injection point air amount Q AINJ is used as engine load indicative parameter. On the other hand, in case of the multi-point injection type internal combustion engine, the intake air volume Q CYL is used. Similarly to the injection point air amount Q AINJ , since the intake air volume point air amount Q CYL is determined with taking the engine speed N as a feature, the engine speed parameter is not needed to be taken into account for deriving the fuel injection amount in case that the injection point air amount Q AINJ is used as engine load indicative parameter. In the process of the routine of Fig. 5 , the engine type is at first discriminated whether the engine is single-point injection type or the multi-point injection type, at a step 1071 . When the engine type as discriminated at the step 1071 is a single-point injection type engine, a basic fuel injection amount Tp is calculated at a step 1072 by utilizing the following equation: Tp = Ka x Q AINJ x KTA x KPa (1), where Ka is a constant value determined depending upon characteristics of the fuel injection valve 17 ; KTA is an air temperature dependent correction coefficient, which introduces correction factor of depending upon an air density; and KPa is a correction value determined on the basis of an ambient air pressure. On the other hand, when the engine type is multi-point injection type engine as checked at the step 1071 , the basic fuel injection amount Tp is calculated at a step 1073 , by the following equation: Tp = Ka x Q CYL x KTA X KPa (2) As is well known, the basic fuel injection amount Tp is then corrected by a various correction factors, such as engine driving condition dependent correction coefficient COEF which is composed of various correction factors, such as cold engine enrichment factor, an acceleration enrichment factor, engine start-up enrichment factor and so forth, a air/fuel ratio dependent feedback correction factor LAMBDA as derived on the basis of the O₂ sensor signal value, a battery voltage dependent correction factor Ts and so forth. In practice, the fuel injection amount Ti is derived at a step 1074 , by utilizing per se well known equation: Ti = Tp x COEF x LAMBDA + Ts (3) Here, by introducing the air temperature dependent correction coefficient KTA , intake air weight can be derived from the intake air volume Q CYL or the injection point air amount Q AINJ . Furthermore, since the air density is influenced by the ambient air pressure, the ambient air pressure dependent correction value KPa is also used for deriving the intake air weight. In derivation of the air temperature dependent correction coefficient KTA , it is insufficient to derive the correction coefficient based on the intake air temperature as monitored by the intake air temperature sensor 22 , since the air density tends to vary at the position in the induction system downstream of the intake air temperature sensor as set forth above. In general, the intake air weight G can be illustrated by the following equations depending on the engine driving condition. When the engine is in a state where the throttle valve open angle serves as a major factor, the intake air weight G can be illustrated by: G = C x A th x P₁ x {2k/(k - 1)RT₁}⁻² x {(P₂/P₁) 2/k - (P₂/P₁) (k+1)/k }⁻² (4) where C is a predetermined coefficient; P₁ is a pressure at upstream of the throttle valve, as shown in Fig. 16(A) ; P₂ is a pressure at downstream of the throttle valve, as shown in Fig . 16(A) ; T₁ is an intake air temperature at the throttle valve k is a specific heat ratio; R is a gas constant On the other hand, when the engine is in a state where the engine load serves as major factor, the intake air weight can be illustrated by: G = EF x (P₃/760) x {273/(273 + T₃)} x Ds x Vc x (2N/60) (5) where EF is charging efficiency; P₃ is an intake air pressure in the engine cylinder which is equal to the pressure P₂ in the intake manifold, as shown in Fig. 16(b) ; Ds is a density of air at the temperature of 0 o C; Vc is a capacity of each engine cylinder; T₂ is an intake air temperature at the intake manifold. From the foregoing equations, the following are the factors influencing to the intake air weight: (i) variation of the throttle valve path area A th caused by difference of thermal expansion between the throttle body and the throttle valve; (ii) increase of air density in the intake manifold due to temperature drop from T₁ to T₂ caused by adiabatic expansion of the air passing through the throttle valve, in which the temperature drop dT (T₁ - T₂) can be illustrated by: where 1/J is caloric value, g is gravitational acceleration, C pa is specific heat of air, and v is air flow velocity; (iii) increase of air density due to air temperature drop caused by atomization of the fuel injected at the position upstream of the throttle valve, which temperature drop dT₂ can be illustrated by: dT₂ = x x L/(A/F x C pa x C pf ) where x is atomization rate of the fuel, L is vaporization heat of the fuel, A/F is air/fuel ratio, and C pf is specific heat of the fuel (iv) decrease of the air density due to heating of the intake air in the intake manifold and in the combustion chamber by the engine coolant; (v) variation of the throttle valve path area A th caused due to variation of viscosity of fuel adhering on the throttle valve and inner periphery of the throttle body. The influence of the engine coolant temperature and the engine load as set forth in the factors (i) through (v) may be summarized in the appended table. The observation summarized in the appended table can be confirmed by the results of experiments shown in Fig. 17(A), 17(b), 17(C) and 17(D) . Figs. 17(A), 17(b) and 17(C) show arithmetically obtained variation of air/fuel ratio respectively taking the influence of the factors (i), (iii) and (iV) into account. Namely, Fig. 17(A) shows variation of the air/fuel ratio according to variation of the throttle valve path area A th due to difference of thermal expansion of the throttle body and the throttle valve. Arithmetic operations are taken place regarding that the engine load is constant. Furthermore, arithmetic operation has been taken place at with respect to mutually different engine load. In Fig. 17(A) , the leftmost section shows the lowest load condition data and the rightmost section shows the highest load condition data. The second left section shows the air/fuel ratio variation at the engine load higher than that in the leftmost section but lower than the second right section. In Fig. 17(A ), the vertical axis represents air/fuel ratio deviation from the stoichiometric value which is represented by the value 1. The deviation of the air/fuel ratio from the stoichiometric value will be hereafter referred to as "air/fuel ratio deviation A/F DEV ". Therefore, the air/fuel ratio data far from the horizontal line extending through 1 represents the air/fuel ratio far from the stoichiometric value. Similarly, air/fuel ratio variation is arithmetically obtained with taking the influence of variation of air density due to atomization of the fuel. The result is shown in Fig. 17(B) . In Fig. 17(B) , the four sections showing the results of arithmetic operation take the identical engine load as that discussed with respect to Fig. 17(A) . Furthermore, the air/fuel ratio variation is arithmetically calculated with taking the influence of the air temperature difference at the intake air temperature sensor and at the throttle valve under the constant four mutually different engine load condition. The results are shown in Fig. 17(C). Fig. 17(D) shows sum of the aforementioned three arithmetically obtained values and the actually measured air/fuel ratio. As will be observed from Fig. 17(D) , it will be appreciated that the arithmetically obtained values are substantially coincide with that actually measured. From the result of experiments shown in Figs. 17(A), 17(B), 17(C) and 17(D), it would be appreciated that in order to maintain the air/fuel ratio deviation A/F DEV at 1.0 regardless of the engine coolant temperature Tw and the engine load, it is necessary to correct the air flow rate indicative value by correction values derived with respect to respective shown correction factors, i.e. thermal expansion of throttle body, variation of air temperature due to adiabatic expansion through throttle valve, variation of air density due to atomization of fuel, temperature difference between the position where the intake air temperature sensor 22 and the position where the throttle valve is disposed. In order to derive a correction value with respect to the respective four factors set forth above, additional experiments were performed to monitor air/fuel ratio variation in relation to each of four influencing factors. Figs. 18 through 22 show the results of experiments. Figs. 18(A), 18(B), 18(C) and 18(D) shows variation of the air/fuel ration in relation to variation of intake air temperature T A as monitored by the intake air temperature sensor 22 . In the experiments, the linearized air flow amount Q HO as the parameter representative of the engine coolant temperature Tw and the engine load, and the engine speed N are maintained at constant value. As will be seen from Figs. 18(A), 18(B), 18(C) and 18(D) , the linearized air flow amount Q HO is varied in each experiment and held constant through each experiment at Q HO1 , Q HO2 , Q HO3 and Q HO4 . As observed from Figs. 18(A), 18(B) , 18(C) and 18(D) , the air/fuel ratio deviation A/F DEV varies in essentially parallel displacement manner according to variation of the engine coolant temperature. Therefore, engine coolant temperature dependent air flow rate value correction can be done by adding engine coolant temperature Tw dependent correction value KTATW which is derived based on a deviation of the engine coolant temperature from a predetermined reference temperature, to an intake air temperature T A dependent correction value KTA0 . Therefore, the temperature dependent correction value KTA can be derived by: KTA = KTA0 + KTATW (7) Figs. 19(A), 19(B), 19(C) and 19(D) and Figs. 20(A), 20(B) and 20(C) show air/fuel ratio variation depending upon variation of engine load when the intake air temperature T A , the engine coolant temperature Tw and the engine speed N are maintained constant. In the experiments, results of which are shown in Figs. 19(A) , 19(B), 19(C) and 19(D) and Figs. 20(A), 20(B) and 20(C) , are performed by maintaining the intake air temperature at T A1 and varying the engine speed to N₁, N₂, N₃, N₄, N₅, N₆ and N₇ for each experiment. As will be seen from Figs. 19(A), 19(B), 19(C) and 19(D) and Figs. 20(A), 20(B) and 20(C) , air/fuel ratio variation depending upon the engine load is not linear to variation of the engine load as that observed in engine coolant temperature dependent air/fuel ratio variation. Therefore, the engine load dependent correction value KTAQH0 is derived from the result of experiments as a value to be multiplied with the engine coolant temperature dependent correction value KTATW . Similarly, since the air/fuel ratio does not vary linearly corresponding to the engine speed , the engine speed dependent correction value KTAN is also derived as a value to be multiplied with the engine coolant temperature dependent correction value KTATW based on the result of experiments. Consequently, the engine speed dependent and engine load dependent modification of the temperature dependent correction is performed according to: KTA = KTA0 + KTATW x KTAQH0 x KTAN (8) Respective correction coefficients , i.e. the intake air temperature dependent correction value KTA0, the engine coolant temperature dependent correction value KTATW , the engine load dependent correction value KTAQH0 and the engine speed dependent correction value KTAN , are respectively set in forms of look up tables in RAM 33 . Respective characteristics of the tables of the intake air temperature dependent correction value KTA0 , the engine coolant temperature dependent correction value KTATW, the engine load dependent correction value KTAQH0 and the engine speed dependent correction value KTAN are shown in Figs. 12, 13, 14 and 15 . The table storing the intake air temperature dependent correction value KTA0 will be hereafter referred to as "KTA0 table". Similarly, the tables respectively storing the engine coolant temperature dependent correction value KTATW , the engine load dependent correction value KTAQH0 and the engine speed dependent correction value KTAN will be hereafter referred to as "KTATW table", "KTAQH0 table" and "KTAN table". It should be noted that the characteristics of respective of the intake air temperature dependent correction value KTA0 , the engine coolant temperature dependent correction value KTATW , the engine load dependent correction value KTAQH0 and the engine speed dependent correction value KTAN , illustrated in Figs. 12, 13, 14 and 15 are derived from actually measured values during experiments, the result of which are shown in Figs. 21(A), 21(B), 21(C) and 21(D) . In the shown embodiments, the unit of respective correction values are as follows: KTA mg/cc KTA0 mg/cc KTATW mg/cc KTAQH0 % KTAN % Fig. 6 shows a routine for deriving the correction value KTA as modified by the equation (8). As shown in Fig. 6 , immediately after starting execution of the KTA deriving routine, the intake air temperature indicative signal of the intake air temperature sensor 22, which is representative of T A , is read out at a step 1081 . Based on the read intake air temperature T A , table look-up against the KTA0 table is performed at the step 1081 for deriving the intake air temperature dependent correction value KTA0 . At a step 1082 , the engine coolant temperature indicative signal from the engine coolant temperature sensor 21 is read out to obtain the engine coolant temperature data Tw . Based on the engine coolant temperature data Tw , table loop-up against the KTATW table is performed at the step 1082 to derive the engine coolant temperature dependent correction value KTATW . At a step 1083 , the linearized air flow amount data Q HO as the engine load representative data and derived at the step 1034 of the routine of Fig. 3 ,, is read out. Based on the read linearized air flow amount data Q HO , table loop-up against the KTAQH0 table is performed for deriving the engine load dependent correction value KTAQH0 , at the step 1083 . Subsequently, the engine speed data N is read out at a step 1084 . Based on the engine speed data N, table look-up against the KTAN table is performed for deriving the engine speed dependent correction value KTAN at the step 1084 . Utilizing the correction values KTA0 , KTATW , KTAQH0 and KTAN derived through the steps 1081, 1082, 1083 and 1084 , the arithmetic operation according to the equation (8) set forth above, is performed for deriving the air temperature dependent correction value KTA , at a step 1085. By the process set forth above, the intake air amount to be introduced into the engine cylinder can be derived in accurate manner irrespective of the environmental condition and the engine driving condition. Such accurate intake air amount thus derived will help precise control of air/fuel ratio. Furthermore, utilizing the accurately derived intake air amount, precise engine idling speed control, spark ignition control can be possible for optimizing the engine performance and for effective anti-polution engine control. Look-up tables for deriving various correction values are advantageously employed in the shown embodiment for reducing process time for deriving the correction values based on various correction parameters. Such manner will be particularly effective for dealing with greater number of correction parameters for further precise measurement of the intake air amount. For example, though the shown embodiment employs two-dimensional look-up tables, it may possible to employ three-dimensional table. Furthermore, though the shown embodiment takes the linearized air flow amount as the engine load representative parameter, it is possible to use other parameters, such as the throttle angular position ϑ th , the area ratio versus the engine speed A/N , the intake air volume Q CYL , steady state air flow amount Q H and so forth can be a replacement of the linearized air flow amount, to represent the load condition on the engine.

Claims: A system for detecting intake air flow amount in an internal combustion engine, comprising: first means (20) for monitoring an engine revolution speed to produce an engine speed indicative first signal (N); second means (19) for monitoring a throttle angle position to produce a throttle angle indicative second signal (A) representing a path area of an intake air passage (18); and third means (25) for deriving a basic intake air flow amount (QHO) from the first signal (N) and second signal (A); an engine coolant temperature sensor (21) for producing - an engine coolant temperature indicative signal (TW); an intake air temperature sensor (22) for producing an intake air temperature indicative third signal (TA) as an intake air density affecting parameter, and means (25) for deriving an air density dependent first correction value (KTAO) for correcting said basic intake air flow amount (QHO) on the basis of said third signal (TA); characterized by means (25) for deriving on the basis of said first and second signal values and values stored in a memory (Fig. 2) a delay time based correction coefficient (K2) which is a coefficient depending upon lag of time of introduction of intake air into said engine cylinder from a position of said throttle valve (15) to said engine cylinder and for correcting said basic intake air flow amount (QHO) on the basis of said delay time based correction coefficient (K2); said means (25) further deriving an air density dependent second correction value (KTATW) based on said engine coolant temperature indicative signal value(TW), for correcting said basic intake air flow amount (QHO) also on the basis of said second correction value (KTATW). An intake air amount detecting system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said means (25) modifies said first correction value (KTAO) with a value (KTAN) derived on the basis of said first signal value (N). An intake air amount detecting system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said means (25) modifies said first correction value (KTAO) with a value (KTAQHO) derived on the basis of said second signal value (A). An intake air amount detecting system as set forth in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said intake air temperature sensor (22) is disposed within said intake air passage (18) at a position up-stream of said throttle valve (15).

Inventors: KISHIKI ICHIRO, KOYAMA HIROKIMI, MIWA HIROMICHI, NAGAISHI HATSUO, KISHIKI, ICHIRO, KOYAMA, HIROKIMI, MIWA, HIROMICHI, NAGAISHI, HATSUO
Applicants: NISSAN MOTOR, NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
Application year: 1988
Main classification: F02D41
IPC codes: G01F1, G01F15, F02D41, G01F9